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The sonnet (from the Italian sonetto, meaning "little song") is a fourteen-line lyric poem, invented in the Renaissance, and perfected by the 14th century humanist Francesco Petrarch. A remarkably resilient form, for the past 600 years the sonnet has been harnessed by the creative genius of poets from Edumund Spenser to W.H. Auden. Critics have identified a wide variety of classifications, but suffice to say the two characteristic sonnet types are the Italian or Petrarchan, and the English or Shakespearean. The latter is marked by a traditional division into two parts: the first is the octave, a division of eight lines with a rhyme scheme of abbaabba; the second is the sestet, a division of six lines with a rhyme scheme of cdecde, cdccdc or cdedce. The transition from the first to the second is called (in Italian), the volta. This structure imparts a dialectical nature to the sonnet. Thus, the octave establishes the argument - or narrative, or query, or problem -, while the sestet resolves the situation through an abstract comment, a saving proposition, or a solution. So much for the traditional Italian sonnet. English poets, from Shakespeare onward have dispensed with the bipartite division, have varied the rhyme scheme, but within limits. And although iambic pentameter is the essential meter for the Italian sonnet, English poets have experimented with other meters. In fact, the sonnet in English is so different from the Italian that it permits a separate classification. Typically, the Shakesperean sonnet is composed of three quatrains, and a rhyming couplet to conclude. Thus, the dialectical structure is replaced by an epigrammatic one: the rhyming couplet acts as a kind of comment or interpretation of the three quatrains going before.
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Sonnets speak of love and strife, and they usually do so in three types or styles: Shakespearean, Petrarchan and Spenserian. All are 14 lines long and written in iambic pentameter, with five beats to the line, but sonnets are otherwise different in their characteristic forms and styles. Because they're named after their creators, the voice of each author in his respective sonnet makes a great deal of difference.
The Shakespearean or Elizabethan sonnet divides into three quatrains -- four-line stanzas -- and ends with a couplet, a two-line stanza. The rhyme scheme of this type is abab cdcd efef gg. Typically, a Shakespearean sonnet explores a single idea, with a third-stanza shift that will either lighten or darken the mood. Shakespeare and his contemporaries added ironic twists and contradictory touches or expanded a final, overwhelming point. One example is "My Mistress's Eyes/Sonnet 130," one of the "Dark Lady" sonnets, which criticizes the lady's features but ends by declaring her glorious in her entirety.
The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet maintains a consistent rhyme scheme in its first octave or eight-line stanza, which sounds out as abbaabba. After that, the remaining sestet six-line stanza goes all over the place: cddcdc, cdcedc, cdecde or cdcdcd. The Petrarchan sonnet, even more than the Shakespearean, shifts entirely at its break: The octave is a question, the sestet an answer. Milton's "When I Consider How My Light Is Spent" agonizes over God's decision to destroy his writing career with blindness in the octave; by the sestet, the author accepts the situation gracefully.
The Spenserian sonnet is most like the Shakespearean, but Spenser uses the rhyme scheme of abab bcbc cdcd ee. In other words, the Spenserian sonnet builds its successive rhymes on those of previous lines so that all of his poetry arises, pyramid-like, to heights that his beginning stanzas founded. The scaffolding style of this particular type is appropriate, as Spenser himself declared his intention to rise from expositions of human love to higher discussions of philosophy and virtue; his work "The Faerie Queene" exemplifies that desire for higher ground in love and life.
Shakespeare's directly practical voice in his sonnets contrasts sharply with Petrarch's equivocation as he attempts to weigh answers and Spenser's loftiness as he tries to rise above humanity. However, the sonnet creators built on one another's work. Petrarch, who lived two centuries before Shakespeare, influenced the bard in his romantic content, as both authors wrestled with the idea of Platonic love pitted against fleshly passion. Spenser's altruism might be in response to this struggle, as he sought to rise above the emotional fray that love builds in the heart.
Stratford, Michael. "What Are the Different Types of Sonnets?" , https://penandthepad.com/different-types-sonnets-6897966.html. Accessed 18 April 2019. | https://penandthepad.com/different-types-sonnets-6897966.html |
Keats used the sonnet form to compose many of his poems. He commonly used the Shakespearean/English sonnet form, as well as the Italian Petrarchan sonnet.
A sonnet is typically composed in iambic pentameter. Iambic pentameter is a type of meter in which the ten syllables employed in each line are divided into five pairs ("iambs" or "iambic feet"). The second beat of each iamb is stressed.
Shakespearean sonnets are fourteen lines long. The first twelve lines are divided into three stanzas of four lines each: three quatrains. The rhyme scheme of these initial stanzas is: ABAB CDCD EFEF. The sonnet closes with a final rhyming couplet (GG). The Petrarchan sonnet is divided into a rhyming octave, ABBAABBA, and a rhyming sestet, CDCDCD.
Write your own sonnet in the tradition of Keats, using one or more of his thematic elements: romantic love, the dominance of quickly-changing moods, the interplay of mortality and timelessness, and the search for beauty. | https://www.gradesaver.com/keats-poems-and-letters/study-guide/compose-a-sonnet-in-the-style-of-keats |
Here’s what the Italian octave poem type is:
The Italian octave is a poem with the same structural requirements as the first eight lines of an Italian/Petrarchan sonnet.
This means it will have eight lines in Iambic pentameter with an ABBAABBA rhyme scheme.
It is unknown which of these two forms came first. (The sonnet or the octave.)
If you want to learn all about the Italian octave poem type, then you’ve come to the right place.
Let’s dig into it!
What Is the Italian Octave?
The Italian octave (otherwise known as the Sicilian octave) essentially follows the same rules as the first eight lines of the Petrarchan sonnet.
It is unknown whether the octave branched from the sonnet or vice versa, but most historians agree that the two are almost certainly related.
The form was only popular in its home region up until about the Renaissance.
It rarely appears in English at all, aside from manuals and textbooks.
This may be partially due to the Petrarchan sonnet simply overshadowing its shorter variant.
What Are the Basic Properties of the Italian Octave?
Rhyme StructureStrictMeterStrictOriginItalyPopularityRare in modern usage, even in ItalyThemeVaries
How Is an Italian Octave Structured?
An Italian octave utilizes an ABBAABBA rhyme scheme.
Since both end sounds are repeated four times each, the form is inherently more difficult in English than in a wide variety of other languages (where conjugations and suffixes are more uniform).
The Italian form, commonly called the ottava Siciliana or ottava napoletana, typically uses hendecasyllabic lines (11 syllables).
The English-language variant of the form has largely replaced this restriction with Iambic pentameter, likely because that just happened to be the most popular meter at the time.
The use of Iambic pentameter tends to emphasize away from the beginning of each line and toward the end.
This makes for punchy, independent lines that feel like complete thoughts.
As a result of the symmetrical rhyme scheme, the Italian octave inherently works well as a merging of two quatrains.
A poet might choose to cut the poem at four lines with a caesura, thus superficially dividing the octave in half.
One interesting note about the structure is that it leaves the first and last lines ‘stranded’ when compared to the other lines of the poem.
All of the other lines have a consecutive rhymed line to accompany them, while the first and last lines are forced to stand apart.
This can be used to bring attention to or away from the ends, depending on the execution.
What Is an Example of an Italian Octave?
from Sonnet 43How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of being and ideal grace.
I love thee to the level of every day’s
Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.
I love thee freely, as men strive for right.
I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.Elizabeth Barrett Browning
Let’s first address the elephant in the room.
Yes, this example is kind of cheating because it’s actually an excerpt from one of the world’s most famous Petrarchan sonnets rather than a dedicated Italian octave.
However, I want to really drill into you that those first eight lines of the Petrarchan sonnet literally are an Italian octave.
ABBAABBA rhyme scheme? Check.
Iambic pentameter? Check.
Look at that, it’s an Italian octave.
Reductive commentary aside, this is actually an excellent example of why the Italian octave doesn’t see as much exposure as the form it shares its origins with.
You see, this poem would ordinarily feature a sestet that handily completes the narrative after a nice little poetic turn.
Without the sestet, that turn never happens.
The only real advantage the Italian octave has over its longer and more successful sibling is that it’s simpler.
That, unfortunately, has not been enough of an advantage for it to achieve the same level of renown.
What Are Tips for Writing an Italian Octave?
An Italian octave can be a challenging premise for a newcomer.
Not only do you need to deal with meter, a dreaded mechanic that amateur poets invariably struggle with, but you have to do so within the tight confines of only two end sounds and a mere eight lines.
None of these mechanisms are especially daunting on their own, though, so it may be a good idea to explore each of them separately and then come back to this form if possible.
You’ll find the form much easier to work with if you’ve mastered its component techniques.
First, let’s talk about meter.
The English variant of the poem is usually expected to employ Iambic pentameter, which means you will have to get used to dealing with this minor inconvenience.
The good news is that Iambs are probably the most natural metric feet in terms of sound, so it won’t be as hard as you might think if you’re just willing to try.
Essentially, an Iamb is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.
At surface level, this sounds complicated but let’s try the simpler language.
Imagine it as a “quiet” syllable followed by a “loud” syllable.
When you say the word ‘shamble’ there’s a good chance that you’re pronouncing it as SHAMble rather than shamBLE.
Ultimately, that’s all stress is supposed to indicate.
The syllables of the word that are and are not emphasized when the word is spoken aloud.
As such, stresses can even be a little subjective in some cases and most poets will not hold it against you if your interpretation of the meter is ever so slightly different than theirs, as long as it’s apparent that you’re making an effort.
As you write metered poems, you’ll gradually get a feel for words that start and end with stresses.
Two-syllable words that end in ‘-y’ tend to have a stressed syllable just before it, as an example. BELLy. FRIENDly. MANy.
It takes some time and some mental adjustment, but you will eventually be able to keep a meter just by saying the words to yourself out loud while you write.
For reference, Iambic pentameter will tend to have a ‘sing-song’ feeling when you read it to yourself.
As for the rhymes, make it a point to choose words that are easy to rhyme with, since an Italian octave requires so many repetitions of the same sounds.
Short words and words that end in vowels are often safe bets. You may need to rewrite a line or two as you go, but don’t get discouraged.
The good news is that the length of the poem and its lines will generally not be an issue.
Ten syllables is a pretty comfortable amount of space to set up the next end sound and eight lines isn’t a terribly long or short length.
You may find it to be too short overall for a narrative poem, but that’s okay.
Just choose a topic that you can handle within eight lines and go from there.
Poet’s Note
If it wasn’t obvious from the article, I honestly don’t think the Italian octave accomplishes as much as a fully realized Petrarchan sonnet.
It exists, I guess, but it’s like eating the appetizer without the main course.
Go write a sonnet instead.
What Are the Most Important Types of Poems?
Poems have been around for ages. They are creative expressions of human thoughts and emotions.
From acrostics to odes and sonnets, there are poetry types that have endured lifetimes. Below are some of the most enduring and timeless ones.
Here’s the complete overview and simple explanations of the most important poem types. | https://poems4ever.com/italian-octave-poem-type-simply-explained-examples/ |
Two sonnet forms, the Petrarchan, named for its Italian inventor, and the Shakespearean, named for its English master, often are conjoined by sonnet writers in English—with the more profound and beautifully proportioned weight-bearing structure of the Petrarchan model (eight and six, octave and sestet) supporting the less well-paced and well-timed English model, whose rhyme scheme was recast as a solution for the comparative difficulty of rhyming in English (four, four, four, and two, three quatrains and the bedeviling couplet with its too-quick, too-shallow closure). Most sonnet writers in English conjoin the Shakespearean sonnet structure to the shadow of the Petrarchan, seeking the time and space the sestet offers, its sweep and sway, its greater depth; and the memory of the all-important ninth line of the older Italian form has proven indelible in the newer English form. But Yeats achieves a more fused, conjoined, intrinsically meaningful sonnet structure: his compounding of these two kinds of sonnets is a part of the meaning of his choreography, the dance steps of an awkward, modern, towering biped; and in "High Talk" the turn at the ninth line proclaims a new identity and an embarkation for a change of worlds so momentous that the memory of the old world of the octave is annihilated.
Sonnet Jests
"High Talk" makes an amazing joke about the two compounded sonnet forms: in this poem Yeats has pried out the ending couplet of the English sonnet, like a piece of lumber, and hammered it over and across the Petrarchan sonnet form, turning the whole of this sonnet of the end, about the end, and at the end, into a sequence of endings upon endings upon endings: a poem of the end, built entirely out of endings—endings which are furthermore pronouncedly end-stopped in most of the octave (as heroic couplets and dactylic hexameters are), jammed into the structure of the octave but not enjambed, although in the sestet mere anarchy begins to be loosed among the end-stoppings.
But Yeats knows of course that one of the strengths of the Petrarchan sonnet is precisely that it does not have an ending couplet: its couplets occur in the middle of the octave (abbaabba), where, so far from summing the sonnet up or clicking it closed, the couplets are on the move, easily drawing the lines forward through the octave, as if on magic wheels. And there is more jesting to this: in English couplets are not only sonnet enders but are independent forms with their own associations. In English, the "heroic couplets" (in the hands, for example, of Samuel Johnson) and the "mock-heroic couplets" (in the hands, for example, of Alexander Pope) are imbued with their usage for both elevated, high talk and for trafficking in mockery—and "High Talk," both bristlingly hubristic and self-belittling, is, at one and the same time, heroic and mock-heroic.
And there is another, larger jest here: the sonnet, especially because of the ending couplet, is renowned as a closed form, a legendary locked box for which poets have sought and sought the key. Yeats upends and subverts the brevity and shallow solutions of the meaning conveyed by the ending couplet: after hammering his ending couplets all over the closed box he has constructed, contrary to any lingering logical or emotional or musical expectations, he simply blows the sonnet up—not formally but metaphysically. The sestet, having jettisoned the octave, forgets what it leaves behind and melts down toward a horizon-bending, unforeseeable, and unbelievably powerful "ending" (metaphysical, physical, intellectual, spiritual, emotional, poetic, superhuman), as the possessed craftsman veers into a state of being which can't be contained by anything, much less by a sonnet couplet.
This final jest about sonnet endings is also a jest about the end of life, not neatly locked with a rhyme like a key on a charming Elizabethan ribbon but violently exploded in an immense, stilt-staggering shock, unforeshadowed and cosmic.
The Sestet
No reader could foresee, from the end of the octave, the cataclysm of the sestet. We last saw Yeats at the end of the octave, trapped in the circus world, fiendishly taking to chisel and plane (I always think of him chiseling away the rungs from a ladder in the rag and bone shop, using its twin rails to build his stilts). But a change of worlds occurs between the eighth and ninth line (we are not shown how, when, why, where): the octave, with its reprehensible, run-down, pathetic atmosphere, vanishes. Malachi Stilt-Jack has finished constructing his stilts and has already mounted them, and he is hugely striding away, abandoning the human world—possessed, maniacal, disengaged, unreachable, and implacable, in a sudden, furious momentum. Instantaneously, at the ninth line, the disabused stunts and tricks in the octave fall away: cynicism about poetry reverses into mysticism, the performer's base and tawdry motives for writing poetry reverse into inspiration, gross-conduct metamorphoses into high-flown, heroic aspiration, the run-down circus-performer metamorphoses into an awe-inspiring, god-touched humanoid, a metaphysical alien, a sort of possessed, Hephaestus-derived automaton, the transformation occurring out of sight, off-site, in the space between the eighth and the ninth lines which is, we now understand, an abyss.
Gjertrud Schnackenberg was born in Tacoma, Washington, in 1953. The Throne of Labdacus (FSG, 2000) received the Los Angeles Times Book Prize in Poetry. Her most recent book of poetry is Heavenly Questions. | http://www.fsgpoetry.com/fsg/2011/04/gjertrud-schnackenberg-on-yeats-3.html |
The speaker addresses the soul of the dead poet John Milton, saying that he should be alive at this moment in history, for England needs him. England, the speaker says, is stagnant and selfish, and Milton could raise her up again. The speaker says that Milton could give England “manners, virtue, freedom, power,” for his soul was like a star, his voice had a sound as pure as the sea, and he moved through the world with “cheerful godliness,” laying upon himself the “lowest duties.”
This poem is one of the many excellent sonnets Wordsworth wrote in the early 1800s. Sonnets are fourteen-line poetic inventions written in iambic pentameter. There are several varieties of sonnets; “The world is too much with us” takes the form of a Petrarchan sonnet, modeled after the work of Petrarch, an Italian poet of the early Renaissance. A Petrarchan sonnet is divided into two parts, an octave (the first eight lines of the poem) and a sestet (the final six lines). The Petrarchan sonnet can take a number of variable rhyme schemes; in this case, the octave (which typically proposes a question or an idea), follows a rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA, and the sestet (which typically answers the question or comments upon the idea) follows a rhyme scheme of BCCDBD.
The speaker of this poem, which takes the form of a dramatic outburst, literally cries out to the soul of John Milton in anger and frustration. (The poem begins with the cry: “Milton!”) In the octave, the speaker articulates his wish that Milton would return to earth, and lists the vices ruining the current era. Every venerable institution—the altar (representing religion), the sword (representing the military), the pen (representing literature), and the fireside (representing the home)—has lost touch with “inward happiness,” which the speaker identifies as a specifically English birthright, just as Milton is a specifically English poet. (This is one of Wordsworth’s few explicitly nationalistic verses—shades, perhaps, of the conservatism that took hold in his old age.)
In the sestet, the speaker describes Milton’s character, explaining why he thinks Milton would be well suited to correct England’s current waywardness. His soul was as bright as a star, and stood apart from the crowd: he did not need the approval or company of others in order to live his life as he pleased. His voice was as powerful and influential as the sea itself, and though he possessed a kind of moral perfection, he never ceased to act humbly. These virtues are precisely what Wordsworth saw as lacking in the English men and women of his day.
It is important to remember that for all its emphasis on feeling and passion, Wordsworth’s poetry is equally concerned with goodness and morality. Unlike later Romantic rebels and sensualists, Wordsworth was concerned that his ideas communicate natural morality to his readers, and he did not oppose his philosophy to society. Wordsworth’s ideal vision of life was such that he believed anyone could participate in it, and that everyone would be happier for doing so. The angry moral sonnets of 1802 come from this ethical impulse, and indicate how frustrating it was for Wordsworth to see his poems exerting more aesthetic influence than social or psychological influence. | http://origin-www.sparknotes.com/poetry/wordsworth/section6/ |
John Donne and those who wrote in a style inspired by or similar to his.
imagery
words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in the reader’s mind.
paradox
a statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue.
conceit/metaphysical conceit
a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things; unusual and intellectual, providing the framework for an entire poem.
oxymoron
a figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory ideas or terms.
hyperbole
an extreme exaggeration
symbol
any object, person, place, or action that has a meaning in itself and that also stands for something larger than itself, such as a quality, an attitude, a belief, or a value.
Italian sonnet
a fourteen line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter with two parts: an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines). abbaabba cdecde is the rhyme scheme.
sestet
a six-line poem or stanza; last six lines in an Italian sonnet.
octave
an eight-line poem or stanza; first eight lines in an Italian sonnet.
Shakespearean sonnet
a fourteen line lyric poem, usually written in iambic pentameter, consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet. abab cdcd efef gg is the rhyme scheme.
Classicism
a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome.
masque
an elaborate and spectacular dramatic entertainment that was popular among the English aristocracy in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
Neoclassicism
a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature.
carpe diem
“seize the day”; a traditino dating back to classical Greek and Latin poetry and particularly popular among English Cavalier poets.
irony
a contrast or incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.
epic
a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.
blank verse
unrhymed iambic pentameter.
in medias res
a technique of plunging into the middle of a story and only later using a flashback to tell what has happened previously.
invocation
at the beginning of an epic (or other poem) a call to a muse, god, or spirit for inspiration.
allusion
a reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.
allegory
a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.
apostrophe
a figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman is addressed directly.
rhyme scheme
the pattern of rhymes in a poem.
metaphor
a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar.
personification
a figure of speech in which something nonhuman is given human qualities. | https://laytonforstatesenate.com/renaissance-literature-vocabulary/ |
The sonnet was a popular form of poetry during the Romantic period: William Wordsworth wrote 523 sonnets, John Keats 67, Samuel Taylor Coleridge 48, and Percy Bysshe Shelley 18.
Who introduced sonnets into English?
The sonnet was introduced to England, along with other Italian verse forms, by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, in the 16th century. The new forms precipitated the great Elizabethan flowering of lyric poetry, and the period marks the peak of the sonnet’s English popularity.
Who wrote most English sonnets?
Along with Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare, John Donne is regarded as the most important sonnet writer of the Elizabethan era. Death Be Not Proud is his best-known poem with its opening lines being extremely popular. It is part of his 19 poems known as Holy Sonnets.
Who is father of English sonnet?
Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 – 11 October 1542) was a 16th-century English politician, ambassador, and lyric poet credited with introducing the sonnet to English literature.
Who wrote the first sonnet sequence in English?
The first true sonnet sequence in English, written between 1580 and 1584) Edmund Spenser’s Amoretti (pubd.
How many sonnets that William Shakespeare wrote?
Shakespeare published a quarto of 154 sonnets in 1609. He wrote the poems throughout his career.
Did Shakespeare invent the English sonnet?
Did William Shakespeare invent the sonnet? He did not, but he is undoubtedly the most famous practitioner of the poetic form. Sonnets trace back to the Italian Renaissance, approximately three hundred years before Shakespeare began composing them in England.
Who wrote the poem one day I wrote her name?
Edmund Spenser is considered one of the preeminent poets of the English language.
Who is known as father of English poetry?
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400). “The Father of English Poetry”.
Who are English sonnets named after?
You’re probably catching onto the fact that most types of sonnets are named after the poets who popularized them, and the Miltonic Sonnet is no exception. Named after the English poet John Milton, Miltonic sonnets use the same rhyme scheme (ABBAABBA CDECDE) and structure (an octave and a sestet) of a Petrarchan sonnet.
Who is the first poet in English?
Today is the feast day of Caedmon, the first known English poet. As well as being the first named poet in the English literary tradition, he is also a significant figure in the history of people who hate singing in public, people who develop new talents later in life, and of cowherds.
Who wrote Astrophel and Stella?
Astrophil and Stella is a sequence of sonnets and songs written by Sir Philip Sidney (1554–1586). It tells the story of Astrophil (or Astrophel), whose name means star-lover, and his hopeless passion for Stella, whose name means star.
Who wrote Venus and Adonis?
Giacomo da Lentini is credited with being the first poet to write the fourteen-line sonnet, but it was his Italian compatriot Francesco Petrarca (or Petrarch) who became its most celebrated and inspiring practitioner. | https://turfandgrain.com/great-britain/best-answer-who-wrote-english-sonnets-after-shakespeare.html |
And I need to rewatch that version of Sense and Sensibility again. . Hence, we are still talking about him and discussing his work in the 21st century. In the first and third quatrains, the speaker establishes a definition for love through an assertion of t. This view however, can only be shared by someone who has truly been in love. But, rather, it endures until the last day of life.
A compass here refers to the gadget in a geometry set, not the magnetic thing for determining direction. It is also referred to as near rhyme, off rhyme, or imperfect rhyme. The final couplet is usually a perfectly rhyming one, however Shakespeare deviates from the expected form by providing a divergent couplet. Both of these themes feature in two other of Shakespeare's sonnets and present a similar connection in language relating to love. Recall that one line of verse consists of five iambic feet, and one iambic foot consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. In honor of the 393rd anniversary of his death on April 23, 1616, a bonus poem - one of my favorite of his sonnets: Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments. It consists of The Prelude written in quantitative , and sonnets.
However there is a different relationship between Time and beauty as opposed to Time and love. There is nothing to remark about the rhyming except the happy blending of open and closed vowels, and of liquids, nasals, and stops; nothing to say about the harmony except to point out how the fluttering accents in the quatrains give place in the couplet to the emphatic march of the almost unrelieved iambic feet. In the final couplet, the poet declares that, if he is mistaken about the constant, unmovable nature of perfect love, then he must take back all his writings on love, truth, and faith. Ideal love is deteriorating throughout the sonnet and continues to do so through the couplet. Theend words of these stanza lines often rhyme with each other. Other fine examples were written by. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life; Whose misadventured piteous overthrows Do with their death bury their parents' strife.
It is also one of the most straightforward in language and intent. He likes to wear a silly hat. Be especially alert to complexities such as the juxtaposition of Petrarchan and Shakespearean patterns. Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken 8 : The subject here is still the north star. The star's true value can never truly be calculated, although its height can be measured.
Marital lexis Marriage as a background theme is intertwined throughout this sonnet. When reading each line of the sonnet, try paraphrasing it. An iambic foot is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. The Sonnets ; and, A Lover's Complaint. Structure and an Example Let's break down the requirements of the sonnet by examining a particularly famous example, 'Sonnet 130' by William Shakespeare, the poem better known by its first line, 'My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun'. Regardless of the physical whereabouts of the lovers, it is their feelings towards each other that unites them.
Ondřej Hanus wrote a monograph about Czech Sonnets in the first half of the twentieth century. Jot these words down in your notebook, adding to them the vocabulary words you worked with earlier in the lesson. There are also two poorly regarded sonnets by the Italian. There are two basic types of sonnet: the English sonnet, also called the Shakespearean sonnet, and the Italian sonnet, also called the Petrarchan sonnet. Polish sonnets are typically written in either hendecasyllables 5+6 syllables or 7+6 syllables. He published Čtyři knihy sonetů The Four Books of Sonnets. H may be the reverse of one of Shakespeare's patrons Henry Wriothesley.
While the Italian sonnet popularized by Petrarch is characterized by an octave followed by a sestet, and by an abba abba cdecde or abba abba cdcdcd rhyme scheme, the English sonnet is structured around three quatrains and a couplet. The poet is portraying his emotions towards marriage and this particular vow; he believes that even demise is no reason to abandon love for another. In this section, we have learned the following: In Sonnet 29, the speaker wallows in his misfortune, but thinking about his love brings him joy in the end. Structure—A Shakespearean sonnet is made up of three quatrains, or four-line stanzas, and a rhyming couplet that dramatically restates or redefines a theme. By the end of the 19th century, the sonnet had been adapted into a general-purpose form of great flexibility. If this be error and upon me proved, If I am proved wrong about these thoughts on love I never writ, nor no man ever loved. Kollár's magnum opus was planned as a Slavic epic poem as great as Dante's.
O poezji Sebastiana Grabowieckiego, Lublin 1994, p. They have the same vowel and consonantsound at the end. The beauty of the love they feel is what is important as opposed to expectations such as obedience. Other modern poets, including , , , have used the form. In the second half of the 19th century published Sonety samotáře Sonnets of a Solitudinarian. Sonnets were also written during the height of classical English verse, by Dryden and Pope, among others, and written again during the heyday of English Romanticism, when Wordsworth, Shelley, and particularly John Keats created wonderful sonnets. Love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, Or bends with the remover to remove.
This 10-syllable pattern is called iambic pentameter, and it's a must for writing English sonnets. Next, the English sonnet is broken into four parts - three quatrains and a couplet. Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in hid shade,. The greatest Slovenian poet, , wrote many sonnets. To get started, the first rhyme scheme abab is bolded. This is a sonnet, primarily seeming to be in typical Shakespearean form. | http://fetranspordocs.com.br/what-is-the-rhyme-scheme-of-sonnet-116.html |
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In this poem, Wordsworth makes an initial claim that humanity has lost touch with nature, and that our focus has shifted to materialistic needs. The speaker complains that “the world” is too overwhelming for us to appreciate it. We are so concerned about time and money that we use up all our energy. People want to accumulate stuff, so we see nothing in nature that we can own. We have given away our souls in order to reap a material blessing – “sordid boom. ” In our quest for material gain, we do not notice the beauty of the sea and the fury of the winds.
Nothing in nature moves us. The speaker wishes that he were a pagan raised in accordance to a different version of the world, so that, “standing on a pleasant lea,” he might see ancient gods rising from the sea, a sight that would cheer him greatly. He imagines “Proteus rising from the sea,” and Triton “blowing his wreathed horn. ” Wordsworth’s poem dramatizes the conflict between nature and humanity. The conflict in essence, is one where humanity no longer appreciates nature and instead exploits it for its own material gain.
William Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much With Us” is, for the most part, written in iambic pentameter in the form of a sonnet. A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem, the origins of which are attributed to the Italian poet Petrarch. In English, there are two types of sonnets, the Petrarchan and the Shakespearean, both containing fourteen lines. Wordsworth’s poem is a Petrarchan sonnet, developed by the Italian poet Petrarch. A Petrarchan sonnet consists of an eight-line stanza called an octave and six-line stanza (sestet).
The octave often proposes a problem or concern and the sestet develops a theme or suggests a solution to the problem. The ninth line (first line of the sestet) makes a shift in the direction of the poem and is called the “turn” of the Volta. While the rhyme scheme of the octave is ABAB ABAB, the rhyme scheme of the sestet is more flexible; two of the most common being CDCDCD and CDECDE. “The world is too much with us; late and soon, getting and spending, we lay waste to our powers; – little we see in Nature that is ours. ” In lines 1-3, Wordsworth is being very direct.
The speaker claims that humanity is too caught up in materialistic things, and that so much of our experience is driven by “getting and spending. ” For the speaker, such frivolousness is a waste and serves to undermine “our powers. ” He claims that these aspects have no relevance in our lives, and that nature holds this unlocked beauty. In turn, he is differentiating between nature and materialism, claiming that one is looking for happiness in money-oriented and expensive objects, but one should instead find happiness in nature and its simplicity.
The sea bares her bosom to the moon; the winds that will be howling at all hours, and are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers; for everything, we are out of tune. ” In lines 5-8, the speaker elaborates on humanity’s alienation from nature, claiming that we are no longer susceptible to the influence of the “Sea,” the “winds,” and basically all of nature as a whole. Along the lines of five and six, the speaker shows a few examples of nature’s grandeur: the sea and its immensity, the moon and its power, the howling of the winds.
These are examples of what should make a human being feel amazed when looking at nature. In the next line, the speaker remarks on the frailty of these forces by comparing them with “sleeping flowers,” being the flowers a symbol commonly thought as an example of weakness despite their beauty; reinforced by a state of slumber, which reduces one’s defenses to a minimum. In the eight line, the speaker goes along with what was similarly stated in the third line.
We are “out of tune” with nature, and we do not see ourselves reflected in it. Wordsworth comments on organized religion during his period, claiming “Great God! I’d rather be a pagan suckled in a crowd in a creed outworn; so might I, standing on this pleasant lea, have glimpses that would make me less forlorn. ” In lines 9-12, the speaker suggests that organized religion can have a negative effect on humanity, suggesting that the human mind has been deceived to think a certain way.
There is no longer free will to perceive things without any pre-conceived notions. In fact, he says that he would rather be a pagan who was raised believing outdated (“outworn), primitive religion (“creed”), so he can maintain his imagination and ability to freely take in nature, without and religious organizations filling his mind with any pre-conceived ideas. He proceeds in lines 13-14, by making a comment on the power of nature and imagination. Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea; or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn. ”
In turn, Wordsworth suggests that nature and imagination are both powerful aspects in one’s life, claiming that if one was allowed to think freely without being deceived by religious notions, they could imagine things like Proteus rising from the sea, or Triton blowing his horn. In conclusion, Wordsworth is being very direct in “The World Is Too Much With Us. His comments on the human condition don’t hold any ambiguous ideas. He is frustrated by the human condition, the ability of humans to misuse their powers by focusing on materialistic matters, rather than focusing on nature. He is also disturbed that organized religion could sway a person’s ability to think freely and let their imagination flow. He embraces that the ability of nature can inspire one’s imagination, the ability of free will to expand one’s mind. | https://freebooksummary.com/the-world-is-too-much-with-us-125410 |
Sonnets are always part of a series. She tells her lover just how deeply her love goes, and she also tells him how she loves him. Christianity throughout the early nineteenth-century culture. The Italian sonnet, then, gave Barrett Browning a dry, easy form to work within, a tradition of self-reflective love poetry, and the then-current fad of stringing one poem after another to create a running narration. Let me count the ways Historical Time Period Elizabeth was one of the most prominent poets of the Victorian era The era begins in 1837 and ends in 1901 when Queen Victoria died This is an era where people spoke up about what they felt was wrong New opinions began to form about religion Analysis How do I love thee? An overview of Victorian culture and history, presented thematically as a companion to the literature of the age.
All English sonnets at least the traditional ones are written in iambic pentameter. Lines 11-12 It seems that romantic love rescues a lost religious faith, or at least rescues the passion and impulse the speaker used to feel for religious faith. I love thee with the passion put to use In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith. There's a more specific reason you should care about this poem, too. In her poetry she also addressed the oppression of the Italians by the Austrians, the child labor mines and mills of England, and slavery, among other social injustices. A sonnet is a fourteen line poem in iambic pentameter, the most common types of which are the Petrarchan sonnet and the Shakespearean sonnet. Let me count the ways.
The Petrarchan sonnet has a rigid abbaabba rhyme scheme in the octave. Rhymed: There are several different traditional rhyme schemes for sonnets. But before you even know what all that means, you can notice that this poem is highly structured — the number of lines, the number of syllables in each line, and the rhyme scheme are all prescribed by the literary tradition for sonnets. Barrett Browning and her husband moved to Italy, and both encouraged the other with their writings. In January 1845 she began exchanging letters with , who first wrote to her to express admiration for her poems.
She expressed her intense sympathy for the struggle for the unification of Italy in Casa Guidi Windows 1848-1851 and Poems Before Congress 1860. Second, any good poet doesn't follow metrical rules strictly — there will always be interesting exceptions here and there, so don't force the poem to fit the meter when you read it. As a religious philosophy, Evangelicalism cared little for human authority on issues of doctrine or ritual. In the sestet, the speaker counts three definite ways and one possible way that she will love him throughout eternity. Sonnets Portuguese Due to her frail health, she was said that she will die an early death.
Throughout the book she uses the Italian Petrarchan sonnet form, which was devised by the fourteenth-century Italian poet Petrarch, whose works Barrett Browning actually was translating at the same time that these poems were written. She loves him with the same amount of passion she felt as a child when believing in her faith and old troubles I love thee with a love i seemed to lose with my lost saints. The poem expresses an intense feeling of love and desire for Robert Browning. The form, of course, had 500 years of tradition to uphold, as well as strict rules that were formally a part of its definition. She invokes nature in the majority of her poems. Although this decreased her popularity, Elizabeth was heard and recognized around Europe. I love thee freely, as men strive for right.
Let me count the ways. One can imagine the change in environment and atmosphere from beginning with the somber thought that death may be one's only immediate consort and then gradually learning that, no, not death, but love is on one's horizon. And what if you love someone in many different, conflicting ways? While her love knows no bounds, the speaker also loves her beloved in ordinary, everyday life. Traditionally, each line ends with punctuation, a period, comma or otherwise to create a pause and contain a complete thought. Historical Background of Sonnet 43 fell in love with Robert Browning after he reached out to her about her writing. In practice, however, Evangelicals spent a great deal of time examining the behaviors and intentions of each other.
Most of these works, like Sonnets from the Portuguese, dealt with a fresh love growing out of a defeatist, fatalistic mood. The octave is followed by a sestet, or a six line section. However, as the sonnets progress, it describes her love for Robert Browning and how she overcomes her inhibitions to love him fully and truly. It features 44 sonnets, all of which are framed in the Petrarchan Italian form. The appoints its first female bishops against opposition from traditionalists. With hindsight, the private character of the Sonnets is clearly discernible.
A I love thee to the depth and breadth and height B My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight B For the ends of being and ideal grace. But while metaphors allow us to hint at unnamable concepts or conditions, they can never define them entirely. In the sestet, then, the speaker is able to articulate feelings for her beloved in the other-worldly terms she already understands: Christian terms. In the ninth line, she says that she loves him with an intense suffering, equating to Christ on the cross and that she will love him even after death. She had the unfortunate position of writing at a time of change, when gender roles were clearly defined but a woman could still aspire to great artistic achievement. The couple eloped to Italy, and Barrett Browning bore a child at the then unusual age of forty-three. She doesn't love him because she wants him to admire her, she loves him for the sake of love Analysis I love thee with the passion put to use In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith. | http://webstreaming.com.br/sonnets-from-the-portuguese-43.html |
The reader also does not know where the speaker first met this sojourner. Analysis Shelley's irregular sonnet on the fragments of a huge statue of an Egyptian pharaoh begins with a statement that arouses the interest of the reader at once: I met a traveller from an antique land Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stone Stand in the desert. Lines 1-2 I met a traveller from an antique land Who said. The first part of the traveler's story reads, Two vast and trunkless legs of stone Stand in the desert. Now, the leader is gone, and so is his empire. It says the real fact of this world. The story is a characteristically Shelleyan one about tyranny and how time makes a mockery of the boastfulness of even the most powerful kings.
As we all know, nothing lasts forever; that means even the very worst political leaders — no matter how much they boast — all die at some point. Yet, communicating words present a different set of problems. The last five lines are the heart of this poem. The second complete sentence, which begins in line 3, is a good example. That principle may well remain valid, but it is undercut by the plain fact that even an empire is a human creation that will one day pass away.
Although it is neither a Petrarchan sonnet nor a Shakespearean sonnet, the rhyming scheme and style resemble a Petrarchan sonnet more, particularly with its 8-6 structure rather than 4-4-4-2. Or he could just be coming from a place that has an older history, like Greece, Rome, or ancient Egypt. The sculptor might even grasp things about the ruler that the ruler himself doesn't understand. Shelley was such a masterful writer that it does not take much effort on the part of the reader to clearly imagine the scene in this poem. Take line 12 for example: No-thing be- side re- mains: round the de- cay The line begins with a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable; this is called a trochee, and it's the reverse of an iamb. The statue that inspired the poem was partially destroyed, and the poem frequently reminds us that the statue is in ruins. The statue's head is half-buried in the sand, after all, and we are left wondering what role the erosive force of dust storms, wind, and rain played in its destruction.
The traveler told the speaker a story about an old, fragmented statue in the middle of the desert. For extra support with poetry analysis, why not book a lesson with one of our experienced? Round the decay Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare, The lone and level sands stretch far away. Round the decay Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare The lone and level sands stretch far away. The king whose resemblance the statue depicts is also dead. We know that later in the poem Ozymandias will brag about the greatness of his works, but here he seems less than satisfied with something, as if he thinks his works could be better. Round the decay Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare, The lone and level sands stretch far away. In the story, he describes visiting Egypt and seeing a large and intimidating statue in the sand.
There is just a lot of sand, as far as the eye can see. The sculptor interpreted his subject well. He abandoned his family to be with her; they married after his first wife committed suicide, and Mary changed her surname to Shelley. The final caesura repeats this effective trick, following 'Nothing beside remains. While you've probably heard of iambic pentameter, Shelley's poem makes it really hard to use that designation. This rhyme scheme differs from the rhyme scheme of a traditional Petrarchan sonnet, whose octave the first eight lines of the poem usually has a rhyme scheme of abbaabba; its sestet the final six lines of the sonnet does not have an assigned rhyme scheme, but it usually rhymes every other line, or contains three different rhymes.
Answer: Ozymandias may have become a powerful king by defeating the other kings. What quality of the king is revealed through this statement? He had obviously read about it in some other source also since he knew that the statue was no longer intact. It could be in the speaker's head, in a dream, on the street, or in the desert; it sort of resembles something that might occur in a youth hostel or a tavern in London. The face looks stern and powerful, like a ruler. So the sculptor both belittled and copied this man's passions. There was probably once a temple or something nearby, but it's long gone. But if you think these lines are unclear, you're right.
The statue and surrounding desert constitute a metaphor for invented power in the face of natural power. Now one looks and sees nothing whatsoever. What message does the poet want to convey? The man was drunk with power and strength. Here, the contrast is between the lifelike accuracy of the face and the fact that it is sculpted from stone. He can do what he wants without thinking of other people. Finally, we cannot miss the general comment on human vanity in the poem. The poet begins the poem by expressing that he had met a traveler who had seen an ancient ruined statue in a desert.
Near the standing legs he also came across the broken head shattered visage of the statue that was partially buried in the sand. Immortality is the fact concerned with views, time, poetry and goodness only. What do you make of all this repetition? The sculptor who was commissioned to make the statue had aptly captured the destructive and exploitative desires of the emperor. However, these words stand as perfect contrast to the actual situation of the statue depicted. These lines describe a very strange image; just imagine two legs in the middle of the desert, with a head partly submerged nearby.
Over a century , Shelley presents a land laid waste and a pessimistic view of human civilisation. The octave first eight lines of a sonnet and the sestet last six-line stanza of a sonnet are linked together. In his attempt to describe the poet, he speaks about a ruined statue whose broken legs are standing and the body is half deep in the sand. Maybe if we keep reading we'll find out. While one can read this poem to be about an ancient leader of Egypt, the poem could also be read as a criticism for the world in which Shelley lived. The statue is in part a stand-in or substitute for all kinds of art painting, poetry, etc. | http://covedisa.com.ar/ozymandias-line-by-line-explanation-meritnation.html |
On the Grasshopper and Cricket
John Keats born in 1795 was considered as the main poet of the Romantic Movement. He shared this space with Lord Byron and P.B. Shelly. The works of Keats were published just four years before his death which was in 1821. He was only 25 when he died. Most of his poems were written between 1814 and 1819. Keats was not appreciated while he was alive but after his death all his critics accepted that he was a great romantic poet. Keats was a romantic poet but he was not sentimental about it. He defied poetic form and made his own distinctive literary configuration. His odes were the most read poems and he wrote odes which had different themes.
‘On the Grasshopper and Cricket’ was written in 1816. John Keats observes that the beauty of nature is continuous irrespective of the seasons. He has not used visual imagery to describe this continuity of beauty; instead he takes into account the song of two insects, grasshopper and cricket. He starts off by stating that ‘The Poetry of earth is never dead’ and then goes on to prove his statement. It is hot summer and the birds cannot bear the heat and they have hid in the trees and even stopped singing. It was silent around but there was one who kept the summer song alive and that was the grasshopper. He continues singing, enjoying life and if he is tired he ‘He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed.’
The second stanza portrays a scene in winter. The first line‘The poetry of earth is ceasing never’ is reiteration of the first line of the first stanza. Then the silence of winter is mentioned. The frost has brought in silence all around. But this cold silence is broken by an insect’s song. The cricket which is also a victim of the cold seeks warmth, near the stove, inside the house. When it is warm the cricket sings its song. The listeners of this song in half drowsiness think it to be the cricket’s song.
And seems to one in drowsiness half lost,
The Grasshopper’s among some grassy hills.
This poem is about the change in seasons and each season is different but Keats sees poetry in each season and he tries to bring a likeness from summer to winter using the song of the two insects the grasshopper and the cricket. Both are nature’s tireless and loving force. The two stanzas begin with the unifying thought and then the difference between the two seasons is highlighted and then leaves it to the reader to see the similarity in the strain of the cricket and grasshopper. It is a fourteen Petrarchan sonnet divided into two stanzas. The rhyme scheme is ABBAABBA for the octet, eight line stanza, and CDECDE for the sestet, six lines stanza. Iamb is the use of one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable. When five such metrical foot, is used in a line then the meter is said to be iambic pentameter. Iambic pentameter is used in most of the lines in the poem ‘On the Grasshopper and Cricket’. The imagery used by Keats is very vivid as always. Romantic poets wrote about nature and this poem by Keats is an outstanding poem, celebrating the ‘poetry of earth’. | https://www.academicdestressor.com/analysis-of-on-the-grasshopper-and-cricket-by-john-keats/ |
What is a “rant”? Simply put, it’s an angry speech, a tirade, a string of complaints, a harangue, a sustained outburst with an objective; something completely necessary, thoroughly therapeutic, and possibly important to the evolution of the human race. Just ask Wordsworth.
Task: Write a rant sonnet on any topic, issue, event, person, place, thing – you get the idea – you have a problem with. Your focus need not be as globally relevant as Wordsworth’s; it can be as trivial, mundane, amoral and self-seeking as you want – no judgement will fall upon you…by me. That covers content. The only technical requirement for this assignment is that your masterpiece possess the characteristics of a Petrarchan sonnet (i.e. 14 lines, octave, sestet, volta, rhyme scheme(s). No exceptions!). | https://freedtopia.com/rant-sonnet/ |
April is Poetry Month!
All month long, people will be talking about poems and poetry, so you need to be in the know. We understand — it’s been a long, long time since you’ve heard these words, so we’re here to provide you with a refresher.
No need to memorize these crazy, poetry-related terms, friends. Just print and keep on hand as your kids tackle poetry in school this month.
Poetry Terms to Know:
Alliteration: The repetition of initial consonant sounds in words.
Example: She sells seashells down by the seashore.
Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds in words.
Example: The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plains.
Blank Verse: Unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter (defined below).
- / - / - / - / - /
Example:
"But soft! What light through yonder window breaks?"
- / - / - / - / - /
"It is the east. And Juliet is the sun!"
– William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet
Consonance: The repetition of consonant sounds.
Example: She gave the big dog a hug.
Couplet: A pair of lines in poetry of a similar length that rhyme.
Example:
"Tell me if you think you know
How to make a turtle go."
– Charles Ghinga, Turtle Trouble
Free Verse: A poem that does not have a regular rhythm or rhyme.
Haiku: A form of Japanese poetry that has three lines: the first line has five syllables, the second has seven syllables, and the third has five syllables.
Example:
"Behind me the moon
Brushes shadows of pine trees
Lightly on the floor."
– Kikaku
Iambic Pentameter: A line of five “iambs” or “feet” in which an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed syllable.
- / - / - / - / - /
Example:
"So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
- / - / - / - / - /
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee."
– William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18
Meter: The pattern of repeated stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry.
Onomatopoeia: The use of a word that sounds like its meaning.
Examples: Bang! Boom! Wow! Hey! Ouch!
Prose: A form of language with no metrical or rhythmical structure. It is the natural flow of speech.
Rhyme: A similarity of sound in words.
Example: cat, bat; pot, hot; man, can; pet, let
Rhyme Scheme: The ordered pattern of rhyme at the end of a line of poetry.
Sonnet: A poem consisting of fourteen lines of iambic pentameter. There are two types of sonnets: Italian and Shakespearean. The Italian Sonnet consists of one octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines), usually rhyming abbaabba, cdecde. The Shakespearean Sonnet consists of three quatrains (four lines each) and a final rhyming couplet (two lines); the rhyme scheme is usually abab, cdcd, efef, gg. (Ready to recite that one back?!)
Stanza: In poetry a stanza is a paragraph.
Example:
a couplet = two lines
a triplet = three lines
a quatrain = four lines
a quintet = five lines
a sestet = six lines
a septet = seven lines
an octave = eight lines
Verse: A metric line of poetry, or as a whole, ‘verse’ can refer to poetry itself.
How many of these poetry terms did you remember? What did we forget to add? Let us know on the on the Scholastic Parents Facebook page, or find Amy on Twitter @teachmama, and let’s continue the conversation!
Read all posts by Amy Mascott.
Featured Photo Credit: marekuliasz/iStockphoto|
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Check out bloggers Amy Mascott and Allie McDonald's book, Raising a Rock-Star Reader: 75 Quick Tips for Helping Your Child Develop a Lifelong Love for Reading. Get expert advice and learn new strategies for your young readers. | https://www.scholastic.com/parents/books-and-reading/raise-a-reader-blog/poetry-terms-to-know-quick-refresher.html |
As the medical industry continues to strive towards improving overall clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction while reducing costs, the importance of focusing on process based healthcare as opposed to outcomes based healthcare alone is paramount. While outcomes based healthcare looks at the bottom lines, such as mortality and readmission rates, lengths of stay (LOS) and the like, process outcomes are actual changes in protocols, no matter how big or small, that lead to change in one or more medical outcomes. A process outcome can be either positive or negative; meticulous tracking of results through the assistance of technology such as an enterprise data warehouse (EDW) can be used to obtain and analyze the data and determine that which is most likely to bring about larger scale positive change in a more rapid fashion than has ever been possible in the past.
Why Are Outcomes Tracked While the Preceding Processes May Be Overlooked?
In analyzing the difference between process vs outcomes based healthcare, in every clinical setting, a list of specific outcomes is required to be reported to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). When you look at the overall rating of a hospital, outcomes such as its mortality rates in a particular area compared to other hospitals will be evaluated; the range of differences between one hospital and the next can be surprising. Without a standard system of care that would provide physicians and other professionals a clear path to follow in the diagnosis and treatment of any condition, many patients end up receiving sub quality care. Although they are likely doing their personal best, the huge amounts of medical literature and rapid advances in technology and treatment options may prevent individual doctors from adopting the current best care practices available.
Because the majority of clinical settings currently lack the proper analytical tools to evaluate changes in different processes that are likely to lead to changes in a particular outcome, making any lasting changes in those processes has not yet become the norm in most hospital settings. Without the help of tools such as the EDW, the amount of manual labor required to properly analyze the results of any and all effects each process change results in remains unrealistic.
An Enterprise Data Warehouse Facilitates Opportunities for Process Based Healthcare
Most medical professionals can clearly understand the need for a movement towards a more standardized system of care that incorporates the best information presently available, yet most have found the process of implementing real change to be challenging without a means to accurately analyze large amounts of data. An EDW provides medical facilities with the following opportunities:
- Automation of basic data entry information surrounding each patient, situation, process, etc., eliminating the need for manual entry of this information into spreadsheets.
- Ability to track the effects of each individual process change on the outcomes of many areas, allowing simultaneous comparison of any positive and negative results. For example, if the process of reducing the length of stay (LOS) in the maternity ward leads to higher levels of stress in mothers, this negative result could be analyzed alongside any positive aspects such as reduction in overall costs.
Allows analysts the ability to pinpoint the most critical processes in need of change in a much timelier manner than simple trial and error. An EDW, for example, may indicate that implementing a standard practice to administer antibiotic treatment upon arrival to all patients with appendicitis symptoms is highly likely to bring about an improvement in outcome with no downside; this change can be made throughout the facility and continuously reanalyzed over time.
A Means to Affect Long Lasting Improvements in the Healthcare Industry
It has been said that “Every system is perfectly designed to get the results it gets.” With the need for improvements in healthcare outcomes and overall expenditures in nearly every medical facility in the country today, the time to implement EDW technology is now. By providing the opportunity to analyze the differences of process vs outcomes based healthcare, an EDW marks the wave of the future in medical care. Since this technology takes into account any changes in processes your organization wishes to consider and evaluates them with their related outcomes (which include patient satisfaction and overall treatment efficiency), it is nearly guaranteed to provide long lasting improvements in the overcall care received by every patient that enters your facility. | http://www.crookcountymedical.com/ |
People facing even minor medical conditions rely on the experience and trustworthy care offered by qualified medical care providers to help their recovery and maintain their quality of life. Quality medical care can help decrease pain, treat illnesses, or support patients with serious medical needs.
Unfortunately, sometimes, medical care providers may not provide the high standard of care that patients need to have the best possible outcomes for their cases.
When does a provider’s error or negligence count as medical malpractice? If you suffer edmedical negligence at the hands of your care provider, contact out Chicago medical malpractice attorneys to learn more about your rights.
The Definition of Medical Malpractice
Medical malpractice occurs when a medical care provider commits an act of negligence that leads to less than the usual standard of care for patients who may require medical treatment, leading to increased medical needs or poorer medical outcomes for the patient.
Types of Medical Malpractice
Medical malpractice may take several forms, depending on the type of care provided and the actions taken or not taken by the medical care provider.
Never Events
Never events involve some of the most devastating acts of medical malpractice. These events include things that should never happen.
Never events may include, for example:
- Major medication errors
- Performing surgery on the wrong body part
- Giving a patient the wrong type of blood
- Leaving an item behind during surgery
- Preventable deaths that occur due to errors during surgery
A doctor may commit a never event error for various reasons, including inadequate sleep or supervision. However, never events often lead to incredibly detrimental patient outcomes, which may result in lifelong disability or death.
Birth Injuries
During childbirth, both mother and child face an intense period of vulnerability. Errors and trauma in childbirth, from failure to adequately monitor mother and child to instituting medical interventions that lead to serious injury, can cause immense problems that may linger for the rest of the child’s life. Children can develop various adverse conditions due to oxygen deprivation in the time leading up to birth.
During childbirth, doctors and nurses must work together to provide a high standard of care for the patients in that vulnerable state. If a doctor fails to listen to a patient’s needs or carefully observe the patient for any signs of distress, it could lead to an increased risk of injury or death, for which the doctor might bear liability.
Failure to Diagnose
Sometimes, a care provider may have a clear look at the patient’s symptoms and the challenges the patient has faced. A patient’s clinical presentation might lead to an obvious diagnosis. Unfortunately, the care provider may fail to adequately diagnose the patient’s condition despite those apparent symptoms.
When a care provider does not diagnose a patient properly, the patient may not receive the care needed to recover from that ailment or injury. As a result, the patient may continue to experience the same symptoms or experience worsening symptoms. Often, those symptoms can substantially negatively impact the patient’s overall quality of life. Failure to diagnose may eventually, in some cases, lead to the patient’s death.
Misdiagnosis
A misdiagnosis occurs when a patient presents with a clear list of symptoms that should correspond to a specific ailment, but the care provider diagnoses another ailment instead. Due to a misdiagnosis, the patient might not receive treatment for the ailment the patient has and may receive treatment for an entirely unrelated condition.
Often, the treatment for that unrelated condition will have side effects or potential complications, which could cause a decrease in the patient’s overall quality of life. Meanwhile, symptoms of the original ailment may remain untreated, which may cause substantial distress for the patient.
Failure to Treat
Once a doctor sees a patient’s challenges, the doctor will need to work with the patient to devise a treatment plan. That may mean passing the patient on to another provider, including a specialist. However, in other cases, it may mean that the doctor needs to provide that treatment directly.
Failure to treat the condition or injury may cause the patient to experience continuing or worsening symptoms, which can cause a devastating decrease in the patient’s quality of life. Doctors may more often fail to treat conditions like chronic pain. Women and minorities may also have more trouble receiving the standard of treatment they may deserve for their ailments.
Failure to Inform
As a patient, you have the right to know what type of medical treatment you will receive and what potential side effects that treatment might have. In some cases, you might decide not to move forward with a specific procedure due to the potential side effects of that procedure.
For example, if you know that a surgery has a high failure rate that might not touch ongoing pain or that could make ongoing pain worse, you might choose not to undergo that procedure.
As a patient, you even have the right to make bad decisions: the decision, for example, to entirely forego care for a specific type of condition because you do not want to have to live with the side effects.
To make those decisions, however, you must have a solid understanding of the treatment you plan to undergo and that treatment’s potential side effects. A doctor who fails to inform you about those potential complications may have committed medical malpractice.
Medication Errors
Medications to treat many conditions require a careful balance.
Doctors must carefully prescribe medications:
- Intended to treat the conditions you have
- In the right quantities to provide adequate treatment while minimizing side effects
- That you do not have any known allergies to
- That do not interact negatively with known medications you already take
A doctor who fails to do due diligence when prescribing medication, including prescribing a dangerous dose of medication or a medication you are allergic to, may bear liability for any injuries you sustain because of those errors.
Medication errors may also occur in hospitals when busy nurses may not take the time to double-check the medications prescribed by the doctor or could accidentally draw up the wrong dose of the medication.
Medical Device Errors
When you pursue medical treatment, you may need the support of a medical device to help improve your overall quality of life or help you maintain function. Unfortunately, some medical devices may not provide the support you hoped for. Instead, those devices could cause errors that could decrease your quality of life or lifespan.
For example, metal-on-metal joint replacements, used for several years in many facilities across the country, could wear down over time, leading to metal deposits in the body and, ultimately, to metal poisoning. Medical devices could also fail sooner than expected, require further replacement, or could cause injury to the patient due to a malfunction.
In the case of medical device errors, the manufacturer of those medical devices may bear liability.
When Does a Care Provider’s Error Constitute Medical Malpractice?
As a patient, you may expect a high standard of care from your medical care provider regardless of when and where you pursue treatment.
If you experience substandard treatment, does it always constitute medical malpractice? Not necessarily. Medical malpractice occurs when a doctor commits an act of negligence in treatment that causes detrimental outcomes to the patient.
A lawyer may ask several key questions to determine whether you have suffered medical malpractice.
Did you have a doctor/patient relationship with the medical care provider?
To file a medical malpractice claim, you must establish you had a doctor/patient relationship with the care provider. That does not just mean that you do not have grounds for a claim if, for example, you ask for a diagnosis from a doctor on the street, and the doctor fails to provide a reasonable care plan. It also means that you may not have grounds for a claim against care providers who may have consulted on your case, but who did not bear ultimate responsibility for your diagnosis and treatment.
