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24/7 writing help on your phone Over the past few years, public concern has been growing over the disposal of wastes produced by health care facilities in the Philippines. Several reports have cited large, albeit inconsistent, figures of the amount of infectious waste hospitals in Metro Manila produce daily, and little information is available on what is done with these wastes, especially after the banning of incineration in the country. More recently, these concerns have been fueled by reports that some of these wastes end up in our open dumpsites and in some cases, in rivers, leading some sectors to call for the allowing of incineration once again. Health care waste can be managed properly without the use of incinerators that produce toxic air pollutants that pose threat to human health and environment. To begin with, not all of the wastes produced by hospitals are infectious or hazardous. With proper management and the use of well-known solid waste management tools such as segregation and recycling, the portion of a hospital’s waste stream that poses risk to human and environmental health need not be cause of public fear. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2000, 21 million people all over the world were infected with the hepatitis B virus due to injections with contaminated syringes. Another 2 million people were infected with the hepatitis C virus due to the same cause, and about 260,000 were infected with HIV. Ironically, all these people acquired diseases as a result of the practices of the very institutions that should be protecting their health. The sheer nature of providing health care, unfortunately, creates wastes that can pose serious environmental and health risks to health care workers, waste handlers, and even waste pickers. This, however, is the case only if the wastes produced by health care facilities are not managed properly. In 2002, though, a WHO assessment conducted in 22 developing countries showed that 18% to 64% of health care facilities do not use proper waste disposal methods. While most of the waste produced by health care facilities is not any more dangerous than regular household waste, some types do represent a higher risk to health. According to the WHO, these include infectious waste (15% to 25% of total healthcare waste), among which are sharps waste (1%), body part waste (1%), chemical or pharmaceutical waste (3%), and radioactive and cytotoxic waste or broken thermometers (less than 1%). Improperly managed and disposed, these wastes can expose health care workers and the public to risk of infections. In order to fulfill the medical ethic to “first do no harm”, the health care industry has a responsibility to manage waste in ways that protect both the public and the environment. Poor management of health care waste potentially exposes health care workers, waste handlers, patients and community at large to infection, toxic effects and injuries, and risks for polluting the environment. It is essential that all medical waste materials are segregated at the point of generation, approximately treated and disposed of safely. The purpose of this study is to have a practical understanding and to raise the lore of the patients and so as their significant others regarding the significance and essentiality of proper health care waste management, and also to raise the quality of the health care environment. 👋 Hi! I’m your smart assistant Amy!	https://studymoose.com/introduction-to-waste-management-essay
No, osmosis does not remove chlorine from water. Osmosis is the process by which water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration. During osmosis, the molecules pass through the membrane without altering the properties of the water. Therefore, osmosis is not an effective way of removing chlorine from water, as the chlorine molecules remain trapped within the water molecules, despite the movement. The only way to effectively remove chlorine from water is through filtration methods such as activated carbon filters, reverse osmosis systems, and distillation. How is chlorine removed from water? Chlorine can be removed from water through a process called dechlorination. This process involves adding a chemicals, such as activated carbon or sodium thiosulfate, to the water to reduce the free chlorine concentrations. Activated carbon is an effective method for removing chlorine since it reacts with chlorine in the water, reducing the chlorine concentration. This process is used by many municipal water treatment plants to effectively remove chlorine and other contaminants. Additionally, reverse osmosis is a commonly used method for removing chlorine from water. This type of filtration system can be used to effectively remove chlorine and other contaminants from water without the need for adding any chemicals. Ozone is another effective method for dechlorinating water and is often used by swimming pools to maintain a chlorine-free environment. UV-light can also be used to effectively remove chlorine from water. This method can also be used to eliminate organic compounds and pathogens in water, making it an ideal choice for water systems treating for human drinking water. Is chlorine involved in osmosis of water? No, chlorine is not involved in osmosis of water. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Chlorine is an element, not a solute, so it is not involved in the diffusion of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane. During osmosis, water diffuses across a semi-permeable membrane until the solute concentration on either side of the membrane is equal. The concentration of chlorine does not affect the diffusion of water molecules; rather, it is the concentration of solutes that does. Chlorine does, however, play a role in water treatment, purifying water by killing bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. What removes chlorine from tap water? The most common method is to use an activated carbon filter, such as a granular activated carbon filter (GAC). This device is designed to capture chlorine molecules and other pollutants as the water passes through it. GAC filters are relatively inexpensive, and can be bought in most hardware stores or online. Another option is to use a reverse osmosis system, which forces tap water through a semi-permeable membrane that filters out contaminants and chlorine. RO systems are more expensive than GAC filters, and require more regular maintenance and upkeep. Lastly, you can let the water stand for 24 hours to allow at least some of the chlorine to evaporate. This slower and less effective method still helps reduce some of the chlorine in tap water. What happens to water during osmosis? Osmosis is a fundamental form of diffusion that occurs when a concentration gradient is present across a semi-permeable membrane. A semi-permeable membrane is a substance or boundary that allows certain molecules and ions to pass through while preventing others from passing. Water molecules move in the direction of a higher concentration of solutes, and this is referred to as “osmotic flow”. As it moves through the membrane, water attempts to equalize the concentrations of the two sides of the membrane. If the two sides of the membrane have the same concentration of solutes, then the water molecules will not flow through the membrane. In this way, osmosis helps regulate the levels of dissolved materials within a cell or organism. It’s important to note that while osmosis is a passive transport process, it is also an energy-dependent process that requires energy to maintain osmotic equilibrium. When osmosis is complete, water will remain evenly distributed on either side of the membrane and equilibrium will be established. In summary, osmosis is a form of diffusion where water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane in an attempt to equalize the concentrations of solutes on either side. This process requires energy to maintain equilibrium and is a crucial factor in many biological processes. Does osmosis clean water? Osmosis does not clean water; instead, it is a natural process that helps filter, purify, and disinfect water. Osmosis occurs when two liquids with different concentrations of dissolved particles on either side of a semi-permeable membrane come into contact. Water will flow from an area of relatively lower concentration of dissolved particles to an area of relatively higher concentration. During this process, many of the dissolved particles, including impurities in the water, will become trapped on the higher concentration side of the membrane, resulting in a cleaner, more pure water on the lower concentration side of the membrane. Osmosis is used in a variety of water purification systems, such as reverse osmosis, to effectively remove impurities from water. What are the disadvantages of osmosis? Osmosis has several disadvantages. First, if the process is not carefully monitored and controlled, the semipermeable membrane can become damaged or the osmosis process can cause pockets of pressure to form within the system, which can lead to rupturing. Additionally, Osmosis requires a high-pressure gradient in order to be efficient and therefore requires large amounts of energy to be effective. Finally, if a solute is introduced to the system that is permeable, then it is likely to accumulate within the membrane, reducing the efficiency of the process. All of this means that osmosis is an expensive and potentially hazardous process that requires careful monitoring and maintenance. Additionally, the efficiency of osmosis can vary depending on the composition of the materials and the temperature of the system, which further complicates things. Why can’t you drink reverse osmosis water? Reverse osmosis water is water that has been filtered through a reverse osmosis filtration system, which is a process where the water is forced through a semi-permeable membrane, trapping the impurities such as heavy metals and pollutants. Reverse osmosis systems often remove beneficial minerals from the water as well, which can leave the water tasteless and lacking in quality. The reverse osmosis filtration process also leaves the water with a low pH, which can make it unsuitable for drinking. Low pH levels make the water more acidic, which is not good for the body. Additionally, reverse osmosis water does not have any fluoride added, which is beneficial for dental health. Without fluoride, drinking reverse osmosis water could result in more cavities and poor oral health. The most important reason not to drink reverse osmosis water is that it may not meet the minimum EPA regulations for safe drinking water. Reverse osmosis systems may allow some impurities to slip through the system, and even if the water is filtered, the removal of the beneficial minerals and low pH levels could leave the water contaminated and unsafe to drink. Therefore, it is best to avoid drinking reverse osmosis water to protect your health. Is drinking osmosis water good for you? Drinking osmosis water can be beneficial to your health, depending on the type of osmosis filtration system used. Osmosis filtration is a popular water purification process that can significantly reduce contaminants in your water. With the proper filter, it can filter out various harmful materials and impurities such as chlorine, heavy metals, and microorganisms. Osmosis systems can also reduce certain odors and tastes from the water, making it a much more pleasant drinking experience than tap water. However, as with any type of water purification system, it is important that you change your filters regularly to ensure your water is free from any contaminants or buildup from the filter itself. This helps to ensure that the water you are consuming is safe and of high quality. Additionally, if you are drinking water from a reverse osmosis system, make sure that you are replenishing the essential minerals such as calcium and magnesium that are removed during the filtration process. Overall, drinking osmosis water can be a great option if you are looking to filter out potential contaminants or simply improve the taste of your drinking water. With the right type of filtration system and regular filter changes, it can provide a safe and enjoyable drinking experience. Can you let tap water sit to remove chlorine? Yes, you can allow tap water to sit to remove chlorine. Chlorine is added to water to disinfect it and make it safe for human consumption. As chlorine is volatile, it will dissipate into the air over time if the water is not exposed to sunlight. By letting the water sit, you give the chlorine a chance to dissipate, leaving you with chlorine-free water to use. While the process of allowing tap water to sit will not irrigate the water of all contaminants, it is effective at reducing chlorine levels. Depending on the size of the container used and other factors like temperature, chlorine levels can dissipate in as little as 30 minutes. However, it is typically recommended to leave tap water sitting for at least 24 hours in order to ensure that levels are adequately reduced. It’s important to remember to cover the container in order to prevent further contamination. How long does chlorine last in water? Chlorine can remain effective in water for varying lengths of time, and this depends on a variety of factors. For instance, the amount of chlorine in the water, the pH of the water, the temperature of the water, the amount and type of organic material present, the amount of sunlight contacting the water, and the amount of water present can all affect the length of time chlorine will remain effective in water. Generally speaking, chlorine can remain in water for up to 4-6 weeks if other environmental conditions remain constant and the free chlorine levels remain at or above 0. 5 parts per million (PPM). However, this assumes that the pH of the water is between 6. 0 and 9. 2, that no strong oxidizers such as hydrogen peroxide are present, and there is no intense sunlight hitting the water surface. Why chlorine is added in water? Chlorine is added to water for a variety of different reasons, which vary depending on the kind of water you are dealing with. In a domestic or industrial environment, chlorine may be added as a form of disinfectant to ensure clean, safe drinking water. This process is called chlorination, and is often used to treat municipal or community water supplies. Because chlorine is a natural disinfectant, it can kill bacteria and other contaminants that may otherwise be present. Additionally, chlorine can reduce the formation of algae or fungi, reduce the visibility of particles, and can help control the growth of bacterial contaminants. In some cases, chlorine is also used to reduce odors, tastes, and maintain pH levels. In recreational areas and pools, chlorine is added to kill harmful bacteria and viruses to prevent the spread of waterborne illnesses. It is also often added to keep the water clear and free from bacteria, algae, and other contaminants, which can cause serious health concerns. Ultimately, chlorine is a broad-spectrum disinfectant that can help to keep many public water systems safe for human consumption. What is the role of chlorine in water treatment? Chlorine plays a key role in water treatment by killing harmful pollutants, such as bacteria and viruses, that may be present in water sources. Chlorine also helps to reduce the presence of algae, moss, and other growths that can form in bodies of water. When chlorine is added to water, it reacts with the water to form a series of compounds, including hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions, which have strong disinfectant properties. The process of disinfection serves to kill any pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms which may be present in the water. Chlorine also helps to enhance the taste and smell of water, and it is a cost-effective way to ensure that water is free from contaminants that can make it unsafe to consume. What is not removed by reverse osmosis? Reverse osmosis is a process whereby a semi-permeable membrane is used to separate two liquids or gases that are at different concentrations. It works by forcing a liquid through a membrane that only allows the water molecules to pass through and blocks the other substances. Generally, substances such as large molecules, ions, and colloids are unable to pass through the membrane, while smaller molecules such as salts and sugars can. However, reverse osmosis is not able to remove all contaminants. It is especially ineffective at removing dissolved gases and particulate matter, such as dirt, sand, viruses, bacteria, and certain cysts. As a result, water that has been treated with reverse osmosis may still contain some trace amounts of these impurities. Additionally, despite its filtration process, reverse osmosis is also unable to remove dissolved organics, heavy metals, and pesticides from water. How wasteful is reverse osmosis? Reverse osmosis is not particularly wasteful when compared to other methods of water treatment. The amount of energy that it takes to operate a reverse osmosis system is typically much less than that of other methods, such as boiling and distillation. Thus, reverse osmosis tends to have a lower environmental impact than other processes. However, reverse osmosis is not a perfect process. What makes it inherently wasteful is that it discards the majority of the water that is processed. This is because the reverse osmosis membrane can only trap particles down to 0. 0001 microns in size, so all of the remaining water is flushed away to be disposed of. Reverse osmosis systems can be designed to be more efficient with the goal of providing more drinkable water than wastewater, but this can be a costly endeavor. Additionally, the further filtration of this processed water produces further waste. Overall, reverse osmosis is not as wasteful as many other process, but its high disposal rate is certainly something to consider when deciding whether or not it’s the best choice for water treatment.	https://www.liquidimageco.com/does-osmosis-remove-chlorine/
The 2018 listeriosis outbreak in South Africa highlighted the importance of food safety in the production value chain. Since then, the government has cracked down on failures in hygiene in the food supply chain. According to MD of Averda South Africa” While the deadly listeriosis outbreak was not due to neglect in the waste process, it did pose a considerable and protracted threat if food from the contaminated factories was not handled correctly. The most recent measure was the introduction of the Compulsory Specification for Processed Meat Products, which came into effect in October 2019. Proper procedures need to be followed to eliminate danger to producers, and consumers since the threat of contamination remains ever-present. “An estimated 10 million tonnes of food waste is generated by South Africa’s food manufacturing industry every year, it’s easy to grasp the magnitude of the possible threat to the health of communities. A critical consideration in this process is the correct disposal of food waste,” says Johan van den Berg, MD of Averda South Africa. The guidelines suggest that suitable provision be made for food waste to be removed and stored away from food handling, storage and other working areas. All food waste, by-products and dangerous substances must be placed in containers that are clearly identifiable, suitably constructed and made of impervious material. Central to these guidelines is the implementation of processes that comply with Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) System and Guidelines. Food manufacturers should also provide adequate drainage and waste disposal systems to avoid the risk of contaminating food or the potable water supply. “ Averda transported, treated and disposed thousands of tonnes of food from the affected manufacturing facilities. The extreme danger posed by the contaminated food was considered hazardous to the public. Measures to prevent further contamination after disposal included loading and transporting materials, escorted by a security detail, to Averda’s Vlakfontein Class A Landfill site near Vereeniging. Although we were contracted to transport, treat and dispose of these materials, food manufacturers remain solely responsible for ensuring that all food waste, not only contaminated waste, is handled correctly,” Van den Berg says.	https://social-tv.co.za/food-manufacturers-can-ensure-waste-products-are-disposed-of-responsibly/
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# National Environmental Engineering Research Institute The CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI) is a research institute created and funded by Government of India. It was established in Nagpur in the year 1958 with focus on water supply, sewage disposal and communicable disease and to some extent placed on Industrial and occupational diseases common in post-independent India. NEERI a pioneer laboratory in the field of environmental science and engineering became a part of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). NEERI has five zonal laboratories at Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai. It falls under the Ministry of Science and Technology (India) within the extended arm of the central government. NEERI is an important partner organisation in India's POPs National Implementation Plan (NIP). The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur was established in 1958 as Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute (CPHERI), when environmental concerns were limited to human health with a focus on water supply/sewage disposal/ communicable diseases and to some extent on industrial pollution and occupational diseases. The chemical and biological solutions to address these problems were simple, though challenging. However, slowly worldwide public awareness on the contamination of the environment on regional to global scale started getting attention in 1970's. Shrimati Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, rechristened the Institute as National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in the year 1974. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur is devoted to research and innovations in environmental science and engineering besides solving a range of problems posed by industry, government and public. ## Mandate NEERI states its mandate as: To conduct research and developmental studies in environmental science and engineering. To render assistance to the industries of the region, local bodies, etc. in solving the problems of environmental pollution. To interact and collaborate with academic and research institutions on environmental science and engineering for mutual benefit. To participate in CSIR thrust area and mission projects ## The beginning In 1958, water pollution confronted the country's capital city, Delhi. In response to this issue, an organization was created to assess and counter any issue in the public health domain. Thus was created the Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute (CPHERI). CPHERI was established on 8 April 1958 by Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) to initially deal with problems of water and air pollution in urban settlements to assist industry, to anticipate problems, provide solutions and to concentrate on regional development. The Institute subsequently provided excellent services to the society in the domain of public health by carrying out various important activities in the areas of water and air environment. That time environmental concerns were limited to human health with a focus on water supply, sewage disposal and communicable diseases. Later on, worldwide public awareness on the environmental degradation started getting attention. After participating in the "United Nations Inter-Governmental Conference on Human Environment" at Stockholm in 1972, which gave legitimacy to environmental issues, the then Prime Minister of India and President, CSIR, Smt. Indira Gandhi renamed the Central Public Health Engineering Research as the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in 1974. This was done to encompass the entire vistas of R&D in the area of environmental science and engineering. Accordingly, the Institute delineated thrust areas for R&D comprising Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Biotechnology, Solid & Hazardous Waste Management, Environmental Systems Design Modelling and Optimization, Environmental Impact & Risk Assessment, and Environmental Policy Analysis. Presently, CSIR-NEERI is functioning with headquarters at Nagpur and five Zonal Laboratories located at Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai and Hyderabad. Between sixties and late seventies, to ensure potable water to communities, NEERI paid special attention to cost-effective process development. The processes for defluoridation, removal of heavy metals and salts, and destruction of microbial organisms were developed by the scientists. ‘Chlorine tablets’ and ‘Nalgonda technique for defluoridation of water’ developed by the Institute proved to be the major achievements of the Institute in the interest of society. The Institute also helped in designing water treatment plants, involving the application of slow sand filtration and use of membranes. Analytical procedures for rapid and accurate estimation of quality of water were developed and these are now widely in use. Water being an important resource for all life processes and for industry, specific technologies were developed for treatment of industrial wastewaters as well as domestic effluents. Recycling, therefore, has been a very significant area of R&D at the Institute for water management, since wastewater after treatment can be used in agriculture. Between the mid-eighties and the late nineties, the Institute saw a phenomenal growth in its activities, swelling number of projects and a concomitant overall growth of in-house infrastructure facilities including analytical Instruments. The Institute earned recognition from various International bodies, such as World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as Centre of Reference for environmental science and technologies. CSIR-NEERI's efforts to combat and mitigate environment degrading activities ranged from development of technologies to cater to the marginal and grass root population through comprehensive "Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment (EIRA)" for industrial, commercial, societal activities of any scale to the development of "Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management Systems" for the chemical and allied industries. While the Institute has played a major role in process / system development for environment management, CSIR-NEERI has provided inputs to the development of environmental statutes such as "Environment Protection Act" and "Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules". This was a beginning, where CSIR-NEERI's expertise was developed to give the society solutions to existing problems. From 1990, environmental biotechnology and genomics have emerged as useful tools for sustainable development. The Institute now deals with micro-niches, in which ‘how the DNA structure can be used as a tool to analyse and provide solutions to environmental pollution problems’ is studied. From a microscopic organism to impact assessment of the mega projects like Sethusamudram, the Institute covers all aspects of R&D in environmental science and engineering. The Institute now houses a bacterial culture bank of 1200 bacteria that have been identified sequencing the 16S rRNA genes. These are used in bioremediation as well as in bio-prospecting, The Institute has demonstrated rejuvenation of mine spoil dumpsites and continue to develop additional expertise through an integrated biotechnological approach for detoxification of degraded lands. The technology for solidification / stabilization and immobilization of arsenic bearing hazardous wastes was implemented in Zuari Industries Ltd., Goa. The Institute was involved in providing solutions to some of the pollution problems due to industrial and municipal wastewater discharge in places such as Delhi and Tirupur. The Institute is also involved in the development of analytical protocols for some of the emerging pollutants like dioxins and furans, mercury, trace contaminants besides routine analytical services in environmental monitoring. On the societal front, the Institute offered its services during environmental crises, for example, it has provided drinking water in the areas affected by floods in Rajasthan as well as hilly regions of the country and safe drinking water in fluoride affected areas. While the Institute started its journey primarily to address issues related to water pollution, later entries in to air and land made it encompass all the major domains of environment. Over the years the major activities of the Institute in these domains included master plan for the treatment and disposal of sewage in Bombay, water quality assessment for the Hooghly estuary, Indo-US project on treatment and disposal of wastes from phosphatic fertilizer plants and basic organic chemical manufacturing units, Ganga Action Plan, environmental impact and risk assessment for industrial / commercial / societal activities of any scale, assessment of water quality for drinking water supply in various parts of the country, municipal refuse management in various cities and municipalities in the country, solid and hazardous waste management in various chemical / metallurgical industries, recycle / reuse of wastes, ecological rejuvenation of mined areas in various parts of the country, environmental biotechnology and genomics, environmental materials development and assessment and mitigation of environmental damage caused to national monuments such as Taj Mahal. At present, the focus of the Institute is developing end to end environmental solutions and keep the focus of CSIR NEERI as a place for "Society driven Solution" through use of Science and Engineering and cost-effective and resource recovery-based technologies suitable to socio-economic conditions prevailing in the country. The Institute initiated various R&D activities for effective environmental monitoring in the country. The Institute has been involved in monitoring of pesticide residues at the national level. The Institute also initiated various R&D projects towards waste to wealth, clean potable water and clean air under CSIR-800 programme. CSIR-NEERI was nominated as ‘Stockholm Convention Regional Centre on Persistent Organic Pollutants for Asia Region’ in September 2010 and has been endorsed as the ‘Regional Centre for Capacity Building and Technology Transfer’ at COP-5 Meeting held at Geneva. This centre aims to conduct research and development studies in the area of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and new POPs along with special focus to promote their environmentally sound management, capacity building and awareness raising campaigns in the region. ## R&D thrust areas ### Environmental monitoring One of the most significant R&D thrust areas of CSIR-NEERI is environmental monitoring. The Institute is operating a nation-wide air quality monitoring network since 1978. The programme sponsored by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) since 1990 has generated a time series data on air quality for ten major Indian cities – Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kanpur, Kochi, Mumbai and Nagpur. The Institute has developed an extensive database for pollutants such as inhalable dust, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Air pollution monitoring is being done in terms of urban ambient air quality, industrial air quality / fugitive emission, vehicle emission monitoring and stack monitoring. Air quality modelling is being done in terms of source dispersion modelling, point industrial emission, vehicular emission and area source emission, prediction of ambient air quality under different scenario in space and time, receptor modelling of particulate matter for source apportionment analysis and air quality trend analysis using statistical and neural network tools. The Institute is also involved in design and development of air pollution control systems in terms of emissions generation, treatment studies and design of air pollution control systems for small/medium scale industries. R & D activities in the area of environmental monitoring include development of efficient analytical techniques and low cost instruments, designing of national monitoring networks, development of national databases and training of manpower. The emphasis on development and application of monitoring techniques is now towards the use of PCR and gene probes for water quality monitoring, use of biological indicators for pollution monitoring and application of remote sensing and GIS. A portable arsenic estimation field kit has been developed by the Institute which can measure arsenic concentration below the maximum permissible limit of 10 ppb. ### Environmental biotechnology and genomics The Institute is involved in R&D studies related to environmental biotechnology and subsequent application of biotechnology based solutions for environmental problems and sustainable development. The Institute is pursuing multidisciplinary R&D in fundamental and applied areas of environmental biotechnology by exploiting knowledge base from microbiology, biochemistry, chemistry, molecular biology, chemical and environmental engineering disciplines. The Institute aims at developing eco-friendly biotechnological processes targeting societal and industrial needs to address issues related to restoration of environmental quality, bioremediation/waste treatment, waste to wealth, climate change mitigation etc. R & D activities in the field of environmental biotechnology have been undertaken related to the development and demonstration of technologies for substitution of non-renewable resource base with renewable resources, recycle and reuse of industrial and domestic wastewater, and utilization of industrial wastes and biomass for commercial production of chemicals. R & D studies on environmental biotechnology have led to the development of a microbial consortium to degrade persistent synthetic chlorinated cyclodiene and endosulfan. The Institute is involved in R&D studies related to the existence, interaction, and survival of different gene pools with reference to each other in complex ecosystems. Monitoring tools with versatile computer modelling and simulation techniques have enabled the Institute to understand and explore a more holistic view of the interrelated aspects of environmental systems. At molecular level, the Institute carries out the study of structure, function, and interaction of the different gene pools, which are the constituents of the biogeochemical cycles of different components of the ecosystem. The Institute covers the study of either of the environmental factors, which can influence any life form including humans, plants, animals, and microorganisms. ### Environmental impact and risk assessment CSIR-NEERI ensures integration of environmental and socio-economic concerns in developmental planning by identifying environmental, biological and socio-economic impacts of proposed development projects and adopting remedial or mitigation measures including risk assessment. The studies carried out by the Institute enabled the developers and the government to abate the economic, social and environmental (including human health) impacts and develop mitigation measures. The Institute so far carried out environmental impact and risk assessment studies for more than 500 developmental projects proposed by various industries such as petrochemicals, oil & natural gas, refineries, mining, power plants (thermal, hydro and nuclear), chemicals and fertilizers, ports & harbours, irrigation and infrastructure, etc. EIA studies carried out by the Institute focused on analysis of concepts, approaches, methodology and evaluation processes; use of new technology development tools to enhance and strengthen the procedures and evaluation processes for impact assessment and recommendation with appropriate environmental management plan for sustainable development. ### Environmental systems design & modelling This Institute is involved in development and application of numerical models for prediction of environmental quality; development and application of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) based models and analytical tools for natural resources management; development and application of environmental systems design, detailed engineering, costing and drawings for the design of water supply and sewerage systems; development and application of environmental systems design, detailed engineering, costing and drawings for the design of water and wastewater treatment systems; application of advanced numerical and graphics tools (SPSS, MATLAB, ANN etc.) for environmental systems analysis and management. ### Water technology and management The Institute is involved in the following R&D activities: environmental impact assessment and delineation of environmental management plan of water resources development projects; water conservation and environmental protection of the water bodies; eco-restoration of impounded surface water bodies and downstream system; limnological studies of surface water bodies; assessment of groundwater contamination from anthropogenic stresses; development of technique and methodology for exploration, assessment and management of groundwater in hard rock areas; delineation of contaminated region by geophysical methods, non-invasive methods in characterization of water and land environment; surveillance of drinking water quality; performance evaluation of water treatment facilities; technology development for improvement of water quality; development of analytical techniques for water quality assessment; monitoring and management of priority organic pollutants (POPs) and other pollutants; evaluation of water resources for health related water quality parameters; water quality management for pesticides contamination; restoration and remediation of degraded land; treatment of urban and industrial wastewater; catchment area treatment plan; techno-economic feasibility of steep slope stabilization through bio-engineering techniques; green belt development - land use planning; crop loss assessment due to various anthropocentric activities; protection of natural sources; and assessment of salinity ingress in coastal areas. The technology developed by CSIR-NEERI helped to set-up solar electrolytic defluoridation plants at various fluoride affected regions in the country. This technology is ensuring safe drinking water to the local people. The Institute has developed a water purification system – ‘NEERI ZAR’ suitable for potable water supply particularly under emergency situations like floods, heavy rainfall, or cyclones, and does not require electric supply. ### Solid & hazardous waste management The Institute is involved in the following R&D activities in the area of solid & hazardous waste management: development of rapid composting technologies; waste to energy research; recycled organics utilization; monitoring of green house gas (GHG) emissions from landfills; quantification and characterization of solid waste; designing of secure landfills; eco-toxicological studies on landfill leachates; occupational health risk assessment on municipal solid waste (MSW) workers; transportation system designing for MSW transportation; E-waste management; cleaner technologies and waste minimization; recycling and reuse of MSW; bio-medical waste management; identification of hazardous waste streams; quantification and characterization of hazardous waste; development of treatment systems; and source reduction and recycling. The scientists are trying to develop a cost-effective process for bio-methanation of municipal solid waste with two-phase approach to generate bio-energy from the municipal solid waste. CSIR-NEERI helped Hindustan Unilever Ltd. (HUL) in remediation of its mercury contaminated site at Kodaikanal by providing a suitable technology. The Institute has also given an effective technological solution for environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes generated by NICOMET Industries Ltd. ### Wastewater treatment technologies CSIR-NEERI has been instrumental in designing and commissioning Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) for homogenous and heterogeneous industrial clusters in the country. CETPs designed and commissioned by CSIR-NEERI at various industrial clusters helped in prevention of water and soil pollution. 767 small scale industrial units in Pali, 249 in Balotra, and over 2000 industrial units in NCT of Delhi revived due to CETPs and as a result the employment of thousands of workers was protected, since these industrial units were on the verge of closure due to non-compliance of the pollution prevention norms. CETPs also helped in achieving ‘Economics of Scale’ in waste treatment, thereby reducing the cost of pollution abatement. CSIR-NEERI has carried out feasibility assessment studies of CETPs including identification of types and volumes of wastes generated, estimation of future waste loads, identification of treatment options, and evaluation of cleaner technologies. It has provided treatment options for zero liquid discharge for wastewater management for CETPs of textile industries in Tirupur and Ludhiana. Recently, the Institute has developed a two-stage bio-oxidation (TSB) process for treatment of high COD and ammonia bearing wastewater through ‘separated heterotrophic-autotrophic reactions’. This process eliminates chemical treatment and denitrification step. TSB process is implemented on large scale at Nagarjuna Agrochemical Limited, Srikakulam, A. P. CSIR-NEERI developed a design for the treatment and zero discharge of treated effluent of automobile industry through High Rate Transpiration System (HRTS) and this technology has been implemented at M/s Mahindra Vehicle Manufacture Limited, Pune. The Institute has developed a ‘phytorid sewage treatment technology’ which involves a constructed wetland exclusively designed for the treatment of municipal, urban, agricultural and industrial wastewater. This technology has been implemented by various industries and urban local bodies in the country. ### Environmental policy analysis CSIR-NEERI has been instrumental in formulation of environmental policies by carrying out analyses of existing policies against the international commitments and prevailing socio-economic conditions. The Institute has recommended various mechanisms so as to devise policy, planning, legal and informational measures for sustainable development. The Institute has been involved in the development of information packages on cleaner technologies for industrial production. From time to time the Institute has also been directed by the courts to provide inspection reports on various projects and review the existing enviro-legal framework. ### Skill development The Institute has established a Centre for Skill Development where certificate courses will be conducted in the domains of environmental impact assessment, carrying capacity, and water quality monitoring & assessment.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEERI
The generation of wastes as a result of human activities has been continuously speeding up since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Hence, both optimized waste water treatment technologies and modern tools to assess the effects of pollution sources are necessary to prevent the contamination of aquatic ecosystems The book offers an interdisciplinary collection of topics concerning waste water treatment technologies, water quality monitoring and evaluation of waste water impact on natural environments. 204p phoebe75 19-02-2013 73 29 Download - Brackish water treatment reasearch in pilot scale using dual stage nanofiltration for domestic - drinking water supply in Thu Bon river basin Due to the impact of climate change, the process of salinity intrusion occurs frequently in coastal areas of Vietnam. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the brackish water treatment capacity of different nanofiltration (NF) processes for domestic and drinking water supply for residential areas in Thu Bon river basin, where the salinity varies significantly within seasons. 7p vinobita2711 31-05-2019 1 0 Download - p 01-01-1970 Download - Parametric representation of shapes, mechanical components modeling with 3D visualization techniques using object oriented programming, the well known golden ratio application on vertical and horizontal displacement investigations of the ground surface, spatial modeling and simulating of dynamic continuous fluid flow process, simulation model for waste-water treatment, an interaction of tilt and illumination conditions at flight simulation and errors in taxiing performance, plant layout optimal plot plan, atmospheric modeling for weather prediction, a stochastic search method that explores ... 312p kimngan_1 05-11-2012 58 14 Download - Research Reports IWMI’s mission is to improve the management of land and water resources for food, livelihoods and environment. In serving this mission, IWMI concentrates on the integration of policies, technologies and management systems to achieve workable solutions to real problems—practical, relevant results in the field of irrigation and water and land resources. 39p nhatro75 12-07-2012 57 7 Download - The Impact of Feedlot Waste on Water Pollution under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) The deterioration of water quality in China seriously affects the inhabitants. For example, the residents in Chongqing and Guangyuan are suffering from diseases due to water pollution from industrial wastewater (Searchina 2004ab). Another serious problem is unsafe drinking water. According to Chinanet (2005), 300 million people in China cannot drink water which passes the standard for safe drinking, and some people in villages are suffering from diseases due to unsafe drinking water, like in Chongqing and Guangyuan. 25p tainhacmienphi 19-02-2013 46 3 Download - Vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride presents about company profile; the Vinnolit VCM process (EDC distillation, EDC cracking, VCM distillation, waste water treatment,...); the Vinnolit S-PVC process (Description of the S-PVC process, advantages of the S-PVC process,...). 0p buinhubinh 24-03-2015 25 3 Download - In this study, we propose to synthesize oil-water separating agents from natural plants (tung oil) that are abundant in Vietnam and environmentally friendly. The use of these products with a simple separation process enables the effective separation of the contaminating oil in water. 7p jangni 13-04-2018 8 0 Download - This paper provides a comprehensive review of mature and emerging membrane processes destined for water treatment. These processes include pressure-driven filtration (e.g. microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis), osmotically driven forward osmosis, and thermally driven membrane distillation. 12p bautroibinhyen211 26-11-2018 20 0 Download - T HIS book, Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Guide for the Nonengineering Professional, presents all the basic unit processes involved in drinking water and wastewater treatment, step-by-step, in jargon-free language. It describes each unit process, what function the process provides in water or wastewater treatment, and the basic equipment each process uses. It details how the processes fit together within a drinking water or wastewater treatment system, and surveys the fundamental concepts that make up watedwastewater treatment processes as a whole.... 333p tiendat_cg 26-09-2013 76 32 Download - The use of models to provide additional details on contaminant fate and transport has rapidly increased in the past 3 decades. The increasing global recognition of the potential risks associated with surface water or ground water contamination and speciÞc environmental regulations implemented after 1980 have demanded a more accurate understanding of these risks as they relate to human health and the environment. 271p crazy_sms 10-05-2012 75 19 Download - The organisation of sewers and systems is closely related to the different types of industry and, as a result, a whole array of configurations exist. In all cases, it is essential to avoid unnecessary dilution during treatment. 91p real_spamer9x 03-12-2012 72 16 Download - Landfills are excavated or engineered sites where non-liquid hazardous waste is deposited for final disposal and covered. These units are selected and designed to minimize the chance of release of hazardous waste into the environment. Design standards for hazardous waste landfills require a double liner; double leachate collection and removal systems (LCRS); leak detection system; run on, runoff, and wind dispersal controls; construction quality assurance (CQA) program. Liquid wastes may not be placed in a hazardous waste landfill. 0p chipmoon 19-07-2012 48 9 Download - This book has been written to help professionals, students, and lay people identify the increasing number of terms in the fields of environmental engineering and science. More than 8000 terms, acronyms, and abbreviations applying to wastewater, potable water, industrial water treatment, seawater desalination, air pollution, incineration, and hazardous waste remediation have been defined. The most unique feature of this book is the inclusion of more than 3000 trademarks and brand names. 336p boy_them_yeu 03-07-2013 67 9 Download - Sorption is a process by which chemicals or organisms become attached to soils and/or the geologic rock material (aquifer solids) and removed from the water. Often the sorption process is reversible and solutes desorb and hence dissolved-solute plumes are retarded, rather than solutes being permanently retained by the solids. Cation exchange is the interchange between cations in solution and cations on the surfaces of clay particles or organic colloids. Filtration is a process that affects particulate contaminants (e.g. 93p cao_can 29-12-2012 39 6 Download - Report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Zimbabwe pointed out that notwithstanding the poor performance of the economy, Zimbabwe has made relative progress in a number of key areas such as universal primary education. Enrolment in primary schools has consistently been relatively high (with a net enrollment ratio of 91% in 2009 down from 98.5% in 2002). The rate of HIV infection has also seen an improvement with a decline from 16.1 percent in 2007 to 13.7 percent by 2009 partly on account of public awareness programs and education. 5p lenh_hoi_xung 01-03-2013 31 6 Download - Computational and methodological concerns in the GAM implementation for time series anal- yses of pollution and health delayed the review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM, as the time series ¯ndings were a critical component of the evidence. The EPA deemed it necessary to re-evaluate all of the time series analyses that used GAM and were key in the regulatory process. EPA o±cials identi¯ed nearly 40 published original articles and requested that the investigators reanalyze their data using alternative methods to GAM. 30p saimatkhauroi 01-02-2013 22 3 Download - Decrease of non-point water pollution: A practical algorithm for the user-friendly presentation of the cost- effectiveness comparison of management measures In 1984 the state of Colorado and EPA approved a trading program for the Dillon Reservoir to control nonpoint sources of phosphorus. This program constitutes the only trade nationwide to date. Under the program, sewage treatment authorities pay for the installation of nonpoint source controls and receive credit in their discharge permits of 1 pound for every 2 pounds of phosphorus removed from nonpoint sources. Sewage ... 20p tainhacmienphi 19-02-2013 36 3 Download - Adequate facilities and resources must be available to supply proper housing, a consistent, appropriate, and reliable source of feed and water, treatment for injured or sick birds, and everything else necessary to ensure the well-being of the animals. Financial costs should not be considered a reason for neglecting a bird obviously in distress or for failing to secure prompt and appropriate medical treatment or other care when necessary. This code has been prepared with a recognition of current practices. 99p loginnhanh 22-04-2013 29 3 Download - The five treatments should be replicated at least three times (depending on gemmule availability) by each team. That is, three separate gemmules should be placed in three separate wells for the control treatment and for the most concentrated treatment, and so on. The drawing below shows the placement of three replicates for three treatments, and teams can discuss the importance of randomization in experimental design. Once the solutions are added to the treatment wells, a single gemmule may be placed in each well.	https://tailieu.vn/tag/process-water-treatment.html
🏆 Best Gender Equality Topic Ideas & Essay Examples - Are Women Important in Gulf Politics? What are the Main Barriers to Gender Equality? Although this is the case, still many organizations that fights against such discriminations have been in the frontline in ensuring countries within this region accept the importance of women participation in all spheres of development. - Gender Equality in the United States, China and Egypt Thus the role of education is to help boost gender equality in various aspect of the society, including employment sector, politics and contribution in economic development. - Gender Inequality in the US Of more importance in the enhancement of gender inequality is the role of the media. The natural constrains described above and the multiplier effects from the historical insubordination of women still play to men’s favor […] - Chaucer and Sophocles Views on Gender Equality The Status of Women during this Period Beforehand, women were perceived as inferior and lived according to the rules stipulated to guide the family settings, making them lack a sense of identity in the society. - The Gender Issue at the Workplace However, at the turn of the 20th century there was a rapid wave of social change that began to recognize and appreciate the role of a woman as an equal contributor to society, therefore, women […] - Sociological perspectives of Gender Inequality The events taking place in the modern world and the occurrence of the feminist movements during the past few decades can be used to offer a deeper understanding on the subject of gender inequality and […] - Gender inequality in Canada According to, although it is certain that men and women have actual differences particularly physically, most of the social indifference perception are not because of the biological connotation but because of the over time cultural […] - Tunisia’s Gender Equality These people feel that the government should advance democracy in this country, and Muslims should be taught the importance of following the law of the country, for the good of all people. - Gender inequality in Algeria The fact that women helped to build back the ruins of society and the heroism they showed in the war efforts, was forgotten by their husbands and the government. - Gender Equality: Male Dominance The simple reason is that gender inequality exists in affluent societies wherein women are free to do what they want, have access to education, and have the capacity to create wealth. - Global Inequalities: Are they Gendered? Due to the presence of multiple programs in the developed world that have helped to empower women there, the number of poor women has not been increasing there as fast as in the developing world. - Gender Inequality in Workplace Gender is the main reason for inequalities in the workplace; this is because nowadays there is a steady increase in the number of women in workplaces in the world. - Mary Wollstonecraft’s Achievements in Struggles for Gender Equality First wave feminists advocated for women to be granted the right to vote in the U.S. Their persistent pressure made the U.S.government to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment of 1920, which granted women the right to […] - Gender Equality and Title IX The function of Title IX is to guarantee gender equality in college sports and it has supported the development of female sports. - The Struggle for Gender Equality Before going any further it is crucial to emphasize the pitfalls when it comes to asserting the rights of women when it comes to the need for similar treatment in comparison to men. - Gender Equality and Globalization’ Issues Since the world policies adopt a new progressive direction, the idea of gender equality enters the category of the ultimate Millennium development goals. - Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment by Gemechu Ogato The article “The Quest for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in the least Developed Countries” presents a macro work. The ideas presented in this article will guide more societies and governments to identify better policies […] - Gender Equality: Women Leadership in Financial Sector The primary purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of various GE tools in the context of the financial sector in the US. - Absolute Gender Equality in a Marriage Despite the fact that the principles of gender equality in marriage will clearly affect not only the relationships between a husband and a wife but also the roles of the spouses considerably, it is bound […] - Developing a Culture of Gender Equality by Awadhi The author is one of the modern and educated women in the UAE, which provides evidence of her ability to develop an article describing the state of women in the country. 💯 Free Gender Equality Essay Topic Generator for your paper in no time!	https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/gender-equality-essay-examples/
Intergenerational economic mobility refers to the extent to which economic status is perpetuated across generations (Black and Devereux 2011, Jäntti and Jenkins 2015), and has become an increasingly important political concern. Much of this interest is motivated by the worry that growing disparities in income and wealth are reducing the chances for disadvantaged children to rise through the income ranks (Piketty 2014). Country comparisons generally support this view – persistence in income from one generation to the next is higher in unequal societies like the UK and the US, and weakest in the relatively equal Scandinavian countries (Corak 2013). This inverse relationship between income inequality and intergenerational mobility has become known as the ‘Great Gatsby curve’ (see Figure 1). Notes: Left panel displays income inequality (measured as the Gini coefficient of family income ∼1985) and intergenerational persistence of income (father-to-son elasticity in long-run earnings for cohorts born in ∼1960) across European countries based on data from Corak (2013). Right panel displays income inequality (measured as the Gini coefficient in family income of parents minus the top 1% share) and intergenerational persistence (the family income rank correlation for daughters and sons born in the early 1980s) based on data from Chetty et al. (2014) for ‘synthetic’ European countries in the US. Synthetic country estimates are US-wide averages with weights assigned based on local representation of each ancestral group, as described in Berger and Engzell (2019). While country differences are striking, a recent body of work also documents that similar divides characterise areas within the US. In an acclaimed study, Raj Chetty and colleagues found that the extent to which parents’ income levels determine that of their children varies almost as much within the US as it does between countries (Chetty et al. 2014). Proposed explanations for this regional variation have included factors such as family structure, inequality, social capital, and investments in K-12 schooling. Yet, the historical origins of these divides remain largely unknown. What are the origins of the American ‘land of opportunity’? To understand differences in inequality and income mobility in the present-day US, we need to consider the immigration flows that profoundly shaped America more than a century ago. During the Age of Mass Migration (c. 1850-1914), more than 30 million Europeans crossed the Atlantic in search of opportunity. European immigrant groups often settled in regional enclaves, which largely have persisted over time. Today, when Americans are asked to identify their ancestry, what emerges is virtually a map of immigrant settlement patterns from more than a century ago. Scandinavian and German ancestry, for example, is overrepresented in the Midwest, while Americans with French and Italian ancestry are mainly found in the northeast of the country (see Figure 2). Notes: Maps display the share of the population that report each European ancestry in the 1980 US Census, upward mobility (the percentile in the national income distribution that a child born to parents at the 25th percentile can expect to attain in adulthood), intergenerational income rank correlation (persistence of family income), and the Gini coefficient of income (minus the top 1%) from Chetty et al. (2014). Do these places where descendants of European immigrants live show systematic similarities to the countries their ancestors came from? In a recent paper (Berger and Engzell 2019), we show that this is indeed the case. For example, equality and mobility are highest in the Midwest, where Scandinavian ancestry is common. The same goes for every group we study – for example, income mobility is lowest in areas where the population has Italian or British roots. We use the regional concentration of ancestral groups to create ‘synthetic’ European countries (aggregates of places within the US with a heavy overrepresentation of a given group). Comparing these synthetic countries to their European counterparts reveals a virtually identical gradient in inequality and intergenerational mobility. Hence, the Great Gatsby curve also emerges when one compares levels of income inequality and intergenerational mobility across these synthetic European countries (see Figure 1). Is it about people or places? Can these differences be taken as evidence for differences in income mobility between communities within the US rather than, for example, Scandinavian Americans being more upwardly mobile than their fellow countrymen? The answer is arguably yes, because the black population shows similar patterns of income mobility in these areas. Further support for this interpretation is found when we study outcomes for children that received different exposure to, for example, places with British and Scandinavian ancestry during their childhood, due to family moves. In other words, it seems that European immigrant groups have made their imprint on communities, which shape opportunities for the local population more broadly. America is unique in that 19th century immigrants broke new ground along the frontier in areas that largely lacked modern institutions. Historians testify to how poor-relief, schools, or healthcare were organised locally around religious communities or other civil associations. Even today, we find a number of differences in such local institutions. For example, the more mobile areas in the Midwest have expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit to a greater degree than the rest of the country. Taxation is also more progressive and there is better access to college education. Thus, in several dimensions, areas in the US where Scandinavian descendants live resemble a ‘Scandinavia in miniature’. A growing literature finds that the persistence of economic status is strongest in unequal societies such as Britain or Italy, and weaker in countries like the Scandinavian welfare states. While the US ranks among the least equal and mobile countries in the developed world, recent work shows that it contains places that span the global mobility distribution. In this column, we linked these two observations by studying the microcosm of Europe that arose as millions of immigrants crossed the Atlantic and settled over a century ago. Our results speak to the long-run impact that European immigrants had on their communities (Sequeira et al. 2019) and, conversely, to the historical roots of cross-country differences in inequality as we know them today. Indeed, existing literature documents how cultural beliefs and preferences are transmitted from parents to children and can persist over multiple immigrant generations (Rice and Feldman 1997, Algan and Cahuc 2010, Luttmer and Singhal 2011). While such cultural transmission is well established, we provide new evidence of how different conceptions about the organisation of society can persistently shape places, policies, and opportunity in the long run.	https://www.continentaltelegraph.com/immigration/immigration-matters-who-you-let-in-their-culture-matters-centuries-later/
Society is a complex system with various parts working together to ensure harmony, solidarity, cohesion, and peaceful co-existence. From a functionalist perspective, the various social structures and social functions are shaped by norms, traditions, customs, and institutions. In other words, parallels could be drawn between the human body and society from a functionalist perspective whereby the various organs (social structures and functions) work together for the proper functioning of the body (society). With this understanding, it becomes easy to understand various social issues that exist in society, such as gender inequality. From a functionalist perspective, gender inequality exists as a way of creating a social system whereby some segments are supposed to certain acts of labor – or simply labor division. This paper discusses gender prevalence in medical roles as a sociological issue from a functionalist perspective. The Functionalist Sociological Theory According to the functionalist perspective, society is a sophisticated web with various parts each working towards the achievement of the same goal – the promotion of stability and solidarity. According to Lindsey (2015), functionalism, also known as “structural functionalism, is a macro-sociological perspective that is based on the premise that society is made up of interdependent parts, each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole society” (p. 6). As such, the society, from a macro-level perspective, is subject to structures and social functions that shape it. Functionalists “believe that there are specific requirements – functional prerequisites – that must be met in all social systems and that these can provide the basis for the comparative analysis of social institutions” (Holmwood, 2005, p. 87). These prerequisites include basic needs, money, and all other factors that allow a society to have a social order. From this perspective, every individual should play a certain distinguished role and contribute to the whole. As such, men and women are assigned different roles based on their gender. For instance, for the purposes of division of labor, women, and men occupy complementary gender roles. Based on this understanding, women are expected to take care of homes while men are supposed to provide for their families. This perspective could be used to explain the prevalence of gender in medical roles. Gender Prevalence in Medical Roles As mentioned earlier, society is structured in a way that allows different people to have varying labor roles to ensure stability and growth. However, the determination of who does what is subject to norms, customs, and available institutions. For instance, males and females are expected to have different roles in society based purely on one gender. As such, while it is clear that what men can do women can also do as has been shown in various societies and professions, cultural norms play a significant role in assigning gendered roles to people. For instance, in the field of medicine, there is a gaping gender inequality with women affected disproportionately. Even in cases where women have access to more opportunities in this field, the majority of them occupy the lower ranks in the hierarchy of power and leadership. This phenomenon could be explained from the functionalist perspective. A huge gender disparity is experienced in medical roles in most societies around the world. According to Wienclaw (2014), “Gender inequality can be defined as the existence of disparities among individuals based solely on their gender rather than objective differences in skills, abilities, or other characteristics” (p. 111). This form of inequality could be obvious like women being paid less for doing the same work as men or subtle whereby women are not given the equal opportunity to advance as men. This problem is hinged on the functionalist theory whereby women are expected to take care of homes. In other words, females are not supposed to be in the workplace or out there looking for money because that is men’s work. Consequently, men will be given preference over women in the workplace based on this presumption. This argument is in line with the functionalist perspective of gender inequality whereby gender differences exist as a way of ensuring division of labor whereby women and men are expected to perform certain duties based on predetermined cultural gender roles. This assertion explains why the number of women in the field of medicine is lower as compared to that of men. However, times are changing and with modernity whereby the issue of gender equality has taken precedence, it is expected that the number of women in the field of women would increase significantly. According to OECD (2017), women are overtaking men in the overall health workforce in contemporary times. As of 2015, in all OECD countries, almost half of the doctors were women – a significant growth from the 1990s whereby females made up only 29 percent of the entire workforce in the health sector (OECD, 2017). This phenomenon could also be explained through the functionalist perspective as discussed earlier. From this perspective, women are associated with taking care of homes and families, and thus they are normally perceived as natural caregivers. This perception is transferred to the field of medicine where the different roles revolve around caring for patients. Therefore, females’ natural caring attributes are highly applicable in the field of medicine, and thus they are increasingly being accepted into this profession. Nevertheless, even with the increasing number of females in the field of medicine, gaping inequalities are being witnessed. For instance, there is a huge pay gap based on gender whereby women earn less than their male counterparts despite occupying similar positions and doing the same duties. According to Boesveld (2020), “primary care physicians in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Brazil, and Mexico reported similar gender pay gaps, with female doctors in those countries making 20%–29% less than their male colleagues” (p. 19). These disparities exist mainly due to cultural norms whereby women are expected to remain at home and take care of their families, which is part of the functionalist perspective. Even in leadership positions, women are underrepresented mainly because due to the aforementioned norms, women are not given equal opportunities for advancement as their male counterparts. Conclusion Sociological theories attempt to explain why societies function in a certain way. This paper has explained gender prevalence in medical roles using the functionalist perspective. Based on this perspective, women are expected to perform certain duties in society, such as taking care of families and homes, by virtue of their gender. On the other hand, males are expected to be in the workplace providing for their wives and children. Therefore, there is a gaping gender disparity between men and women in medical roles. The drastic increase of women in medicine could also be explained from the functionalist perspective because they are seen as natural caregivers. References Boesveld, S. (2020). What’s driving the gender pay gap in medicine? CMAJ, 192(1), 19-20. Holmwood, J. (2005). Functionalism and its Critics. In A. Harrington (Ed.), Modern social theory: An introduction (pp. 87-109). Oxford University Press. Lindsey, L. L. (2015). Gender roles: A sociological perspective. Routledge. OECD. (2017). Gender equality. Wienclaw, R. A. (2014). Structural functionalist theories of gender inequality. In The Editors of Salem Press (Eds.), Gender Roles & Equality (pp. 111-118). Salem Press.	https://essaysincollege.com/gender-prevalence-in-medical-roles/
It has been contended that, psychologically, women only have an ability and competency in the career field involving people and their needs. Portrayed as a job focusing on tough and dirty works, engineering has an outlook as a masculine profession because the initial culture and the work are mainly dominated by the male peers . However, the stereotype has been strongly argued in the recent years of the engineering and technology world development. According to , “Despite growing demand for skilled workers, women remain under-represented in science, engineering and technology industries.” Giving chances for women under represented in men dominated field will enhance and discover more scientific knowledges . The presence of female engineers will generate the diversity in the field and can bring various ideas and perceptions, since the gender difference plays a significant role in the people’s way of thinking. Unfortunately, after many years of agony and disparity, the war for equality has not yet been conquered. This spirit of the constant urge of equality must be rewarded because women deserve the same rights as men. Women are the reason every single human being is alive, regardless, they are still considered as inferiors since the beginning of recorded history, with a few exceptions. One of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to “promote gender equality and empower women. Although the MDGs were created to raise awareness of the problem, a recent MDG Progress Report indicates that there still remains a huge gap to closing gender equality worldwide. The author of the essay “Women in the Workforce: An in Depth Analysis of Gender Roles and Compensation Inequity in the Modern Workplace” Rebecca Ziman has a fundamental assertion that women have made progress in education, yet are still facing many obstacles which in turn prevents them from being in a leadership position for a large company. The essay begins by providing readers with background information on gender inequality in the workplace, and then addresses the gender biases that women in our modern business world face. While the author is focused mainly on gender inequality in regards of the business world, the data found through the research is valid in many other fields. The author goes in detail about how equal opportunity workplaces are beneficial to both the employees and the business itself. This scholarly essay is more of a qualitative assessment on the issue of gender equality in the workplace and maintains a high level of credibility which will be beneficial as I compose the final research Men and women are born on Earth in the same fashion. However, according to the article “10 Reasons Women Need Equal Pay, and are Still Fighting for it” by Meghan Werft, women do not receive pay in the same fashion as their male counterparts. This article details how a pay deficit exists between men and women who work duplicate jobs, and the reasons for which women deserve equal pay to their male coworkers. The article also describes how those reasons can benefit economies around the world. Using the literary appeal of logos, the rhetorical device of exposition, and syntactic strategies to establish the tone, Meghan Werft convinces her audience that a wage gap between men and women exists, and that the action of granting equitable pay can also benefit global and local economies. The effects of feminism on the modern society today can be linked deeply into history, where women fought for equality against men. Feminism is a movement which intends to persuade people on improving gender equality and strengthening women's status in society. A recent example of this movement will be Emma Watson's speech to the United Nations in 2014 These movements transformed the lives of many individual women and exerted a profound effect upon our present society throughout the twentieth century. The effects can be seen in the present where discrimination against women was reduced in workplaces and there are women who even more earn more than men. Feminism had brought about more positive changes in our society today than negative changes. Abstract: There are unequal privileges shared by men and women in the United States workforce. Throughout history human civilization have seen a revolution in the role of women up until modern society, where it is perceived as equal. However, although it might be invisible, an inequality gap still exists and acts as a glass ceiling for women. This research paper will be focusing primarily on the sociological and psychological factors that contribute to this difference in privilege. Different forms of research were conducted in order to thoroughly present credible results in support of the proposed hypothesis; these research materials will include quantitative and qualitative resources with extensive secondary data analysis. introduction Women in the contemporary labor market an increasingly holding positions of power. With equal opportunities as any other man, it could be argued that the female gender is increasingly gaining more notoriety within the modern contemporary world. In some societies, the dominant belief is that women should be allowed to participate freely, and equally to males, in employment outside the home. In others, there is the very different view that the appropriate place for women is within the home, and they are discouraged from participating in activities outside the domestic sphere. Despite of this the gender pay gap exists at all levels. Gender equality is an important concerning issue in the recent world. If one looks at the world scenario , it is easily found that this is a vital issue for each sphere of each country but through the enormous efforts of most countries, it is not entirely succeeded anywhere. But it is clear that the situation become improved day by day .According to Amartya Sen(2001) “ Gender inequality is not one homogenous phenomenon but a collective of disparate and inter -link problem. Gender inequality has many distinct and dissimilar faces , the cultivation of women empowerment and agency through women education and meaningful employment has proved very productive ” (pp. 35, 40) Moreover, Gender equality Women Entrepreneurship and Economic Development With growth in modern civilization overtime and due to expansion of business as well as social and political activities, the societies all over the world have realized the potential of women as contributors to economic growth and development. Be it micro or small or medium scale operation, women have come forward to establish themselves as owners and/or manage them. Empowerment of women is essential as their thoughts and their value systems lead to the development of a good family, good society and ultimately a good nation. (APJ Abdul Kalam). When a women is empowered, it does not mean that her counterpart becomes powerless.	https://www.ipl.org/essay/Sexism-In-Modern-Society-PK29ZCF7ESJP6
As an undergraduate student (1st, 2nd or 3rd year), you can incorporate Sociology into your degree in the following ways: In other words, Sociology, given the breadth and maturity of the discipline, articulates very well with other subject choices you may consider in the Faculty of Humanities. The Department offers one specialised degree focusing on work, labour and industry. The undergraduate programme in Industrial Sociology and Labour Studies addresses the dynamic and changing context of the world of work. The process of globalisation poses new challenges to how work is organised and understood in contemporary societies. Sociologists drive debate on labour legislation, productivity and management within this context. They are interested in understanding the mobilisation of workers during labour disputes and strikes and the ways in which managers direct and organise production policy and distribution. Sociologists understand the world of work and industry to be part of the broader societal economy and the choices governments make about the nature of the former. This programme aims to sensitise you towards these key issues in preparation for more advanced studies at the postgraduate level. SOC 110 (First Semester) Invitation to Sociology How do we understand ourselves as individuals in relation to society? How are our individual life courses and large-scale processes of social and historical change related to each other? How have our societies come to be what they are today? And how can we think of our private troubles as public issues? These questions are at the very heart of sociology as a distinctive way of thinking about and understanding the social worlds that we inhabit. This module invites students to become familiar with sociological ways of thinking about current issues and personal experiences (particularly in the southern African context), and to develop the analytical skills that are necessary in order to ask and answer critical questions about the communities, society, and world that they live in. The module will include a specific emphasis on academic reading skills. SOC 120 (Second Semester) Thinking sociologically Drawing from the idea of Sociology as a discipline that focuses on critical thinking, the module will introduce students to ways of questioning the obvious and the taken-for-granted. In particular, power and inequality will be problematised, with a focus on how power operates to structure racial, class and gender inequalities across institutions, ideologies and identities. The module will introduce students to the operations of power as manifested in the production of institutions, the proliferation of identities and heightened contestations among ideologies. The module will include a specific emphasis on writing skills. Options: SOC 210 (First semester) Industrial sociology This module addresses sociological approaches to the workplace. Its focus is on theories of work and the current themes and debates within the sociology of work with an emphasis on exploring these issues from a southern perspective. Some of the themes that will be covered include the theorisation and conceptualisation of work, work in industrialising societies, workplace restructuring and reorganisation, flexibility in the labour market, changing technologies and the implications for work and employment, and new forms of work (including atypical work, service work, emotional labour, professional work). OR SOC 211(First semester) Urban sociology and social movements This module considers the relationship between the rural and urban, against the backdrop of the emergence and development of both capitalism in its various guises and globalisation within the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in the global North and South. Questions on the nature of social interaction in communities, changing ways of relating, inequality and livelihoods, collective action, local cultures and modernities are considered. With migration to the city spurred by the communication revolution, the city has become a source of aspirations and illusions. A key issue in place-space configurations is the dialectic between citizenship and cosmopolitanism (aligned to individualism and multiple identities), on the one hand, and the experience of community (aligned to a collectivity) on the other hand. The debate on who belongs to the city highlights both symbolic and material issues and a politics around access to rights and resources, and therefore a possibility of mobilisation. Contemporary themes such as informality, different forms of local participation and consumption are considered. SOC 220(Second Semester) Culture and religion in the construction of identities: Gender, sexuality and race The global proliferation of identities is explored through the lens of social categories of difference. The convergence of ideologies and institutions in the construction of identities at the intersections of gender, sexuality and race is examined with a particular emphasis on modern African identities, drawing on the sub-disciplines of the sociology of religion and cultural sociology. OR SOC 221(Second semester) Demography, health and society This module will use intersectional and critical lenses to provide students with a broad understanding of how demographic and social factors affect population health and medical care across a range of contexts. The main theoretical underpinnings and debates, as well as basic measures of each construct will be covered to operationalise the constructs for the purposes of practical application in sociological research and understanding. The focus will be comparative, both across time and between developed and less developed societies in general and South African societies in particular. SOC 310 (First semester) Structure, agency and power in social theory How do we theorise the interrelationships between structure, agency, and power in society? This is the central question in this module, which provides students with an intensive introduction to critical social theories. Engaging with current affairs and debates in society, the module will enable students to learn how to develop theoretical knowledge about the ways in which power is structured and exercised in society – both from above and below, as well as across fields (the economic, the political, the cultural) and scales (the body, private and public spheres, communities and nation-states, and the world-system). SOC 321 (Second semester) Thinking methodologically This module sets out to introduce students to ‘doing research’. In this respect, the assumptions and processes underpinning methodological choices in sociological research are considered in order to think about foundations of research, about how knowledge claims are made, how science is conceptualised, what role theory plays, as well as how values and ethics shape the politics of research. In addition to these foundational questions, a broad introduction to methods used in social research is provided by considering both the theoretical dimensions and practical application of various research tools. The purpose of the module is to equip students with the necessary competence to, describe ontological and epistemological debates and different approaches to research in the social sciences, delineate a research problem, identify units of analysis, make sampling decisions and formulate questions and hypothesis as well as understand the principles of quantitative (elementary statistical decision-making) and qualitative data analysis. All undergraduate courses and modules pay close attention to South African society. Copyright © University of Pretoria 2021. All rights reserved.	https://www.up.ac.za/sociology/article/44111/undergraduate