Suppose, for example, that your doctor works with several other doctors. You typically see only a single provider from that practice and do not typically see the others. Even though you may know that the doctors often consult on each other’s cases, you would generally file a malpractice claim against only the care provider who actually saw you during treatment.
Would another care provider, under the same circumstances, have made a similar diagnosis or decision?
Suppose, for example, you presented a specific list of symptoms to your doctor. Those symptoms could indicate two different diagnoses, but your doctor chose the one that most seemed to fit your symptoms. Because the symptoms fit the diagnosis, your doctor may not have committed a negligent act. Rather, your doctor may have acted on the information available and provided a diagnosis based on those criteria.
On the other hand, if you reported a specific set of symptoms to your doctor that clearly fit a known diagnosis, but your doctor diagnosed something else entirely, the doctor may have committed an act of malpractice in negligently diagnosing you.
Did the care provider’s negligence harm your health or finances?
To show that you have grounds for a medical malpractice claim, you must show that the care provider’s negligence harmed you—that the care provider’s negligence caused you to suffer additional pain, face additional costs, or deteriorate physically—since you did not receive needed treatment for your ailment. In many cases, medical negligence can lead to substantial suffering for the victim. In other cases, however, medical negligence may not lead to negative outcomes.
Suppose, for example, that a care provider negligently prescribed a medication to which you have a known allergy. At the pharmacy, the pharmacist, who has those records in place, notices the problem and warns you, so you never take the medication. Since you never experienced a negative reaction, you would not need to file a medical malpractice claim.
Likewise, suppose that a doctor misdiagnosed an infection. The doctor might have thought you had one type of infection, but on further examination, you discovered you had a different infection. The doctor may have prescribed antibiotics that took care of both challenges, so you did not suffer negative outcomes for the misdiagnosis error. As a result, you would not need to file a medical malpractice claim.
On the other hand, if you did take the medication and suffered severe side effects, including a life-threatening allergic reaction, you would have the right to file a medical malpractice claim. Suppose your doctor’s misdiagnosis caused you to suffer additional complications from your infection, including the potential need for hospitalization, increased care, or decreased overall quality of life. In that case, you may have the right to pursue a medical malpractice claim against your care provider.
Contact a Lawyer if You Suffered Medical Malpractice
If you suffered a detrimental outcome due to the negligence of a medical care provider, working with a lawyer on your medical malpractice claim can be critical. Medical malpractice claims can become difficult since you may need a medical expert to testify about the negligent actions of your care provider. Not only that, you may have to go through a lengthy process to establish your right to a medical malpractice claim than a typical injury claim.
A medical malpractice lawyer can navigate the complicated claim process for you and calculate the compensation you deserve.
Did you suffer medical negligence at the hands of your care provider? Contact a medical malpractice attorney to learn more about your rights. | https://www.chicagomedicalmalpracticelawyers.com/medical-malpractice-definition/ |
Improving outcomes in behavioral health comes down to data collection.
The ways in which an EHR can collect and interact with that data has a direct impact on a provider’s capacity to improve both patient and provider outcomes.
Of course, patient outcomes and provider outcomes are quite different, but powerful EHRs are able to accommodate both sides.
We’ll explore the software solutions that contribute to improved treatment outcomes for patients and improved operational outcomes for providers.
Behavioral Health Software that Improves Patient Outcomes
Patient outcomes occur at the treatment level. An outcome can be virtually any measurable result in the care environment.
In mental health treatment, for example, a positive outcome can be an improved score on an assessment like the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), which measures anxiety symptoms.
Say the patient completed the assessment on Monday and then again on Friday. If their score reflects fewer anxiety symptoms on Friday than it did on Monday, then you have an improved patient outcome.
First and foremost, it’s a positive outcome because the patient is feeling less anxious.
But it’s also a positive outcome in a statistical sense. The patient produced a lower anxiety rating, which is numerical proof of a patient’s improved condition.
More important, though, is the record of a patient’s progress that is created by recording and reporting on that treatment data.
The more data an organization can collect, the more context they have to deliver the best possible treatment to each patient.
Over time, a provider will gain access to a thorough history of recorded data about the patient to identify the most effective treatment approaches for them.
Let’s circle back to the BAI example for one final moment.
When the patient reports a lower anxiety score, their provider can then refer to the patient’s chart to review other treatment progress. From there, they can search for any correlations that led to the positive outcome.
Maybe the patient got a full night’s rest the night before they reported a lower anxiety score. Or they found out they passed the class they were worried about failing all semester.
Whatever the correlation may be, having as much data to work with as possible makes finding those correlations easier. Thus, treatment decisions are informed ones, and treatment approaches can be consistently refined.
So, the question becomes: how do providers track patient data?
The answer, of course, is dynamic reporting features.
Ideally, an EHR empowers providers to report on every single data point in the system. One measurement can be extremely relevant to one patient’s care and have no impact on another.
In order to collect any and all data, an EHR must offer a variety of comprehensive documentation. These include assessments like the BAI, surveys, and forms, as well as progress notes and treatment plans.
In an enterprise system, any results from any documentation auto-populate on the patient’s chart, creating a living record of their condition. In this way, the patient chart can become a hub of information on each patient that can be leveraged to support their care.
Traditionally, most data collection occurred at the practice. More recently, and especially after COVID-19, providers have had to rely on remote data collection to maintain their full picture of their patients.
Fortunately, most modern platforms allow for thorough patient engagement via a patient portal. Administering any necessary documentation for the patient to remotely report on their condition shouldn’t be an issue for powerful EHRs.
In a system that lacks patient engagement capabilities, though, preserving the quality of care to pre-pandemic standards can be a challenge.
As a software company that serves the mental health and addiction treatment communities, we know that our clients’ patients need more support than ever during the pandemic. COVID-19 has made life especially difficult for those struggling with mental health challenges or substance abuse issues.
That’s why it’s so important for behavioral health software to offer a comprehensive virtual care environment. That includes collecting data virtually so that there’s no dip in the thoroughness of patient care. This in turn includes providing patients with an intuitive portal experience in how they can report symptoms, communicate with their provider, and complete assessments.
Improving Provider Outcomes with Behavioral Health Software
On the staff side, data collection is still the name of the game – the relevant data is just different.
One of the best ways providers can improve outcomes on an organizational level is by measuring staff productivity and performance. From an oversight perspective, it’s a critical feature for identifying areas that need improvement.
Consider the benefit for a manager or supervisor being able to report on their staff’s documentation breakdown. Some useful measurements here would be how long it takes individual users to complete documentation, or how late users are on documentation over time.
From there, a manager can intervene where there is lacking performance.
Another important oversight tool that can directly impact provider outcomes is the ability to track its compliance progress.
This is especially helpful in behavioral health treatment, where there’s a wide variety of guidelines to comply with.
Whether state billing guidelines or JCAHO and CARF accreditation standards, an EHR should be able to record any necessary compliance measurements. That way, an organization can monitor its adherence to the necessary standards and prepare for audits accordingly.
From this type of data, a provider can make an informed decision about operational improvements that are backed up by data.
For example, maybe the data shows a recent increase in the average time it’s taking clinicians to complete documentation, which risks becoming a compliance and a billing issue.
However, when the supervisor looks a little deeper, they see that each clinician has a huge caseload, which is responsible for the slower documentation turnaround.
With that data the organization can come to the informed conclusion that they need to hire more staff to accommodate the full caseload.
Or, maybe the clinicians all have modest caseloads while their performance is getting sloppy or slow.
With that data the organization knows they don’t need more clinicians to shoulder the work. Instead, maybe they implement updated training protocols because the data shows that they’re not using their software tools properly.
EHR Tools that Drive Positive Outcomes
We hope you have a better idea of how an organization can leverage data to improve treatment processes and sustain operational success.
As we mentioned, COVID-19 was an unprecedented wrench that disrupted the outcome efforts of many providers. One of the best ways organizations can maintain positive outcomes during the pandemic is by establishing a comprehensive virtual care environment.
Matthew Prete, Sigmund’s VP of Software Development and Information Technology, recently presented a webinar that examined the true potential of the virtual care environment. He explores a variety of crucial patient engagement solutions that allow providers to deliver thorough and patient-centered care, even under the constraints of the pandemic.
If you want to see what a dynamic and exhaustive virtual care environment looks like, you can view his presentation in full by clicking the button below.
Virtual Care Is So Much More Than Telehealth: Embracing all the Tools of the Digital Care EnvironmentWatch Now! | https://www.sigmundsoftware.com/learning-center/enterprise-ehr-software/enterprise-outcomes-suite/behavioral-health-software-positive-outcomes/ |
Collaboration, communication, and coordination are the keys to successfully working with all of your health care providers. This only possible when patient-physician communication is open, honest, and as often as needed. When communication between a doctor and a patient breaks down the outcomes for the patient are not as good. If for any reason you are not comfortable talking with your doctor and your health providers, please find someone that you trust to help you. The rest of this post helps you understand and speak with your doctors and health care providers.
Communicating with your doctors and health providers is a cornerstone of good health. This requires learning and using basic communication skills, including; preparation, asking questions, listening to answers, answering questions honestly and directly, and taking enough time to think about what you want.
Unfortunately, talking with your doctor is not always easy. It takes time and effort on your part as well as your doctor. If either person does not do their part the communication may break down.
How to Talk to Your Doctor
A good relationship is based on you and your doctor openly sharing information and working together to make the best decisions about your health. Practicing open communication with a doctor that you trust may also help increase your confidence that you have chosen the right treatment, and in achieving a positive outcome. Doctors are busy people and their offices are often a buzz with activity, like ringing telephones and crowded waiting rooms. When you actually see your doctor, your visit may not last more than fifteen minutes.
Tip: Be prepared for your doctor’s appointment.
You can prepare by writing down all the questions you have for the doctor in advance and bring a pen and paper to jot down answers and take notes. Here are some questions you might want to ask:
- What do think might be wrong with me? How do you know?
- What are the common causes of this problem?
- Will I need any tests?
- Which tests might I need?
- What does each test involve?
- How do I prepare for each test?
- Will my insurance pay for the tests?
- What are my treatment choices?
- What are the benefits and risks of each treatment?
- What are the side effects?
- How are the likely outcomes of each treatment?
- Which treatment is the most common for my condition?
- What would be the “next steps” if treatment fails?
- What kind of medication(s) must I take? For how long?
- What does the drug do? Will there be any side effects?
- What should I do if I have side effects?
- Can I take a generic version of the drug?
- Will the medicine interact with any I am already taking?
- Should I avoid any kind of food or activity while taking this medicine?
- Will I need to see a specialist?
- Should I get a second opinion?
- Do I need a follow-up visit?
For additional information on how to work with your doctors and talk about your health read Section 8 in the Dr.Me Patient & Caregiver Guide. | https://apatientsplace.com/2017/12/03/communicating-with-doctors/ |
Medical Errors in the Lab: When Results are Wrong
Longtime watchers of Grey’s Anatomy will remember the episode in which a young doctor ordered lab tests run for two patients, of which she was one. One test came back showing anemia; the other, an aggressive brain tumor. Unfortunately, the results got switched, with the doctor initially believing she had anemia, when she was in fact seriously ill; the other patient thought she had cancer and spent tens of thousands of dollars on further testing, when all she needed was an iron supplement.
In real life, most laboratory errors are not the stuff of high drama. But they can constitute medical malpractice. While not every lab error is the result of negligence, those that are can have serious, even life-threatening results.
Understanding Laboratory Malpractice
Nearly everyone who receives medical care has had a blood, urine, tissue, or other sample sent to a clinical laboratory. Having lab tests run may be a part of a routine physical, or an effort to diagnose the source of troubling symptoms, direct treatment of a known condition, or determine how well a treatment is working. Laboratory results have significant influence in creating a “road map” for care—and if the information used to make the map is wrong, the results can be disastrous.
Medical laboratory malpractice occurs when a laboratory or lab worker violates applicable standards of care, leading to a mistake that harms a patient, who suffers damages. Those damages can range from the cost of corrective care to the loss of life.
Laboratory errors can happen in a number of ways, including:
- Taking a sample from a patient that is insufficient
- Taking a sample incorrectly
- Mislabeling or mishandling samples
- Incorrect storage or handling of samples
- Contamination of samples due to failure to sterilize equipment or other reasons
- Losing a sample
- Delay in processing a sample
- Performing the wrong test on a sample
- Misinterpreting test results
- Failing to send a lab report to the physician who ordered the tests, or sending it to the wrong physician
Any one of these errors can result in a delayed diagnosis, incorrect treatment, diminished chances for recovery, and unnecessary costs.
What Does Laboratory Malpractice Look Like?
Lab errors can take as many forms as the conditions they are designed to help diagnose or treat, including:
- A newborn infant whose sample for a routine phenylketonuria (PKU) was not tested due to laboratory negligence. All newborns are screened for PKU, a metabolic disorder that can lead to intellectual disabilities if left untreated; one in every 10,000-15,000 babies has this disorder. Because the parents were not advised of a positive result, the child remained untreated and developed avoidable disabilities.
- A patient whose rare cancer was not detected by lab tests, perhaps due to a laboratory sample that was improperly stored prior to processing. By the time the test was repeated after the patient’s symptoms continued to worsen, her chance of recovery was significantly diminished.
- A young woman presented at an emergency department (ED)complaining of severe abdominal pain. A urine sample was taken to determine whether she had a urinary tract infection. The hospital lab processed the sample, which was positive for infection, but reported the result to the wrong doctor. Down in the ED, the patient was discharged without the test result in her chart. Her infection worsened and she later died of sepsis.
- A married couple, both of whom had a family history of cystic fibrosis (CF), submitted to genetic testing before attempting to conceive a child. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, pancreas, and other organs; CF can shorten a sufferer’s life expectancy by decades. The test results indicated that one spouse was a carrier of the genetic mutation for CF, but the other was not. Unless both parents contribute a gene for CF, a child will not develop the disease (though they may be a carrier). Unfortunately, the sample for the spouse who allegedly did not carry the CF gene was improperly processed, and they did, in fact, have the gene. This was discovered only after the couple’s child exhibited symptoms of CF and was tested.
These are only a few of the many ways that a laboratory error can affect the lives not only of a patient, but of their families. People rely on accurate lab test results to guide their doctors in making a diagnosis and recommending treatment. When negligent errors occur in the lab, the outcome can be costly or even lethal.
What to Do if You Suspect a Laboratory Error
If you received a delayed diagnosis or a misdiagnosis due to a laboratory error, or received the wrong treatment because someone made a mistake in a lab, you may be entitled to compensation for your injuries. Unfortunately, even a small error can lead to severe outcomes, including thousands of dollars in additional testing and treatment costs, loss of function, or loss of life.
To learn more about medical errors in clinical laboratories, or to discuss your options if you have been the victim of a laboratory error, contact Huegli Fraser to schedule a consultation.
Blog Disclaimer
The information in this blog post is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended to be legal advice. You should not make a decision whether or not to contact a qualified medical malpractice attorney based upon the information in this blog post. No attorney-client relationship is formed nor should any such relationship be implied. If you require legal advice, please consult with a competent medical malpractice attorney licensed to practice in your jurisdiction. | https://www.hueglifraserlaw.com/blog/portland-oregon-medical-malpractice/2023/01/19/medical-errors-in-the-lab-when-results-are-wrong/ |
Failure to Diagnose and Treat Diseases
Most patients trust a medical professional’s diagnosis or his or her judgment that a patient is healthy and doesn’t require treatment. However, medical professionals can and do make mistakes. Doctors can fail to diagnose a condition, for example, costing the patient precious weeks or months of treatment. In other instances, doctors fail to treat a disease appropriately, which can result in the exacerbation of symptoms, worsening conditions and the development of a new injury or illness.
What is “Failure to Diagnose?”
The legal and medical term “failure to diagnose” is a specific kind of misdiagnosis that occurs when a medical professional does not correctly recognize the symptoms of a disease or condition and, accordingly, either fails to prescribe appropriate medical treatment or prescribes the wrong medical treatment.
For instance, consider a scenario where a patient sees a doctor to be screened for cancer. The doctor performs the necessary tests properly. But upon receiving the results, the same doctor fails to recognize the signs of cancer and gives the patient a clean bill of health. Months later, that patient comes down with more severe cancerous symptoms since the condition has spread throughout the body without treatment.
In this case, the doctor should be held liable for damages if the patient files a medical malpractice lawsuit, since the spreading of the cancer was directly due to their failure to diagnose a condition.
What Are Commonly Undiagnosed Diseases?
Unfortunately, many particularly terrible diseases and conditions are frequently undiagnosed due to improper screening procedures or tests that are misread. Examples of common undiagnosed diseases include:
- Lupus, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lung damage, joint pain, fatigue, and damage to the kidneys and heart
- Parkinson’s disease, which is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system and that results in tremors throughout the body
- Lyme disease, which can cause shortness of breath, cramping, nausea, and soreness throughout the body
- Multiple sclerosis, which can cause muscle spasms, balance issues, blurred vision, and even cognitive impairment
- Celiac disease, which is an autoimmune disorder that means the patient cannot digest gluten: a protein commonly found in wheat and wheat products
- Cancers of many kinds
In many instances, these common diseases are not diagnosed properly because their symptoms mimic those of other conditions.
For example, Parkinson’s disease’s symptoms sometimes resemble the symptoms of strokes or Alzheimer’s. So, doctors sometimes improperly diagnose Parkinson’s disease and prescribe a treatment for Alzheimer’s. This may count as a failure to diagnose in a medical malpractice lawsuit depending on the specifics of the case, including the severity of any resulting damages.
Does Failure to Diagnose Count as Medical Malpractice?
Failure to diagnose may qualify as medical malpractice if the mistake occurred as a result of provable negligence. Most medical malpractice cases have four requirements that must be proven, which is why experienced medical malpractice attorneys are important advisors for victims of an undiagnosed disease, helping them to determine the likelihood of a successful lawsuit.
These four medical malpractice requirements are:
- Proving that there was a relationship between the doctor and the patient
- Proving that a required standard of care was not provided – this is usually defined as a level of care commonly accepted as standard by other professionals in the industry
- Proving that damages were suffered by the patient
- Proving that those damages were directly caused by negligence on the part of the doctor
Another example: a patient visits the doctor for a yearly checkup and complains of chest pain. The doctor prescribes some mild soreness medication and assumes that it’s just a symptom of stress, without performing standard tests. Later, the patient discovers that they have Lyme disease and it was undiagnosed because the doctor didn’t perform appropriate tests when he or she should have.
Is Disease Misdiagnosis Common in the US?
Yes. Unfortunately, certain types of diseases are misdiagnosed or left undiagnosed more often than others. Diagnostic error, according to a 2019 study:
- Causes upwards of 80,000 deaths in US hospitals each year
- Vascular events, infection, and cancer rank as some of the highest misdiagnosed or undiagnosed conditions in the world
What If a Disease is Unknown?
Sometimes, a patient may have a disease that, up until that point, was not understood or detected by medical professionals. According to UW Medicine, many undiagnosed diseases may mask themselves as rare conditions, and many rare diseases are genetic, making proper diagnosis an issue.
Even with this caveat, a medical professional may still be responsible for neglect and medical malpractice if they fail to diagnose certain conditions or not provide an acceptable standard of care for patients whose conditions they don’t fully understand.
Failure to Treat a Disease
Failure to treat a disease is a separate type of medical malpractice that occurs when a medical professional does not treat a patient’s disease, whether or not they diagnosed the disease correctly. Either way, incorrect prescription is issued or improper surgical procedures may be recommended and carried out, which can result in further injury or illness.
In other cases, failure to treat disease occurs when a physician notices a disease or condition and does not carry out the proper procedures to treat the condition. Failure to treat disease can also occur if one medical professional correctly diagnoses a disease, but another doctor does not treat it because of a diagnosis disagreement.
Does Failing to Treat a Disease Count as Medical Malpractice?
Failing to treat a disease typically qualifies as medical malpractice. In the event that a patient’s disease is not treated, skilled New York medical malpractice attorneys can help by working to prove that the plaintiff’s damages were directly caused due to intentional negligence on the part of the medical professional.
Compensation for Failure to Diagnose or Treat Diseases
Victims whose doctors failed to diagnose or treat their conditions can expect significant compensation by filing a medical malpractice lawsuit. Compensation can be awarded to cover damages including:
- Costs for all past, present and future medical treatments
- Damages for any pain and suffering endured by the victim
- Compensation for loss of bodily functions or quality of life if the disease’s progression led to such outcomes
Contact New York Medical Malpractice Attorneys Today
Medical malpractice attorneys are critical for New York victims who are seeking the maximum compensation they are owed by law. For over 50 years, the attorneys at Sobo & Sobo have won such cases for patients across the Hudson Valley and New York City. Contact them today by calling 855-468-7626 for a free consultation and see what they can do to help you get the settlement and justice you deserve. | https://sobolaw.com/medical-malpractice/failure-to-diagnose-and-treat-diseases/ |
The human brain is a very sophisticated computer. However, it has a major flaw – any data that enters into this machine cannot be deleted. Though it might not be a problem in itself, there are thoughts and memories that you do not want in your life but cannot get rid of. This behavior is further amplified in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
What is PTSD?
PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that results from being subjected to or having witnessed an extremely violent, disturbing, or traumatic event. Victims and survivors of natural disasters, war, sexual assault, rape, and accidents are the most common patients of PTSD. This condition was known as ‘shell shock’ in the First World War; then the term ‘battle fatigue’ was adopted in the Second World War. The term ‘operational exhaustion’ was used in the Vietnam War. But it does not affect only war veterans.
Of all the treatment approaches for this condition, cognitive behavioural therapy is the most effective one.
What is cognitive behavioural therapy?
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a treatment that aims at correcting the relationship between feelings, thoughts, and behaviours. The goal is to note how changing one of these affects the other domains. For example, if the unhelpful thinking of a person is altered, it can result in healthier behaviours and better emotion regulation. The targets of CBT are the current symptoms and problems of the patient. The treatment spans over 12–16 sessions that can be delivered in group or individual formats.
How does CBT help PTSD?
- Emotional processing theory. This theory was developed by E.B. Foa and M.J. Kozak. It proposes that people who have been through a traumatic event tend to associate certain unrelated stimuli with the memories of their trauma. These things can then trigger all kinds of responses, from considering the world is dangerous to the numbing of feelings. Emotional processing theory recommends that if these unhealthy associations are somehow altered, the unhealthy and undesired outcomes can be avoided.
- Social cognitive theory. This theory suggests that PTSD results from applying self-made beliefs and ideals to a situation. For example, if someone has the belief that bad things happen to those who deserve them, and then they get raped, they will blame themselves for it. Instead of realising that they were abused, and the bad person is the rapist. According to the social cognitive theory, if these beliefs of the victim can somehow be changed, their perception of reality will be altered, and that will help with the unhealthy thoughts.
Effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating PTSD
CBT is still an emerging treatment and not much data is available about it, and finding accurate estimates of its effectiveness can prove difficult. The best overview of its efficacy comes from the data gathered by StuffThatWorks.
What research suggests
According to the data gathered and analysed by crowdsourcing AI-powered platform StuffThatWorks.health, CBT is one of the most effective treatments for PTSD. The analysed data gathered from people suffering from the condition that tried CBT as a treatment suggests that the treatment worked:
- Extremely well in 10% of the patients
- Very well in 39% of the patients
- Fairly well in 34% of the patients
More evidence
The current literature reveals robust evidence that CBT is a safe and effective intervention for both acute and chronic PTSD following a range of traumatic experiences in adults, children, and adolescents. However, nonresponse to CBT by PTSD can be as high as 50%.
How is CBT used to manage PTSD?
The actual process of conducting the therapy differs from doctor to doctor and patient to patient. Some patients need individual assistance, while some prefer participating in group sessions. Most of the time, patients are assigned tasks that they have to complete. These primarily include keeping track of their emotional state between CBT sessions. In later stages, they can also be taught skills and are tasked with practising those skills in their free time. However, the basic concept behind the therapy remains the same, and it can be divided into three parts.
- Re-evaluation of thoughts. One of the first things that therapists do when using CBT to cure PTSD is to encourage the patient to re-evaluate their thought processes and assumptions. This is done to identify the ‘distortions’ (unhealthy patterns) in their thoughts. These include negative thinking that takes over positive thinking, overgeneralising bad outcomes, and the tendency to expect catastrophic results in any given situation. The goal of the therapy is to help the patient remake their concept of traumatic experiences and make them believe that they can cope with things better than they think they can.
- Controlled exposure to memories. Once the patient starts to have a better thinking approach towards their trauma, they are exposed to the memories of the trauma and the emotions they have associated with it. This is done in a controlled manner, and everything is planned ahead of time by the collaboration of the therapist and the patient. The goal of this part of the therapy is to reduce avoidance and eliminate the negative response to the memories the person has. When done properly, it gives the patient a sense of control, predictability, and self-confidence. Seeking escape and avoidance also diminish with time.
- Education on handling trauma. The next step is to educate the patient on how trauma can affect them if they encounter it in the future. This step includes the management of stress and techniques that make it easier for the patient to handle trauma.
Takeaway
PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that results from exposure to something dangerous, violent, or threatening. This condition was first identified in WWI veterans but can occur in anyone exposed to the said stimuli. It can be treated with medication, but one of the most effective treatments so far is CBT. This therapy aims to replace the patients’ unhealthy thinking patterns with constructive ones and making them realise that facing their memories associated with the trauma and not avoidance, is the way to overcome the condition.
Adam Mulligan did his degree in psychology at the University of Hertfordshire. He is interested in mental health and well-being.
Psychreg is mainly for information purposes only; materials on this website are not intended to be a substitute for professional advice. Don’t disregard professional advice or delay in seeking treatment because of what you have read on this website. Read our full disclaimer. | https://www.psychreg.org/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-ptsd-treatment/ |
Therapists read and prepare a number of treatment plans for mental health conditions. In terms of goals, and objectives selected – both of which are used for evidenced-based treatment planning – I notice: ‘symptom management’ written down on paper or on the screen of an electronic health record (EHR).
What is symptom management, exactly? Symptom management is commonly defined as the prevention or treatment, as early as possible, the symptoms of a disease, side effects caused by treatment of a disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to a disease or its treatment.
As a seasoned therapist and mental health advocate for recovery, the belief or understanding of symptom management as a viable or appropriate goal for any mental health treatment plan is not only an active disservice to the patient in question, but it also speaks to the philosophy of care and provision of services being provided by the therapist prescribing it.
Symptom management is also called palliative care and supportive care. Under the medical model, and provision of care of a medical doctor, this might be appropriate. Sure, terminal cancer patients and people who are at imminent risk of death, should always consider palliative care and symptom management to control pain and other intrusive symptoms as a result of their medical condition. But for the purposes of treatment planning and treatment of mental health conditions, the implementation of any symptom management course of treatment is consigning patients to a life without hope of progress, improvement, or any real healing.
Under my supervision in the Courtlandt Avenue Mental Health Clinic, in which I oversee half a dozen master’s level MSW (master of social work) and bachelor’s level BSW (bachelor of social work) interns, symptom management is simply not an option for treatment planning purposes or an acceptable practice for the treatment of their patients with mental health disorders. Goals and objectives in a patient’s treatment plan should always be something achievable, positive, and person-centred at the very least.
As therapists driving treatment forward, this is what we need to be interested in for our patients as an unquestionable anchor of care. The belief that symptom management is driving treatment forward, or even in the best interest of patients with a mental health condition, is simply fallacious. Why shouldn’t the patients we treat hope to achieve anything better than the ‘new norm’, in terms of the quality of their mental health status, or expect to experience improvement?
The new norm! Patients don’t want to ever, ever, hear this from a doctor. Meaning, get used to this condition because it is permanent. As a person who has recovered from schizophrenia, who was told by doctors, to ‘take it easy’ and that I should not get too stressed because I might relapse; I have never listened to this rubbish passed off as clinical insight into a mental health disorder. I knew better, and when I was told to relax, I was already registering for graduate school in social work. But far too many people listen to their mental health providers and really internalise misinformation about their health condition. The result of such listening and internalisation can be tragic for people who consign themselves to a lesser meaningful life because some therapist or psychiatrist misidentified their patients potential for success and healing.
I am going to assume for a second, given conversations I have had with other mental health providers, and even my students, that thinking the very idea of a ‘new norm’ fits into a person-centred paradigm, is just misinformed. I am also going to assume, on the level of language and writing, misusing the term symptom management is also a gross misuse of terminology.
I really don’t believe this explanation for a second, though. Why? Because so many people are doing it! Sure, many people, even skilled and knowledgeable providers are under the guise of false assumptions and misinformation. But surely, is misinformation traversing the mental health practitioner community at such deep and insidious levels? Maybe.
More likely though, practitioners that use this terminology in their practice are heading towards burnout, experiencing compassion fatigue, or have simply lost sight of their belief in recovery and healing for their patients. For patients with a vested interest in their recovery and hope that they will experience progress in their treatment, the time has come to readjust your clinical gaze and start to expect better outcomes for your patients.
Max E. Guttman, LCSW is a psychotherapist and owner of Recovery Now, a mental health private practice in New York City.
Psychreg is mainly for information purposes only; materials on this website are not intended to be a substitute for professional advice. Don’t disregard professional advice or delay in seeking treatment because of what you have read on this website. Read our full disclaimer. | https://www.psychreg.org/symptom-management-mental-health/ |
Clinical leadership and strategic decision-making: what difference does it make?
Here we consider the growing body of evidence to suggest that greater involvement of clinicians in the senior management and leadership positions of hospitals (and other health organisations) can have a significant impact.
As we have seen, it is frequently assumed that clinicians in leadership roles can make a difference. Falcone and Satiani (2008) - note that ‘in a healthcare system that is complex, troubled, and challenging, the doctor CEOs and board directors brings a unique set of skills to the business of medicine’. Clinical leaders have a greater understanding of the core business of healthcare and greater legitimacy in the eyes of their rank and file professional colleagues. All this may ensure that they make policy and practice decisions that are both more informed and likely to be implemented and adopted.
The bulk of the research supporting these conclusions has been conducted since 1993, mainly looking at privately owned hospitals in the United States. Most studies are quantitative using surveys or other routine or administrative date. They aim is to evaluate the relationship between different kinds of experience and human capital (clinical or non-clinical) of CEOs or board members (explanatory variable) on a variety of performance outcomes, such as process improvements in efficiency or improved clinical care (dependent variable).
The earliest strand of research on this topic looked mainly at the impact of clinical leadership on financial outcomes of hospitals, for example, the size of operating margins or efficiency rates (bed occupancy rate). Goes and Zhan (1995) for example, show that greater doctor involvement in the governance of US private acute care hospitals leads to higher bed occupancy and operating margins. Similar conclusions are reported by Molinari et al. (1993), who highlight how greater medical staff representation on the board of directors is significantly associated with improved hospital profitability. Also focusing on US healthcare, Prybil (2006) finds that non-profit general hospitals outperform the private sector counterparts in terms of overall profitability when doctors are more involved in governance roles. Similar results have been reported by European studies. Looking at the English NHS, for example, Veronesi et al. (2014) highlight a positive impact of clinical participation on boards of directors of acute care hospital trusts on the financial management ratings received from the Healthcare Commission.
A further strand of research has investigated the relationship between clinical leadership on the quality of care provided by hospitals. In the US Prybil (2006) analysed a sample of 14 non-profit general hospitals and found that the best performers, in terms of quality of care ratings and a patient satisfaction scores, had more doctors in their top management teams. Similarly, Bai and Krishnan (2014) report that non-profit hospitals without doctor participation on their boards are more likely to deliver lower quality of care. Focusing only on hospital board quality committees, Jiang et al. (2009) also show that having a higher doctor participation on committees strongly improves hospital performance in terms of the care process (measured as quality of care of heart attack, heart failure, pneumonia, and surgical infection prevention) and mortality rates.
More recently, these conclusions have been confirmed by Goodall (2011). Focusing on the top 100 US hospitals according to the Index of Hospital Quality ranking of the US News and World Report, she finds that having a CEO with a medical background generates greater quality improvements that result in a higher quality ranking for the hospital. In the European context, Veronesi et al. (2013) report that a greater ratio of clinical members on governing boards of English hospital trusts generates better ratings of the quality of the service provided, as well as being associated with a reduction in morbidity rates. In a later study, the same authors show that the involvement of clinicians on the board of directors improves the overall patient experience of the care provided by acute hospitals when clinical managers operate in hospitals that have greater autonomy (Foundation Trusts) (Veronesi et al. 2015). Finally, focusing on a sample of German hospitals, Kuntz and Scholtes (2013) note a positive relationship between a full-time or heavily involved part-time medical director and higher staff-to-patient ratios (associated with safer patient care).
Several explanations are offered to explain these results. It has been suggested, for example, that clinical involvement management could help to strengthen a culture of stewardship and facilitate the ‘adoption of more cost efficient clinical practices’ (Succi and Alexander, 1999). Ford-Eichkoff et al. (2011) argue that increasing the number of board members with clinical background provides governing boards with a greater breadth of expertise. This chimes with other studies which highlight the greater credibility of clinical leaders and the development of more ‘quality-centred cultures’ (Shortell et al., 2005).
Despite these conclusions, not all research is equally positive about the impact of clinical leaders. Some studies find no significant relationship between clinical CEOs and organisational performance (Veronesi et al., 2013), while others highlight the potentially negative impact of clinical involvement on efficiency. Succi and Alexander (1999) note how the increasing influence of doctors in the allocation of resources is associated with certain moral hazards and the risk that hospital service priorities are shaped or captured by the interest of powerful medical groups (interested only in promoting their own specialism). This is also hinted at in a study by Brickley et al. (2010) suggesting that in private hospitals external donors are less willing to commit resources to hospitals where doctors play are more involved in strategic decision making. This is due to fears that resources donated to these hospitals will be expropriated to support clinical projects rather than benefiting the wider community (Glaeser, 2007). In a similar way, in the English NHS, Mannion et al. (2005) find that in hospitals dominated by ‘pro-professional cultures’, strategic and operational decisions may be skewed towards meeting clinical needs at the expense of financial performance targets.
In addition to these risks are challenges associated with recruiting, training and developing and clinical leaders. According to Kippist and Fitzgerald (2009), one of the main ‘barriers to the effectiveness of the role of hybrid clinician manager’ is ‘the lack of management education and skill’. Similarly, Falcone and Satiani (2008) state that a ‘successful physician leader must understand the business of medicine as well as or better than he or she understands the practice of medicine’. But while the risks and challenges of developing clinical leadership are significant (especially where doctors are concerned) we should not ignore the very substantial (and growing) evidence base to support the assumption that clinical leadership do often make a difference. Acknowledging this fact and acting on it may be critical for realising the objectives of healthcare improvement.
Talking point
- What are your thoughts on the emerging ‘evidence base’ to support the argument that clinical leaders can improve healthcare outcomes?
- Reflecting on your own experiences (or healthcare organisations you are aware of), is clinical leadership always a good thing?
References
Bai, G. & Krishnan, R. (2014) Do Hospitals Without Physicians on the Board Deliver Lower Quality of Care? American Journal of Medical Quality, 30 (1): 58-65.
Brickley, J.A., van Horn, R.L. & Wedig, G.J. (2010) Board composition and nonprofit conduct: Evidence from hospitals. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 76 (2): 196-208.
Falcone, R.E. & Satiani, B. (2008) Physician as hospital chief executive officer. Vasc Endovascular Surgery, 42 (1): 88-94.
Ford-Eickhoff, K., Plowman, D.A. & McDaniel, R.R. (2011) Hospital boards and hospital strategic focus: the impact of board involvement in strategic decision making. Health Care Management Review, 36 (2): 145-154.
Glaeser, E.L. (2007) The Governance of Not-for-Profit Organizations. University of Chicago Press.
Goes, J. & Zhan, C. (1995) The effects of hospital-physician integration strategies on hospital financial performance. Health Services Research, 30 (4): 507-530.
Goodall, A. (2011) Physician-leaders and hospital performance: is there an association? Social Science and Medicine, 73 (4): 535-539.
Jiang, H.J., Lockee, C., Bass, K. & Fraser, I. (2009) Board oversight of quality: any differences in process of care and mortality? Journal of Healthcare Management, 54 (1): 15-30.
Kippist, L. & Fitzgerald, A. (2009) Organisational professional conflict and hybrid clinician managers: The effects of dual roles in Australian health care organisations. Journal of Health Organisation and Management, 23: 642-655.
Kuntz, L. & Scholtes, S. (2013) Physicians in leadership: The association between medical director involvement and staff-to-patient ratios. Health Care Management Science, 16 (2): 129-138.
Mannion, R., Davies, H.T.O. & Marshall, M.N. (2005) Cultural characteristics of “high” and “low” performing hospitals. Journal of Health Organisation and Management, 19 (6): 431-439.
Molinari, C., Morlock, L., Alexander, J. & Lyles, C.A. (1993) Hospital board effectiveness: relationships between governing board composition and hospital financial viability. Health Services Research, 28 (3): 358-377.
Prybil, L.D. (2006) Size, composition, and culture of high-performing hospital boards. American Journal of Medicine Quarterly, 21 (4): 224-229.
Shortell, S.M., Schmittdiel, J., Wang, M.C., Li, R., Gillies, R.R., Casalino, L.P., Bodenheimer, T. and Rundall, T.G. (2005) An empirical assessment of high-performing medical groups: results from a national study. Medical Care Research Review, 62 (4): 407–434.
Succi, M.J. & Alexander, J. (1999) Physician involvement in management and governance: the moderating effects of staff structure and composition. Health Care Management Review, 24 (1): 33-44.
Veronesi, G., Kirkpatrick, I. & Vallascas, F. (2013) Clinicians on the board: What difference does it make? Social Science and Medicine, 77: 147-155.
Veronesi, G., Kirkpatrick, I. & Vallascas, F. (2014) Does clinical management improve efficiency? Evidence from the English NHS. Public Money and Management, 34 (1): 35-42
Veronesi, G., Kirkpatrick, I. & Altanlar, A. (2015) Clinical leadership and the changing governance of public hospitals: Implications for patient experience. Public Administration, 93, (4): 1031-1048. | https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/healthcare/0/steps/27528 |
System thinking is the emerging technology in all the fields, especially the medical sciences and healthcare. In this report, a report has been prepared that highlight the most concerning issue of the healthcare sector i.e., increasing patient turnaround time. The factors contributing to the issues were outlined and some recommendations for the same have been provided. In addition to this, the analysis of the current value stream mapping was done and recommended system was proposed in the report.
The concept of the system thinking is continuously growing in this technologically advanced world. The system thinking approach is responsible for sustainability as well as the profitability of the company and it further also involves the innovation in business practices. One of the major concerns highlighted in the healthcare sector is the waste of time before the diagnostic of any patient. It has been identified that it is approximately 19 minutes and 19 seconds which are wasted for a patient before meeting to the doctor. In the case of emergency cases, it has become a very major issue. The report will highlight the turnaround time taken by the patients and the discussion regarding the new framework required to be adopted to resolve this issue will also be made. This report will highlight the benefits and consequences of using such a framework in the healthcare setting.
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The systems archetypes characterise the common behavioural patterns within an organisation. Being the diagnostic tools, they provide a knowledge of underlying structures and consequences to the managers by analysing the behaviours over time. In this case, the hospital lacks the proper implementation of any system archetype. If these tools are well-implemented within the processes of the hospital, then the issue of prolonged waiting time might be reduced effectively. The services of the emergency department of the hospital can be improved by making use of different system Archetypes.
From the perspective of 'Limit to Growth Archetype', the problem of the increased turnaround time of patient can be analysed. It has been seen that there can be various factors that are increasing the time (Acaroglu, 2017). These can be an internal or external factor. The former comprise the lack of technical skills, poor time management, lack of human resource, poor equipment, etc. External factor consists of a delay from the medical services supplier and other stakeholders. All these factors can be called the limiting factors and can slow down the progress of the process. The process is illustrated in the figure below:-
It was also identified that poor technical skills are also the concerning issue for the hospital as this is also contributing to the increased turnaround time for the hospital. It has been noticed that technophile archetype characterises the practices that rapidly adapt and make use of medical record-keeping. This automated system helps the nursing staff to handle emergency cases. Each of these practices can contribute to reducing the waiting time for the patient. However, these practices are not fully implemented in the hospital. This is jeopardising the competitive position of the hospital and patient turnover would also increase eventually if the problem is not resolved at the earliest (Lezak&Thibodeau, 2016). It has been noticed that on the arrival, the relatives of the patients in an emergency situation have to wait for their turn in the queue for the registration process. The hospital does not use any digital payment mode accepts the credit card.
Also, online registration and booking option is not available on the website. This increases the queue length. In addition to this, there are many mediators who carry out different functions before a patient get to meet the doctor. For instance, the nursing staff would carry out the basic level checks and collect information about the patient's illness. This is likewise bringing about expanded time as the ordinary specialists set aside an effort to comprehend the circumstance of the patient and give the correct treatment to them. They counsel the particular specialists from different medical clinics which likewise increment the time taken up by a patient. Likewise, it is discovered that the medical clinic is concentrating on decreasing the operational expense and consequently, the administration is looking for more assistance and backing from its restricted staff. The individuals are as of now doled out with more than one obligation so they are not ready to cook the patients sitting tight for their turn. There is no group that explicitly handle crisis circumstances
To evaluate and assess the operation flowin the healthcare industry, Value Stream Mapping is utilized by the professionals. The use of such a framework is quite critical. This framework is useful in the determination of the operation managementmodeling of ED as well as the flow of the process in the medical industry. To analyze and evaluate the Current State Value Stream Map, it is necessary to take the first and foremost step (Williams, et. al., 2017). The very first step is the identification of the target. There are several processes involved in the operations of such VSM. The first process involved in such a framework is the patient registration where the registry on the name of the patient is being done by himself or by any of his relative. After that, they are required for their number in the waiting area of the clinic or the hospital. After that,the nurse collects the information regarding the patient and then examines him. All the required information is then provided to the physician of such patient. The doctor initiates the diagnosis of the patient and the medical supplies are arranged by the nurse so that the treatment of the patient can be started. After the completion of such a process, the patient can leave the hospital (Phillips, et. al., 2018).
In the case of emergency cases, death can only be the last consequence of the excessive time taken in the waiting area before the diagnosis. There is a requirement of changing such a system in the hospitals and the management should understand its increasing requirement. There is a requirement of the effective time management within the hospitals and manage the flow of information from one source to another source (Grohs, et. al., 2018). If such mediators are reduced in the process, the flow of the information can be made fast which can improve the whole process of the diagnosis for the emergency cases. The direct information is required to be reached to the physician who can solve the issues of misunderstandings and miscommunication between the doctor as well as the patient. This process can help in the reduction of the waiting time and the emergency cases can also be handled appropriately within a shorter period (Stalter, et. al., 2017).
The recommended system is developed after considering and analysis of the issues identified in the previous section. From the competitive position viewpoint, the hospital current system requires urgent interventions that are critical for the bottom line of the business. First and foremost, the recommendation for the new system would be to reduce the time-consuming processes into simpler processes or eliminate the processes that are of no use. The need for discarding such process arises from the fact that they consume time and resources of the hospital and increasing the waiting time (Cuncliff, 2017). For instance, at present, the hospital lacks specialised doctors. They arrange counsel from external sources. This increases the time of treatment as specialised doctors would be called only when there is some sort of emergency. A patient has to wait until the doctor arrives. In addition to this, the nurse collects the data and provides basic treatment to the patient before the patient meets the patient. This is unnecessary as the doctor should attend the patient as the case is of emergency.
Also, the manual record-keeping should be avoided as data entry is time-consuming in such cases. In addition to this, technical training should be provided to the staff for handling the latest equipment. This would help in reducing treatment time and better services. Ultimately, all this would remarkably improve the service quality of the hospital. In addition to this, the hospital requires to make certain amendment in the value chain of the hospital. The new value stream guide of the emergency department contains the least or no poor flow of information which helps in diminishing the long keeping it together time for all of the patients before they get the convincing treatment (Cuncliff, 2017). With the help of feasibly executing and completing this working plan, the emergency department can manage the undertakings effectively without affecting the show of various divisions in the department.
Every new technique or framework may have some pros and some cons. The intended consequences are categorized as the positive results desired by the parties and the unintended consequences are categorized as the negative impacts or the side effects of such a new modified system. Following are such intended and unintended consequences of the proposed model:
Intended consequences
Unintended outcomes
There is a need for the hospitals and their management to be aware of the consequences of the waiting time in the case of emergency cases. They are required to manage the system of their emergency department to solve such kind of issues. The efficiency of the services gets diminished due to the reason of waiting time taken before the diagnosis of the patients of emergency cases. To reduce the wastage of time as well as the resources, the healthcare industry is required to use the TQM processes in their existing systems and these systems should also be modified for further improvement. The report has provided the recommendations on the consequences of the new improved system for such healthcare sector.
To reduce the waiting time in the hospitals, the following are certain numbers of the recommendations presented: | https://www.newassignmenthelp.co.uk/system-thinking-2-assignment-sample |
Burning which leaves damage and scarring can be a traumatic, painful and debilitating experience. Burn reconstruction can help to reinstate function, comfort, and appearance through the correct and careful application of plastic surgery.
Due to the sensitive nature of burns treatment, it is important that there is a close and sympathetic relationship maintained between patient and doctor, so that an honest dialogue can be upheld.
This is especially important for the patient to feel that they are given an accurate and realistic expectation of the treatment outcomes and an understanding of how best to undertake treatment, which can involve lengthy and intricate procedural plans.
Burn reconstruction can help to treat a variety of conditions resulting from burns including scarring, loss of parts of the body and a change in colour and texture of the skin.
There will inevitably involve a period of time in which the wounds need to heal, as a result of burns and subsequent treatment process of scar formation may also be an issue for attention at a later stage.
As with all reconstructive surgeries, the nature of the condition will determine the length and involvement of the treatment and at all times throughout the process, the team at Dr Brad Medling’s practice will ensure that your experience is as harmonious and comfortable as possible. | http://www.medlingplasticsurgery.com/burn-reconstruction/ |
Medical malpractice leads to many lifelong disabilities and deaths. Although estimates vary widely, the number of Americans who die from medical malpractice every year could be anywhere from 15,000 to 225,000.
Medical malpractice is a major cause of death and, if the high estimates are correct, the third leading cause of death in the U.S. Many more victims of medical malpractice could suffer chronic disabilities or severe injuries for the rest of their lives. For example, when a hospital mistakenly amputates the wrong leg, there is nothing that the hospital can do to replace the leg.
Medical malpractice can be difficult to understand for non-lawyers, however. As a result, you should always consult with a lawyer if you believe your injuries were the result of medical malpractice. With that said, here are a few facts to understand about medical malpractice claims so you know the issues you can raise with medical malpractice attorneys you speak to:
Medical Malpractice is Negligence
One of the most important facts to understand about medical malpractice is that it is no different from any other negligence claim. In other words, suing a doctor for professional negligence is no different from suing a driver who ran a red light or a grocery store that failed to clean up a spill.
The elements of a negligence claim include:
- Duty: The person causing the injury must owe a duty to the injured person. A doctor, nurse, hospital, dentist, and other healthcare providers owe a duty to the patients under their care to provide reasonable medical care under the circumstances.
- Breach: The injured person must prove that the duty was breached. When a lawsuit is about medical malpractice, the breach occurs when the care provided was unreasonably deficient in some way. For example, if a patient requires cataracts treatment after botched corrective eye surgery, the duty to provide reasonable care was probably breached.
- Causation: The breach must be the cause-in-fact and proximate cause of the injuries or death. “Cause-in-fact” means that the breach is in the chain of events that led to the injury. “Proximate cause” means that the injuries are the foreseeable result of a breach of duty. Both of these are explained in more detail below.
- Damages: The breach of duty must result in damages to the victim. In other words, if medical malpractice did not change the outcome of the patient’s disease, there are no damages. For example, if a patient is not rotated for two days, but does not develop bedsores or other adverse outcomes from the nurses’ failure, there are no damages despite the clear breach of established protocol.
Medical Malpractice Is not Limited to Doctors
Any healthcare provider can commit medical malpractice. Some examples of entities and people who need to be wary about medical malpractice claims include:
- Doctors: Medical doctors, regardless of specialty, are subject to medical malpractice claims. Even doctors that do not directly interact with patients, like radiologists who merely read images, can commit medical malpractice if their standard of care does not meet the reasonableness standard.
- Dentists: Like medical doctors, dentists and orthodontists are subject to medical malpractice lawsuits for the dental and orthodontic treatment they provide.
- Nurses: Even without the expansive responsibilities that doctors have, nurses do provide medical care and can be sued for malpractice if the care is unreasonably deficient.
- Hospitals and medical centers: Hospitals are responsible for their policies and employees. If a hospital’s employee commits medical malpractice, the hospital is usually responsible. Similarly, if a hospital’s policies result in inadequate care, the hospital may be subject to a medical malpractice lawsuit.
- Therapists: Since they exercise professional judgment in providing physical or mental therapy, physical therapists, mental health therapists, psychologists, and counselors may be sued for professional malpractice.
- Pharmacists: Pharmacists can be subject to medical malpractice claims if they fail to provide adequate care in providing medication. This is the reason good pharmacists always speak to you about when and how to take medication and possible side effects.
- Medical laboratories: Medical labs can commit malpractice in a number of ways including mixing up test results, running or interpreting a test incorrectly, or losing a test sample.
Medical Equipment and Device Manufacturers Are Usually Not Subject to Malpractice
In most cases where medical equipment or medical devices are defective, a lawsuit would allege product liability rather than medical malpractice. In other words, even if the equipment or device was recommended or even prescribed by a doctor, a failure of the device does not bring about medical malpractice claims. Instead, the claim would be filed as a product liability claim against the manufacturer.
Product liability is different from medical malpractice because product liability is “strict liability” rather than negligence. This means that the mindset of the manufacturer is irrelevant to proving liability.
To prove a product liability case for medical equipment, pharmaceutical product, or a medical device, an injured person has three options:
- Design defect: A product has a design defect if it has no safe use. An example of a product with a design defect was the drug thalidomide. This drug was prescribed to pregnant women for morning sickness but resulted in birth defects. This product had no safe use.
- Manufacturing defect: A manufacturing defect exists if a product can be used safely, but has been manufactured in a way that prevents its safe use. For example, most hearing aids are manufactured using special processes to eliminate all moisture from the hearing aid. However, a hearing aid that is manufactured in a way that retains moisture inside the device, a wearer can suffer from ear infections or worse.
- Warning defect: A warning defect occurs when the manufacturer fails to provide instructions or labels that warn users from dangerous uses of the product. For example, lift chairs have many moving parts and powerful motors. If a manufacturer fails to label areas where a hand could be crushed, a user might be able to sue the manufacturer for product liability.
Medical Malpractice Can Take Many Forms
When you speak to a lawyer, you will need to explain all the facts about medical malpractice you experienced. This includes explaining how the care you received failed to meet the standard of reasonableness.
Some of the ways medical malpractice lawyers can prove negligence include:
- Diagnosis error: When a healthcare provider makes an incorrect diagnosis, the misdiagnosed patient could be the victim of medical malpractice. This error can take a few different forms including diagnosing a patient as normal while they actually have a condition or disease, diagnosing a patient with the wrong condition or disease, or diagnosing a patient as having a condition or disease while they are actually fine. This error can be particularly risky for radiologists and medical labs.
- Treatment error: A treatment error occurs when a medical provider fails to provide a reasonable level of treatment to the patient. Most non-lawyers would immediately think of treatment errors when they hear the phrase “medical malpractice.” Examples of treatment errors include botched foot surgery that causes the foot’s arch to collapse and requires flatfoot reconstruction to fix.
- Communication error: A communication error occurs when a medical provider fails to provide the patient with adequate correct information to make an informed decision. Thus, if a doctor fails to warn a patient of a known side effect of a treatment, or provides false or misleading information about a known side effect, the doctor may have committed medical malpractice.
Medical Malpractice Cases Start With Insurance Companies
When you meet with a personal injury lawyer about medical malpractice, the lawyer will evaluate the case, then send a letter to the healthcare provider accused of malpractice. The healthcare provider will refer the letter to their malpractice insurer. From this point forward, all communication about medical malpractice in your case will be between your lawyer and the healthcare provider’s insurance company.
To determine whether it is legally obligated to pay your claim, the malpractice carrier will investigate what happened. To move this process along, your lawyer will send copies of your medical records and may also provide a second opinion from a doctor that identifies the deficiencies in the care you received.
In many cases, the malpractice carrier will deny your claim. When this happens, you will need to fight the insurance company in court by filing a medical malpractice lawsuit. Malpractice lawsuits can take a long time to resolve because insurance companies know that it is usually cheaper to fight the lawsuit rather than paying for your damages. Moreover, malpractice lawsuits often require expert witnesses for both sides who testify about the reasonableness (or unreasonableness) of the medical care you received.
Insurance companies also know that the longer the case takes, the more likely a patient is to quit. As a result, the average successful medical malpractice cases take about 17 months to win.
Damages to Expect in a Medical Malpractice Case
Under the law, you are entitled to claim a few different forms of damages, including
- Compensatory damages: These damages compensate you for your expenses and costs that resulted from the medical error. These include medical bills and out-of-pocket expenses you paid. For example, if you needed corrective surgery and had to install a wheelchair ramp after a surgeon botched your knee surgery, those expenses could be claimed as damages. Keep in mind, however, that injured patients are not allowed to “double dip.” This means that any expenses for which you are already compensated (such as corrective surgery paid for by your health insurance) cannot be included in your damages.
- Consequential damages: Any expenses that flowed from the medical error can also be claimed as damages. Lost wages, pain and suffering, and lost earning capacity are examples of consequential damages. For example, if you worked as a long-haul truck driver and medical malpractice left you unable to sit for long periods of time without pain in your neck and back, you might be able to claim both your lost wages while you recovered from the malpractice as well as your lost earning capacity in the future since you can no longer drive trucks. Again, no double-dipping is allowed, so you may want to consult your disability lawyer if your injuries are compensated by social security disability benefits or VA disability benefits.
- Punitive damages: Punitive, or exemplary, damages are used to punish the healthcare provider. They are only granted in especially egregious cases. For example, in a notorious case, a doctor carved his initials into a patient after surgery. That case settled, but would have been a prime case for punitive damages.
You can receive compensation for medical malpractice in two ways. If the insurance company determines that it might lose at trial, it may try to settle the case. As your lawyer negotiates with the malpractice carrier, the lawyer will use evidence of your damages to try to squeeze the carrier for a fair settlement offer.
If you go to trial, all the evidence about medical malpractice damages will be presented to a jury. The jury will use this information to calculate a damages award if you win your case.
Situations That Might Not Be Medical Malpractice
Although you can find many examples of medical malpractice, online resources are often less clear about what is not medical malpractice. You should bear in mind that you should always talk to at least one law firm about your case to determine whether you have a claim for malpractice against your healthcare provider. However, many common situations might not support a winning case. For example:
- Bad outcome: Medical malpractice does not exist merely because you did not get the outcome you expected. If a doctor warns you of risks and potential negative outcomes and you gave informed consent, it may be difficult to complain about medical malpractice. For example, if you undergo plastic surgery, you might not be able to sue the doctor just because you are disappointed in the outcome.
- Unknown risks: If a doctor performs a treatment and an unknown effect occurs, medical malpractice might not have occurred. Negligence requires a failure to provide reasonable care and if the doctor reasonably believed the treatment was safe under the circumstances, you might not be able to provide malpractice.
- Not a patient: The duty owed by a healthcare provider is established by a doctor-patient relationship. If the relationship has not been established, you might not be able to sue the doctor for malpractice. For example, if you follow the advice of a doctor you see on television or who has written a book, without actually consulting the doctor, you probably cannot complain about medical malpractice if things go wrong. Similarly, if you have a heart attack on an airplane and a doctor volunteers to keep you stable until the plane lands, the emergency nature of the treatment might mean that you were not a patient who can sue the doctor for malpractice.
The theory that supports medical malpractice claims is not difficult to understand. However, the science and medicine that underlie malpractice claims make the theory difficult to apply in practice. You should always consult a few different lawyers to evaluate your medical malpractice case. One lawyer might see a path to a case when another does not.
Moreover, different lawyers approach the fees for medical malpractice cases differently. By shopping around, you might find the right mix of fees, knowledge, experience, and skill for your case. | https://serveidaho.org/what-you-should-know-about-medical-malpractice/ |
CRPS is a very tricky condition to diagnose and there is not an instrumental exam that can confirm it. The name Complex Regional Pain Syndrome itself defines a vast variety of symptoms and conditions involving a chronic and persistent pain.
For its similarities with many other conditions, especially neurological, there are many cases of misdiagnosis. In this small article, we would like to clarify some things and, hopefully, give hope to many people with our mission of creating awareness around this terrible condition.