The term middle class is somewhat of a definite norm in our society. Title and Paternoster have come up with a Typology that sets stage for considering how to define the term deviance and the standards for acceptable behavior. The question raised is perhaps if deviance is grounded in issues that have close relations with factors such as race, gender, income, religion, amongst other contributing factors. They seem to have many relations with these kinds of factors. I think deviance is rooted in some way of the issues that are related to these factors. The concept of intersectionality refers to the interdependence of multiple socially constructed categories and how they interact and shape different levels of social inequality, oppression or privilege. Through the analysis of multiple, and often complicated, intersections of race, gender, religion, this essay exposes the institutional and interactional dimensions of in the narratives of gender and sexuality, heteronormativity and homosexuality. Before we explore the intersection of social identities within our environments, it is important that the meaning and significance of the term ‘social identity’ is explored. ‘Social identity’ refers to the social category which on belongs to; for example, this may include elements such as your race, class, gender, age, education, sex and religion to name a few (Shields, 2008:300). Using this, examples of social identify could be ‘female’, ‘white’ or ‘Christian’. There are different types of unequal power relations which may base on ethnic differences, social class differences and race, gender, religion or age differences. In case of unequal power distribution among groups the dominant group integrates its power with rules, laws, customs, habits and general consensus at societal level which is called hegemony. Class domination, sexism and racism are principles examples of hegemony (Gramsci, 1971). Gender discrimination and domination, one of the examples of hegemony of one gender in society, is an ideology as well as a discursive social practice. Critical Discourse Analysis, a field of linguistics, specifically aims at searching and identifying traces of cultural and ideological meanings in spoken as well as written texts (O’ Halloran, 2003, p.1). Malvolio, in turn, collides with the social limits, ‘from his transgression of sumptuary codes to class intermarriage’ (Selden, 1989, 168). Shakespeare is evidently elaborating what could happen if one tried to transgress in society. The audience can establish a connection to Malvolio and his aspirations as they see how the social order paradox works. Shakespeare echoes the asperity of attempting to break the Trudgill (2000, 21), “Social Stratification is a term used to refer to any hierarchical ordering of groups within a society especially in terms of power, wealth and status.” This Social Stratification leads to the observation of the different facets of language that may be influenced by social factors and social placements. Trudgill also discusses the possibility that this social stratification cannot be observed in all societies because of the varying degrees of social divisions. He discusses the social caste system in India as an example. The caste system in India is seen as a permanent division in their social realities. Because of this, the gaps between the population, in both social rank and other factors, are established. TITLE: SOCIAL STATUS INFLUENCES SPEECH LANGUAGE CAN SHOW YOUR WEALTH The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact social status has on language. Language of individuals in society does vary, it seeks to establish why a person may speak a particular way and consider whether it has to do with a person’s social class. For this piece an informant was interviewed, the data from this informant will be analyzed to show the relation between language and class. The rural and urban creole will be examined with the use of theoretical sources, thus, explaining the linguistic variations. Collectively, a conclusion will be drawn to understand the social status and speech relationship. Rowman Altamira. In Chapter 7, the writers look at age and gender as the basic forms of distinction for social roles in society. I will be focussing on gender for the purpose of this bibliography. It was noted that a difference between gender and sex exists; sex being the physical and anatomical differences between male and female, while gender being the culture-specific ways in which different roles are associated and constructed around these differences. They stated that categories created by age and sex do not simply rely upon biological differences, but are also defined by cultural rules and norms. In literature, writers often have different reasons of displaying social groups in different ways. First of all, it provides the text with structure. It causes segregation between different groups within the text and gives the audience a particular interpretation of one group and a contrary interpretation for another group. This isn't solely for dividing good and bad, but it can also be utilised to portray the difference in social class or status. For example, masters versus slaves.	https://www.ipl.org/essay/Symbolic-And-Social-Boundaries-PKTQSJU7EAJP6
Excerpt from Research Paper : Gender Inequality in the Workplace Families, societies, workplaces, moreover the whole world at large is bubbling with inequality. Gender Inequality In The Workplace Research Paper. Yes, I Do Work Like a Girl: A Real Issue of Gender Inequality in the Workplace Despite the recent debate over pay equality, the question simply boils down to: do women deserve to make significantly less than men do? ...Gender Inequality in the Workplace and How Women can Navigate it Ways in which gender inequality manifests itself in the workplace today. The purpose of this research is to document the psychosocial process involved in the persistence of gender discrimination against … Example research paper on gender equality The term ‘Gender Equality’ narrates the equal valuing of the different roles assumed by men and women. Later chapters focus on recent decades, when gender inequalities have declined for some but class inequality has been growing. You need to implement company-wide policies that promote equity, you need to train executives and employees across all levels on biases and you need to engage the “privileged” group – men – in discussions on why gender balance is important. Our samples on sex focus on the biological differences between males and females. In the following Q&A, Mary Brinton—sociology professor at Harvard University—answered a few questions about how the United States compares to other postindustrial countries on gender inequality, as well as how gender equality can help solve declining birth rates. Gender Inequality In The Workplace Research Paper. inequalities were declining but gender inequality showed remarkable resilience. This is the work that men predominantly perform Introduction. Research Paper on Gender Inequality at Workplace We Assignment It has been suggested that the gender inequity in employment is directly related to the fertility rate. 1152 Words 5 Pages. Yet gender inequalities in the workplace persist. We also have papers on the socially learned behaviors which the sexes are attached to. Introduction. Therefore, an increase in the gender inequality in employment would lead towards an increase in the fertility rate and a decline in the economic growth. Most essays on Gender Inequality are about social problems which men and women face today due to their differences. Article shared by. Gender Inequality in the Workplace Allegra McNeill SOCI 3322 this portion of the proposal takes a view of the background information of the study, statement of the research problem and the study purpose. Color, religion, ethnicity, age, financial status and mostly gender are the basis of this biasness.Families do not mingle with people outside their own community, they do not consider cross marriages. If you want to fix gender inequality in the workplace, you have to fight the problem at its roots. (1995), which integrated relevant research conducted in the United States until 1989. Show More. These manifestations are occupational sex segregation, lack or cap on promotions, recruitment issues, difficulty to find or afford child care, tokenism, punishment for maternity leave, and sexual harassment. The issue of gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding recruitment, salary and promotion. Such inequality is hardly unique to the United States, however. The early chapters point to how—counter expectations that women work as a ‘‘reserve army of labor,’’ drawn into the workforce in Little Live Pets Fish Tank, Design Studium Deutschland, What Happens If You Get Expelled From School, Zabbix 4 Centos Install, Nottinghamshire Police Lost Property, Cheshire Police Officers, Can You Eat Woodpecker,	http://softr.net/ctv-news-crlu/978ab8-research-paper-on-gender-inequality-in-the-workplace
Searching for just a few words should be enough to get started. If you need to make more complex queries, use the tips below to guide you. Issue title: Assessing the need for a new nationally representative household panel survey in the United States Subtitle: Guest editors: Robert Moffitt, Robert F. Schoeni, Charles Brown, P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale, Mick P. Couper, Ana V. Diez-Roux, Erik Hurst and Judith A. Seltzer Article type: Research Article Authors: Black, Dan A.a \| Taylor, Lowell J.b; * \| Zaber, Melaniea Affiliations: [a] University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA \| [b] Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Correspondence: [*] Corresponding author: Lowell J. Taylor, Carnegie Mellon University, NORC, IZA, and NBER, USA. E-mail:[email protected] Abstract: Many of the key issues confronting modern societies are closely tied to labor market outcomes: What factors contribute to the persistence of poverty and deprivation? Why does long-term unemployment damage re-entry prospects into labor markets? Along which dimensions is economic inequality increasing, and to what extent should we be concerned about these trends? To what degree is inequality transmitted within families across generations? Why does race play such an important role in economic success in the U.S.? How are male-female differences in economic outcomes shifting over time? In this essay we suggest that a well-designed survey that follows individuals within households over a long horizon is crucial for sorting some facets of these questions. We provide some thoughts about how a future household survey should be designed for the purpose facilitating high-value research in empirical labor economics. DOI: 10.3233/JEM-150412 Journal: Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, vol. 40, no. 1-4, pp. 97-122, 2015 IOS Press, Inc.	https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-economic-and-social-measurement/jem412
This article is an excerpt from the Shortform book guide to "Development as Freedom" by Amartya Sen. Shortform has the world's best summaries and analyses of books you should be reading. Like this article? Sign up for a free trial here . What happens to the economy when women have fewer rights than men? What’s the best way to fix the gender bias against women? Amartya Sen in Development as Freedom states that misogyny is preventing developing countries from flourishing. Depriving women of basic rights has proven to increase crime rates and reduce female life expectancy, which means that fewer people can contribute to the economy. Learn more about the economic impact of gender inequality and how to put a stop to it. Women and Economic Development Sen identifies bias against women as a major obstacle to growth in developing countries. This bias deprives women of basic rights in areas such as political participation and family planning. There’s also a major economic impact of gender inequality. It harms economic development by failing to tap into the productive capacity of women by excluding them from education and the workforce. By empowering women, Sen argues, not only are women better off, but their communities become safer and more prosperous. The Phenomenon of “Missing Women” Sen notes that bias against women has resulted in a troubling trend that highlights the harms of misogyny on public health and development. One manifestation of this bias is the phenomenon of “missing women” in developing countries. In most of the Western world, South America, and Sub-Saharan Africa, there are slightly more women than men. This is due to factors such as: - Women are “hardier” than men, meaning they survive better given equivalent treatment and have naturally longer life expectancies. - Most war casualties are men. - Men, on average, engage in riskier behavior than women. - Men are disproportionately the victims of violent crimes. However, in some parts of the world, such as China, India, and parts of the Middle East and North Africa, there are more men than women. Considering that the factors above apply to these places as well, this finding needs explaining. Sen’s research suggests the explanation is anti-female bias. In these regions, girls are neglected more than boys, especially in early childhood. This neglect comes in the areas of health care, with many poor families choosing to invest more in boys, whom they consider more “valuable.” This leads to more girls suffering from malnourishment and other health problems that reduce life expectancies. Anti-female bias also comes in the form of sex-selective abortion. In China, the government implemented a “one-child policy” around 1979 in an attempt to combat overpopulation. (Shortform note: China has since adopted a “two-child policy.”) These forces have led some nations to have populations with approximately 0.05-0.10% fewer females than males. This may seem like a small difference. However, it amounts to around 60 million to 100 million fewer women, as a result of social bias. The economic impact of gender inequality is clearly present when there are fewer women to contribute to the economy and worse health for children. Effect of Missing Women on Crime Rates While Sen addresses the moral implications of “missing women,” researchers have discovered that China’s one-child policy may also be contributing to the nation’s six-fold increase in crime. Young unmarried men commit more than two-thirds of violent and property crime in China. There are currently around 120 men for every 100 women in China. This makes it difficult for many men to find a wife. Researchers found that this skewed male-to-female ratio accounts for a 34% increase in violence. Given the relative scarcity of Chinese women, it has also become customary for men to provide a sizable cash offering to the bride’s family, which researchers believe has encouraged men to commit more financial crimes. Additionally, research indicates that when boys grow up in male-heavy environments, they have a greater propensity to commit acts of violence. This impact on crime rates is one more effect of the phenomenon of “missing women” that Sen helped identify through his research. Reducing the Economic Impact of Gender Inequality Sen says the fix to gender bias is to improve women’s agency. When women are free to choose whether to pursue an education, enter the workforce, or have children, they usually make choices that benefit not only themselves, but their families and communities. This is because they are better equipped than the government to understand the implications of these choices on the people around them. When afforded the same opportunities as men, Sen contends that women become agents of change who can transform communities and societies for the better. Women’s Empowerment and Child Welfare Sen argues that the most effective way to reduce gender inequality’s economic impact is to increase literacy. Research shows that increases in female literacy are strongly associated with a reduction in child mortality. This is because the knowledge women gain through education allows them to better care for their children. In addition to reducing overall child mortality, female literacy (and female labor force participation) is also associated with closing the gap in mortality rates between boys and girls. Other factors, such as male literacy and urbanization, weren’t associated with such reductions. This dynamic highlights Sen’s point that traditional methods of development don’t always lead to the desired results. In this case, overall economic development was not enough to reduce child mortality, but women’s literacy was. For example, one study in India showed that a 50% reduction in the overall poverty rate made almost no difference in under-5 child mortality rates, but an increase in female literacy from 22% to 75% reduced child mortality rates from 156 per thousand births to 110 per thousand births. Women’s Empowerment and Fertility Rates The benefits of female literacy and labor force participation have a similar positive effect on fertility rates. Around the globe, a greater recognition of women’s rights usually leads to a reduction in fertility rates (the average number of children born per woman). In many developing societies, women have little choice in family planning. Education gives women greater knowledge about family planning, and work outside the home often gives them more options, too. ———End of Preview——— Like what you just read? Read the rest of the world's best book summary and analysis of Amartya Sen's "Development as Freedom" at Shortform . Here's what you'll find in our full Development as Freedom summary :	https://www.shortform.com/blog/economic-impact-of-gender-inequality/
I believe that gender inequality is one of the most serious topics that is taken under consideration in this modern day society. According to Wikipedia the definition of gender inequality is the unequal way society is treating each other based on their gender (1). Men and women face gender inequality every single day, but most are in the shadows of how badly this affects both genders and not just women. Each country faces many different variations of gender inequality from social expectations to domestic abuse. Some cases may be more recognized compared to others but that does not mean it is not just as important, but it is just not as publicized. In the modern United States society men and women are treated differently. There is a system of equality in effect. However, there is a system of equality because men and women have the same rights. The difference is that when it comes to jobs and other things there is a lot of inequality. For example, when hiring for a job like construction or mechanic the employer is way more likely to chose a male. Gender Inequality is prevalent over much of the world. It is not limited to a few cultures and countries, but has global implications that affect everyone, men and women. The tide does seem to be changing, but slowly and there is hope that one day men and women can be seen as equals. I was lucky enough to interview the mother of two coworkers, one from Laos, and one from Nicaragua. I pretty much expected what they both told me and their experiences were similar. Under the effect of culture and society, people arrogantly classified men and women into two completely different species after their birth. Considering about the historical background of this stereotype, the existence of inequality is understood. This classification was functional. Under the relatively rough survival condition, the roles of women and men had to be very clear in order to function well. However, despite their disappear, they even extend to a far more complex. Arab women’s way of life and gender roles they play in the United States has been coupled with much of their culture preservation and responsibility in trying to bring a future generation that follows and sticks to the religion and religious’ doctrines, as according, most of the Arab race being the dominant in Islam as their religion of pride. Arab women in the United States have always tried might and mail in proving to follow in the latter the religion they have opted for the length to be favorable to them, even as they face many challenges and living in a country where most of the population is from other religions, hence being the minority religion but this has not barred them to work harder in passing it to the future generation. Over the years’ worldviews and gender roles have changed and viewed differently from how it was then and now. Worldviews are constantly changing and so does the role of different genders. Society has an acceptable attribute for different genders and the role they play in the society. A lot of these roles or characteristics do not agree with the acceptance of worldviews and therefore gender roles does have a big influence on worldviews. Different worldviews and cultures have different opinions on gender and their roles; and as generations evolves the idea of gender expectations will change. If there was no such thing as equality then no race would be equal to another. Also everyone would be treated different and be discriminated by a certain group of race. Not having equality would change the country because there would be no way of life because a certain group would think something is right while another group would disagree with the group's beliefs. This would change history because the leaders would have not say or take action for what they believe in. People in history would have adapted to the way of living and would not have change a thing and it would continue into modern day. The preamble of the Universal Declaration of Rights clearly acknowledges the fact that all men are born free and equal. This was necessitated by the cruel treatments certain race/people that saw themselves as superior to other races either because of color, religion, social class, wealth, or ethnicity hence, the world was divided into several groups and certain people never saw themselves equal with others. This was clearly and vividly depicted in ancient societies and during the mediaeval ages. The believes of superiority paved way for slavery which can be traced back to the Greek society and other societies like Rome, Egypt and in Asia amongst others. This system moved down to the medieval period and not just was there slavery but these societies Gender Inequality Gender inequality is a characteristic of social structure according to which different social groups (in this case men and women) have certain differences resulting in unequal opportunities. Gender inequality is associated with social construction of masculinity and femininity as oppositional categories with unequal social value (Ferree, 1999). One of the main problems in gender theory is the problem of dominance. Together with race and class gender is a hierarchical structure that could to provide both opportunities and oppression (Ferree, 1999). Gender inequality can exist in different forms, depending on culture, region, religion and other factors. In Arab societies, family comes first of and above everything. Family is considered as the core of society. So, it is a holly matter that each member of the family must do her or his best to protect the reputation of the family. According to Rashad, Osman and Roudi-Fahimi (2005), “marriage for Arabs is thus both an individual and a family matter.” However, women are more likely seen to be the part who sacrifices. For a starting point, it is important to keep in mind that Arab societies are associated more with social classes, ethnic groups, religious, and nationalities. Thus, having hierarchal system creates much more differences inside the society itself. Therefore, as Joseph, (1994) states that “the centrality of family in the Arab world Gender inequality is a deeply rooted issue that has been prevalent in all corners of the world since the beginning. It is in no way bound to a single country or area, as gender discrimination is everywhere, but in middle eastern countries it is so connected to the culture that this discrimination is seen as normal and even supported. People are being treated as second-class citizens based on nothing but the sex they were born with, and no one is even batting an eye. This is part of why the Middle East houses some of the lowest ranking countries on the Global Gender Gap Index. While some people continue to hold onto discriminatory values and remain uneducated in important topics, it is necessary for governments to make ending gender inequality a priority, especially in these middle eastern countries where radical religious groups like the Taliban force their restricting values on others and male guardianship strips women of the freedom of being in charge of their own lives. Equality has come a long way, but there is a lot more that must be done for all to be considered equal. Until then, race will be a component. Our society, as the conflict theory states, is in constant conflict due to limited resources. White men are in power and have been throughout our known history. They continue to stay in power while the rest of us are left to fend for ourselves. We know that gender inequality is the particular form of social or legal status that may confer the privileges or barriers to people in the society. Based on gender, people will have different treatments in the particular situations. Indeed, there are many children who are victims of rape in the hospital as the result of gender inequality. Because of thinking rape is the ritual purpose act, men rape women and children without worrying anything. Women are more likely to accept this act because they are in the inferior groups in the society. The statement holds many truths. Our constitution states that all men are created equal regardless of race, or gender. Where individuals live should never factor into the equation of being poor or rich. Some are more fortunate than others, but we live in a society that is unjust where evidence of inequality based has become a factor. Instead of progress, we seem to be drifting from being a society that is one. Many racial minorities face challenges that keep them in the poverty level. Poverty and race present a complex picture for minorities, even whites that are considered poor by standards of society are not considered poor as those of minority groups. Race barriers have hindered America values, in 2000 when we witnessed a remarkable economic 140 years ago, imagine being in bondage, oppressed, maybe even tortured; to have to go about your life constantly under the watch of someone else; to be bruised and beaten and broken—all because of the color of your skin. Imagine being someone who was free, but oppressed in other ways; to be unable to work the same way that a man was no matter how smart you were, to be forced into doing what “ladies” do; to be stepped over and disregarded—all because of the gender you were born as. These qualities are just some of the degrading aspects of inequality. These aspects have not completely disappeared in the modern day; they are just not as blunt as before. Equality comes with progress and progress takes time.	https://www.ipl.org/essay/Gender-Inequality-In-The-Middle-East-P3E5WPH4SCP6
This project aims both to better understand inequality — how it varies, why it varies, and what the implications of this might be — and provide insight into how to address it. During the last decades, there has been increasing interest around the world in monitoring, understanding, and addressing inequality, both within and between countries. Addressing inequality is not only a priority for normative reasons, but also given the implications it may have for economic growth and development, peace and stability, governance, and social cohesion. Reducing all types of inequality is now part of the agenda of governments, international organizations, and other international actors. The formulation of SDG 10 is an excellent expression of this, as well as the crucial role of reducing inequalities in achieving other SDGs. This mission, however, still faces important challenges on the research side; for instance with respect to methodologies and available data, especially for low-income countries and long-term analyses. During the last three decades, UNU-WIDER has played an active role in work in this area, promoting and disseminating research on inequality, and hosting and updating important databases. For example, our World Income Inequality Database (WIID) — the latest revision of which was released in December 2018 — provides the most comprehensive set of income inequality statistics available and is freely downloadable. The project will map empirical patterns and trends in inequalities and build our understanding of inequality as both an outcome and a causal variable. What factors influence change in inequality, and in turn what does inequality mean for key economic, political, and social outcomes? How might inequality be addressed and more inclusive institutions built? We consider both inequalities between individuals and households (vertical inequality) and inequalities between multiple types of groups (horizontal inequality), including those defined by ethnicity, race, gender, and geographic region. We study inequalities in terms of income, consumption, and wealth, as well as of access to decent employment, access to public services, political power, and social status. Key questions - How do inequalities vary across countries, within countries, and over time? How do different types of inequalities compare? What are the patterns and trends? What can be done to improve existing cross-national and national data sources? How can the global distribution of income be estimated from the limited available information? How can persistent data gaps and weaknesses be addressed? - What are the implications of inequalities for economic development, structural change and growth, peace and stability, social cohesion, and democratic governance and representation? What are the implications of structural transformation of employment for developing countries and for different population groups? What are the poverty, inequality, and mobility dynamics? What is the relationship between different types of inequality and how do their implications compare? How do institutions and other factors mediate risks related to inequalities? - How do inequalities change? What can be learned from periods of change in inequality, especially with regard to the role of international and domestic policy? What is the range of policy options in addressing inequalities of various types? What is their record of success? How has the political will for such policies and reform processes been built and sustained? How do structural, institutional, and other factors influence reform processes and outcomes? Watch this space All papers, data and opinion pieces relating to this project, as well as opportunities to engage will be available on this webpage. In March 2019, UNU-WIDER held a project inception workshop and co-hosted a symposium on ‘Measuring Inequality in the 21st Century’. A UNU-WIDER-UNDESA workshop on inequality will be held in May 2019, bringing together international scholars and actors within the UN community. UNU-WIDER will continue hosting WIID, which will be regularly updated and enhanced to meet the needs of researchers and all those interested in inequality. Other components of the project will be launched later in 2019. UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development This project centrally addresses SDG 10 (reduce inequality within and among countries). Components of the project speak directly to SDG 16 (effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions), and SDG 5 (gender inequality). 11 articles, publications, projects, experts... Filter by...	https://www3.wider.unu.edu/project/inequalities-measurement-implications-and-influencing-change
The overarching aim of EARLY-ADAPT is to jointly analyse the environmental (climate variability, air pollution, desert dust and infectious diseases) and socioeconomic (macroeconomy, ageing, inequality and gender gap) drivers of recent trends in public health, focusing on human mortality, hospital admissions, occupational accidents and maternal and child health. Environmental factors kill hundreds of thousands of Europeans every year. Climate change is an additional threat for public health, and adaptation an essential strategy of increasing importance. Societies are devoting efforts to adaptation, but evidence of effectiveness is still lacking. A unified framework integrating disciplines is the solution to understand the ongoing societal response to climate change. The driving hypothesis of EARLY-ADAPT is that European societies are starting to adapt to climate change, but the effectiveness of early adaptation is heterogeneous between populations and through time. The project will allow to detect, understand and quantify the drivers and inequalities of human adaptation between countries, regions, cities and social groups. EARLY-ADAPT will integrate multiple health outcomes and environmental and socioeconomic factors to perform a numerically-intensive, epidemiological analysis between daily spatiotemporal datasets. The project will use different layers of data, and multiscale local regression techniques, to analyse the scales and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the drivers of early adaptation.	https://www.bsc.es/research-and-development/projects/early-adapt-signs-early-adaptation-climate-change
We hope to see you in a sociology course soon! Core SOC 201 Introduction to Sociology-SB (This course is offered in the fall, spring, and summer - and often during the winter term.) This course is designed to familiarize students with the sociological perspective of society, introducing them to the study of human societies, how societies are organized and changed – and the implications of social organization on everyday life. The course will cover basic concepts and theories used in sociology, discuss how sociologists conduct research, and examine several social institutions (e.g., economics, education, politics, media, etc.) and social issues/topics (e.g., environment, gender, poverty, racial/ethnic conflict, etc.). The overall objectives of the course are to understand sociological perspectives, foster critical thinking, analyze social phenomena using sociological approaches and concepts, and to gain an increased understanding of modern society. SOC 202 Social Problems-SBD1 (This course is offered in the fall, spring, and summer - and often during the winter term.) This course focuses on the major threats to social cohesion and order in society and how such social problems affect human behavior. Generally, when individuals have problems, they contextualize them in highly personal terms; their perspective is guided primarily by their immediate situation and personal circumstances. However, there are socially structured contexts out of which individuals emerge and in which social problems are created, sustained, and/or changed–and, thus, impact human behavior. The purpose of the course, then, is to expand the student’s understanding of current social problems related to inequality, social institutions, and modernization using the “sociological imagination,” which distinguishes between personal and social problems and assumes the latter to be shaped by social forces/factors beyond an individual’s control. SOC 210 Race in the U.S.-SBD1 (This course is offered in the fall and spring - and occasionally during the summer.) This course examines race as a social construction and surveys the sociological meanings and practices of race and the intertwined, and enduring, social, political, and historical forces that shape and maintain elaborate forms of racism(s) in the U.S. As such, the course will include topics, such as theories of racism and white supremacy, forms and implications of cross-racial dialogue; the intersections between race, ethnicity, and feminism; racialization of crime; the entangled relationship among race, citizenship, and immigration practices; forms of resistance historically undertaken in the face of racial oppression, etc. Overall, students will learn to recognize, and begin to engage, the various social processes of race, especially the ways race is made, embedded, and reproduced through interactions among social institutions, individuals, and ideologies. SOC 301 Social Statistics (This course is offered in the fall, spring, and summer - and often during the winter term.) This course introduces students to statistical concepts used in the social sciences (e.g., sampling, descriptive statistics, the analysis of associations, and hypothesis testing) and the role that quantitative analysis plays in developing and testing knowledge, including designing and carrying out research, applying various statistical procedures for analyzing data, evaluating research and argumentation to assess validity of knowledge claims, and presenting data. Students will learn how to use statistics to make sense of the social world, to interpret figures reported in professional and media outlets, and to critique conclusions drawn from statistical data analysis. SOC 303 Research Methods-WR (This course is offered in the fall, spring, and summer.) Social science research contains a systematic approach to analyzing the social world with various approaches and techniques. As important as these approaches and techniques are for developing scholars to understand, it is also pertinent that they can understand the limits and critiques of such approaches and techniques used for research. This course will introduce students to the general approach of social science research, while providing a foundation to understand different approaches to conducting research and introduce students to the research methods that sociologists use to empirically investigate the social world, including the logic of inquiry, the elements of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research design, and ethical issues in research. SOC 320 Social Theory-WR (This course is offered in the fall, spring, and summer.) Social theory is a guide for studying social life and making sense of observations and events in social life. It provides the infrastructure for asking questions and using methods for study and informs the explanations or interpretations that follow In other words, theory organizes our study of social life by developing concepts and languages for identifying and describing tendencies, patterns, and laws of behavior. It contributes to our knowledge of, and to the efforts at, changing or improving social life. Within sociology, there are multiple competing paradigms, or theoretical frameworks, for ordering knowledge. This course will examine these competing paradigms, as articulated by major theorists, discuss the socio-historical significance of the major sociological paradigms, and apply examples of classical and contemporary theory to the modern world. SOC 323 Diversity & Inequality (This course is offered in the fall, spring, and summer.) This course uses a sociological perspective to examine diversity and inequality and includes an examination of the important contributions various social groups have made to society, the barriers to their full participation in society, and the efforts they have made to achieve equality. An appreciation of the nature and consequences of diversity and inequality is essential for understanding social forces and social structures, as well as group processes and organizational dynamics and the way these affect individual life chances. The course will discuss how race, ethnicity, gender, social class, sexuality, among other social forces, are social constructions that affect groups’ life experiences, life chances, and access to power; how diversity and discrimination exist in history and in everyday life; how inequalities are systemic and institutionalized; and strategies and policies for social change. Electives Several 300- and 400- level sociology electives are offered each fall and spring, and at least one 300- and one 400- level sociology elective are offered each summer. SOC 305 Urban Sociology (expected to be offered in 23-24 academic year) This course serves as an introduction to the sociology of ‘urban’ areas and will explore patterns of the form and development of cities through comparisons across time and space, examine how humans organize social life in cities, and study the institutions that structure and facilitate ‘urban’ life. Ultimately, students should be able to analyze how urban development is related to the political, social and economic forces in cities, regions, nations and the world; analyze reliable information and empirical data on the demographic and economic structure of cities, suburbs and metropolitan areas; and use theoretical perspectives on race, ethnicity, class, gender, sexuality, and other socially organized categories presented throughout the course to explain urban development patterns. (For more information, contact Dr. Lauren Heberle.) SOC 315 Environmental Sociology (offered Fall, 2022: TR 11-12:15) This course offers a critical analysis of the interactions between society and the environment, using sociological theoretical frames to explore environmental issues and including theories of political economy, policy development, environmental justice, social construction of the environment, cultural processes, social movement, globalization, sociology of knowledge and science, and social change. Ultimately, students will develop a greater understanding of environmental problems and evidence-based solutions for addressing those problems; understand social and institutional interactions/relationships with the environment and impacts thereof; understand how structural systems of inequality and oppression (such as racism) produce disparate environmental impacts in different populations; and further develop the capacity for critical thinking, research, and analysis. (For more information, contact Dr. Lauren Heberle.) SOC 325 Sociology of Human Sexuality (offered Spring, 2023: MW 2-3:15 and online) The sociology of human sexuality is examined from a variety of theoretical perspectives. Topics covered in the course include the social and psychological nature of human sexual response, atypical sexual practices including bondage and transvestite fetishism, sexual dysfunction, sexual orientation and sexual identity, and the business of sex including pornography, prostitution, and strip clubs. The course also considers sexual response as part of romantic relationships and examines dating, marriage, divorce, and polyamory and other non-traditional forms of relationships. (For more information, contact Dr. Jim Beggan.) SOC 327 Sociology of Gender (offered Summer, 2022 and Fall, 2022: online) This course examines the social construction of gender and the status of women and men in major social institutions such as education, family, the workplace, and the media. Students will be introduced to theoretical perspectives on the development of gender, discuss gender stereotypes, and examine scientific research and perspectives on gender differences and similarities. The course will also explore the structural foundations and theoretical explanations of gender inequality, as well as the intersectionality of gender and other social locations and identities, such as race, social class, sexual orientation, and age. . (For more information, contact Dr. Gul Marshall.) SOC 329 Sociology of Families (offered Summer, 2022 and Spring, 2023: online) This course examines structural foundations, theoretical explanations, and historical patterns of family formation to understand trends in family form and function in the U.S. The course will briefly cover the history of the American family, but the bulk of the course will examine contemporary U.S. families, considering issues of dating, cohabitation, marriage, divorce, parenting in traditional and non-traditional families, work and family issues, and social policies affecting the family. Throughout the course, how the experience of the family differs according to one’s structural position in society will be explored – particularly regarding gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sexuality. While emphasizing how social forces affect contemporary families, the course will also discuss how individuals and groups have agency to change their experience of family life. (For more information about the on-campus section, contact Dr. Karen Christopher; for the online section, contact Ms. Angela Orend.) SOC 334 Sociology of Deviant Behavior (offered Fall, 2022: online) This course introduces the student to the definitions, theories, and patterns of deviant behavior and is designed to teach students to think critically about social deviance and to acquire a better understanding of themselves and how they relate to others, social groups, and society at large. (For more information, contact Dr. Mike Littrell.) SOC 336 Criminology (offered Spring, 2023: online) This course offers a sociological perspective on crime – or societal or social structural explanations for the nature and causes of crime. It will introduce students to fundamental concepts, methods, and theories used by sociologists to study crime; examine crime rates and trends; explore types of criminal behavior and methods used to control it; and discuss causes – and solutions to crime. Topics which may be covered include: the criminalization of drugs and drug enforcement, racial profiling, gun control, death penalty, mass incarceration. (For more information, contact Dr. Mike Littrell.) SOC 340 Mental Health and Illness (offered Fall, 2022: online) This course provides an overview of sociological approaches to understanding mental health and illness and explores the following questions: How do sociologists understand mental illness? What distinguishes sociological approaches from other approaches (biomedical, psychological, etc.)? We also will explore how mental health and illness are affected by a range of social factors. Among other inquiries, the course explores: Who is most likely to become “ill” and with what illnesses? What social factors (e.g. gender identity, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, SES, etc.) affect the experiences that people have with mental health and wellness? Historically, how have people been treated, socially and psychiatrically, when they are diagnosed with mental health problems? Are people with mental illness more likely to be violent than other people? What is the relationship between crime and mental illness? How do the media portray those with mental illness? Globally, outside of the U.S., how is mental health and illness experienced? (For more information, contact Dr. Debbie Potter.) SOC 342 Medical Sociology (TBA) This course aims to provide an in-depth overview of the major theories and conceptual frameworks of medical sociology. At its core, medical sociology emphasizes the importance of moving beyond biological and medical understandings of health and illness by highlighting key social factors that influences individuals’ health experiences. This course will cover the interplay of biological, medical and sociological perspectives in addressing inequalities in health and illness by sex/gender/sexuality, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and other demographic characteristics. In doing so, we will cover a wide span of the health and illness experience, from examining how the meaning of illness is defined and redefined over time, to assessing how individuals’ interactions with various actors within healthcare systems impact health outcomes. Sample topics we will discuss this semester include: Why are some health-related behaviors labeled as “deviant” while others are not? In what ways can different types of stressors “get under the skin” and make you sick? How are technological innovations affecting the doctor-patient relationship? By the end of the course, students should be able to a) understand key classic and contemporary frameworks in medical sociology, b) to assess how factors such as gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status impact health inequalities across the life course, and c) understand the manner in which an individuals’ health and illness experience is shaped by their interactions with social and healthcare systems. SOC 343 Sociology of Women's Health (offered Summer, 2022: online) This course introduces students to key conceptual and substantive issues in the sociology of women's health and illness, drawing upon a variety of theories (including feminist and critical theories) and examining the intersections of gender identity, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, social structure, and power in the ways in which women experience health and illness and, how women’s health care is structured. While the course is organized around specific biological conditions or illness, the focus of the course is on key sociological concepts including the doctor-patient relationship, help-seeking behavior, the socialization of health care providers, and the cultural and structural dimensions of the health care system. Drawing upon a broader context, recent policy responses related to U.S. women’s and LGBTQ health also are addressed. (For more information, contact Dr. Debbie Potter.) SOC 350 Special Topics: Welfare Moms & Needy Poor (last offered Fall, 2021) This course focuses on social welfare policy in the United States. It traces the development of and social attitudes toward major U.S. social welfare programs for the poor, the elderly, families, and other vulnerable and marginalized groups. We will examine both theoretical and practical issues, including the values and beliefs that have influenced public policy. We will examine a range of social welfare policies in the US that address specific social problems, and examine both the strengths and weaknesses of the programs in light of addressing structural inequalities including those related to race, ethnicity, gender, and SES. (For more information, contact Dr. Debbie Potter.) SOC 350 Special Topics: Japanese Families (offered Spring, 2023: TR 11-12:15) To people in the US, studying families in Japan may be interesting given the coexistence of persistent cultural traditions shared with other East Asian countries and advanced economy on par with that of Western countries. In this course, students are encouraged to contemplate how different or similar Japanese and US families are regarding each topic we cover, and gain a deeper understanding of family dynamics. This course provides an overview of contemporary Japanese families covering topics such as singlehood, marriage, divorce, parenting, and family elderly care. Its approach is multi-disciplinary (e.g., sociology, demography, anthropology, and psychology) and primarily draws on the research literature published within the last ten years. Ultimately, students should be able to describe current trends in Japanese families, understand the diversity of Japanese families, apply concepts and findings from social science research to their own experiences, research a family topic and write a paper, and be able to have have informed discussion on Japanese families. (For more information, contact Dr. Hiromi Taniguchi). SOC 392 Faces of Global Poverty-WR (offered Spring, 2022: online) The course is an elective that studies the nature of poverty throughout the world, examining the historical, social, cultural, organizational, and political factors related to poverty in the third world and specific groups in the U.S. and their impact on individuals, communities, and society in general. Social and personal dimensions of life and poverty in urban and rural areas will also be discussed. (For more information, contact Ms. LaLisa Anthony.) This course introduces students to community-based learning through classroom instruction and a volunteer or internship experience which connects students with local organizations and allows them to develop a greater understanding of social issues by applying their degrees. In addition to class material and course assignments, each student will be required to serve an internship or conduct volunteer work with an organization that is at least partially dependent on voluntary contributions of time and/or funds. These experiences are meant to familiarize students with the daily operations of an organization, as well as providing information to be analyzed sociologically and allow them to apply their skills to an applied setting, as well as serve as an opportunity to explore a potential career and/or contribute to an organization that students see as serving an important function in society. (For more information, contact Dr. Jonetta Weber.) SOC 415 Sociology of Death & Dying-CUE (offered Summer, 2022: online) This course focuses on the social construction of death and dying in the United States and how social groups, institutions, organizations, and inclusion in various demographic groups (by age, gender, race/ethnicity, social class, religious affiliation, etc.) shape the way death, dying, and bereavement are constructed, viewed, and experienced in our society. in addition to learning concepts associated with thanatology (the study of death and dying), we will discuss topics such as: who is considered “dying” and what the dying process entails; generational differences in familiarity with death; death in popular culture; influences (gender, occupation, religion, social class, family, education, media, etc.) on attitudes toward death; dying and death in the American health-care system; biomedical and legal issues related to end-of-life decisions (advance directives, euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, right to die, etc.); religious and cultural views of death and dying; risk-taking, near-death experiences and perspectives on “life after death”; suicide and other types of death (accident, violence, disaster, war, terrorism); the funeral process and “business of dying”; body/organ donation; different expressions of bereavement and grief; mourning customs; and the death of and grieving for a pet. (For more information, contact Dr. Jonetta Weber.) SOC 425 Sociology of Leisure-CUE (offered Spring, 2023: online) The importance of leisure is underscored by estimates that we devote nearly as much time to leisure as work activities over our lifespan. Since at least as far back as Classical Greece, social thinkers have debated the role of leisure in society, whether it be a means to recharge the enervated body and mind for more productive work; strengthen an individual’s character, skills, sense of balance, and self-concept; or to pass time via simple amusement. A persistent theme hinges on whether leisure should “add value” to the individual and “lift up” society. Indeed, the study of leisure suggests that what is considered “proper” leisure has varied widely from place to place and changed dramatically over time, i.e., judgments of leisure are culturally constructed. Leisure is generally regarded as a key social institution that helps to socialize individuals and shape society, but scholars recognize that leisure offers a conundrum, particularly for those in the United States; while leisure appears to play increasingly central roles in the lives of many, it is often devalued by society in favor of the merits of work. The first half of the course will examine contemporary and past leisure patterns, theories on leisure, benefits derived from leisure for self and society, relationships with work, socialization into particular leisure pursuits, as well as constraints to participation. The latter half will cover socialization through leisure, commodification of leisure and the leisure “industries,” college students’ leisure, and the sociology of tourism. (For more information, contact Dr. Bob Carini.) SOC 442/WGST 442 Sociology of Disabilities (last offered Fall, 2021) This course examines the ways in which disability is socially defined, experienced, and addressed by policy. Incorporating theories from sociology, disability studies, and women's studies, this course adopts an intersectional perspective and explores disability through the lens of gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and more. Topics will include: concepts of disability (including stereotypes); the history of disability in contemporary US culture; the medical vs. social model of disability; chronic illness and disability; media and disability; disability politics; the disability rights movement(s); and socio-legal institutional and policy responses to disability. (For more information, contact Dr. Debbie Potter.) SOC 450 Special Topics: U.S. Holidays-CUE (offered Fall, 2022: online) While our major (and some minor) holidays may immediately encourage thoughts of days off from work, long weekends, and/or perhaps opportunities to enjoy some leisure time, gather with family and friends, and/or even time to "catch up" on work or other obligations, holidays are sociological phenomena that intersect with race and ethnicity, gender, and socio-economic status; a variety of social institutions (e.g., economics, education, family, media, politics, religion, sport and leisure, etc.); social values (e.g., hard work and discipline, competition, materialism, etc.); social issues (e.g., poverty, commodification, etc.); as well as social identity, a sense of community, etc. Further, holidays can be controversial and/or difficult, and this course will explore the role of holidays in U.S. society, their significance in our annual calendars, and how they are socially constructed. (For more information, contact Dr. Jonetta Weber.) SOC 450 Special Topics: Immigrants and Identity-CUE (last offered Fall, 2021) America is a nation of immigrants; colonists, indentured servants, slaves, undocumented workers, those fleeing their home countries, and other arrivals have entered the U.S. for centuries. U.S. history involving intersecting forms of oppression has affected public notions of immigrant identities and citizenship. This course explores the complex links between racial, ethnic, and citizenship statuses and identity formation and negotiation. We will begin with broader questions of membership, belonging, and citizenship and then discuss sociological work on the creation and negotiation of racial, ethnic, and citizenship boundaries, as well as the influence of U.S. policies, institutional practices, and public discourse in these processes. Students will engage with social and historical factors affecting immigrant identities today and the diverse responses of immigrants and organizations through their own claims-making and identity negotiations. (For more information, contact Dr. Melanie Gast.) SOC 450 Special Topics: Sociology of Food-CUE (last offered Fall, 2021) Food plays a critical role in our lives, affecting us not just physiologically, but also socially, and what we eat and the way we eat it offers insight into who we are (e.g., our social identities as members of social classes, ethnic groups, gender groups, religions, etc.). The sociology of food examines food as part of our social life and how food consumption and interests in particular foods shape – and are shaped by – social institutions and organizations, e.g., our families, the media, religion, education, etc. Food can also play a controversial and even confusing roles in our lives, and we will explore this and other topics related to the social significance of food and how food is socially constructed. (For more information, contact Dr. Jonetta Weber.) SOC 450 Special Topics: Environmental Justice-CUE (last offered Spring, 2022) This course is intended to provide student scholars with a broad overview of Environmental Justice research and scholarship and engage as scholar/activists through research activities throughout the course. This class will examine the ways in which structural racism, colonization, and economic systems intersect to produce disparate exposures to and impacts from environmental hazards. We will explore the ways in which scholars and activists have documented the systemic and unequal and distribution of environmental harms and unequal access to environmental benefits. This will be coupled with exploring ways in which scholars and activists have laid bare and challenged the practices that produce these outcomes in the name of environmental justice. The material in this course will be centered in the social sciences but will draw on multiple disciplines and other material and media created outside of academia to provide students with a sense of the value that different bodies of expertise and knowledge bring to this area of study. The course assignments will include opportunities to collect and analyze information relevant to local environmental issues in order to contribute to the work environmental justice advocates, activists, and decision makers engage in to create a more just and environmentally healthy community. (For more information, contact Dr. Lauren Heberle.) SOC 450 Special Topics: Animals & Society-CUE (last offered Spring, 2022)The relationship between humans and animals dates back many millennia, as animals have long served as sources of food, clothing, transportation, service, and even fascination. However, this relationship has been inconsistent across time and cultures, and, in recent years, greater attention has focused on how animals factor into the lives of humans in light of ecological and agricultural concerns; changing patterns of family and community; increasing use of animals in not only service but also sport and entertainment; and debate regarding the hierarchical and ethical nature of these relationships. Today, social scientists are examining the complex and changing social, ethical, and ecological consequences of human-animal interaction, and this course examines the increasingly prevalent and controversial roles animals play in society and the effect of those roles on both humans and animals. (For more information, contact Dr. Jonetta Weber.) SOC 454 Social Inequality and Stratification(offered Fall, 2022) This course examines social inequality and various forms of stratification in the U.S., specifically analyzing the systems of the distribution of power, property, privilege, and prestige in human communities and societies. Social stratification along class, race, and gender lines underlies most topics of sociological inquiry and has to do with inequality within and between social groups. Scholars and policy makers have long been interested in the causes, consequences, and solutions to inequality. Yet, the social complexities which underlie the persistence of inequality are challenging to understand and address, particularly in the context of economic, political, and social changes. This course, then, will address several fundamental questions: What are social inequality and stratification and how do they arise? Why do they persist over time? What are their effects on individual life chances? How have groups or organizations organized to ameliorate inequality? How can societies work to eliminate inequalities, and if so, who is responsible for creating change? How can change occur? This course explores paid and unpaid work and gender from a sociological perspective. It begins with theoretical frameworks: gender as a social structure that operates on the individual, interactional and institutional levels; and an intersectionality perspective, which explores the intersections of gender with race/ethnicity, social class, sexuality, and nationality. It then focuses on U.S. women and men but will briefly explore social policies in different nations. Throughout the course, the class will approach the study of work from sociological and feminist perspectives – noting how social structures shape individuals’ experiences of paid and unpaid work – but also stress human agency, the dynamic nature of work, and social change. (For more information, contact Dr. Karen Christopher.) SOC 464 Race and Ethnicity-WR This course will focus on the role race and ethnicity plays in the production of social ideals, the making of citizens, and everyday lived experiences. It will start with an examination of race today, through the exchanges of difference and power, and continue toward a deeper sociological appreciation of the contemporary functions through which race and ethnicity continue to be made and remade within society. Ultimately, the course will seek to address how race and ethnicity matter in today’s society; how ideas about difference are strengthened or challenged through social experiences, institutions, and ideologies; and the social, political, and ethical consequences of mis-understanding the continued salience today.	https://louisville.edu/sociology/undergraduate-studies/undergraduate-course-descriptions
Many roles were a reserve of men. However, in the modern society, such dominance has changed. Women are currently acquiring strategic roles in the society. The question of how gender has evolved attracts a large scholarly research, which is often open to criticism. Ideas by Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, and other writers during the Victorian Era and early 20th century reveal that apart from being conceived, gender can be performed. Such performance is manifested in the form of gender inequality and gender discrimination. This paper addresses the question of whether gender inequality is a cultural issue or it is problem that is psychologically created by people such that it influences their personality and view of one another. Gender Inequality In the US, the 1963 Equal Pay Act ended the conduct of giving men a higher pay than women for similar jobs. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 took the task a notch higher by offering similar protection to various minority groups. However, despite such efforts, some women still feel that they face inequalities. In Australia, research conducted by the Australian Human Rights Commission indicates that about 50 percent of women claim they are discriminated in terms of pregnancy periods and parental day-offs upon returning to work from breaks (Waters, 2014). Much of this discrimination (35%) is likely when they return to work (Waters, 2014). Common inequalities include denial of flexible working schedule to take care of familial responsibilities and inequitable treatment after resuming work from parental leaves. Such inequalities reflect the manner in which gender is performed in social institutions so that differences in the manner in which an organization regards the roles and functions of men and women translates into much focus on men in terms of enhancing organizational success. The worst situation occurs when such discrimination and inequalities become part of an organizational culture. A traditional perception entails allocating roles within social institutions, including workplaces, based on one’s physical effort that is required to complete a given task successfully (Velez & Moradi, 2012). This case results in the recruitment of men to take jobs that require a higher physical ability. In turn, women are discriminated due to the perception that they may not possess such ability. For instance, female workers in warehouses may remain in one job position since higher level jobs demand the possession of the physical ability to execute strenuous labor. Different genders may hold similar job titles, execute exactly analogous responsibilities within an organization, and yet receive different salaries or wages. Indeed, a study by the US Department of Labor confirms that women only earn an aggregate of 80% of men’s total earnings (Velez & Moradi, 2012). Apart from breaching the provisions of the 1963 Act on equal pay, this evidence of the existence of discriminatory salaries and wage policies implies that gender discrimination still prevails in organizations. Even though organizational policies prohibit gender discrimination when it comes to hiring, the persistence of gender stereotypes may still result in gender discrimination and inequalities in recruitment and selection processes. Does this observation mean that gender inequality can transform into a cultural phenomenon, which may shape people’s personality? Personality The behavioral, trait, socio-cognitive, psychoanalytic, and humanistic theories explain different personalities that individuals demonstrate. In the theories, the term personality implies “a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, emotions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations” (Ng & Ang, 2008, p.738). This definition forms the basis of the classification of various theories of personality. For instance, emotion and motivation give rise to the psychoanalytic theories of personality while the behavioral aspect in the definition gives rise to the behavioral personality presumptions. In their daily interaction, people’s cognitions may lead to profiling of certain roles as best suited to a given gender. To this extent, this perception may translate into the propagation of gender inequality.Get your 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as 3 hours Learn More People are diverse in many respects due to their personality differences and behavioral and cognitive development processes. As a psychologist, it is crucial for an individual to be fully conversant with the way people develop various behaviors, emotions, and thinking processes. A psychologist can only work on programs that can help in shaping certain negative behaviors. This case raises the question of whether gender performance, which may lead to gender disparity, is a way of thinking that is influenced by people’s phenotypic behavior. Sigmund Freud proposes three structures that constitute the personality of individuals. They include the self-worth, the superego, and the id. The id is depictive of people’s needs desires, wants, and instant gratification among other things. Even though many people may not be aware of this significant element, the id is one of the crucial driving forces for determining individual behavior. The innermost root of the id is affiliated to people’s desire for pleasure. However, based on the above expositions, one realizes how Freud considers the id element as absolutely insensible and/or one that does not interact with certainty. The implication is that people have no control of some of the behaviors they develop. Could gender stereotyping be one of such behaviors? As opposed to the id, the ego is a personality aspect that develops when children grow. It occurs due to their contact with the reality. In psychology, this aspect is normally termed as a managerial division of individuality because it comes in handy decision analysis. In terms of gender performance, such reality can only be experienced through contact with people who perform it as part of their culture. Hence, gender inequality may be performed as a psychological aspect of people based on their cultural environment. It comprises an important aspect of the ego component of personality that is transmitted from one person to another during socialization processes. Gender Inequality, Culture, and Personality Equality refers to a situation in which people in society or even isolated groups of people possess a status that is similar in some certain respects. Social equality means the possession of equal rights as stipulated by the law on assets civil liberties, freedom of communication, equal access to civic collective goods and services, gathering rights, and voting privileges. Equality also means health impartiality, collective sanctuary fairness, and financial justice (Thorvaldur & Zoega, 2011). Therefore, gender inequality implies a situation in which people’s accessibility to these rights and fundamental freedoms are curtailed based on their gender. In the same manner in which cultural norms influence people’s personality, gender-based norms such as behaviors that either males or females need to uphold influence personality. The impact is evident through the cultural emphasis on various conducts among people of different genders. Since the conducts are culturally developed and transmitted across generations or within a society where the norms promote gender disparity, gender variation becomes a cultural issue that is marked by a desired personality for a various members of the society. The perception of the preferred or ideal characteristics or behaviors of a given gender varies depending on the culture of a particular society and/or with respect to values that people hold within a certain period. For instance, forcefulness and antagonism have been considered central masculine traits since time immemorial, especially in the US. On the other hand, passivity and caretaking are regarded as essential feminine personality traits. Nevertheless, certain gender roles change with time. For example, by 1938, only 20% of the US population believed that women were eligible to earn income in the form of wages or salaries. This proportion has now changed significantly. Emphasis is being put to end gender disparities in the workplace. This observation suggests the likelihood of gender inequality being a cultural issue. Changes of women roles in the US from caretakers at home to supplementing family budgets suggest a changing culture. In the work titled The Gender Trouble, Butler (1990) consolidates the idea of gender inequalities by discussing the manner in which gender can be acted. The work deconstructs the naturalness of various categories of sex and gender by establishing a family tree. In the lineage, it becomes clear that the categories of gender are not naturally constructed. They evolve. They are brought into the limelight via specific cultural power formations. Based on Butler’s (1990) expositions, gender is mapped into life through, “productive aspect of power-sex categories, which are produced and maintained through social practices” (McLaren, 2001, p.99). Through the socio-cultural construction of gender, people develop a perception regarding a particular gender profiling in terms of the performance of responsibilities. In Butler‘s (1990) world, the establishment of gender categories is based on gender doings or gender performance. This claim means that people perform their genders. In this perspective, it is evident that gender has changed from being a description of people’s natural sex to the association of sex with their capacity to perform various tasks.We will write a custom Gender Inequality: Cultural or Psychological Issue specifically for you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Butler’s (1990) arguments challenge the dominant perception that has been developed by various studies on the evolution of women roles in the society. The perception maintains that gender is culturally developed and reinforced through the prescription of particular norms to the female gender. Based on this school of thought, such norms are again transmitted from one generation to another. In fact, from Butler’s (1990) focal point, gender categories reinforce one another (McLaren, 2001). Hence, each of the two categories is constructed in binary. Such construction results in the normalization of the distinction of different people as fitting into particular membership groups that are described by the gender hegemonies. In the socio-cultural context, gender hegemonies translate into the stereotyping of gender capability to perform optimally some specified tasks. Women have the right to receive maternity leave as part of the terms and conditions of employment in many organizations. However, in some situations, women may fail to disclose their pregnancy status, especially during job opening interviews in fear of the potential employer developing the perception that they may fail to perform according to the expectations due to the added role of taking care of their children. Where a company employs a man who has few children and fails to hire a woman who has a similar number of children, gender inequality is said to occur based on parental responsibilities. Since women in many conservative societies are considered the best caretakers of children as a cultural responsibility, issues that lead to gender inequalities have a cultural function ingrained in them. Women may face gender-related inequalities due to their care giving roles, especially where traditional stereotypes of gender roles are prevalent (Waters, 2014). For instance, a supervisor may learn that a woman is taking care of a sick person. Consequently, he or she may develop the perception that such a role, including the work she is employed to perform, diverts some of her attention from work so that she underperforms in her organizational roles and responsibilities. This observation suggests that the association of certain personalities such as caretaking with gender may cause inequalities. Since culture and perception of certain preferred roles and capabilities of people based on gender cannot be isolated from people’s way of thinking, gender inequality constitutes an essential cultural issue. In some situations, gender inequalities may occur due to physical appearance or even dressing styles. For instance, an organization may be compelled by the perception that a more attractive woman can make more sales. Consequently, it can hire its sales representatives based on appearance as opposed to qualifications. In such a case, although women may be a major beneficiary of such policies, it still amounts to gender inequality, which is unlawful in many nations. This claim implies that gender inequality is more associated with people’s way of thinking, which is in turn influenced by culture. People are always subjected to the dynamics of environmental forces. Under normal circumstances, people choose situations that are consistent with their aspirations, attachment, and psychosomatic needs. Therefore, the tendency involves choosing situations and/or performing in situations that are largely compatible with them. Hence, people cannot be satisfied when they work under situations that involve gender inequalities. Conclusion Gender inequality occurs when some people take advantage of their gender to access rewards, resources, and work opportunities. To mitigate gender inequalities, women and men need to be treated equally based on their socio-cultural environments. Unfortunately, different societies have different perceptions about the role of different gender. Consequently, gender is played and passed on across humanity from one age group to another. This process occurs through sharing norms, values, behaviors, and other different ways of thinking, which are collectively defined as culture. To this extent, gender equality and inequality become a cultural issue. Reference List Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Judith Butler Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York, NY: Routledge.Not sure if you can write Gender Inequality: Cultural or Psychological Issue by yourself? We can help you for only $14.00 $11,90/page Learn More McLaren, M. (2001). Feminism Foucault and Embodied Subject. New York, NY: Sunny Press. Ng, K., & Ang, C. (2008). Personality and leader effectiveness: A moderated mediation model of leadership self-efficacy, job demands, and job autonomy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 733-743. Thorvaldur, G., & Zoega, G. (2011). Educational. Social Equity and Economic Growth: A View of the Landscape. CESifo Economic Studies, 49(4), 557–579. Velez, B., & Moradi, B. (2012). Workplace Support, Discrimination, and Person–Organization Fit: Tests of the Theory of Work Adjustment with LGB Individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(3) 399–407. Waters, C. (2014). One in Two Australian women Experience Discrimination in the Workplace during Pregnancy. Web.	https://premium-papers.com/gender-inequality-cultural-or-psychological-issue/