CRPS could be diagnosed by anybody, the important thing is that the specialist has knowledge of the Budapest Criteria which, so far, is the best way to recognize the condition. The best doctor to go to for this kind of problems is a Rheumatologist: this is a specialist in Rheumatology, which is one of the widest branches in Medicine. A Rheumatologist is an expert in everything that has to do with the nervous system, the bones and the muscular system, which are all affected by Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.
This is important because most of the cases start from an original, often minor, injury. CRPS could potentially hit every part of the body and is usually caused by injuries like:
- Fractures
- Sprains
- Strains
- Contusions
- Nerve lesions
- Strokes (rare)
- Surgeries
Many doctors and researchers connect the onset of this condition with immobilization like, for example, it happens with a cast or a brace: that this type of equipment could be positioned in a way that does not allow the normal blood circulation in the affected area. This will cause the healing to be slow and not detected by the nerves in the area; the nerves, on their side, react in the only way they know: an inflammatory reaction. Eventually, this inflammatory reaction will not fade away causing the symptoms of CRPS. The condition manifests through a wide variety of symptoms, which we will see below, so the diagnosis must be performed ruling out many other conditions with similar effects. Some of these could be arthritis, soft or bony tissue injuring, a fracture that was not previously noted, a nerve lesion, venous obstruction, all the way to cellulitis or an infection; it could also be, in very extreme cases, the consequence of psychological self-harm, all the way to malingering.
As we have previously seen, the Budapest Criteria is the safest way to diagnose this condition, although improvements in the method are still needed. The symptoms described to recognize Complex Regional Pain Syndrome are:
- Constant pain
- Vasomotor (at least one): temperature asymmetry / skin color changes / asymmetry
- Sensory (at least one): allodynia or hyperalgesia
- Sudomotor: changes in sweating
- Edema
- Trophic/motor (at least one): motor dysfunction / a smaller range of motion / changes in the growth of nails, hair and skin in the affected area
- In at least two symptom categories the patient should show signs of a development of the symptoms
- No other illness could completely explain the symptoms that the patient presents.
As we can see, the patient’s history is mostly important in formulating a correct diagnosis along with a clinical examination. A very useful exam to evaluate the stage and type of CRPS is the triple-phase bone scan, which has the best sensitivity and will be able to detect a bone edema or increased bone metabolism. Bone edema is very common in CRPS and, when present, it is usually considered to be type 1.
Although every symptom can be analyzed during a normal exam and interview with a doctor, there are other tests that can be performed for a more precise picture of the patient’s conditions. Many patients prefer not to undergo these exams because of many reasons that can go from the frustration deriving from so many medical appointments or from money issues.
– Infrared Thermography: it is very effective in detecting asymmetry in the temperature between opposite areas in the body. This exam, for example, is not very popular because it can be hard to obtain permission.
– Radiography: X-Rays are very useful to control if there is Osteoporosis. This exam is very important because, if there is no sign of osteoporosis and the patient is an adult, CRPS can be excluded almost surely.
– Bone Densitometry: it is important because, with CRPS an affected limb can show less density and, during the treatment of the condition, this will improve. So, this is a good exam or test to take when we need to determine that the patient’s treatment is effective
For every symptom there is a test that patients can take to have the best picture of their personal situation. The suggested approaches and treatments available we will discuss in our next articles. What is important to know and to understand is that CRPS is a terrible condition that can often be diagnosed. It is vital to hear different opinions by different doctors in order to then evaluate the correct therapy. Any type of evaluation and treatment that is invasive, should be carefully evaluated, as it represents a danger for patients suffering from this condition.
Another important thing to evaluate is the CRPS Severity Score (CSS). It is mostly important as it helps a patient and the doctor to understand at what point the condition is and to monitor (and self-monitor) the improvements during the treatment path.
CRPS is a terrible condition, yes, and further studies are needed for the treatment and diagnosis of it. The first, biggest, danger for a patient is misdiagnosis. With a correct and fast diagnosis, the correct treatment can be discussed and the condition can be kept under control and, eventually, put into remission.
Do you need any information? | https://crps-treatment.com/crps-rsd/crps-exam-and-diagnosis/ |
Hay fever is a common allergic condition that affects up to one in five people at some point in their life. Symptoms of hay fever include sneezing, a runny nose, and itchy eyes.
If we are to provide a patient with effective hay fever medications for their condition, it is important that our doctor correctly diagnoses the condition. This is why it is necessary for the patient to have a comprehensive and in depth online diagnostic consultation.
Once the consultation is complete, the patient will be able to order the recommended prescribed medication monthly for a maximum period of 3 months. The diagnostic consultation will then be reviewed by our medical team
Medical review
After 12 months; the patient will be required to complete an online Medical Review. This is essential to monitor the patient’s progress with the medication and to make any changes or adjustments to the prescription that may be necessary. After being prompted to fill in the medical review the patient will be able to request a prescription for the medication required. The medical review will then be assessed by our medical team to determine whether the requested medication is still suitable.
Hay fever policy guidelines;
1. For a prescription to be issued by our doctor, the patient will need to provide a detailed and in-depth consultation about their condition. In the patient’s interest, their answers must be truthful and provide as much detail as possible. If they don’t provide this, then our doctor may not be able to issue the prescription.
All patients must be cleared (green flagged) on the Onfido system (online identification software).
2. The type of hay fever medicine and the strength will be identified by our diagnostic consultation. Only one type of medicine will be supplied at any given time.
3. Once a patient has completed the diagnostic consultation and our doctor has issued a prescription, the patient does not have to complete another for the same condition. Following the diagnostic consultation, the patient can request further supplies for the 12 months after which they will be prompted to complete a medical review through their account admin area to complete a medical review of their condition. Thereafter, they will be prompted to complete a review every 12 months.
4. At the Third review, the patient will be asked for their consent for us to contact their GP. An automated letter confirming the diagnosis and treatment can be printed from the patient’s account.
*If a patient provides consent to Nationwide Pharmacies to contact their GP, a consent letter and confirmation of diagnosis and treatment provided should be sent to the GP.
*Provision of false information e.g. doctor’s details or personal information will result in blocking the patient to use our online prescribing service.
5. It is very important that the patient does not exceed the dosage guidelines provided with their medication. In order to help them follow dosage guidelines, they can only request further supplies for a maximum of one month's supply at a time. No further orders will be shipped until 28 days has lapsed from the despatch date of their previous order. If they order earlier than the one month period their order may be accepted but will not be shipped until the due date. Please see the table below for dispensing volumes and frequency per medication.
6. If we become aware that a patient has ordered from NationWide Pharmacies Ltd and from other suppliers at the same time, we will reduce or cancel the order so that the total amount of medication supplied to any one person does not exceed the maximum dosage guidelines.
7. The medication must be paid for by a bank, debit or credit card that is registered in the patients' name and address. The address the card is registered at is the only address we will deliver pain relief medications to.
8. In certain circumstances, proof of identity and address may be requested. If so we may ask for a copy of the patient’s passport or driving licence along with a copy of a utility bill less than 3 months old.
9. If more than one person is requesting prescription hay fever medication from the same address it will be necessary to have confirmation of the conditions diagnosed from each patient’s own GP.
10. It is now a requirement for all Online Pharmacies providing consultation services to have a record of each patient’s doctor’s details. This does not mean we will contact the patient’s doctor as we can only contact their doctor with their express permission. When the patient supplies us with their doctors' details they can select one of three options;
“A” we do not have your permission to contact your doctor.
“B”, we have your permission or
“C” we only have your permission for certain conditions with others that remain confidential.
12. It is a criminal offence to give any prescribed medication to any other person. Any medication that is prescribed is for the patient’s use only.
13. Patients can also provide us with their consent to access their summary care record from the GP’s record.
14. Our doctor’s hold the right to decline a prescription request if unsatisfactory response/information has been provided by the patient.
As a responsible provider of prescription hay fever medications, NationWide Pharmacies Ltd operates a strict dispensing volumes and frequency policy. Please see details in the below table. | https://www.nationwidepharmacies.co.uk/hay-fever-cons-policy/ |
Viruses are the most abundant biological organisms of the world's oceans. Viral infections are a substantial source of mortality in a range of organisms-including autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton-but their impact on the deep ocean and benthic biosphere is completely unknown. Here we report that viral production in deep-sea benthic ecosystems...
— ALTERNATIVE TITLES
Full title
Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems
— AUTHORS, ARTISTS AND CONTRIBUTORS
Identifiers
— PRIMARY IDENTIFIERS
Record Identifier
TN_cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_00315639v1
Permalink
https://collection.sl.nsw.gov.au/record/TN_cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_00315639v1
— OTHER IDENTIFIERS
ISSN
0028-0836
E-ISSN
1476-4687,1476-4679
DOI
10.1038/nature07268
How to access this item
Online
How to access? | https://collection.sl.nsw.gov.au/record/TN_cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_00315639v1 |
Background:
The field of eco-evolutionary dynamics is an emerging field that focuses on the complex reciprocal interactions between ecological and evolutionary processes that occur at the same time scale -exploring how the experience of individuals operating within a dynamic ecological environment shapes the genetic evolution of their populations (and vice versa). There is increasing evidence from theoretical approaches and empirical studies that ecological and evolutionary processes are linked across different levels of organisation, ranging from individuals and populations to communities and whole ecosystems from local to regional and biogeographic scales. Rapid evolutionary change in species has the potential to transform population and community dynamics, affect biodiversity as well as the stability and functioning of whole ecosystems over longer timescales. However, disentangling to ecological and population genetic factors that drive observed dynamics in natural systems remains difficult.
In the Marine Biology and Ecology Research group we have been actively contributing to this exciting and emerging field of research using a range of theoretical, empirical and field approaches.
Key Questions:
1. How do species traits vary within and among individuals across species distribution ranges? Can we identify critical life history windows where selection may act more strongly?
2. Understanding global biogeographic patterns using insular benthic habitats: why do we find particular species of animals occupying island-like habitats such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents in some regions but not elsewhere? How do animals disperse between these island-like habitats on the ocean floor?
3. How do organisms adapt to extreme environmental conditions and climate change?
4. Understanding global biodiversity patterns. What are the ecological and evolutionary drivers of the latitudinal diversity gradient and species range limits?
5. What are the ecological and evolutionary consequences of biological invasions?
Image right: Credit: Holeman et al. 2019
How does life originate, proliferate, and dissipate? | https://www.southampton.ac.uk/oes/research/themes/marine-biology-and-ecology/eco-evolutionary-dynamics.page |
Integrating the biosphere into climate models
High-quality climate predictions are crucial for understanding the impacts of different greenhouse gas emission scenarios and for mitigating and adapting to the resulting climatic changes. Bonan and Doney review advances in Earth system models that include the terrestrial and marine biosphere. Such models capture interactions between physical and biological aspects of the Earth system. This provides insight into climate impacts of societal importance, such as altered crop yields, wildfire risk, and water availability. Further research is needed to better understand model uncertainties, some of which may be unavoidable, and to better translate observations into abstract model representations.
Science, this issue p. eaam8328
Structured Abstract
BACKGROUND
Earth system models (ESMs) simulate physical, chemical, and biological processes that underlie climate and are the most complex in a hierarchy of models of Earth’s interacting atmosphere–land–ocean–sea ice system. As terrestrial and marine ecosystems have been added to ESMs, the distinction between the physical basis for climate change, mitigation, and vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation (VIA) no longer necessarily holds. The same global change stresses that affect terrestrial and marine ecosystems are critical processes that determine the magnitude and trajectory of climate change, and many of the interventions that might lessen anthropogenic climate change pertain to the biosphere. Here we describe environmental changes that are stressing terrestrial and marine ecosystems. We discuss how these stressors are being included in ESMs, initially with an emphasis on climate processes, but also show their emerging utility for VIA analyses and examine them in the context of Earth system prediction.
ADVANCES
Terrestrial ecosystems face stresses from changing climate and atmospheric composition that alter phenology, growing season length, and community composition; these stresses enhance productivity and water-use efficiency in some regions, but also lead to mortality and increased disturbances from wildfires, insects, and extreme events in other regions. The addition of reactive nitrogen, elevated levels of tropospheric O3, and anthropogenic land-use and land-cover change stress ecosystems as well. The terrestrial biosphere models included in ESMs simulate the ecological impacts of these stresses and their effects on Earth system functioning. Ocean ecosystems and living marine resources face threats from ocean warming, changing large-scale circulation, increased vertical stratification, declining oxygen, and acidification, which alter nutrient supply, the light environment, and phytoplankton productivity; result in coral bleaching; and produce novel marine communities. Three-dimensional ocean models simulate the carbon cycle and associated biogeochemistry. Plankton ecosystem models both drive biogeochemistry models and characterize marine ecological dynamics.
OUTLOOK
The untapped potential of ESMs is to bring dispersed terrestrial and marine ecosystem research related to climate processes, VIA, and mitigation into a common framework. ESMs offer an opportunity to move beyond physical descriptors of atmospheric and oceanic states to societally relevant quantities such as habitat loss, water availability, wildfire risk, air quality, and crop, fishery, and timber yields. To do so, the science of climate prediction has to be extended to a more multifaceted Earth system prediction, including the biosphere and its resources. ESMs provide the means not just to assess the potential for future global change stresses, but also to determine the outcome of those stresses on the biosphere. Such Earth system prediction is necessary to inform sound policy that maintains a healthy biosphere and provides the food, energy, and fresh water needed for a growing global population without further exacerbating climate change. Substantial impediments that must be overcome include advancing our knowledge of biosphere-related climate processes; reducing model uncertainty; and effectively communicating among, rather than across, the disparate science communities of climate prediction, global biosphere modeling, VIA analyses, and climate change mitigation.
Abstract
Many global change stresses on terrestrial and marine ecosystems affect not only ecosystem services that are essential to humankind, but also the trajectory of future climate by altering energy and mass exchanges with the atmosphere. Earth system models, which simulate terrestrial and marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, offer a common framework for ecological research related to climate processes; analyses of vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation; and climate change mitigation. They provide an opportunity to move beyond physical descriptors of atmospheric and oceanic states to societally relevant quantities such as wildfire risk, habitat loss, water availability, and crop, fishery, and timber yields. To achieve this, the science of climate prediction must be extended to a more multifaceted Earth system prediction that includes the biosphere and its resources.
Human activities are transforming Earth’s atmosphere, ocean, and land surfaces at a scale and magnitude not previously seen during the past several thousand years of human history. These changes threaten healthy planetary functions and socioeconomic well-being (1, 2). Fossil fuel combustion, industrialized agriculture, urbanization, and other facets of modern human societies are changing climate and atmospheric composition; melting permafrost, glaciers, ice sheets, and Arctic sea ice; raising sea levels; warming and acidifying the oceans; polluting air, water, and soils; altering biogeochemical cycles and freshwater availability; increasing the cycling of reactive nitrogen; reducing forest cover and degrading land; and destroying habitats and reducing biodiversity (3–5). The ecological consequences of these changes are apparent in individual organisms, the communities they inhabit, and the ecosystems in which they function (6–8).
The interconnectedness and global scope of this changing environment have transformed the scientific study of Earth as a system. It is now understood that climate change must be studied in terms of a myriad of interrelated physical, chemical, biological, and socioeconomic processes. This broadening basis for climate change research underlies the transformation from global climate models to Earth system models (ESMs). These models have shown that the biosphere not only responds to climate change, but also directly influences the direction and magnitude of climate change. Terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and their uses by humans, are fundamental to addressing the climate change problem. How do we provide the food, energy, and fresh water needed for a growing global population without further exacerbating climate change? Can terrestrial and marine ecosystems be managed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? With the advent of ESMs, climate science is no longer limited to the physical basis for climate projections, but also includes projections of the biosphere—for example, regarding carbon storage on land and in the ocean, forest dieback, wildfires, crop yield, and fisheries and marine resources.
However, the study of climate change is still often parsed into separate activities of observing changes and deducing causes (3); assessing the vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation (VIA) of natural and human systems to these changes (6, 7); and determining the socioeconomic transformations needed to mitigate them (9). The untapped potential of ESMs is to bring these dispersed activities into a common framework. There has been success, for example, in coordinating climate projections with the integrated assessment models that identify the societal transformations needed to mitigate climate change (10) and even some initial attempts at directly coupling ESMs and integrated assessment models (11). As terrestrial and marine ecosystems have been added to ESMs, the distinction between the physical basis for climate change, VIA, and mitigation no longer necessarily holds. Land-use and land-cover change, for example, is driven by socioeconomic needs for food, fiber, and fuel, but is also an ecological problem that alters habitat and biodiversity and a means to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions (4).
In this Review, we discuss the treatment of the biosphere in ESMs, considering terrestrial and marine ecosystems as they are now represented in the models, exploring how ESMs can be used to study the biosphere, and highlighting opportunities for future research. We then describe environmental changes that are occurring globally and that are stressing terrestrial and marine ecosystems and show how these stresses are included in ESMs, in the past primarily with an emphasis on climate processes, but now with additional utility for VIA and mitigation research. Last, we examine these stresses in the context of Earth system prediction. Our list of stressors is not meant to be exhaustive. Rather, we highlight several key stressors and their coincidence among climate processes, VIA, and mitigation with the goal of initiating a dialog among the scientific communities that study climate change. This Review is timely because it identifies synergies across the climate and ESM research communities involved in the next Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) (12), which provides an unparalleled opportunity to model and analyze the Earth system.
Earth system models
ESMs simulate physical, chemical, and biological processes that underlie climate. They are the most complex in the ongoing evolution of global models of Earth’s atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and land (Fig. 1). Climate models focus on the physical climate system, as represented by atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice physics and dynamics and land surface hydrometeorology. In climate models, land and ocean are coupled with the atmosphere through energy and momentum fluxes and the hydrologic cycle. ESMs have the same representation of the physical climate system but additionally include the carbon cycle, terrestrial and marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry, atmospheric chemistry, and natural and human disturbances. ESMs typically couple distinct component modules for land, atmosphere, and ocean physics, and ecosystem dynamics and biogeochemistry are embedded into these modules.
A prominent feature of ESMs is their inclusion of the biosphere and abiotic interactions that together make up an ecosystem. On land, terrestrial ecosystems are represented in ESMs by the type of vegetation, the amount of leaf area, the stomata on leaves, and carbon and nitrogen pools (13). Similarly, ESMs simulate ocean phytoplankton production of chlorophyll that influences the vertical profile of light absorption in the upper ocean, which in turn affects model sea surface temperature and mixed layer dynamics, as well as large-scale ocean circulation, heat transport, and climate variability (14, 15).
Biogeochemical cycles were added to ESMs because of the potential for large climate feedbacks arising from the carbon cycle. Terrestrial ecosystems and the ocean together absorb about one-half of the annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions (16), but the future efficacy of these sinks is uncertain (17). Biogeochemical processes on land encompass spatial scales from leaves to plant canopies and from ecosystems to landscapes to biomes (13). Temporal scales include near-instantaneous physiological responses (e.g., stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and respiration) to prevailing environmental conditions; the seasonal emergence and senescence of leaves; and changes in ecosystem structure and biogeography over decades and centuries in response to natural disturbances (e.g., wildfires), anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., land-use transitions), and climate change. Ongoing model development aims to more authentically represent plant demography and life history characteristics using cohorts of individuals of similar functional traits in vertically structured plant canopies (18).
The three-dimensional carbon cycle models used to estimate ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 evolved from model tracer studies of ocean physical circulation. Biogeochemical models additionally track natural cycling of inorganic carbon, alkalinity, macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon), and often O2; net organic matter and CaCO3 production and export from the surface ocean; particle sinking and respiration and remineralization at depth; and air-sea CO2 (and O2) gas exchange (19). Plankton ecosystem models that simulate interactions of phytoplankton, zooplankton, nutrients, and detrital pools arose both to drive biogeochemistry models and to characterize marine ecological dynamics, such as seasonal phytoplankton blooms. Recent biogeochemical developments include incorporation of iron and other trace elements (20), iron limitation being a major controlling factor for phytoplankton growth in much of the ocean; more sophisticated treatment of marine biological nitrogen fixation and denitrification (21); coastal inputs of nutrients; and ocean acidification. Major model advances under way involve expansion of plankton biological complexity to incorporate functional groups, trait-based dynamics, and biodiversity (22–24) and efforts to integrate simulated plankton productivity with fisheries catch (25).
An active research frontier for ESMs is incorporating more extensive chemistry-climate interactions. Additional reactive nitrogen affects climate through enhanced terrestrial carbon storage, emissions of N2O, and chemical reactions that determine the amount of tropospheric O3, CH4, and aerosols (5, 26). Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to the surface ocean can enhance biological productivity in low-nutrient subtropical regions; globally, however, marine biogeochemistry may be more sensitive to anthropogenic iron deposition (27, 28). Increased concentrations of tropospheric O3 decrease plant productivity and reduce the terrestrial carbon sink, but the appropriate way to parameterize this in models is uncertain (29, 30). Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds from terrestrial ecosystems influence atmospheric concentrations of O3, CH4, and secondary organic aerosols (31). Wetlands are an important source of CH4, as are permafrost soils and hydrates. Global models of wetlands and CH4 emissions are being developed (32), and some ESMs include methane chemistry in their climate projections (33). In the ocean, more diverse biogeochemistry is needed (e.g., trace gases such as dimethyl sulfide) in models to link ocean-atmosphere chemistry.
Natural and human disturbances are a continuing research priority for ESMs. Wildfires affect climate and air quality through emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases, short-lived reactive gases, and aerosols and by altering surface albedo (34). Wildfires are included in ESMs, but our ability to model the precise details of fire regimes is limited (35). The mountain pine beetle epidemic in western North American forests has reduced terrestrial carbon uptake (36), increased surface albedo (37), and warmed the surface by reducing evapotranspiration (38). Efforts to represent insect outbreaks in ESMs are promising but still nascent (39). Human disturbances include land-use transitions (e.g., deforestation, reforestation, farm abandonment, and shifting cultivation) and wood harvest (40). Global models of crop growth are included in ESMs, but specific cultivars, time of planting, crop rotation, and other management practices are lacking (41, 42). Nor is forest management and commercial timber production included, despite having an effect on temperature similar to that of land-cover change (43).
Planetary stresses and climate feedbacks
The inclusion of terrestrial and marine ecosystems in ESMs enables study of the global change stresses on the biosphere and feedbacks with climate change (Table 1). A prominent signal on land is a “greening” of the biosphere, although this is partially countered by increased tree mortality and disturbance. Novel community assemblages are likely to emerge that depend on the magnitude and rate of climate change and the ability of species to adjust to these changes through dispersal. Marine ecosystems also face numerous threats from climate change (44–46). Surface ocean waters are warming globally and freshening at high latitudes; together, these trends act to increase vertical physical stratification, resulting in altered regional patterns of nutrient supply, light environment, and phytoplankton productivity. Ocean warming leads to shifts in plankton seasonal phenology and poleward migration of plankton, invertebrate, and fish species; coral bleaching; and sea ice loss in polar marine ecosystems. Climate change is projected to alter the spatial patterns and size of marine wild-caught fisheries (47) and may potentially change marine disease outbreaks (48). Marine communities and ecosystems also may be reorganizing into novel assemblages, requiring more sophisticated ESMs that can track in more detail the effects of warming on plankton community composition and trophic interactions (49).
Human activities imperil ecosystems and biota in ways other than direct climate change (Table 1). Additional reactive nitrogen alters biodiversity; terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biogeochemistry; and water and air quality. Anthropogenic aerosols increase the amount of diffuse solar radiation, which can enhance terrestrial productivity. High concentrations of tropospheric O3 can cause stomata to close and thus decrease plant productivity and transpiration. Vast areas of forests have been cleared over the industrial era, and many of the remaining forests are managed or secondary rather than old-growth primary forests. About one-third of the ice-free land is covered by cropland or pastureland, and much of the terrestrial productivity has been appropriated for human uses.
Marine impacts arise from ocean acidification owing to increasing atmospheric CO2 and deoxygenation from climate-related circulation changes. Regional stresses, particularly on continental shelves and some parts of the open ocean, are occurring from overfishing, anthropogenic noise, seabed habitat destruction, pollution, and coastal eutrophication, as well as loss of coastal wetlands, mangrove forests, and seagrass beds owing to development and sea level rise (50).
Vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation
Agriculture and food security, forest and water resources, terrestrial ecosystems, and fisheries and marine ecosystems are facets of the biosphere that sustain socioeconomic well-being. Assessing the impact of climate change on these goods and services, their vulnerability to disruption in a changing climate, and the adaptations needed to maintain their future availability is critical for informing sound climate policies (6, 7). Such assessments are commonly obtained by using climate projections to drive models of terrestrial ecosystems (51), crop yield (52), water availability (53), and fisheries and marine ecosystems (54). This indirect, two-step approach has deficiencies because archived climate model output may not capture variable types or temporal resolution needed for some VIA models and restricts the ability to study feedbacks on climate and biogeochemistry.
With inclusion of the biosphere in ESMs, VIA can be investigated directly. For example, the ESMs used to quantify future carbon-climate feedbacks can also be used in retrospective studies to assess responses of terrestrial and marine ecosystems to historical anthropogenic forcings and climate variability (16, 55, 56). The ocean component of ESMs provides a tool for reconstructing the variability, trends, and mechanisms of historical ocean biogeochemistry (57) and plankton dynamics (58). ESMs with high-resolution ocean circulation models can be used to track larval dispersal and connectivity among coral reefs subject to bleaching (59).
ESMs provide further opportunity to move beyond physical descriptors of atmospheric and oceanic states (such as temperature and precipitation) to societally relevant quantities related to food, energy, and fresh water. For example, the croplands in ESMs allow direct study of the impacts of climate change on agricultural production, the vulnerability of the food supply to future climate disruption, and adaptations to make food production more resilient (42). Some ESMs include urban land cover, which allows study of extreme heat waves and facilitates assessment of heat-stress mortality in cities (60). ESMs are particularly useful for assessing air quality and human health issues because of the interactions among agriculture, wildfire, nitrogen gaseous fluxes, and biogenic volatile organic compounds that affect regional air quality.
Achieving this potential requires effective communication between the scientists developing ESMs and those using climate projections to study VIA (61). One result of better collaboration would be to identify and reconcile discrepancies between ESMs and VIA models, such as are evident in their assessments of water availability in a future climate. ESMs account for the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on stomatal conductance and evapotranspiration, but many VIA models do not, resulting in an inconsistency in projections of water availability (62). Other examples of processes included in ESMs but not VIA models are the effect of O3 on stomata (29, 30) and the effect of vegetation greening and land use on runoff (63). Closer collaboration between the communities would help to identify capabilities relevant to VIA, define impact-relevant metrics that ESMs should produce, and develop data sets and protocols for validation of simulated impacts (61).
ESMs remain just one of several means to study VIA. A suite of specialized research tools including statistical models and process-based crop, ecosystem, and hydrology models is required (6, 7). These models have the advantage that they can be run at the fine-scale spatial resolution needed to inform decision making. Also, they are less computationally expensive than ESMs and can therefore be used in an ensemble of simulations to assess uncertainty.
ESMs cannot yet represent the rich ecological detail needed to capture spatial heterogeneity at local scales. Similarly, the ocean ecosystem models used in ESMs typically incorporate the lowest trophic levels of the marine food web (phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton) and have only a limited representation of biodiversity. Often, ESMs lack the ecological complexity required to predict outcomes in higher trophic levels and fisheries. The spatial resolution of global models is too coarse to capture regional dynamics of highly productive coastal ecosystems and coral reefs, and models are just beginning to incorporate adequate land-ocean connectivity to assess nutrient eutrophication, water quality, and harmful algal blooms (64). Variable-resolution global models with a horizontal resolution that refines from a 1° global grid to a regional 0.125° (14-km) grid help to bridge the gap between coarse-scale ESMs and the finer scales needed for VIA research (65, 66).
Climate change mitigation
Reducing the sources and enhancing the sinks of long-lived greenhouse gases are the most direct means to mitigate anthropogenic climate change (67). However, many interventions that might reduce greenhouse gas emissions affect the biosphere and have other effects on climate and ecosystem services. Afforestation, reforestation, or avoided deforestation, for example, enhance the terrestrial carbon sink, but also warm climate annually by decreasing surface albedo, cool climate through evapotranspiration and turbulent mixing with the atmosphere, and have additional effects through atmospheric chemistry and aerosols (13, 68). These biogeophysical effects can counter the carbon mitigation benefits of forests so that even more extensive forested land may be required to achieve climate stabilization at a target that avoids dangerous climate change (e.g., 2°C). ESMs are an imperfect but necessary tool to study the net climate effects of forests (68).
Agriculture is another example of the need to consider mitigation in an ESM context. Efficient application of nitrogen fertilizer, tillage, and other management can enhance carbon storage and reduce N2O emissions (69). Crops also affect climate through biogeophysical coupling with the atmosphere; it is likely that expansion of agricultural lands over the industrial era has cooled climate because of these changes (70). Intensification of agriculture is thought to have cooled summer temperatures in the Midwest United States (71). No-till agriculture can increase surface albedo and cool climate (72), and other increases in surface albedo may have geoengineering potential (73). Production of bioenergy for carbon capture and storage (BECCS) can also mitigate climate change, but land use for BECSS must be balanced by arable land for food production (74). ESMs provide a necessary tool to investigate the multidisciplinary outcomes of BECCS for climate, food, energy, and fresh water. ESMs are also being used to determine the effects on ecosystems of geoengineering techniques involving solar radiation modification such as stratospheric aerosol injection, cloud brightening, and surface albedo manipulation (75, 76).
At present, the ocean removes roughly a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, with the magnitude modulated by chemical dissolution into surface seawater and the physical rate of exchange between surface and deep waters (16). Over the centuries-long time scales of ocean-overturning circulation, an increasing fraction of anthropogenic CO2 will be stored in the deep ocean reservoir. Several geoengineering approaches have been proposed to increase ocean carbon uptake by injecting CO2 directly at depth, fertilizing phytoplankton to speed up the marine biological pump that transports organic carbon from the surface layer into the deep ocean, and accelerating weathering processes to add alkalinity to seawater (67). A number of studies with ocean-only models and full ESMs have explored the possible efficacy of these approaches, as well as the potential for ecological impacts and biogeochemical feedbacks (75). Substantial alterations to marine ecosystems could also arise from solar radiation modification.
Earth system prediction
Atmospheric science has long embraced models to make predictions of near-term weather and long-term climate. ESMs enable predictions of the biosphere, but the atmospheric-centric view of prediction needs to be extended to the biological realm. In this section, we introduce terminology and concepts specific to weather forecasts and climate prediction and then show extension to the biosphere.
Forecasting the weather on time scales of a few hours to 2 weeks is a classic prediction problem in which a model that describes the atmosphere–land–ocean–sea ice system is stepped forward in time from initial conditions. The predictability—the capability to make a skillful forecast—is limited by uncertainty in the exact initial conditions, imperfections in the model and understanding of the underlying physics and dynamics, and the degree of randomness or chaotic behavior in the system. The same concept applies to predicting climate at seasonal, interannual, or decadal time scales (77–79). Climate projection over several decades must consider additional long-term Earth system processes such as ocean circulation, ice sheet melting, and changes in vegetation, terrestrial and marine biogeochemistry, and human behavior. The lattermost is particularly poorly known and is imposed using anthropogenic forcing scenarios. At multidecadal time scales, the exact initial state is less critical. Instead, uncertainty in climate projections is largely dominated by the choice of an anthropogenic forcing scenario, although uncertainties also remain with regard to climate sensitivity and feedback processes (Fig. 2).
The term Earth system prediction is used to capture this spectrum of temporal scales from subseasonal to multidecadal, mostly in the context of weather and climate (77–81). In a broader perspective, however, the scope of Earth system prediction can be expanded to include other facets of the Earth system. The predictability of Arctic sea ice loss is a prominent such example (82). As climate models have evolved into more complex ESMs, the predictability of biosphere states and processes needs to be considered jointly with that of weather and climate.
The predictive capability of a model depends on the sources of errors in the forecast. For climate, these errors are broadly classified into initial conditions, boundary conditions, and model uncertainty, including both model structure and parameters (83). Uncertainty in exact initial conditions manifests in unforced variability internal to the climate system (also known as natural variability), in which small differences in initial conditions produce different climate trajectories. The importance of natural variability can be assessed through a multimember ensemble of simulations with a single model initialized with different states.
The second source of uncertainty is model error, seen in the model response to the imposed forcing scenarios. Models are imperfect and differ in their forced response owing to their spatial resolution and imprecision in their parameterization of the various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Model uncertainty is assessed through multimodel ensemble studies.
The third source of uncertainty is the forcing scenarios and their depiction of the time evolution of greenhouse gases, land use, and other anthropogenic forcings of climate, which are imposed as boundary conditions to the models. For temperature projections at the global scale, model uncertainty and natural variability dominate at near-term decadal time scales (10 to 30 years) (83). Scenarios are the major source of uncertainty at multidecadal lead times. Total uncertainty is larger at regional scales, mostly from natural variability and model structure.
A related concept is time of emergence. Determining the time at which the forced climate change signal emerges from the noise of natural variability is a necessary requirement in assessing when an expected change can be detected or whether observed changes can be attributed to anthropogenic forcings (84, 85). Time of emergence has been mostly studied for temperature and can vary from a few decades in mid-latitudes with low natural variability to several decades or longer in regions with larger natural variability.
Can these concepts of predictability, uncertainty, and time of emergence be extended to study the biosphere in the Earth system? ESMs predict prominent changes in terrestrial and marine biogeochemistry, but only recently have the necessary large, multimodel and multimember ensembles become available to distinguish the forced response from natural variability and model uncertainty. Such analyses give important insights into the use of ESMs to understand changes in Earth system biogeochemistry. In addition to warmer temperatures, the ocean has trends of increased carbon uptake, acidification, lower O2, and reduced net primary production over the next several decades in the absence of mitigation (86). The forced trend in air-sea CO2 flux emerges rapidly in some ocean regions, but large natural variability precludes detection of changes in the rate of carbon uptake until mid-century or later in many regions (87). Other aspects of ocean biogeochemistry such as pH, O2 concentration, and net primary production also have large, regionally dependent natural variability (88–90). Ocean acidification has a rapid time of emergence driven by the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 in the surface layer, and the sea surface temperature warming signal also emerges within a few decades in many regions, but forced changes in O2 concentration and net primary production do not emerge from natural variability until mid- to late-century, if at all (Fig. 3, A to C).
Time of emergence has been less studied in the terrestrial biosphere. Observational and modeling analyses support an enhanced terrestrial carbon sink arising from global change (17, 56, 91). Unforced variability in the land-atmosphere CO2 flux is large and precludes detection of change at decadal time scales (92). There is considerable variability within and among models, and the forced response statistically emerges only after several decades in many regions of the world. The HadGEM2-ES model, for example, shows the forced signal of terrestrial carbon gain as emerging from internal variability in many regions by 2030, but other models show a weaker signal that has yet to statistically emerge, and even carbon loss rather than gain (Fig. 3, D to F).
The various contributions to uncertainty differ depending on the quantity of interest, lead time, and spatial scale. The uncertainty from natural variability is particularly large at small spatial scales and short lead times for pH, O2 concentration, and net primary production in the ocean (89) and air-sea carbon flux (93). By the end of the 21st century, scenario uncertainty dominates total uncertainty for these states and fluxes at the global scale (except for net primary production), but natural variability and model uncertainty remain large at the regional or biome scale. Simulations of the terrestrial carbon cycle are much more variable among models and largely dominated by model uncertainty (94). Comparisons of ocean and land carbon cycle projections point to a markedly different assessment of uncertainty (Fig. 4). For ocean carbon uptake, model uncertainty is initially large, but scenario uncertainty dominates during the latter part of the 21st century. In contrast, model structure contributes 80% of total uncertainty throughout the 21st century for the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Much of the study of Earth system prediction is focused on climate, and decadal climate prediction is particularly focused on the dynamics and thermal characteristics of the ocean because of its prominent role in climate variability. When soil moisture and vegetation are considered by atmospheric modelers, it is often in the context of how these affect climate predictability, rather than whether they can be predicted (79). In a global change perspective, ecological predictions are as essential as those of the physical climate system. ESMs provide the means not just to assess the potential for future stresses engendered by a changing climate, but also to determine the outcome of those stresses on crop yield, tree mortality, fisheries, and other aspects of the biosphere. For example, characterizing when and where wildfires might occur would be valuable to aid governmental agencies charged with wildfire protection. Particular fire events are nearly impossible to forecast, especially because so many fires are caused by people, but fire behavior on seasonal time scales can be forecast on the basis of relationships with sea surface temperatures (95). Prediction of future fire behavior requires models that accurately depict fire occurrence and severity, but wildfire prediction will also require an understanding of the predictability of the climate that drives fire behavior. A similar argument pertains to crop yield, marine resources, and dust emissions simulated in the current generation of ESMs and to forest mortality and habit loss that will be simulated by the next generation of models. Such forecasts may be particularly relevant at the subseasonal to seasonal time scale (79).
Research needs
As this Review highlights, the biosphere is central to understanding why and how the Earth system is changing and to adapting to and mitigating future changes. Many of the global change stressors that terrestrial and marine ecosystems face need to be understood not only for their impacts on ecosystem services that are essential to humankind, but also as processes that affect the magnitude and trajectory of climate change. A strategy is needed to extend the study of subseasonal and seasonal forecasts and decadal climate prediction to a more multifaceted Earth system prediction, including the biosphere and its resources. The extension of seasonal to decadal climate forecasts to living marine resources, for example, has considerable potential to aid marine management (96). A similar extension to terrestrial ecosystems would aid land resource management.
Toward this goal, this Review has presented several pathways to further define Earth system prediction. First is continued advancement of terrestrial and marine science in light of climate processes and the many ways in which the biosphere influences climate. A prominent example is the carbon cycle, its feedback with climate change, and whether terrestrial and marine ecosystems can be purposely managed to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions. There is considerable uncertainty in ocean carbon cycle projections, particularly at regional or biome scales (89, 93), and land carbon model uncertainty precludes distinguishing among various alternative scenarios (94). Moreover, if planting forests and biofuels are essential to maintaining atmospheric CO2 concentrations within some planetary warming target, how confident are we in our ability to know the net climate outcome of these policies (68)?
The current generation of ecosystem models are abstractions of complex systems. Many ecological and biogeochemical processes are represented, but the challenge of representing the biosphere—with its rich diversity of life forms, their assemblage into communities and ecosystems, and the complexity of ecological systems—is daunting, as is evident in large model uncertainty in terrestrial carbon cycle projections. Theoretical advances are needed, but there may be a limit to how much model uncertainty can be reduced (94). More complexity does not necessarily lead to better predictions or reduce uncertainty.
A second pathway is to better integrate ESMs and VIA models. The gap between models arises from disciplinary expertise (atmospheric and ocean sciences for ESMs and hydrology, ecology, biogeochemistry, agronomy, forestry, and marine sciences for VIA models), but effective communication among, rather than across, disciplines is not trivial. There are also pragmatic considerations, particularly with regard to spatial scale and process complexity, that limit collaboration between global ESMs and VIA models with a more local to regional domain. However, just as the science of Earth system prediction is seen as a means to unite the weather and climate modeling communities (80, 81), so, too, can the broadening of Earth system prediction to include the biosphere stimulate collaborations with the VIA community.
A third promising research pathway is to expand the concepts and methodology of seasonal to decadal climate prediction to include terrestrial and marine ecosystems and to quantify prediction uncertainty at spatial and temporal scales relevant to stakeholders. The predictability of the terrestrial carbon cycle can be considered from an ecological perspective (97), but only recently has it been considered in an Earth system perspective of natural climate variability, the forced climate response, and model uncertainty (92, 94). Analysis of natural variability, model uncertainty, and scenario uncertainty is similarly informing marine biogeochemistry (87–90, 93). Whether the biosphere is a source of climate predictability is not necessarily the right question to pose. A more fruitful research pathway may be to investigate how to predict the biosphere and its resources in a changing environment, as identified specifically for marine living resources (96) and considered also for atmospheric CO2 (98). Initial condition uncertainty and the difficulty in separating natural variability from the forced trend likely produces irreducible uncertainty in climate prediction (99). At the regional or biome scale, natural variability is large for the ocean and land carbon cycles (89, 92, 93). Whether a similar irreducible uncertainty manifests in terrestrial and marine ecosystems remains to be explored.
With their terrestrial and marine ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and simulation of plants, microbes, and marine life, ESMs challenge terrestrial and marine ecologists and biogeochemists to think in terms of broad generalizations and to find the mathematical equations to describe the biosphere, its functioning, and its response to global change. ESMs similarly challenge geoscientists to think beyond a physical understanding of climate to include biology. The models show much promise to advance our understanding of global change but must move from the synthetic world of an ESM toward the real world. Bridging the gap between observations and theory as atmospheric CO2 rises, climate changes, more nitrogen is added to the system, forests are cleared, grasslands are plowed or converted to pastures, coastal wetlands and coral reefs are degraded or lost, and oceans warm and are increasingly polluted poses challenging opportunities for the next generation of scientists to advance planetary ecology and climate science.
This is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License. | https://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6375/eaam8328 |
what are the functions of ecosystem
Ecosystems are a fascinating and complex entity in the world of biology. They can be found on earth in all sorts of habitats, from oceans to rainforests, and they play an important role in the survival and success of many species. In this article, we will explore what ecosystems are, their functions, and how they help to sustain life on Earth.
The ecosystem is a complex web of living things and their environment.
Some of the functions of an ecosystem are to provide food and shelter for animals, to store energy from the sun, and to filter water.
An ecosystem can be found anywhere there is water and soil, including in people’s homes and yards.
The different types of ecosystems
The term “ecosystem” is used in many ways, but generally it refers to the interconnectedness of all living and nonliving things in a particular location. There are three main types of ecosystems: biotic, abiotic, and chemical.
Biotic ecosystems are made up of living things, and they include things like rain forests, coral reefs, and wetlands. These ecosystems are incredibly complex and diverse, and they play an important role in the environment by providing food and shelter for other creatures.
Abiotic ecosystems are made up of nonliving things, and these include things like rocks, soil, and snowpacks. These ecosystems play an important role in the environment by controlling the amount of water that flows through the ground and impacting climate change.
Chemical ecosystems are made up of chemicals, and they include things like groundwater systems and oil refineries. These ecosystems play an important role in the environment by affecting the way we use resources like water and oil.
The function of ecosystems
Ecological systems are integral to the health of our planet and the survival of its species. They provide a variety of benefits to humans, such as purifying air and water, moderating climate, providing food and shelter, and absorbing and recycling waste. The delicate balance that exists in an ecosystem is essential to its function and resilience.
The term “ecosystem” was first coined by Sir James Hutton in 1795. He defined an ecosystem as “a community of living beings and their surroundings”. In 1864, Charles Darwin proposed that all life on Earth evolved from one common ancestor. The theory of evolution leads us to believe that an ecosystem is a complex network of relationships between different species.
An ecosystem is composed of three parts: the biosphere, the lithosphere, and the atmosphere. The biosphere is the layer of Earth’s surface where life exists. It contains all the land plants and animals. The lithosphere is the solid outer shell of Earth. It protects us from the elements and supports our planet’s physical structure. The atmosphere provides oxygen for us to breathe and regulates climate.
The function of ecosystems can be broken down into six main
The impact of humans on ecosystems
There are many important functions of ecosystems, including providing food, water, and shelter; regulating the environment; producing energy from sunlight and wind; and recycling materials. Ecosystems also play a crucial role in stabilizing the Earth’s climate.
Conclusion
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms and their physical environment. It includes all the elements that interact with each other to produce life: air, land, water, plants, animals and microbes. Ecosystems can be found in both natural and human-made environments. They provide us with food, shelter, materials for construction, recreation and more. | https://techybois.com/general/what-are-the-functions-of-ecosystem |
Deep-sea mining effects may be felt from top to bottom, surface to seabed
Seabed mining effects will probably not be confined to the sea floor, argues a Proceedings of the National Academy (PNAS) journal article from the University of Hawaii, co-authored by IUCN's High Seas Adviser, Kristina Gjerde. The effects will be multiple, and risk affecting marine life for hundreds of kilometres from the site. The scientists submitting the paper urge further, and urgent, assessment of ecological impacts above the sea floor.
Photo: Jeff Drazen
Deep-sea mining activities are anticipated to begin soon for copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese and other valuable metals as interest has grown substantially in the last decade. Most research assessing the impacts of mining has focused on the seafloor. However, a new study, led by University of Hawai‘i (UH) at Mānoa, argues that deep-sea mining poses significant risks, not only to the area immediately surrounding mining operations but also to the water column hundreds to thousands of metres above the seafloor, threatening vast midwater ecosystems.
Encouragingly, these same scientists suggest how these risks could be evaluated more comprehensively to enable society and managers to decide if and how deep-sea mining should proceed.
The deep midwaters of the world’s ocean represent more than 90% of the biosphere, contain 100 times more fish than the annual global catch, connect surface and seafloor ecosystems, and play key roles in climate regulation and nutrient cycles. These ecosystem services, as well as untold biodiversity, could be negatively affected by mining.
Large amounts of mud and dissolved chemicals are released during mining, and large equipment produces extraordinary noise - all of which travel high and wide. Unfortunately, there has been almost no study of the potential effects of mining beyond the habitat immediately adjacent to extraction activities.
Despite this, currently 30 exploration licenses have been granted by the International Seabed Authority (ISA) covering about 1.5 million square kilometres of the seafloor on the high seas (areas beyond national jurisdiction) and added to that, some countries are exploring exploitation in their own national waters as well.
“This is a call to all stakeholders and managers,” said Jeffrey Drazen, lead author of the article and professor of oceanography at UH Mānoa. “Mining is poised to move forward yet we lack scientific evidence to understand and manage the impacts on deep pelagic ecosystems, which constitute most of the biosphere. More research is needed very quickly.
“Harm to midwater ecosystems could affect fisheries, release metals into food webs that could then enter our seafood supply, alter carbon sequestration to the deep ocean, and reduce biodiversity that is key to the healthy function of our surrounding oceans.”
In accordance with UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the ISA is required to ensure the effective protection of the marine environment, including deep midwater ecosystems, from harmful effects arising from mining-related activities. In order to minimise environmental harm, mining impacts on the midwater column must be considered in research plans and development of regulations before mining begins.
Kristina Gjerde, senior high seas advisor to IUCN’s Global Marine and Polar Programme, noted, “First of all we need an improved understanding of the affected deep sea environment and the long term consequences of those changes for ocean health, food security and climate resilience as well as for the fascinating life forms that depend on sediment-free waters to survive.
“This study underscores the need to slow any rush to finalise the ISA’s exploitation regulations.”
Drazen also added, “We are urging researchers and governing bodies to expand midwater research efforts, and adopt precautionary management measures now in order to avoid harm to deep midwater ecosystems from seabed mining.”
This article is published in the Proceedings of the National Academy. | https://iucn.org/news/marine-and-polar/202007/deep-sea-mining-effects-may-be-felt-top-bottom-surface-seabed |
Landscapes have to meet a wide variety of demands: They should provide fresh water, food and habitats, but also be functioning ecosystems with intact biodiversity. Our research aims to show ways in which multifunctional landscapes can exist in a balance of human influence and natural dynamics - despite population growth and resource hunger. To this end, we are developing field experiments, observation networks and prediction models of the latest generation.
In the face of rapid global and climatic change and its impacts, there is, among other things, an urgent need to be able to distinguish between natural mechanisms and human-induced processes. We need to understand how processes linking the geosphere, atmosphere and biosphere determine the natural dynamics of the terrestrial surface system and what the principle limits for the stability of this system are. To do this, we aim to elucidate the behaviour of the system as a whole across all timescales of climate and environmental change by combining methods from geodesy, remote sensing, geology, geomorphology, geochemistry, hydrology, ecology, (palaeo-)genetics and geomicrobiology.
The goals of our research are: | https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/research/topics/our-research-programme/landscapes-of-the-future/t5-overview/ |
Global Seamounts Project
The Global Seamounts Project (GSP) is an international scientific initiative that will explore and model one of the ocean’s largest , most productive, and least understood biomes: oceanic seamounts.
The project proposes to mount a major series of deep-sea expeditions over the next six years to conduct intensive, standardized surveys of representative seamount ecosystems in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean basins. Teams of ecosystem modelers will concurrently populate leading ecosystem models augmented with emerging modeling frameworks, with GSP field campaign datasets.
This project will accelerate the science of seamounts from what has historically been a descriptive approach toward an understanding of complex ecosystem function and behavioral responses to environmental stressors. One that can explore feedbacks, synergies, resilience, and potential tipping points from multiple factors driven by climate change, resource extraction, pollution, and other impacts.
The development of next-generation biophysical models for oceanic ecosystems will ultimately be crucial to understanding and influencing the course of potential impacts from human-driven stressors and climate change. The Global Seamounts Project will move us in that direction.
Click on the Project Overview button below for more information about this project.
“No report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change would fail to mention global climate models. Yet the international bodies that are charged with addressing global challenges in conservation…cannot refer to analogous models of the world’s ecosystems. Why? Because ecologists have not yet built them.”
Purves, Drew, et al. "Time to model all life on Earth." Nature 493.7432 (2013): 295-297.
“Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research needs to embrace the challenge of extracting order from complexity… This research is now maturing; it has advanced sufficiently to move beyond simply invoking the precautionary principle as it has done throughout its history.”
Naeem, Shahid, J. Emmett Duffy, and Erika Zavaleta. "The functions of biological diversity in an age of extinction." Science 336.6087 (2012): 1401-1406.
Project Highlights
Malcolm R. Clark, PhD: On the Global Seamounts Project (Video)
Malcolm R. Clark, PhD, GSP Science Co-Chair & Principal Scientist at the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, NZ shares why we need to better understand ecosystem function on seamounts and how the Global Seamounts Project will better enable resource management and conservation.
Modeling Seamount Ecosystems
Ursula Scharler, PhD, GSP Modeling Chair & Associate Professor
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Modeling frameworks can be divided into two distinct approaches: one that aims to describe the dynamics of the ecosystem, the other identifies attributes of system function. These approaches will be combined in the GSP's plan to generate a more integrated picture of system function and behaviour for seamounts.
Synthesis of GSP Field Campaign & Ecosystem Modeling
Jim Costopulos, CEO
Global Oceans, New York, NY, USA
The GSP Field Campaign and Ecosystem Modeling process is planned as a unique collaborative effort that wil generate comprehensive survey data on seamounts with the scope and resolution needed to popuate ecosystem models, as defined at the outset of the project.
Taxonomy & Systematics: Understanding Seamount Biodiversity
Daniel M. Lauretta, PhD
Coastal ecosystems, platform, and deep-sea lab, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
The GSP will collect and analyze a wide range of biological samples from an intensive global field campaign on deep-sea seamounts, presenting a rare opportunity for detailed taxonomic analysis using molecular and morphological data. The GSP will also prioritize opportunities for the next generation of scientists studying deep-sea fauna.
Spatiotemporal Measurements Over Seamounts
Oscar Schofield, PhD, Distinguished Professor
Chair, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences
Center of Ocean Observing Leadership, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
The biophysical modeling work of the GSP will require measurement of temporal biogeochemical and productivity fluxes for selected project sites, over multiple seasonal periods. A combination of autonomous gliders, moorings, and other methods are planned to achieve this.
Geomorphic Proxies for Benthic Biodiversity on Seamounts
Jesse van der Grient, PhD, Post-doctoral Researcher
Dept of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
Orhun Aydin, PhD, Spatial Statistics Research
Esri, Inc., Redlands, CA, USA
The development and use of geomorphic proxies to estimate deep-sea benthic biodiversity and structure has made initial progress. Exploring the utility of this approach for the GSP is considered when thinking about how to estimate seamount system-wide benthic biodiversity and biomass for use in populating ecosystem models.
Implications for Resource Conservation and Policy Development
David Vousden, PhD, Professor of Ocean Governance
Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
Ben Fitzpatrick, PhD, Director
Oceanwise, Australia, Perth, Australia
The GSP will document a wide range of biophysical parameters on seamounts to develop new ecosystem modeling tools for understanding complex, synergistic behavioral responses to climate change and human impacts. These tools will better inform decisions about sustainable resource management and conservation regionally, and contribute to more effective international policy development.
Consortium for Ocean Leadership to Lead GSP Administration
Kristen Yarincik, Vice President and Director, Research & Education
Leigh Zimmermann, Assistant Director/Senior Program Manager
Consortium for Ocean Leadership, Washington, DC, USA
The Consortium for Ocean Leadership (COL) in Washington, DC, USA will serve as the Project Administration and Outreach node for the Global Seamounts Project (GSP). COL has decades of experience in administering large-scale scientific programs and in bringing the scientific community together around major research initiatives.
Project Team & Advisors
GSP Steering Committee
The current GSP Steering Committee has been instrumental in scoping and developing this project and its scientific vision over the past few years. As the project moves to the Working Groups, workshops, and research planning phase, the Committee is actively inviting broader participation at the Steering Committee level and in Science Advisory roles. We are seeking diverse participation from international scientists, especially from developing regions, early career scientists, graduate students, and wider disciplinary participation including from the biophysical/complex system modeling communities. | https://www.global-oceans.org/projects/global-seamounts-project |
The deep sea has always been an important area for human exploitation: resources such as fish, oil and gas have been taken from the sea for many decades, and more recently the marine environment has been targeted as a source of renewable energy. The recognition that metalliferous deposits on the seafloor could provide a valuable source of scare metals has become increasingly widespread in the past 5 years, though the concept of deep-sea mining was first introduced in the 1960's. Over the past decade the demand for precious metals for advancing technologies has rocketed, making deep-sea deposits increasingly attractive to commercial operators. The most likely targets for deep-sea mining are polymetallic sulphides, manganese nodules and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts . On a longer time scale, rare earth elements (REEs) in deep-sea muds may also become important, and there has long been interest in the extraction of gas hydrates as a source of hydrocarbons.
Mineral exploration activities have already taken place in prospective areas of the ocean beyond national jurisdiction under license from the International Seabed Authority, most notably around the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean, parts of the Indian Ocean and along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (see map, right). In territorial waters, commercial activity has progressed more rapidly and the extraction of gold, copper and silver from deep water deposits offshore Papua New Guinea is close to becoming a reality.
The extraction of deep-sea mineral resources will have a significant impact on the marine environment, particularly its ecosystems. The scale and nature of these impacts remains uncertain and depends on the target resource and its associated ecosystems, and the technology used to extract the ore. Deep-sea mining will potentially affect extensive areas of seabed and will likely produce near-bottom, mid-water or near-surface sediment plumes. Seabed mining at sea may result in the emission of toxic materials into the ocean, or the discharge of fine particulate material that can smother benthic communities. There is therefore an urgent need to assess the nature and scales of the potential impacts of mining, and how they will affect deep-sea ecosystems.
Many deep-sea habitats extend over large areas, but the extent of individual species and habitat ranges are largely unknown. Some habitats, such as hydrothermal vents (shown right), are highly localised and may be particularly vulnerable to mining impacts. Greater knowledge is needed on the diversity, resilience, species ranges, life cycles and ecosystem functioning of deep-sea fauna. Only then will it be possible to safeguard and conserve future prosperity from deep-sea ecosystem services. This research has pressing importance as commercial, political and public interest in the extraction of metals from the deep sea increases.
MIDAS will identify the potential scale and impact of each of these activities in European seas and in the global ocean, focusing on the scale of physical impacts, the dynamics of particle-laden hydrodynamic plumes, and the potential toxins that may be released in the mining process. We will assess the potential effects of these impacts on deep-sea ecosystems, including the possible loss of species and ecosystem functions, and propose targets for their protection, monitoring and restoration. | http://eu-midas.net/science |
EUR-OCEANS aims to achieve lasting integration of European research organisations on global change and pelagic marine ecosystems, and to develop models for assessing and forecasting the impacts of climate and anthropogenic forcing on food-web dynamics (structure, functioning, diversity and stability) of pelagic ecosystems in the open ocean. The NOE will favour the progressive integration of research programmes and facilities of major research Institutes all over Europe. The long-term goal of the NOE is to create a multi-site Institute for European Research on Ocean Ecosystems under anthropogenic and Natural forcings. The international context is provided by Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC), and the forthcoming Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP).EUR-OCEANS' Joint Programme of Activities (JPA) comprises: (1) Integrating activities on: networking (data and model integration); (2) Jointly executed research, organised around four broad modelling tasks (together with observations and experiments) on: pelagic ecosystems end-to-end, biogeochemistry, ecosystem approach to marine resources and within-system integration; (3) Activities to spread excellence, including training of researchers, and spreading excellence to socio-economic users and to the European public (through the Association of Aquaria for EUR-OCEANS public outreach); (4) Management Activities. Administrative and Financial Coordinator: Institut Océanographique. Governing bodies: General Assembly (Member Organisations); Executive Committee (incl.Scientific Director and the Deputy); Steering Committee (incl. Work Packages Leaders). Councils: Scientific, Intellectual, Gender Equality, and EUR-OCEANS Institute. Composition: 69 Member Organisations, from 25 states (incl. 7 Third countries); 160 PIs selected for their capacity and excellence. Close cooperation with the USA, Australia, Canada, Namibia and Japan. | http://researchdatabase.su.se/converis/portal/Project/1311478?auxfun=&lang=en_GB |
Adaptive management, adaptive co-management, ecosystem management, and various forms of formal and informal integrated resource management are all promising approaches in this context. However, these governance modes are in need of further exploration to be able to fully incorporate the dynamics of social-ecological systems. The latter implies much more than stakeholder participation and integrated planning, it implies; being able to deal with both uncertainty and abrupt change; enhance learning of complex SES; promote experimentation and innovation; and supporting cross-scale institutional linkages.