Blockchain uses cryptographic hash functions, which have three properties that make them secure to use: … Hashes are irreversible: it is impossible to determine the original message from the encrypted format. Can you reverse hashing? Hash functions are not reversible in general. MD5 is a 128-bit hash, and so it maps any string, no matter how long, into 128 bits. Obviously if you run all strings of length, say, 129 bits, some of them have to hash to the same value. … Not every hash of a short string can be reversed this way. Why is hash reversed? One big reason you can’t reverse the hash function is because data is lost. Consider a simple example function: ‘OR’. … The idea behind rainbow tables is to calculate the hash for a bunch of possible passwords in advance, and passwords are much shorter than 50 characters, so it’s possible to do so. Is hash function can be decrypted and reversible? No, they cannot be decrypted. These functions are not reversible. There is no deterministic algorithm that evaluates the original value for the specific hash. However, if you use a cryptographically secure hash password hashing then you can may still find out what the original value was. Is Sha 256 reversible? SHA256 is a hashing function, not an encryption function. Secondly, since SHA256 is not an encryption function, it cannot be decrypted. … In that case, SHA256 cannot be reversed because it’s a one-way function. Reversing it would cause a preimage attack, which defeats its design goal. Why is hashing not reversible? Hash functions essentially discard information in a very deterministic way – using the modulo operator. … Because the modulo operation is not reversible. If the result of the modulo operation is 4 – that’s great, you know the result, but there are infinite possible number combinations that you could use to get that 4. What is hashing of passwords? Password hashing is used to verify the integrity of your password, sent during login, against the stored hash so that your actual password never has to be stored. Not all cryptographic algorithms are suitable for the modern industry. Is hashing irreversible? It is irreversible in the sense that for each input you have exactly one output, but not the other way around. There are multiple inputs that yields the same output. For any given input, there’s a lot (infinite in fact) different inputs that would yield the same hash. Are hash functions invertible? In addition to everything that others have said: any cipher is an invertible “hash” function. And there are standard ways to construct them; one common way of turning a one-way function into an invertible function is to use a Feistel network. They’re quite useful in practice. Are all hash functions one way? A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a mathematical algorithm that maps data of arbitrary size (often called the “message”) to a bit array of a fixed size (the “hash value”, “hash”, or “message digest”). It is a one-way function, that is, a function which is practically infeasible to invert. What are the advantages of hashing passwords? Hashing a password is good because it is quick and it is easy to store. Instead of storing the user’s password as plain text, which is open for anyone to read, it is stored as a hash which is impossible for a human to read. What is difference between hashing and encryption? Encryption is a two-way function; what is encrypted can be decrypted with the proper key. Hashing, however, is a one-way function that scrambles plain text to produce a unique message digest. With a properly designed algorithm, there is no way to reverse the hashing process to reveal the original password. Can you decrypt a hash of a message to get the original message? No! A hash may not be reversed, which means it cannot be decrypted. By design a hash algorithm has no inverse, there is no way to get the original message from the hash. … When using a publicly known hash function for storing password hashes, make sure to always use a salt or shared secret. How long does it take to decrypt Sha 256? To crack a hash, you need not just the first 17 digits to match the given hash, but all 64 of the digits to match. So, extrapolating from the above, it would take 10 * 3.92 * 10^56 minutes to crack a SHA256 hash using all of the mining power of the entire bitcoin network. That’s a long time. What is the best hashing algorithm? Probably the one most commonly used is SHA-256, which the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommends using instead of MD5 or SHA-1. The SHA-256 algorithm returns hash value of 256-bits, or 64 hexadecimal digits. How is SHA 256 calculated? SHA-256 uses an internal compression function f which takes two inputs, of size 512 and 256 bits respectively, and outputs 256 bits. Hashing works like this: Input message M is first padded by appending between 129 and 640 bits (inclusive), resulting into a padded message M′ whose length (in bits) is a multiple of 512.	https://forexrebatechanger.com/blockchain/you-asked-is-hashing-reversible-in-blockchain.html
As important as it is to know the control structures of a programming language, it is just as important to be able to name their contexts and surroundings. Using the right vocabulary is particularly effective in code reviews as it supports us to put our thoughts into words. Algorithms & Functions An algorithm is a set of instructions to solve specific problems or to perform a computation. In TypeScript algorithms can be implemented with functions. Algorithm Characteristics Algorithms have defining characteristics such as: - Generality: The algorithm must apply to a set of defined inputs. - Definiteness / Uniqueness: At any point in time, there is at most one possibility of continuation. Each instruction step is well-defined. - Deterministic: Given a particular input, the algorithm will always produce the same output. - Effectiveness: The algorithm terminates in a finite amount of time / steps. Every execution of the algorithm delivers a result. - Finiteness: The algorithm is described in a finite amount of steps. - Feasibility: It should be feasible to execute the algorithm with the available resources. Imperative Programming Imperative programming is a programming paradigm that uses statements to change an application’s state. In a nutshell, imperative programming defines a set of instructions from start to finish. Example: - Change UI behaviour by defining how to turn something off before turning it on Declarative Programming Declarative programming is a programming paradigm that defines the desired state of an application without explicitly listing statements that must be executed. In a nutshell, declarative programming defines an application’s execution from finish to start. Example: - Change UI behaviour by defining how it should look like based on its props Deterministic Functions A deterministic function will always produce the same output given the same input. This makes the output of a deterministic function predictable as it does not rely on a dynamic state. Pure Functions Pure functions are a subset of deterministic functions. A pure function always produces the same result given a particular input. In addition, it does not cause side effects by avoiding I/O operations like printing to the console or writing to the disk. A pure function does not mutate its passed parameters and is referentially transparent. Referentially Transparent Expressions An expression is referentially transparent when it can be replaced with its return value. Example: The sayHello function always returns the same text, so we can safely replace our expression with const message = Hello! which makes it referentially transparent. Referentially Opaque Expressions An expression is referentially transaprent when it cannot be replaced with its return value. Example: At the time of writing the exection of today() returned '2021-09-22T12:45:25.657Z'. This result will change over time, so we cannot replace const isoDate = today() with const isoDate = '2021-09-22T12:45:25.657Z' which makes this expression referentially opaque. Function Declaration A function declaration gets hoisted and is written the following way: Function Expression A function expression is part of an assignment and does not get hoisted: Function Scope Block Scope let keyword can be used. It makes variables unaccessible from the outside of their blocks: TypeScript Ambient Context By default, the TypeScript compiler does not know in which runtime environment (for instance Node.js v16, Electron v16, Chrome v94) our code will be executed later. That’s why we can help the compiler knowing that by defining an ambience / ambient context. Example: If you run your code in an environment where there is a “world” object that TypeScript does not know about, you can define that context using declare var: Union Types A union type is a variable which can store multiple types (i.e. string, number, etc.): Module In TypeScript a module is a file with at least one top level import or export statement.	https://typescript.tv/terminology/
sequence (math) - A sequence is an ordered list containing successive items, or functions for performing certain actions. ring theory - A ring in the mathematical sense is a set S together with two binary operators + and *. random - The term random refers to any collection of data or information with no determined order, or is chosen in a way that is unknown beforehand. query - With a database or search, a query is a field or option used to locate information within a database or another location. quantify meaning: 1. to measure or judge the size or amount of something: 2. to measure or judge the size or amount…. Learn more. probability - How likely something is to happen. prime number - A Prime Number is a whole number that cannot be made by multiplying other whole numbers. prime factors - "Prime Factorization" is finding which prime numbers multiply together to make the original number. There’s one way, and only one way, to roll percentile in D&D. Nesting Loops: A nested loop is a loop within a loop, an inner loop within the body of an outer one. nested loops are very useful to perform complex task, it also used to print pattern.PHP: Hyper Text Pre-Processor. loop - A loop is a software program or script that repeats the same instructions or processes the same information over and over until receiving the order to stop. iteration - With computing, iteration describes going through a set of operations that deal with computer code. Illustrated definition of Integer: A number with no fractional part (no decimals). Includes: the counting numbers 1, 2, 3,... group theory - A group is a set combined with an operation. Fundamental theorem of arithmetic - Prime Factorization by Wouter Kager for loop - A loop statement in programming that performs predefined tasks while or until a predetermined condition is met. flag - A flag is also a mark that indicates a certain event has taken place, or that an object is unusual in some way. A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. deterministic - In deterministic algorithm, for a given particular input, the computer will always produce the same output going through the same states but in case of non-deterministic algorithm, for the same input, the compiler may produce different output in different runs. decision tree - A decision tree can be used to visually and explicitly represent decisions and decision making. What is the definition of ALGORITHM? What is the meaning of ALGORITHM? How do you use ALGORITHM in a sentence? What are synonyms for ALGORITHM? algorithm - A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.	https://bac.kgpl.org/links/index.php/?searchtags=algorithmic
Cryptographic hashes produce a fixed-size and unique hash value from variable-size transaction input. The SHA-256 computational algorithm is an example of a cryptographic hash. \| \| This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \|Secure Hash Algorithm\| \|Concepts\| \|hash functions · SHA · DSA\| \|Main standards\| \|SHA-0 · SHA-1 · SHA-256 · SHA-3 \| A cryptographic hash function is a special class of hash function that has certain properties which make it suitable for use in cryptography. It is a mathematical algorithm that maps data of arbitrary size to a bit string of a fixed size (a hash function) which is designed to also be a one-way function, that is, a function which is infeasible to invert. The only way to recreate the input data from an ideal cryptographic hash function's output is to attempt a brute-force search of possible inputs to see if they produce a match, or use a rainbow table of matched hashes. Bruce Schneier has called one-way hash functions "the workhorses of modern cryptography". The input data is often called the message, and the output (the hash value or hash) is often called the message digest or simply the digest. The ideal cryptographic hash function has five main properties: - it is deterministic so the same message always results in the same hash - it is quick to compute the hash value for any given message - it is infeasible to generate a message from its hash value except by trying all possible messages - a small change to a message should change the hash value so extensively that the new hash value appears uncorrelated with the old hash value - it is infeasible to find two different messages with the same hash value Cryptographic hash functions have many information-security applications, notably in digital signatures, message authentication codes (MACs), and other forms of authentication. They can also be used as ordinary hash functions, to index data in hash tables, for fingerprinting, to detect duplicate data or uniquely identify files, and as checksums to detect accidental data corruption. Indeed, in information-security contexts, cryptographic hash values are sometimes called (digital) fingerprints, checksums, or just hash values, even though all these terms stand for more general functions with rather different properties and purposes.	https://cubeform.io/glossary/cryptographic-hash-function/
Welcome to the Complexity Garden, the botanical companion to the Complexity Zoo. This field guide lists rigorously defined computational problems, together with their relations to complexity classes, their best algorithmic results, and their relations to other problems. There are now 39 problems and (one can only hope) counting. The initial members either have or might have some exotic property related to speedup (such as O-speedup, monotone-nonmonotone gap, or P-nonuniformity), or provide a canonical example of a complexity class (i.e. NP-complete). However, all additions are welcome, and it is hoped that this will grow into a comprehensive collection. To create a new problem, click on the edit link of the problem before or after the one that you want to add and copy the format, and save. The preferred format of each problem is as follows: description of the problem, relations to complexity classes, their best algorithmic results (upper-bounds and lower-bounds e.g. see the Set Cover problem), memberships and properties, and relations to other problems. Then, add the problem to the table of contents and increment the total number of problems. After this, you can use the side edit links to edit the individual sections. For more on using the wiki language, see our simple wiki help page. If your problem is not on the list and you suspect that it might be an open problem you can check the Open Problem Garden. The #Perfect Matching problem is to count the number of perfect matchings in a bipartite graph. It is the counting version of Perfect Matching. Related Problems: #Perfect Matching is equivalent to Permanent. This is the counting version of SAT: given a Boolean formula, compute how many satisfying truth assignments it has. Related Problems: The version #CNF-SAT (counting version of CNF-SAT) and #3-CNF-SAT also called #3SAT (counting version of 3-CNF-SAT) also are two #P-complete problems. Given a Boolean formula, count the number of satisfying assignments of Hamming weight . This is the canonical problem for #WT. 3SUM: Do there exist members of a list satisfying ? Given a list of integers, do there exist elements such that ? This problem is important enough to computational geometry that there is defined a class of problems to which it is reducible: 3SUM-hard. Approximate Shortest Lattice Vector: Does the shortest vector exceed kn? Given a lattice L in Zn and an integer n, does the shortest vector of L have (Euclidean) length at most kn? Memberships: ∈ NP ∩ coNP, P? Boolean Convolution: Convolution of two n-bit integers. Compute the convolution of two n-bit integers in binary notation , where the multiplicands are respectively the i-1 and j-1 bits of the two integer inputs, and k is the k-1 bit of the output. It is a Boolean function with n input bits and 2n-1 output bits. It has monotone circuit complexity (Weiss) and nonmonotone circuit complexity (Furer [Fur07]). means iteratively taking of n until the result is less than 2. Nonmonotone circuits use the discrete Fourier transform (Wegener [Weg87]). Boolean Matrix Multiplication is a Boolean function with 2n2 input bits (two nxn matrices) and n2 output bits (an nxn matrix). The function is defined using the usual row-column rule, but using OR instead of binary addition. It has monotone circuit complexity of exactly (Pratt [Pra74]), but its nonmonotone circuit complexity is the same as matrix multiplication, presently (Wegener [Weg87]). Boolean Sorting: Sort n input bits. A Boolean function with n inputs and n outputs that puts the 0s before the 1s. For example, 101 → 011 and 11000 → 00011. It has monotone circuit complexity (Lamagna and Savage [LS74]) and nonmonotone circuit complexity (Muller and Preparata [MP75]). The nonmonotone circuits use binary rather than unary addition to count the 0 inputs. The outputs are the Threshold(k) functions in reverse order; in particular, the middle output is Majority. Clique-Like is a Boolean function with inputs (an adjacency matrix) and one output. It has monotone circuit complexity of (Tardos [Tar88]). By contrast it has polynomial nonmonotone circuit complexity, because it reduces to Linear Programming. Given two sets of relations , where is the instance (not to be confused with an instance of CSP) and is the template, over the same vocabulary, where the vocabulary defines the names and arities of allowed relations, is there a mapping such that for all relations , ? The discrete logarithm problem is to solve for x in the equation ax = b in some number-theoretic abelian group, typically either the group of units of a finite field or an elliptic curve over a finite field. Like the related Integer Factorization, the fastest classical algorithm is the number field sieve, with heuristic time complexity . Also like Integer Factorization, Shor's algorithm solves Discrete Logarithm in quantum polynomial time. In fact, Shor's algorithm solves Discrete Logarithm even in a black-box abelian group, provided that group elements have unique names. Properties: Is a one-way function? Equality: Are two strings equal? If Alice has a string and Bob has a string , define EQUALITY(x, y) = 1 if and only if x = y. Graph Automorphism: Is there a nontrivial automorphism? Graph Automorphism is equivalent to Graph Isomorphism in the case where the two graphs are identical. Memberships: ∈ NP ∩ coAM. Graph Isomorphism: Are two graphs isomorphic? Given two graphs, are they isomorphic, i.e., is there a bijection between their vertices which preserves edges? Luks showed that Graph Isomorphism for bounded-valence graphs is in P non-uniformly (the exponent of algorithm's running time depends on the bound). Combining Luks' algorithm with a trick due to Zemlyachenko yields a time complexity upper bound of for graphs with v vertices. However, some practical Graph Isomorphism algorithms, such as NAUTY, seem to run much faster than this rigorous upper bound. Like Perfect Matching, it is not known to be complete for a natural complexity class. Memberships: ∈ NP ∩ coAM, P-nonuniform? Properties: In NP\P but not NP-complete? Group Non-Membership: Is an element of G a member of a subgroup H? Defined by [Wat00]. Let be a group, whose elements are represented by polynomial-size strings. We're given a "black box" that correctly multiplies and inverts elements of . Then given elements and , we can asked to find if (the subgroup generated by ). Hamiltonian circuit: Exists one Hamiltonian circuit? Given a Graph , exists one Hamiltonian circuit in ? Algorithms: The fastest known algorithm for integer factorization is the number field sieve. It has heuristic randomized time complexity for inputs with n digits. On the other hand, Shor's algorithm famously solves Integer Factorization in quantum polynomial time. Integer Factor ≤ k : Is there a factor ≤ k? With an upper bound on the desired prime factor, this problem is subtly different from Integer Factorization. Algorithms: The fastest algorithm is either the number field sieve or Lenstra's elliptic curve method, depending on the relative size of n and k. Lenstra's algorithm has heuristic randomized time complexity if n and k have n and k digits, respectively. Integer Multiplication has an O-optimal linear-time algorithm on a RAM or SMM, but is thought to have O-speedup on Turing machines or P-uniform Boolean circuits. k-Local Hamiltonians: Find the smallest eigenvalue of m k-local Hamiltonians acting on n qubits. Given an n-qubit Hilbert space, as well as a collection H1,...,Hm of Hamiltonians (i.e. Hermitian positive semidefinite matrices), each of which acts on at most k qubits of the space. Also given real numbers a,b such that . Decide whether the smallest eigenvalue of is less than a or greater than b, promised that one of these is the case. QMA-complete for k = 5 [KSV02]. QMA-complete for k = 3 [KR03]. QMA-complete for k = 2, under the assumption that P≠QMA [KKR04]. There are k-round sorting networks not known to be constructible in deterministic polynomial time which outperform the best-known networks constructible in deterministic polynomial time [GGK03]. The Linear Programming problem is to maximize a linear function in a convex polytope. It was famously shown to be in FP by Leonid Khachiyan by means of the ellipsoid method. The main algorithms used in practice are simplex and interior-point methods. Majority: Are most inputs 1? Majority is a Boolean function with n input bits and 1 output bit. The output is 1 if the majority of input bits are 1. Examples: 001 → 0, 1100 → 1. Majority P. Majority REG. Therefore, REG P. Related Problems: See also Boolean Sorting and the Complexity Zoology entry. Multiply two dense matrices over a field . Matrix Multiplication has O-speedup among Strassen-type bilinear algorithms [CW82]. Determining the minimal number of multiplications needed to compute a bilinear form (of which Matrix Multiplication is one) is NP-complete ([Has90]). This suggests that Matrix Multiplication is P-nonuniform over bilinear algorithms if NP coNP. If the group-theoretic algorithms of Cohn et al can perform Matrix Multiplication in , then Matrix Multiplication has O-speedup among algorithms of the type they consider [CKSU05]. Parity: Is the number of 1 inputs odd? Parity is a Boolean function with n inputs and 1 output. The output is 1 if the number of 1 inputs is odd. Examples: 001 → 1, 11011 → 0. Parity P. Parity FO ([Ajt83] and [FSS84]). Therefore, FO P. Related Problems: Equals XOR. See the Complexity Zoology entry. Perfect Matching: Is there a perfect matching? Perfect Matching is a Boolean function with n2 inputs (an adjacency matrix) describing a bipartite graph and one output which is 1 if the graph has a perfect matching. Perfect Matching reduces to Linear Programming, and is therefore in P, although specialized algorithms are also known. It has monotone circuit complexity of (Razborov [Raz85b]) but polynomial nonmonotone circuit complexity. Perfect Matching is nonuniformly reducible to determinant and is in RNC and [MVV87], [KUW86], but no deterministic NC algorithm is known. Like Graph Isomorphism, it is not known to be complete for a natural complexity class. There is a randomized or nonuniform log-space reduction of Perfect Matching to Graph Isomorphism [Tor00]. Ring Automorphism: Does a ring have a non-trivial automorphism? A special case of Ring Isomorphism where the two rings investigated are the same, and where we are looking for non-trivial automorphisms. Ring Isomorphism: Are two rings isomorphic? Given two rings, are they isomorphic to each other? The counting version of the problem, #RI, asks how many different isomorphisms exist between the two rings. Memberships: NP ∩ coAM [KS05]. Given a Boolean formula with universal and existential quantifiers, is it true? Quantified Boolean Formula (QBF) is the canonical PSPACE-complete problem. Note that [Pap94] calls this problem QSAT to emphasize its relationship to SAT. In particular, any instance of QBF can be written as , where is a Boolean formula as in SAT, and where is either a universal or existential qualifier, depending on whether is even or odd. This characterization lends itself well as a candidate for reductions from two-player games. Given a set of measurements, each i of which involves no more than k qubits and accepts with probability Pi, and given the promise that either there exists a state such that the number of accepting measurements is "very large," or that for all states, the number of accepting measurements is very small. We are asked which of the two promise conditions holds. Properties: QMA-complete for k = 3. See also: Democritus Lecture 13. SAT: Is there a satisfying truth assignment? The SAT problem is to decide whether a given Boolean formula has any satisfying truth assignments. SAT is in NP, since a "yes" answer can be proved by just exhibiting a satisfying assignment. Given a universe and a family of subsets of , a cover is a subfamily of sets whose union is . In the set covering decision problem, the input is a pair and an integer ; the question is whether there is a set covering of size or less. In the set covering optimization problem, the input is a pair , and the task is to find a set covering that uses the fewest sets. Algorithms: A simple greedy algorithm yields an -approximation (and hence, -approximation)where is the size of largest subset in and is th Harmonic number. Set covering cannot be approximated in polynomial time to within a factor of , unless NP has quasi-polynomial time algorithms [Fie98]. In addition, Set covering cannot be approximated in polynomial time to within a factor of , where is a constant, unless P NP. The largest value of is proved in [AMS06]. For some natural number , an instance of -SAT is an instance of SAT in conjunctive normal form (CNF) where all clauses are the logical OR of Boolean variables. Short Implicant: Is there a short implicant? Given a DNF expression Φ, is there a conjunction of at most k negated or non-negated literals that implies Φ? Stochastic Games: Is there a first player advantage? White, Black, and Nature alternate moving a token on the edges of a directed graph. Nature's moves are random. Given a graph, start and target nodes for the token, does White have a strategy which will make the token reach the target with probability ≥ 1/2? Tautology: Are all truth assignments satisfying? The Square Root mod n problem is to solve for x in the equation x2 = a mod N. Rabin noted that Integer Factorization BPP-reduces to Square Root mod n and vice-versa; the problems are equivalent. Threshold(k): Are ≥ k inputs 1? Threshold(k) is a Boolean function with n input bits and one output bit. Boolean Sorting is equivalent to the n Threshold(k) functions in reverse order. Majority is equivalent to Threshold( ). Unique k-SAT: k-SAT with uniqueness promise. The Unique -SAT problem is a promise problem variant of -SAT, where the promise is that each instance has either no satisfying assignment, or has exactly one satisfying assignment. Intuitively, adding this promise restricts us to only the hardest instances, as the more satisfying assignments there are, the easier it should be to find one. This intuition is justified by [CIK+03], where it is also shown that if Unique -SAT can be solved in deterministic time for all , then so can -SAT for all . This page was last modified on 7 November 2015, at 09:58.	https://complexityzoo.uwaterloo.ca/index.php?title=Complexity_Garden&action=edit
Many system and software developers and testers, especially those who have primarily worked in business information systems, assume that systems--even buggy systems--behave in a deterministic manner. In other words, they assume that a system or software application will always behave in exactly the same way when given identical inputs under identical conditions. This assumption, however, is not always true. While this assumption is most often false when dealing with cyber-physical systems, new and even older technologies have brought various sources of non-determinism, and this has significant ramifications on testing. This blog post, the first in a series, explores the challenges of testing in a non-deterministic world. Before I get into these ramifications, it is important to clarify the scope of this post, which is strictly testing. Even though other verification-and-validation approaches (such as static and dynamic analysis, inspection, and review) are also useful and relevant when verifying non-deterministic systems and software, I will not address them here because testing is more than sufficient for multiple blog postings. System and software behaviors (specifically, the test outputs and postconditions) are deterministic. They think that they are able to control (and observe) the test preconditions and inputs. The test oracle provides only a single outcome (outputs and postconditions) for any given set of test preconditions and inputs. In many modern domains, however, tests will not always yield the same result, and this makes testing much harder. Finding the resulting bugs that are rare, intermittent, and hard to reproduce, localize, and diagnose is the new challenge. Agile and DevOps rely on continuous integration achieved via repeatable regression testing. This approach is only feasible with automated testing, which is typically performed assuming deterministic behavior. Increasing use of multicore processors, virtual machines, and multi-threaded languages and frameworks increases concurrent processing and associated concurrency defects. Increasing use of larger, more complex, systems of systems (SoSs) in turn increases concurrent system behaviors and concurrent system-to-system communications. Increasing reliance on cyber-physical systems (including autonomous vehicles) increases non-deterministic environmental inputs (e.g., from sensors) and preconditions. Increasing use of autonomous, adaptive, machine learning systems (e.g., search, fraud detection, security monitoring) constantly improves (and modifies) their behavior based on accumulated data. So far, I have been intentionally vague when it comes to the meaning of the words "non-determinism" and "non-deterministic." While I do not intend to use mathematical precision, a little more clarity would be useful. First of all, non-determinism can be actual or only apparent. Actual non-determinism occurs when there is no theoretical way of predetermining the system's exact behavior, such as behavior that is determined by quantum physics (e.g., using nuclear decay to generate truly random numbers). Apparent non-determinism occurs when there is no practical way for the tester (or test oracle) to predetermine the system's exact behavior. This apparent non-determinism can be due to overwhelming complexity or to inadequate controllability, visibility, and oracle(s). From a practical point of view, both actual and apparent non-determinism have the same impact on testability. With non-deterministic systems and software, you can run the exact same test case (i.e., with the exact same test inputs under the exact same test preconditions) multiple times and get different results (i.e., different test outputs and test postconditions). Running a single test case only once is insufficient to determine whether the test case truly passes or fails. Unfortunately, requirements-driven testing is too often performed using only a single test case per requirement. This practice is insufficient, even when not contending with non-determinism. Non-deterministic systems are common when dealing with modern hardware and software technologies, such as multicore processors, multiple processors (or computers or devices), virtual machines (VMs), multithreading and concurrent programming languages, and cloud computing. Testers may also find non-deterministic behavior in the development environments, development and operational test environments, and the physical operational environment. The following related challenges often crop up when testing non-deterministic systems. The results of the test may include not just pass and fail, but also partially passed and indeterminate. Stochastic pass/fail criteria may be used. black swan events (i.e., events that are rare outliers, have a large negative impact, and are only explainable after the fact). Such events include not just normal failures and faults, but also accidents and near misses (for safety-critical systems). Many developers and testers would benefit from additional training in non-deterministic defects and how to test them. Developers and testers do not design, implement, and execute tests designed to uncover non-deterministic defects, making testing less effective and efficient at detecting them. As a result, testing fails to uncover non-deterministic defects resulting in an increase in false positive and false negative test results. Testing provides false confidence that such defects do not exist in the system, and they escape into system operation where they can lead to intermittent and hard to reproduce faults and failures. Failures and faults due to many defects in non-deterministic software (e.g., caused by concurrency and the use of virtual machines and multicore processors) will be rare and require large numbers of test cases to uncover. Cyber-physical systems with sensors, actuators, and physical environment may require modeling and simulation (M&S) for test preconditions and environmental inputs to obtain controllability and visibility. Testing these types of systems also requires large suites to achieve adequate coverage of combinations of conditions and of edge and corner cases. It may be hard to compare the actual behavior to the oracle's expected behavior. The oracle is often more complex when the system is non-deterministic. For example, the success criteria may be a set of acceptable behavior rather than a single specific behavior. The oracle may even be as complex as the system being tested (for example, when there is no specification, only a previous version of the system that may be less precise or accurate than the new system). It may be that the only way to determine success is through manual test execution and validation of the results by subject matter experts. The non-determinism may only show up during operational testing of the entire system (for example, as part of a system of systems). To obtain adequate controllability and visibility, you may need to use simulation/modeling rather than operational environment for generating test preconditions and environmental inputs. We live and work in a non-deterministic world, and that has significant ramifications on how we need to test our systems and software. In the next post, I will provide recommendations for addressing the challenges associated with testing non-deterministic systems and software. View my January 2016 webinar A Taxonomy of Testing Types. View my podcast Common Testing Problems: Pitfalls to Prevent and Mitigate. Read my previously published blog posts on testing.	https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/sei_blog/2017/01/the-challenges-of-testing-in-a-non-deterministic-world.html
They seem to do pretty much the same thing. The only apparent difference being that combinepsbt seems more for updating the same psbt with imcremental signatures while joinpsbts seems more for joining different transactions but given in combinepsbt you can also add different inputs and outputs I don't see the difference. - What makes you think that combinepsbtcan add inputs and outputs? It is not supposed to, and if it does, that is a bug and should be fixed. – Andrew Chow♦ Mar 26 '19 at 14:54 - I think I got confused between "input data" and transaction "inputs". Now I get that combinepsbtcombines only transactions that have the same inputs and outputs but different "input data". – Gabriele Domenichini Mar 28 '19 at 14:50 combinepsbt takes multiple PSBTs that have different input data and merges them. The base transaction must be exactly the same, i.e. the same inputs are consumed and the same outputs are created. The information for each input is combined into the same input. Inputs and outputs cannot be added or removed. This allows for people to send the same PSBT to be signed by multiple different people and then merge the resulting the PSBTs back together. For example, suppose you have a PSBT that consumes 2 inputs, with input 1 requiring person A to sign and input 2 requiring person B to sign. You give both person A and person B copies of that PSBT to sign. Person A returns you a PSBT which has input 1 signed (i.e. they fill in input information like UTXO, partial signatures, final scriptSig, etc.) but input 2 is not. Person B returns you a PSBT which does not have input 1 signed but input 2 is signed. combinepsbt allows you to merge the PSBTs from both person A and person B into a single one which has both inputs signed. joinpsbts is very different from this. joinpsbts joins multiple PSBTs that have different underlying transactions into one transaction. It requires that the inputs of those underlying transactions be different from each other. Furthermore, joinpsbts will discard any signatures and finalized input fields from the original PSBTs (meaning the resulting PSBT will contain no signatures) as those signatures will likely be invalidated when joining. joinpsbts lets you make transactions which has other people involved in them (such as CoinJoins) more easily. Each person can specify the inputs and outputs they want in a PSBT and then all of these PSBTs with different inputs and outputs are merged together using joinpsbts.	https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/85624/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-combinepsbt-and-joinpsbts
and the request patterns. The lab is due 2 March 2017. A process is characterized by just four non-negative integers A, B, C, and M. A is the arrival time of the process and C is the total CPU time needed. A process execution consists of computation alternating with I/O. I refer to these as CPU bursts and I/O bursts. We make the simplifying assumption that, for each process, the CPU burst times are uniformly distributed random integers (UDRIs) in the interval (0,B]. To obtain a UDRI t in some interval (0,U] use the function randomOS(U) described below. If t, the value returned by randomOS(), is larger than the total CPU time remaining, set t to the remaining time. The I/O burst time for a process is its preceding CPU burst time multiplied by M. You are to read a file describing n processes (i.e., n quadruples of numbers) and then simulate the n processes until they all terminate. The way to do this is to keep track of the state of each process and advance time making any state transitions needed. At the end of the run you first print an identification of the run including the scheduling algorithm used, any parameters (e.g. the quantum for RR), and the number of processes simulated. You then print for each process • A, B, C, and M. • Finishing time. • Turnaround time (i.e., finishing time – A). • I/O time (i.e., time in Blocked state). • Waiting time (i.e., time in Ready state). Then print the following summary data. • Finishing time (i.e., when all the processes have finished). • CPU Utilization (i.e., percentage of time some job is running). • I/O Utilization (i.e., percentage of time some job is blocked). • Throughput, expressed in processes completed per hundred time units. • Average turnaround time. • Average waiting time. You must simulate each of the following scheduling algorithms, assuming, for simplicity, that a context switch takes zero time. You need only do calculations every time unit (e.g., you may assume nothing exciting happens at time 2.5). • FCFS. • RR with quantum 2. • Uniprogrammed. Just one process active. When it is blocked, the system waits. • SJF (This is not preemptive, but is not uniprogrammed, i.e., we do switch on I/O bursts). Recall that SJF is shortest job first, not shortest burst first. So the time you use to determine priority is the total time remaining (i.e., the input value C minus the number of cycles this process has run). For each scheduling algorithm there are several runs with different process mixes. A mix is a value of n followed by n A, B,C, M quadruples. Here are the first two input sets. The comments are not part of the input. 1 0 151 about as easy as possible 2 0 151 0151 should alternate with FCFS All the input sets, with their corresponding outputs are on the web. The simple function randomOS(U), which you are to write, reads a random non-negative integer X from a file named random-numbers (in the current directory) and returns the value 1 + (X mod U). I will supply a file with a large number of random non-negative integers. The purpose of standardizing the random numbers is so that all correct programs will produce the same answers. Professor Allan Gottlieb Lab 2 (Short-term CPU) Scheduling OS-2250 Breaking ties There are two places where the above specification is not deterministic and different choices can lead to different answers. To standardize the answers, you must do the following. 1. A running process can have up to three events occur during the same cycle. i. It can terminate (remaining CPU time goes to zero). ii. It can block (remaining CPU burst time goes to zero). iii. It can be preempted (e.g., the RR quantum goes to zero). They must be considered in the above order. For example if all three occur at one cycle, the process terminates. 2. Many jobs can have the same ‘‘priority’’. For example, in RR several jobs can become ready at the same cycle and thus have the same priority. You must decide in what order they will subsequently be run. These ties are broken by favoring the process with the earliest arrival time A. If the arrival times are the same for two processes with the same priority, then favor the process that is listed earliest in the input. We break ties to standardize answers. We use this particular rule for two reason. First, it does break all ties. Second, it is very simple to implement. It is not especially wonderful and is not used in practice. I refer to this method as the ‘‘lab 2 tie-breaking rule’’ and often use it on exams for the same two reasons. Running your program Your program must read its input from a file, whose name is given as a command line argument. The preceding sentence is a requirement. The format of the input is shown above (but the ‘‘comments’’ are not necessary); sample inputs are on the web. Be sure you can process the sample inputs. Do not assume you can change the input by adding or removing whitespace or commas, etc. Your program must send its output to the screen (printf() in C; System.out in java). In addition your program must accept an optional ‘‘–verbose’’ flag, which if present precedes the file name. When –verbose is given, your program is to produce detailed output that you will find useful in debugging (indeed, you will thank me for requiring this option). See the sample outputs on the web for the format of debugging output. So the two possible invocations of your program are <program-name> <input-filename> <program-name> –verbose <input-filename> My program also supports an even more verbose mode (show-random) that prints the random number chosen each time. This is useful, but your program is not required to support it.	https://jarviscodinghub.com/product/lab-2-short-term-cpu-scheduling-solution/