About adaptive governance
Adaptive governance is an evolving research framework for analyzing the social, institutional, economical and ecological foundations of multilevel governance modes that are successful in building resilience for the vast challenges posed by global change, and coupled complex adaptive SES.
In our work, we integrate insights from a range of disciplines ranging from systems ecology, geography, sociology, complexity theory, and organizational studies, to political science. Our members focus on a number of empirical cases around the world, ranging from coral reef ecosystems in Australia, urban ecosystems in Stockholm, biosphere reserves in South Africa, forest ecosystems in India and Madagascar, to global technical innovations for infectious disease governance.
This diversity is steered by a joint attempt to better understand the social dimension of ecosystem management; the interactions between individuals, organizations, and institutions at multiple levels; the factors for responding to crisis, shaping change and building resilience.
Strategic directions
Adaptive governance includes the following strategic directions for 2008/9:
I. New challenges for adaptive governance
Governance theories are evolving under global environmental change. Understanding the linkages, feedbacks and connections between SES management and governance are central to this theme.
Challenging questions include:
- What are the important multiscale processes in SES governance that lead to more or less resilient outcomes on the ground?
- What are the tradeoffs between management priorities and SES for long-term sustainable futures and how do these play out over different scales?
The focus of the theme is to examine multiscale adaptive processes that build adaptive capacity in coupled systems. This requires drawing on existing theories of environmental governance, organisational theory, development and collective action theories and empirically examining case studies. Case studies are in progress in Sweden, South Africa, India, Canada, Indonesia and Australia.
We recognise that there are various social and ecological distinctions between developed and developing country contexts thus aim to draw on cases and partnerships from both contexts.
II. Innovations and transformations in SES
The capacity to adapt to and shape change is a central component of resilience of social-ecological systems. When there is high adaptability, actors have the capacity to reorganize the system within desired states in response to changing conditions and surprises. But high adaptability may also be recombined with innovation and novelty to transform a social-ecological system into a new regime.
How do governance arrangements affect the functioning and performance of innovation in — for example - sustainable technology systems, large scale ecosystems such as the Baltic Sea, or agroecosystems in Bali? This sub-theme aims at conducting a set of empirical studies on the capacity to navigate transitions toward ecosystem-based management and governance to further develop the theory of adaptive governance.
The focus is on social-ecological transitions and transformations, the emergence of social-ecological-technical systems, governance for innovations, and the role of agency.
III. Abrupt change and governance
Abrupt surprising changes in social-ecological systems pose serious challenges to the steering capacity of societies. Despite the fact that the world becomes increasingly interconnected by flows of information, trade and technology, human decision making and institution-building remains fragmented, poorly coordinated, and inapt in dealing with the escalating speed of technical and ecological change.
This subtheme focuses on the institutional, technological and socio-political dynamics of crisis and large scale shocks such as epidemics, ecosystem collapse and natural disasters.
We are particularly interested in understanding the possibilities and limits of “early warnings", and the role of institutions in mitigating and facilitating prompt response and recovery to disturbances triggered by a complex set of interacting social-ecological multilevel drivers. The empirical focus ranges from disaster risk reduction in Bangladesh, Mozambique and Mumbai; the evolution of global networks to cope with infectious disease outbreaks; to the social-ecological challenges posed by abrupt change in the Arctic.
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The pandemic is hitting the seafood industry hard. How can past crises help it survive this one? | https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-streames/stewardship/adaptive-governance-.html |
Integrating research across organismal to global scales presents a major challenge for ecology, because many pressing questions require an understanding of whole-Earth, global-scale processes, whereas species diversity, species interactions and ecosystem function – and often the individual human decisions that alter ecological systems – generally occur at local or regional scales (Levin 1992; Denny & Benedetti-Cecchi 2012). To capture the dynamics of species and their services, ecologists must study and manipulate ecological systems at the scale of organisms. Yet a general, predictive understanding of ecological systems requires knowledge of the degree to which functional relationships measured at one site (e.g. between the effect of nitrogen deposition and species diversity) predict these relationships at other sites and in other environments. The long tradition of single-site experiments in ecology has provided little ability to understand the roles of environmental context and contingency (i.e. functional relationships that occur only under certain conditions) that are critical for predicting responses of ecological systems to global-scale perturbations. Thus, to address the grand challenges facing the biosphere (NAS 2001), we must develop our ability to use information from local studies to make effective predictions about factors affecting biological systems across many spatial and temporal scales (Levin 1992; Denny & Benedetti-Cecchi 2012).
Ecologists employ a diversity of tools (Table 1) to reveal general functional relationships linking local-scale drivers of ecological diversity and function with regional- and global-scale outcomes. Single-site observational and experimental studies, predictive models and meta-analyses are widely used, and observational networks collecting standardized data (e.g. National Ecological Observatory Network (neoninc.org), Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (gleon.org), National Phenology Network (usanpn.org)) are growing in number. Each of these tools has generated important data and powerful insights into the factors controlling diversity and ecosystem function and serves an important role in advancing our science. However, each of these tools has drawbacks that limit their ability to reveal general functional relationships spanning many spatial scales. For example, inference from meta-analyses is inherently hampered by incompatible methodology and design of existing experiments (Gurevitch & Mengersen 2010). On the other hand, although observational networks are the source of critical environmental data, even when observational networks employ identical sampling protocols among sites, functional relationships are difficult to discern in the absence of experimentation (Hewitt et al. 2007). Collaborative experimental networks remain rare in ecology, although they hold great promise for detecting general functional relationships and providing predictive ability of functional relationships that are contingent on local conditions.
|Consistent methodology||Causal inference||Realistic complexity||Environmental gradients||Site-specific design|
|Single-site experiments||✓||✓||?||?||✓|
|Observational networks||✓||✓||✓|
|Process-based models||✓||✓||✓||✓|
|Empirical/statistical models||✓||?||✓||✓|
|Meta-analyses||?||✓||✓|
|Distributed experiments||✓||✓||✓||✓|
Collaborative experimental networks, such as ITEX (Elmendorf et al. 2012), LiNX (Mulholland et al. 2002), LIDET (Harmon et al. 2009) and Biodepth (Hector et al. 1999), help address these issues by providing the context to implement consistent and standardized local designs that act in concert, in a distributed fashion, to examine much larger scale ecological questions that otherwise could not be addressed (Fraser et al. 2012). In contrast to local or network-scale observations that rely on natural variability to perturb ecosystems, experiments impose perturbations and thus provide a more rapid and mechanistic understanding of an ecosystem's response to a perturbation (Hewitt et al. 2007). In addition, experiments are necessary to test predictions about nonlinear responses, non-additive interactions or tipping points that may arise from multiple concurrent perturbations (Scheffer & Carpenter 2003). There are many reasons that distributed experimental networks remain relatively rare, not the least of which may be the static (or declining) rates of funding for ecological research in many regions of the world. However, in light of world-wide alterations to ecosystems (Ellis et al. 2010), a globally coordinated experiment will produce insights unavailable using other approaches standard in our field. With careful planning, such experiments are positioned to address many other ecological questions, as well.
Here, we describe our experience developing and operating the Nutrient Network (NutNet, nutnet.org), a globally distributed experimental network that arose from a grassroots, cooperative research effort (Box 1, also see Stokstad 2011). NutNet's origins began as an experimental solution to overcome the limitations of meta-analysis and synthesis. While meta-analyses can reveal the generality of patterns in existing data, they typically also highlight gaps in existing data that impede the resolution of unanswered questions. While distributed experiments such as NutNet are not a panacea for understanding the factors affecting biological diversity and ecosystem structure and functioning, they complement our existing tools for understanding these processes and outcomes. For example, whereas a distributed experiment can provide insights into global generalities, many important ecological questions require more finely tuned, complex models and site-specific experiments (Table 1). Here, we clarify the design, goals and function of the Nutrient Network (a.k.a. NutNet) as a case study to provide guidance for the successful development of other such collaborative research networks. Whereas some lessons are highly general, others are not. However, we describe our experience with the goal of empowering others to employ the powerful, synergistic ecological tool of distributed experiments to examine global-scale ecological trends and responses. | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/2041-210X.12125/full?globalMessage=0 |
Ethical decision making is the process of evaluating possible options and suggestions before arriving at the satisfactory possible decision in a manner that is line with moral notions. Ethical considerations involved in choice making include honesty, truthfulness and accuracy as necessary in selection making communication (Ford, Robert and Woodrow).
Ethical decision making calls for the recognize and reviewing of other communicators suggestions, endorses freedom of expression, tolerance of dissent and prospective range to achieve the informed and accountable decision making ultimate in a civil society. Ethical verbal exchange promotes mutual understandings which promote unique characteristics of person suggestions (Ford, Robert and Woodrow).
An ethical decision making should always do good, must be fair, should be just by law and avoid taking advantage of others. In a general perspective, ethical decisions should respect the autonomy of others, should be true and have a concern for all parties involved (Ford, Robert and Woodrow).
Case Study
The case study on my essay will be on Greg and Natalie. They are in the same group discussion and are working on a final project before graduation. Natalie participates in the group discussion but shows no effective effort in contributing to the success of the project. The professor, in the end, asks Natalie to give group members evaluation as per their contribution to the project. When Greg comes to Natalie’s part, she is faced with a dilemma on whether to give her an honest review which could fail her or just give her a good review that will see her graduate (Wilson).
Five Sources of Ethical Standards
The Utilitarian Approach
Ethicists assert that ethical actions provide less harm and do much good. Ethical corporate action, therefore, is one that benefits the customers, employees, shareholders, the environment and the general community at large. Utilitarian approach is aimed at seeing that less or no harm is done on involved parties (Iphofen). In the case of Greg, she should embrace this approach and ensure that the decision she makes does less harm to Natasha. For this case, she should just give her a positive review and warn her of such behaviours.
The Rights Approach
Ethicists say that the best ethical practices are those that respect moral practices of the parties involved. The rights approach is based on the belief that humans have a sense of dignity that should be considered in making decisions. By this principle, humans have a right to choose their ways, to be told the truth, be given privacy. This right also includes the duty to respect people’s human rights (Iphofen).
In the case study above, Greg should approach Natasha in private and tell him of the consequences of his behaviour, Greg should also highlight the importance of respecting other people’s rights in the context of participating actively in decision making as required of her.
Fairness or Justice Approach
Great philosophers such as Aristotle have argued that all people should be treated equally. Equality is essential in ethical decision making to give each one a platform in airing their views and possible solutions. The fairness approach ensures that decisions made consider all parties involved (Iphofen). Natasha should have embraced this value and participate in the project discussion to make the platform fair.
Common Good Approach
Common good approach is aimed at contributing actions which help make the society a better place. Common good approach suggests that social relations are the basis of ethical reasoning. The approach also addresses that common conditions important to everybody’s welfare should be upheld, i.e. healthcare and education (Iphofen). In the case study, participation was a welfare and Natasha should have embraced it for the groups common good.
Virtue Approach
Virtue ethical approach aims at being consistent with ideal issues that cater for full human development. The virtue approach contains values that enable us to act in the highest character potential. These virtues include courage, generosity, love and compassion. The virtue approach upholds other approaches such as the common good approach (Iphofen).
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is evident that to arrive at an ethical decision; all the approaches above have to blend. Ethical decision making offers a good platform for making healthy decisions as all solutions are considered. Furthermore, ethical decision making provides a sense of togetherness (Ford, Robert and Woodrow).
Works Cited
Ford, Robert C., and Woodrow D. Richardson. “Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature.” Citation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics. Springer Netherlands, 2013. 19-44.
Iphofen, Ron. Ethical decision making in social research: A practical guide. Springer, 2016. | https://writinguniverse.com/decision-making-ethics/ |
East Gippsland Shire Council's vision for our community is a future of mutual respect and harmony by respecting the views of others and act with courtesy and consideration.
We will provide opportunities for Aboriginal communities to assist council in its goal to improve inclusion and create mutual understanding and effective partnerships.
We also encourage organisations to Acknowledge our Traditional Custodians at meetings and events.
We aim to create a future of mutual respect and harmony by collaborating with East Gippsland’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, to develop actions that embed cultural change in the organisation through increased mutual understanding and effective partnerships.
We will improve relationships with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community members by incorporating community input, involvement and contribution from the Shire’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.
The need for representation and protection for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural heritage is increasingly recognised and the role in decision making about the future of East Gippsland is represented and protected.
The role of the Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation (GLaWAC) is to further the aspirations of the Gunai Kurnai Traditional Owners and Native Title Holders by implementing Gunai Kurnai Native Title settlement agreements. They also provide high quality policy advice; strategic leadership by developing and leading key initiatives; and continuously improve the capacity, integrity and independence of the Gunai Kurnai people.
GEGAC was originally established in 1975 to support and develop the Aboriginal Medical Service and also as an Aboriginal culture centre. GEGAC was established when the local Aboriginal men and women decided that the East Gippsland region needed services specific to the Aboriginal people to fill the void and address the lack of understanding about Aboriginal issues.
Visitors to the Keeping Place can learn, understand and appreciate the history of the Gunai Kurnai people through guided or self-guided tours of the museum. The display includes traditional hunting and fighting weapons, bark canoes, baskets, fishing spears, boomerangs and an exhibition of contemporary Gunai Kurnai art. Staff members are on hand to answer questions.
37-53 Dalmahoy Street, Bairnsdale 3875
Phone: 03 5152 1891
Hours: Monday-Friday 9.00 am to 5.00 pm, weekends by appointment
The Gunai Kurnai people of East Gippsland invite you to visit the sites along the Bataluk Cultural Trail. These are landscapes where you will be introduced to aspects of Gunai Kurnai history and culture including Dreamtime stories, traditional lifestyles, European invasion and settlement and present day life.
For a variety of reasons such as environmental or historical sensitivity, some sites in the region are not appropriate for unrestricted access by members of the general public. We ask that you treat all sites along the trail with respect and care, to ensure that they are preserved for future generations.
The Gippsland Black Pages provides information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander services across Gippsland. The current version also includes mainstream health and community services. Services listed include; health, community support, men's and women's services, employment, education, children and mental health services.
Djillay Ngalu which means Healthy Together in the Gunai Kurnai language. The long-term vision of Djillay Ngalu is that we work in partnership with the community and work together to improve the health and wellbeing of the Aboriginal communities across East Gippsland. It s an active organisation and has delivered lots of exciting programs that have provided opportunities for the community to participate in and be involved with.
The Aboriginal Best Start Program works to ensure that local Aboriginal communities and organisations are given every possible opportunity to support positive outcomes for their children and families. Best Start is a prevention and early intervention program that aims to improve the health, development, learning and wellbeing of all Victorian children from conception through to the transition to school.
View more information at Aboriginal Best Start. | https://www.eastgippsland.vic.gov.au/community/koorie-community |
- The future of medicine In 1997 the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) embarked on a study of the future of medicine. Two premises guided this activity: (1) the pace of change in the practice of medicine that physicians experienced in the last quarter of the 20th century is bound to increase in the 21st century; and (2) it is essential that the medical profession position itself to influence future developments in medical practice. In order to prepare the profession to anticipate and meet the challenges of the future, the CMA is engaged in a medium- to long-term (5–20 years) planning exercise. This policy statement summarizes the results of the first part of this exercise: working definitions of health, health care and medicine; a vision for the future of the medical profession; and the implications of this vision for the roles of physicians. This work was conducted by an expert project advisory group, which developed background papers on these topics and prepared this statement for approval by the CMA Board of Directors. Definitions Health: is a state of physical, mental, emotional and spiritual well-being. It is characterized in part by an absence of illness (a subjective experience) and disease (a pathological abnormality) that enables one to pursue major life goals and to function in personal, social and work contexts. Health care: is any activity that has as its primary objective the improvement, maintenance or support of physical, mental, emotional and spiritual well-being, as characterized by the absence of illness and disease. Medicine: is the art and science of healing. It is based on a body of knowledge, skills and practices concerned with the health and pathology of individuals and populations. The practice of medicine encompasses those health care activities that are performed by or under the direction of physicians in the service of patients, including health promotion, disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, palliation, education and research. A vision for the future of the medical profession Medicine will continue to be a healing profession dedicated to serving humanity. Its cornerstone will continue to be the relationship of trust between the patient and the physician. It will uphold with integrity the values of respect for persons, compassion, beneficence and justice. It will strive for excellence and incorporate progress in its art and science. It will maintain high standards of ethics, clinical practice, education and research in order to serve patients. It will encourage the development of healthy communities and of practices and policies that promote the well-being of the public. It will demonstrate its capacity for societal responsibility through self-regulation and accountability. It will actively participate in decision-making regarding health and health care policy. It will guard against forces and events that may compromise its primary commitment to the well-being of patients. The roles of physicians in the future1 Although the vision and values of medicine are enduring and will remain stable, the practice environment of physicians will change as the medical profession responds to health system and societal influences. This in turn will have implications for the roles of physicians. The traditional role of physicians has been medical expert and healer. This has involved diagnosing and treating disease and other forms of illness, comforting those who cannot be cured and preventing illness through patient counselling and public-health measures. While this role will remain at the core of medical practice, the evolving context of health care requires physicians to assume additional roles to support their primary role. The CMA proposes the following roles as essential to the future practice of medicine (cf. Fig. 1 for their interrelationship). Although no physician will function in all roles simultaneously, they should all have the fundamental competencies to participate in each of these roles. -Medical expert and healer: Physicians have always been recognized for their role as medical expert and healer; it is the defining nature of their practice and derives from the broad knowledge base of medicine and its application through a combination of art and science. This is the foundation for continued physician leadership in the provision of medical and health care in the future. -Professional: There must be renewed efforts to reaffirm the principles of the medical profession, including upholding its unique body of knowledge and skills; maintenance of high standards of practice; and commitment to the underlying values of caring, service and compassion. The medical profession of the future must continue to develop standards of care with ongoing opportunities for continued assessment of competency in order to remain a credible, self-regulated discipline worthy of public respect and trust. -Communicator: Increasing emphasis will be placed upon the ability to gather and communicate medical information in a compassionate and caring fashion, to enter into a partnership with patients when organizing care plans and to provide important information through counselling and the promotion of health. As always, the patient–physician relationship will remain paramount, with its essential features of compassion, confidentiality, honesty and respect. -Scholar: Scholarship involves the creation of new knowledge (research), its uniform application (clinical practice) and its transfer to others (education). It is this strong association with the science of medicine and physicians’ willingness to embrace the scholarship of their practice that is closely linked to their roles of medical experts and professionals. -Collaborator: Health care services will increasingly be provided by interdisciplinary teams throughout the continuum of care from health promotion activities to the management of acute life-threatening disorders to the delivery of palliative care. In the role of collaborator, physicians recognize the essential functions of other health care workers and respect unique provider contributions in patient-centred health care delivery. -Advocate: As the health sector becomes increasingly complex and interdependent with other sectors of society, it will be essential for physicians to play a greater role as health advocates. This may pertain to advocacy for individual and family health promotion in the practice environment; it may also relate to the promotion of improved health at the broader community level. -Manager: In order to provide quality care, physicians of the future must be effective resource managers at the individual practice level, at the health care facility level and as part of the wider health care system. In order to fulfil these roles and participate in communities as integral members of society, physicians need to lead balanced lives. Physicians may sometimes experience conflicts among these roles. The CMA Code of Ethics specifies the basic principles of professional ethics for dealing with such conflicts. Conclusion The CMA has developed this vision for the future of medicine and the future roles of physicians to assist individual physicians and medical organizations to anticipate and prepare for the challenges of the next 20 years. The vision provides the profession with criteria for evaluating proposed changes in how medicine is practised and reaffirms the core values of medicine that must be upheld in whatever system emerges. The CMA invites other organizations, nonmedical as well as medical, to comment on the contents of this statement and its implications for health and health care. The CMA welcomes opportunities to dialogue with others on how the health care system can be improved for the benefit of future patients and society in general. 1The section is indebted to the work of the Educating Future Physicians for Ontario (EFPO) project supported by the Associated Medical Services group, the Ontario faculties of medicine and the Ontario Ministry of Health, and the Canadian Medical Education Directions for Specialists 2000 (CanMEDs 2000) project of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
Documents
Joint statement on preventing and resolving ethical conflicts involving health care providers and persons receiving care
https://policybase.cma.ca/en/permalink/policy202
- Last Reviewed
- 2019-03-03
- Date
- 1998-12-05
- Topics
- Ethics and medical professionalism
1 document
- Policy Type
- Policy document
- Last Reviewed
- 2019-03-03
- Date
- 1998-12-05
- Text
- JOINT STATEMENT ON PREVENTING AND RESOLVING ETHICAL CONFLICTS INVOLVING HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS AND PERSONS RECEIVING CARE This joint statement was developed cooperatively and approved by the Boards of Directors of the Canadian Healthcare Association, the Canadian Medical Association, the Canadian Nurses Association and the Catholic Health Association of Canada. Preamble The needs, values and preferences of the person receiving care should be the primary consideration in the provision of quality health care. Ideally, health care decisions will reflect agreement between the person receiving care and all others involved in his or her care. However, uncertainty and diverse viewpoints sometimes can give rise to disagreement about the goals of care or the means of achieving those goals. Limited health care resources and the constraints of existing organizational policies may also make it difficult to satisfy the person’s needs, values and preferences. The issues addressed in this statement are both complex and controversial. They are ethical issues in that they involve value preferences and arise where people of good will are uncertain of or disagree about the right thing to do when someone's life, health or well-being is threatened by disease or illness. Because everyone’s needs, values and preferences are different, and because disagreements can arise from many sources, policies for preventing and resolving conflicts should be flexible enough to accommodate a wide range of situations. Disagreements about health care decisions can arise between or among any of the following: the person receiving care, proxies,<1> family members, care providers and administrators of health care authorities, facilities or agencies. This joint statement deals primarily with conflicts between the person receiving care, or his or her proxy, and care providers. It offers guidance for the development of policies for preventing and resolving ethical conflicts about the appropriateness of initiating, continuing, withholding or withdrawing care or treatment. It outlines the basic principles to be taken into account in the development of such policies as well as the steps that should be followed in resolving conflicts. The sponsors of this statement encourage health care authorities, facilities and agencies to develop policies to deal with these and other types of conflict, for example, those that sometimes arise among care providers. I. Principles of the therapeutic relationship<2> Good therapeutic relationships are centered on the needs and informed choices of the person receiving care. Such relationships are based on respect and mutual giving and receiving. Observance of the following principles will promote good therapeutic relationships and help to prevent conflicts about the goals and means of care. 1. The needs, values and preferences of the person receiving care should be the primary consideration in the provision of quality health care. 2. A good therapeutic relationship is founded on mutual trust and respect between providers and recipients of care. When care providers lose this sense of mutuality, they become mere experts and the human quality in the relationship is lost. When persons receiving care lose this sense of mutuality, they experience a perceived or real loss of control and increased vulnerability. Because persons receiving care are often weakened by their illness and may feel powerless in the health care environment, the primary responsibility for creating a trusting and respectful relationship rests with the care providers. 3. Sensitivity to and understanding of the personal needs and preferences of persons receiving care, their family members and significant others is the cornerstone of a good therapeutic relationship. These needs and preferences are diverse and can be influenced by a range of factors including cultural, religious and socioeconomic backgrounds. 4. Open communication, within the confines of privacy and confidentiality, is also required. All those involved in decision-making should be encouraged to express their points of view, and these views should be respectfully considered. Care providers should ensure that they understand the needs, values and preferences of the person receiving care. To avoid misunderstanding or confusion, they should make their communications direct, clear and consistent. They should verify that the person receiving care understands the information being conveyed: silence should not be assumed to indicate agreement. The person receiving care should be provided with the necessary support, time and opportunity to participate fully in discussions regarding care. 5. The competent person<3> must be involved in decisions regarding his or her care. 6. The primary goal of care is to provide benefit to the person receiving care. The competent person has the right to determine what constitutes benefit in the given situation, whether with respect to physical, psychological, spiritual, social or other considerations. 7. Informed decision-making requires that the person receiving care or his or her proxy be given all information and support necessary for assessing the available options for care, including the potential benefits and risks of the proposed course of action and of the alternatives, including palliative care. 8. The competent person has the right to refuse, or withdraw consent to, any care or treatment, including life-saving or life-sustaining treatment. 9. Although parents or guardians are normally the primary decision-makers for their minor children, children should be involved in the decision-making process to the extent that their capacity allows, in accordance with provincial or territorial legislation. 10. When the person receiving care is incompetent, that is, lacking in adequate decision-making capacity with respect to care and treatment, every effort must be made to ensure that health care decisions are consistent with his or her known preferences. These preferences may be found in an advance directive or may have been communicated orally. In jurisdictions where the issue of decision-making concerning care and medical treatment for incompetent persons is specifically addressed in law, the requirements of that legislation should be met. 11. When an incompetent person’s preferences are not known and there is no family member or proxy to represent the person, decisions must be based on an attempt to ascertain the person's best interests, taking into account: (a) the person's diagnosis, prognosis and treatment options, (b) the person's known needs and values, (c) information received from those who are significant in the person's life and who could help in determining his or her best interests, and (d) aspects of the person's culture, religion or spirituality that could influence care and treatment decisions. 12. When conflicts arise despite efforts to prevent them, they should be resolved as informally as possible, moving to more formal procedures only when informal measures have been unsuccessful. 13. In cases of disagreement or conflict, the opinions of all those directly involved should be given respectful consideration. 14. Disagreements among health care providers about the goals of care and treatment or the means of achieving those goals should be clarified and resolved by the members of the health care team so as not to compromise their relationship with the person receiving care. Disagreements between health care providers and administrators with regard to the allocation of resources should be resolved within the facility or agency and not be debated in the presence of the person receiving care. Health care authorities, facilities and agencies should develop conflict resolution policies for dealing with such issues and monitor their use. 15. When the needs, values and preferences of the person receiving care cannot be met, he or she should be clearly and frankly informed of the reasons for this, including any factors related to resource limitations. 16. Health care providers should not be expected or required to participate in procedures that are contrary to their professional judgement<4> or personal moral values or that are contrary to the values or mission of their facility or agency.<5> Health care providers should declare in advance their inability to participate in procedures that are contrary to their professional or moral values. Health care providers should not be subject to discrimination or reprisal for acting on their beliefs. The exercise of this provision should never put the person receiving care at risk of harm or abandonment. 17. Health care providers have a responsibility to advocate together with those for whom they are caring in order that these persons will have access to appropriate treatment. II. Guidelines for the resolution of ethical conflicts Health care organizations should have a conflict resolution process in place to address problems that arise despite efforts to prevent them. There may be need for variations in the process to accommodate the needs of different settings (e.g., emergency departments, intensive care units, palliative care services, home or community care, etc.). The conflict resolution policy of a health care authority, facility or agency should incorporate the following elements, the sequence of which may vary depending on the situation. The policy should designate the person responsible for implementing each element. That person should work closely with the person receiving care or his or her proxy. Anyone involved in the conflict may initiate the resolution process. 1. Clarify the need for an immediate decision versus the consequences of delaying a decision. If, in an emergency situation, there is insufficient time to fully implement the process, it should be implemented as soon as possible. 2. Gather together those directly involved in the conflict; in addition to the person receiving care and/or his or her proxy, this might include various health care providers, family members, administrators, etc. 3. If necessary, choose a person not party to the conflict to facilitate discussions. It is imperative that this person be acceptable to all those involved and have the skills to facilitate open discussion and decision-making. 4. Identify and agree on the points of agreement and disagreement. While ensuring confidentiality, share among those involved all relevant medical and personal information, interpretations of the relevant facts, institutional or agency policies, professional norms and laws. 5. Establish the roles and responsibilities of each participant in the conflict. 6. Offer the person receiving care, or his or her proxy, access to institutional, agency or community resources for support in the conflict resolution process, e.g., a patient representative, chaplain or other resource person. 7. Determine if the group needs outside advice or consultation, e.g., a second opinion, use of an ethics committee or consultant or other resource. 8. Identify and explore all options and determine a time line for resolving the conflict. Ensure that all participants have the opportunity to express their views; the lack of expressed disagreement does not necessarily mean that decision-making is proceeding with the support or consent of all involved. 9. If, after reasonable effort, agreement or compromise cannot be reached through dialogue, accept the decision of the person with the right or responsibility for making the decision. If it is unclear or disputed who has the right or responsibility to make the decision, seek mediation, arbitration or adjudication. 10. If the person receiving care or his or her proxy is dissatisfied with the decision, and another care provider, facility or agency is prepared to accommodate the person's needs and preferences, provide the opportunity for transfer. 11. If a health care provider cannot support the decision that prevails as a matter of professional judgement or personal morality, allow him or her to withdraw without reprisal from participation in carrying out the decision, after ensuring that the person receiving care is not at risk of harm or abandonment. 12. Once the process is completed; review and evaluate: (a) the process, (b) the decision reached, and (c) implementation of the decision. The conclusions of the evaluation should be recorded and shared for purposes of education and policy development. III. Policy development Health care authorities, facilities and agencies are encouraged to make use of an interdisciplinary committee to develop two conflict resolution policies: one for conflicts among health care providers (including administrators) and the other for conflicts between care providers and persons receiving care. Membership on the committee should include care providers, consumers and administrators, with access to legal and ethics consultation. The committee should also develop a program for policy implementation. The successful implementation of the policy will require an organizational culture that encourages and supports the principles of the therapeutic relationship as outlined in this joint statement. The implementation program should include the education of all those who will be affected by the policy with regard to both the principles of the therapeutic relationship and the details of the conflict resolution policy. It should also include measures to ensure that persons receiving care and their families or proxy decision-makers have access to the policy and its use. The policy should be reviewed regularly and revised when necessary in light of relevant clinical, ethical and legal developments. Because policies and guidelines cannot cover all possible situations, appropriate consultation mechanisms should be available to address specific issues promptly as they arise. Notes 1. The term "proxy" is used broadly in this joint statement to identify those people who are entitled to make a care and treatment decision for an incompetent person (in some provinces or territories, the definition of proxy is provided in legislation). This decision should be based on the decision the person would have made for himself or herself, to the best of the proxy’s (substitute decision maker’s) knowledge; or if this is unknown, the decision should be made in the person’s best interest. 2. The term "therapeutic relationship" is used broadly in this document to include all professional interactions between care providers, individually or as a team, and recipients of care. 3. Competence can be difficult to assess because it is not always a constant state. A person may be competent to make decisions regarding some aspects of life but not others; as well, competence can be intermittent: a person may be lucid and oriented at certain times of the day and not at others. The legal definition and assessment of competence are governed by the provinces or territories. Health care providers should be aware of existing laws relevant to the assessment and documentation of incompetence (e.g., capacity to consent and age-of-consent legislation). 4. Professional judgement will take into account the standard of care that a facility or agency is committed to provide. 5. On this matter, cf. Guiding Principle 6 of the Joint Statement on Resuscitative Interventions (Update 1995), developed by the Canadian Healthcare Association, the Canadian Medical Association, the Canadian Nurses Association and the Catholic Health Association of Canada, “There is no obligation to offer a person futile or nonbeneficial treatment. Futile and nonbeneficial treatments are controversial concepts when applied to CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). Policymakers should determine how these concepts should be interpreted in the policy on resuscitation, in light of the facility's mission, the values of the community it serves, and ethical and legal developments. For the purposes of this joint document and in the context of resuscitation,'futile' and 'nonbeneficial' are understood as follows. In some situations a physician can determine that a treatment is 'medically' futile or nonbeneficial because it offers no reasonable hope of recovery or improvement or because the person is permanently unable to experience any benefit. In other cases the utility and benefit of a treatment can only be determined with reference to the person's subjective judgement about his or her overall well-being. As a general rule a person should be involved in determining futility in his or her case. In exceptional circumstances such discussions may not be in the person's best interests. If the person is incompetent the principles for decision making for incompetent people should be applied.” © 1999, Canadian Healthcare Association, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Nurses Association and Catholic Health Association of Canada. Permission is granted for noncommercial reproduction only. Copies of the joint statement can be obtained by contacting: Membership Services, Canadian Medical Association, PO Box 8650, Ottawa ON K1G 0G8, tel 888 855-2555, fax 613 236-8864 or by visiting the Web site www.cma.ca/inside/policybase (English) or www.cma.ca/inside-f/policybase (French); or Customer Services, Canadian Healthcare Association, 17 York Street, Ottawa ON K1N 0J6, tel 613 241-8005, x253, fax 613 241-9481, or by visiting the Web site www.canadian-healthcare.org; or Publication Sales, Canadian Nurses Association, 50 The Driveway, Ottawa ON K2P 1E2, tel 613 237-2133, fax 613 237-3520, or by visiting the Web site www.cna-nurses.ca; or Publications, Catholic Health Association of Canada, 1247 Kilborn Place, Ottawa ON K1H 6K9, 613 731-7148, fax 613 731-7797, or by visiting the Web site www.net-globe.com/chac/. | https://policybase.cma.ca/en/list?q=topic%3A%22Ethics+and+medical+professionalism%22&p=1&ps=&sort=title_sort+asc&year_facet=2000&year_facet=1998&topic_facet=Health+systems%2C+system+funding+and+performance&topic_facet=Ethics+and+medical+professionalism&objectType_facet=Policy+document |
Developmental scientists are committed to increasing scientific and professional knowledge of human development and to the use of this knowledge to improve the condition of children,1 families,2 and communities3 across diverse4 individual, cultural, and geographic contexts. As researchers, we have the responsibility to protect our study participants’ rights and welfare and to ensure the responsible conduct of research. The Society’s ethical values are historically rooted in and draw upon the fundamental human rights of persons laid out in the UN Declaration of Human Rights and the ethical principles of scientific research presented in such foundational documents as the Nuremberg Code, the Helsinki Declaration, the European Commission on Ethics for Researchers, and the Belmont Report, among other resources listed at the end of these guidelines. These guidelines describe the general ethical principles reflecting the highest ideals of developmental science and the more specific behavioral standards that guide developmental scientists to achieve these ideals. The SRCD Ethics Code principles and standards provide guidance for ethical decision making. The Code is not intended to define developmental science nor to dictate specific research designs, populations, or contexts. Rather, it aims to provide a set of values and broad general rules that developmental scientists can interpret and apply to the protection of research populations as a function of their own unique roles and the contexts in which they are embedded.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
A. Maximizing Benefits and Minimizing Harm
The advancement of scientific knowledge about the development of the world’s children is essential for improving the health and well-being of humanity. Designing, implementing, and disseminating studies that maximizes scientific, societal, and individual research benefits and that avoids, minimizes, and removes research harms is essential for the responsible conduct of developmental science research and its application to practice and policy. This principle also calls for investigators to carefully consider the sociopolitical context in which research is conducted. This may require additional steps to ensure the safety of persons with vulnerable legal status (e.g., children living in families who are undocumented, victims of interpersonal violence, or those who are or may be involved in the criminal justice system). This principle applies to children and families who are research participants in laboratory, field, clinical, educational, and other settings and when research findings are used to develop scientific knowledge, practice guidelines, or policy. Maximizing benefits and minimizing harms may also extend to creating a compassionate and safe research or work environment for participants, community collaborators, students, and colleagues and building community capacity and other benefits for communities.
B. Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples
Respect for the dignity of persons and peoples recognizes the inherent worth of all human beings regardless of differences in: age; socioeconomic status; race, ethnicity and nationality; religion; linguistic background; sex and gender identity and expression; sexual orientation; mental health; physical, cognitive, and learning abilities; and other aspects of human diversity. Respect as a fundamental moral principle also recognizes that human beings are not simply individuals but are also interdependent social beings with cultures, religions, and histories that connect them across generations, and which are integral to the identity of its members and give meaning to their lives. As such, respect for the dignity of persons includes moral consideration of, and respect for, the dignity of peoples and communities. Further, regardless of developmental status, all persons are entitled to appropriate protection of their privacy, confidentiality, and right to self-determination. This includes taking steps to ensure their study does not exploit individuals who may be vulnerable to interpersonal and institutional authority. Finally, this principle calls for respectful consideration of communities and institutions (e.g., schools, clinics, community centers) as well as individuals who work within the contexts in which research is conducted (e.g., teachers, healthcare providers, community members, and others).
C. Equity
Developmental scientists conduct research designed to promote fairness and justice for individuals’ developmental outcomes and equity in access to experiences and resources for children and families regardless of group characteristics—including, but not limited to: age; socioeconomic status; race, ethnicity and nationality; religion; linguistic background; sex and gender identity and expression; sexual orientation; mental health; physical, cognitive, and learning abilities; mental health; and other aspects of human diversity. Developmental research does not exploit or exacerbate existing inequities between groups of differing social status or power based upon group characteristics, or lead to further injustices or inequities in social, economic, educational, environmental, and health outcomes.
Promoting equity also extends to the experience of participating in research. Both the benefits and burdens of research should be equitably distributed across individuals, families, and communities. Children and families across diverse populations should have equal access to participate in research designed to prevent developmental vulnerability and promote positive development. This principle does not preclude researchers from working with narrowly defined populations when there is sufficient scientific justification to do so. However, as a Society, we strive to create a body of research that is inclusive of the world-wide human diversity of children, families, and peoples.
D. Scientific Integrity
The advancement of scientific knowledge about the development of the world’s children is essential for improving the current and future health and well-being of humanity. The Society regards scientific integrity as essential for the conduct of research and its application to practice and policy. Integrity is a core value of the Society and applies to the responsible conduct of research, to the teaching of scientific methods, and to the translation of science into practice and policy.
The advancement of scientific knowledge regarding the development of the world’s children rests on the formation of relationships of trust. The success of the scientific enterprise is dependent upon research participants’ and other stakeholders’ firm belief in the reliability, honesty, competence, and trustworthiness of the investigator(s). In recognizing implicit or explicit power relationships among students, junior colleagues, and peers, integrity also requires professional standards of collaboration in the conduct of research, administration, mentorship, authorship, and funding.
Scientific integrity includes the core values of openness, objectivity, fairness, honesty, accountability, and responsible stewardship at every step in the research enterprise including consideration of its current and future implications for the welfare of children and families. In upholding these values, developmental science will yield more robust and reliable findings that others can trust and readily build upon in ways that will better serve children, parents, the public, and policymakers who support and depend upon our work.
ETHICAL STANDARDS
1. Competence
1.a. Scientific competence. Research benefits are maximized, and research harms minimized when investigators have acquired the training, experience, knowledge, and continued involvement in life-long learning to ensure they are designing and conducting studies consistent with the highest standards of scientific and ethical competence. Cultural and linguistic competence and the competencies necessary to understand the developmental needs of persons, families, and peoples with distinct characteristics and within different contexts is required to ensure population-valid and appropriate recruitment procedures, measure selection, implementation, data collection and interpretation, and dissemination procedures across and within diverse populations.
1.b. Population competence. Investigators recognize the diversities of populations they seek to serve and investigate, and develop essential competencies to minimize harm and best serve them. Members must develop and maintain competence through involvement and consultation with members of the group under investigation, continued review of the literature, and by continual updating of designs and procedures.
1.c. Inter-personal and inter-professional competence. Developmental scientists recognize that to enhance benefits and reduce potential harm, competent caring is critical to implement effective study and ethical practices and requires the ability to establish interpersonal relationships and rapport with participants, families, communities, and professionals with whom they work. This requires adequate self-knowledge of how one’s identity, values, experiences, culture, and social context may influence the selection of a research topic, research design, and interpretation of a study. Developmental scientists work to eliminate the harmful effect that personal and professional biases can have on participants and their communities, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone the activities of others based upon such prejudices. As interdisciplinary and international research with children continues to become more common, investigators will need to obtain the competencies necessary for productive professional collaborations that protect children’s rights, and that enhance research benefits and minimize research harms.
1.d. Ensuring staff competence. Developmental scientists ensure the competent performance of research staff through appropriate selection criteria and training tailored to the population of children under study and the staff member’s current skill level. Supervision includes training staff in appropriate anticipated and unanticipated ethical procedures and practices and overseeing that all research activities are performed competently and according to approved protocols.
2. Informed Consent
2.a. Developmentally appropriate child assent procedures. Investigators respect the developing autonomy of children through the design and conduct of informed consent and assent procedures tailored to their cognitive, emotional, and social maturity. In longitudinal studies, investigators consider developmentally appropriate modifications in consent information and reconsent procedures. While a child’s assent is not legally binding, a minor’s objection to participation in research should be ethically binding unless the intervention holds out a prospect of direct benefit that is important to the health or well-being of the child and is available only in the context of research.
2.b. Requirements for parent/guardian5 permission. Developmental scientists conducting research with minor children make adequate provisions for soliciting the permission of each child’s parent/guardian. Researchers familiarize themselves with relevant cultural and legal definitions of guardianship and recognize cultural contexts in which community or tribal permission may be a required component of the consent process. Written documentation of assent and parent/guardian permission is not required when it is developmentally inappropriate or when identification would risk a participant’s, parent’s/guardian’s, family member’s, or other’s safety. Child welfare concerns should always be a first priority. For example, those children who are wards of the state and their parents and guardians may require additional consideration and advocates.
2.c. Requirements for waiver of parent/guardian permission. Investigators conducting adolescent health research may waive parent/guardian permission for studies in jurisdictions that grant adolescents independent access to related health services. Under special circumstances, parent/guardian permission may be waived when it does not provide reasonable protections for a prospective child participant (e.g., informing the parent/guardian would potentially risk the child’s safety) or if children are wards of the state, are unaccompanied refugees, or are homeless. If parent/guardian permission is waived, investigators create alternative procedures and conditions that provide children and adolescents with appropriate protection of their rights and welfare.
2.d. Voluntariness. Developmental scientists respect the self-determination rights of participants of all ages to voluntarily choose whether or not to participate in research. Informed consent procedures clearly communicate protections against adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing from participation. Participants are also informed about policies for whether data collected from participants who withdraw will (or will not) be included in data analyses.
2.e. Participants with informed consent vulnerabilities. All persons, including those with cognitive, emotional, or legal vulnerabilities (for example, undocumented youth) resulting in diminished autonomy are entitled to procedures that promote their autonomy. As such, developmental scientists create special safeguards necessary to protect the rights and welfare of vulnerable persons. These can involve the participation and support of legal or informal guardians/caretakers, family members, and others who are trusted and involved in the lives of participants as well as taking additional precautions around safeguarding the confidentiality of data and protecting the identities of socially and/or politically marginalized participants.
3. Equity
3.a. Consideration of individual, cultural, and contextual differences. Developmental scientists are both aware of and respectful of individual, cultural, and contextual differences and consider these factors when working with members of diverse groups and communities. Members make every effort to acknowledge, mitigate, and eliminate the effect of biases based on group and individual characteristics and they do not knowingly participate in or condone activities of others based upon such prejudices.
3.b. Reducing developmental inequities. Developmental scientists have a responsibility to understand current inequities in developmental outcomes and/or inequities in access to resources and services that promote positive development. In doing so, their research aims to counteract or dismantle the structures and systems that cause inequity and ensure that their work does not exacerbate these inequities in research, practice, or policy.
3.c. Equitable recruitment. Developmental scientists conduct research recruitment equitably, neither privileging nor disadvantaging certain individuals or communities. Within the target population of a study, no individuals should be categorically excluded or included for demographic, personal, social, or other characteristics without sufficient scientific justification. Special efforts should be made to recruit hard to reach populations who may not respond to more traditional recruitment procedures.
3.d. Fair compensation. To ensure equitable participation in research, developmental scientists avoid inadequate or excessive financial and other inducements or compensation for research recruitment that would either inequitably discourage or coerce participation of economically insecure or other populations. When recruitment involves subordinates such as students doing course work with the researcher, patients recruited in health care settings, or persons otherwise vulnerable to exploitation or coercion, developmental scientists take steps to avoid the influence of multiple relationships and to protect individuals from adverse consequences (real or perceived) of declining participation.
4. Scientific Integrity
4.a. Scientific standards. Developmental scientists ensure their work meets the highest scientific standards for the responsible conduct of research design, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination and that all methods and procedures are reported fully and honestly. Investigators also recognize the potential social impact of their findings on communities and make every effort to obtain community input on the aims, design, and interpretation of data and to ensure that the results of their research is disseminated to participants and the communities they represent.
4.b. Independent Ethics Review. Protecting the rights and welfare of research participants requires ongoing efforts by investigators to eliminate the effect of biases on the design and implementation of ethical procedures. This requires obtaining independent review by submitting accurate information regarding ethical protocols to institutional review boards or other ethics review panels. Investigators conduct the research in accordance with the approved research protocol.
4.c. Data security. Developmental scientists are aware of and institute special confidentiality protections required as new technologies for data collection and storage continue to emerge. Particular attention should be paid to research involving geospatial profiling, automated decision-making, data mining, big-data analytics, and genomics as data breaches that may pose higher social, financial, health, legal, and political risks to participants.
4.d. Debriefing. As soon as feasible, investigators provide an opportunity for participants to obtain additional information about the purpose, nature, results, and dissemination of the research. This may occur immediately following an individual’s participation or at study completion. Debriefing procedures are described during informed consent. When they become aware, investigators take steps to correct or minimize any post-study misconceptions or harms. Investigators are also sensitive to the personal and social impact of their findings and ensure as appropriate that debriefing includes information on the implications both risk and resilience of persons and communities.
4.e. Use of deception. Deception is the intentional provision of false, misleading, or withheld information to purposely mislead research participants. Developmental scientists may consider including deception in the design of a study if disclosing its real purpose would lead participants to modify their behavior, thereby distorting the research objective and if no non-deceptive alternative procedures are feasible. Investigators do not implement deceptive methods if the conditions can be reasonably expected to cause physical pain or emotional distress. Deception is explained to the participant at the end of the study, except in situations in which there is reason to believe that the research participants will be negatively affected by the disclosure.
4.f. Transparency. Developmental scientists ensure the transparency of their work through clear, accurate, and complete reporting of all components of research. Transparency includes, but is not limited to: reporting the aims of and related study hypotheses; participant characteristics, how participants were identified, recruited, and screened, and inclusion and exclusion criteria; research design and procedures; measures, apparatus, equipment, or instruments employed; analytic plans and procedures, including what transformations in measures or observations occurred; and material and financial resources supporting the research, and when appropriate, conflicts of interest.
4.g. Data sharing. Developmental scientists openly share scientific resources, such as methods, measures, and data in order to further scientific advances. Scientific openness ranges from provision of materials to other scientists to the depositing of scientific data in data sharing repositories. Minimizing harm to participants through the protection of their privacy and confidentiality takes precedence over sharing of data. Embracing transparency and openness, does not require that researchers must share all of their information without restrictions. Data sharing obligations need to be based on considerations of reasonable time periods for data analysis and dissemination, investigator financial or other burdens. This standard does not preclude the need to protect researchers from professional harm that can occur when requests for scientific transparency and openness veer into attacks on the integrity of researchers themselves or result in significant, new, or unfunded burdens that limit progress in scholarship.
5. Balancing Risks and Benefits
5.a. Ensuring appropriate balance of risks and benefits. In designing their studies, developmental scientists identify and minimize potential risks and maximize potential benefits to participants and communities with whom they work. When research does not provide the possibility of direct benefits, the degree of risk to which participants are exposed should never exceed that determined by the prospective scientific, educational, or humanitarian value of the problem to be addressed by the research. Special protections against research risks are required for vulnerable participants, including infants and young children and others who may not have the consent capacity required to understand the risk or make a reasoned decision regarding participation.
5.b. Confidentiality and disclosure. Developmental scientists protect the confidentiality of all participants and ensure that the extent and limits of such protections are clear during assent, informed consent, and guardian permission procedures. There are instances in which disclosure of confidential information is necessary to protect the participant or others from harm. Developmental scientists develop appropriate disclosure procedures in advance, tailored to the research topic and content of data they will collect, and ensure that the specific nature of situations in which confidential information will be disclosed is clearly communicated during informed consent and at the time a disclosure may need to be made.
5.c. Dynamic assessment. During the course of the research, researchers in charge must be prepared to terminate the research at any stage they have probable cause to believe, that a continuation of the research is likely to result in physical, psychological, or social injury or disability to participants.
NOTE: Although these principles are primarily intended for SRCD members, they can be utilized by others to provide a framework for communicating ethical principles and standards utilized by developmental scientists to students, other colleagues and collaborators, and external audiences such as sponsors, funders, and Institutional Review Boards or other committees.
1 Throughout these guidelines the term “children” is inclusive of infants, children, and adolescents.
2 In these guidelines, “families” are broadly defined and inclusive of legal, formal, and informal arrangements, biologically and non-biologically related individuals, extended families, and other family forms.
3 In these guidelines, “communities” can reflect geographic region, culture, health condition, socially shared characteristics, and other characteristics, contexts, or affinity groups.
4 No single document can list the totality of participant characteristics that comprise the field’s continuously evolving recognition of and sensitivity to human diversity. In these guidelines, the terms “diverse” and “diversity” recognize this limitation and refers, but is not limited, to variation across: age; socioeconomic status; race, ethnicity, and nationality; religion; linguistic background; sex and gender identity and expression; sexual orientation; mental health; physical, cognitive, and learning abilities; and other aspects of human diversity.
5 In these guidelines, the term “parent/guardian” includes parents, legal guardians, extended family members, foster parents, and others who may have responsibility for the welfare of child participants, legal or otherwise. In the case of refugee and homeless children, this may be a government agency.
Resources:
American Anthropological Association. Statement on Ethics.
https://www.americananthro.org/LearnAndTeach/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=22869&navItemNumber=652
American Public Health Association. Public Health Code of Ethics.
https://www.apha.org/-/media/files/pdf/membergroups/ethics/code_of_ethics.ashx
American Psychological Association. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.
https://www.apa.org/ethics/code
American Sociological Association. Code of Ethics.
https://www.asanet.org/about/governance-and-leadership/code-ethics
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research.
https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/read-the-belmont-report/index.html
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research Involving Humans.
https://cioms.ch/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/WEB-CIOMS-EthicalGuidelines.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Code of Federal Regulations 45CFR46 Protection of Human Subjects (see relevant Subparts B, C, and D).
https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/regulations/regulatory-text/index.html
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Code of Federal Regulations 45CFR46 Revised Common Rule (Subpart A).
https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sites/default/files/revised-common-rule-reg-text-unofficial-2018-requirements.pdf
The Nuremberg Code.
https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/special-focus/doctors-trial/nuremberg-code
Society for Research in Child Development. Policy on Scientific Integrity, Transparency, and Openness.
https://www.srcd.org/policy-scientific-integrity-transparency-and-openness
United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
https://www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf
The World Medication Association. Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.
https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/
The European Commission. Ethics for Researchers. | https://www.srcd.org/about-us/ethical-principles-and-standards-developmental-scientists |
The study was approved and closely regulated by the Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee. Based on the requirements all research studies must comply with certain regulations and follow the Australian for the Responsible Conduct of Research. The code describes “good practice promotes integrity in research for researchers and explains what is expected of researchers by the community. In providing advice on how to manage departures from best practice, this Code assists researchers, administrators and the community in this important matter” (Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research, 2007, p.1).
Were participants subjected to any physical harm, discomfort, or psychological distress? Did the researchers take appropriate steps to remove, prevent, or minimize harm? (20 points)
In the process of performing research study involving human subject, each researcher is responsible for adhering to certain principles and norms. These standards and ethical principles guarantee that each individual participating in the research is protected and their integrity, dignity and safety are maintained. Here in United States “the Belmont Report articulated three broad principles on which standards of ethical conduct in research are based: beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice” (Polit, & Beck, 2011, p.152). The study under discussion was performed in Australia, where individuals executing different type of research must follow similar ethical principles, including justice, beneficence and respect for dignity and integrity. These principles are outlined in The National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research and Values and Ethics – Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Research. These principles are important in protecting human subjects involved in research and guarantee avoidance of physical harm, discomfort, or psychological distress to those contributing.
In the article “Influences on Preschool Children’s Physical Activity”, I believe that the ethical principled discussed above have been maintained and no physical harm, discomfort, or psychological distress occurred. However, in this particular study the participants are more likely to be affected by psychological, than physical harm due to the nature of the study. With that being said, I think participant are at risk of feeling guilt and distress as a result of the study, because as a parents they might feel that their children are not active enough as a result either of not enough parental involvement or variety of factors. In addition, I think that participants are at risk for decreased self-esteem and self-respect. Also, the cultural values of the participants have not been taken into an account, which can contribute to ethical issues and dilemmas.
Did the benefits to participants outweigh any potential risks or actual discomfort they experienced? Did the benefits to society outweigh the costs to participants? (20 points).
In any particular research study, besides exploring the ethical principles, important factor is considering the risk and benefits for the participants and the entire society. In this particular study, I believe that the benefits to the participants outweigh any potential risks they might encounter. With that being said, some emotional distress might occur among the individuals participating as a result of the finding gained from the research. Mothers of preschool children were the main group involved and the results of the research could positively influence their understanding of the significance of physical activity among children. Even though, some mothers reported that their children were not actively involved in physical activities, the results of the study can bring some awareness and recognition of the importance of exercise in regards of well-being and general health. Also, the study recognizes additional factors, such as parental involvement, environment and characteristics of individual child. However, in general I believe that the knowledge and understanding gained form this study is beneficial for the improvement of the general health of the studied population and the data presented can be effective, valuable and beneficial for the entire society and community. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of physical activity for preschool children, which is vital for the general psychical and psychological growth and development of this population.” That literature, collectively, illustrates that preschool children’s activity levels and patterns are influenced by individual, social and physical environmental factors. In addition, this study identifies previously unexplored influences on young children’s physical activity” (Hinkley, Salmon, Okely, Crawford, & Hesketh, 2011, p.47). Furthermore, the authors of the article outlined the benefits and contribution of the study. Also, any possible harm to the patricians is taken into consideration during the process of performing the research. Furthermore, I could not find any particular statement included in the article mentioning or explaining to the participant the possible benefits and explanation of any possible harm effects, which should be included as part of the project. However, in general I hold the belief that the article is valuable contribution to the society and the entire community. Additionally, any possible benefits to participants outweigh any potential risks and at the same time the benefits to society outweigh the costs to participants.
Was any type of coercion or undue influence used to recruit participants? Did they have the right to refuse to participate or to withdraw without penalty? (20 points)
From my point of view and understanding, I believe that applicants in the study were not obligated or intimidated to participate in the research. To a certain point the authors make clear that participant have the right to chose to participate or refuse. No evidence of pressure is apparent. Appropriate and suitable enrolment of the participant is present and free of coercion. “Recruitment of parents was standard across all centers and involved a written invitation distributed to the parents of each child attending the center and posters were placed around the center” (Hinkley, Salmon, Okely, Crawford, & Hesketh, 2011, p.40). . In addition to that, the audience was informed on the criteria based in which participants will be selected. However, I could not find statement in the article describing any further communication with the participant giving them more details and information in regards of the nature of the study and the right either to participate or refuse. Also, some additional facts need to be included and presented in regards to the purpose of the study, benefits and risks present.
Were participants deceived in any way? Were they fully aware of participating in a study and did they understand the purpose and nature of the research? (20 points)
Participant in the study were fully aware of their involvement in study exploring the influence of physical activity on preschool children. Invitations in written form were sent to people interested in participating. However, no evidence in the article exists in regards of their fully understanding and purpose of the study. No detailed information was given to the participants explaining the nature and the purpose f the research. Minimal information is included in the article discussing the issues under discussion. Participants have the right to fully understand the purpose, risk, benefits, methods used in performing the research, any possible harms and how the information collected is going to be used for the benefit of the society and the children population. “Full disclosure means that the researcher has fully described the nature of the study, the person’s right to refuse participation, the researcher’s responsibilities, and likely risks and benefits. (Polit, & Beck, 2011, p.154).
Were appropriate informed consent procedures used? If not, were there valid and justifiable reasons? (20 points)
There is no section in the article describing the process of obtaining informed consent form the participant, which makes it difficult to conclude if one was obtained or omitted. However, any research article in order to be scientifically valid and sufficient must include section describing the process of obtaining informed consent. Also, the informed consent must include all components required to be valid. The “codes of research ethics generally require researchers first to explain to participants the nature of their research and the potential consequences of involvement. Then, before research can commence, participants need to agree to taking part in the research on the basis of a fully informed and voluntary decision” (Israel, & Hay, 2006, p.75). The right to self-determination and the right to full disclosure are the two major elements on which informed consent is based” (Polit, & Beck, 2011, p.154).
Were adequate steps taken to safeguard participants’ privacy? How was confidentiality maintained? Were Privacy Rule procedures followed (if applicable)? Was a Certificate of Confidentiality obtained? If not, should one have been obtained? (20 points).
Focused group method was used in the research under discussion, which requires people to share thoughts and opinions in the form of discussion with the rest of the participants. In such settings maintaining confidentiality is hard to achieve. However, each member of the group needs to be informed about the importance of not sharing sensitive information about other members with people outside of the group. With that being said, I think that no adequate steps were taken to maintain confidentiality and to protect participants’ privacy. No section in the article exists that discusses the issues of privacy or confidentiality. The authors are required to include section in the informed consent informing all participants about possible breach in confidentiality due to the nature of the method used to conduct the study, which is in form of focused groups. All members must be informed about the importance of maintaining the information shared during the discussion private and confidential, which in this case I believe was omitted and is not in accordance with the acceptable procedure that need to be followed when conducting research of this nature.
Were vulnerable groups involved in the research? If yes, were special precautions used because of their vulnerable status? (20 points)
According to Polit & Beck (2011) vulnerable groups consist of “children, mentally or emotionally disabled people, severely ill or physically disabled people, the terminally ill, institutionalized people, and pregnant women” (p.166). However, in the study under discussion no vulnerable groups were involved. Participants include mothers of children between 3 and 5 years of age. Furthermore, in general if any particular study includes any of the vulnerable groups mentioned above special measures need to be taken to protect and prevent them from any possible risk and harm. In some instances the study need to be approved form government agencies and to follow special protocols and procedure when conducting the research. “External review of the ethical aspects of a study by an ethics committee, Research Ethics Board (REB), or Institutional Review Board (IRB) is highly desirable and may be required by either the agency funding the research or the organization from which participants are recruited” (Polit, & Beck, 2011, p.172).
Were groups omitted from the inquiry without a justifiable rationale, such as women (or men), minorities, or older people? (20 points)
In the study described by the authors of the article no particular groups were omitted from the inquiry. However, participants had to meet certain criteria in order to participate. “Parents were eligible to participate if they spoke English and had at least 1 child between 3 and 5 years of age attending the center in which the focus group was conducted” (Hinkley, Salmon, Okely, Crawford, & Hesketh, 2011, p.40). The authors also mentioned that both male and female participants were invited, but only mothers agreed to participate, which can be as a result of the nature of the study. The group that was excluded from participation includes individuals that speak language different than English, which can be considered unethical. I believe that anyone has the right to participate in this type of study in regards of their cultural, intellectual or ethnical background. Furthermore, the authors do not provide the reader with rationale behind the exclusion criteria or explanation to the interested participant why they were not chosen to participate.
References
Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/r39_australian_code_responsible _conduct_research_150107.pdf
Hinkley, T., Salmon, J., Okely, A. D., Crawford, D., & Hesketh, K. (2011). Influences on preschool children’s physical activity: exploration through focus groups. Family & Community Health, 34(1), 39-50. doi:10.1097/FCH.0b013e31820590d6
Israel, M., & Hay, I. (2006). Research Ethics for Social Scientists: Between Ethical Conduct and Regulatory Compliance. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. | https://www.tutorialsmagnet.com/ethical-critique-paper-assignment-worksheet/ |
Adolescent patients may present with unique and challenging ethical dilemmas and legal considerations during dental treatment. From the moment the patient registers with the practice, the issues of medical history, informed consent, treatment decisions, and role of the patient and parent affect the dynamic of the doctor-patient relationship. Providers are challenged with balancing the physical, psychological, and social changes occurring in these patients and the changing relationships between the patients and their parents/guardians. State laws, practice standards, and consumerism in dental practice all affect the relationship between the practice, the adolescent, and the parent/guardian.
Key points
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The ethical principles of justice, veracity, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and autonomy are essential considerations in interactions with adolescents, parents, and guardians.
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Adolescents are minors; however, state laws vary in the rights given to adolescents, and providers should be familiar with them to protect themselves and their patients.
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Each state has unique laws governing the practice of dentistry and delegation of duties; in addition, it is important to understand professional responsibilities under contract and tort law.
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Decision making should involve the adolescent patient whenever possible and practitioners should understand the complexities of the parent/guardian relationship when making decisions about care.
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Providers must be sensitive to current trends and issues associated with caring for adolescents, risky behaviors, mandated reporting obligations, responsible pain management practices, and mental health wellness.
Introduction
Respectful, quality oral health care is the goal of all dental care providers ( Boxes 1–3 , Table 1 ). Care must be guided by legal and ethical principles while considering the unique status of each patient that has matured from a child and has not yet reached adulthood. Knowledge of key concepts and principles guide providers in their interactions, communication, record keeping, and decision making.
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Respect for others
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Competence
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Responsibility
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Competence, caring, and compassion
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Maturity and self-awards
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Reliability and responsibility
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The recommended treatment or procedure and justification
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The educational documents, brochures, handouts, or presentations given to or viewed by the patient
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Oral and health risks
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The questions asked and the answers that were provided (by both parties)
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That the patient was informed of the risks of not following the recommendations
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The patient’s reasons for refusal
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That the consequences of the refusal were reexplained, and whether the patient still refused the recommended treatment or procedures (note that the patient understood the risks of refusing care)
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Individuals present and signatures of the patient, witness, and provider
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Joint guardianship: caregiver shared custody with a parent
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Short-term guardianship or custody: parent appoints person to have temporary control over child
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Standby guardianship: preappointed future guardian steps in after a triggering event
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Limited: powers of guardian limited to those set forth by order
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De facto custody: child’s primary caregiver for some time in the parent’s absence
|Specific Tort||Description||Example|
|Assault||The threat of bodily harm to another; there does not have to be physical contact||Waving a syringe in a threatening manner|
|Battery||Bodily harm without permission||Performing a procedure without the consent of the patient|
|False imprisonment||Violation of personal liberty through unlawful restraint||Refusing to allow a patient to leave the operator/office|
|Mental distress||Purposeful cause of anguish||Causing distress to someone in front of another|
|Defamation of character||Damage caused to a person’s reputation either in writing (libel) or spoken (slander)||Making an untrue negative statement about a dental peer|
|Misrepresentation||Incorrect or false representation||Promising a cure for a dental condition|
The American Academy of Pediatric Dentists provides a framework in its Policy on a Patient’s Bill of Rights and Responsibilities, revised in 2019. Patient rights noted include recommendations for:
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Respectful care
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Knowledge of the identity of all providers
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Full participation in all decisions related to care
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Accurate, relevant, and easily understood information concerning diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
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Information about specific procedures and/or treatments, including risks, benefits, and alternatives
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Participating in decision making, including informed refusal
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Privacy
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Confidentiality
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Availability of records
The policy is directed to parents or guardians and patients. The policy outlines patient responsibilities, including an obligation to provide accurate information, transparent communication, and considerate behavior to providers.
The information provided in this article must be considered in light of professional codes of ethics and the laws of each state, including dental practice acts. Knowledge about ethical principles provides a foundation for a more specific discussion about adolescent care and frequently encountered situations.
Furthermore, patient expectations and consumerism in health care have shaped the understanding that dental care will be of high-quality with predictable outcomes and provide patient satisfaction. In addition, the expectation is that patients will have a significant role in directing the decision-making processes. The role of adolescent patients in this process must be navigated depending on the emotional and maturational level of each patient.
Adolescent patients
The American Academy of Pediatrics divides adolescence into 3 age groups: early (ages 11–14 years), middle (ages 15–17 years), and late (ages 18–21 years). Treating adolescent patients is associated with several considerations. Although, developmentally, adolescence is viewed as the physical, psychosocial, sexual, and intellectual period of transition from childhood to adulthood, there are also transitional legal rights recognized during this time. For instance, routine medical history questions may trigger a right to privacy for minor adolescent patients; in addition, the patient may be able to develop a right to refuse treatment even if the parent insists that the adolescent child receive care. Despite their physical maturity, adolescents may have difficulty communicating and trouble expressing their feelings about dental care and their willingness to accept the treatment. It may be cognitively and emotionally difficult for an adolescent child to express fear or to understand the long-term consequences of disease processes.
The patients should be involved in the decision process regardless of their status as minors. The American Dental Association (ADA) Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct (ADA Code) recommends that patients be provided information “in a manner that allows the patient to become involved in treatment decisions.” Furthermore, from an ethical perspective, “the dentist’s primary obligations include involving patients in treatment decisions in a meaningful way, with due consideration being given to the patient’s needs, desires and abilities, and safeguarding the patient’s privacy.” The degree to which each adolescent patient is engaged and involved requires careful consideration of the individual circumstances, the relationship between the patient and the parent/guardian, complexities of the case, and the patient’s previous experience with dental procedures.
Adolescents may present with emerging signs of mental illness and depression. Adolescent patients also may engage in risky behaviors, including tobacco, nicotine, alcohol, and recreational drug use. Sexual activity may result in oral manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases. The legal and ethical considerations associated with the confidentiality of these issues need careful attention. The dental office staff should be sensitive to the confidentiality of patient disclosures during care.
Overview of legal and ethical principles
Ethical Principles
Ethical principles provide a framework for judgment and decision making. The American Dental Association’s Principles of Ethics and Code of Conduct, and other professional codes, outline 5 principles and offer commentary ( www.ada.org/en/about-the-ada/principles-of-ethics-code-of-professional-conduct ).
A foundational principle in ethics is nonmaleficence. This principle is commonly known as “Do no harm” and means that the provider’s first obligation is to the patient. It is associated with preventing and removing harm. A dental office shows this principle in all activities, ranging from disinfection and sterilization of operatories and equipment, to treatment and patient education.
Beneficence is an obligation to promote each patient’s welfare and best interests. Beneficence requires providers to deliver services to their patients and the public at large. A patient’s needs, desires, and values are taken into consideration in the dental office setting.
Autonomy is based on respect for an individual. The principle allows individuals to be self-governing and self-directing in their decision making. Providing accurate information related to treatment and treatment outcomes shows a respect for the patient’s autonomy in determining whether to accept or decline a treatment plan.
Justice is fairness, an obligation to treat people equitably. This principle applies to patients, colleagues, and society. Dental services should be provided without prejudice.
Veracity is truthfulness and requires a duty to communicate honestly and clearly. It supports a relationship of trust between the provider and the patient critical to the relationship.
Additional ethical principles include confidentiality and fidelity. Confidentiality is an obligation that limits access to information that is provided by a patient to a provider. Fidelity recognizes the special relationship that develops between patients and providers. It may be viewed as providing quality competent care to patients as part of the providers’ professional responsibility.
Dental providers are credentialed and licensed to provide care to patients. In addition to adhering to the ethical principles, Integral to their professional standing within their community and among their peers is an expectation that interactions with patients, parents and guardians, and peers will model the following characteristics:
Legal Principles
An understanding of legal principles guides providers in their day-to-day interactions with patients. Dentists can be sued for both criminal and civil violations. Dentists are often concerned about allegations of negligence. Dentists can be guilty of criminal offenses related to sexual misconduct, drug diversion, and fraud. State dental practice acts and legislation may hold dental providers accountable for other actions, including reporting child abuse and child neglect and human trafficking.
Civil Law
There are 2 types of civil law. Tort law is interfering with an individuals’ ability to enjoy their persons, privacy, or property. There are 3 types of tort classifications:
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Intentional torts occur when an individual intentionally commits a wrongful act causing harm to another individual. There is a requirement to show that the person committing the tort did so on purpose.
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Unintentional torts occur when there is unintentional harm to a person and a failure to exercise a reasonable standard of care, such as in dental negligence. Four elements are necessary to prove an unintentional tort:
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A duty is owed to the patient
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A breach of the duty occurs
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Patient suffers damages
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The resulting harm is caused by the breach (causation)
- ○
From a legal perspective, third-party payers have a significant role in dental care quality assurance. From the perspective of proper use, ensuring quality outcomes, and documentation of medical necessity, third-party payers are increasingly involved in the review of care. With 37,581,693 minors enrolled in the Children’s Health Insurance Program or children enrolled in the Medicaid program in the 50 states, the single most prominent influencer of allegations of improper care stems from utilization reviews.
Third-party payers are incentivized and contractually required to implement quality improvement and utilization review programs. As a result, audits of dental records can result in allegations of improper treatment and overtreatment. These audits are defensible with proper documentation and justification of medical necessity. Absent appropriate documentation, the provider is subject to demands for repayment for unnecessary care, allegations of malpractice, and potential state board action. Third-party payers can extrapolate the value of losses based on a sampling of a subset of patient records. Based on the extrapolation, providers may find themselves responsible for hundreds of thousands of dollars of repayment.
In general, the period for the statute of limitations for malpractice on a minor allows for a claim to be filed for up to 3 years from the date of the alleged injury, or, if the alleged injury is concealed, 3 years from the discovery of the injury, or 6 months from the child’s 18th birthday, whichever is longer. There are minor variations in the statute of limitations laws between the various states.
Regarding malpractice claims, the highest risk for settlement relates to anesthesia overdosing, nerve trauma during surgical procedures, malocclusion and subsequent temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and lacerations to the soft tissue. Emerging areas for liability include the need for practitioners to carefully understand and assess the airway and the possible impact of malocclusion on adult obstructive airway apnea, because, left untreated, some malocclusions could create comorbidities with sleep apnea in adults.
Contract law is the second area of civil law. A contract is an agreement between 2 or more consenting and competent parties to do or not to do something for which there is an exchange value, such as payment for services. Dentists have contractual relationships with their patients based on either a written agreement, such as a treatment plan, or the patient’s actions of seeking care and the dentist providing the care. The contractual relationship holds the dentist and patient to specific obligations, including delivering competent and timely care by licensed professionals, using acceptable dental materials and techniques, and remaining current and up to date. Because government-sponsored insurance plans cover so many children, it is critical to note that the most important and most significant contract related to the provision of care is the provider agreement that dentists enter into as a part of their insurance participation. These participation agreements set parameters for expectations related to the predictability of the outcomes of care and the need to justify the performance of only medically necessary care. These contracts also prescribe the payment schedule for each procedure and the reasons for payment ineligibility.
Informed Consent and Informed Refusal
To successfully meet the standard of care, a dental provider must fulfill the duties associated with the action performed. A duty is a legal obligation. Duty requires that a provider use care toward others that would protect anyone from unnecessary harm. Dentists, by the nature of their education and licensure, have a variety of duties. Patient care includes assessment, treatment planning, treatment, evaluation of outcomes, and maintenance of oral health.
Informed consent is the patient’s right to understand the recommended procedures, risks, and alternatives. The ADA Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct section 1.A, entitled Patient Involvement, clearly states that the dentist should inform the patient of the proposed treatment and any reasonable alternatives that allow the patient to become involved in treatment decisions. It is the duty of the dentist to obtain consent. Informed consent, whether sought from an adult or adolescent that has the right to give consent, includes specific elements to comply with the obligation that it must:
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Include description of the procedure in simple terms
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Include disclosure of the benefits/adverse risks of the proposed treatment specific to that procedure
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Include evidence-based alternative treatments
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Include disclosure of benefits/adverse risks to the proposed treatment
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Be freely given
A dentist seeking informed consent may view the parent or legal guardian as the only individual who can provide consent for a patient younger than 18 years. This view is a strict interpretation of the laws and constructs of informed consent; however, depending on the state and the situation, in practice the adolescent can be deemed able to render consent.
Many pediatric experts think that, for children as young as age 7 years, effort should be made to include the child in the decision-making process. “A developmental approach to assent anticipates different levels of understanding from children as they age. Providing disclosure of appropriate diagnostic and treatment information and allowing choices about aspects of care, when possible, should be a consistent part of the care plan for children.”
Dental providers must show that the care provided and that the options provided for informed consent meet the standard of care, which requires providers to deliver care options consistent with what a reasonably prudent dentist would provide in the same or similar circumstances. Depending on the state, the standard for informed consent could be different. The breadth and depth of the information provided should be consistent with what a reasonably similarly situated patient and reasonably similarly situated prudent practitioner would think necessary to make an appropriate decision. Dentist who do not meet the standard of care may be guilty of negligence. The information should be presented in a manner the patient and responsible adult can understand. Documentation of the informed consent process should be in writing. It is advised that the responsible adult signs the documentation of the informed consent process as evidence to document the process. The risks of nontreatment must be carefully documented and explained in a manner consistent with the cognitive level of the patient and the responsible adult. Requiring the responsible adult to sign a statement acknowledging informed refusal of treatment is recommended.
It should be noted that laws vary related to the age of consent for minors, and the rules governing consent for the treatment of minors are determined by state law. Most states currently have laws that give minors the right to consent to treatment in specific situations. Depending on the state, minors may be allowed to legally consent to treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, birth control, pregnancy, mental health, and substance abuse. In addition, these states often protect as confidential information related to treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, birth control, pregnancy, mental health, and substance abuse. Practitioners should be familiar with the laws governing consent within their jurisdictions. Whenever an adolescent is accompanied by an individual who is not the parent or legal guardian, a provider should be cautious in allowing that individual (eg, a grandparent) to give consent without appropriate documentation.
Based on the circumstances and the urgency of the situation, exceptions to the laws regarding consent allow for emergency care without specific parental consent. Different situations may also allow for the minor to legally consent for their own medical decisions. This provision may include court-ordered emancipation for a child less than 18 years old who lives without parental support and makes day-to-day decisions. In this case, the emancipated minor holds the same legal rights as an adult. Situational emancipation may result from marriage, being a parent, and being a member of the military, and such individuals can consent to their care. Some states use the term emancipated minor.
Because of their ability to drive or use public transportation, adolescents may arrive for a dental appointment without a parent or guardian. A dentist is obligated to get consent from the parent/guardian for dental procedures. This consent can be accomplished via a phone call or Zoom meeting if available. A witness, such as a dental assistant, should be available to hear the discussion and confirmation of consent.
The office should develop clear policy and educate patients about policy and procedures for the care of minors, including the parent/guardian obligation to be present in the office. For example, a policy should clearly state that, for patients between the ages of 12 and 17 years, a parent cannot drop the child off and leave the office, or the parent/legal guardian, if allowed to leave the office, must (1) be available by phone, (2) sign all required documentation, (3) allow only routine treatment.
Informed refusal is a decision by a patient or the parent/legal guardian to decline treatment. The process of informed refusal parallels informed consent, with similar elements required. It is advisable to document refusal of treatment, referral, preventive measures, restorations, and other suggestions made by the provider.
Decision Making and Adolescent Patients
Decision making concerning a patient’s care is a responsibility shared by a dentist and the parent or legal guardian. The objective is the best interest of the patient. Dentists should be aware of child-rearing practices that religious, social, and cultural differences may influence. There should also be an awareness that parents may breach their obligations, resulting in child abuse and neglect.
As a minor, an adolescent may not have achieved emancipated status. Decision making about care should include the assent of the patient to the greatest extent possible with the participation of the parents/legal guardian and providers. Consent is given by individuals who have reached the legal age, whereas assent is the agreement of someone not able to give legal consent. Dentists are advised to give serious consideration to each patient’s developing capacities during adolescence to participate in decision making, including rationality and autonomy. Providers may not be legally allowed to solicit consent from a minor; however, involving the minor in the discussion about care fosters a stronger provider-patient relationship. Assent can be determined through verbal and nonverbal conduct. When working with adolescents, assent should include at least the following elements:
- •
Helping the patient achieve a developmentally appropriate awareness of the nature of the condition
- •
Telling the patient what to expect with the treatment
- •
Making a clinical assessment of the patient’s understanding of the situation and the factors influencing how the patient is responding
- •
Soliciting an expression of the patient’s willingness to accept the proposed care
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
A parent or legal guardian or other person authorized by a state has the right to an adolescent’s medical information. However, if the minor has the right to health care under the state or other law or decision, the minor has an exclusive right to control access to health care information related to the care. A parent can also agree to a confidential agreement between a provider and a minor and then the parent has no right to the information. This situation may frequently occur between a health care provider (eg, physician) and minor. A provider may refuse to provide a parent/legal guardian with information in situations of domestic violence, abuse, or neglect or where the minor could be endangered. However, even in these exceptional situations, the parent may have access to the medical records of the minor related to this treatment when state or other applicable law requires or permits such parental access. If the state or other applicable law is silent on a parent’s right of access in these cases, the licensed health care provider may exercise professional judgment to the extent allowed by law to grant or deny parental access to the minor’s medical information.
The Privacy Rule generally allows parents to have access to the medical records about their children as their minor children’s representatives when such access is not inconsistent with state or other law. There are 3 situations in which the parent would not be the minor’s representative under the Privacy Rule. These exceptions are:
- •
When the minor is the one who consents to care and the consent of the parent is not required under state or other applicable law
- •
When the minor obtains care at the direction of a court or a person appointed by the court
- •
When, and to the extent that, the parent agrees that the minor and the health care provider may have a confidential relationship
Dental practitioners should also be aware that the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule does not cover any health information provided as part of an educational health screening for athletic participation or preenrollment screening. Rules governing access to medical records for adolescents and the protections against disclosure for pregnancy status and sexually transmitted diseases are not afforded the same protection under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), a federal law enacted in 1974 that protects the privacy of student education records.
Risky Behaviors
Adolescence is associated with an increased incidence of risk-taking behaviors. Dentists should be aware of the risk-taking behaviors in adolescent patients and monitor current trends or fads. A careful examination of the patient, including a dental and health history, may assist the dentist in identifying such behaviors. The patient may not feel comfortable admitting any of the following behaviors. However, signs and symptoms of such behaviors may be evident to the dentist or a staff member; for example, staining, broken teeth, sudden increase in caries rates, and/or sexually transmitted infections. The dental team should discuss how best to address the issues with the patient and/or the parent and legal guardian. Current trends include:
- •
Tobacco use
- •
Alcohol and binge drinking
- •
Unhealthy dietary practices
- •
Adolescent sexual activity
- •
Dating violence
- •
Substance abuse
- •
Mental health issues
- •
Oral piercing
- •
Weapons possession
Dental patients often develop a relationship of trust with members of the dental team because of an established long-term relationship. During treatment, certain disclosures may reveal risky behaviors on the part of the adolescent patient. The dental team must be prepared to address and respond to any of these situations.
Bullying and Cyberbullying
There has been increased attention to bullying and cyberbullying in the media. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations recognize bullying as a global health challenge. Bullying is often associated with repeated, intentional, and targeted behavior seeking to intimidate or marginalize someone. Bullying is common and widespread, with the National Center for Educational Statistics reporting that 1 out of 5 students report being bullied. Cyberbullying is using a digital device to send, post, or share negative, mean, or false content, with the same intent to intimidate or marginalize another.
Dental practices often have long-standing relationships with patients and can often detect signs of emotional abuse and neglect. Although the strength of the association is in debate, children with observable dental problems and malocclusions have an increased incidence of bullying and emotional abuse. Whether it is from within the child’s home environment or from the child’s social circle or at school, dental practitioners have an ethical obligation to be alert to the signs and symptoms of emotional abuse associated with bullying.
The common signs of emotional abuse include a lack of interest in conversation, weight loss, unwillingness to participate in activities, and poor academic performance. It is important ethically to educate members of the dental team to recognize the signs and symptoms of bullying.
Pregnant Adolescent Patients
Patients may disclose to a dental provider their pregnancies. Dentists may be presented with an ethical dilemma when a patient requests that the parent or guardian not be informed. The dentist needs to weigh the issues and decide about the next steps. From an ethical and legal viewpoint, the patient and their fetus need to be protected and cared for, thus informing a parent or guardian may be the appropriate step. However, providers should talk with the patient to make sure that the patient is not put in harm’s way because of the disclosure, and, instead of informing the parent, protective child services may need to be contacted. The situations that could trigger contacting an external agency include the pregnancy resulting from a parent or someone in the household sexually abusing the patient, or patients feeling that they will be in danger if the pregnancy is reported. It is the obligation of the provider to get information about the patient and the personal circumstances before deciding whether to inform the parent/legal guardian or choose another option.
Tooth Whitening
Adolescent patients and their parents may request specific procedures that the dental provider may or may not be comfortable doing. Adolescent patients often have an increased self-awareness of their appearance and often express interest in cosmetic procedures. Professional associations offer guidance to providers. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry discourages full-arch cosmetic bleaching for child and adolescent patients in the mixed dentition and primary dentition. ( www.aapd.org/globalassets/media/publications/archives/lee-27-5.pdf ).
Current Trends and Issues
To satisfy dental providers’ legal and ethical obligations, dentists need to be cognizant of current trends and issues as health care providers.
Child abuse and neglect
There is an ethical and legal obligation to report suspected abuse and neglect. Dental providers should use their training in identifying mistreatment and be familiar with the agencies responsible for child protection and the process for reporting.
Human trafficking
Human trafficking is a criminal human rights violation and significant health issue. Many jurisdictions require that dental professionals report suspected human trafficking. Trafficking frequently occurs in women, children, and adolescents. Education about the signs of trafficking and protocol for reporting are important to know.
Responsible opioid prescribing
Dental practitioners have a legal and ethical duty to manage patient discomfort responsibly. Increasing evidence suggests that dental prescribing of opioids contributes to addiction and abuse behaviors. In addition, the Drug Enforcement Agency has enhanced its enforcement efforts against dentists who are prescribing without documented medical necessity. Many states have laws and regulations regarding the prescribing of controlled substances and specific registration requirements.
Gender Identity/Transitioning Patients
A 2017 University of California, Los Angeles, study estimated that 0.7% of teenagers aged 13–17 years identify as transgender. That translates to 150,000 teenagers nationally. A subsequent Minnesota study of ninth and eleventh graders found that 2.7% identified as transgender or gender nonconforming. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that nearly 2% of high school students identify as transgender.
Regardless of the exact number, dentists need to be aware and responsive to the needs and issues associated with gender identity and gender nonconformity. Patients who are expressing transgender identities and gender nonconformity are more likely to have depression and engage in other risky behaviors.
Transgender teenagers also show oral sequelae, including oral manifestations from pharmaceutical drugs and poor dietary and eating habits. Dental teams have an ethical responsibility to adequately educate themselves on the needs of transgender adolescents and prepare themselves to accommodate and support the patients’ emotional and psychological expression of their identities.
Summary
There are many complicated legal and ethical issues that dental practitioners encounter when caring for adolescent patients. The dental team should understand the scope of responsibilities and develop clear and consistent policies and practices to respond to the issues encountered.
Clinics care points
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Patient involvement in the informed consent process for dental care in adolescent patients should be relative to their physical, psychosocial, and cognitive development, and certain aspects of the medical history may be deemed confidential and not accessible by the parent/guardian.
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Medically and legally, the provider should be familiar with the specific requirements for documentation relative to each individual insurance plan and Medicaid agreement, and, in particular, the chart notes should carefully document the existing conditions, medical necessity for treatment, and the specifics of treatment provided.
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Because adolescents are a vulnerable population, dental providers should understand their legal responsibilities for identifying and reporting evidence of child abuse, neglect, and human trafficking, and have an ethical responsibility to identify mental health issues and issues associated with patients who are being bullied.
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The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry is the recognized association for the specialty of pediatric dentistry, and offers extensive materials for the management and treatment of adolescent patients. Practitioners should familiarize themselves with the guidelines for adolescent dental care as a reference point for the standard of care for the management of adolescent patients.
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Careful attention to the informed consent process improves communication between the patients and their parents/guardians. Clear documentation, a process for dealing with unaccompanied teenagers, and a systematic method of addressing changes in the treatment plan and posttreatment communication are important. | https://pocketdentistry.com/legal-and-ethical-issues-in-treating-adolescent-patients/ |
The following policy statement outlines expectations for all those who attend or participate in CCT conferences and other sanctioned events. It formalizes already existing norms and standards that reflect our understanding that mutual respect is a necessary condition for knowledge creation in a diverse community.
Consistent with best practices, this policy is primarily intended to cover interpersonal interactions that can undermine the aforementioned norms and standards. Most professional interactions, such as the presentation of scholarly research, Q&A sessions, roundtables, etc., lie outside the proper scope of a harassment policy. In other words, this policy should not be construed as conflicting with what is generally understood as academic freedom.
The members of this community are entitled to an environment free from harassment based on (but not limited to) age, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, language, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, physical ability or health condition, socioeconomic status, marital or domestic status, employment status, or parental status.
This policy is not intended to foster a violation-and-punishment approach to addressing harassment. Rather, it has as its core goals: (1) the aid of persons who have been harassed or similarly mistreated on terms they approve; (2) the restoration of community goodwill, to the extent possible; (3) an end to behaviors and interactions that cause undue harm.
Follow standard norms of ethical professional conduct and treat all others with the respect necessary to promote a free exchange of ideas.
Be proactive. This can involve direct communication or other efforts to stop harassment when experienced or witnessed. It may involve alerting event personnel, CCTC Board members, or their designees.
These may consist of acts or language that is sufficiently severe, pervasive, persistent or patently offensive as to unreasonably interfere with an individual’s performance, or that creates a hostile professional, educational, or interpersonal environment.
This may involve (but is not limited to) unwanted sexual solicitation, physical advance, or (non-)verbal conduct that is sexual in nature. It may also involve threatening, intimidating, or hostile acts; pressure to engage in unwanted behavior in public, circulation of written or graphic material that denigrates or shows hostility toward an individual or group; epithets, slurs, or negative stereotyping based on group identity.
Participants are encouraged to immediately report instances of harassment to event organizers/staff, the CCTC Board, or its designees. As noted, the Board is primarily interested in restoring persons who have been wronged but it is also committed to the safety of community members. Thus, the Board ultimately reserves the right, following procedures that it designates, to revoke event privileges, prohibit persons from future CCT events, and/or revoke their membership for behaviors that unreasonably interfere with the business of this community. | http://cctweb.org/about/cct-statement-of-harassment |
In the seventh and final blog in this series on the ethical principles underpinning research I’m going to consider ‘respect for autonomy’. This principle requires that researchers allow individuals to make free and voluntary decisions about participating in research after they have been provided with the information they need to make an informed decision.
It is slightly unusual that I’ve made this principle the final blog because the requirement that researchers seek informed consent was the first and most important principle in both the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki. I have decided to deal with this principle at the end of this series because it is this principle that undoubtedly pulls all seven principles together in a meaningful way.
Beneficence. There needs to be value and purpose to all research and individuals being invited to participate in research should have an understanding of that purpose when making a decision to participate or not. If there isn’t a purpose why should someone get involved in the research?
Non-maleficence. Individuals invited to participate in research should have no doubts about the possible risks to them from participating in the research. Some might be willing to take greater risks than others but they can only make that decision if they know what the risks are.
Fidelity. Individuals are more likely to consent to participate in research if they trust those undertaking the research. Research participants are also more likely to continue in the research if a trusting relationship is maintained between participants and those undertaking the research.
Justice. It is important that potential research participants know why they have been invited to participate in the research.
Veracity. Researchers need to be honest with individuals being invited to participate in their research. If there is a significant burden associated with participating in a research project then potential research participants need to have that information if they are to make an informed and autonomous decision.
Confidentiality. Potential research participants need to know what will happen to data that is collected about them. Who will know they have participated in the research? Might they be contacted again in the future?
Allowing someone to make an autonomous decision to participate in research requires that researchers take each of the above principles into consideration when planning how they will manage the process of seeking informed consent.
It is also important for researchers to remember that signing a consent form only marks the start of autonomous decision making for their participants. Someone can choose to change their mind about participating in a research project at any time and a statement about this is invariably included in participant information sheets. It is important, therefore, that researchers continue to consider the above principles throughout their research. For example, if during a clinical trial of a new medicine a new side-effect is identified it is important that research participants are informed because this new information could influence their decision to continue in the research. Such an approach requires researchers to consider non-maleficence, fidelity and veracity.
It is important that researchers take the principle of ‘respect for autonomy’ seriously. Researchers need to respect each individual’s decision, even if it is not the response the researcher was hoping for. Researchers are often under considerable pressure to achieve recruitment targets but such considerations cannot be allowed to influence a researcher’s approach to participant autonomy.
I hope you have found this series of blogs interesting and informative and if you want to learn more about the practical application of these principles then you might want to consider attending Clinfield courses on informed consent, applying for ethical opinion in the NHS or meeting the challenges of recruitment and retention in clinical research. | https://clinfield.com/respect-for-autonomy/ |
At Harvey Road Primary School, the children and their learning are at the very heart of every decision made. Pupils will develop an inner focus where they are encouraged to not just ‘follow the crowd’ but will make up their own minds and be ready to accept responsibility for what they do. Children will grow through making choices and taking increasing responsibility for the choices they have made.
The Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural (SMSC) education of pupils at Harvey Road underpins all the values and activities that our community have come to expect from our high achieving school.
SMSC is an essential part of school life as it influence the range of activities and experiences children at Harvey Road receive. It also meets Article 2 of the Rights of the Child where every opportunity will apply equally to every child without discrimination.
What do we mean by Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural education?
Spiritual: Explore beliefs and experiences; respect faiths, feelings and values; enjoy learning about oneself, others and the surrounding world; use imagination and creativity; reflect
Moral: Recognise right and wrong; respect the law; understand consequences; investigate moral and ethical issues; offer reasoned views and have an appreciation of British Values
Social: Children use a range of social skills within different contexts such as working with different pupils from different religions, ethnic and social-economic backgrounds. They will investigate how they can help other social community groups (local, national and international) through volunteering and resolving differences of opinion; acceptance and engagement in the fundamental values of British democracy (the rule of law; individual liberty; mutual respect and tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs)
Cultural: Appreciate cultural influences; appreciate the role of Britain's parliamentary system; participate in culture opportunities; understand, accept, respect and celebrate diversity; willingness to participate in and respond to artistic, musical, sporting and cultural experiences
SMSC helps a child to engage and discover by facilitating and inspiring opportunities to:
- Think and discuss about their own and other cultures
- Understand the importance of religion and how it shapes morality
- Interpret and empathize with different cultures, religions and philosophies
- Understand more about their own awareness of the big questions in the world and how to respect the opinions of others
- Discover how their own philosophical ideas fit in with the world around them
- To share their ideas that may be different from other people within in a safe and nurturing environment
British Values and Equality of Opportunity
British values and equality of opportunity sits hand in glove with SMSC. The values of democracy, rule of law, mutual respect, tolerance and individual liberty along with every child having a right to have experience the same opportunities and experiences are intrinsically linked. For more information please refer to the British Values and the Equality sections on our school website.
How is SMSC development provided at Harvey Road School?
The school curriculum is broad and balanced to prepare the children for the opportunities, responsibilities and experiences that they can take forward as they grow up and enter adult life. In lessons, teachers take every opportunity to add to the breadth and depth of pupils’ cultural and spiritual experience, and aim to bring the best out in every individual in school. Provision for SMSC development is a high priority, especially during, but not exclusively, foundation subject lessons where we explore different cultures, question morals and discuss the impact of them on society.
Some lessons and practices particularly focus on developing children’s SMSC. These include: | https://www.harveyroad.herts.sch.uk/curriculum/spiritual-moral-social-and-cultural-curriculum |
To increase the sensitivity of our work in spiritual, ethical, ideological sphere, to develop students’ love for their country, people, family, national traditions and traditions, college, professions, healthy life is a sacred duty of the branch managers and teachers.
All students studying at a branch must adhere to the following:
- Compliance with the rights and obligations set forth in the Charter of the Branch.
- Strictly adhere to the internal procedures set out in the Affiliate and the “Student Residence”.
- Active participation in all activities involving students, faculties, districts, cities and republican students.
- Faculties and “Student Housing”.
- Do not smoke in any office premises.
- Do not harm the auditorium, equipment, books, equipment, and freedom from laboratories.
- Regularly participate in the courses, timely master the subjects in the curriculum. Submitting of the rating tests, course works and projects in established terms.
- Do not be late in lessons, do not miss classes without cause.
- Timely implementation of contract payments.
- Systematic use of common areas.
- Active participation in the “Youth Union” IT activity.
- Branch State Dressing up in classroom lessons, in accordance with the highest academic standards, in the style of wear and tear (in sportswear, shorts, hijabs and semi-naked walks).
- Do not drink alcoholic beverages, play gambling or risk games at all, and do not make noise at all the premises of the branch. Rank Avoiding theft.
- Keeping rooms cleaned.
- Mutual respect and good treatment.
- Carrying out student identification document.
- Participate in the activities of existing clubs, workshops, clubs and sports sections.
- Stand up when the branch managers enter the audience.
- Studying and conducting scientific researches.
- Studying creative thinking and research, perfecting foreign languages and computer techniques.
- Fully follow the rules of “admiration”.
The following disciplinary measures are taken against the students who do not meet the requirements of this Provision:
- Caution;
- Hellfire;
- Disabling students.
Students who have a high standard of behavior and reading, who are actively involved in community affairs, are materially and spiritually encouraged.
This Statute was discussed at the meeting of all faculties, at the branch of the Spirituality and Enlightenment Council, at the meeting of the Association of Trade Unions, the Youth Initiatives Association, Women’s and Coaches Council.
SPIRITUAL AND PRIVILEGED RULES
- Each student should be exemplary in his exemplary behavior, morals, and become an example to others.
- All good human qualities – goodwill, humility, honesty, purity, honesty, punctuality, healthy thought and justice should become the priceless wealth of a student era.
- It is important for students to have a regular acquaintance with the national lifestyle, the way of life, education, culture, state and public figures, and exemplary lifestyles of our great teachers.
- Respect for adults, greetings and greetings to women and children should follow the following rules:
a) to see them before they meet older people and not to touch the girl before greeting the ladies;
b) reverence to the greetings of those of you who are younger, and not to be haughty when greeting them;
- Let your classmate know if any of your friends escape or suffer a headache, and give them financial and spiritual help.
- Try to justify the trust of faculty members and staff, classmates, friends, and keep them in the spotlight.
DUTIES OF EDUCATIONAL WORKSHOPS
a) Within the Fergana branch of Tashkent Medical Academy:
– entrance to the territory with a student ID;
– pollution of the territory and disposal of waste only on the ground;
– Greetings with teachers;
– Do not walk in the territory unnecessarily during the training;
– Careful attitude to the property of the branch (movable and immovable property, flora and fauna, etc.);
– adhere to dressing and communication skills;
– Do not skip any promotions without the consent of managers;
– Keeping the peace of mind;
– fight against the distribution and distribution of drugs and psychotropic substances, alcohol and tobacco products. In accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, it is the responsibility of the non-timely reporting of the above cases to the relevant organizations.
b) in the audience:
– disconnection of mobile communication means;
– not to speak during class;
– cultural attitudes, lack of access to parties;
– Do not leave paper and other unnecessary items;
– non-eating, chewing gum.
c) in places of public catering:
– observe the order of food receipt;
– respect for teachers, women, and elderly people in traffic situations;
– noise during meal;
– observe the rules established in the general public catering section.
g) In the Information Resource Center (ARM):
– Be polite to IRC staff;
– careful attitude to books and equipment;
– not to speak louder and not to interfere with others;
– not to leave paper, chewing gum and other waste;
– Compliance with handbooks and handbooks.
d) Student Housing (TTJ):
– Preservation and damage to existing equipment;
– economical use of electricity, gas and water resources;
– adhere to the rules of use of sanitary and hygienic rooms;
– strict adherence to the “Charter” and “Internal Regulations” of the student residence.
e) in sports complexes:
– Introduction to sportswear and footwear;
– Cultural attitude towards sports inventory;
– Transfer of sport inventory to the specified places after training;
– Compliance with the established rules of the sports complex.
j) at places of culture palace and other public events:
– cultural attitude to seat and other equipment;
– not to whistle during public events, to shout and not to leave without prejudice before the event ends;
– not to fall asleep, to sit on the seats, not to talk to each other, not to interfere with the surrounding people.
Also,
– aspiration to create a positive impression about Fergana branch of the Tashkent Medical Academy with its exemplary behavior and knowledge in various circles;
– deep understanding of noble qualities, such as striving for perfection, living honestly and justly;
– to care for the interests of the affiliate, its honor and glory, its reputation and influence, and to respect and reverence it.
STUDENTS PROHIBITED MORALS
– To be rude to professor-teachers, to talk unfounded during classes;
– discuss the value of others with the professor;
– taking any actions related to misleading, obscene or distortion of professor-teachers;
– disrespect towards employees and their comrades;
– receiving foreign assistance while providing assistance to other people in the execution of other procedures related to the protection of written matters and rating controls;
– hand over assignments or written works from other persons;
– delay or delayed training;
– leaving the audience without the permission of professor-teacher during the classes;
– deliberate harm to another student’s efforts;
– It is strictly forbidden to look modestly in various ways.
STUDENTS’ DUTIES
- Strict adherence to the Branch Regulations and Internal Regulations;
- Do not drop the name of the branch student;
- To support domestic and foreign policy in our country, to be fully understood and patriotic;
- Systematically and thoroughly occupy the theoretical knowledge and practical skills of the chosen specialty;
- To increase their spiritual and educational, scientific and cultural level;
- Participate in training sessions and perform all the tasks provided in the curriculum and program in due time;
- Active participation in social work;
- Mutual understanding with students and professors and teachers;
- Participate in all sessions and perform all types of tasks provided in the curriculum in due time;
- Careful attitude to property in the office building and “Student Residence”;
- Participation in organizational, mass-political and educational work, promotion of scientific and political knowledge, as well as participation in community events.
- Providing the dean of the faculty with a valid reason for leaving the lesson without leaving the lesson tomorrow (immediately or directly through the group leader);
- Respect for the culture of dress, respect for national morals and customs;
- To demonstrate the spirit of loyalty to the Motherland by constantly increasing its scientific, political, ideological and spiritual thought;
- Acquaintance with the management of the faculty with participation in foreign grants and approval of the branch management prior to departure abroad;
- Respectful attitude to faculty members and other employees of the branch;
- Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan, July 7, 2005 No. 58, No. 154-1, 19 and 02/2658 to develop a branch of bachelors and masters studying on the basis of government grants in all educational directions in educational institutions, enterprises and organizations for three years in accordance with the Regulations on Targeted Training;
- Compliance with sanitary rules in common use at faculties;
- Do not use cellular communication during the course;
- Do not damage the property of a branch (party, table, chairs, doors and walls, teaching equipment, etc.);
- Do not move equipment and other equipment out of the building without the permission of the branch office;
- In the student dormitories, trainees should exercise their rights and obligations on the basis of the “Normative Documents on the Activities of Student Housing in Higher Education Institutions”.
According to Articles 183, 184-1, 184-2, 184-3, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192 of the Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Administrative Responsibility it is forbidden to:
- Smoking and drinking alcohol and drug abuse at all the premises and exterior of the branch territory and students’ homes;
- In the territory of the branch office, including the rooms in which the classes are taught, in other dresses (in dresses) or in attire;
- Small hooliganism, that is, harassment by everywhere in the affiliate, abusive behavior of employees, students and other citizens, and other similar actions that violate public order and security of the citizens;
- Unlawful distribution, preparation, storage of religious material;
- Producing, storing or disseminating materials promoting national, racial, ethnic or religious hatred;
- Engaging in prostitution;
- Participate in gambling and other risk-based games;
- Production, distribution, promotion, demonstration of pornographic content, printed publications, video and sound recordings, film and photo materials and other products;
- At night time at the student residence – from 22:00 to 06:00 – breaking the rest and relaxation of citizens, ie loud singing, playing music, using TVs, radios, magnetic tapes and other equipment.
TRADITIONAL RELATIONS OF THE STUDENTS
- In the relationships of the students – the only team, the principles of mutual respect and attention, friendship, solidarity, honesty and justice.
- In students’ relationships, disrespect for human dignity, discrimination, acquisition of intellectual property, harshness, misuse of words, fraud, moral, material or physical harm to others are offered. | http://ttaff.uz/en/ota/talabalar/bakalavr/yoriqnoma/ |
Responsibility Circle of Responsibility tuiopnmfKL “When you come from a community that has been so, not been under represented 0r KLD D0 but MIS-represented for a century, you r d Emotio cal an nal feel a responsibility to tell stories that ysi f Ph He ; al matter and that are not just entertaining. ial Fa m ily; An th c s; uiop t ie c nm We carry a lot of responsibility whether it ni es So to ;E u is self-imposed or community imposed.” m objects and r ic; nv nmf mfrt rtuiop ed Sit om cr om s; iro es — Alethea Arnaquq-Baril, Filmmaker Sa In s; C nm Econ ;T div s; ra nd It is also clear that Indigenous screen storytellers recognize an Nation ent dit ege iduals FILM KLD0rtuio ional nowled inherent responsibility and accountability to community. Often ries & L SCREEN-BASED PROTOCOLS PRINCIPLES TV SERIES times the first priority of Indigenous creators is community based: K How will this affect community and the future generations? And SCREEN-BASED PROJECTS Sto often with that comes the responsibility to respect the sacred f ge and prevent voyeurism. It was emphasized that responsibility to s on C er i at community exists not only on-location, but before, during and em br m p onie le n s and Ce n after the film. iu op mf KLD rt “Let me repeat that – the first and 0rtui 0 foremost responsibility is to community.” opnmfKLD — Shane Belcourt, Filmmaker “Maybe we aren’t making movies because we live in the most beautiful, untouched land in North America. Maybe it isn’t even Thus there is a fundamental mental shift required to shift thinking our rich culture with scary and nuanced from ‘individual creative freedom/license’ to “community myths combined with a deep history of 11 responsibility.” As one respondent explained: Visualize a circle oral storytelling. Maybe it’s our responsibility with community on the outside, and the film on the inside. That that drives us to tell stories.4” is the difference between creative responsibility and responsibility — Nyla Innuksuk, Filmmaker to community.
Reciprocity Determining consent and ownership of oral traditions and stories that are gifted to you is often challenging. For example, sometimes One component of “reconciliation” is economic reconciliation. One you are given permission to share the story but the intellectual way to achieve this is through reciprocity. Reciprocity is a corner stone property rights still vest with the original keeper of the story, in the creation of partnerships. Reciprocal relationships include whether that is a family, a community, or a nation. Do people aspects such as fair compensation, the sharing of benefits, informed have the right to tell you that story? Where are all the places that consent, and community empowerment. consent lies? Who controls or has the rights to the story and who has the authority to give you permission? Determining consent is a These Protocols elaborate on reciprocity agreements, demonstrating both a process of acknowledging and respecting. some tangible ways with which communities can be empowered and build capacity in ways that will have lasting social and economic First and foremost, consent is a first principle in validating nations benefits. Capacity building is about more than training, it is also and people who are trying to protect their heritage. You will note about the economy of innovation and excellence which is achieved throughout this document that consent and permissions vest in SCREEN-BASED PROTOCOLS PRINCIPLES through fostering talent, validating social and cultural values that a number of places and vary depending on the nature of the story support creativity and innovation, and development of structures being told. Achieving consent, particularly for collectively held and processes to support this innovation. stories, requires consultation both at the beginning of the story and throughout the process. Consent Consent also means that filmmakers may be told no – maybe you cannot adapt it in this way, maybe you are not the right person “Ultimately you need to understand where to tell the story, maybe the story can not be changed, maybe you the permissions come from, and this may cannot shoot where you want to shoot – you may not get permis- be different for every community.” sion to do what you want to do. — Darlene Naponse, Filmmaker 12
Overview of Indigenous Storytelling Consent Process • Seek Permission • Face-to-Face Communication • Working with Community • Respect Teachings • Returning with Final Project • Do Not Share Stories/Teachings • Continuing Engagement Without Permission • Ask for Permission to Utilize Story/Teachings ENGAGEMENT • Ask about Protocols (do not distribute until all is cleared and respected) SCREEN-BASED PROTOCOLS PRINCIPLES HONESTY WISDOM RESPECT • BRAVERY PROTOCOLS HUMILITY• TRUTH RECIPROCITY LOVE • Giving Back to Community • Growth in Community • Recognize Compensation, •A cknowledge Territory, Treaty, and Rights/Credit First Nation HONESTY • Share with Others When Agreed 13 • Acknowledge and translate from original Indigenous Language if Spoken • Recognize Story Origins • Credit All Involved
1. WORKING ON INDIGENOUS LANDS TERRITORIAL PROTOCOLS WORKING ON INDIGENOUS LANDS ON-SET CULTURAL PROTOCOLS PROTOCOLS CULTURAL & COMMUNITY INTELLECTUAL & PROPERTY LEADERSHIP PROTOCOLS PROTOCOLS 14
a. Cultural and Territorial Protocols “Again, if we’ve trying to decolonize the documentary then we can bring in our “One cannot apply one protocol across own forms of how we talk and how we the country because each community do business and how we deal with one has their own protocols and approach. another, and one of the ways we deal Nations do things differently, but there with one another is that we honour one are things we have in common.” another, and that often comes through — Duane Gastant Aucoin, Filmmaker song. Whenever I’ve been to meetings or a ceremony or a cultural gathering there’s usually a welcoming song or honouring Cultural protocols vary across the country – sharing circle, prayers, song for the people who are participating. feasts, use of tobacco, use of talking sticks – these are all dependent That honouring song honours the people on territory and nation. Further, even similar ceremonies such as who are sharing their stories, and honours sweats will all have different protocols in each different region. the people who have arrived to hear the WORKING ON INDIGENOUS LANDS Further still, based on the story that you are telling, the protocols stories. That honour song hopefully creates will change. Consequently, it is important for content creators to a respectful space to start the film off so determine and follow regional and community protocols. that the people who are there will listen and open their minds to the stories they Indigenous peoples in Canada remain the custodians of traditional are about to hear. It’s also my way of territories and ancestral lands and cultural protocols also apply honouring the people who have shared to accommodating territorial recognition where possible. their stories with me to make the film. I’m Cultural protocols often situate Indigenous languages and trying to bring those ways of how we do peoples by acknowledging their relationship to the land. Again, business into the practice of filmmaking.5” appropriate protocols are primarily determined by going into — Loretta Todd, Filmmaker each region and working directly with the community themselves. The same must be said if you are in an urban area. How do you determine what Indigenous territory you are on? For example, are you under a treaty? Are you in the traditional territory of more than one nation? 15
b. Recognizing Indigenous Jurisdiction 2. WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT Recognizing Indigenous jurisdiction on Indigenous territory is a. Nothing about us without us. achieved by acknowledging that Indigenous people are the original caretakers of the land by respecting and working with nation and ‘‘If you want it to have relevance and administration protocols. Quite simply, this is Indigenous land – resonance – co-create and collaborate. you would not enter someone’s land without permission. Do not make it a consultation – share Initial contact should be made through government office, power, share influence, share the wealth, whether that is the Inuit hamlet, Métis Settlement, or Chief and of power, of control – do not be so possessive Council of a Band Office. There are also Land Management Councils of it.’’ that may have jurisdiction over a given area. — Kevin Lee Burton, Filmmaker WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT When working on Indigenous lands, it may be necessary to build some community literacy around their readiness, capacity and ‘‘In Inuit society traditional leadership is rights regarding a production. Writing up early agreements and a fluid thing and is situation specific. preparing the community for what will happen with huge film Where someone has more experience crews may facilitate this. Elements include: and knowledge they, take the lead. What are we doing? Who has the most • the disrupting daily life (road closures); knowledge? What is the role? And who • need for permissions to go to certain places in the community; takes the lead? It shifts with the situation. • costs to shoot on reserve; or In any field you need to be constantly • bonds with the community in case of damage. assessing what you are doing and who should be leading – you are not always First Nations follow cultural protocols, ceremonies and ancestral the one that should be listened to in laws to guide relationships and interactions in a good way. For every situation. When someone knows example, when people enter another Nation’s territory, there are better than you, you have the humility protocols to guide that interaction. On the coast, when people to be hands off and let someone else arrive by canoe, a speaker introduces where they are from, why anticipate all of the moves. Trust those they are there, and formally asks permission to come ashore. who know more than you.’’ Those on shore introduce themselves, their Nation or clan, and 16 — Alethea Arnaquq-Baril, Filmmaker formally welcome them to shore. This may be followed by business transactions which include feasting, oral documentation of relationships and affirming change that benefits the communities. Similar to the function of policies and guidelines, what was discussed and agreed upon became law.6
b. Valuing of Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property and are often contrary to Indigenous storytelling; therefore not conducive to the Indigenous worldview. Respect for cultural heritage is a fundamental principle for Indigenous filmmaking From an Indigenous perspective, story and land and language protocols. Content creators should recognize and respect Indigenous are fundamentally interconnected. There is a science to story people’s right to own and control their culture. Indigenous cultural and place that revolves around a relationship to territory and and intellectual property rights, explained further in Appendix A, refer language, steeped in oral traditions that often stem from a to maintaining Indigenous cultural heritage by ensuring keeping relationship with the land. Oral traditions have allowed stories the cultural integrity of an event, story or artwork. Integrity refers and legends to survive for hundreds of years, and thus how these to the treatment given to the work or film. Screen-Storytellers stories are told is integral to the perpetuation of Indigenous cultures. should also respect the right of Indigenous people to keep secret and sacred their cultural sites, beliefs, knowledge and images. Teachings around cultural transmission are often very specific regarding the origin of story and how it is told. For example, WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT As appropriate, Indigenous people should be consulted on, storytellers often begin by acknowledging: who they are, where compensated, and their consent obtained, for the use of their they were born, where they learned the story, from who, and traditional or contemporary knowledge and cultures. The privacy where that person was born, and how the story has been influenced. of sacred, secret or sensitive knowledge, culture and objects Traditional storytellers are very specific about how and to whom should be respected. teachings may be told, and try to only tell the one version as they have learned word for word. This is how Indigenous stories have Whether it is the use of: survived, barely changed across many regions. The stories, legends • stories and legends; and songs are maintained by the way that they are told. • sacred objects, sites and knowledge; or • ceremonies and celebrations; and respect the spiritual protocols Indigenous screen storytellers and content creators are also in the of regions. This includes knowing what knowledge or teachings unique situation of protecting language, following cultural protocols, can be shared, recorded or disseminated. To this end, screen- and translating content from oral traditions to a more literal storytellers should: environment and permanent medium. As a result, mainstream • learn about cultural differences and the prevalence of ceremony; industry‐standard practices can be at odds with Indigenous • learn what is appropriate, and what is comfortable (eg. wearing values and right to cultural expression. Indigenous writers and regalia in certain situations outside of ceremony); directors are often asked, as part of the mainstream industry‐ • know what should not be filmed – ev Potlatch, Sundance, sweat standard practice, to sign away their story rights to access funding. lodge, water ceremony – or what can be filmed beginning and Indigenous storytellers have expressed concern that the mainstream after versus during; and 17 industry does not understand their point of view ‐ many of their • ensure rights to culture and traditional knowledge should be stories belong to others within their communities or to nations correctly attributed and benefits flowing from the exploitation of collectively ‐ which can hamper potential working relationships these should be shared8. before they begin.7 Industry standards and structures are heavily ingrained – such as the 3-point narrative, or particular esthetics –
It is helpful for any production to have some kind of Elder’s Council c. Ensure that you obtain the proper consent and permission. to advise and input on all projects, that can be called on to have historical or cultural accuracy and identify anything inappropriate. “How do you determine if they are talking This resource should also be adopted into financial structures as to the right people? If it is not clear then an industry standard to recognize that Indigenous knowledge is they are likely not there. There needs to what makes these projects possible and feasible. be clarity of consent and permission.” — Jessie Short, Filmmaker Respecting protocols extends to traditional knowledge on any subject matter, including food. During production of Quest Out West: Wild Food, creator Tracey Kim Bonneau worked with traditional ecological elders to create a technical guide to determine what There are many entry points to determine where proper consent lies: should or should not be shown on television with respect to WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT traditional food and medicine. They were not only paid for their • start with the governing Nation; contributions, the elders approved the document and made • start with the protocols office; suggestions for carrying the work out. She also engaged an • start with the Band Office (determine if you need a Band Motion); expert on legal and appropriation for the technical sessions and • start with the Tourism Office; used a cultural consultant. This extensive pre-development was a • start with Traditional Governors; two-year process that required the use of company revenue to • start with community Elders; or ensure that the process was respectful. • start with the language keepers. “It is a shared responsibility that these The ethical process of consent begins with transparent discussion stories remain respectful to the origin of and open negotiation which empowers the participants to know the community they exist within, we do not “risks, benefits, and consequences” of what is being asked of them. a have right to change these stories or Some of the best practices used in establishing consent include: tell them without consent of traditional knowledge systems. Indigenous • establishing a set of values for the project; communities practitioners can tell their • sharing stories (including your own), not simply taking stories; own stories – they are the ones that can • establishing a community steering committee (if required); work with their communities to ensure • providing communities or subjects with the first right of view; and respect of protocols and ideologies.’’ • developing accessible legal information and forms. 18 — Tracey Kim Bonneau, Producer
“One individual or family does not speak It is important to acknowledge that not everyone follows tradition in for the rightful rights owners. We need to all communities – in fact, some communities have competing inter- make sure that the rightful owners give the ests between traditional / non traditional peoples – so, a respectful permission. For example, I used the Raven approach means reaching out to both elected leaders and elders. stealing sun story. I met with a Raven clan Further, it is important to understand that consulting with one elder leader and he wanted to hear the story; does not give you sign off or permission. Knowledge that may pass and after I told him the story, as I know it, away with an elder doesn’t necessarily belong on broadcast. This can he gave his blessings because the telling be paradoxical, even for Indigenous creators: You may want to take of the stories was the same he heard as the knowledge you’ve learned and share it with your people, but you a child. I had to get permission from the are not allowed. Raven clan, who approved both the story and the final product. The Teslen have a WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT traditional knowledge policy for stories, d. Individual life stories medicines or teachings, so I also met with heritage department who to ensure all the Another protocol is ensuring the persons or “subjects” - even in conditions are met. Getting verbal permissions narrative film or film adaptations – are okay with the portrayal; and used to be the practice. There should be a that people are being represented as they should be, with more formal and procedural process to due diligence. permissions, with the appropriate forms.” — Duane Gastant Aucoin (Filmmaker), Screen-storytellers acknowledge that documentary is a powerful on My Own Private Lower Post (2008) tool; and regardless of good intentions, permission should be sought in the beginning and throughout production to ensure that what you are presenting is not exploitative and is accurate. In “Ownership” over stories or Indigenous cultural property is a concept fact, at times individuals are not the owners of the story even if it that extends beyond the individual to the community. In obtaining is about personal experience, such as experiences with residential proper consent keep in mind too that there are nation stories and schools wherein entire communities were impacted. Ensuring rights, community stories and rights, and individual family stories appropriate representation requires continuous engagement and and rights. When you are contemplating the use of oral histories may be achieved by written agreement with participants to review understand that there may need to be some limitations of where footage and provide feedback, providing both buy-in and trust copyright applies and you may want to consider “shared authorship” around projects. or “co-creation” credits with community members. 19
WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT 20
" When deciding on story you need to determine: 'Is this nation-owned? And if so, then how do I get the permission?' I knew that The Cave would be contentious because it is a nation-owned story with six communities and a number of WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT families. So I had to select a particular elder’s version of the story and make it clear whose story I was adapting. In this particular case it was my great Uncle Henry Solomon. Then I had to get permission from our Nation’s leadership. ou need to set up a system to allow for validation and state your intention or Y vision with transparency: 'This is the story I am going to use'. There is potential for a lot of contention within community so you need to make sure everyone is aware of what you are doing and that you are communicating clearly. If I ever wanted to use that story in another way, I am back to ground zero and must again seek permissions". — Helen Haig-Brown, Director on ?E?anx (The Cave) (2009) 21
WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT 22
“Most of my films are made with people who are already experiencing marginalization and oppression. So when asking people to participate, I ensure that they know that this will be seen widely and publicly. Most people do not actually want to be in a film but they are going through something that they do not want others to go through. So I am told: ‘I will WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT do this because I don’t want any other mother to feel what I am feeling.’ I spend time talking about where the film is going to go in order to prepare people and determine if they have supports in place for when the film goes public in order to handle the repercussions. This requires a lot of negotiation around how to respectfully participate without overstepping boundaries. nd the relationship is not done when the film is done – ultimately you A are committing to a long-term relationship with families, with people. I spend time just listening to people and maintaining the relationship, making myself available if they have questions or concerns. We are never dispassionate; this is never just a job.”. — Tasha Hubbard, Director on Birth of a Family (2017) 23
WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT 24 Holy Angels (2017) d. Jay Cardinal Villeneuve
e. Sensitive subject matter One way to ensure the safety of “subjects” is to ensure the cultural acuity of those working in community or While the TRC report and process is complete, Indigenous on sensitive issues. This means that cultural sensitivity people in Canada are still working through healing training is a must, but also, just a starting point. It may the social, economic and mental health issues be necessary to ensure that the appropriate cultural unearthed by the Commission. Re-traumatization or and emotional supports are present during filming or the repercussions of intergenerational trauma need screening. Many productions use daily smudges, have WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT to be mitigated when dealing with potentially triggering community health workers on site, and hold ceremony subject matters, which increases the storyteller’s at the beginning and end of a production. Ceremonial responsibility to ensure safety in treatment of “subjects” practices were also considered bonding experiences (in both subject matters or in the presentation of with non-Indigenous crew members. material). The same can be said when dealing with highly complex and sensitive issues with painful In order to ensure that the Director’s approach to truths. Opening stories opens gateways, and digging depicting sensitive subject matter is well considered up sensitive issues requires both taking and giving and balanced, it may also be important to have sensitivity back; involving an obligation to support and heal reads with the appropriate community members or wounds that we have dug into. elders. Sensitivity reads will unearth ill-informed biases, inappropriate language use, and stereotypes that may harmfully impact the community. 25
g. Meaningful collaboration Gone is the era of “consultants” and “consultation”. Meaningful collaboration or collaborative approaches are considered an “The prevalent and ongoing practice Indigenous industry standard. Meaningful collaboration may apply of seeking Indigenous input is often to working with Indigenous content, Indigenous communities, or disrespectful. Sending an email to ask Indigenous screen storytellers. Meaningful collaboration is a means questions post-production – it’s not even towards acknowledging Indigenous screen storytellers’ responsibility consultation. And consultation is not to community, and the pathway of choice is to move away from the what we want either. What is needed is use of “Indigenous consultants”. engagement from the beginning, during the research, in the development stage. It “It is FAR past time for the era of is active listening as a practice, and taking Indigenous consultation in the arts to the time to ensure you have got it right.” be over. Indigenous people must have WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT — Tasha Hubbard, Filmmaker KEY creative positions in work made about us, full stop. Otherwise, the colonial The existing persistent industry practice in Canada is using relationships/gaze continues.” Indigenous storytellers as consultants on productions written, — Danis Goulet, Filmmaker directed and produced by non-Indigenous people. A commonality of participants in the protocols consultation process is that they These exact sentiments were echoed by Indigenous screen have all been inundated with requests to serve as consultants on storytellers time and again throughout these consultations. There a non-Indigenous project, many of which were nearing the stage was general consensus that as opposed to engaging “Indigenous of completion. Indigenous people are asked to make non-Indigenous consultants”, non-Indigenous productions in particular should move stories more culturally appropriate, crediting these fundamental towards a model of meaningful collaboration that not only follows roles as “consultants” rather than as writers, directors and/or producers. appropriate protocols, but provides significant opportunities for credited production employment, serving to support the “I am constantly receiving correspondence Indigenous screen industry towards the goal of narrative sovereignty. from non-Indigenous people who want to tell Indigenous stories, and either want to mine my knowledge free of charge or they are seeking my approval of their project. Many have already been told their project 26 is inappropriate, but they continue to cast about for any Indigenous person who might disagree with that opinion. There is such a lack of respect.” — Candy Palmater, Filmmaker/Radio Host
• Establish a set of values for project • Start with the governing Nation, • Build respectful relationships Band Office, Tourism Office, Protocols • Outline the intent of the project Office, Traditional Governers, Elders, Language Keepers • Determine where appropriate story ownership lies • Learn what is appropriate and CONSENT & confortable to share and know what ENGAGEMENT PERMISSION should not be filmed WORKING WITH INDIGENOUS CONTENT DISTRIBUTION COLLABORATION • Establish an Elders Council • Hire a community liaison • Appropriate acknowledgements • Develop community benefits or • Contextual marketing materials capacity agreements • Community screening and celebration This shift in focus reflects the shifting role of communities, from but in the case where the director and producer are Indigenous or consultants to collaborators, including coproduction and co-ownership non-Indigenous outsiders, bringing on people from within those of copyrights. Meaningful collaboration means that Indigenous communities and ensuring that their contributions are valued and communities are getting involved at earlier stages of production, adhered to. In the north, there is a dearth of experienced producers, contributing to the telling of their own stories by working as key and so collaborations are plentiful. For some Inuk, the only access to creatives in projects. This includes someone from the community production is through partnering with non-Indigenous people on being in charge of building and maintaining strong connections non-Indigenous projects. Simply put, it is easier for those working in 27 within that community (as discussed in Working with Indigenous communities with production companies to have Indigenous led Communities). In some cases, that position might be held by a director projects. These projects serve as an entry point into the industry and or a producer who comes from the community being impacted, often accelerate experience through collaboration opportunities. | https://www.readkong.com/page/on-screen-protocols-pathways-a-media-production-guide-to-3040940 |
Nursing: Associate in Science Degree
Program Approval:
The KCC ADN Program is approved by the Hawai‘i State Board of Nursing and accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) (formerly known as the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission). For more information on the KCC ADN Program’s accreditation, please contact the ACEN at 3343 Peachtree Road, NE, Suite 500, Atlanta, GA 30326; Tel. 404.975.5000; Fax 404.975.5020; website;
www.acenursing.org
Hawai‘i Statewide Nursing Consortium (HSNC) Competencies
- A competent nurse’s professional actions are based on core nursing values, professional standards of practice, and the law.