Simulation methods., Regression analysis., Kalman filtering., Machine learning. Abstract Optimization is the search for the input settings or configuration that will produce a desired result from the system of interest. When direct system experimentation is prohibitive, experts construct a system model that represents those aspects relevant to the problem and abstracts those that are not. This model serves as an objective function, a mapping from input settings or configuration to the value of a system. Most objective functions are deterministic; however, some objective functions represent variability through stochastic behavior. An optimization algorithm determines the optimal system inputs through repeated evaluation of the objective function with different input values. Response surface methodology is a unique application of machine learning techniques (specifically, regression) to enable efficient optimization of computationally expensive objective functions. Response surface methodology replaces the objective function with a computationally inexpensive and deterministic mathematical approximation, such as a spline, which can then be easily searched to find the optimum. The deterministic approximation that emulates the objective function is referred to as a surrogate model. The five surrogate modeling techniques most commonly found in the literature – polynomial regression, spline regression, artificial neural networks, radial basis functions, and kriging – are analyzed in a broad empirical comparison. Data on the representation accuracy for each surrogate modeling technique is presented across 18 different test functions at 6 different levels of noise. Then a novel adaptation of surrogate model training procedures utilizing Kalman filtering is developed, improving numerical stability of model creation, particularly in data sets with significant noise. The effect of filter-based training procedures is evaluated across the same suite of test functions for the two highest accuracy surrogate types. In addition, the effects of using noisy gradient information for model training, as well as different training algorithms, are examined for potential accelerated convergence. Finally, a comparison of an optimization algorithm, using the modified surrogate model to other conventional optimization algorithms, is performed. This comparison assesses which optimization algorithm is best suited to the problem based on metrics that can be computed from function data. This information enables practitioners to select the optimization algorithm best suited to their problem. Recommended Citation Garrison, William T., "Stochastic simulation optimization by filtering static surrogate models" (2019). Dissertations. 177.	https://louis.uah.edu/uah-dissertations/177/
In this step of the use case, tours will be generated from parcels and deliverers will be assigned to tours. After exploring the resource types and their instances of the scenario, we will now switch to the optimization part of Rembrandt. For this, click on the three bars on the top right and the main menu will open, on the right-hand side (black), the different parts required for the optimized resource allocation are listed. For now, let's start with Algorithms by clicking on it. You should now see a list with two algorithms SMile Munkres and SMile Rule . If not, click here . Click on one of the algorithms to explore their configuration, just as you did with the resource instances and their attributes. You can now see, which resource types this algorithm requires and which output it produces. For this scenario, both algorithms require resources of the types Microdepot , Receiver , and Deliverer , and they produce instances of the type Tour . Furthermore, you can see that each algorithm is linked to a Docker image — these are the ones you already pulled in the set-up . The algorithm "SMile Rule" in the scenario Now, switch to the Recipes using either the shortcut navigation menu on the top or again the main menu at the top right. Again, you will already see two instances, one for each algorithm. If you click on any of them, you will see the Ingredients of the recipe, i.e., which components comprise the recipe, such as the inputs, outputs, transformers, as well as any contained algorithms. In this scenario, there are no Transformers because the optimization algorithms were already adopted to fit the attribute schema of the resource types in this scenario. You can now proceed to the next step , the actual allocation, or stay here and create your own recipe. Bonus: Create your own recipe To create your own recipe, either click on Create a Recipe on a detail view of an existing recipe, or click on Recipes in the top bar and then the orange plus button at the bottom right. Give your recipe a descriptive name and click Continue . You will now be presented with an empty modeling surface with several orange boxes to choose from. In this case, we want to use the existing SMile Rule algorithm. Click on the corresponding button on the left and drag the appearing element to the mid of the canvas. Modeling a new recipe for the scenario The element representing the algorithm already indicates which resource types it requires as input and which resource type it will produce. However, the inputs and outputs have to be added manually since it would be possible to use transformers in between or to even connect several algorithms in series. Therefore, click on the Inputs Microdepot , Receiver , and Deliverer and the corresponding elements will appear on the canvas. As soon as you start dragging one of them, you will see that fitting connectors of the algorithm will turn green, indicating that the dragged element could be placed there. While dragging, move your cursor closer to the appropriate input field until it turns gray. Then let it go, and it will snap in place. Connect all three inputs with the algorithm. Now, do the same for the Output Tour . Click on it on the left bar and drag it to the output connector of the algorithm. Then click on Create Recipe and you should be redirected to the overview of available recipes, now also showing your just created one. You can now proceed to the next step .	https://rembrandt.gitbook.io/docs/use-case-guide/use-case-optimization
Suppose you’ve got a huge mixed-up pile of white, black, green and red socks, with roughly equal numbers of each. You randomly choose two of them. What is the probability that they are a matched pair? There are sixteen ways of choosing a pair of socks: WW, WB, WG, WR, BW, BB, … Of those sixteen pairs, four of them are matched pairs. So chances are 25% that you get a matched pair. Suppose you choose three of them. What is the probability that amongst the socks you chose, there exists at least one matched pair? Well, we already know that chances are 25% after you pick out just the first two. If you get a matched pair right off, great. If you don’t, then there are two colours in hand you might match. So the odds are going to be a lot better. There are 64 ways of choosing three socks: WWW, WWB, … and so on. Of those 64 possible combinations, 40 of them have at least one matched pair, so that’s about a 63% chance. Suppose you choose four. There are 256 possible combinations, 232 of which have at least one matched pairs, so that’s a 91% chance. Of course by the time we get to five socks, we have a 100% chance of getting a pair; five socks, four colours, there have got to be two alike. It might appear that we’ve slightly messed up the probabilities here because once you choose one white sock, odds are slightly better that the next sock you pick will not be white, since there are now fewer white socks in the pile. But if the pile is big enough then we can neglect this minor problem. From now on we’ll call getting a matched pair a “collision”. It seems clear that as we increase the number of possible sock colours, we decrease the probability of getting a collision in some sample size. And as we increase the size of the sample, we increase the probability of the sample containing a collision. Suppose you have 365 different colours of socks – perhaps each sock has a number on it giving its colour number, so that we can tell them apart – and a pile of about six billion socks, with roughly equal numbers of each sock colour. What is the probability that we’ll get a collision if we pull out two socks at random? One in 365, clearly. Three socks? A little bit better than double that. And so on. To work out the exact probabilities we’d work out the number of possible combinations, and the number of those combinations that contain at least one collision. Turns out that the point where you have a better than 50% chance of having a collision is 23 socks. This is the famous “birthday paradox”; if instead of 365 colours of socks we have 365 possible birthdays (ignoring leap years, the fact that more people are born on certain days than others, and so on) and we have a large group of people to choose from at random, then once you get to 23 people the odds are about fifty-fifty that two of them have the same birthday. By 50 people, chances are about 97% that two have the same birthday. Which is maybe a nice party trick next time you’re at a party with 30 to 50 people – if you go around the room and ask everyone to say their birthday, odds are very good that two people will say the same day. But what’s my point? Suppose you have just over four billion possible sock colours and a truly enormous supply of socks of each colour, such that each one is about equally likely. You start pulling socks out of the pile. What is the probability that you get a collision based on the number of socks you pull out? Four billion is an awfully big number compared to 4 or 365. What’s your intuition about the likelihood of a collision? How long until you have to start worrying about it? Not nearly as long as you might think. I’ve worked out the math and summarized it in this handy log-log chart: Man, is there anything better than getting a straight line on a log-log chart? Anyway, you end up with a 1% chance of a collision after about 9300 tries, and a 50% chance after only 77000 tries. By the time you get into the mid six-digit numbers chances are for practical purposes 100% that there is a collision in there somewhere. This is why it is a really bad idea to use 32 bit hash codes as “unique” identifiers. Hash values aren’t random per se, but if they’re well-distributed then they might as well be for our purposes. You might think “well, sure, obviously they are not truly unique since there are more than four billion possible values, but only four billion hash codes available. But there are so many possible hash values, odds are really good that I’m going to get unique values for my hashes”. But are the chances really that good? 9300 objects is not that many and 1% is a pretty high probability of collision.	https://ericlippert.com/2010/03/22/socks-birthdays-and-hash-collisions/
ABSTRACT Arapaima gigas is one of the largest freshwater fishes of the world. It is socially monogamous, forming pairs, constructing a nest and providing parental care. We performed a paternity analysis under three scenarios in captive, semi-natural and natural areas using 10 microsatellite markers. As a positive control, we analyzed three pairs and their offspring isolated individually in artificial breeding ponds (a priori very high probability of monogamy). We then analyzed two samples of offspring from large artificial ponds with multiple adults but only one reproductive pair (a priori high probability of monogamy), two samples from semi-natural breeding station with multiple adults but only one reproductive pair (a priori high probability of monogamy), and a sample from a natural lake with multiple adults, some potentially breeding (a priori medium probability of monogamy). Analysis of patterns of Mendelian heredity suggested an extra-pair contribution for all broods except the positive controls. Similarly, results based on multilocus analysis estimated at least two sib-groups per nest. These results reject monogamy as a system of breeding in Arapaima gigas. From a management perspective, this behavior may be exploited to maintain genetic diversity in captive and as well in wild populations of Arapaima gigas.	https://www.americanfish.de/forum/index.php?thread/12090-evidence-of-polygamy-in-the-socially-monogamous-amazonian-fish-arapaima-gigas-sc/
Full-text links: Download: (license) References & Citations Bookmark(what is this?) Astrophysics Title: Earth matter effects in supernova neutrinos: Optimal detector locations (Submitted on 13 Apr 2006 (v1), last revised 16 May 2006 (this version, v2)) Abstract: A model-independent experimental signature for flavor oscillations in the neutrino signal from the next Galactic supernova (SN) would be the observation of Earth matter effects. We calculate the probability for observing a Galactic SN shadowed by the Earth as a function of the detector's geographic latitude. This probability depends only mildly on details of the Galactic SN distribution. A location at the North Pole would be optimal with a shadowing probability of about 60%, but a far-northern location such as Pyhasalmi in Finland, the proposed site for a large-volume scintillator detector, is almost equivalent (58%). We also consider several pairs of detector locations and calculate the probability that only one of them is shadowed, allowing a comparison between a shadowed and a direct signal. For the South Pole combined with Kamioka this probability is almost 75%, for the South Pole combined with Pyhasalmi it is almost 90%. One particular scenario consists of a large-volume scintillator detector located in Pyhasalmi to measure the geo-neutrino flux in a continental location and another such detector in Hawaii to measure it in an oceanic location. The probability that only one of them is shadowed exceeds 50% whereas the probability that at least one is shadowed is about 80%. We provide an online tool to calculate different shadowing probabilities for the one- and two-detector cases.	https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0604300
There are 5 pairs of white, 3 pairs of black and 2 pairs of grey socks in a drawer. If four individual socks are picked at random what is the probability of getting at least two socks of the same color? No formula is need to answer this question. The trick here is that we have only 3 different color socks but we pick 4 socks, which ensures that in ANY case we'll have at least one pair of the same color (if 3 socks we pick are of the different color, then the 4th sock must match with either of previously picked one). P=1. I understand logic works perfectly here! No formula is need to answer this question. The trick here is that we have only 3 different color socks but we pick 4 socks, which ensures that in ANY case, we'll have at least one pair of the same color (if 3 socks we pick are of the different color, then the 4th sock must match with either of previously picked one). P=1. As we can see, the 4th-space can ONLY be filled by any of the already existing colors of the socks , i.e., by White, Black OR Grey, thus NO scenario is possible that can fit the conditon.	https://gmatclub.com/forum/m02-183554-20.html
California(CA) Super Lotto is designed as a lottery game that consists of choosing 5 winning numbers from a pool of 47 numbers, and a number from a separate set of 27 numbers. The 47 numbers have 1081 possible pair combinations, and the 5 numbers resulted from each Super Lotto draw have 10 pair combinations. According to statistics, one pair combination should appear every 108 draws. By combining our least winning pairs, with our Power Picks, you can easily generate potentially successful combinations. The 50 least winning pairs of Super Lotto are calculated based on 2151 draws that have taken place Wed Jun 07, 2000 (02-04-11-15-28-16) through Sat Jan 16, 2021 (04-13-15-23-31-10). In the total of 2151 draws, each pair combination is expected to appear 19 times. These below 50 least winning pairs obviously have below average performance.	http://www.calotteryx.com/Super-Lotto/least-winning-pairs.htm
Florida(FL) Cash4Life is designed as a lottery game that consists of choosing 5 winning numbers from a pool of 60 numbers, and a number from a separate set of 4 numbers. The 60 numbers have 1770 possible pair combinations, and the 5 numbers resulted from each Cash4Life draw have 10 pair combinations. According to statistics, one pair combination should appear every 177 draws. By combining our least winning pairs, with our Power Picks, you can easily generate potentially successful combinations. The 50 least winning pairs of Cash4Life are calculated based on 350 draws that have taken place Mon Jun 16, 2014 (09-36-44-53-59-03) through Thu Oct 19, 2017 (15-16-39-41-46-02). In the total of 350 draws, each pair combination is expected to appear 1 times. These below 50 least winning pairs obviously have below average performance.	http://www.fllott.com/Cash4Life/least-winning-pairs.htm
It’s difficult to predict the direction of short-to-intermediate market moves. That’s why some traders gravitate toward market-neutral strategies, which can offer potential profits regardless of the market direction. One popular market-neutral strategy is pairs trading. In pairs trading, you identify two stocks with price movements that are highly correlated—or tend to move in tandem. When the correlation appears temporarily weakened, you simultaneously take a long position in one stock and a short position in the other stock. If the correlation reverts back to the observed mean (average value), you’ve made a profit. Let’s look at how you execute this strategy in detail. Choose the pair Stocks in the same industry tend to have stronger correlations than those in the unrelated industries. A cursory look at a chart can help you narrow down pairs that should work. For example, Figure 1 shows QRS (the red line) overlaid against XYZ (black line). While these companies are in the same industry, you can see that their stocks don’t always move in the same direction. Figure 1. (Source, StreetSmart Edge®) Now take a look at Figure 2. It shows BBB (red line) overlaid against JJJ (black line). The correlation is much stronger. Figure 2. (Source, StreetSmart Edge®) While these charts can help you narrow down a successful pairing, the next step is to find the actual numerical correlation between the two stocks. Find the correlation Correlation is a term from regression analysis that determines how closely a dependent and independent variable are related. The correlation coefficient is a number ranging from -1 to 1. A value of -1 means that two variables have a perfect negative correlation— meaning, one variable moves up, the other moves down. A value of 0 means there is no statistical correlation, and a value of 1 means a perfect positive correlation. In our Figure 2 example, over the last year, the JJJ/BBB pair had a correlation coefficient of .94, while the coefficient for the XYZ/QRS pair was only .25. Many traders want the coefficient to be .80 or higher before they consider trading the pair. Calculate the price ratio The next step is to calculate the price ratio of the pair, which is the price of stock A divided by stock B. Looking at Figure 3, we see that on this particular day JJJ was trading 91.22, while BBB was at 100.90 for a ratio of .90. Figure 3. (Source, StreetSmart Edge®) In Figure 4, Schwab’s Price Relative Study can calculate and plot this ratio automatically. Figure 4. (Source, StreetSmart Edge®) Check if the ratio is mean reverting Once we have the price ratio plotted, we determine if the ratio is mean reverting (moving to the average value). In Figure 4 this seems to be the case. The ratio has ranged from around .98 to around .84; the average of those two numbers is around .91, which is at the midpoint. When the ratio rises above .98 or so, it tends to drop, and when it falls to around .84, it tends to rise. The trading strategy for this pair is to sell short JJJ, and buy an equal dollar amount of BBB when the ratio is at .98. Another strategy is to buy JJJ and sell short an equal dollar amount of BBB when the ratio is at around .84. Some traders will perform historical modeling—that is, a doing a deeper analysis of the price ratio range by evaluating years of price data. Using this method, they can predict an increase to the probability of a profitable trade by identifying how many standard deviations the ratio needs to move away from the mean. A final consideration when choosing the pair is that both stocks must be easily shortable. Advantages of pairs trading An advantage of pairs trading is the ability to potentially make profits regardless of the way the market moves. For example, if the stock market or the energy sector suffers a major decline, both Chevron and Exxon will most likely drop as well. If a trader is short one and long the other, the overall position is basically hedged. If the trade was initiated when the price ratio was at an extreme, and the price ratio then reverts to the mean, the trader can still profit. Another advantage of pairs trading is that it tends to have smaller peak-to-trough (change in a data measure) declines in account equity than a net long or net short strategy. Risks and disadvantages of pairs trading The greatest risk with pairs trading is that when the trade is initiated, there is no guarantee that the correlation will ever revert to the mean. This could be due to numerous factors, ranging from company-specific events to different market reactions to external events or conditions. Also, the trader has potentially unlimited risks because of the short stock position. Another disadvantage is the higher level of commissions paid to implement the strategy. Since two stocks are involved in each trade, the total commissions are twice as high as a single stock strategy and can add up quickly over time. There are also several execution risks associated with the strategy. To remain market neutral, both the long and short positions need to be initiated simultaneously. Partial fills on one side or the other, or the inability to find shares to short, will disrupt the market-neutral posture. Also, since the strategy seeks to exploit small changes in price, unfavorable fill prices—which can occur especially when stocks have wide bid-ask spreads—can dramatically affect profitability. In summary Pairs trading is a popular trading approach for those who want a market-neutral strategy. Just as with any strategy, I suggest that the trader have a trading plan with predefined entry and exit rules, and have the discipline to follow them no matter what the market does. What You Can Do Next - Watch Schwab Live Daily to learn about everything from basic stock selection to advanced trading strategies. - Call 877-807-9240 to speak with a Schwab trading specialist. - Ready to bring your trading to Schwab? Get started today.	https://www.schwab.com/resource-center/insights/content/pairs-trading-do-good-things-come-twos
A class has 20 students. The classroom consists of 20 desks, with 4 desks in each of 5 different rows. Amy, Bob, Chloe, and David are all friends, and would like to sit in the same row. How many possible seating arrangements are there such that Amy, Bob, Chloe, and David are all in the same row? Correct result: Correct result: Thank you for submitting an example text correction or rephasing. We will review the example in a short time and work on the publish it. Showing 0 comments: Tips to related online calculators See also our permutations calculator. See also our variations calculator. Would you like to compute count of combinations? See also our variations calculator. Would you like to compute count of combinations? You need to know the following knowledge to solve this word math problem: Next similar math problems: - Friends in cinema 5 friends went to the cinema. How many possible ways can sit in a row, if one of them wants to sit in the middle and the remaining's place does not matter? - Three-digit numbers Use the numbers 4,5,8,9 to write all three-digit numbers without repetition. How many such numbers are there? - Seating rules In a class are 24 seats but in 7.B class are only 18 students. How many ways can student seat? (The class has 12 benches. A bench is for a pair of students.) Result (large number) logarithm and thus write down as powers of 10. - Hockey players After we cycle, five hockey players sit down. What is the probability that the two best scorers of this crew will sit next to each other? - Kids How many different ways can sit 8 boys and 3 girls in line if girls want to sit on the edge? - Classroom Of the 26 pupils in the classroom, 12 boys and 14 girls, four representatives are picked to the odds of being: a) all the girls b) three girls and one boy c) there will be at least two boys - Coffe cups We have 4 cups with 4 different patterns. How many possible combinations can we create from 4 cups? - Pairs At the table sit 10 people, 5 on one side and 5 on the other side. Among them are 3 pairs. Every pair wants to sit opposite each other. How many ways can they sit? - Practice How many ways can you place 20 pupils in a row when starting on practice? - Seating How many ways can 6 people sit on 6 numbered chairs (e. g. , seat reservation on the train)? - Guests How many ways can 9 guests sit down on 10 seats standing in a row? - Possible combinations - word How many ways can the letters F, A, I, R be arranged? - Boys and girls There are 20 boys and 10 girls in the class. How many different dance pairs can we make of them? - Research in school For particular research in high school, four pupils are to be selected from a class with 30 pupils. Calculate the number of all possible results of the select and further calculate the number of all possible results, if it depends on the order in which th - Combinations of sweaters I have 4 sweaters two are white, 1 red and 1 green. How many ways can this done? - Class pairs In a class of 34 students, including 14 boys and 20 girls. How many couples (heterosexual, boy-girl) we can create? By what formula? - Five letters How many ways can five letters be arranged?	https://www.hackmath.net/en/math-problem/5507
Please call 2-1-1 for information and services on homelessness near you. Please call 2-1-1 for information and services on homelessness near you. 2021 Sacramento Emergency Housing Vouchers (EHVs) On behalf of Sacramento Housing and Redevelopment Agency (SHRA) and Sacramento Steps Forward (SSF), please access EHVs materials, trainings, Zoom office hours, and more on the EHVs webpage. Coordinated Entry Coordinated entry is a streamlined system that’s designed to match people experiencing homelessness with available housing. This process helps prioritize resources based on vulnerability and severity of service needs to ensure that people who need help the most can receive it in a timely manner. The ultimate goal is to improve health and housing outcomes in our community by supporting people with finding the most appropriate housing and supports. These include preventing experiences of homelessness before they begin to locating permanent housing. Our Sacramento Continuum of Care (CoC) launched the coordinated entry system in 2014. Sacramento CoC’s coordinated entry system (CES) uses a Housing First model, which prioritizes individuals and families with the greatest needs for permanent, supportive housing. On an annual basis, more than 2,300 people remain housed in permanent housing. Establishing and maintaining a coordinated entry system is required by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. As the operator of the CES, SSF’s role is to support the CES Committee in developing and expanding the system. The CES committee is responsible for providing input and making recommendations to the CoC Board on principles and guidelines for the coordinated entry system. To access resources and housing, please call 2-1-1. Guiding principles Clients and households move through the five elements of the coordinated entry system, starting with access and ending with a referral or placement.	https://sacramentostepsforward.org/coordinated-entry/
Since the beginning of 2017, Northwest Compass has moved from planning to implementation of Coordinated Entry (CE) system as a Lead agency in the North, launching a community-wide system that standardizes and expedites the process by which people experiencing homelessness, or who are at imminent risk of homelessness, access shelter, housing and additional resources. One of the primary goals of suburban Cook County’s Coordinated Entry system is that it be easily accessible and welcoming to the wide range of people who may experience a housing crisis in our region. Neighbors can call or walk in and meet with an intake professional in person to discuss their current situation. Maintaining the human touch, especially in times of crisis, is an important part of our community’s values. The intake and referral process will be consistent across all access points, so that: Ending homelessness does not mean no one will ever experience a housing crisis again. Northwest Compass will have a systematic response in place with a goal of reaching “functional zero,” where systems and resources are in place to rapidly identify, engage and place into housing any person experiencing homelessness. Or, if homelessness cannot be prevented, to make homelessness rare, brief and a non-recurring experience. CE is a centralized and orchestrated process by which individuals and families experiencing homelessness and/or housing crisis are assessed using standardized tools to determine needs and to be matched to appropriate housing and supportive services: Entry Point is the suburban Cook County program connecting people with resources. Together with the Alliance to End Homelessness in Cook County, along with partner agencies, Northwest Compass is working to make homelessness a rare, brief and one-time occurrence. Northwest Compass is the Entry Point Walk-In Center North. If you, or someone you know, is in need of services, please call (+1 847 392 2344) or visit us (1300 W. Northwest Highway, Mount Prospect, IL) today. Our friendly and knowledgeable staff will greet you and perform an assessment in order to efficiently match you or your family/loved ones to appropriate available resources based on needs. For more information or additional locations visit MyEntryPoint.org. If you would like to help us support our neighbors in the Northwest suburbs through crisis, please Donate today. Northwest Compass is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Your gift is tax deductible as allowed by law. If you would like to volunteer, please contact [email protected] or visit our Get Involved page to learn about available opportunities. Please contact [email protected] or call +1 847 392 2344 today.	https://northwestcompass.org/how-we-help/coordinated-entry/
Coordinated Entry is an efficient network of care, helping individuals and families resolve their housing crises by accessing valuable resources in an equitable, person-centered, and transparent manner. About The Coordinated Entry System (CES) is a list of all of the people in the region experiencing homelessness, prioritized by community standards, to be referred to available housing inventory. CES is a process of community collaboration where service providers utilize creative strategies to help meet people’s needs. The Coordinated Entry System is embedded in the work that direct service providers offer at access points throughout the community. This can include homeless dedicated sites that offer emergency shelter, meals, laundry services, day centers, and support. Individuals and families experiencing a housing crisis should contact 2-1-1 or connect with a homeless outreach worker to explore their housing options. Throughout ongoing interactions with a homeless dedicated service providers, information about needs and vulnerabilities will be gathered to see if CES is an appropriate fit to support the individual/ family in resolving their homelessness. The Coordinated Entry System is a HUD mandated process that standardizes the steps of moving towards housing. The RTFH works as a third-party entity to make unbiased referrals to housing resources in an equitable way. The process of prioritizing who will be served is informed by the CES Policies and Procedures. Additional Resources - CES Transition FAQ - CES User Guide - Assessor Talk Points – Revised 04/2018 - Map (coming soon) CES Policies and Procedures CES User Resources All training videos and materials, forms, and workflows are only accessible by parties who have been or need to be trained in navigating the CES with clients and within ServicePoint. You may view the HUD CES 101 brief Presentation for a general overview.	https://www.rtfhsd.org/coordinated-entry-system/
Coordinated Entry (CE) The Coordinated Entry (CE) process was designed to implement the Pikes Peak Continuum of Care’s vision to “have a durable system of places and programs to ensure that all people facing homelessness have access to housing and the supportive services to sustain their quality of life.” CE provides timely access to appropriate resources through a centralized, equitable, person-centered process that preserves choice, dignity, and transparency. The CE process includes: 1. ASSESSMENT: In order to prioritize those most vulnerable and in need of help, we will use the Vulnerability Index – Service Prioritization And Decision Assistance Tool version 2.0 developed by OrgCode and Community Solutions. This tool provides a starting point for case conferencing as a community. 2. ASSISTANCE: Community service providers will help individuals to move toward a housing solution. This includes obtaining documents, developing a housing plan, providing case management and referral services, etc. 3. ASSIGNMENT: Service providers will meet for case conferencing and “match” individuals with the appropriate housing resource or program. COORDINATED ENTRY The VI-SPDAT Assessments were created and are maintained by OrgCode and Community Solutions. Training materials on the VI-SPDAT Assessments are available at OrgCode’s web site. To view OrgCode’s free materials, you must create an account and add the training/materials to a cart. There is NO charge.	https://www.ppchp.org/programs/continuum-of-care/coordinated-entry-ce/
When you’re homeless, getting support can often be a challenge. We’re here to make it easier. Project for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness (PATH) Services connects you with housing services and other resources you need to find safety and stability in everyday living. Get referrals to housing services Our goal is to reduce homelessness by providing community-based outreach and connecting you to the needed resources and services to ensure you can get on housing waitlists. By understanding your unique situation, we can find the proper resources to help you make the connections that help you find housing and meet your goals. PATH Services help you: - Complete an assessment to determine your eligibility for PATH Services. - Access your county’s Coordinated Entry system so you can secure housing services. - Obtain the necessary paperwork to secure housing and create an individual housing plan. - Work through barriers preventing you from finding and keeping housing. - Apply for economic assistance, medical assistance, and social security as needed. - Get connected to medical and mental health care, legal assistance, and other services. Services to meet your needs PATH Services provides outreach in libraries, coffee shops, community centers, parks, and encampments to engage adults experiencing homelessness. PATH works with and accepts referrals from community partners such as law enforcement, shelters, food shelves, treatment programs, and faith communities. PATH Services are out in the community. We look forward to meeting you.	https://guildservices.org/services/homeless-outreach/
Miami Homes For All is the backbone support to The HOMY Collective — Helping Our Miami-Dade Youth ("HOMY"). Originally the “Youth Homelessness Initiative,” we rebranded in 2017 as HOMY. Composed of over 100 agencies, we work together to make sure our community’s young people have safe and stable housing in addition to the wraparound services that will grow them into resilient adults. Our work is currently funded by the generous support of The Children’s Trust. HOMY’s Current Work HOMY’s shared mission is to create a community dedicated to preventing and ending youth homelessness. “Youth homelessness” is defined as individuals between the ages of 13 to 24 who are unaccompanied by a parent or guardian and who are experiencing housing instability. HOMY operates under the collective impact model and its membership includes government agencies, non-profit organizations, foundations, and service providers. The framework is rooted in the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) Framework To End Youth Homelessness and includes committees that address the core outcome areas of Stable Housing, Well-Being, Permanent Connections, and Education and Employment. In addition to these four committees, HOMY facilitates the Youth Voice Advisory Council (YVAC). Our YVAC, which is a group of 10 young people at risk of or with lived experience of homelessness between the ages of 16 and 24, is essential to making sure that youth perspective is not only included, but prioritized as we develop our community’s system of care. As of June 2019, the YVAC is officially part of the Miami-Dade County Homeless Trust, our community’s Continuum of Care. Starting in November 2018, Miami-Dade County was chosen to participate in the Rapid Result Institute’s 100 Day Challenge to End Youth Homelessness. Communities received technical assistance to identify goals and remove barriers to reach them. Our goals were: By day 100, every 14 to 24 year-old who entered through Coordinated Entry System would be off the street within two days of entry; 85 exits to safe, stable housing; 50 of the 14 to 24 year-old youth entering through the Coordinated Entry System are connected to training, education, or employment (subsidized or unsubsidized); and, 5 youth identified as needing behavioral health are connected to care. Our community not only met these goals, but we exceeded them. Our next steps include a Coordinated Entry Toolkit for Youth Access Points and workplaces to continue the excellent work we accomplished during this time. iCount Miami iCount is an annual point-in-time count specifically for youth between the ages of 13 and 24 experiencing homelessness or housing instability across Miami-Dade County. Miami Homes For All facilitates and leads iCount with our community partners, including The HOMY Collective, Miami-Dade County Homeless Trust, and Educate Tomorrow. iCount seeks to better understand the needs of youth experiencing homelessness in order to better serve them. Part of the methodology of iCount includes hiring Youth Ambassadors, which are young people with lived experience of housing struggles, to administer the surveys and to distribute Publix gift cards to youth to incentivize taking the surveys. Data from 2018 and 2019 are here.	https://www.miamihomesforall.org/youth-homelessness
Description & History Garden State Episcopal Community Development Corporation (GSECDC) is a non-sectarian, community-based non-profit 501(c)(3) agency with 30 years’ experience providing supportive and affordable housing and social services in Hudson County. The agency mission is to create healthy neighborhoods through neighborhood development initiatives that cultivate the resources of residents, businesses, government, service providers and the faith-based community, to serve those most vulnerable in our society. On a daily basis, hundreds of low-income individuals and families throughout Hudson County face the risk or reality of homelessness. GSECDC believes that access to permanent, safe, affordable housing is the first and most important step to ending homelessness. The second step is providing targeted, effective supportive services. We respond to the diverse needs of individuals and families who are homeless, under-housed, or undergoing housing crises. Our Division of Supportive Housing and Social Services operates via intake, comprehensive assessment, case management and a safe space drop-in center. We also provide supportive housing and case management to individuals living with mental illness and those living with HIV. Our Division of Housing and Community Development creates affordable housing opportunities through new construction as well as rehabilitation, to serve low-income renters and First-Time Middle-Income Homebuyers. Our Hudson CASA Coordinated Entry program (HCCEP) offers Centralized, Streamlined Access to Homelessness Services. The essence of the GSECDC Hudson CASA Coordinated Entry program (HCCEP) is a welcoming, open door, through which we are ready to serve the neediest and most vulnerable in our community and help them move forward in their lives, toward safe and stable homes. HCCEP is a first step for individuals and families in Hudson County experiencing or facing homelessness, and provides centralized, focused access to Homelessness Services, for Homeless Individuals and Families throughout Hudson County. Services include comprehensive Intake and Assessment, as well as linkages to Case Management, Housing and Supportive Services. Homeless Individuals and Families from Hudson County are encouraged to contact the Hudson CASA Coordinated Entry Program (HCCEP), in order to facilitate access to services, and avoid a frustrating search from agency to agency, in pursuit search of each needed service. HCCEP is a centralized, welcoming portal through which Homeless Individuals and Families from throughout the County can be directly linked with services. After a brief PreScreen, homeless callers and visitors are linked to a Case Manager for a com-prehensive intake and assessment. Consumers’ needs and vulnerabilities are thoroughly assessed, starting with emergent shelter need. They are screened for eligibility for the housing and other service options potentially available in this agency and throughout the Community. The Case Manager works to link the consumers with the most appropriate housing and services available, and provides ongoing case management until they achieve housing stability. Other programs include the following: The Hudson CASA Drop-In Center is a very low-threshold program, as accessible as possible, and a welcoming safe space for the homeless. We provide assistance with home finding, em-ployment counseling, recovery support, use of computers and phones, snacks, coffee, water, juice and restrooms. Medical assessments are available on-site from a Nurse each week. Corpus Christi Ministries Housing (CCMH) provides permanent supportive housing and compre-hensive case management services to homeless individuals and families living with HIV/AIDS. DMHAS Residential Intensive Support Team program (RIST) provides permanent supportive housing and services to consumers living with serious mental illness, in order to promote wellness and recovery.	https://volunteer.jerseycitynj.gov/organizations/index.php?org_id=2302