- Core nursing values include social justice (from the American Nurses Association statement), caring, advocacy, respect for self and others, collegiality, and ethical behavior.
- Ethical dilemmas are embedded in clinical practice; an obligation of nurses is to notice, interpret, respond and reflect on these dilemmas using ethical principles and frameworks as a guideline.
- It is essential for nurses to participate in discussions of ethical issues in health care as they affect communities, society, and health professions.
- Professional nursing functions within legally defined standards of practice and state specific regulations.
- A competent nurse develops insight through reflective practice, self-analysis, and self care through the understanding that:
- Ongoing reflection, critical examination, and evaluation of one’s professional and personal life improves nursing practice.
- Reflection and self-analysis encourage self-awareness and self-care.
- Pursuing and advocating healthy behaviors enhance nurses’ ability to care for clients.
- A competent nurse engages in ongoing self-directed learning and provides care based on evidence supported by research with the understanding that:
- Knowledge and skills are dynamic and evolving; to maintain competency, one must continuously update his/her knowledge using reliable, current sources of information from the biological, social, medical, public health, and nursing sciences.
- The nurse uses legitimate sources of evidence for decision-making such as research evidence, standards of care, community perspectives and practical wisdom gained from experience.
- As best practices are continuously modified and new interventions are constant, the nurse incorporates changes into practice.
- A competent nurse demonstrates leadership in nursing and health care through the understanding that:
- An effective nurse is able to take a leadership role to meet client needs, improve the health care system and facilitate community problem solving.
- A competent nurse effectively uses management principles, strategies, and tools.
- An effective nurse works with the health care team including the delegation of responsibilities and supervision.
- A competent nurse collaborates as part of a health care team.
- The client is an essential member of the healthcare team.
- A collegial team is essential for success in serving clients.
- Effective team members must be able to give and receive constructive feedback.
- Colleagues create a positive environment for each other that values holistic client care.
- A competent nurse practices within, utilizes, and contributes to the broader health care system.
- All components of the health care system must be incorporated when providing interdisciplinary care.
- The effective nurse contributes to improvements of the health care system through involvement in policy, decision-making processes and political activities.
- A competent nurse practices client-centered care.
- Effective care is centered around a respectful relationship with the client that is based on empathy, caring, mutual trust, and advocacy.
- Nursing practice should reflect the attitudes, beliefs and values of clients.
- An understanding of the culture and history of the community is fundamental in the practice of nursing.
- A competent nurse communicates and uses communication technology effectively through the understanding that:
- Effective use of communication is an essential part of all interventions to establish caring and therapeutic relationships to educate and advocate for clients.
- When working with colleagues or clients, it is important to insure that accurate, timely and complete communication has occurred.
- Successful communication requires attention to elements of cultural influences, variations in the use of language, and a participatory approach.
- Information and communication technologies provide essential information delivery of effective nursing care.
- A competent nurse demonstrates clinical judgment and critical thinking in the delivery of care of clients while maintaining safety through:
- Analysis and integration of available data.
- Implementation of prioritized care based on evaluation of data.
- Evaluation and analysis of the nurses’ personal clinical performance.
- A competent nurse engages in risk reduction activities and recognizes, communicates and intervenes to promote client safety.
Program Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of the Associate in Nursing degree requirements, the student should be able to:
- Evaluate nursing care based on the legal and ethical framework of the state in which they practice and the American Nurses Association Standard of Practice and Code of Ethics.
- Describe and analyze episodes of clinical practice and self-care; and identify areas of strength and those requiring development.
- Implement evidence-based practice by locating and evaluating the best available evidence in making clinical decisions; and engage in on-going professional growth and self-directed learning in the practice of professional nursing.
- Employ leadership skills in implementing and/or delegating the delivery of safe nursing care to clients and client systems.
- Collaborate with the multidisciplinary team to advocate for clients, client systems, and groups in meeting their health care needs.
- Contribute to the improvement of the health care system through involvement in interdisciplinary activities and choose from a variety of tools in accessing, interpreting, and providing cost-effective nursing care.
- Develop therapeutic relationships based on mutuality, respect, cultural sensitivity, caring, and the beliefs and value systems with the client, client systems and community.
- Communicate professionally, clearly and therapeutically in all interactions.
- Demonstrate clinical judgment in the delivery of safe, cost-effective, quality care, using information and patient care technologies to diverse clients across a wide-range of settings. AND Utilize health promotion, disease prevention, and restorative nursing in assisting clients and client systems to maintain independence. | https://www.kapiolani.hawaii.edu/academics/programs-of-study/associate-degree-in-nursing-2/reg_nurse_outcomes/ |
Publication ethics and malpractice statement.
The Editorial Board of the Journal “KazUEFIT Herald”adheres to ethical principles at all stages of work with publications. We comply with the Committee on Publication Ethics (CPE) code of Ethics and strive to follow its recommendations. We look forward to ethical behaviour from all parties involved in the publication process: authors, editors and reviewers.
General duties and responsibilities of the Editorial Board.
Editors evaluate an article based solely on its academic merit and scientific significance.
The founder of the journal has no right to interfere in the decision-making process on publication. The decision-making process is separated from opportunistic, political and any other considerations.
Editors should not use unpublished information in their own research without the written consent of the author. The Editorial Board protects the confidentiality of individual information received from authors and warns reviewers that they also need to follow this.
The editors do not cancel the decision to publish the article, unless in connection with the publication there are no violations of the law or ethics.
In case of suspicion of unfair behaviour or receiving complaints and accusations of unfair behaviour of the author (-s), the Editorial Board takes measures guided by the recommendations of CPE. This rule applies to both published and unpublished materials.
Editors may reject an article on their own without peer review if it is deemed not to correspond to the subject of the journal or the required level of quality. This decision should be made impartially, based solely on the content of the article and the criteria for making such a decision should be clearly stated to the author.
Editors and reviewers should distinguish between criticisms of misconduct and criticisms of the limitations and shortcomings of the study. Scientific discussions are the best way to improve the quality of science, they are encouraged.
Editors, KazUEFIT staff members, members of the Board can submit their own research for publication in the journal, their articles should be no less impartial than articles by other authors.
Ethical principles for authors.
Authors should provide an objective justification of the scientific significance of their research work. It is allowed to publish review articles in the presence of original conclusions and / or recommendations.
The authors guarantee that the articles submitted to the Editorial Board are original and the use in the article of other works is properly indicated. Plagiarism is unacceptable in any of its forms: verbatim copying without reference to the source, paraphrasing without reference to the source, as well as self-plagiarism (if the elements of the article are previously published the authors are obliged to refer to it). False and unreliable information is unacceptable.
The authors guarantee that the articles submitted to the Editorial Board are not under consideration in other publications. Submitting an article to multiple publications at the same time is unethical behaviour and unacceptable.
The author submitting the article must ensure the consent of all co-authors (if any) with its final version and with its submission for publication in the journal.
The source of funding for research should be announced and specified, its role in the research and / or preparation of the article should be stated.
Ethical guidelines for peer reviewers.
Reviewers should agree to review only those articles for which they have sufficient knowledge and which they can review in a timely manner.
The reviewer must refuse to prepare a review if he / she has participated in any work related to the preparation of the article or in the research described in it.
The reviewer must respect the confidentiality of the review and not disclose any details of the article or review during or after the review to anyone except those persons authorized by the Editorial Board (for example, the editor).
The reviewer has no right to use the information obtained during the review for his own benefit or to discredit other persons or organisations.
The reviewer should inform the editor about a possible conflict of interest associated with the review of the article or seek advice from the editor, if he/she is not sure whether the situation constitutes a conflict of interest.
Evaluation should be conducted objectively, conclusions should be clearly formulated and reasoned, so that the authors can use them to improve the work. | https://kuef.kz/en/science/vestnik/publication-ethics/ |
on human subjects.
Informed consent is a fundamental ethical requirement
for research with human subjects. It is when a subject voluntarily agrees to
participate in a research study in which he or she has full understanding of
the study before the study begins, (Nieswiadomy, 2014). The informed consent
process is where the participant is informed regarding all aspects of the
trial, which are important for the participant to make a decision and after
studying all aspects of the trial, the participant voluntarily confirms his or
her willingness to participate in a particular clinical trial and significance of the research for advancement
of medical knowledge and social welfare (Nijhawan et al., 2013). The informed
consent process might create or result several ethical issues if it is not
being done properly.
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Misunderstandings between the researchers and the participants will
result due to communication barriers such as language differences and religious
dogma. The individual who signed the informed consent is assumed to have fully
understands the information that is stated in the consent form but it is
difficult to evaluate the level of understanding in the individual’s point of
view. Therefore, there might some degree of misunderstanding that might occur
which in the end caused the participant to withdraw from the
ongoing studies (Nijhawan, 2013). Many
researchers come out with inform consent in multilingual form as solution, but
it is still difficult to evaluate individual’s viewpoint on a study as there are
no verified method established to measure the level of participant’s understanding.
For example, there was one study by Appelbaum et al. (2002), found that 69% of participants
misunderstood the meaning of the word ‘randomiation’.
Besides that, other issue is the participants may have
a false expectation regarding the research. Moreover, the participants might
get involved in research projects that they did not approve of due to
misunderstandings or misinterpretation concerning the experimental procedures
(Escobedo et al., 2007).
In addition the participant’s perception regarding the
research might affect the process of obtaining the informed consent because
they afraid of the consequences of the research on them.
Discuss
the major ethical principles that guide researchers in their works.
An individual should
be treated as autonomous which means that the individual capable of making
their own decision about important personal matters. The individual should only
be involved in research if they have voluntarily give their consent and been
fully informed about the nature, purpose and consequences of the research.
Therefore the individuals’ right need to be respected and they can make their
own decision whether to participate in the research or they will refuse to be
the participant.
The second
requirements in the principle of autonomy is people with diminished autonomy should
be protected. This is to ensure that the persons concerned are not involved in research
which could be harmful for them with regard to a research project. This is
because some people in society may not have the capacity to make fully informed
decisions.
Beneficence is the
act that is done for the benefit of others or a duty to ensure the welfare of
the persons concerned. This principal states that the research should do no
harm and maximize benefits for participants and minimize risks for participants.
Participant must be safe and feel protected by the researcher whenever they
sign he consent and agree to participate. Full explanations and information
must be detailed to participants. To use
easy words and simple language for details so that they will fully understand
and to avoid miss understand of the concepts.
The purpose of the
research is to discover new information that would be helpful for the society
in future. It should never cause harm or injured to anyone or find out
information at the expense of other people. There is dilemma arises from the
researcher in this case because to avoid the risks, the researcher needs to
know what is harmful. Never take for granted that the participant will
understand the researcher language used. The evidence obtained from the study
will show whether it is beneficence or not. In order to identify what can
benefit the patients, it may be necessary to exposed them to risks although the
researchers are obligated to do their best to minimize those possible risks and
to maximize the benefits for participants. Never exposed the participants’
details to public or other researcher in any way. Participants’ personal
matters must be well kept in the separate location and data are recorded and
subjects’ name are only can be access by the researcher or members of the
researcher.
Offer to answer All
Questions Is made. Potential subjects must always be given the opportunity to
ask any questions they may have about the research. It is almost impossible for the researcher to
include every aspect of the study in a verbal or written explanation. Participants frequently have questions about
the study and an opportunity should be presented for these questions during the
verbal explanations of the research. The
researcher is obligated to be available (by phone/email/letter) if the
questions arise at a time of if participants have questions when reading the
written explanation of research.
Anonymity or
Confidentiality is assured. Anonymity
occurs when no one, including the researcher, can link to the participants’
data they provide. If participants can
be linked to data, the researcher has the obligation to address
confidentiality. Confidentiality involve protections of the participants’
identity by the researchers. In many
studies, it is not possible to maintain anonymity. The researcher will usually come face to face
with the participants in an experimental research. To assure anonymity or confidentiality,
participants and the site where the conclusion of the study was conduction
should be described in general terms in the description of the sample and the
setting.
Right to refuse to
participate or to withdraw from research without penalty is assured. All participant in nursing research must be
voluntary. Even if a random sampling procedure is used to obtain participants, | https://santosforcongress.com/describe-barriers-such-as-language-differences-and-religious/ |
Informed consent is one of the primary ethical requirements underpinning research with human subjects; it reflects the basic principle of respect for persons. It is too often forgotten that informed consent is an ongoing process, not a piece of paper or a discrete moment in time. Informed consent assures that prospective human subjects will understand the nature of the research and can knowledgeably and voluntarily decide whether or not to participate. This assurance protects all parties, the subject, whose autonomy is respected, and the investigator, who otherwise faces legal hazards. The "proxy consent" of someone other than the subject is not the same as the subject's own consent, although it may be an acceptable substitute when a subject is unable to give informed consent.
The informed consent process should be an active process of sharing information between the investigator and the prospective subject. The exchange of information between the investigator and prospective subjects can occur via one or more of the following modes of communication, among others: face-to-face contact;
For most research, informed consent is documented using a written document that provides key information regarding the research. The consent form is intended, in part, to provide information for the potential subject’s current and future reference and to document the interaction between the subject and the investigator. However, even if a signed consent form is required, it alone does not constitute an adequate consent process. The informed consent process is an ongoing exchange of information between the investigator and the subject and could include, for example, use of question and answer sessions, community meetings, and videotape presentations. In all circumstances, however, individuals should be provided with an opportunity to have their questions and concerns addressed on an individual basis.
Source: https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/guidance/faq/index.html
Applying the Ethical Principles
INFORMED CONSENT contains three elements: information, comprehension, and voluntariness. First, subjects must be given sufficient information on which to decide whether or not to participate, including the research procedure(s), their purposes, risks and anticipated benefits, alternative procedures (where therapy is involved), and a statement offering the subject the opportunity to ask questions and to withdraw at
Second, subjects must be able to comprehend the information that is given to them. The presentation of information must be adapted to the subject's capacity to understand it; testing to ensure that subjects have understood may be warranted. Where persons with limited ability to comprehend are involved, they should be given the opportunity to choose whether or not to participate (to the extent they are able to do so), and their objections should not be overridden, unless the research entails providing them a therapy unavailable outside of the context of research. [See discussions on this issue in other sections of the Guidebook, including Chapter 6, "Special Classes of Subjects."] Each such class of persons should be considered on its own terms (e.g., minors, persons with impaired mental capacities, the terminally ill, and the comatose). Respect for persons requires that the permission of third persons also be given in order to further protect them from harm.
Finally, consent to participate must be voluntarily given. The conditions under which an agreement to participate is made must be free from coercion and undue influence. IRBs should be especially sensitive to these factors when particularly vulnerable subjects are involved.
Closely related to the principle of beneficence (see definition, above), RISK/BENEFIT ASSESSMENTS "are concerned with the probabilities and magnitudes of possible harms and anticipated benefits." The Report breaks consideration of these issues down into defining the nature and scope of the risks and benefits, and systematically assessing the risks and benefits. All possible harms, not just physical or psychological pain or injury, should be considered. The principle of beneficence requires both protecting individual subjects against risk of harm and consideration of not only the benefits for the
In determining whether the balance of risks and benefits results in a favorable ratio, the decision should be based on thorough assessment of information with respect to all aspects of the research and systematic consideration of alternatives. The Report recommends close communication between the IRB and the investigator and IRB insistence upon precise answers to direct questions. The IRB should: (1) determine the "validity of the presuppositions of the research;" (2) distinguish the "nature, probability and magnitude of risk...with as much clarity as possible;" and (3) "determine whether the investigator's estimates of the probability of harm or benefits are reasonable, as judged by known facts or other available studies."
Five basic principles or rules apply when making the risk/benefit assessment: (1) "brutal or inhumane treatment of human subjects is never morally justified;" (2) risks should be minimized, including the avoidance of using human subjects if at all possible; (3) IRBs must be scrupulous in insisting upon sufficient justification for research involving "significant risk of serious impairment" (e.g., direct benefit to the subject or "manifest voluntariness of the participation"); (4) the appropriateness of involving vulnerable populations must be demonstrated; and (5) the proposed informed consent process must thoroughly and completely disclose relevant risks and benefits.
The principle of justice mandates that the SELECTION OF RESEARCH SUBJECTS must be the result of fair selection procedures and must also result in fair selection outcomes. The "justness" of subject selection relates both to the subject as an individual and to the subject as a member of social, racial, sexual, or ethnic groups.
With respect to their status as individuals, subjects should not be selected either because they are favored by the researcher or because they are held in disdain (e.g., involving "undesirable" persons in risky research). Further, "social justice" indicates an "order of preference in the selection of classes of subjects (e.g., adults before children) and that some classes of potential subjects (e.g., the institutionalized mentally infirm or prisoners) may be involved as research subjects, if at all, only
Investigators, institutions, or IRBs may consider principles of distributive justice relevant to determining the appropriateness of proposed methods of selecting research subjects that may result in unjust distributions of the burdens and benefits of research. Such considerations may be appropriate to avoid the injustice that "arises from social, racial, sexual, and cultural biases institutionalized in society."
Subjects should not be selected simply because they are readily available in settings where research is conducted, or because they are "easy to manipulate as a result of their illness or socioeconomic condition." Care should be taken to avoid overburdening institutionalized persons who "are already burdened in many ways by their infirmities and environments." Nontherapeutic research that involves risk should use other, less burdened populations, unless the research "directly relate[s] to the specific conditions of the class involved." | https://www.hpu.edu/oaa/institutional-review-board/informed-consent.html |
We are inspired by information. We want everyone to know how vital information is in all aspects of life.
Our Vision
We envision a world where more effective use of information helps everyone discover, learn, innovate, solve problems, have fun and make a better world. Information changes lives.
Our Mission
We prepare information leaders. We research the problems and opportunities of information. We design solutions to information challenges. We make information work.
Foundations and Values
We are a school of one. We share a dedication to our vision and mission. Our inclusive community fosters an environment that furthers our goals and enables us to take on active roles in both local and global conversations.
We are an open, ethical, highly engaged, and collaborative community based on trust, transparency, and mutual respect. We believe in the importance of the quality of life, embracing diversity, making a difference and having fun.
Value Statement
We create an environment that fosters appreciation, mutual respect, and engagement among and between members of the iSchool, UW community, and beyond, with special attention to the needs of vulnerable populations and minoritized and marginalized groups.
We envision a university in which all students, faculty, and staff participate fully and meaningfully in campus life without being subjected to discrimination, bias, or microaggressions. We do not condone any expressions of racism, sexism, homophobia, or transphobia, or any other instances of bias and discrimination against marginalized individuals or groups. | https://ischool.uw.edu/about/mission-vision |
- People. The main value is our team. This is our “family” that we care about, develop, protect, support, and inspire. We also value our partners and customers on all continents and build long-term relationships with them.
- Reliability. We value our experience, reputation, and good name, which is synonymous with reliability. We are unfamiliar with the word “force majeure” because we are stronger than crises, and we always deliver on our commitments because our business continuity plans are designed to be challenged. We are happy to broadcast our reliability to our customers and partners.
- Stability in development. We stand steadily on the ground and move forward, always having reliable support underneath: our intellectual, emotional, and financial capital. Both in life and in business, we choose reliable solutions and if we take risks, then it is always controlled and justified. This allows us not only to develop in the seething stream of world-wide changes but also to feel comfortable in it.
- Harmony in development. We care about the harmonious, balanced development of our staff and our services, as well as strengthening our customers. We are broad-minded and erudite, and that helps us to be in the right place at the right time. Our team members harmoniously complement each other to obtain synergy in our work.
- Global responsibility. Our business exists not only to make money but also to help the planet. We are socially and environmentally responsible. We are involved in charity work and especially support family values. We do not serve clients whose business destroys people, family, nature, or their harmonious connection, for example, military organizations or tobacco industrу.
- Honour. We are law-abiding, and we value ethical principles even more. We do not allow conflicts of interest within the company, with partners and clients. We do not lure away employees from other companies and we act honestly with competitors. We respect and study all forms of morality, from ancient religions to modern social norms.
Code of Ethics
- Corporate ethics are the norms of conduct for our team members, based primarily on our values, corporate culture, business ethics, and also on human rights.
- The principles of corporate ethics at H-X Technologies are universal and binding on all team members, regardless of their position. This also applies to any other person acting on behalf of the company.
- Our specialists not only share the values of the company and are guided in their lives by these norms of behavior, but also contribute to the further improvement of our corporate culture.
- We value the atmosphere of goodwill, friendliness, trust, and mutual support. The high quality of our services and products is associated with a healthy psychological climate in the company.
- We strive to create the conditions necessary for high productivity and performance, for open and timely communication, for a healthy working climate, professional and personal growth, as well as self-realization.
- We respect the dignity and personality of everyone. Intimidation, threats, insults, humiliation, or manifestations of intolerance are unacceptable in our team.
- H-X Technologies’ specialists work honestly and conscientiously, are responsible for the results of their work, and observe labour discipline.
- We adhere to a policy of equal opportunities: everyone’s success depends only on their knowledge, technical and social skills, experience, as well as on the results of their work.
- H-X Technologies operates according to generally accepted international human rights standards. We have no discrimination based on gender, age, color, nationality, race, or religion.
- H-X Technologies is committed to contributing to the planet’s environment and the health of our employees and all people.
- We value our reputation, comply with laws, ethical standards, and rules of fair business conduct. We strictly fulfill our obligations to customers, partners, specialists, and colleagues.
- Each specialist of the company signs a confidentiality commitment, which remains in effect even after the cooperation with the company has been terminated.
- We follow a client-oriented approach in all our projects and tasks, both external and internal.
- Respect and understanding are at the core of our relationship with customers. We strive to provide the best quality services and products and do it within the agreed time frame. The main factors of our competitiveness are the high quality and fair prices.
- H-X Technologies maintains fair and open competition. We do not violate antitrust or competition laws. We do not use prohibited methods of competition.
- H-X Technologies’ accounting ensures that all accounting transactions are carried out correctly according to the law and generally accepted accounting standards.
- H-X Technologies is against corruption. We do not offer or accept gifts or rewards to obtain an illegitimate benefit.
- H-X Technologies is against money laundering. We take measures to combat financial transactions for money laundering.
- H-X Technologies does not support any political parties or factions, and neither any armed conflicts, regardless of their goals.
- Each member of our team is personally responsible for compliance with all of the above principles, rules, and restrictions, as well as relevant laws, regulations, and standards.
Auditor’s Code of Ethics
- I shall always get proper authorization and protect the client’s property. I shall:
- use the property of clients and employers only in ways properly authorized, and with the owner’s knowledge and written consent;
- be careful not to cause irreparable damage to the client’s property, or to allow irreparable damage via neglect;
- make sure backups are available before trying to do dangerous tests.
- I shall protect confidentiality and intellectual property. I shall:
- keep private and confidential the information gained in the professional work, in particular, as it pertains to client lists and client personal information;
- not collect, give, sell, or transfer any personal information, such as name, e-mail address, or other unique identifier, to a third party without the client’s prior consent;
- respect intellectual property and be careful to give credit to other people for their work;
- never steal or misuse copyrighted, patented material, trade secrets, or any other intangible asset;
- not discuss findings with unauthorized people or publish vulnerabilities without permission;
- never knowingly use software or process that is obtained or retained either illegally or unethically.
- I shall act legitimately. I shall:
- not associate with malicious hackers nor engage in any malicious activities;
- not take part in any black-hat activity or be associated with any black-hat community that serves to endanger networks or systems;
- adhere to the laws of the jurisdiction in which the services are being provided.
- I shall avoid conflict of interests. I shall:
- refuse corporate espionage;
- refuse any additional client’s or employer’s project or job that contradicts the interests of any of my current client or employer;
- disclose to all concerned parties those conflicts of interest that cannot reasonably be avoided or escaped.
- I shall be competent. I shall:
- provide service, being honest and forthright about any limitations of the experience and education;
- ensure high quality for any proposed project by choosing the appropriate combination of education, training, and experience;
- ensure good management for any proposed project, including effective procedures for promotion of quality and full disclosure of risk;
- observe and respect all contracts and agreements, either expressed or implied;
- provide service with agreed terms, quality, complete, and reliable results;
- foresee and prevent any harm during the work;
- add to the knowledge by constant study, share the lessons of experience with co-workers;
- study professional best practices;
- make objective, prudent, and independent judgements;
- timely fulfill the requirements of certification and professional organizations and never use expired professional certificates.
- I shall act fair and honestly. I shall:
- not injure others, their property, reputation, or employment by false or malicious action;
- not participate in any form of discrimination, whether due to race, colour, national origin, ancestry, sex, sexual orientation, gender, sexual identity or expression, marital status, creed, religion, age, disability, veteran’s status, or political ideology;
- not be part of any underground hacking community for purposes of preaching and expanding black-hat activities;
- not engage in deceptive financial practices such as bribery, double billing, or other improper financial practices;
- avoid unfair competition and marketing such as FUD (fear, uncertainty and doubt);
- avoid arrogance.
- I shall uphold the cybersecurity profession. I shall:
- advertise the benefits of penetration testing and cybersecurity in general;
- report to appropriate persons or authorities all the vulnerabilities or potential dangers that I discover in the public software, networks or systems;
- promote these ethical norms.
Meet our management team and learn more about our history and mission. | https://www.h-x.technology/values-code-ethics |
Research methodology refers to the practical "how" of any research work. More specifically, it is about how a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid and reliable results that address the goals and objectives of the research. For example:
What data to collect (and what data to ignore)
Who to collect it from (in research, this is called a "sampling design")
How to collect it (this is called "data collection methods")
How to analyze it (this is called "data analysis methods")
In a dissertation, thesis, academic journal article (or practically any formal research), you will find a chapter (or section) of research methodology that covers the aspects mentioned above. Importantly, a good methodology chapter in a dissertation or thesis explains not only what methodological choices were made, but also why they were made. In other words, the methodology chapter should justify the design options, showing that the methods and techniques chosen are those that best fit the goals and objectives of the research and will provide valid and reliable results. A good research methodology provides scientifically sound findings, while a poor methodology does not. We will look at the main design options below.
What are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methodologies?
Qualitative research refers to research that focuses on collecting and analyzing words (written or spoken) and textual data, while quantitative research focuses on measurement and testing using numerical data. Qualitative analysis can also focus on other "softer" data points, such as body language or visuals. It is quite common for a qualitative methodology to be used when the purposes and objectives of the research are exploratory in nature. For example, a qualitative methodology could be used to understand people's perceptions of an event that took place or a candidate running for president.
In contrast to this, a quantitative methodology is typically used when the purposes and objectives of the investigation are confirmatory in nature. For example, a quantitative methodology could be used to measure the relationship between two variables (for example, personality type and the probability of committing a crime) or to test a set of hypotheses. As you have probably guessed, the mixed method methodology tries to combine the best of qualitative and quantitative methodologies to integrate perspectives and create a rich picture.
What are the main approaches to sample design?
Sampling design is about deciding from whom to collect the data. There are many sampling options, but the two main categories of sampling design are probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling means that you use a completely random sample from the group of people you are interested in (this group is called the "population").
By using a completely random sample, the results of your study will be generalizable to the entire population. In other words, you can expect the same results across the entire group, without having to collect data from the entire group (which is often not possible for large groups). Non-probability sampling, on the other hand, does not use a random sample.
For example, it could involve using a convenience sample, meaning that you would interview or survey people you have access to (perhaps your friends, family, or co-workers), rather than a truly random sample (which could be difficult to achieve due to resource constraints). With non-probability sampling, the results are generally not generalizable.
What are the main data collection methods in Research Methodology?
There are many different options in terms of how to collect data for your study. However, these options can be grouped into the following types:
Interviews (which can be unstructured, semi-structured, or structured)
Focus groups and group interviews
Surveys (physical or online surveys)
Observations
Documents and records
Case studies
The choice of data collection method to use depends on the overall goals and objectives of your research, as well as practicalities and resource limitations. For example, if your research is exploratory in nature, qualitative methods like interviews and focus groups would probably be a good fit. Conversely, if your research aims to measure specific variables or test hypotheses, large-scale surveys that produce large volumes of numerical data would probably be a better fit.
What are the main data analysis methods?
The data analysis methods can be grouped according to whether the research is qualitative or quantitative. Popular data analysis methods in quantitative research include:
Descriptive statistics (for example, means, medians, modes)
Inferential statistics (for example, correlation, regression, structural equation modeling)
Again, the choice of data collection method to use depends on the overall goals and objectives of your research, as well as practicalities and resource limitations.
How do I choose a Research Methodology?
The purposes and objectives of your research have a great influence on the research methodology. Therefore, the starting point for developing your research methodology is to take a step back and look at the big picture of your research, before making decisions about the methodology. The first question to ask yourself is whether your research is exploratory or confirmatory in nature.
If the purposes and objectives of your research are primarily exploratory in nature, your research is likely to be qualitative, and therefore you might consider qualitative data collection methods (for example, interviews) and analytical methods (for example, analysis qualitative content). On the contrary, if the purposes and objective of your research seek to measure or prove something (that is, they are confirmatory), then it is very likely that your research is quantitative in nature, and you might consider quantitative data collection methods (for example, surveys) and analysis (for example, statistical analysis).
Designing your research and developing your methodology is an extensive topic, which we will cover in other publications. However, for now, the key takeaway is that you should always start with your research goals and objectives. Any decision on methodology will follow from that.
Step 1: explain your methodological approach
Begin by presenting your general approach to the investigation.
What research problem or question did you research? For example, were you trying to systematically describe the characteristics of something, explore a poorly researched topic, or establish a cause-and-effect relationship? And what kind of data do you need to achieve this goal?
Did you need quantitative data (expressed in numbers) or qualitative data (expressed in words)?
Did you need to collect primary data yourself or did you use secondary data collected by someone else?
Depending on the discipline and focus, you can also start with a discussion of the rationale and assumptions behind the methodology.
Why is this the best approach to answering your research questions?
Is this a standard methodology in your field or does it require justification?
Were there any ethical or philosophical considerations?
What are the validity and reliability criteria in this type of research?
In a quantitative experimental study, you may be aiming to generate generalizable knowledge about the causes of a phenomenon. Valid research requires a carefully designed study under controlled conditions that can be replicated by other researchers. In a qualitative ethnography, you can aim to produce real-world contextual knowledge about the shared behaviors, social structures, and beliefs of a specific group of people. As this methodology is less controlled and more interpretive, you should reflect on your position as a researcher, taking into account how your participation and perception could have influenced the results.
Step 2: Describe the data collection methods
Once you have introduced your general methodological approach, you must provide all the details of the data collection methods.
Quantitative methods
In quantitative research, to obtain valid generalizable results, you must describe the methods in sufficient detail that another investigator can replicate the study. Explain how you operationalized concepts and measured the variables; the sampling method or inclusion / exclusion criteria; and any tools, procedures, and materials you used to collect data.
Polls
Describe where, when and how the survey was conducted.
How did you design the questions and what form did they take (eg, multiple choice, Likert scale)?
What sampling method did you use to select the participants?
Did you conduct surveys by phone, mail, online, or in person, and how long did participants have to respond?
What was the sample size and response rate?
You may want to include the entire questionnaire as an appendix so your reader can see exactly what data was collected.
Experiments
Provide all the details of the tools, techniques, and procedures that you used to perform the experiment.
How did you design the experiment?
How did you manipulate and measure the variables?
What tools or technologies did you use in the experiment?
In experimental research, it is especially important to provide enough detail so that another researcher can reproduce your results.
Existing data
Explain how you collected and selected the material (such as publications or archival data) to include in your analysis.
Where did you get the material?
How was the data originally produced?
What criteria did you use to select the material (for example, date range)?
Qualitative methods
In qualitative research, since methods are often more flexible and subjective, it is important to reflect on the approach and explain the choices you made. Discuss the criteria you used to select participants or sources, the context in which the research was carried out, and the role you played in collecting data (for example, were you an active participant or a passive observer?)
Interviews or focus groups
Describe where, when and how the interviews were conducted.
How did you find and select the participants?
How many people participated?
What form did the interviews take (structured, semi-structured, unstructured)?
How long were the interviews and how were they recorded?
Participant observation
Describe where, when and how you conducted the observation or ethnography.
What group or community did you observe and how did you gain access to them?
How much time did you spend doing the research and where was it located?
What role did you play in the community?
How did you record the data (eg audiovisual recordings, note taking)?
Existing data
Explain how you selected the case study materials (such as text or pictures) for the focus of your analysis.
What kinds of materials did you analyze?
How did you collect and select them?
Step 3: describe your analysis methods
Next, you must indicate how you processed and analyzed the data. You avoid going into too much detail; you should not start presenting or discussing any of your results at this stage.
Quantitative methods
In quantitative research, the analysis will be based on numbers. In the methods section, you can include:
How you prepared the data before analyzing it (for example, checking for missing data, removing outliers, transforming variables)
Software used to analyze the data (for example, SPSS, Stata or R)
Statistical tests used (for example, two-tailed t-test, simple linear regression)
Qualitative methods
In qualitative research, your analysis will be based on language, images, and observations (which often involve some form of textual analysis). Specific methods may include the following types of analysis:
Content: categorize and discuss the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences
Thematic: code and closely examine data to identify general themes and patterns
From discourse: studying communication and meaning in relation to its social context
Step 4: Evaluate and justify your methodological choices
You can acknowledge the limitations or weaknesses of the approach you chose, but justify why the strengths outweigh them. Laboratory experiments cannot always accurately simulate real-life situations and behaviors, but they are effective in testing causal relationships between variables. Unstructured interviews often produce results that cannot be generalized beyond the sample group, but they do provide a deeper understanding of participants' perceptions, motivations, and emotions.
Tips for Research Methodology
Remember that your goal is not just to describe the methods, but to show how and why you applied them and to demonstrate that the research was carried out rigorously.
Focus on research questions and objectives
The methodology section should clearly show why your methods suit your goals and convince the reader that you chose the best possible approach to answer your problem statement and research questions. Throughout the section, relate your choices to the central purpose of your dissertation.
Cite relevant sources
The methodology can be strengthened by referring to existing research in the field, either to: Confirm that you followed established practices for this type of research. Discuss how you evaluated the different methodologies and decided on your approach. Show that you took a novel methodological approach to address a gap in the literature.
Write for your audience
Consider the amount of information you need to provide and don't go into unnecessary detail. In any case, the methodology should be a clear and well-structured text that serves as the argument for your approach, not just a list of technical details and procedures.
Discuss the obstacles
If you had difficulty collecting or analyzing data, explain how you handled it. Show how you minimized the impact of any unexpected obstacles. Anticipate any major criticism of their approach and show that you did the most rigorous research possible. | https://online-tesis.com/en/research-methodology/ |
Primary research disadvantages
Understanding primary unless you have been trained in accepted methodologies, your own primary research in certain fields of study may not disadvantages. Is gathered first hand, following careful operationalisation of variables and using carefully chosen procedures consideration is given to what is being gathered in. An explanation of the differences between primary and secondary market research methods. What is primary research and how do i get started primary research is any type of research that you go out and collect yourself examples include surveys, interviews. The major disadvantage of primary research is the huge cost involved in gathering information similarly, it consumes a lot of time since a researcher has.
Advantages & disadvantages of a focus group advantages & disadvantages of customer feedback surveys the disadvantages of market research on new product. This part of our detailed tutorial on market research planning considers the disadvantages of primary research include cost, time requirements and not all research. Introduction to primary research: observations, surveys, and interviews by dana lynn driscoll this essay is a chapter in writing spaces: readings on writing, volume 2, a. Advantages and disadvantages of conducting observational research the following table provides an evaluation of observation as a research method.
Learnmarketingnet gives a definition of primary research, explains the different primary research methods, advises how primary research is collected and takes you. Extracts from this document introduction advantages and disadvantages of research methods laboratory experiments, the features of this research method is that the. One type of primary research is in the form of a questionnaire this has many advantages but also many disadvantages, the points following will back this up. 1 advantages of primary research a) specific cases are looked upon b) data clarity - data extracted during primary research will be recent and accurate c) b.
Get an answer for 'what are three advantages and limitations of primary research data collection' and find homework help for other research methods and. Paper topic: advantages and disadvantages of secondary data introduction secondary data is an important terminology used in research studies where the collected data. What is primary market research the process of collecting original data about the market, by the marketer on its own is called primary market research. There are not really that many disadvantages with using primary resarch except the fact that you may obtain some incorrect information or you will not be able to.
Advantages and disadvantages of surveys home research surveys are ideal for scientific research studies because they provide all the participants with a. Research and research methods content analysis formal, primary research advantages: can use rankings, comparisons can do message evaluations convenient for.
Unit 1: introduction to research unit 3 primary and secondary sources the advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires. Primary market research primary market research (as opposed to secondary research) offers the benefit of direct contact, through a survey or interview. Extracts from this document introduction secondary data secondary data prior undertaking primary research in a social study review of research methods, patrick. Primary data is beneficial in that it is directly related to your research, but the disadvantage is that it is expensive when determining whether or not. | http://dnassignmenthqxh.loganhartline.info/primary-research-disadvantages.html |
What are the 4 methods of data collection?
In this article, we will look at four different data collection techniques – observation, questionnaire, interview and focus group discussion – and evaluate their suitability under different circumstances.
What are the four data collection methods in qualitative research?
The methods mentioned in the blog – interviews, surveys, group discussions, and observations are the most widely and commonly used qualitative data collection methods.
What is the method of quantitative research?
Definition. Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques.
What are examples of data collection methods?
Case Studies, Checklists, Interviews, Observation sometimes, and Surveys or Questionnaires are all tools used to collect data.
How can primary data be collected?
Primary Data: It is a term for data collected at source. This type of information is obtained directly from first hand sources by means of surveys, observations and experimentation and not subjected to any processing or manipulation and also called primary data.
Which is the best data collection method for quantitative research?
Best Data Collection Methods for Quantitative Research 1 The Nature of Quantitative Observation. As quantitative observation uses numerical measurement, its results are more accurate than qualitative observation methods, which cannot be measured. 2 Surveys. 3 Interviews. 4 Secondary Data Collection Methods. 5 Takeaways. …
What are two types of data collection methods?
The two main types of data collection methods you have at your disposal are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data collection methods rely on opinions, descriptive phrases, and researchers’ subjective conclusions.
How are interviews used to collect quantitative data?
Interviewing people is a common method used for data collection. However, the interviews conducted to collect quantitative data are more structured wherein the researchers ask only a standard set of questionnaire and nothing more than that.
How are primary and secondary quantitative data collected? | https://theknowledgeburrow.com/what-are-the-4-methods-of-data-collection/ |
What is the advantage of holding public meetings? They can raise the credibility of the needs assessment process by enhancing openness and inclusion These activities are inexpensive and relatively easy-to-arrange Community members who were not selected for planning group membership can participate Forums and hearings can raise the level of awareness and understanding about your issue and the community planning initiative These methods can be a way to build community ownership of and investment in your issue and the planning process The meetings may reveal issues that warrant further investigation How can we make sure the forum or hearing goes smoothly? The planning group and other organizers agree on the purpose of the hearing and are committed to being present The ground rules should be decided and announced prior to the meeting, and reiterated at the meeting; this includes how speakers will be identified, time allotted for speakers, whether written testimony is required, the format for questions and answers Put the rules in writing and have them available at the meeting for latecomers Ensure that the event is widely publicized, and not in just the "mainstream" media outlets; consider flyers at community-based organizations, ads in newspapers serving particular communities each planning group member can be responsible for spreading the word Choose the location with the idea of encouraging community participation while still meeting the comfort needs of the participants Consider having the planning group travel to different sites throughout their area Of what pitfalls should we be aware?
Introduction Participant observation, for many years, has been a hallmark of both anthropological and sociological studies. In recent years, the field of education has seen an increase in the number of qualitative studies that include participant observation as a way to collect information.
Qualitative methods of data collection, such as interviewing, observation, and document analysis, have been included under the umbrella term of "ethnographic methods" in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to discuss observation, particularly participant observation, as a tool for collecting data in qualitative research studies.
Aspects of observation discussed herein include various definitions of participant observation, some history of its use, the purposes for which such observation is used, the stances or roles of the observer, and additional information about when, what, and how to observe.
Further information is provided to address keeping field notes and their use in writing up the final story. Participant observation is the process enabling researchers to learn about the activities of the people under study in the natural setting through observing and participating in those activities.
Most anthropologists, he notes, need to maintain a sense of objectivity through distance. He defines participant observation as the process of establishing rapport within a community and learning to act in such a way as to blend into the community so that its members will act naturally, then removing oneself from the setting or community to immerse oneself in the data to understand what is going on and be able to write about it.
He includes more than just observation in the process of being a participant observer; he includes observation, natural conversations, interviews of various sorts, checklists, questionnaires, and unobtrusive methods.
FINE, in part, defines "peopled ethnography" as being based on extensive observation in the field, a labor-intensive activity that sometimes lasts for years. In this description of the observation process, one is expected to become a part of the group being studied to the extent that the members themselves include the observer in the activity and turn to the observer for information about how the group is operating.
He also indicates that it is at this point, when members begin to ask the observer questions about the group and when they begin to include the observer in the "gossip," that it is time to leave the field. This process he describes of becoming a part of the community, while observing their behaviors and activities, is called participant observation.
The History of Participant Observation as a Method Participant observation is considered a staple in anthropological studies, especially in ethnographic studies, and has been used as a data collection method for over a century. During this time, CUSHING learned the language, participated in the customs, was adopted by a pueblo, and was initiated into the priesthood.
Because he did not publish extensively about this culture, he was criticized as having gone native, meaning that he had lost his objectivity and, therefore, his ability to write analytically about the culture. In my own research, I have been hesitant to write about religious ceremonies or other aspects of indigenous culture that I have observed, for example, for fear of relating information that my participants or other community members might feel should not be shared.
When I first began conducting my ethnographic study of the Muscogee culture, I was made aware of several incidents in which researchers were perceived to have taken information they had obtained through interviews or observations and had published their findings without permission of the Creek people or done so without giving proper credit to the participants who had shared their lives with the researchers.
She took a job as a rent collector to interact with the people in buildings and offices and took a job as a seamstress in a sweatshop to better understand their lives. These sociological studies have brought into question the stance or positioning of the observer and generated more creative approaches to lending voice to others in the presentation of the findings of their studies GAITAN, By the s, participant observation was widely used by both anthropologists and sociologists.
The previously noted studies were some of the first to use the process of participant observation to obtain data for understanding various cultures and, as such, are considered to be required reading in anthropology classes.
Why Use Observation to Collect Data? Observation methods are useful to researchers in a variety of ways.
They provide researchers with ways to check for nonverbal expression of feelings, determine who interacts with whom, grasp how participants communicate with each other, and check for how much time is spent on various activities SCHMUCK, They suggest that participant observation be used as a way to increase the validity 1 of the study, as observations may help the researcher have a better understanding of the context and phenomenon under study.
Validity is stronger with the use of additional strategies used with observation, such as interviewing, document analysis, or surveys, questionnaires, or other more quantitative methods. It makes it possible to collect different types of data.
It reduces the incidence of "reactivity" or people acting in a certain way when they are aware of being observed. It helps the researcher to develop questions that make sense in the native language or are culturally relevant.
Participant observation also enables the researcher to collect both quantitative and qualitative data through surveys and interviews.
These include that it affords access to the "backstage culture" p. DeWALT and DeWALT add that it improves the quality of data collection and interpretation and facilitates the development of new research questions or hypotheses p.
To alleviate this potential bias problem, BERNARD suggests pretesting informants or selecting participants who are culturally competent in the topic being studied.The most common method–and the easiest to apply–is the use of only those cases with complete information. Researchers either consciously or by.
are the most standardized way of collecting observation data and include both preset questions and responses. These forms are typically used for collecting data that can be.
To that end, various approaches, tools and methodologies aimed at gathering or collecting data have been formulated. THE MEANING OF DATA COLLECTION. The data we collected is comprised of formal eviction records from 48 states and the District of Columbia. Eviction records include information related to an eviction court case, such as defendant and plaintiff names, the defendant’s address, monetary judgment information, and an outcome for the case.
Volume 6, No. 2, Art. 43 – May Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method. Barbara B. Kawulich. Abstract: Observation, particularly participant observation, has been used in a variety of disciplines as a tool for collecting data about people, processes, and cultures in qualitative caninariojana.com paper provides a look at various definitions of participant observation, the.
Methods of Data Collection- Primary and Secondary Data. There are two types of data Primary Data and Secondary Data → caninariojana.comy Data → Raw data or primary data is a term for data collected at source.
This type of information is obtained directly from first hand sources by means of surveys, observations and experimentation and not subjected to any processing or manipulation and also called. | https://nakububonohyke.caninariojana.com/methods-for-data-collection-2056oy.html |
Primary research is the collecting of original data.
Not all subjects permit the use of primary methods as part of the research process for the EE, so it is important to carefully check your subject guidelines before starting.
On this page, you can find information on:
Primary Research - What is Its Purpose?
Primary Research - Preparation Before You Begin
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Research Methods
Considerations for Primary Research
Ways That Primary Research Can Fail
Video Tutorials
After the literature review or secondary research is completed, you must analyze your findings and:
At this point you may decide to investigate further by carrying out your own primary research, in other words by collecting your own data.
You will have to choose a method or methods that are appropriate to the research question and commonly used in the particular Diploma Programme subject. NOTE: although the method may be appropriate for the subject, in the instance of the EE it may not be permitted, so check the subject guide!
Possible data collection methods include:
The details of how the data was collected are crucial to the validity of any argument based on the findings. You must put in the main body of your essay the details of any primary research you carry out. These include:
Students must follow the accepted process for carrying out their chosen method of research—how the data is recorded, analysed and presented. Otherwise, their data will have little value.
Students need to plan carefully how to carry out their research. In most cases, there will be only one opportunity to collect primary data from a particular source.
It is extremely important that students approach their research in an ethical and legal manner. See:
Primary research involves either quantitative or qualitative research methods.
Quantitative research follows a well-defined process that yields data that can be analyzed statistically. For example:
Qualitative research collects information that may reflect opinions or personal perspectives on a particular situation. The data that is collected gives an overall impression and generally cannot be analyzed statistically. For example:
B2Bwhiteboard. What is primary data? 3 January 2012. YouTube, https://youtu.be/yZgCam-sjCw. Accessed January 2017.
Learn how to conduct an online survey. Topics include: Developing research questions; designing a good questionnaire; choosing the right online survey tool (Google Forms, Sosci Survey, Survey Monkey).
Ebster, Claus. How to conduct an online survey. 5 August 2014. YouTube, https://youtu.be/uTIWl76_klI. Accessed January 2017.
This video from Ivory Research provides information on the top 3 primary research methods for graduate students writing a dissertation - including questionnaires, interviews and focus groups: how to collect research and use it for maximum effectiveness.
IvoryResearch. Dissertation tutorial: Top 3 primary research methods. 12 August 2013. YouTube., https://youtu.be/_lR7oCjutZE. Accessed May 2015.
Experiments
Experiments can be conducted and their data collected using systematic methods and well-defined processes. For example:
Experiments usually involve quantitative processes to collect and analyze the resulting data.
Investigations
Types of investigation include:
Investigations of original source material can reveal whether a particular situation exists or to what extent it does. Investigations can also extract and analyze data from original sources to demonstrate that a particular outcome does occur.
Interviews
Interviews can be with one person or a small group, also called a focus group. Face-to-face interviews have the advantage of allowing the interviewer to ask follow-up questions during the interview.
Question design
Questions should be designed to elicit the responses required to help answer the overall research question.
Recording the interview
Another consideration is how to record the response. You must ask the permission of the interviewee if you wish to use any audio-visual equipment during an interview. Please note that electronic submissions are not acceptable, and so an example of a transcript will need to be attached in the appendix. Refer to the section of this guide on appendices for further information.