Today the Sacramento County Board of Supervisors took important action to advance the County’s overall effort to address the critical issue of homelessness. Specifically, the Board approved additional project recommendations for Phase One of the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) in the Housing and Homelessness Strategic Investment Area in the amount of $5,856,900, as well as funding necessary for staff to support and administer the projects for the Department of Human Assistance (DHA). The new money funds four additional projects and administration: - Water Delivery for Encampments: $150,000 - Distribution of drinking water to our unhoused community members in encampments began in the summer of 2021 with the use of one-time COVID-related Public Health funds. The need has continued as the pandemic and its impacts to the homeless community have been ongoing. - Mather Community Campus Master Plan: $249,900 - Mather Community Campus (MCC) supports a variety of critical program and services supporting those experiencing homelessness throughout the County. The MCC Master Plan will provide the Board with recommendations on future capital and programming investments at MCC. - American River Parkway Sheltering Supports: $2,457,000 - Funding for 60 beds at the Salvation Army Center for Hope that are earmarked exclusively for persons currently camping on the American River Parkway. Funding supports the beds through 2024. - Coordinated Access System Enhancement: $3,000,000 - Streamlining the entry system for homeless response through: - Coordinated access to initial crisis response, prevention and homeless assistance (“front-door” access) with a focus on immediate housing problem-solving and diversion to avoid homelessness or otherwise facilitate coordinated access to available shelter and other homeless assistance. - Coordinated access to rehousing assistance (“back door” access) with a focus coordinated and standardized rehousing assessment and access to rehousing assistance, including one-time housing search/move-in assistance, Rapid Rehousing and Permanent Supportive Housing. - Streamlining the entry system for homeless response through: - Department of Human Assistance Project Administration: $2,315,697 - DHA is requesting to use ARPA funds in the amount of $2,315,697 to administer the projects over the life of the projects, including adding five new fulltime positions and redirecting two existing staff part time. Read more about the new projects in the Project Description Attachment. Previously approved projects utilizing ARPA funding include - Landlord Engagement and Re-Housing Supports: $10 million - This program will improve re-housing outcomes for people experiencing homelessness with an array of supportive services, landlord engagement strategies and incentives, and flexible rental subsidies. - Sacramento County Social Health Connect: $5 million - A Social Health Information Exchange (SHIE) is a countywide data infrastructure that links medical, behavioral health, social service and housing data from multiple sources. An additional $5 million was committed out of the Health Service ARPA allocation. - Community Nursing Encampment Unit Pilot: $700,000 - This public health nursing team will provide outreach, client advocacy and professional case management to individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness, in collaboration with the County Encampment Services Teams - Community Nursing Children and Families Unit: $1.5 million - This Public Health Nursing team will provide nursing assessments and interventions, care coordination, linkages to health resources and health education to pregnant and parenting families experiencing, or who are at risk of, homelessness. - Encampment Management Information Database: $160,000 - This project will allow for the development of a web-based Encampment Management Information Tracking (EMIT) database to help County staff and contractors track and manage response to homeless encampments. - River District Outreach Navigation: $160,000 - The County will dedicate two contracted outreach/housing navigators to specifically work in the River District as a one-year pilot program. - Mirasol Village Affordable Housing Project: $5,000,000 - Mirasol Village will be a new construction, mixed-income housing development. This added funding by the County is expanding the project by a total of five residential buildings that include 116 rental housing units that range from one to four bedrooms in size. - Food Insecurity Pilot Revenue Replacement: $4,109,993 - Includes increased funding to the food bank, providing food delivery services and working with local non-profit partners to ensure the services are reaching those that need them most. The Board will be receiving information from staff later this month on other significant actions being developed to address homelessness in the County. For more information on ARPA funding allocations and projects, visit the County ARPA Allocation website. Support local journalism. Now more than ever, the survival of local journalism depends on your support. Our community faces unprecedented economic disruption, and the future of many small businesses is under threat, including our own. It takes time and resources to provide this service. We are a small family-owned operation, and we will do everything in our power to keep it going. But today more than ever before, we will depend on your support to continue. Click here to Support the Rio Linda Messenger today. You rely on us to stay informed and we depend on you to make our work possible.	https://www.riolindamessenger.com/more-arpa-funds-approved-for-homeless-response/
In an effort to end youth homelessness, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development announced it is awarding $43 million to 11 local communities. These communities include five rural areas, and the funds will be dispersed through HUD’s Youth Homelessness Demonstration Program. This program supports a range of housing interventions such as rapid rehousing, permanent supportive housing, transitional housing and host homes. “Young people who are victims of abuse, family conflict, or aging out of foster care are especially vulnerable to homelessness,” HUD Secretary Ben Carson said. “We’re working with our local partners to support innovative new approaches to help young people find stable housing, break the cycle of homelessness and lead them on a path to self-sufficiency.” To ensure the funds went to communities that would truly meet the needs of youth, HUD invited many youth from the YHDP to participate in reviewing the applications from the communities. HUD explained their input helped ensure the selected communities understand the needs and preferences of the youth they will serve. HUD also worked with partners such as the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Education and the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness to develop the program and review applications. The 11 selected communities will now work with partners including a youth action board and the local or state public child welfare agency. The communities have four months to develop and submit a coordinated community plan to HUD to prevent and end youth homelessness. The communities will also participate in a program evaluation to inform the federal effort to end youth homelessness going forward, and will serve as leaders in HUD’s work to end homelessness among young people. The communities can begin requesting funding for specific projects as soon as they are ready, HUD announced. Here is how much HUD will be awarding each community, and each community’s vision for how to end youth homelessness: San Diego, California: $7.94 million The Regional Task Force on the Homeless and its members demonstrated success addressing homelessness through specific initiatives targeting specific homeless subpopulations. For example, San Diego and San Diego County are implementing a Youth Coordinated Entry System to match housing and services to the needs of young people, specifically those experiencing unsheltered homelessness. Louisville, Kentucky: $3.45 million This Continuum of Care has a history of coordinating stakeholders to create systemic change in the homeless service system resulting in cutting the chronically homeless population in half. It worked to effectively end veteran homelessness and has been working to make systemic change in addressing homelessness among youth since 2016 through the Homeless Youth Committee of the Louisville CoC. Boston, Massachusetts: $4.92 million Boston is seeking to transition from a city where multiple programs individually serve Youth and Young Adults at-risk of and experiencing homelessness, to a city with a coordinated, resourced and data-informed system with common vision and goals. NW Minnesota (Rural): $1.41 million Given the significant system changes involved and the specific challenges associated with the rural nature of its region and desire to assure the participation and respect the sovereignty of three tribes, this Continuum of Care employs a single prioritization list and participation of nearly all homeless-dedicated beds. Nebraska (Rural): $3.28 million The mission of the Connected Youth Initiative is to bring young people together with service providers, funders and decision-makers to create supportive communities committed to improving outcomes for youth ages 14 to 24 with foster care, juvenile justice or homelessness experiences. It is designed to build strong collaborations and infrastructure necessary for community ownership of youth well-being and the realization of improved youth outcomes. Northern New Mexico (Rural): $3.37 million Many local communities and towns in New Mexico have demonstrated a philosophical, political and financial commitment to confronting social inequities, particularly as they affect underserved populations and children. Youth Services and Family Services, along with its partners, are proposing to extend this commitment through tested methodologies and novel approaches to a web of communities in a 14-county region. This rural outreach aims to join a national effort of like-minded individuals, groups and municipalities to end youth homelessness. Columbus, Ohio: $6.07 million The Youth Action Board and Youth Committee vision is for all youth to have a safe place to call home. Successful achievement of this vision in this community means all youth will have immediate and easy access to the support they need to prevent homelessness or, if needed, will have immediate and easy access to crisis housing and services to ensure that homeless episodes are rare, brief and one-time. Nashville, Tennessee: $3.54 million The creation of the Key Action Plan represents a clear shift in Nashville and Davidson County, where the problem of youth homelessness is more broadly recognized and embraced beyond a small number of Youth and Young Adult providers. With the direct support of more than 20 diverse stakeholders, including a wide range of community-based organizations, systems and Young Adult, Nashville’s Continuum of Care has increasingly tested new strategies and methodologies as it works to expand housing options for at-risk young people and to build momentum toward ending youth homelessness. Vermont (Rural): $2 million The Youth Homelessness Prevention Plan Committee engaged youth and youth providers in planning, conducted a youth baseline needs assessment and incorporated youth perspectives into the Continuum of Care’s coordinated entry policies and procedures. Washington (Rural): $4.63 million Washington State’s ongoing strategic efforts include: preventing youth from exiting public systems of care, such as child welfare and juvenile justice, into homelessness, developing a crisis response system for families and youth in conflict and closing educational equity gaps for homeless students. Snohomish, Washington: $2.39 million The Snohomish County Human Services Department will build on successful innovative practices that have transformed the Everett/Snohomish County Continuum of Care homeless response system, to further transform the homeless youth response under the Youth Homeless Demonstration Program.	http://realestatecompanies.info/real-estate-news/hud-grants-43-million-in-effort-to-end-youth-homelessness/
Mission: To connect people experiencing homelessness with the support necessary to become self-sufficient and find a permanent home. Programs: Housing Placement & Stability New Beginnings – New Beginnings is for men needing housing and employment case management as they re-enter the workplace. Coordinated Entry Services – Coordinated Entry Services provide a single point of access to the housing continuums for the City of Atlanta and Fulton County. Family & Community Engagement Hope Atlanta Traveler’s Aid – Reunification program that connects individuals to loved ones in other states. Crossroads – Crossroads seeks to provide access to resources that empower people experiencing homelessness to progress on the road toward economic and personal stability. Engagement Center (EC) – Public services available including showers, lockers, phones, clothing closet, restrooms, and laundry services Caroline’s Kitchen – Gateway Center’s food service operations and training program.	https://dreamconnect.org/community-resources-directory/resource_category/clothing/?l=g
We have one goal—end homelessness in Los Angeles County. We know it sounds ambitious, but we also know exactly what it’ll take to make it happen. Never before have so many people been so focused on one goal. And thanks to Measure H and Proposition HHH—which passed with overwhelming voter support—we have, for the first time, real and dedicated funding aligned with proven programs to solve this crisis. What you’ll read below is a 10-year comprehensive plan, built upon six key strategies to tackle this crisis right now. The plan takes into account the many challenges in L.A. that have contributed to the homelessness crisis—the high rent, the lack of access to supportive social services, the lack of a real safety net, the shortage of available housing, the job insecurity. The next 10 years will be key, but we have also set shorter-term goals so we can be focused on achieving progress every step of the way. This is how we’re going to do it together, one year at a time. In order to end homelessness, we all need to work together. For too many years those working to end homelessness did so separately and were unable to easily share information or resources. Now we’re already seeing the benefits of a more coordinated approach in the outreach efforts. Outreach teams, working together, are spread out across Los Angeles County, engaging people living on the streets and connecting them to the services and housing they need. Many of the teams consist of a healthcare worker, substance abuse counselor, mental health advisor, and someone who has experienced homelessness themselves. At United Way L.A., we led the early efforts to create a coordinated system to break down bureaucratic barriers and match people to the support they need. For example, the coordinated system assesses a homeless person’s needs and then provides services and/or housing accordingly. This ensures that resources and time are being spent efficiently and that those experiencing homelessness receive the help that is the most effective for their situation. This system is now operating across Los Angeles County. Thanks to the new voter-approved funds from H and HHH, prevention services have been expanded to include, for the first time, individuals facing eviction. More and more people fall into homelessness in Los Angeles each year—with a 14% increase in the last year alone. We not only need to find homes for those who are currently homeless, but prevent people from losing their homes in the first place by providing rental assistance and legal services. Only families and veterans were previously eligible to receive these services. That shut out a large portion of the population, so thanks to the new voter-approved funds from H and HHH, prevention services have been expanded to include, for the first time, individuals facing eviction. A critical step in preventing chronic homelessness is shortening the length of time someone goes without a home. One way to do that is through rapid re-housing: giving support to those who lost their homes with the goal of moving them into permanent housing as quickly as possible. This involves helping people experiencing homelessness find appropriate rental housing, providing them with financial assistance for rent and other costs associated with moving (security deposits, rental applications), and offering services such as job training, life skills training, and child care. The rental assistance begins at a nearly 100% level and then reduces to zero over a period of time, during which the person regains their stability and secures their own income. To help homeless individuals move into subsidized housing, we need to make sure there is enough housing to begin with. Developing more affordable housing units doesn’t just help homeless families and individuals make the transition into homes, it makes it easier for them to stay there after the rental assistance ends. As a region, we have been building about 20,000 units of affordable housing a year over the last 30 years, but L.A. should have been building more than 55,000 units a year to keep pace with growth. This disparity is partly fueling the homelessness crisis that we are experiencing now. This process needs to be more efficient. That’s why we’re also finding innovative ways to build affordable housing units faster and in more cost-effective ways all across L.A. County. We will be a consistent and strong voice in the fight for more housing that people can afford. Increasing income prevents people from falling into homelessness and helps those who are already homeless regain housing faster. To achieve this, community-based organizations across the county have expanded training programs, employment opportunities, and support services to homeless individuals. These programs work together to ensure that homeless individuals are able to secure jobs that provide enough income to afford a roof over their head. Supportive housing has a success rate of 90%, meaning that almost all of the people who receive supportive housing stay in it and stay off the street. Even better? It’s about half the cost of leaving people on the streets. Supportive housing is offered to those who need it the most—those who are experiencing long-term homelessness and/or have physical/mental health or substance abuse disorders. And it works! Supportive housing has a success rate of 90%, meaning that almost all of the people who receive supportive housing stay in it. Even better? It’s about half the cost of leaving people on the streets. Part of supportive housing’s success is due to the fact that this kind of housing offers comprehensive on-site services, including mental health treatment, substance use counseling, and support groups. Our goal is to approve at least 1,000 supportive housing units a year, a total of 10,000 units in the next 10 years. Because these buildings take two to three years to open, we need to create shorter-term crisis housing now, to help people come off of the streets quickly. The plan summary above combines both the County and City of Los Angeles’ efforts. To read more about each, click here for the County and here for the City.	https://everyoneinla.org/the-plan/
What is Coordinated Entry? Coordinated Entry Assessment Project is meant to streamline the process for targeting housing for individuals and families who are homeless in Erie County. Coordinated Entry uses the HUD definition of homelessness. A “Literally homeless person” is someone: - Living in in a place not meant for human habitation, or - Living in emergency shelter (including domestic violence shelter), or - Living in transitional housing for homeless persons, with an imminent exit date, or - Exiting an institution where they temporarily resided for up to 90 days (and were in a shelter or a place not meant for human habitation immediately prior to entering that institution) Why Coordinated Entry? In the Coordinated Entry system, households experiencing homelessness can expect: - To be treated with respect and dignity. - Equal access to information and advice about housing assistance for which they are eligible in order to assist them in making informed choices. - Receive integrated services through all of the participating agencies and programs. - Referral based on their priority status to an opening in a program. For Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH) qualified programs, assistance will be provided to obtain any additional needed documentation for program eligibility. The Coordinated Entry Assessment project, however, is not a housing program or a guarantee of shelter or housing. Coordinated Entry Locations In-person - The Community HUB location in this Continuum of Care is the Harbor House Resource Center at 241 Genesee St in the City of Buffalo. This location can be contacted at 716-842-4184 ext. 131. - The Coordinated Entry HUB will be open as follows: Saturday and Sunday 9:00PM – 7:00AM and Monday through Friday 9:00PM to 3:00PM - A Resource Room is located in the basement of the Buffalo and Erie County Library Central location at 1 Lafayette Square, Buffalo , NY 14203. This location can be contacted at 716-367-8188.	https://rsiwny.org/what-we-do/coordinated-entry.html
The Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act of 2009 reauthorized the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance programs. Through the enactment of the HEARTH Act, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) published the new Continuum of Care (CoC) Program interim rule. The CoC Program interim rule requires that the CoC must establish and consistently follow written standards for providing CoC assistance, in consultation with recipients of the Emergency Solutions Grant program (ESG). At a minimum, these written standards must include: Policies and procedures for evaluating individuals’ and families’ eligibility for assistance in the CoC Program Policies and procedures for determining and prioritizing which eligible individuals and families will receive assistance for permanent supportive housing assistance, transitional housing assistance, and rapid re-housing assistance B. Goals of the Written Standards The South Carolina Upstate Continuum of Care recognizes and supports HUD’s goals for its local written standards and strives to meet its obligations under the HEARTH Act in a way that helps to enhance its systemic response to people. These standards hereby: Establish community-wide expectations on the operations of projects within the community Ensure that the system is transparent to users and operators Establish a minimum set of standards and expectations in terms of the quality expected of projects Make the local priorities transparent to recipients and subrecipients of funds and all community stakeholders Create consistency and coordination between recipients' and subrecipients' projects within the Upstate CoC. The Upstate CoC agrees that these standards must be applied consistently across the entire Upstate CoC defined geographic area while also taking into consideration individual county-specific needs and resources. Additionally, the Upstate CoC recipients and subrecipients agree to administer their assistance in compliance with the Upstate CoC written standards. Recipients and subrecipients of CoC and local funds may develop additional standards for administering program assistance, but these additional standards cannot be in conflict with those established by the Upstate CoC or the CoC Program interim rule. Other CoC providers and stakeholders are strongly encouraged to adopt the standards and practices discussed in this document. Furthermore, these standards recognize the unique geography of the Upstate CoC and accommodate the unique needs and service availability of each respective county as well as the policy of allowing individuals and families choices in where and how they receive services and housing resources. C. Guiding Principles The Upstate CoC commits to the following Guiding Principles as part of its overall approach to ending and preventing homelessness throughout the CoC. This Guiding Principles shall inform all program and policy decisions of the CoC and its funded or affiliated housing and providers. 1. Housing First Housing First is a programmatic and systems approach that centers on providing people who are homeless with housing quickly and then providing services as needed. Upstate CoC hereby implements a Housing First model that provides a range of housing services to persons experiencing or at-risk of homelessness, including outreach and engagement, emergency and transitional housing, rapid re- housing, homelessness prevention and permanent supportive housing. Through these standards, the Upstate CoC formally incorporates the Housing First approach as well as non-discrimination policies into the coordinated entry system and its funding priorities. Housing is not contingent on compliance with services with the exception of program requirements for the rapid re-housing program that requires supportive services be provided at least once per month. Participants are expected to comply with a standard lease or occupancy agreement and are provided with services and supports to help maintain housing and prevent eviction. Services are provided in housing to promote housing stability and well-being. All programs are expected to ensure low barriers to program entry for program participants. 2. Non-Discrimination The Upstate CoC commits to a policy of non-discrimination for all CoC projects and activities. Elements of this principle include: Providers must have non-discrimination policies in place and reach out to people least likely to engage in the homeless system. Providers must comply with all federal statutes including the Fair Housing Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act. Upstate CoC practices a person-centered model that strongly incorporates participant choice and inclusion of subpopulations present in Upstate CoC service area, including, but not limited to, homeless veterans, youth, families with children, and victims of domestic violence. Upstate CoC is committed to abiding by the Equal Access to Housing in HUD Programs – Regardless of Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity Final Rule published in 2012 and the subsequent Final Rule under 24 CFR 5 General HUD Program Requirements; Waivers, September 2016. 3. Client Choice Given the geography of the Upstate CoC, the CoC strives to ensure that clients seeking assistance are provided choice in the types and duration of services they receive, dependent on available resources. This choice is limited to the prioritization strategies outlined in this document, with fair discretion where possible. To the degree possible based on resources and the prioritization mechanisms described in this document, and where safety is not compromised, clients are given choice in: The type of services they receive by whom and over what time period The location and type of housing they access The elements and goals of their housing stability plans For the full Continuum of Care Written Standards please click here. Attachments HUD Housing First Housing First is a homeless assistance approach that prioritizes providing permanent housing to people experiencing homelessness, thus ending their homelessness and serving as a platform from which they can pursue personal goals and improve their quality of life. This approach is guided by the belief that people need basic necessities like food and a palce to live before attending to anything less critical. Coordinated Entry System (CES) The Coordinated Entry is a process designed to coordinate participant intake, assessment, provision of referrals and housing placement. It covers a geographic area, is easily accessed by individuals and families seeking housing services, is well advertised and includes a comprehensive and standard entry tool. When implemented correctly, Coordinated Entry moves beyond the "first come, first served" approach to one that looks across the community to serve those in most need. HUD Rent Reasonableness HUD's rent reasonableness standard is designed to ensure that rents being paid are reasonable in relation to rents being charged for comparable unassisted units in the same market. Under the CoC Program, all units and structures for which rent is paid must be reasonable. Monitoring Notification Letter Please mail or email the following documents prior to the Continuum of Care Monitoring Committee's annual visit to perform on-site monitoring of programs funded under the CoC Program. 1. Letter certifying that Federal Funding either did or did not trigger the A-133 Audit requirements – letter should be signed by your Chief Financial Officer or your Executive Director 2. Copy of most recent audit, if applicable, or the 990 statement 3. Articles of Incorporation 4. Agency Bylaws 5. Current Roster of Board of Directors and each member’s duties HUD CoC Monitoring Instrument This is a MANDATORY review for Continuum of Care Program (CoC) grants. This Exhibit is divided into three sections: General Recordkeeping Requirements; Specific Recordkeeping Requirements for the Definition of Homeless; and Specific Recordkeeping Requirements for the Definition of At-Risk of Homelessness. It is intended to be used to determine whether the appropriate documentation has been maintained by a recipient/subrecipient and is designed to augment the review of the recipient’s or subrecipient’s projects to determine whether program participants’ eligibility has been adequately documented in terms of their homeless or at-risk of homelessness status upon entry into the program. This Exhibit is not intended to determine program participant eligibility. To determine whether an individual or family is eligible for a particular activity, the HUD reviewer must review the CoC Program regulation, the Fiscal Year (FY) Notice of Funds Availability (NOFA) under which the project was funded, the grant agreement, and the applicable written standards of the CoC. To monitor this area: 1. Request a listing from the Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) of project program participants (current and former), including their entry dates. 2. Select a random sample from both current and former program participants (use items other than program participant names, i.e., initials, case file numbers; apartment numbers, to identify program participants). 3. Review these program participant files to complete the questions in this Exhibit, supplemented by recipient staff interviews. The HUD reviewer is responsible for determining whether sufficient supporting documentation is included in or is missing from the program participant relevant files to support conclusions, including any finding(s) and/or concern(s) noted in the final monitoring report. Upstate CoC Monitoring Policy and Procedure This document outlines how CoC funded programs are monitored. According to HUD, the overriding goal of monitoring is to determine compliance, prevent/identify deficiencies and design corrective actions to improve or reinforce program participant performance. Monitoring also provides opportunities to identify program participant accomplishments as well as successful management/ implementation/evaluation techniques that might be replicated by other Community and Planning Development (CPD) program participants. Please Note: The Written Standards is a working document and subject to change as necessary or appropriate to address changes indicated by the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Upstate CoC.	https://www.upstatecoc.org/standards-1
HUD and the Administration are striving to end chronic homelessness by the end of 2017. The FY 2016 Continuum of Care (CoC) Program NOFA continues to emphasize the importance of implementing those strategies that will help CoCs meet this goal. Earlier this month, HUD and the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) released the criteria and benchmark for what it means to end chronic homelessness, and you will hear more about these in the coming weeks. This installment of CoC Competition Focus provides resources on the policy priority included in the FY 2016 CoC Program NOFA for ending chronic homelessness. This policy priority focuses on three key areas: Earlier this week, HUD published Notice CPD-16-11: Prioritizing Persons Experiencing Chronic Homelessness and Other Vulnerable Homeless Persons in Permanent Supportive Housing which supersedes Notice CPD-14-012, which was published in July 2014. In this Notice, HUD lays out recommended orders of priority for both dedicated permanent supportive housing (including permanent supportive housing not awarded as dedicated but identified as prioritized) and for non-dedicated permanent supportive housing. HUD updated the prioritization guidance to reflect the definition of chronic homelessness included in the final rule. CoCs are encouraged to adopt these orders of priority and incorporate them into their written standards, however, CoCs will be eligible to receive points outlined in SectionVII.A.6.(a) of the FY 2016 CoC Program NOFA for demonstrating adoption and incorporation of the orders of priority included in either Notice CPD-16-11 or Notice CPD-14-012. To be able to achieve an end to chronic homelessness — and to sustain it — CoCs must work diligently to ensure that persons experiencing chronic homelessness are prioritized to the maximum extent possible in all available permanent supportive housing while also working to ensure that fewer and fewer people “age in” to chronic homelessness by connecting them to permanent housing sooner. Adopting a Housing First approach in as much of the available permanent housing as possible will be integral to making this happen. Those with the highest needs and longest histories of homelessness will be the least likely to meet unnecessary program requirements and will benefit the most from this approach. HUD also recognizes that when targeting those persons with the highest needs and longest histories of homelessness, obtaining the documentation required in the final rule may take time. It is not HUD’s intent to delay a person experiencing chronic homelessness from being able to quickly access permanent supportive housing due to burdensome recordkeeping requirements. Therefore, HUD has published FAQ 2872, clarifying that while at least 9-months of third-party documentation is required for at least 75 percent of program participants in an operating year, recipients have up to 180 days after a program participant has been enrolled to a project to obtain that documentation. In addition to prioritizing people experiencing chronic homelessness in existing permanent supportive housing, most CoCs will need additional permanent housing resources to meet the goal of ending chronic homelessness. Therefore, we encourage CoCs to continue to reallocate funds from lower performing projects to create new permanent supportive housing dedicated to chronic homelessness and apply for new bonus funding for this purpose. CoCs should also consider additional ways to create more available permanent supportive housing dedicated for the chronic homelessness outside of the CoC Program Competition. One way to do this is by partnering with a local Public Housing Agency (PHA) to initiate a moving-on strategy, which is where persons currently residing in permanent supportive housing but who no longer need the supportive services “move on” to housing that is supported through the PHA such as a Housing Choice Voucher or Public Housing. This essentially increases the rate of turnover in permanent supportive housing (in a positive way) which frees up more units for persons experiencing chronic homelessness. A CoC cannot confidently declare that they have achieved the goal of ending chronic homelessness unless they have a persistent, coordinated, and creative outreach and engagement strategy that ensures that they have, to the best of their ability, identified all persons experiencing homelessness. The outreach and engagement efforts — including in-reach to local public systems where chronically homeless persons cycle in and out of — should be connected to coordinated entry and other mainstream systems to ensure that every person is connected to assistance. CoCs should continuously engage persons experiencing chronic homelessness (and most at risk of becoming chronically homeless), even if they repeatedly decline housing and services. Communities should share information across outreach teams and sites and engage with other systems, including law enforcement, hospitals and emergency departments, corrections, libraries, and job centers. These efforts should proactively seek all people who are unsheltered within CoC, including people living in encampments or tent cities, and not be limited to serving only persons seeking assistance. All outreach should be person-centered and emphasize building rapport and trust as a means of helping people obtain housing with appropriate services. Over the coming weeks, HUD and USICH will be providing additional resources and tools aimed at helping CoCs understand what it means to end chronic homelessness. As always, we thank you for your continued commitment to ending homelessness.	https://us5.campaign-archive.com/?u=87d7c8afc03ba69ee70d865b9&id=6700b4064e
Cities across the country are getting closer to ending chronic homelessness – and those that are leading the way have identified key strategies to accelerate progress. D.C. is on track to end veteran homelessness by 2015. If these proven best practices are adopted, D.C. can end chronic homelessness.1 RECOMMENDATIONS: - Leverage new and existing resources to create enough Permanent Supportive Housing (PSH) to meet the need - The D.C. Interagency Council on Homelessness (ICH) estimates that the District needs 2,679 units of PSH to end chronic homelessness for individuals and families. This plan requires a one-time cost of $188 million as well as $53 million in ongoing costs for housing subsidies and supportive services. - PSH is more cost-effective than allowing someone to remain homeless. There are multiple opportunities to leverage mainstream resources like Medicaid, use existing resources better, and explore resources from the private sector to meet this goal. - Implement Housing First system-wide - Research shows that PSH using the Housing First model is the best way to end chronic homelessness. D.C. has taken important strides in this direction, but still has a long way to go to implement this approach system-wide. - Expand and strengthen D.C.’s Coordinated Entry and Housing Placement System - In order to end chronic homelessness, we need a system by which all service providers can identify individuals experiencing homelessness, assess the types of housing and services needed by each, and then prioritize housing and services to the most vulnerable first. - Increase leadership and support from our entire community - Our entire community – individuals, nonprofits, businesses, faith groups, government, and the philanthropic sector – has an essential role in contributing resources and momentum to ending chronic homelessness. - Specifically, we must build on the momentum created by the appointment of an ICH Director, by ensuring that she has the staff and resources to effectively coordinate the efforts of D.C. government agencies, service providers, and advocates to end all homelessness in the District.	https://www.votervoice.net/TheWayHome/BlogPosts/4291
A strong Coordinated Entry System (CES) enables communities to effectively and efficiently use resources to house those experiencing or at-risk of homelessness. The CES makes it easier for persons experiencing homelessness to access the housing and service resources that are best suited for them. Youth experiencing or at-risk of homelessness face unique challenges to system access and require a CES that is informed by the expertise and capacity of all youth-serving providers and organizations in a community. Much has changed and evolved since our last training on Youth CES in August 2018. Join us for an updated training on Wednesday, November 20 at 2:00 pm at United Way of the Midlands (1818 Blanding St., Columbia, SC 29201). The training will cover the following topics: • An overview of the Midlands Coordinated Entry System for youth experiencing homelessness • Specific assessment tools for youth to screen for vulnerability and federally funding housing • Making referrals to other providers for housing and services for youth • Case studies on how the system should and should not function • Review of youth Access Points in our area Registration required. Limited to 60 attendees.	https://www.uway.org/events/youth-coordinated-entry-system-training