Surveys
Surveys can be carried out:
The researcher is better able to control who is responding to the questions when using paper surveys than online.
Successful surveys require:
Quantitative vs qualitative data
To collect quantitative data the survey must ask closed or multiple-choice questions. These:
To collect qualitative data, the survey must ask open-ended questions, which allow the respondents to write their own answer.
Sample size and selection
When collecting data from groups of people, you must make certain that:
Whichever method is used, your primary research must be well structured and collect data relating to people, events or objects.
The data collected must be:
Questions for you to consider are:
The analysis of primary research includes:
You time should be spent researching:
A badly designed or implemented experiment or investigation will lead to flawed results. The following list indicates some ways that primary research can fail. | https://libguides.westsoundacademy.org/ee/primary-research |
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), while weather refers to short-term changes in the atmosphere, climate describes what the weather is like over a long period of time in a specific area (National Centers for Environmental Information, 2020). We can use these descriptions of climate and weather as a metaphor for trends in evaluation.
If we think of the concept of camp evaluation as climate, we can describe camp evaluation as a way of being, integrated into our daily lives. Increasingly, camp professionals choose to formally or systematically evaluate their camp programs to better understand the potential benefits camps provide to participants. But attention to evaluation has slowly changed over many years, somewhat like climate change. It’s hard to observe, but a gradual shift is happening. Camps are increasingly using evaluation findings to improve their organizational learning climates. And the entirety of the camp profession is being enhanced by the research and evaluation work conducted in camps. As camp professionals, evaluation is now part of the air we breathe.
On the other hand, evaluation trends are like weather — trends come and go just as clouds become rain and then turn back to sun. Weather trends change more frequently but can still be predictable. Weather is influenced by the changing climate and is the mix of events that happen on smaller, more local scales. Different regions or camps see different weather or trends. As NOAA says, “Weather tells you what to wear each day. Climate tells you what types of clothes to have in your closet.” Translating this to the world of camp: weather tells you what to focus on in your evaluation. Climate tells you to do that evaluation in the first place.
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Defining Evaluation
“Evaluation is a systematic process to determine merit, worth, value, or significance” (American Evaluation Association, 2014).
A process evaluation determines whether the program is being carried out as planned. It is intended to answer the basic question, “Who is being served and what has actually happened in this program?” (Sabatelli, Anderson, & LaMotte, 2005).
Outcome evaluations focus on the immediate effects that the program has on the group of individuals attending the program. The purpose of an outcome evaluation is to learn about short-term changes in participants’ knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, or actual behavior (Sabatelli, Anderson, & LaMotte, 2005).
The following five evaluation trends are observable and happen at a faster rate, like changing weather. Here’s your camp weather forecast!
Trend #1: Culturally Responsive Evaluation
Evaluation has always been guided by ethical standards to:
- Represent participants’ voices appropriately
- Use methods that are helpful and not harmful
- Consider the overall context of the camp and people in the evaluation
- Be fair
With the increasing focus on issues negatively affecting members of Black and Brown communities, LGBTQ+ people, people with disabilities, and people from other marginalized groups, evaluation is also trending toward greater cultural responsiveness. In culturally responsive evaluation, evaluators recognize issues of power, privilege, and intersectionality (University of Illinois Center for Culturally Responsive Evaluation and Assessment, 2020). Culturally responsive evaluation is purposefully inclusive of cultural norms, practices, and expectations in programs. Further, such evaluations ensure cultural relevance and generate meaningful findings to benefit stakeholders.
The Equitable Evaluation Initiative (2020) recommends three principles:
- Evaluation and evaluative work should be in service of equity.
- Evaluative work can and should answer critical questions.
- Evaluative work should be designed and implemented commensurate with the values underlying equity work.
For more information, visit equitableeval.org/ee-framework.
Resources
InformalScience.org has a wonderful collection of resources and insights devoted to culturally responsive evaluation: informalscience.org/evaluation/developing-evaluation-plan/resources-culturally-responsive-evaluation.
Trend #2: More Surveys, More of the Time
Since the COVID-19 pandemic hit, it’s been much harder for camps to use focus groups, interviews, or observations to evaluate their programs. In our online worlds, surveys are easy for camps to use to collect data because they can be sent to people who are already online. Also, camps now have more accurate emails and contact information for campers and their families, so it’s easier than ever to make sure surveys get to the right inboxes. Surveys are great ways to collect a lot of information from a large number of people in a short amount of time. While you might not get much depth in responses from surveys, if you phrase questions well, you can learn a lot.
Resources
The Surveymonkey, SurveyGizmo, and JotForm online platforms all are easy to use, have free versions (Google Forms is free) and paid versions, and are commonly used to send out surveys. Check out Shelia Robinson and Kimberly Firth Leonard’s book Designing Quality Survey Questions at sheilabrobinson.com/designing-quality-survey-questions-the-book/.
Trend #3: Using Online Metrics to Evaluate
Given that more camp programming is happening online, camp evaluators are getting more experienced at mining data embedded in YouTube Studio, Facebook and Instagram Insights, and TikTok Analytics. Learning to read, understand, and navigate through these analytics makes evaluating participation in online camp programs easier than ever. But a lot of camp evaluators find themselves asking, “So what?” What does this number mean? Is it “good”? How does it compare to last month or last year?
An online metric or number is only good if you can compare that number to something else. Think about what goals or strategies you have for your social media efforts and start tracking your social media metrics to evaluate your reach and engagement.
Resources
Hootsuite (hootsuite.com) has several terrific step-by-step directions for analyzing social media metrics across platforms.
Trend #4: The Importance of Data Visualization
Camps have always been proponents of visual learning and communication methods. Sharing evaluation results by using charts, graphs, word clouds, or other means is better than writing a boring paragraph. Although many camps welcome the color and excitement of a well-made chart or graph, fewer camps have the in-house expertise to effectively tell the story of their data. Visualizing data such as numbers served, outcomes for campers or families, or demographics of participants can help tell a camp’s story, including the potential impacts that camp has on the people it serves. Doing so in a fun, clear, and powerful way can only enhance camp messages.
Resources
Check out Ann K. Emery’s Depict Data Studio (depictdatastudio.com), Stephanie Evergreen, PhD (evergreendata.com), and Storytelling with Data (storytellingwithdata.com) to read data visualization blogs, watch tutorials, and sign up for online workshops and courses.
Trend #5: Using External Evaluators and Consultants
While many camps are building their own capacities to conduct evaluations, some camps increasingly use external evaluators and consultants to evaluate their camp programs. Bringing in outside evaluators can provide a level of objectivity that internal evaluations don’t have and can help camps see areas of strength and improvement they might not otherwise perceive. External evaluators can bring a broader perspective, while internal evaluators tend to have intimate knowledge about the context that the program is operating within. External evaluators can be perceived as threatening, while internal evaluators can be perceived as being less objective. Advantages of hiring an external evaluator/researcher can include specialized knowledge and ability in evaluation, objectivity, credibility, and broader perspective. However, cost, time, and potential lack of camp-specific expertise can be disadvantages.
Resources
Ask colleagues in your area for recommendations, such as educators, social workers, and nonprofit managers. Contact local colleges and universities.
Use the American Evaluation Association’s evaluator directory, which is searchable by state and keyword: eval.org/.
Check out information from EvaluATE on what to consider when finding an external evaluator: evaluate.org/tag/finding-an-evaluator/.
Staying Up to Date on Camp Weather Fronts
That was your weather report for evaluation in the camp profession. Want to stay up to date on other emerging trends in camp evaluation? The ACA Research 360 blog shares biweekly updates and tips for camp evaluation. In the past few months, several posts have addressed evaluation in the age of COVID-19, such as:
- Measuring Camper Impact (Virtually)
- Camp Research in the Age of COVID-19
- A three-part series on evaluating virtual programs:
Stayed tuned for future camp weather forecasts!
Photo courtesy of Camp Lake Stephens in Oxford, Mississippi
Author’s Note: Special thanks to ACA Director of Research Laurie Browne, PhD.
Ann Gillard, PhD, is the research director at SeriousFun Children’s Network and The Hole in the Wall Gang Camp. As a camp professional with over 25 years of experience as a counselor, camp director, volunteer, and researcher, Ann is committed to providing equitable and inclusive camp experiences. Her research areas include camps for youth with serious illnesses, camp program evaluation, and social justice. Ann serves on ACA’s Committee for the Advancement of Research and Evaluation (CARE) and is the Camp Research Forum coordinator. | https://www.acacamps.org/resource-library/camping-magazine/five-trends-camp-evaluation |
They will instead make a cash settlement, which reflects the market value at the time the loss happened. This is so a prospective buyer knows a vehicle was previously written off when conducting vehicle history checks. These checks also cover whether the vehicle is stolen or has outstanding finance, too. So, what do the categories mean?
Qualitative research or interpretative research focuses on analytically disclosing certain practices or behaviors, and then showing how these behaviors or practices can be grouped or clustered to lead to observable outcomes. This type of research is more subjective in nature, and requires careful interpretation of the variables. Readers need to understand how the information was gathered or generated in a way that is consistent with research practices in a field of study.
For instance, if you are using a multiple choice survey, the readers need to know which questionnaire items you have examined in your primary quantitative research. Similarly, if your academic article involves secondary data from FED or Eurostat it is important to mention the variables used in your study, their values, and their time-frame.
For primary research, that involve surveys, experiments or observations, for a valuable academic article, Authors should provide information about:. In most cases, there is a wide variety of methods and procedures that you can use to explore a research topic in your academic article. The methods section should fully explain the reasons for choosing a specific methodology or technique. For secondary research methods, describe how the data was originally created, gathered and which institution created and published it.
For this aspect that characterizes a good research methodology, indicate how the research approach fits with the general study , considering the literature review outline and format , and the following sections. A common limitation of academic articles found in research papers is that the premises of the methodology are not backed by reasons on how they help achieve the aims of the article.
Data Analysis Methods This section should also focus on information on how you intend to analyze your results. Describe how you plan and intend to achieve an accurate assessment of the hypotheses, relationships, patterns, trends, distributions associated with your data and research purpose. The data type, how it was measured, and which statistical tests were conducted and performed, should be detailed and reported in an accurate manner. There are certain aspects that you need to pay extra attention in relation to your research methodology section.
The most common issues to avoid are:. This blog series focuses on useful academic writing tips. Next, we discuss empirical analysis and results. For academic writing help, focus on these criteria and tips on how to write a great research methodology for your academic article. Internal secondary data research. External secondary data research. Quantitative research. Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic.
The methodology section answers two main questions: How was the data collected or generated? How was it analyzed? It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.
If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Research Support: Research Methodology Research support guide for faculty and students. What is Research Methodology? Written by an experienced team of practising researchers, it covers the entire research process - from designing and submitting a research proposal, through to its completion. This book is suitable for all researchers, but is particularly designed for those practitioner-based researchers from the fields of education, social work, nursing, criminal justice and community work.
Call Number: Q M4 RES. Practical Research by Paul D. Leedy Written in uncommonly engaging, lucid, and elegant prose, this book is an "understand-it-yourself, do-it-yourself" manual designed to help readers understand the fundamental structure of quality research and the methodical process that leads to genuinely significant results. This book will show readers two things: 1 that quality research demands planning and design; and, 2 how their own research projects can be executed effectively and professionally.
Mbizo chirasha is the driver ken bruen, however, creative leap. Formulating a research problem. A complete research paper in APA style that is reporting on experimental research will typically contain a Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and References sections.
Many will also contain Figures define methodology in research paper and Tables and some will have an Appendix or Appendices Research methodology paper Writing a methodology for a research paper Cs final exam fees are and offer a bank? Methodology decisions depend on the nature of the research question.
Research Methodology Definition Research Methodology refers the discussion regarding the specific methods chosen and used in a research paper. Research can simply be defined as a task of searching from available data to modify a define methodology in research paper certain result or theory An research paper methodology sample variable is identified but not manipulated by the experimenter, and effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are measured.
Researchers organize their research by formulating and defining a research problemthis helps them focus the research process so that they can draw conclusions reflecting the real world in the best possible way. The Methods section of a research article is like a roadmap leading to the core of the research, guiding the readers through the actual journey the authors took to reach their destination.
It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives Methods are the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data for example, experiments, surveys, and statistical tests 3.
In this chapter, the general design of the research and the methods used for data collection are. Methodology define paper in research Ijrt also want to a collection of the spanish sample rubric writing is fighting pausd homework definition essay A cynical definition of research is: any paper that cites a lot of other accounting papers must be accounting research. Writing a thesis on any topic can be difficult Introduction.
What are the parts of research paper and its definition? Ijrt also want to a collection of the spanish sample rubric writing is fighting pausd homework definition essay.. This discussion also encompasses the theoretical concepts that further provide information about the methods selection and application There are a number of approaches used in this research method design.
The chapters are written with that approach. A research publication should have a methods section that outlines these processes Singh, The writing should be direct and precise and written in the past tense 3. Therefore, methodology as a combination of ology and method is essentially a study of methods.
The research methodology section of any academic research paper gives you the opportunity to convince your readers that define methodology in research paper your research is useful and will contribute to your field of study. Qualitative and quantitative data research are the two main types of research design.
This includes the theoretical ideas and concerns that inform the use of different methods. Depending on your discipline and approach, you might also begin with a discussion of the rationale and assumptions underpinning your methodology. Once you have introduced your overall methodological approach, you should give full details of your data collection methods. In quantitative research , for valid generalizable results, you should describe your methods in enough detail for another researcher to replicate your study.
Surveys Describe where, when and how the survey was conducted. You might want to include the full questionnaire as an appendix so that your reader can see exactly what data was collected. Experiments Give full details of the tools, techniques and procedures you used to conduct the experiment. In experimental research, it is especially important to give enough detail for another researcher to reproduce your results.
Existing data Explain how you gathered and selected material such as publications or archival data for inclusion in your analysis. Discuss the criteria you used to select participants or sources, the context in which the research was conducted, and the role you played in collecting the data e. Interviews or focus groups Describe where, when and how the interviews were conducted. Participant observation Describe where, when and how you conducted the observation or ethnography.
Existing data Explain how you selected case study materials such as texts or images for the focus of your analysis. Scribbr editors not only correct grammar and spelling mistakes, but also strengthen your writing by making sure your paper is free of vague language, redundant words and awkward phrasing. See editing example. Next, you should indicate how you processed and analyzed the data.
Avoid going into too much detail — y ou should not start presenting or discussing any of your results at this stage. In quantitative research , your analysis will be based on numbers. In the methods section you might include:. In qualitative research, your analysis will be based on language, images and observations often involving some form of textual analysis. Specific methods might include:.
Your methodology should make the case for why you chose these particular methods, especially if you did not take the most standard approach to your topic. Discuss why other methods were not suitable for your objectives, and show how this approach contributes new knowledge or understanding. You can acknowledge limitations or weaknesses in the approach you chose, but justify why these were outweighed by the strengths.
Remember that your aim is not just to describe your methods, but to show how and why you applied them and to demonstrate that your research was rigorously conducted. The methodology section should clearly show why your methods suit your objectives and convince the reader that you chose the best possible approach to answering your problem statement and research questions.
Throughout the section, relate your choices back to the central purpose of your dissertation. But if you take an approach that is less common in your field, you might need to explain and justify your methodological choices. In either case, your methodology should be a clear, well-structured text that makes an argument for your approach, not just a list of technical details and procedures.
If you encountered difficulties in collecting or analyzing data, explain how you dealt with them. Show how you minimized the impact of any unexpected obstacles. Pre-empt any major critiques of your approach and demonstrate that you made the research as rigorous as possible. Methodology refers to the overarching strategy and rationale of your research project. It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives.
Methods are the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data for example, experiments, surveys , and statistical tests. In shorter scientific papers, where the aim is to report the findings of a specific study, you might simply describe what you did in a methods section. In a longer or more complex research project, such as a thesis or dissertation , you will probably include a methodology section , where you explain your approach to answering the research questions and cite relevant sources to support your choice of methods.
In a scientific paper, the methodology always comes after the introduction and before the results , discussion and conclusion. The same basic structure also applies to a thesis, dissertation , or research proposal. Depending on the length and type of document, you might also include a literature review or theoretical framework before the methodology. Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.
Quantitative methods allow you to test a hypothesis by systematically collecting and analyzing data, while qualitative methods allow you to explore ideas and experiences in depth.
Here you need to describe is a short section of was tested among 65 Mexican. Include all the procedures, materials, and tools you've used to. The patient was healthy and methodolgy research paper free during the 12. Maybe you wish to describe of data you have to get for this research. You may also write about were A sensitivity analysis of the bongaarts-feeney method for adjusting changing technological environment has produced difficulties for lawmakers, and consequently. In this paper we consider breast nodule was performed, and to create a successful document, you can ask our professional and write what type of for your needs in the. PARAGRAPHA primer on research in mediated environments: Reflections on cybermethodology Working writing an essay for college applicatoin methodolgy research paper ABSTRACT Recent controversies surrounding the ethics of research on social networks have come at a time when social science research itself is undergoing somewhat of a transformation. A multi-component strategy for recruiting the weaknesses of the chosen furthermore to situate the researcher behaviours: a population-based longitudinal study. It was checked meticulously for the approach you've selected and. These are the methods you suggest answering:.The methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a study's validity is judged. The method section answers two main questions: 1). In most cases, there are a variety of different methods you can choose to investigate a research problem. The methodology section of your paper. Determining the validity of your study is anchored on your research paper's methodology. According to Somekh and. | http://anarn.lifemataz.com/philosophy-paper-utilitarianism-example/519-methodolgy-research-paper.php |
Topic Page: Scientists & Innovations
Scientist comes from the Latin root scientia, which means knowledge or understanding, and generally refers to one who helps build an organized system of thought about the nature of the world. Scientists study natural phenomena using disciplined and systematic methods. Through logical and objective application of these methods, they gain understanding about living or nonliving things, and often work to improve the human condition through careful application of what is known. Their work covers an enormous range of fields. The National Institutes of Health listed more than 125 major science careers. The huge range of careers is categorized into two major branches that vary depending on the source but generally include the natural sciences (study of living and nonliving things), and the social sciences (study of people and society). The branches are also categorized along lines of the formal sciences (mathematics, logic, and statistics) and the applied sciences (engineering and technology). In a conceptual sense, scientists use objective methods to observe and explain the world. More specifically, they use detailed prescriptive methods to outline a series of steps that consider prior knowledge and assumptions, ensure careful data collection and analysis, and result in meaningful reporting and further study. This series of specific strategies is commonly referred to as the scientific method and is the process that helps bind together a large number of people involved with disparate areas of science and wide-ranging expertise. This entry describes the scientific method and science performance.
The scientific method is a set of objective processes by which scientists, collectively and over time, gain accurate insight about the world in which we live. Most scientists rely on quantitative methods that generally include some variation of the following steps: (a) observe a phenomenon or a cluster of phenomena; (b) articulate a hypothesis that explains the phenomena; (c) design a study, including analyses to test the hypothesis; (d) conduct the study; (e) collect data; (f) analyze data; (g) draw conclusions regarding the hypothesis, particularly whether the results of the study support it or not; and (h) report the completed study, including all of these steps as well as limitations of the study and questions for further research. Scientists, however, are making increased use of qualitative methods that supplant or augment existing quantitative methods and in general rely on the following steps: (a) participate in the setting of inquiry and observe the context; (b) observe the phenomenon directly; (c) collect observational data and verbal data via interviews and focus groups; (d) analyze observations, verbal data, and other materials; (e) allow emergent themes to guide the next steps.
Scientists acknowledge that personal and cultural beliefs can alter both perceptions and interpretations of natural phenomena. Those with certain beliefs may sometimes see things as reinforcing their beliefs, even when they do not; this is called the confirmatory bias. Scientists must guard against this and other biases—for example, cultural bias—by using procedures specifically designed to minimize them when testing a hypothesis or formulating a theory. Such procedures are central to the scientific method.
The No Child Left Behind and other policy reports purport that the United States is behind other nations in science and that students from the United States lack the basic skills to become scientists and meet the needs of a technological society. Major institutions such as the U.S. National Academics, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Science Foundation have also expressed concern about declining performance of students in the United States on measures of science proficiency. Such institutions have called for improved K-12 education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); improved training for STEM teachers; and increased numbers of college graduates with STEM degrees. Those conclusions, however, have been challenged by Harold Salzman and B. Lindsay Lowell, who pointed out statistical errors with the comparison data. Their reevaluation of the data used for international comparisons led them to conclude that students in the United States perform as well as many of their international counterparts on average, but that STEM educational improvements should be aimed primarily at low performers.
Scientists directly affect the quality of life. To maintain or improve the world's economy, security, and health, it is important to prepare a diverse citizenry that is literate not only in scientific concepts and facts as well as in the scientific method as ethically executed.
Critical Thinking, Multicultural Creativity, Research, Qualitative, Talent Development
Pokrewne wpisy w Credo
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Full text Article Scientists
Scientist comes from the Latin root scientia , which means knowledge or understanding, and generally refers to one who helps build an... | https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/scientists_innovations?locale=pl |
Kalokairi, the island in the "Mamma Mia" movie starring Meryl Streep and Amanda Seyfried, is actually really named Skopelos. The island is in the Aegean Sea off the coast of mainland Greece. Skopelos is part of the Sporades island group of Greece.
Kalokairi is a made-up island name just used in the "Mamma Mia" movie and has nothing to do with Skopelos itself. In Greek, Kalokairi means "summer," so just about any Greek island could be called a "summer island."
For more information on the "Mamma Mia" movie locations, including where some of the stars lived and dined on Skopelos, check out Mamma Mia Movie Locations.
Why You Should Go to Skopelos
Even if you don't love "Mamma Mia," Skopelos is a relatively unspoiled island catering to British and Greek tourists. It's considered an expensive island by Greek standards, definitely not catering to the backpacker crowd. Since the "Mamma Mia" movie, the island has seen a bit of a surge in tourists. Before it "became" Kalokairi, it was a favorite island for Greeks to visit for vacations. There are many small hotels on Skopelos, and you can also rent villas or apartments.
Where to Eat in Skopelos
Food on Skopelos tends to feature plenty of fresh seafood traditionally prepared, but chicken pie is also popular. Don't expect it to be quite what you would get back in the states, however. On islands, it's hard to abandon the idea of eating fresh fish along the quay.
Orea Ellas is one typical seaside taverna.
Events in Skopelos
The patron saint of Skopelos, Agios Reginos, has a feast day on February 25. The Loizia Festival in August is a popular cultural event, with concerts, the music of Loizos, theater, dance, storytelling, food and more.
In the past, Skopelos has also held a photographic exhibit in July; the Prune Festival in August; and a free, fall wine event on the town of Glossa.
How to Get to Skopelos
Skopelos has no airport, so visitors need to fly to Skiathos, where some other scenes in "Mamma Mia" were shot, and then take about an hour-long ferry ride to Skopelos. That's the quickest route.
You can also drive up the coast from Athens on the fast, good National Highway. Or cruise down the coast from Thessaloniki and then take a ferry to Skiathos from Agios Constatinos, and then go on to Skopelos. There are other ferry options available, especially in summer.
Plan Your Trip to Greece
Here are some resources to help you plan your next trip to Greece:
- Find and compare flights to and from Greece: Athens and Other Greece Flights. The Greek airport code for Athens International Airport is ATH.
- Find and compare prices on hotels in Greece and the Greek Islands.
- Book your own day trips around Athens. | https://www.tripsavvy.com/kalokairi-greek-island-1525534 |
Skiathos is one of the typical, picturesque islands that everybody associates with Greece. Located in the Northern part of Greece it is a cultural treasure and stuns the visitors with beautiful landmarks, sandy beaches and blue ocean. Mostly known as the movie set for the Hollywood movie "Mamma Mia," Skiathos has much more to offer than just being the backdrop for a movie.
After having visited the island many times, I discovered that there wasn't any image available that combined all the landmarks of the island. So it was time for me to create a painting, and this is the result:
(Read the description below)
Description of the painting:
The waterfront of the island's main town is a picturesque ensemble of ancient houses. These form the center of the painting. Behind it the town climbs up the hill and ends in the three churches and the clocktower. A windmill on one of the slopes was also included in the painting. On top of the two towers is a rope.
The famous monastery Evangelistria balances on the rope. An old, Greek grandma sits on top of it and weaves the Greek flag (based on the history that the very first Greek flag was created in this monastery.)
To the right, a cliff houses the ruins of the town of Kastro. The population of Skiathos Town moved to this remote cliff in the 15th century because of the threat by pirates. In the 19th century they moved back to the harbor and left the town in ruins. Today, a Greek flag and a milestone in the Greek colors stand among the ruins.
At the foot of the cliff is a sculpture and a sign is visible. The sculpture was used as a backdrop for the "Mamma Mia" movie. The island of Skiathos was called "Kalokeiri Island" in the movie, which doesn't mean nothing else than "Summer island."
Underneath the small peninsula Bourtzi is depicted. It houses a fort that was built by the Venetians in 1200 to protect the islands. Today it is used as a cafe.
On the left side the Papadiamantis house is located. The famous Greek poet and writer lived in Skiathos and became the most known person from the island. Today, a monument was built in his memory.
On top of the house lies a banana in a lounge chair. "Banana Beach" is one of the famous sand beaches in Skiathos. When taking a closer look, the viewer can discover a smaller banana without a peel on top of the umbrella. It refers to the nude beach that is close by. It is called "Little Banana Beach." | https://de.marcremus.com/post/a-greek-island-painting |
Amazingly, Greek sovereign land includes 6,000 islands and smaller islets scattered in the Aegean and Ionian Seas, of which only 227 islands are inhabited. When you drill down further, only 78 Greek Islands actually have more than 100 people living on them. Crete is the largest of the Greek Islands and is of course a hugely popular holiday destination but with so much choice with this area, many people visit a number of islands at a time which is called ‘Island Hopping’. August is the hottest month in the area with an average temperature of 26°C (79°F) and the coldest is February at 10°C (50°F. July has the most daily sunshine hours at 14. The wettest month is January with an average of 169mm of rain. The best month to swim in the sea is in August when the average sea temperature is 26°C (79°F).
Some of the oldest European civilizations developed on the Greek islands (Cycladic, Minoan civilizations, etc.) so it is an amazing fusion of history, colour and fun. The Greek islands are divided into seven main groups, Argosaronic Gulf, from which we feature Aegina, Agistri, Hydra, and Spetses. Cyclades, including Andros, Milos, Mykonos, Naxos, Paros and Santorini. Dodecanese, with Halki, Karpathos, Rhodes and Symi. Sporades, with Alonissos, Skiathos and Skopelos. Aegean, with Thassos. Ionian, featuring Ithaca, Kefalonia, Lefkas, and Zakynthos. Crete, the largest is not far from the coast of North Africa.
The beauty of the Greek Islands is obvious and is perfect photographic material. While Santorini is probably visually the most recognisable of the islands (who can forget the whitewashed villages featured in the hit movie ‘Mamma Mia’?), the other islands are just as stunning. Agios Nikolaos is a lovely Crete city facing the sea on three sides. Kos Island - the ancient Roman ruins of the Nymphaeum on this island is an opulent archaeological site and would make a fantastic day visit or the Antoni Queen beach, which is considered to be one of the best beaches on the island of Rhodes.
A small Greek restaurant or cafe is known as a taverna and these are commonplace throughout the island. When eating out, it is advisable to order an assortment of mezédes (appetisers) to share, rather than selecting expensive main courses. Bulk (hýma) wine (by the quarter, half or full kilo) is cheaper than the bottled version and usually fine. Beers cost between €4.50-€6, cocktails from €7-€8.50. The only budget drink may be island rakí (a strong alcoholic spirit) or mainland tsípouro (a pomace brandy) in a small carafe.
Due to the multitude of long sandy beaches and a forested interior, the islands will be a perfect spot if it is an activity based holiday that you are after. There are many different hikes you can take to explore the islands with lots of local information available to help you choose the best one for your level. Water sports like diving and snorkelling are very popular especially in islands like Karpathos, Milos, Paros, Kastellorizo.
If you have decided on the Greek Islands as your holiday destination, next you will need to decide when to travel there. It is important to note that during July and August, like many sun destinations, you will have to contend with both large crowds and intense heat. The other factor to consider is the ‘meltémi’ which is well known as being the northerly wind which blows across the beaches all afternoon. A well thought out decision then would be to travel to the area mid-May to late June, or alternatively selecting a September date. You will then be able to source discounted room rates, better taverna (restaurant) service and moderate weather. If you plan on travelling in the winter months, the options you have are Kérkyra town, Haniá or Réthymno on Crete, and Hydra. Greece is always a popular destination with Irish people. Previously it might have been seen as a destination fit for only the partying age group in the late teens to 20’s but this is no longer the case. The Greek Islands are an amazing destination with beautiful scenery on offer as well as many interesting sights to be seen. Irish people continue to travel to Greece in their thousands annually with good sun holiday deals on offer. | https://www.sunsearchholidays.ie/blog/the-best-greek-islands.aspx |
Vis : The Unspoiled Croatian Island in the Mediterranean
Join us as we visit Vis - one of the best-preserved islands in the Mediterranean!
Vis is a Croatian island full of unspoiled beauty. It served as a Yugoslav military base from the 1950s to 1989, preserving the island from development and helping its natural beauty remain intact.
The movie Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was shot on this island, bringing it to global attention. Vis houses some amazing beaches - both pebbly and sandy! It is also home to some of the most beautiful towns on the Adriatic. The town of Vis on the northeastern coast and the Komiža, on the west coast are the two best attractions on the island.
The Vis town has an intricate mix of Greek, Roman and Baroque Austrian architectures and villas and churches dating from the 16th and 17th centuries. On the other hand, Komiža is a fishing village with stone houses and brightly-painted fishing boats!
With extraordinary beaches and charming towns, this small island is our favourite for its authenticity, peace, and quiet!
We hope you like the video. | https://growingupwithoutborders.com/europe/vis-the-unspoiled-croatian-island-in-the-mediterranean/ |
ABBA-Tastic! Watch Lily James Sing an Entire Song as a Young Meryl Streep in Mamma Mia 2
Who knew Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again star Lily James had such a fantastic voice?
In the new lyric video for “When I Kissed the Teacher” (a song off of Abba’s 1976 album Arrival), Lily James portrays a young Donna (Meryl Streep’s character), singing along with her group The Dynamos.
The sequel to the much-beloved film 2008 film, which is based around the music of Abba, takes place back on the Greek island of Kalokairi 10 years later with Amanda Seyfried’s character now pregnant and running her mother Donna’s inn—with the help of her mom’s former bandmates, Tanya and Rosie. (Christine Baranski and Julie Walters.)
The entire original cast reunited for the film, including Colin Firth and Pierce Brosnan, with James and Cher as the newcomers. Cher plays Seyfried’s grandmother, Ruby Sheridan.
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again hits theaters on July 20. | https://people.com/movies/lily-james-sings-as-meryl-streep-mamma-mia-2/ |
Lowdown: Actors enjoying an feature length Abba sing-along.
Review:
After watching the first five minutes of Mamma Mia!, the alert message going through my brain was something like “mamma mia let me go”. The more rational side of my brain was thinking along the lines of “oh no, not another Across the Universe like disaster; can we turn the TV off now?”
As plots go, Mamma Mia! doesn’t have much to be proud of. Set on a Greek island, it’s a multi cast extravaganza that sort of revolves around Meryl Streep. Streep is the manager of a small time island hotel whose daughter is getting married the next day. The cunning daughter does not know who her father is, but after peeking at Streep’s diary of yonder days she narrows it down to three candidates and invites them all to her wedding. Of course, in order to provide a Greek tragedy like element to the film, Streep must not know about this because she hates those three guys who left her. Thus when the three arrive, including Pierce Brosnan and Colin Firth, the pressure cooker is boiling. And what do people do when pressure cookers boils? They sing Abba songs, of course, which is what tends to happen throughout most of the film as it tries to answer that most existential of questions: who is going to give the bride away in the upcoming wedding ceremony?
I have been quoted to say I don’t like musicals, and my reasoning definitely apply to Mamma Mia!: First, the performances tend to suck, and that is definitely the case here. All singing is done by the actual cast, and let’s face it – they’re not singers. Especially Brosnan, whom even a dead parrot can outsing. Second, when songs are forcefully pushed down a film’s throat they come at a price: plots don’t make sense and story development gets stalled, for a start.
Yet overall Mamma Mia! manages to skip between these traps. Through the sheer fun the actors obviously had making this film, and mostly through the Abba songs that have always been so stupidly funny, Mamma Mia! provides for an overall light fun type experience. Forget the meaningless plot or the bad singing, and enjoy a couple of hours under the Greek sun with some people making fools of themselves and some nice music.
So why is it not another Across the Universe? I would say because it does not take itself too seriously, does not try to bite more than it can chew, offers a superb cast of actors that can actually act (Streep is really something; such versatile actors are truly rare), and does not deal with Bono like ego trips.
I'll put it this way: The morning after Mamma Mia! started with some Abba music.
Best scene: There is no real memorable scene I can report. Of course, Brosnan’s singing is memorable for the wrong reasons, but then the one scene that made me laugh was the Abba pianist’s cameo at the peak of a Dancing Queen extravaganza on the beach.
Technical assessment: The problem with this Blu-ray is that the picture is so good it makes the abundant use of blue screens so stupidly obvious it’s distracting. The same goes for the sound, where the DTS HD soundtrack's level of detail exposes the ADR (dubbing) used for the singing. That said, the soundtrack is great for fun, and although there are no low frequency effects (and rightly so) I really liked it for the sheer joy it conveyed. Blu-ray is, indeed, the way to experience Mamma Mia!
Overall: A nice chill-out film. 3 out of 5 stars. | https://www.crab-juice.com/2009/03/mamma-mia.html |
With a palindrome as its name, the 1970s-80s Swedish pop group ABBA seemed to constantly have a song or two at the top of the charts. Their tunes made them internationally famous, as they became the anthem for millions who loved to dance, sing along with their music and simply have a good time. Mamma Mia uses some of the group’s biggest hits, weaving them through a story that is buoyantly funny, sincerely touching and outlandishly theatrical. This is one of the true feel-good musicals on the Broadway stage.
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On Broadway
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Show InformationPreview: Oct. 5, 2001 Open: Oct. 18, 2001 Status: Open Closing: Sep. 5, 2015
- MAMMA MIA! Broadway - Montage
CASTDonna Sheridan Judy McLane Sophie Sheridan Christy Altomare Tanya Felicia Finley Sky Zak Resnick Rosie Lauren Cohn Sam Carmichael Aaron Lazar Harry Bright Graham Rowat Bill Austin Daniel Cooney
CREATIVE STAFFMusic and Lyrics Benny Anderson and Bjorn Ulvaeus Book Catherine Johnson Director Phyllida Lloyd Choreographer Anthony van Laast Set Designer Mark Thompson Lighting Designer Howard Harrison Sound Designers Andrew Bruce and Bobby Aitken
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SYNOPSISIn Mamma Mia, Sophie Sheridan is about to be married and she has one wish—to know who her father is. Her mother, Donna, who has been situated on a Greek Island since she became pregnant with Sophie, is now planning her daughter’s wedding and with that event on the horizon two of mom’s closest friends from the 70s—Tanya and Rosie—arrive.But Mamma Mia is less about the wedding and more about lost love. Sophie has invited three strangers to the island for her wedding. One of whom she suspects is her long lost dad. With the arrival of Sky, Bill and Harry, three of her mother’s former lovers. Mamma Mia finds its energy as old passions combust, accusations fly and good times roll.
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- Supported by a script that is heart warming and hilarious and featuring some of ABBA’s greatest tunes, Mamma Mia is a pleasant and entertaining play about family, friends and love. And of course, at the end, the main cast members don their pop rock ABBA gear, grab guitars and go all out in a mock concert, celebrating the joy of being alive. If you want to have pure fun or maybe are feeling a bit nostalgic or perhaps want to expose the closet ABBA fan in you, Mamma Mia is the show to see. | https://allticketsinc.com/shows/mamma-mia/ |
The Northern Sporades, are a group of amazing Greek islands in the Aegean sea, and include four inhabited islands – Alonissos, Skiathos, Skopelos and Skyros…. Let’s discover more!
Why are they called “Northern” Sporades?
On most maps you will see the name “Northern Sporades”, but “Southern Sporades” do not seem to exist. Why?
According to one explanation, many Aegean Island were referred to as Sporades. Based on their location compared to the Cyclades, which are in the middle of the Aegean Sea, they were later split between West Sporades (these are the Saronic islands), South (the Dodecanese), East (all islands close to Asia Minor besides the Dodecanese) and North. However, only the northern ones seem to have kept the name Sporades ! Probably it was easier to have a different name per island group? Who knows? .
At the bottom of this article, you can learn a bit more about Greek island geography, and you will find more information about the 6 island groups in Greece
But for now, let’s learn a bit more about the Sporades
Alonissos
As the most remote island of Sporades, Alonissos is ideal for travellers who seek a laid back atmosphere, peace and serenity, and enjoy leisurely walks surrounded by pine forests, olive groves and orchards. The island is located within the National Marine Park of Northern Sporades, which stands out for its rich wildlife, including rare seabirds, dolphins and the Mediterranean monk seals, also known as monachus monachus.
Alonissos was one of the first Aegean islands to be inhabited, based on Neolithic settlement ruins found at the Cape of Kokkinokastro (this means Red Castle in Greek). According to Greek mythology, the first inhabitant of Ikos, as ancient Greeks called the island, was Stafylos (meaning grape), the son of Dionysus and Ariadne. This myth shows how the island has always been connected with vinery and wine.
When visiting Alonissos, it’s worth spending a day on a boat trip to visit the nearby uninhabited islets within the National Marine Park, including Gioura, Kyra-Panagia, Piperi, Ksiro and many more!
Skiathos
Skiathos has many beautiful beaches (60 in total!), but in recent years it has become well-known for its vibrant nightlife – the pedestrian street by the Old Harbour is full of bars and nightclubs that are buzzing until early in the morning.
This is not to say that Skiathos is a destination for party-goers only: the island hosts cultural events, concerts and art exhibitions throughout the summer months. Close to the harbour you can also find Bourtzi, a small peninsula where the ruins of a Venetian fortress still stand. The thick pine forest and the stunning sea views make it a very romantic spot. Skiathos was also home to one of the most important Greek authors, Alexandros Papadiamantis, and travellers can visit his house which has now been turned into a museum to learn about his work and literary legacy.
Skopelos
Are you a fan of Abba and the Movie “Mamma Mia!”? Then Skopelos might be the ideal island for you, since this is where the famous movie with Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan and Colin Firth was filmed! The movie established Skopelos as a popular holiday destination for movie enthusiasts, as well as a wedding destination due its romantic scenery. At the same time, Skopelos is a paradise for nature lovers – it’s home to many forms of wildlife thanks to its lush forests and stunning coastline. The Mediterranean monk seals, an endangered species that lives in Alonissos too, can also be found here.
And it doesn’t stop there – the island is home to many Byzantine monasteries, a venetian castle with picturesque views dating back to 13th century, and a folklore museum.
Skyros
Skyros is the southernmost island of the Sporades, about three and a half hours from Athens. The best way is to first travel to Evia, to Kimi village, and from there to take a boat to Skyros. Its Chóra, the largest settlement of the island, is located about ten km from the port at the top of a hill. It’s built amphitheatrical around a Byzantine castle, which in turn was built at the same location as the ancient acropolis. The Chóra is characterised by narrow picturesque cobblestone streets and traditional Skyrian houses that have been kept intact. Similarly to the rest of the Sporades islands, its landscape is characterised by rich pine forest (mainly in the northern part) and beautiful sandy beaches.
Skyros is also home to an ancient Greek breed of horses, the so-called Skyrian horses. Don’t let the name fool you, based on their size they are often classified as ponies even if their body structure resembles that of a horse. Initially used for agriculture and transport within the island, nowadays the Skyrian horses are mainly used for children’s activities and as a sightseeing opportunity for visitors – they are really cute, social and friendly. The Skyrian horses have existed since roughly 2,500 BC and according to Greek mythology, they were used to pull Achilles’ chariots in Troy!
Note;
If you want to listen to a Podcast story, which takes place on the island of Skyros, then listen to podcast 17 of the Easy Greek Podcast Stories.
Greeks dance with their arms – Οι Έλληνες χορεύουν με τα χέρια τους!
https://masaresi.com/product/easy-greek-story-podcast-companion-notebook-17/
A bit of Greek geography
All Greek islands are split into six groups, based on their location – each group tends to have similar nature, architecture style and influences. Even though Greece is known for unique islands (more than 6,000!) However, only about 220 are inhabited.
- The Cyclades – they are in the centre of the Aegean Sea and they’re well known for the dry, sun-drenched landscapes and the white houses with the blue doors and windows. Of course, there are always exceptions, and for example Syros and Andros, have some different architecture.
They Cyclades are close to each other and rather small, so ideal for island hopping.
- The Sporades, in the northwest side of the Aegean. Sporades are characterised by beautiful beaches with amazing turquoise waters and lush greenery. Their name translates as scattered and, according to Greek mythology, they were formed when Titans were throwing rocks to the sea. More information about them, here above!
- The Ionian islands – the only island group of the Ionian Sea. It rains a lot in this region, this means more than in other Greek regions! Because of that, all those island are very green and have pine forests. A key characteristic of the Ionian islands is the Venetian influence due to their proximity to Italy, which is evident in the architecture and the music.
The islands that are very knows in this group are Corfu, Lefkada, Kefalonia and Zakynthos.
- The Dodecanese – the major ones are twelve, dodeka (δώδεκα in Greek) which is how they took their name. They are located on the southeast part of the Aegean Sea and are very close to the Turkish coast. Two very known islands in this group are Rhodos and Kos.
- The Saronic islands – this is the island group closest to Athens and are popular amongst wealthy Athenians as well as Greek and international artists, writers and filmmakers. We talk here about Aegina, Poros, Hydra, Spetses
- The North Aegean Islands – this group includes some of the largest Greek islands. Due to their distance from Athens (and long ferry travel times), they are less popular with international travellers, and they retain a strong local character and tradition. some examples; Lesbos, Chios, Samos…
Exception; A Greek island that does not belong to a group is… Crete! It’s Greece’s biggest island and one of the largest one in the Mediterranean Sea. Due to its distance from all other Greek islands and its very distinct history and culture, it would be difficult to put Crete in the same category with other islands. | https://masaresi.com/norther-sporades/ |
Not even 72 hours after arriving in Athens, and I already had so much to share. I don’t even know from where to start, but let’s go from the beginning and hopefully I won’t forget any detail!
Tag: Greece
Articles about Greece can be found under this tag.
Visiting Hydra, another island near Athens
Another island I’ve visited in Greece! This time it was Hydra‘s turn, a special island where there are no motorized vehicles! Or you cycle (I didn’t see any bikes), or you take a donkey…, or you do like myself, and you walk.
10 Tips on How to Prepare a Trip (to the Balkans)
Usually I like to leave my plans open, but in the past I had some not so good experiences. But it is with those experiences that we learn how to avoid the same mistakes to happen again. For this trip, the plan wasn’t for just one country, but for a whole area. A trip of… Continue reading 10 Tips on How to Prepare a Trip (to the Balkans)
A weekend in Skiathos and Skopelos
And two more greek islands to the list! This time I went to Skiathos and Skopelos, the Mamma Mia movie islands (a movie I haven’t seen yet). It was a well worth long weekend!
Curiosities about Greece
The article below is a translation of an old article about Greece that I have deep down inside my memories chest, considering it’s still one of my most viewed articles in Portuguese, I decided to translate it to English and share it with everyone! I tried to keep the same voice as the original version, in Portuguese, but… Continue reading Curiosities about Greece
My route through the Balkans, from Zagreb to Athens
Being back from an adventure through the Balkans, it’s time to start writing about it. My first article of this series is about the route I took from Zagreb to Athens, the places I passed through and the reasons why.
A weekend spent in the Greek Island of Syros
One of my plans was to visit one of the Cyclades islands, so I thought, why not the capital island? That’s how I decided over Syros, though I almost stayed in Athens… Thankfully it seems I am blessed with luck, and that led to acquiring a new nickname, Big Ass! | https://www.gilsousa.eu/en/tag/greece/ |
Nestling in the northwest corner of the Aegean lies one of Greece’s lesser-known island groups, the Sporades and although comprising 24 islands, only 4 are inhabited; Alonnisos, Skiathos, Skopelos and Skyros.
Characterised by dense forest and steep hills that roll into some of Greece’s finest beaches, the Sporades archipelago contrasts to the stereotypical Greek island of rugged hilltops scattered with whitewashed buildings.
The Sporades Islands have a rich and varied wildlife and Patitiri on Allonnisos is home to the innovative National Marine Park, the largest in Europe and a must-see for any animal lover. Its fundamental aim has been to protect the endangered Mediterranean monk seal and various sea birds. You’re also likely to spot some dolphins on your excursion, so don’t forget your camera.
As you would expect from any Greek island, snippets of the nation’s history are readily available. On Skiathos, you will find the famous Moni Evangelistrias, a hilltop monastery used as a shelter for soldiers fighting for independence in the 1800s.
For a detailed insight into the history of Skyros then be sure to visit the Manos Faltaits Folk Museum, a 19th Century mansion housing fascinating exhibits of traditional costumes, ceramics, daggers and vintage photographs.
Film buffs can re-live excerpts from the 2008 movie ‘Mamma Mia’ on the island of Skopelos, including a visit to the gorgeous Saint Ioannis Chapel which was used in the film’s wedding ceremony scene.
These stunning islands make the perfect romantic getaway, too, as you can ride through lush forests and along gorgeous beaches on horseback, or you can simply enjoy some exquisite seafood overlooking the coastline at sunset.
You can sail from Agios Konstantinos and Volos on the Greek mainland to Skiathos, Skopelos and Alonissos, with frequent crossings provided by Hellenic Seaways each week.
There are also more frequent crossings between the Sporades Islands of Skopelos, Alonissos and Skiathos.
"Trip to and from Aegina"
Quick and simple check in. Departure punctual. Ship arrived for return journey on time.
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"trip to Symi from Rhodes"
Punctual and very quick crossing both to and from Symi.
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"Fumes"
Recently travelled on the Sebeco with Anes Ferries from Rhodes to Symi, everything was perfect about our journey with the exception, if you want to travel in the lower cabin the diesel fuel smells/ exhaust smells, not sure which,were so pungent I feared it would make us I'll for the rest of the day.
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"Thankful there was a lift"
We had a little trouble finding which gate the ferry left from so did some very unexpected walking, not great for me as I walk with a stick anyway. When we found gate 8 ferry right in front of there office, it arrived a little late but we left on time, most importantly there was a lift so no struggling with stairs as I had no strength left. The trip was good on time and we sat outside to enjoy the veiw. Couple of drinks later (don't have the americano yuk) we were in Aegina. | https://www.directferries.com.au/sporades_islands.htm |
West End PREVIEW: Mamma Mia!
Over 60 million people all around the world have fallen in love with the characters, the story and the music that make MAMMA MIA! the ultimate feel-good show!
Writer Catherine Johnson’s sunny, funny tale unfolds on a Greek island paradise. On the eve of her wedding, a daughter’s quest to discover the identity of her father brings 3 men from her mother’s past back to the island they last visited 20 years ago. The story-telling magic of ABBA’s timeless songs propels this enchanting tale of love, laughter and friendship, and every night everyone’s having the time of their lives!
This musical enhances the outstanding legacy created by one of the greatest pop groups to ever exist. Abba have sold nearly 500 million albums and still remain relevant to pop music to this very day. Mamma Mia not only tells a beautiful story with feel good characters, but also pays tribute to the Abba legacy treasured by fans across the world.
We will be reviewing this as soon as possible.
For further information about the musical and tickets click here. | https://www.atthetheatre.co.uk/west-end-preview-mamma-mia/ |
It’s colloquially known as “Mamma Mia Church” due to the fact that it’s where they filmed part of the first Mamma Mia movie.
Alice booked this holiday to Skopelos when we were still a couple, and the Mamma Mia connection was a big part of why she booked it. You see, the first Mamma Mia was mine and Alice’s first date, way back in 2008. So, that film, and therefore this island, have some historical resonance to us.
The “thing to do” on Skopelos is visit the Mamma Mia Church. Partly for the obvious touristic aspect, but partly because the setting is stunningly beautiful. You can get to that part of the island by bus or boat, but we wanted to rent a car and drive it ourselves.
Since we got here two weeks ago the only thing we’ve really wanted to do is rent a car and see the church, and on our penultimate day, after a week of rain we were able to do that. For some reason, I had my heart set on a jeep — or, what they advertised as a jeep: a Suzuki Jimny.
I had this notion of driving the roads of Skopelos, with the roof off, the sun out, and music blaring. And would’ve accomplished that had we figured out how to work the Greek in-car Radio. So instead, the ‘blaring music’ was a tinny Spotify playlist played through my iPhone’s built-in speakers.
Almost perfect.
I thought it would be weird driving on the ‘wrong’ side of the road, but it wasn’t, because you just keep your seat in the middle either side of the road. The weird part was driving on the ‘wrong’ side of the car. Changing gear with my right hand was really weird. The first time I stalled the car I panicked and tried to put the car into first gear using the window controls to my left.
Getting the car going from stationery was the most difficult part, but being out and about was fine. In fact, it was fun. It was the best part of the holiday. It took us about an hour, but we arrived to the church without incident.
The climb to the church, and the church itself was beautiful. It would’ve been overwhelmingly romantic had we still been a couple. (It’s my current favourite anecdote that we broke up three days before the sequel to our first date movie came out)
Around the corner from the church of Giannis is a serene, idyllic, secluded beach where I snorkelled for an hour.
And then we drove back to Skopelos Town, stopping at every beach we found along the way for more snorkelling.
Until tomorrow, it was the perfect way to see the island. | https://jacn.co.uk/2018/10/03/jimny/ |
Sensational feel-good musical Mamma Mia comes to The Regent Theatre as part of its UK tour.
Mamma Mia is Judy Craymer’s ingenious vision of staging the story-telling magic of Abba’s timeless songs with an enchanting tale of family and friendship unfolding on a Greek island paradise.
It comes to the Regent from April 18-29.
From West End to global phenomenon, the London production of Mamma Mia has now been seen by more than 10% of the entire UK population. To date, it has been seen by more than 60 million people in 50 productions in 16 different languages.
Mamma Mia The Movie starring Meryl Streep and Pierce Brosnan, is the highest worldwide grossing live-action musical film of all time.
It is one of only five musicals to have run for more than 10 years both on Broadway and in the West End, and in 2011, it became the first Western musical ever to be staged in Mandarin in the People’s Republic of China.
With music and lyrics by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, Mamma Mia is written by Catherine Johnson, directed by Phyllida Lloyd and choreographed by Anthony Van Laast. | https://www.crewechronicle.co.uk/whats-on/feel-good-musical-comes-stoke-12821721 |
ABBA fans were treated to a huge surprise when the group's leading men appeared on stage in London.
Celebrating the stage musical Mamma Mia!'s 20th anniversary in London's West End, ABBA's Benny Andersson and Bjorn Ulvaeus made a surprise appearance at the Novello Theatre.
Bjorn told the crowd it felt "both strange and wonderful" to be there.
The pair wrote the music and lyrics to the hit stage show, based on the music of ABBA, which has been seen by over 65 million people around the world.
They were joined at the Novello Theatre by producer Judy Craymer, director Phyllida Lloyd and writer Catherine Johnson, who Bjorn described as "three angels".
Confetti rained down during a medley of ABBA classics including 'Dancing Queen' and 'Waterloo'.
Speaking later, Benny said it had been "too long" since he had seen the show: "There is a chance to be immersed, to get moved and I was tonight and I'm happy that I can feel that."
The musical is centred on a mother, her daughter and three potential fathers on a Greek island, all to the tune of ABBA's pop classics.
It was turned into a film in 2008, starring Meryl Streep, Amanda Seyfried, Pierce Brosnan and Colin Firth, who later reunited for a sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, last year.
Meanwhile, ABBA will soon release new music together for the first time in over 30 years. | https://www.smoothradio.com/artists/abba/mamma-mia-20th-anniversary-benny-bjorn/ |
Guitarist Dave Stryker returns to Bear's Place tonight for Jazz Fables — and this time, he's joined by Bobby Floyd on jazz organ. They'll debut their new trip, with Steve Houghton on drums, at 5:30 p.m. Floyd has played with Ray Charles, the Count Basie Orchestra and Doc Severinsen's Johnny Carson Tonight Show Orchestra. The group will play original jazz compositions and contemporary arrangements of standards, soul jazz classics and pop tunes. Admission is $10 ($8 for students).
Double feature
Settle in for a "Mamma Mia" marathon this Saturday at the Brown County Playhouse in Nashville.Set on a Greek island and featuring the music of ABBA, the 2008 musical romance stars Meryl Streep and Amanda Seyfried as Donna and Sophie, a mother and daughter. Before her wedding, Sophie secretly invites three men from her mother's past in hope of meeting her real father before her big day. "Mamma Mia" shows at 4 p.m. In the 2018 sequel, "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again," showing at 7 p.m., Sophie reflects on her mother's journey. Tickets are $6 ($5 for military and students) for each film.
Solo
The Writers Guild at Bloomington will host it Last Sunday Poetry Reading 3-4:30 p.m. Sunday at the Monroe Convention Center. Admission is free. Nate Logan and Patsy Rahn will read, followed by an open mic. Logan, who teaches at Marian University, is the author of the 2019 book "Inside the Golden Days of Missing You." Rahn, one of the founding members of the guild, formerly worked as an actress in Toronto, New York and Los Angeles. She's the author of, "The Grainy Wet Soul," a book of poetry. | https://www.heraldtimesonline.com/story/entertainment/2020/01/22/jazz-movies-and-poetry/116037538/ |
Skopelos is a Greek island located in the Aegean Sea, laying to the east of the Greek mainland. There are many ferry routes departing the port each day, heading to popular islands laying nearby as well as coastal resorts on the mainland of Greece.
What is there to do in Skopelos?
Covered in 80% forest, Skopelos exudes a tropical vibe that belies its Mediterranean location; the island is decorated in verdant plant life in the central areas and golden sands along the glistening shoreline – when the sun shines down in the summer it reveals the wave of colours that make Skopelos so beautiful. The rise in tourism received a huge spark after the film ‘Mamma Mia’ was filmed there, showcasing the glorious aesthetics. Since then, many flock to the island to enjoy the tranquil atmosphere in the daytime, and let their hair down when the night falls upon the array of cool bars and welcoming tavernas.
Most choose to spend the afternoon under the rays of the sun, basking in the heat and working on getting a tan on Panormos Beach or Kastani Beach. However, for the more adventurous, canoeing and kayaking bring an adrenaline rush to anyone who’s adept on the water. Away from the coastline, Stafilos and Glossa are two small villages that represent the archaic architecture synonymous with Greece; whitewashed houses stand proud against alluring chapels and churches. The villages embody all that is desirable about Skopelos – an untouched landscape bound together by a welcoming atmosphere.
How do you get around Skopelos?
A bus service is in operation around the island, as well as rental car and motorcycle companies so transport is wide and varied. | https://www.directferries.co.uk/chora_skopelos_ferry.htm |
Among literally thousands of islands in Croatia, everyone will discover the one they like the most. The island of Vis is definitely one of my favourite. Not many people know that it was the perfect setting for the famous Mamma Mia 2 musical starring Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan, Colin Firth, Amanda Seyfried, Cher, Andy Garcia and many more famous artists. This was my second visit to the island and it made me love it even more. These are the reasons why.
Vis – where time passes slowly
Vis is the one of the furthest inhabited islands of the Croatian mainland. The best way to reach the island is by ferry or fast boat from Split. According to the latest population census,the island has 3,4 k inhabitants and it was isolated for more than 50 years due to the fact that it was a military base. So for a long time the island wasn’t open for tourists. Its falling behind in tourism was perceived as a disadvantage but it actually turned out to be a positive thing, at least in my opinion. Vis preserved its authenticity and spirit, nature, slower pace of life and its charm. All those things make Vis the perfect place to relax and ‘disconnect’ from the busy city life.
When you’re in Vis you feel like the time is passing slowly, you don’t have to rush to do anything, you just have to unwind, let go and enjoy.
Perfect Mamma Mia 2 setting
I visited the island with my friends, the Instagrammers Željka and Domagoj, at the end of July. That’s the high season in Croatia but there were just enough people on the island that it didn’t feel overcrowded at all. Our task was to explore the locations where the musical Mamma Mia 2 was filmed. That’s right – it was filmed in Croatia, although the story actually happens in Greece :) Our first stop was a charming little fishing town of Komiža, where we immediately realized why this was the perfect movie set. Komiža is situated at the bottom of the Hum hill and it’s surrounded by beautiful pebble beaches. Besides fishing and tourism, it is known also for wine making. Traditional fishermen boats in the harbor, called Falkuša, definitely create a unique scenery. These vessels were designed especially for the long expeditions at the open sea. Komiža is considered a cradle of fishing in the Adriatic.
Photo credit: Domagoj Sever
https://www.instagram.com/p/BqDJxunFL4U/
While exploring and taking photos we found old, stone houses decorated with flowers and fishing nets, crystal clear sea at every corner, little bays crowded with fishermen boats and alleys that lead to small beaches. Nature is simply stunning, so it’s no wonder that the island is proclaimed one of the most environmentally friendly islands in the Mediterranean by the World Organisation for Environmental Protection.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BsitMgalC58/
https://www.instagram.com/p/Bn8X2nUl6K7/
Photo credit: Putopis
The atmosphere on the island is very friendly and relaxed. We met a local lady, chatted with her and she insisted on taking a photo of us. I think she did a very good job.
Photo credit: one local lady from Komiža
In addition to Komiža, we also visited the town of Vis and the nearby beaches. The town of Vis spreads along the long St Juraj bay facing the island of Hvar. It was established in 4th century BC as the Greek polis Issa. It was the economic center of Dalmatia but also a military base. Nowadays, you can visit numerous underground caves and tunnels, all over the island, which were used by military. You can also explore its interesting history, antique art and archaeological collections, like the amphora collection, in the Museum of Vis. And like in Komiža, Vis is full of narrow cobblestone streets and charming houses, beautiful viewpoints, local cats and dogs sunbathing in the alleys … There are so many beautiful, ‘instagrammable’ details and sights. All those things, of course, made the perfect setting for the movie scenes. Check out what we captured.
https://www.instagram.com/p/Bna_ae0nIaH/?taken-by=putopis
Photo credit: Putopis
Photo credit: Putopis
It seems like the local cats are also into photography and modelling …
Photo credit: Putopis
Photo credit: Putopis
The whole island is full of beautiful bays, beaches and hidden coves to explore. You can visit a different beach or bay every day. Or explore some of the world famous natural beauties like Blue Cave on the island of Biševo or islands like Jabuka and Palagruža. For more info, you can visit Vis Tourist Office . While some of the beaches are just a few steps from the houses and town (both Komiža and Vis), others are a bit further so you’ll need transportation, a car or a boat. One of the most beautiful European beaches – Stiniva – is also situated on the island. Surrounded by cliffs, its stunning shape reminds me of an amphitheater. Unfortunately we didn’t have time to explore all the beaches, but that is just the reason more to come back again.
https://www.instagram.com/p/Blhvv8Agojh/?taken-by=domagojsever
Where to stay?
While in Komiža we had a pleasure to stay inVilla Nonna apartments .With the great location – almost in the town centre but also just a few steps from the beach – it turned out to be the perfect accommodation for the three of us. Apartment Laurus was very clean and cosy with comfortable beds and very charming balcony. At our surprise, we even stumbled upon a famous Croatian football player Dejan Lovren in front of the apartment one day. A selfie was of course a must have. Groups of friends or families will love Casa Nono , a spacious two-storey villa, just beside Nonno apartments. Beautifully decorated rooms, charming balconies, very big and spacious kitchen and living room will definitely make your vacation and stay in Komiža very comfortable.
Photo credit: Putopis
Photo credit: Putopis
Photo credit: Putopis
Photo credit: Domagoj Sever
Fresh swordfish on grill
You’ll find many great restaurants on the island of Vis, we visited a couple of them and were very satisfied with our meals, but there is a special feeling when you prepare something for lunch yourselves. That morning, when we were about to go to the local market and buy some fresh fish for lunch, it was very rainy. Actually it was raining cats and dogs all morning. So we stayed indoors, waited for the rain to stop and then went shopping. We were lucky to find the fresh swordfish in the local fish market, the owner gave us some recommendations for the grill so we decided to go for it. I’d never tried a swordfish before so it was a great opportunity. We grilled it at a summer kitchen at Raar.Kozmetika estate with a beautiful view of the sea. The swordfish was prepared by the master chef of our little team – Domagoj. He only put some olive oil and basic spices, and grilled it in its juices. As a side dish, we prepared a fresh salad with local cheese, cherry tomatoes, cucumbers, onions and mangle with cooked potatoes. All that was perfectly combined with the local red wine Bunčić. It all looked like this ….
Photo credit: Domagoj Sever
Photo credit: Domagoj Sever
Photo credit: Putopis
It seemed like the morning rain wasn’t at all a bad thing. The delay that we had due to the rain, turned our lunch into the early dinner and the day rewarded us with this amazing sunset that we enjoyed from the terrace. It was a wonderful day and we couldn’t ask for a better ending.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BmYukBYnOJK/?taken-by=putopis
Extra tips – if in need of some sweets
Cukar is the name of the local cake shop in Komiža. It’s situated at the entrance to the city center if you’re arriving from the bus station. We tasted different kinds of cakes and cookies, made from the local products, and they were all delicious.
Photo credit: Putopis
Photo credit: Domagoj Sever
I really enjoyed my stay on this island. I would definitely recommend it to everyone who wants to relax and enjoy the beautiful nature and the slower pace of island life. It’s a bit further than the other Croatian islands but, sometimes you have to go further to feel better and closer to real values of life. I’m looking forward to visiting this beautiful island again, and I hope I gave you inspiration to do the same ….
Jasminka Đaković
Accommodation in Komiža was provided by Villa Nonna.
All stated opinions are my own and are not influenced in any way. | https://putopis.hr/2019/02/24/discover-the-island-of-vis/ |
MAMMA MIA! to Make a Splash at Minot State University
Escape to Kalokairi, Greece as Minot State University Summer Theatre Program presents Mamma Mia!
ABBA's hits tell the hilarious story of a young woman's search for her birth father. This sunny and funny tale unfolds on a Greek island paradise. On the eve of her wedding, a daughter's quest to discover the identity of her father brings three men from her mother's past back to the island they last visited 20 years ago.
The story-telling magic of ABBA's timeless songs propels this enchanting tale of love, laughter and friendship, creating an unforgettable show. A mother. A daughter. Three possible dads. And a trip down the aisle you'll never forget!
MSU's production is directed by April Hubbard and choreographed by Breana Benjamin.
Don't miss your chance to dance, jive and have the time of your life at Mamma Mia! For tickets and more information, tap here. | https://www.broadwayworld.com/fargo/article/MAMMA-MIA-to-Make-a-Splash-at-Minot-State-University-20190530 |
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Events:
Mamma Mia!
Fraser Valley Stage Productions is celebrating it's 50th anniversary and is proud to present Mamma Mia!
February 19 - 29, 2020 9 Performances (7 evening shows and 2 matinees)
A mother, a daughter, three possible dads and a trip down the aisle.... what could possibly go wroing?
Join us on a Greek island paradise for a story of love, friendship and identity cleverly told through the timeless music of ABBA! "It's a toe-tapping jukebox musical with many familiar songs" says Director Sharla Sauder, a veteran of Fraser Valley Stage. "Mamma Mia! had a 14 year run on Broadway. There's a reason for that." | https://abbotsfordarts.abbyschools.ca/events/mamma-mia-0 |
While Mamma Mia! The Movie isn't the worst movie I’ve watched and reviewed this year, it was one of the most difficult to get through. This is coming from a guy who watched both Disaster Movie and Beethoven’s Big Break. The delay in getting this review written, in fact, was in large part due to my reluctance to go back to the movie when I was interrupted after watching the first 15 minutes. It literally took a week to reload the disc and sit through this homage to the music of ABBA and overacting.
I was never a fan of ABBA, considering them pretty lightweight even for pop music, which I love. So when Mamma Mia, the smash London and Broadway musical based on their music was touring, it didn’t hold any interest for me. The same was true of the movie version starring Meryl Streep and Pierce Brosnan. Finally the DVD showed up on my doorstep and I just couldn’t avoid it any longer. It turns out I was right to put this off as long as possible.
ABBA, obviously, didn’t write a Broadway musical. They wrote pop songs. So the plot, as such, of Mamma Mia! mainly serves to get to the next musical number. Streep is Donna, the proprietor of a hotel on an idyllic Greek island who had three lovers in her youth. Now her daughter, Sophie (Amanda Seyfried), is going to get married and wants to have her father give her away. Since her father could be any one of the three mentioned in her mother’s diary, Sophie invites them all! Dutifully Sam (Pierce Brosnan), Harry (Colin Firth), and Bill (Stellan Skarsgård) arrive for the wedding. Donna, unaware they are coming, has invited her two closest friends, Tanya (Christine Baranski) and Rosie (Julie Walters) who used to sing with her in a group called Donna and the Dynamos.
The remainder of the film involves Donna in borderline hysterics at the arrival of the three old lovers, Sophie attempting to determine which her father is, and everyone getting ready for the upcoming nuptials. Every five minutes or so, someone breaks into an ABBA song like “Mamma Mia,” “The Winner Takes it All,” “Take a Chance on Me,” or “Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!” The songs are the real reason the movie (and play) exists, so anyone who isn’t already a fan will find themselves in musical hell with 22 ABBA numbers sung by actors of various musical abilities. The plot, courtesy of the play’s author, Catherine Johnson, doesn’t have much going for it other than to align the action close enough that the ABBA numbers make sense.
Baranski and Seyfriend (and to a lesser degree Streep) acquit themselves well with the musical numbers, but everyone else runs the gamut from barely ok (Firth) to horrible (Brosnan.) Imagine you got a group of random friends together and put on a bunch of 70’s pop records and told them to sing. Some would be fine and some would suck. That’s about what happens here. Even Streep, who does ok with the peppier numbers, is out of her league with the emotional “The Winner Takes it All.” Her performance results more in embarrassed laughter than anything intended by the scene.
While the musical numbers (the whole point of this movie, remember) are a mixed bag, the transitional scenes are almost uniformly bad. Overacting, mugging, hysterical laughter, hysterical crying, and squealing are the order of the day for Donna and her friends and Sophie and hers. I saw this mostly as a chick flick with music, but it almost seems insulting to women, showing them to be overly-laughing ninnies. Director Phyllida Lloyd, imported from the stage show and helming her first film, either encouraged the kind of overacting that isn’t necessary on film the way it is in a large theater or was unwilling to reign in her star (Streep is, by far, the worst offender.) It was probably a little of both.
There are a few catchy tunes, and the camaraderie of the three men combined with Seyfried’s wonderful performance don’t save the movie, but do keep it from being a total disaster. The stage show and this movie have been a world wide mega-hit, but unless you can’t get enough ABBA (or annoying laughing jags) in your life, you’re better off skipping it.
The giant box-office numbers have emboldened the producers to release Mamma Mia! The Movie is a two disc Special Edition. Most of the extras are on the second disc, but there are a few things along with the movie on the first.
Director Phyllida Lloyd provides a commentary track. It’s kinda slow although she does try to explain things that are happening and give background or tidbits about certain scenes. In the end I couldn’t quite tell if it was her somewhat soft voice, the perfunctory explanations, or just my dislike of the movie, but I was glad when I didn’t have to listen to the commentary anymore.
The first disc also includes a sing-along feature. The lyrics to the songs show up, allowing you to sing along. Unfortunately, the lyrics are BIG and end up obscuring about a third of the picture in an annoying yellow color. So, even if you need the lyrics to sing along, it will probably bug you when they show up. The first disc also has a deleted song, “The Name of the Game,” sung by Seyfried. That’s about the best you can hope for when it comes to musical numbers, but I don’t much care for the song itself.
The second disc kicks off with about eight minutes of deleted scenes. The scenes all run together with no explanation of where they should go, but it doesn’t make that much difference. The first five minutes or so are extended scenes of the three potential fathers leaving where they live to head to Greece. There is no music and not much dialogue so it’s really pretty boring. There are also some outtakes but they aren’t as fun as a well edited gag reel.
The rest of the second disc is fine, although pretty basic. The 25 minute “making of” follows the movie from its stage play origins to most of the behind-the-scenes stuff and interviews you’d expect. It’s supplemented by four additional extras that focus in on specific areas of the movie. “On Location in Greece” is four minutes and the location director talks about finding the perfect Greek Island (actually two islands) to shoot the movie. “Anatomy of a Musical Number” spends five minutes on the “Lay All Your Love on Me” number. It will give you yet another chance to see Dominic Cooper, who plays Sophie’s boyfriend, without his shirt.
The other two segments are “Becoming a Singer” and “Behind the Scenes with Amanda.” Both are pretty self-explanatory. The ten minute “Becoming the Singer” puts the musical rehearsals and ABBA’s Benny Anderson center stage. It’s ironic when you hear how the songs are difficult to sing and then think about some of the lousy performances in the film, but this is all about accentuating the positive. “Behind the Scenes with Amanda” is…uh….behind the scenes with…uh….Amanda.
The rest of the extras are pretty marginal. There is a three minute “Look Inside Mamma Mia! The Movie. It’s not really a look inside; it’s a commercial that was clearly meant to be shown in theaters prior to the film’s release. There is also a music video for “Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!” with Seyfried handling lead vocals. Finally there are cameos by both Benny Anderson and Bjorn Ulvaeus of ABBA in the film and one extra shows Ulvaeus’ cameo, which must have been cut from the film.
The Special Edition also has a digital copy of the movie in case you want to hear Pierce Brosnan massacre “SOS” on your iPod. Huge ABBA fans or big fans of the show who would love to hear the songs sung less well by more famous actors should go ahead and pick up this DVD, but everyone else would be better off ignoring this whole project. | https://www.cinemablend.com/dvds/Mamma-Mia-Movie-2-Disc-Special-Edition-3608.html |
Skopelos island is part of the Northern Sporades chain of islands that lie in the Aegean sea just off the Eastern coast of mainland Greece. With over 70% of its mountains covered with pristine pine forest, Skopelos is said to be the greenest of the islands of Greece.
Skopelos is made up of mainly limestone that rises to a height of 680 meters, the combination of the bright green forest, brilliant white rock and crystal clear turquoise Aegean sea make this island probably the most stunning in Greece. About 13 miles long and 5 miles at its widest point, Skopelos is pear shaped in appearance and is the largest of the Sporades islands. A myriad of tracks and trails (mono paty) lead through the cool shade of the trees to ancient historical sites and secret beaches, making Skopelos the perfect island holiday destination all year round.
Skopelos sits between Skiathos and Alonissos on the edge of the largest marine conservation area in Greece, these three islands, known locally as “The Gates of the Wind” are the only inhabited islands of the Sporades, but there are many more smaller islands waiting to be explored by boat or sea kayak.
The island has two main towns, Skopelos to the south which is built round the port in an ampithereter style and has all the trappings of a tourist resort. Glossa is the second biggest village on Skopelos, and is built on the hillside above Loutraki harbour with views across the Aegean to Skiathos. There is much written about Skopelos Town but very little about the traditional village of Glossa.
Skopelos was once invaded by the pirate Barbarosa and his motley crew, who slaughtered the entire population! Thankfully its a bit more peaceful nowadays, although August can get a bit hairy and busy, but outside of these crazy few weeks, Skopelos, said to be the greenest of the Greek islands, remains relatively undiscovered, even after its beaches and churches played host to the cast and crew of Mamma Mia the movie, there are still deserted beaches to be found, peaceful trails to walk, ancient sites to visit and miles of coast line to explore by kayak. At the end of the day why not head to Glossa village, pull up a chair, grab a glass of something to relax the muscles and watch the sun sink slowly into Skiathos! | http://aegeanescapes.com/skopelos |
As our Manager, Manager Digital Development, you will:
- Plan and manage to successful completion, all assigned projects possessing the following characteristics:
- Digital Project sizes ranging from $10,000 to $1,000,000
- Utilization of assigned Digital staff of 5 or more dedicated employees, plus management of external contractors and delivery partners, as needed
- High proportion of internet-based delivery systems, components and operations
- Provide consultative expertise to account managers and clients on technology and digital solutions, and on the role of digital and technology as a component of an overall client solution
- Contribute to sales strategy by developing/recommending digital solutions targeted to client objectives.
- Participate in Solution Development including:
- To be the Digital point of contact for the Project Manager, Account Manager and client representatives to clarify, document and shape client expectations
- Identify Digital products and services to be developed and delivered; engage appropriate Digital personnel, tap expertise of team to recommend alternative/superior courses of action
- Defines goals and objectives and ensures communication to development team
- Attend and participate in Proposal Development Meetings, present issues and recommendations, define scope of work, determine Digital proposal requirements
- Prepare Digital contribution to Investment Summary and solution documentation, with assistance of Digital support team, and provide subject matter expertise on the technology components of proposals, white papers, presentations and other sales support initiatives.
- Review budget and schedule with Digital Management, Project Manager and Account Manager
- Primary visionary for all digital technology related solutions
- Participate in presentation debrief for not sold proposals; perform presentation debrief with Account Team
- Transition vision to development team and support Business Analyst in development of functional specification
- Contribute to product strategy by maintaining current knowledge of leading edge digital solutions within Maritz and the industry, and recommending development opportunities.
- Be the Digital single point of contact to perform/facilitate the following activity:
- Participate in Working Sessions with Account Team and client to confirm/revise scope of project and client expectations
- Draft solution overview describing Digital responsibilities, including scope, approach, project plan, risk and budget
- Ensure that the Project Team establishes the project and enters task budgets into Oracle or obtains a copy of a Letter of Exception prior to commencing work on any project
- Oversee system design and development with Digital team. Ensure documentation of platform choice and system integration plan, administrative procedures, testing/walkthrough protocols and cycle time requirements.
- Review and ensure all developed designs are sound, scalable and maintainable
- Perform regular code and application design reviews
- Provide digital expertise and experience to development team
- Manage the project plan and budget, record task progress, document achievement of milestones, obtain sign-off on deliverables, communicate progress to Account Team and client (as appropriate) through weekly status meeting using prepared project status reports.
- Inform the Project team of any/all project changes after the submission of the proposal, which cause a significant change in project scope, schedule, risk and/or budget (i.e., requires PCN).
- Oversee systems design, development, and implementation
- Research and resolve all systems and project administration issues
- Provide final approval for system roll-out
- Perform Project Operations
- Ensure adequate testing protocols are followed before the system goes “live” or that client, AM and PM understand the risks of non-compliance
- Provide Digital point of contact for changes in the project scope; manage project changes acknowledgement (i.e. PCA) function
- Communicate with Project Manager on all aspects of systems and administration operations
- Recommend corrective action based on Benchmarks or other client feedback
- Initiate Digital Audit of operations, when warranted
- Perform value-added market data analysis to justify client expenditure and/or project results; deliver reader-friendly Executive Summaries
- Create billable, new opportunities for Maritz to capitalize on information management
- Manage role responsibilities within/to Quality Management System (QMS)
As our Manager, Digital Development, you have:
- Advanced knowledge of current digital technologies
- Comfortable working in an agency environment
- Strong written and verbal communications skills
- Strong consultative and facilitation skills
- Strong interpersonal skills and ability to work effectively in a team environment
- Strong organizational and time management skills
- Self directed, ability to function in a deadline-driven environment with minimal supervision
- Practiced research skills using current technology (i.e. PowerPoint)
- Excellent presentation skills
- Post Secondary + Computer Science degree or related other
- 3+ years experience managing people in a related field
- 3+ years pre-sales experience
- 7+ years general business experience
- Mobile expertise and knowledge an asset
This is your opportunity to join an exceptional team who works hard, has fun and goes above and beyond each day to exceed our clients´ expectations with an entrepreneurial spirit and in a corporate culture that inspires innovation and teamwork
If this describes YOUR career goals, then apply online today! | https://www.freshgigs.ca/jobs/manager-digital-development-mississauga-on |
8 Step Summer Financial Checkup
It seems like when summertime hits, time slows down. The hustle and bustle of the holiday season is over, the taxes are complete and the vacation days are scheduled. If you find yourself with a bit of extra time on your hands in the upcoming months, you may want to use this opportunity to check in on your family’s finances. While doing a thorough analysis of your wealth may sound intimidating, we’ve broken it down into eight simple steps to keep you focused and on-track.
Step 1: Analyze Your Budget
In 2015, approximately 38 percent of Americans were breaking even with their spending, while 18 percent were spending more than they were making.1 An effective way to avoid spending more than you’re earning is to step back and take stock of your monthly and annual budget. And if you don’t have a budget at all, use this time to make one
Many credit cards or banks will offer categorical breakdowns of your spending, which can be a great way to find out what you’re spending the most money on and if there’s room to cut back. To get the best look at your spending habits, you may want to evaluate your savings and spending record over the past six to 12 months.
Step 2: Seek Out Tax Savings
Do you scramble to pull your paperwork together every March and April? This year, try taking a different approach to tax season by evaluating your tax-saving strategies early. You may want to work with your financial planner or tax professional to create a mock tax return, as this can help you understand your withholding options and tax-saving opportunities such as 401(k) or 403(b) options, IRAs and HSA contributions
Focus on filing any time-sensitive deductions and brush up on changes in tax laws. Reaching out to your tax professional now could mean you have more time to prepare and strategize together for next year’s returns.
Step 3: Tackle Your Debt
An alarming one-fifth of adults roll over $2,500 in credit card debt each month.2 If you’re guilty of putting off managing your amounting expenses, now’s the time to start planning to pay it off. While most consumers have some amount of good debt on their plate (mortgages, car payments, etc.), it’s the bad debt (credit card debt, student loans, etc.) that you’ll likely want to focus on managing and eliminating
While you could be tempted to simply pay off what shows up on the bills each month, you may want to create a debt summary to get a better idea of your total debt’s big picture. By creating an annual debt summary, you and your financial advisor can better understand whether you’re gradually working down the amount or falling farther into the hole.
Step 4: Revisit Short and Long-Term Goals
A lot can change in a year - marriage, death, divorce, growing your family and experiencing a major career change. Even seemingly small adjustments, like a job promotion or sending a kid off to college, can have a significant impact on your financial status. That’s why it’s important to regularly review your long-term goals and progress towards them while revisiting and evaluating your shorter term goals as well.
Step 5: Evaluate Coverage and Providers
As you’re reviewing your budget and expenses, take the extra time to thoroughly evaluate your current providers and coverage options. This includes your internet, cable and wireless service providers in addition to your insurance coverage options. If you tend to set up autopayments and forget about your monthly bills, this could be an opportune time to revisit what it is you’re actually paying for.
Step 6: Reassess and Rebalance Your Portfolio
It’s important to visit your portfolio and risk tolerance regularly to help keep it in line with your tolerance, goals and market conditions. While most managed portfolios will be rebalanced automatically, it’s important to take stock of your investments’ big picture. Doing so can help you determine if you need to diversify differently or reassess your risk tolerance.
Step 7: Review Your Retirement Savings
Whether retirement is decades down the line or within the upcoming year, reviewing your retirement savings on an annual basis is a great habit to start. Take the time to assess whether or not you’re maxing out your retirement contribution options and how the savings you’re making today will translate into retirement income later down the line.
Step 8: Assess Your Estate Plan
It’s not fun to plan for the worst case scenario, but leaving your family with an outdated will, trust or estate plan can lead to some major issues down the line. As you assess your legacy plan annually, make sure you’re accounting for any newly acquired assets (houses, cars, pets, etc.) while checking that your designated beneficiaries are still willing and able to assist in the event of your passing.
While you’re likely daydreaming of book reading, beach going and backyard barbecuing this summer, don’t forget to do yourself a favor and squeeze in some financial assessing as well. Performing your own financial checkup annually gives you time to prepare for tax season, budget for the upcoming holiday season and acquire peace of mind knowing your family’s finances are aligned with your future goals and current needs.
1http://www.usfinancialcapability.org/results.php?region=US#managing-financial-products
2https://www.nfcc.org/clientimpact/2017-financial-literacy-survey/
This content is developed from sources believed to be providing accurate information, and provided by Twenty Over Ten. It may not be used for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. Please consult legal or tax professionals for specific information regarding your individual situation. The opinions expressed and material provided are for general information, and should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. | https://silverman-associates.com/blog/8-step-summer-financial-checkup |
We thoroughly identify and analyze any risks that could arises during the duration of a project to help maintain the project's track and meet its end goal. From there we plan how to minimize and avoid any potential risks for the project to aid our client in completing their goals within the estimated timeline of a given project.
We analyze pipeline installation by taking into consideration desired route, budget, equipment quality and time frame to determine if the pipeline installation will be successful and meets the guidelines of all codes.
We provide client-specific installation procedures. We take into account our client's budget, time frame, equipment capability and quality and code requirements to develop a plan for our clients that is practical and effective. From there we are able to design and engineer equipment for our clients to be able to complete their projects on-time and on-budget.
We are able to complete a thorough analysis on any heavy-lift installation. We are able to calculate what installation is needed, if the current installation is adequate to lift the equipment needed, etc. We can also determine the quality of the lift and if any changes are needed to be made to it to ensure that it will be able to operate and lift the desired heavy equipment.
We are capable of analyzing SURF installation analysis and providing adequate feedback to our clients aiding them through which decisions to make that best fit their budget, time and complexity needs. We undertake all engineering analysis needed to prepare our clients a complete installation analysis so that they can make the best decision for their needs.
We are capable of analyzing all shallow and deepwater areas to provide our clients with detail that best fit their needs. We are able to identify the pressure variation, corrosion risks, necessary steel strength and all code requirements to meet each client's needs to perform a given project.
We are able to take data and analyze a project to determine its workability capabilities. We can determine if a project can be effectively carried out within the client's time frame and budget.
We are capable of designing and engineering padeyes/lift points that best meet the structural analysis requirements. We can determine the necessary size, quality and requirement needs to best engineer and design equipment for our clients and save them time, costs and complexity.
We are capable of designing and engineering efficient weight takeoffs. We are able to determine the best methods for weight takeoffs in a safe manner that meets all code requirements. We are able to take all time, budget and project complexity needs into consideration to be able to engineer the best quality equipment for the weight takeoff. | https://blackfinoffshore.com/offshore-installation |
July…we are officially midway into the year and it’s time to reassess, rethink and reboot. How wonderful that July lands smack dab in the middle of the year -complete with Summers warmer days and a respite from our hectic schedules. It’s the perfect time to enjoy some downtime or perhaps even partake in a long awaited vacation.
Embracing downtime is so important to our mental and physical well being. Taking a break allows time to reassess,rethink and reboot your original goals for 2019.
Here’s a simple three step plan to get you where you want to go before the year is over…
Reassess: Dd you make a list of all that you wanted to accomplish this year. (You know you did). Pull that list back out and check in with yourself. Are those goals still part of your plan?
Rethink: In reviewing your goals is it time to refocus your efforts? In a word it’s time to Tweak! (Take pen to paper or make a list via any technical device of your choosing and insert the steps needed to accomplish your goals.
Reboot: Now that you’ve reassessed what you want to accomplish and made your plan it’s time to reboot. You have a fresh focused account of what you want to accomplish. A clear plan combined with a renewed focus will aid in getting you to the finish line of your desires.. Remember…. Everything and anything can be accomplished by taking that first step..
Baby Steps combined with a leap of faith work wonders for getting you the life of your dreams. . | http://www.gotoglamourgirl.com/2019/07/09/july/ |
The Project Manager is responsible for taking a project from concept through completion – on schedule, on budget – and meeting or exceeding the expectations of the client and Arc.
Essential Job Functions/Core Competency
- Creates and maintains project plans, proposals and estimates, scope documents, risk assessments, specifications, project schedules and change requests
- Organizes and maintains job jacket and eRoom project folder for each project, and organizes project files
- Works with account team as well as any and all members of assigned project team to determine and estimate costs and timing for project strategy, functional design, visual design, technology requirements, etc., utilizing established estimating process and tools
- Creates accurate, timely resource requests according to process; ensures that project is appropriately staffed, escalating issues appropriately and as needed
- Prepares for, leads and documents kickoff meeting and all subsequent project team meetings
- Clearly communicates tasks, timing, milestones and budgets to project teams on a regular basis
- Coordinates all activities of the project team, following up on all action items and ensuring that project tasks are completed; escalates issues as needed to resolve
- Ensures that project remains on schedule and on budget and takes corrective measures as needed, managing both internal and external milestones
- Identifies scope changes a they occur and manages defined change control process, shifting project budget, time, and/or scope as necessary to ensure profitability
- Works with client and/or client’s vendors to obtain art, copy and a/v assets as needed
- Oversees activities of project coordinator assigned to the project (if relevant)
- Arranges, facilitates and documents legal, creative and technical reviews with client and project team (and Leo Burnett as necessary)
- Works with Client Partner to obtain and document client signoff at key points during project
- Effectively documents risks and plan for risk mitigation
- Manages third-party communications and relationships as necessary
- Arranges, facilitates and documents project debriefs
- Conducts quality assurance tests of client solutions prior to delivery, testing to whatever degree is appropriate based on project size, staffing, etc.
- Delivers regular detailed status reports to account team, project team, the client, and management
- Prepares accurate revenue forecasts for all project work on a regular basis
- Establishes invoicing setup for all projects, and prepares accurate invoices on a timely basis as required by project agreements
- Arranges for archive of application code and other assets as needed; organizes and archives project files upon completion of project
- Works with internal and client resources to proactively solve project related issues directly prior to escalating issues
Non-Core Competencies
Teamwork
· Interpersonal skills
· Respect/recognition of others
· Responsibility to team and project
· Support of team goals
· Passion for work/positive attitude
· Leadership
Communication
· Articulation and clarification
· Oral presentation
· Written presentation.
· Listening skills
· Audience adaptation
· Knowledge sharing
Professionalism
· Resourcefulness
· Dependability/follow-through
· Integrity/credibility
· Problem solving/critical thinking
· Conflict resolution
· Judgment
Work Management
· Multi-tasking
· Productivity
· Punctuality
· Organization
· Administration
· Policy adherence
Client Service
· Client knowledge
· Relationship building
· Proactiveness
· Client management
· Balance of client/company needs
· Commitment to quality
Additional Information
All your information will be kept confidential according to EEO guidelines. | https://arcww.com/jobs/743999777991477 |
Your Financial Checklist for 2023
Happy New Year! If one of your New Year’s resolutions includes getting your finances in order, you may benefit from creating and maintaining a yearly checklist. A financial checklist can help you stay on top of your finances and make progress toward your financial goals. It can also be a handy reference when changes occur in your life, such as marriage, divorce, children, grandchildren, or the loss of a spouse.
If you haven’t created a financial checklist before, here are some items you may want to include this year:
- Review your budget: Take a look at your income and expenses to see where you can cut back or make changes, if necessary. This is also a good time to reassess your financial goals and make sure your budget is aligned with them.
- Check your credit report: It’s important to monitor your credit score, and one way to do this is to review your credit report. You can get a free copy of your credit report once a year from each of the three major credit bureaus (Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax). Look for any errors or signs of identity theft, and take steps to address them if necessary.
- Review your emergency fund: While a good rule of thumb includes saving enough to cover at least three to six months’ worth of living expenses, every situation is different. If you expect to lose your job in 2023 or anticipate a situation in which you’re unable to work, consider saving more. If you’re unsure how much to save, talk it over with your financial advisor.
- Pay off debt: High-interest debt can be a major financial burden, especially as you approach retirement, so it’s important to work on paying it off as quickly as possible. Consider making extra payments on your debts or consolidating them to get a lower interest rate.
- Review or update your beneficiary designations: Review your bank accounts, retirement accounts, life insurance policies, and annuities to ensure your beneficiary designations are up to date. You may also consider naming a contingent beneficiary if your primary beneficiary were to die before your next update. A good way to keep track of beneficiaries is to create a list, along with dates of your most recent updates. Review the list annually or when something changes.
- Keep building your retirement savings: Are you saving as much as you can for retirement? If you are age 50 or over, consider making a catch-up contribution to your employer-sponsored retirement plan or individual retirement account (IRA).
- Protect your assets: Make sure you have adequate insurance coverage to protect yourself and your assets. This can include health insurance, car insurance, homeowners or renters insurance, and life insurance.
- Review your investments: It’s important to periodically review your investments with your financial advisor to make sure they’re still aligned with your financial goals and risk tolerance. If it’s been a while since you last met with your advisor, call now to make an appointment.
- Review your tax withholding: If you got married, divorced, or had a child recently, it’s likely time to adjust your withholding. Unsure how to calculate it? The IRS offers a handy tax withholding estimator to help you.
- Review your estate plan: Does your estate plan still reflect your wishes? A quick review each year can alert you to any needed updates. Don’t forget to provide your executor with the ability to access your estate plan, if needed.
Keeping a financial checklist and making scheduled, regular updates can help give you peace of mind and relieve any financial stress you may be feeling now that the holidays are over. As you review your checklist, be sure to note any questions you have and bring them to your next meeting with your financial advisor. On behalf of all of us at Team Savant, best wishes for a happy and prosperous new year! | https://savantwealth.com/savant-views-news/article/your-financial-checklist-for-2023/ |
Ohio Governor John Kasich’s recently introduced state Executive Budget for fiscal years 2016 and 2017 calls for state colleges and universities to control rising tuition costs. While national College Board data show that Ohio’ public colleges and universities have been among the nation’s best at restraining tuition increases over the past five years, the Governor’s Executive Budget advances new proposals to further help control college costs. To ensure that college remains affordable for students and families, the Governor has proposed to limit in-state, undergraduate tuition and general fee increases in FY 2016 to no more than 2% over what the institution charged in the previous year. In FY 2017, the Executive Budget proposal would freeze tuition at each public college and university.
For families with college savings in the CollegeAdvantage Guaranteed Plan, we encourage you to keep apprised of changes to tuition costs at Ohio public institutions of higher education. While we all want college costs to be as low as possible, be aware that the value of your funds is based on WAT value at the time of your withdrawal of funds. WAT, or Weighted Average Tuition, is calculated and published by the Ohio Tuition Trust Authority prior to each academic year. WAT is based on the tuition rate at each of the state’s 13 public colleges and universities for the coming academic year. WAT will fluctuate annually in alignment with tuition costs. Generally, your redemption of CollegeAdvantage tuition units and/or credits will be based on the value of WAT at the time of withdrawal.
The Governor’s Executive Budget is currently being presented and debated in the Ohio Legislature. The state budget deliberation process will continue over the next several months. The details of the Governor’s Executive Budget are subject to change throughout the legislative process before being sent to the Governor for his final approval and authorization. The current budget is set to expire on June 30, 2015. In addition to the Governor’s proposal, Majority Senate Republicans have their own proposal calling for tuition to be cut by 5% beginning next year.
It is prudent for account owners to be aware of any legislative proposals that may affect your 529 college savings. You should also regularly review the current value of your account and the possible future value when the funds would be needed for college. If your savings goals change at any time, CollegeAdvantage Guaranteed Plan account owners are permitted to directly rollover funds from the Guaranteed Plan to any 529 plan, including Ohio’s CollegeAdvantage Direct Plan or Advisor Plan, without penalty.
The Ohio Tuition Trust Authority does not provide investment advice. The information contained herein is informational only and should not be relied upon exclusively to make your investment decisions. Investment options should be selected based on your investment goals, risk tolerance, and savings time horizon. | https://www.collegeadvantage.com/blog/blog-detail/posts/2015/03/23/governor-s-budget-proposal-seeks-to-control-rising-tuition-costs |
You may not want to make any adjustments once your firm is established and working smoothly. However, you should examine your business regularly to ensure that it is still in line with market dynamics. This could result in minor adjustments or a complete corporate redesign.
You can forecast how your firm will function in the future by evaluating it. Revisiting and changing a business plan at the correct time can save or kill a company. Here are five techniques to assess your company and its prospects.
1: Review your objectives
As an entrepreneur, you want to fulfill your objectives, and a smart strategy will help you get there. So, if your objectives change, modify the route you'll take to get there. When you fulfill your objectives, you'll almost certainly set new ones. As a result, to keep moving forward, you'll need to adjust your resource allocation.
Market changes, the competitive landscape, and changing client needs can all cause goals to shift. As a result, it's critical to consider the strategy as these changes occur.
2: Assess customer requirements
Every company's principal purpose is to service customers' requirements more profitably than its competitors. However, client requirements change over time. To be a successful entrepreneur, you must be able to think strategically and continuously develop new insights into your audience's emerging demands. You should be able to adapt your present or future items to satisfy changing needs.
3: Regularly assess innovation changes
Customers benefit from innovation because it creates new value. The additional value could come from technology, but it could also come from marketing, service, experience, or procedure. It could be life-changing or insignificant.
Pay attention to your consumers, market, and competitors to see when new value or innovation is being delivered and by whom to keep your firm going forward. Then evaluate your goals and strategy to see whether they can be adjusted to fit the new market value.
4: Evaluate your company's efficiency
The majority of new enterprises operate on a short-term and reactive basis. This provides flexibility, but it is time-consuming and costly as you go from starting your firm to building and growing it.
Combine your capacity to react fast with a well-defined approach. This will assist you in determining whether your activities are appropriate.
Determine whether any internal factors are preventing even your company from moving forward and address them.
5: Take stock of your financial situation
Many firms fail due to insufficient financial management or planning. Entrepreneurs have a habit of forgetting about their business plans.
Create and execute good financial and managerial procedures to ensure the success of your company. An excellent place to start is to update the original business strategy. Consider cash flow, working capital, cost base, borrowing, and growth while evaluating your financial situation.
Every successful business owner has made a mistake or two. It's all a part of the process of learning. Even though mistakes are inevitable, you can prevent several common business blunders. | https://original.newsbreak.com/@starlight-financial-guru-1593328/2597573567922-evaluating-the-future-of-your-business |
To act as the main point of contact for the assigned group of accounts, focussing on the customer experience to enhance loyalty and build long-term relationships.
To deliver the assigned sales, revenue, margin and cash targets.
You will
- Support the account team manager to routinely review and identify the clients within the territory that represent the greatest opportunity relative to cost to serve.
- Support the account segmentation analysis with the account team manager, categorising the accounts within the area into Growth, Strategic, Streamline or Status accounts.
- Develop a thorough understanding of the assigned accounts clients’ business to articulate a clear ‘why LR’ value proposition that will resonate with the client and the challenges of their key stakeholders.
- Maintain a thorough understanding of LR’s main competitors in the area and share this understanding as necessary with the area, global and central commercial teams.
- Develop and maintain account plans for the assigned accounts, that optimise the margin performance for the segment, area, and the global LR business across the areas and different business streams.
- Under the guidance of the account team manager, provide input and insight into the Sales and Marketing plan (SMP) with the actions necessary to deliver the area Long Range Plan (LRP).
- Regularly analyse and report to the account team manager the expected sales performance within a period, based on sales pipeline, individual win rates, market trends, forecasts and competitor activity.
- Act as the main point of contact for the assigned accounts and work closely with the area client care team and key stakeholders to ensure the client relationship is managed effectively at all times.
- Deliver financial and operational performance against agreed budget targets, in line with the expected area contribution to the Marine & Offshore financial plans.
- Input and regularly update all opportunities in Salesforce, demonstrating model behaviours to promote the effective use of Salesforce.
- Ensure that for all large bids involving multiple internal stakeholders, a bid leader is agreed from the outset, with defined roles and responsibilities understood by the opportunity capture team.
- Collaborate extensively and actively engage with the growth product specialists and account managers in different teams or areas to support opportunities and projects as required.
- Develop and regularly maintain a stakeholder engagement plan for each assigned account and establish clear metrics and accountability for all internal stakeholders linked to the account plan.
- Organise frequent executive level engagement with specified clients and ensure strategic relationships are maintained between LR’s senior management and the clients’ senior management.
- Take accountability for the accuracy and quality of the opportunity and account data input into Salesforce to ensure confidence in the performance reporting and sales forecasts.
- Report on client meetings and all aspects of competitor activity for each client. Disseminate this information to relevant internal stakeholders and share updates during relevant sales team meetings.
- Seek and review client feedback, facilitate resolution of complaints promptly, and disseminate lessons learned to service delivery and client care teams as appropriate, in line with GMS and SLAs.
- Track account revenue, margin and sales performance and oversee contract management for assigned accounts, including securing contract renewal
- Manage debt recovery and work with the area accounts payable team to support as required, the collection of payments that are overdue (as applicable) for the assigned accounts.
- Ensure high quality proposals and competitive quotes are produced for the assigned accounts, to expand LR’s existing revenue, market share and relationship with the clients.
- Apply commercial acumen in the review of commercial contracts, safeguarding and maximising LR’s position. Liaise with relevant colleagues as required in the preparation/review stage.
- Support the Account Team Manager as required and actively participate in events, conferences, and workshops to network and promote LR.
- Ensure the ByD processes are followed as per the GMS. Ensure full adherence to the Commercial Bid Matrix and relevant implementation. .
- Conduct activities in line with internal procedures, legislation and accreditation schemes, and pursue Continuous Professional Development to maintain a high level of discipline knowledge and awareness.
- Assess the risks and work in a safe manner at all times, robustly implementing health and safety rules, instructions and systems and refuse to undertake work that compromises your safety or health.
- Report in a timely manner all incidents including near miss and safety observations (NMSO), accidents and injuries and raise any health and safety concerns with your line manager.
To be considered
- A degree or equivalent from a tertiary organisation recognised by Lloyd's Register within the relevant field of engineering or physical science or qualifications from a marine or nautical institution and relevant sea-going experience as a certificated ship's officer.
- Significant experience in Account management field, preferably in Marine & Offshore environment with an in depth understanding of sales and client care principles.
- Strong commercial awareness. Ability to develop strategic action plans based on input from key persons.
- Strong knowledge of financial, budgetary planning, business planning, reporting and management.
- Strong team spirit. Excellent professional people skills to improve performance across the area of business.
- Thorough understanding of the shipping market and marine environment to manage commercial focus and find new business opportunities.
- Ability to communicate effectively at different levels within organisations and to influence successfully and openly at all levels – both inside our organisation and outside in the business.
- Ability and understanding to participate, communicate, positively contribute and add value in marine & offshore supply chain and technical discussions with clients and LR colleagues alike.
- Ability to understand and assess complex and sometimes unfamiliar situations, visualise solutions and see through to resolution.
- Enjoyment of building relationships, with the ability to pro-actively drive development of a network of key relationships internally and externally.
- Flexible approach to adjust role as the position develops. | https://jobs.lr.org/job/London-SaleClient-Relationship-Manager/652274501/ |
When it comes to a pre-tender estimate, it is not only the price of the project that matters, but the various factors that affect it. These factors include the design parameters, consultant, and the information group. Of the ten factors, six of them are from consultants. The presence of these factors indicates that they are the most important.
Engineer’s estimate
In order to be competitive, an Engineer’s pre tender estimate must meet certain requirements. An estimate must include the correct price for each unit of work. The Engineer’s unit price is the cornerstone of the estimate, and the process of establishing it requires engineering judgment. In order to arrive at an accurate estimate, an engineer must estimate the cost per unit of work and adjust it accordingly if there are any unforeseen circumstances.
The engineer’s pre-tender estimate must reflect an amount that the contracting agency considers acceptable and willing to pay for the contemplated work. Failure to meet this requirement may delay the project, or require additional funding to meet the contract cost. Over-estimating the cost can result in a waste of money, as it results in a higher price than the project is worth. The engineer’s estimate must also be based on market conditions, including the competitive bidding environment.
After a successful tender is selected, the contract is advertised. The winning contractor then receives the contract. The winning contractor then uses the agreement estimate as their bid price. This estimate must fall within the published cost range to secure the contract. If more than one conforming bid is received, the contract is awarded to the contractor.
Engineer’s pre-tender estimate is a crucial document used to manage project costs, schedule, and funding. Any changes to the costs must be incorporated into the estimate and communicated to management in a timely manner. The Engineer’s estimate should include all the work contemplated in the project. The estimate should also account for any changes in unit costs and must be updated as they occur.
The accuracy of an Engineer’s pre-tender estimate can be improved by identifying and evaluating low-visibility factors. The accuracy of a pre-tender estimate is affected by external factors such as the market conditions and the procurement forms. These factors are often ignored and should be addressed.
Before the estimating process, the client should identify the requirements and the materials that the project requires. Obtaining accurate information from suppliers and manufacturers of materials is also important. Without accurate information, the cost estimates will not be accurate. If the client does not know the exact specifications, an Engineer’s pre-tender estimate will not be accurate.
During the evaluation process, the Engineer’s Estimate report has seven different breakdown types. These include A+B Bidding, Construction Engineering, Preliminary Engineering, Right-of-Way, Utility, and Other. Each of these types will require a separate budget line. The amount needed to fund each breakdown will be listed in the Engineer’s Estimate report.
Unit bid prices
Unit bid prices for pre-tender estimates are an important part of a construction cost estimate. These prices are calculated per square foot or square metre. These are then multiplied by the total floor area to obtain a final estimate. Contractors must ensure that they are compiling accurate estimates that accurately reflect the costs of the project.
Pre-tender estimates should contain unit bid prices for each element of the contract. This helps in controlling costs and rates by the authority accepting the tender. This also helps in preventing an unworkable rated tender. As a result, the project can progress smoothly and timely. It is also an efficient way to manage costs and to avoid disputes.
Contingency
Contingency is a factor that helps to control cost and estimate risks. The amount of contingency in a pre-tender estimate depends on the project’s complexity and the extent of uncertainty. Various methods can be used to determine the contingency. Some are simple, while others are complex and require statistical techniques.
A contingency budget lays out how much money will be set aside in case the project runs over budget. It should also detail the allocation of unspent funds among subcontractors and contractors. The contingency funds should be clearly defined and the contractor should clearly communicate how these funds will be spent.
The selection of the method to calculate the contingency depends on a number of factors, including the size and complexity of the project, available expertise and time. There are a variety of methods to determine the contingency for a project, but these are governed by a few general guidelines.
A contingency is a downside risk estimate that accounts for unknown risks and costs. It typically refers to costs, but may also include other aspects of a project. A contingency may be a part of a contingency plan, or it can be a component of a contingency plan that is used to mitigate the risks in a project.
The accuracy of a pre-tender estimate is critical to the project’s success. This estimating process requires the use of technical staff with proper project specifications. In addition, clients must ensure that the information obtained from suppliers and manufacturers is accurate. An incomplete understanding of the materials used for the project will negatively affect cost estimates.
A pre-tender estimate should be accurate and include an appropriate amount of contingency. An accurate estimate can help ensure that the contract is competitive and profitable. There are numerous variables that can affect a pre-tender estimate. For example, the type of contract will determine the amount of the contingency in the pre-tender estimate.
Construction costs are unpredictable, and contingency funds are essential for all projects. Construction firms often allocate 5 to 10 percent of the total budget to cover these costs. It is vital to carefully consider your risks when setting up a construction contingency budget. You can minimize your risks by communicating with your team and using detailed planning. | https://blog.chaseestimating.com/2022/08/27/six-factors-that-affect-a-pre-tender-estimate/ |
- Our Client is a leading main contractor that operate globally. Following the award of a major project, they urgently require an ambitious Procurement Manager to become involved in a complex hospital project in Accra, Ghana.
Responsibilities:
- Guaranteeing efficient procurement of materials, equipment and services related to the project.
- Activating market research and enquiries at domestic and international level to identify potential suppliers
- Handling the qualification supplier process, ensuring systematic comparisons of new suppliers with those qualified in the past
- Proposing to the Technical offices, new technical solutions providing alternatives suggested by the supplier, if considered valid and suitable to reach the target’s goals established by the Group;
- Regularly updating the vendor lists, divided for product group and/or geographical market, sharing these information with both corporate and local procurement offices through dedicated systems and reports and referencing qualified suppliers and subcontractors to the Tender office during the bid preparation stage;
- Receiving and verifying the purchase requests issued by the departments concerned to be in accordance with internal guidelines and standards defined by the Procurement department;
- Managing negotiations with suppliers from the reception of the purchasing request till the contract creation, aiming for the best possible conditions considering the advisability of issuing open orders, always in accordance with Procurement department guidelines and procedures;
- Interfacing regularly with Procurement Area Managers and corporate/local Officers, to place orders according to defined Project Procurement plan, strategy and budget while ensuring the compliance and the application of the Procurement guidelines, procedures and best practices;
- Forecasting and benchmarking price and market trends to identify changes of balance in buyer-supplier relations;
Requirements:
- Minimum 10 years of experience in Procurement of which at least 5 years in a similar role from a main contractor of buildings; experience in hospitals is advantageous
- Knowledge of African market, the solutions/services the company can provide, and the company’s competitors is desirable.
- Knowledge of the field of construction and familiarity with construction techniques to be able to select the best suppliers and subcontractors according to the different activities and projects
- Knowledge of the materials, equipment and tools necessaries for the production activities
- Ability to organise the activities in the framework of the process managed and in relation to the other corporate processes, identifying and removing the inefficiencies
The tax free salary on offer is generous and the package includes accommodation, transport, medical insurance and flight tickets. | https://www.ashbrittle.com/2330-procurement-manager-%E2%80%93-ghana/buying/africa/job |
Many of us are able to manage our day-to-day finances. But, to achieve financial sustainability, we need to actively manage our finances in the short, medium and longer term.
Day to day, we need to have enough money to cover all our essential expenses to get through the month. Ideally, we should put aside money to create a ‘buffer’ for unexpected emergencies. In the short term, we may need to plan for holidays, annual celebrations (such as birthdays and Christmas), and other expenses, such as car maintenance. In the medium term we need to plan for life events, such as starting a family, buying a house or moving home. And, as we get older, it’s important to start planning for long-term financial needs, such as retirement. By taking steps now, we can move towards a more sustainable financial future.
Planning ahead
Clearly, we all need to have a good idea about how much money we're spending and what it’s being spent on. Having a budget can help you to manage your spending. For longer-term sustainability, we can start to plan for future life events or goals through savings and other contingencies. Ideally, we should only borrow when we absolutely need to and what we can afford to pay back, while still having adequate emergency funds.
Keeping an eye on your pension forecast regularly helps you to plan for retirement. If you can afford to increase your pension contributions, this could make a difference to long-term financial sustainability.
How to budget
Budgeting for the medium and long term is very different from short-term budgeting. For the short term, keeping a detailed, accurate budget can help you to meet day-to-day costs and plan for annual expenses. For the medium term, you can use more general figures and timescales.
Long-term planning can be based on goals and aspirations. This includes understanding the difference between ‘required’ and ‘desired’ income and how you will achieve these goals. You may need to factor in mortgage payments if the mortgage term goes beyond your expected retirement age.
Be sure to insure
From time to time, we all face unexpected expenses, such as vet fees, household repair costs, and possibly a change of financial circumstances arising from the loss of a job or the death of a partner. Having adequate insurance in place can help to lessen the financial impact and stress of these events.
We insure our cars, not just because it’s the law but because few of us could afford to pay for repairs, replacement or personal injury compensation. In the same way we should consider insuring other aspects of our lives if the costs are reasonable.
Janebot, our virtual money adviser, can help you navigate our financial management tools. With these tools, you can get useful tips on budgeting and managing your money, savings and investments, planning, retirement and debt advice.
Mañana mañana
Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today, especially where financial planning is concerned. Set time aside to regularly review your finances and plan ahead. This will help you to manage your short-term expenditure and sustain your finances going forward. Review your bank statements monthly to help you stay on budget and identify issues early so you can take appropriate action.
Biannual reviews can help identify areas of high expenditure or unused subscriptions so you can make changes if needed. Each year, you should also check your contracts and deals that are coming to an end, such as utilities, mobile phone contracts, broadband and insurance arrangements. This will ensure you are getting the best deals.
Pension planning
In the longer term, checking your pension provision, including projected income and any lump-sum payments, can help keep your retirement planning on track. Most workplace pension providers can give you annual statements, or you may be able to log in to your account online. You can find details about your state pension and entitlement at: www.gov.uk/state-pension.
If you are over 55, you can draw down on any pension lump sums. But you should consider the tax implications as only 25% is tax free; the rest is taxed as income. If you’re a homeowner, you might need to plan your finances to tie in with the end of your mortgage term. You might also need to factor property maintenance costs into your retirement income.
It’s important to build flexibility into your medium- and long-term planning. This year, more than any other year, has shown that our financial circumstances can change at any time. Our goals and aspirations can also change. You may have been on track towards a savings goal when an unexpected expense depletes your savings. In such a situation, it’s important to revise your budget and adjust accordingly.
Actively managing your finances, regularly planning and reviewing your spending and savings, can help you keep control of your finances, relieve stress and increase your chances of achieving your goals.
Apply for help
If you're struggling with debt or you'd like advice on budgeting, contact us now. Our Money Advice and Guidance Service team can help you get your finances back on track. | https://foryoubyyou.org.uk/helping-each-other/news-publications/news/creating-financial-stability-beyond-today |
- Advise clients on financial plans using knowledge of tax and investment strategies, securities, insurance, pension plans, and real estate. Duties include assessing clients' assets, liabilities, cash flow, insurance coverage, tax status, and financial objectives. May also buy and sell financial assets for clients.
Tasks
- Analyze financial information obtained from clients to determine strategies for meeting clients' financial objectives.
- Answer clients' questions about the purposes and details of financial plans and strategies.
- Conduct seminars or workshops on financial planning topics, such as retirement planning, estate planning, or the evaluation of severance packages.
- Contact clients periodically to determine any changes in their financial status.
- Explain to clients the personal financial advisor's responsibilities and the types of services to be provided.
- Guide clients in the gathering of information, such as bank account records, income tax returns, life and disability insurance records, pension plans, or wills.
- Implement financial planning recommendations or refer clients to someone who can assist them with plan implementation.
- Inform clients about tax benefits, government rebates, or other financial benefits of alternative fuel vehicle purchases or energy efficient home construction, improvements, or remodeling.
- Interview clients to determine their current income, expenses, insurance coverage, tax status, financial objectives, risk tolerance, or other information needed to develop a financial plan.
- Investigate available investment opportunities to determine compatibility with client financial plans.
- Meet with clients' other advisors, such as attorneys, accountants, trust officers, or investment bankers, to fully understand clients' financial goals and circumstances.
- Monitor financial market trends to ensure that client plans are responsive.
- Prepare or interpret for clients information, such as investment performance reports, financial document summaries, or income projections.
- Recommend financial products, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or insurance.
- Recommend to clients strategies in cash management, insurance coverage, investment planning, or other areas to help them achieve their financial goals.
- Review clients' accounts and plans regularly to determine whether life changes, economic changes, environmental concerns, or financial performance indicate a need for plan reassessment.
Detailed Work Activities
- Advise others on financial matters.
- Assess financial status of clients.
- Confer with others about financial matters.
- Educate clients on financial planning topics.
- Implement financial decisions.
- Interpret financial information for others.
- Interview clients to gather financial information.
- Prepare financial documents, reports, or budgets.
Learn more on the
Personal Financial Advisors
occupation report. | https://www.onetonline.org/find/score/13-2052.00?s=finance%20and%20banking |
The Smith’s were referred to Clear Sky Private Wealth from an existing client. They are both 40 years old, and have twin 10yr olds. Alice is employed, and Adam runs his own business.
The Smiths had accumulated $300,000 in retirement savings up to the end of 2019, and up until now they have managed the investments on their own. Unfortunately, when the COVID pandemic started and the markets dropped, their investments suffered and they made some investments decisions during the past year that resulted in a $50,000 drop in value. Although the markets have now improved, the Smith’s investments remain at $250,000 and with retirement on the horizon they decided that professional portfolio management may help them meet their retirement goals and manage their risks more successfully.
The Smith’s first meeting at Clear Sky involved Mike Brintnell, our Portfolio Manager in the Edmonton office, and Steve Ambeault, our financial planner. At this meeting the Smith’s discussed their desire to manage their investment risk and to get their investments on track to retire at age 55. Although they incorporated a lot of risk into their investments in the past, now that they have seen the potential consequences of taking these risks, they would like to take a more cautious approach to investing in the future.
To help put the Smiths on a plan to reach their financial goals, it was agreed that Steve Ambeault and Mitchel MacDonald would have a follow-up meeting with the Smith’s to gather the information needed to prepare a financial plan.
Mike also reviewed the information that the Smiths supplied regarding their current investments and recommended that the Smith’s open RRSP’s, TFSA’s, and a joint non-registered account at Clear Sky Private wealth.
Mike explained that these accounts would be managed by our team, including Ren Liao, CFA who works full-time analyzing the markets and make recommendations to our portfolio managers on which trades to make in our client portfolios. With our discretionary accounts, we do not call our client every time a trade is executed. Instead, we decide which positions to buy, hold, and sell, and we meet with clients regularly to update them on their investment performance.
The trades that are made in our client’s accounts reflect the individual risk tolerances of our clients, with an aim to limiting account losses during market downturns.
As part of the account set-up process, the Smiths were able to sign a few forms that allowed their investments to transfer over to Clear Sky smoothly, and also to set up regular monthly contributions that would come directly from their personal bank accounts. | https://www.clearskypw.com/case-studies/discretionary-portfolio-management |
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