Stabilize housing and provide supportive services through emergency, transitional and permanent re-housing. Identify and develop “one-stop” community centers that can serve as 24 hour one-stop locations to provide access to crisis housing and linkage to coordinated entry into housing options, with veterans, individuals and families handled in separate locations. This would include support services to immediately address the need to take people that are currently on the streets to appropriate housing options. Implement a strong network of services and providers working within the center(s) to ensure the best delivery and integration of community services. Develop a Family Center specifically for the many single mothers and children that are currently sleeping on the streets. This site would operate similar to the individual campus, but will serve the women and children that are homeless, including families of veterans. Implement a Housing First focused system that includes enough Rapid re-Housing resources to provide permanent housing for veterans and families in our community and to quickly move people from the experience of homelessness into their own stable housing, within 30-45 days from the episode of homelessness.	http://www.operationlifthope.org/continuum-of-care/empower/
1. Standardization: CES aims to reduce confusion among clients by creating a single assessment process and common set of eligibility criteria, so consumers only have to tell their sensitive personal stories once. 2. Prioritization: Historically, limited beds or services have often been rationed on a first-come, first-served basis. CES prioritizes people who have been homeless the longest, are sleeping on the streets or other places not meant for habitation, and are the most disabled. 3. Coordination: CES eliminates “side doors” by requiring providers to accept referrals from a centralized priority list of Berkeley's highest-needs homeless households. CES holds that access to services should not be based on the services or advocacy a client currently has access to. Berkeley’s prior, uncoordinated system frequently left vulnerable, high-needs people (those least able to navigate Alameda County’s housing market on their own) unserved or underserved. CES is a strategy to intentionally serve those least able to serve themselves first. Coordinated Entry happens through the North County Hub, a collaboration between the Cities of Berkeley, Albany and Emeryville and Berkeley Food and Housing Project. The CES process begins with a screening and assessment. Homeless or at-risk people who are interested should call Alameda County 211 (direct: 888-886-9660). Hub outreach staff may also approach people, wherever they are – including parks, encampments, and shelters—to ask if they are interested. Single adults and transition-aged youth (ages 18 to 25) who are literally homeless in Berkeley, Albany or Emeryville will be transferred to the Hub. Homeless families with children who are literally homeless in Berkeley, Albany or Emeryville are served through a partnership with the Family Front Door in Oakland. Calls will be transferred to the Family Front Door. Once your call is transferred, be prepared to answer some questions about your homelessness history, your barriers to housing, and disabilities you may have. Accurate answers never disqualify you—they help best determine how to serve you. Please keep in mind that a full intake can take up to 45 or more minutes to complete. • If you are about to be homeless (i.e. couch surfing, temporarily staying with friends, or at risk of losing your housing) you may qualify for assistance and resources to help prevent you from becoming homeless. Berkeley funds eviction defense and housing retention resources for these households. • If you are homeless or about to be homeless but reside outside of Berkeley, Albany, or Emeryville, you will be redirected to homeless resources in your area. Any Berkeley, Albany, or Emeryville resident who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence is eligible for shelter, housing, and case management. However, inadequate funding for social service programs means that the Hub is currently only able to offer housing subsidies and housing navigation services to individuals that are assessed as having high-needs, since these people are least likely to successfully resolve their homelessness on their own. Using this tool, those with longer histories of homelessness, one or more disabilities, and a number of barriers to housing (such as prior evictions) are prioritized for services and resources using a standard scoring method. Much as a hospital emergency room triages based on severity of medical need, ranking on the priority list is dynamic, meaning a person’s position on the list may change due to their circumstances or the circumstances of others. If answers to key questions determine that you are eligible for housing navigation and other services, documentation of eligibility will be requested. These documents may include verification of mental or physical disability, income verification, verification of homeless status. Hub staff will work with consumers, providers, and identified advocates to obtain the needed documentation. • Temporary rental subsidy with rapid re-housing. • Referrals and connections to medical care and other services. Homeless people are matched to housing navigation from the North County’s prioritized list. • Every Tuesday at 9 AM at the Women’s Daytime Drop-in Center (2218 Acton St., Berkeley, CA 94702) for women only. • Every Tuesday at 10:30 AM at the Berkeley Drop-in Center (3234 Adeline St, Berkeley, CA 94703). • Participate to the fullest extent you are able. Services offered through Coordinated Entry are entirely voluntary. If you don’t actively participate, you’ll get less out of it. • Be honest. Once the Hub really knows your true story, you will be offered more appropriate services. You will never get disqualified for sharing what your needs are. If you are a provider and believe your client is higher needs than assessed, you can request that the Hub re-assess the person at any time. • Bring an advocate. With your explicit permission, advocates or your current case managers can be a part of your CES screening and assessment process. This may help ensure that you receive an accurate assessment, but it will not change the services for which you are eligible. • Ask for a Reasonable Accommodation. If you have a disability, you are entitled to help in applying for and keeping the benefits you need. This may include help with filling out forms, getting documents, having special appointments, being reminded about things, extra time to do things, having things read to you, and many other forms of help. Please ask for help at any time. Shelter beds in Berkeley are allocated through the Coordinated Entry System. If you are homeless in Berkeley and in need of shelter, call 211 Monday - Friday between 9 - noon. Shelter beds that are not filled by Coordinated Entry are available for one-night emergencies on a first-come, first-served basis. Monday - Friday from 7:00-8:00 pm until beds are filled. • Youth age 18-24 who are interested should walk-into YEAH! Shelter at the Lutheran Church of the Cross (1744 University Avenue in Berkeley) at 8:30 PM until 10 PM and ask if a bed is available. Beds fill quickly—arrive as close to 8:30 PM as you can. All emergency beds given out on Friday and Saturday nights can be occupied until Monday morning. There are no one-night emergency beds for families at this time. Note: People do not have to go to The Hub to access the Berkeley Emergency Storm Shelter (BESS). For more information on BESS, call 510-830-6981 or visit the Berkeley Housing and Community Services website for more information. Abode Services, Bay Area Community Services, Berkeley Drop-In Center, Berkeley Food & Housing Project, Bonita House, BOSS, City of Berkeley Mental Health Division, City of Berkeley Aging Division, Dorothy Day House, Fred Finch Youth Center, Homeless Action Center, Lifelong Medical Care, New Bridge Foundation, Options Recovery Services, Women's Daytime Drop-In Center and Covenant House/YEAH!. Agencies can provide their clients with this one-page flyer for more information on connecting with the Hub. 1. Is Coordinated Entry required? Yes. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the State of California have long recognized the importance and success of coordinated entry processes as a necessary strategy for ending homelessness at a broader, regional level. The Cities of Berkeley, Albany and Emeryville comply with the requirements of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) CoC Interim Rule 24 CFR 578 and all applicable notices, including Notice CPD-17-01, CPD-14-012 and CPD-16-11, in operating Coordinated Entry through the Hub. HUD has set a deadline for projects funded by either the CoC Program or the Emergency Solutions Grants (ESG) Program to be compliant with these regulations by January 23, 2018. a. A new HMIS: Alameda County has contracted with a new homeless management information system (HMIS) vendor, Clarity Human Services, to support countywide Coordinated Entry. Once complete, Clarity’s HMIS enables providers, in real time, to make referrals back and forth, match clients to resources, and communicate with one another about data and case plans to the fullest extent permissible under state and federal privacy laws. All programs in Coordinated Entry will use the new HMIS, and be required to both enter and access data in real-time. b. Case conferencing: Coordinating care for vulnerable clients with complex issues takes a village. The City of Berkeley implement national best practices by hosting regular inter-agency case conferences on our most vulnerable clients. These case conferences, which are now a contractual requirement for agencies receiving homeless funding from the City of Berkeley, allow homeless services providers to share updates on clients, coordinate next steps, and rely on one another for advice, so no one falls through the cracks. a. County-wide Call Center (211) serving all household types, operated by Eden I&R. 4. Who will be a part of Coordinated Entry across the County? Ideally, any local organization providing housing and services to households experiencing homelessness will participate in Coordinated Entry. All programs funded with Federal Continuum of Care (CoC), and with State and Local Emergency Solution Grants (ESG) are required to participate in Coordinated Entry. In addition, programs specifically designated for people experiencing homelessness that are funded under the Whole Person Care Pilot – Alameda County Care Connect, Mental Health Services Act (MHSA), County Boomerang (general funds), SAMHSA, non-Boomerang County General Funds, and City General Funds are also required to participate in the CE. 5. What does it mean to be part of Countywide Coordinated Entry? Being part of Coordinated Entry means that your program will only receive referrals from the North County Hub (for singles), the Family Front Door (for families), or from Home Stretch (for permanent supportive housing). Programs serving Transition Aged Youth may receive referrals from Hubs across the county. Individual programs in Berkeley will no longer solely determine or manage their own entry eligibility, waitlists, or process for assigning shelter, housing or other essential and limited housing-related resources, but will continue to collaborate with regional Hubs, the Countywide Call Center, and Home Stretch to make and receive referrals. All programs in Coordinated Entry will use the new HMIS when it is launched, and be required to both enter and access information in real time.	https://www.cityofberkeley.info/homeless-entry/
As defined by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the Coordinated Entry System (CES) is a centralized, community-wide process designed to identify, engage, and assist households experiencing, or at risk of experiencing, homelessness; coordinate the intake, assessment and referral for services that meet the level of assistance that is most appropriate to resolving their housing crisis; and prioritize the households with the most severe service needs for assistance in a timely manner. The SVHC operates a multisite centralized access CES. The CoC has designated Access Points that connect households experiencing a housing crisis to the CES. Households are then connected to Assessment Points where a standard questionnaire is taken to determine the households strengths and service needs. The SVHC incorporates a case conferencing meeting into the CES. The case conferencing committee assists with connecting households to the most appropriate housing solution, as well as any other supportive services.	https://www.hamptonroadsendshomelessness.org/coordinated-entry-system.html
RECOMMENDATION: title Adopt a resolution authorizing the County Manager or the Director of the Department of Housing to prepare and submit one or more applications for Homekey Program funding to the State of California Housing and Community Development and to execute on behalf of the County of San Mateo all relevant documents related to the Homekey Program including any and all notices, options, consents, approvals, letters of intent and purchase and sale agreements with potential sellers, escrow instructions, as well as one or more applications for Homekey Program funding and any other documents needed to facilitate the County’s participation in the Homekey Program. body BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing community needs and inequalities. In many communities, homelessness was already experienced disproportionately by race and other protected classes, and persons experiencing homelessness are at great risk of infection and death due to COVID-19. In response to COVID-19, San Mateo County, in partnership with community-based homeless service providers, implemented new homeless shelter services in the form of hotel-based non-congregate shelter programs, to provide additional shelter capacity for vulnerable people experiencing homelessness during COVID-19 who are at risk of severe illness if they were to contract COVID-19. The State has provided some funding and technical assistance related to non-congregate shelter programs via an initiative known as Project Roomkey. In San Mateo County, there are two Project Roomkey non-congregate shelter programs serving vulnerable people experiencing homelessness. The Offsite Temporary Shelter Program provides shelter to up to 94 households at various hotel sites throughout the County. Clients in this program receive case management and other supportive services from one of the homeless shelter providers, LifeMoves, Project WeHOPE or Samaritan House. This program includes individuals who had been staying in one of the congregate shelters and were moved into this program in order to have a safer sheltering environment and allow the existing shelter sites to reduce the number of clients being served at the shelter location and thus, facilitate social distancing at all shelters. The second Project Roomkey program is Bayfront Station. Bayfront Station is a non-congregate shelter program located at a local hotel that provides up to 83 rooms. Bayfront Station is coordinated by HSA and is operated by Samaritan House. Clients residing at Bayfront Station receive case management, wrap-around services, case management services, and on-site security. In order to ensure integration with the overall homeless crisis response system and to ensure that eligible vulnerable clients are served in these programs, these programs are accessed via the County’s Core Service Agencies, as the coordinated entry points for homeless services. DISCUSSION: The Homekey Program, administered by the California Housing and Community Development Department (State HCD), will provide funding to rapidly sustain and expand the inventory of housing for people experiencing homelessness or at risk of homelessness and impacted by COVID-19. Homekey is an opportunity for local public agencies to purchase motels and a broad range of other housing types in order to increase community capacity to respond to homelessness and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Homekey is designed to build off the success of Project Roomkey, although applications are not limited to Project Roomkey sites. State HCD is authorized to provide approximately $550 million in Homekey funding derived from the State’s direct allocation of federal Coronavirus Relief Fund (CRF) and $50 million in State General Fund to assist local public agencies in the acquisition of, and provide initial operating subsidies for, Homekey sites to promote project feasibility. State HCD has issued a Notice of Funding Availability (NOFA) for $600 million in Homekey Program funding, with an application deadline of August 13, 2020 for Tier 1 projects, which are projects that: (1) can be occupied within 90 days from the date of acquisition; and (2) are permanent housing or will result in permanent housing. Homekey Program funding from the CRF for the acquisition of said sites will have an expenditure deadline of December 20, 2020. Working in collaboration, the County Human Services Agency, Department of Housing and Real Property Services intends to submit one or more applications to State HCD for Homekey Program funding to acquire one or more motels, hotels, hostels, or other eligible housing types. The goal of this program is to provide interim housing for persons experiencing homelessness or who are at risk of homelessness and who are currently being housed in Project Roomkey temporary hotel/motel rooms or otherwise impacted by homelessness and the COVID-19 pandemic. The interim housing will provide safe harbor to impacted individuals with the intent to utilize resources made available through the County Rapid Rehousing Program and other resources to connect to appropriate affordable rental housing and/or permanent supportive housing. The County will evaluate each property acquired through the Homekey awards for the feasibility to be converted to affordable rental housing and/or permanent supportive housing. Project Homekey Planned Use The planned use of Project Homekey funds is to acquire one or more motels, hotels, hostels, or other eligible housing types to continue providing shelter (also known as interim housing) to vulnerable people experiencing homelessness with a linkage to rapid rehousing services in order to support a transition into permanent housing. Some of the individuals currently residing in Project Roomkey programs will be transitioned into the Project Homekey programs, where they will continue to receive shelter services and will receive intensive support on their individualized plans to return to housing as quickly as possible. County Counsel has reviewed and approved the resolution as to form. FISCAL IMPACT: As, this action only authorizes the County to apply for Homekey funding, there is no net County cost. However subsequent action by the Board to accept an award of Homekey funding would likely require an as yet to-be-determined amount of matching funds, which would also require Board approval.	https://sanmateocounty.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=4606267&GUID=A5F88AF0-7C82-436A-B643-C5B62DAEA199&Options=&Search=&FullText=1
The Welcome In Drop In Centre is a homelessness system provider located in the City of Guelph working to prevent, reduce and end homelessness. In doing so, The Welcome In Drop In has worked diligently to create a response to homelessness that aligns with our community’s approach to ending homelessness and the needs of adults and families. The Welcome In Drop In Centre’s Housing Stability team includes three Housing First Coordinators, four Housing Stability Workers and a team of Shelter Support Staff and a Housing Diversion and Rapid Re-Housing Worker. The Welcome In Drop In Centre offers the Housing Diversion and Rapid Re-Housing Worker position in collaboration with the County of Wellington and the Homelessness Partnering Strategy fund. This member of our Housing Stability team aims to assist adults over 24 years of age and families who are at risk of or experiencing first time homelessness. Their position involves taking the lead role in supporting individuals in imminent risk of losing housing or who are first-time shelter users by working to prevent or quickly diverting experiences of homelessness. This process will include rapid assessment of options for the client and support in navigating available options. These interventions will leverage client and community strengths and resources to find alternatives to homelessness wherever possible. This worker will also work as a liaison for satellite housing stability programs. Referrals to this program will come from the Coordinated Entry System as well as community agencies and self-referrals. Willingness to work flexible hours-some on call weekend work will be required. We are seeking a mature, responsible and energetic individual who is committed to supporting people that are homeless to navigate the shelter program as well as support individuals at risk of homelessness to remain housed. They will also support guests of the Welcome In Drop In Centre as required to keep them housed. They will then take the lead role in ensuring that all people are provided with adequate and appropriate supports that will address the complex factors contributing to their history of unstable housing or homelessness. Supervision for the HSW will be provided by the Housing Program Manager of The Welcome In Drop In Centre. Lead role in organizing and coordinating the delivery of services and work cohesively as a team with our community partners. Be willing to help the Drop In Centre support staff as needed. Actively participate in meal times and overall support of Drop In guests. In this role, you will work to make a difference in the lives of people staying at the emergency shelter. We welcome people newly graduated in the social service field along with those with lived experience. Services to residents include planning, crisis intervention, supportive listening, advocacy and referral to other community services. Hours of work would consist of afternoon, overnights, weekends, and holidays. The Welcome In Drop In Centre is an equal opportunity employer operating within an anti-racist and anti-oppression framework. We strive to establish workplaces that reflect and are enhanced by the rich diversity of the community we serve. We also follow the living wage standard of pay.	https://dropincentreguelph.com/about/jobs/
In 2007 we began to design and organise trainings for mainstream teachers on how to support and teach children with special educational needs in a mainstream setting. At that time most Bulgarian teachers were still having doubts about the benefits of inclusive education and were unsure about having a child with disabilities in their classroom. In our work at Centre for Inclusive Education (CIE) we have always tried to apply innovative methods. Our trainings seek to present new knowledge and new approaches to inclusion that correspond to the needs of the local school reality. We therefore aim to: - make teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education more positive; - support mainstream teachers on how to provide an inclusive environment for their students; - help mainstream teachers establish and develop a team-work approach in their collaboration with parents and with specialists who support students within the school; - encourage teachers to identify, use and praise their students’ strengths; - share with teachers examples of good practice from the practical experience of our trainers; - involve teachers in case study discussions and group workshops, thus facilitating them to question their own practices and at the same time encouraging them to trust their own professional experience and teaching approaches; - raise awareness and focus attention on so-called invisible disabilities, such as dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyspraxia, ADHD and autism. Although CIE provides thematic trainings for mainstream teachers on how to support children with special educational needs in mainstream settings, our organisation is not a typical training organisation. Our team is presently involved in a number of inclusion-related projects, which gives us the opportunity to take a more critical approach to the way we provide trainings for mainstream teachers and other stakeholders (specialists, support teachers, parents). This connection with the reality of project work enables us to make informed alternations to our training, so that we meet the target groups’ needs and ultimately reach our goal of developing more welcoming schools, more confident teachers, more content parents and, of course, more happy children. Our projects Our project, ‘One School for All’,1 aims to adapt and apply widely in Bulgaria the third edition of the Index for Inclusion.2 The project has proved that teachers’ attitudes can be altered in deeper and broader dimensions through an attentive and respectful facilitation of self-reflection on values, own practices and goals. Thus, teachers have been able to assess critically their own concepts and actions and change them in accordance with the needs of other stakeholders (children, parents, and peers). Another CIE project, ‘School is My Right Too’,3 involves stakeholders from two schools and two kindergartens in one Bulgarian town. It seeks to collect in one place the perspectives of teachers, specialists, parents, children and local education authority representatives regarding the opportunities and challenges for developing inclusive education for children with special educational needs, aged 3 to 10 years. This project has allowed us to go beyond a ‘preaching’ approach to teacher training and use more participatory approaches, such as focus group discussions, child participation sessions that inform adults, and learning-through-experience workshops for capacity building. CIE is also a partner within the EU project FIESTA4 (Facilitating Inclusive Education and Supporting the Transition Agenda). This project has played a major role in the refinement of our teacher training agenda. As part of the project, literature and field research was conducted in 8 EU countries to inform a best practice report on inclusion, transition management and collaborative working.5 Changing the focus of training In refining our teacher training agenda we have been moving the focus from diagnosis- based thematic trainings, to seminars that intend to lead to a more profound approach to understanding children’s current abilities and disabilities. Such an approach relies mainly on direct and informed observation within the context of the child’s cultural and social background. For example, four years ago the term ‘dyslexia’ was hardly known by practitioners. Now it tends to be overused for explaining all forms of reading difficulties, potentially shifting attention from other possible reasons why children are experiencing reading challenges (such as children experiencing emotional trauma or vision or hearing challenges; teachers’ inability to teach using a style or pace that the student prefers, etc). As such, a ‘diagnosis approach’ is not helping teachers to support learners effectively. Conditions such as dyslexia, ADHD and autism manifest themselves in spectrums, and it is impossible to train a teacher how to teach a student with such challenges through just a one-day training. A more effective approach is to train teachers more broadly on how the various learning mechanisms operate (memory, attention, executive functions, etc); how to identify certain troubles with them; and what strategies can help reinforce these learning mechanisms. It is also important that teachers are trained to confidently discuss these matters with the children’s support specialists, their parents, and, of course, with the children themselves. Even though currently many teachers still expect to be given ready-made recipes for solving challenges, increasing numbers of them have benefited from the more holistic, self-reflection, and participatory approaches to training CIE has offered. Such shifts in the teacher training agenda are more time- and effort-consuming, but they are possible and worthwhile. Moreover, they are a logical and necessary step towards welcoming children with special educational needs into mainstream schools. Centre for Inclusive Education (CIE) is a Bulgarian non-governmental organisation, whose main aim is to promote inclusive education for every child. CIE continues the ten years of work initiated by Save the Children UK in Bulgaria and the region. CIE believes that every child should be given the chance to be accepted and valued, and is working for social inclusion and quality education for all children and to protect those in need. CIE’s team works with parents, teachers, managers, professionals, local and state authorities, business organisations, national and international colleagues. Margarita Asparuhova, Project Manager, Centre for Inclusive Education Bulgaria, Sofia 1000, 60 Ekzarh Yosif Str, [email protected] \| \| Building relationships for inclusion \|A group of mainstream teachers, specialists and resource teachers is communicating to other participants an idea with gestures only. The aim of the activity is to emphasise empathy and attentiveness in education.\|\|A mainstream and a resource teacher are drawing together with one pencil. The aim of the activity is to provoke self-reflection on team working, leading and following a lead.\| \|In 2013, as part of the ‘School is My Right Too’ project, CIE facilitated a workshop focused on strengthening the relationships – mutual trust and partnership – between mainstream teachers, specialists and resource teachers who support children identified as having special educational needs in mainstream settings.\| \|“The feedback received from the participants was mainly focused on the benefits from actually meeting the ‘others’ and thus having a better understanding of each other’s responsibilities, aspirations and challenges, which, in their own words, would improve their future collaboration.” Maria Tasheva, project coordinator.\| \|We will provide a longer article about the impact of this workshop on participants’ perceptions of each other’s roles, and on the way they work together, for EENET’s 2014 edition of ‘Enabling Education Review’.\| \|The Index for Inclusion is mentioned in several articles in this newsletter. \| What is it? Where can you get copies? Where can I find out more about using the Index? 1 ‘One School for All’ project is financed by the European Social Fund through Operational Program ‘Human Resources Development’ 2 ‘Index for Inclusion: Developing Learning and Par- ticipation in Schools’, Booth, T., Ainscow, M., revised by Tony Booth, 2011, published by Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education, UK 3 ‘School is My Right Too’ project is (partially) financed by Open Society Foundations 4 FIESTA project is funded with support from the European Commission.	https://www.eenet.org.uk/enabling-education-review/enabling-education-review-2/eer-2/2-4/
Accepted Paper: Author:Peggy Reeves Sanday (University of Pennsylvania) Paper short abstract: Building on my l981 cross-cultural study of female power and on long term ethnographic research among the matrilineal Minangkabau of West Sumatra, along with the 2007 work of Nicole Mathieu, this presentation discusses the psychodynamic and cultural/biological bases for female power and authority. Paper long abstract: Citing Nicole-Claude Mathieu's 2007 comparative analysis of marriage in selected matrilineal societies, Une maison sans fille est une maison morte, Sally Cole (2016) cites an important conclusion reached by Mathieu. According to Cole, in these societies, "Mathieu finds that women as mothers of daughters have a social value and structural importance in the continuity of the group that together define a sense of both individual autonomy and collective identity among women." I found the same to be the case in the Minangkabau villages where I worked off and on from l981 to 2007. Looking cross-culturally, this finding raises important questions to be addressed by ethnographers. From where do women get their confidence; how is this confidence reflected in cultural forms in matrilineal-uxorilocal societies? In raising such questions I turn to the work of philosopher, psychoanalyst, and artist Bracha Ettinger who is an Israeli born and well known French intellectual. In the late 20th century she coined the term "matrixial" to represent a stage in male and female psychic development emanating from the womb experience. The concept of the matrixial, now widely discussed in other fields, has yet to be widely discussed in the social sciences, including anthropology. Because of anthropology's interest in biology, along with personality and culture, it is relevant to consider. This is not an easy construct to grasp as will be evident from the examples of matrixial-based cultural practices described in this presentation. However, it raises some interesting questions about the relations connecting biology, society, and culture.	https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/cascaiuaes2017/paper/37400
Yifat Gutman’s book, which identifies “memory activism” as a distinctive brand of non-state sponsored memory work that challenges mainstream Israeli memory culture, is a major contribution to the study of collective memory in Israel. It introduces marginalized voices into the more familiar landscape of memory projects sponsored by the state and explores their relationship with mainstream memory culture. The book also makes a significant contribution to the study of activism in Israel (and elsewhere) by demarcating the field of memory as a cultural arena in which ideological struggles are enacted and negotiated through locally inflected cultural forms that promote particular counter-memories. The case that Gutman has chosen to focus on in studying memory activism is indeed the most politically charged example of a collective memory struggle in Israel today – the memory of the events of 1948. Israeli Jews remember these events as the War of Independence with its national and military triumphs; for Palestinians they mark the Nakba, the catastrophe, i.e., the flight and expulsion of some 750,000 Palestinians from the Israeli State, the decimation of Palestinian society, and the creation of what is known as “the refugee problem” that is at the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to this day. While the Jewish Israeli version of the events of 1948 has become enshrined in state-sponsored commemorations, school curricula, and museum displays, the memory of the Nakba has been deliberately evaded in mainstream Israeli-Jewish memory as well as in school curricula designed for Palestinian citizens of Israel. The term “Nakba,” which was unfamiliar to most Israeli Jews until the 2000s, became a part of the lingua franca in Israel following concerted efforts by the Jewish establishment to battle the Palestinian narrative by outlawing its commemoration through legislation that is commonly referred to as “the Nakba law.” This was passed in 2011 after a long process of negotiated revisions extensively covered by the media. As Gutman’s book amply illustrates, memory activist groups, whose work is largely done “under the radar,” have contributed in significant ways to the production of oppositional knowledge1 in an attempt to incorporate the memory of the Nakba into both Palestinian and Jewish-Israeli society. The book follows the logic and practice of three such activist initiatives: the first, Zochrot [Remember, feminine plural inflection], addresses Jewish audiences (to advance awareness of the Nakba in Hebrew, as per the organization’s slogan); the second, Autobiography of a City, addresses both Palestinians and Jews who are involved in Nakba-connected issues, such as in its aftermath in the history of Jaffa; and the third is the youth movement Baladna that addresses Palestinian youth. The study was conducted through a close ethnographic reading of fieldwork materials that focused on these groups' practices and rhetoric. It involved in situ observations, an analysis of public documents, and performances and interviews with activists. The analysis focuses on the ways in which these various groups sought to familiarize their target audiences with the Nakba as a story of unrecognized and unrequited displacement, suffering, and loss. It also contextualizes these groups’ activist work by addressing the public debates surrounding the establishment of the Nakba law that called to withdraw public support from any organization commemorating the Nakba, such as schools and cultural institutions. Gutman argues that in the hostile public environment of an ongoing conflict, the commemoration of the Nakba as a counter-memory that produces oppositional knowledge in the hope of leading to recognition and to the assumption of responsibility has not worked as it has in the case of post-conflict model of Truth and Reconciliation committees in other places. The availability of knowledge about the Nakba has not led to recognition; it has given rise to defensive measures of de-legitimization in both social and legal terms despite the activist groups’ persuasive efforts, to the delineation and analysis of which the bulk of the book is dedicated. The case of Nakba memory in Israel thus calls for a further interrogation of this widespread model of social reconciliation processes. The first group Gutman discusses, Zochrot, epitomizes two major points the book elaborates: 1) the border-crossing nature of memory activism in the Israeli context – the fact that at one of the highest points of the conflict, the early 2000s (known as “the Second Intifada”), when buses were exploding in Israeli cities and Israel re-conquered cities of the West Bank, the organization designed to promote the memory of the Nakba was founded by Israeli Jews; 2) the use these activists made of mnemonic practices adapted from mainstream Israeli culture as persuasive tools – guided tours and the archive of testimonies. The starting point for Israeli Jews’ engagement with the commemoration of the Palestinian Nakba is an act of recognition – recognizing the existence and validity of an alternative narrative; the public promotion of this narrative by Jews is an act of defiance vis-à-vis mainstream Israeli society as this border-crossing is generally interpreted as a turning away from the Israeli Jewish national narrative to the point of questioning the legitimacy of the Israeli state. Zochrot’s project seeks to unsettle this defensive stance, validating the Palestinian narrative by providing factual accounts of Palestinian life in pre-‘48 Palestine and the events of ‘48 and its aftermath. The alternative these accounts present is not only a matter of giving voice to Palestinian Nakba stories, but also a matter of insisting on their relevance to Israeli Jews and on the points in which the Israeli and Palestinian narratives intertwine and may even collapse into one another. This border crossing, which Jewish activists have embraced in collaboration with Palestinians, is not easy for Jewish audiences who have grown up with the official version of the state's founding, in which the Palestinian displacement is consistently ignored. Given the long-standing tradition of touring the Land of Israel as a Zionist practice, or “conquering the land with one’s feet,” as the Hebrew turn of phrase goes,2 the use of tours to sites of destroyed Palestinian villages as a mnemonic practice makes good sense. By appropriating the tour as a cultural form, Jewish Israelis get a glimpse of the vanished reality of Palestinian villages through direct contact with the remnants, much as they do in visiting archeological sites. They also get a chance to experience their own and the Palestinians’ shared attachment to the land while being intimately exposed to the nostalgic stories and deep feelings of embodied presence exuded by the (typically elderly) Palestinian witnesses’ accounts that accompany the tour groups in sites the Palestinians once called home. This type of experiential learning, which is so much part of Zionist education, is harnessed in service of an empathetic reading of Palestinian memory. It encapsulates both a refusal to negate the other’s memory and an opening for the recognition that the Palestinian and Jewish Israeli past are indeed intertwined in ways that recognize the victim-victimizer binary and the responsibility it entails for the dark side of history, as well as in ways that unravel it in stories of a shared past that speaks to the possibility of a place-centered shared memory.3 The testimonial component of this activism is central to establishing the validity of the Palestinian narrative by providing a great deal of factual information included in the tour guiding, in photography exhibitions, in documentary films, in curricular materials developed for the teaching of the Nakba to school-age students, in detailed mappings of destroyed villages, as well as in richly documented booklets about individual villages that are given out to tour participants on site. As Gutman stresses, all these make up a dynamic evidentiary edifice that is made available to the public through tours, public events, and lectures and online. It draws on the testimonial culture that flourishes in Israel, mainly (but not only) as associated with the memory of the Holocaust. This move of cultural appropriation is a creative one, adapting the well-entrenched strategies of touring and witnessing and giving them new forms – e.g., the embedded texture of on-site witnessing, or putting up signs with the former Arabic names of destroyed villages or city streets along the tour route and thereby re-inscribing the landscape with its forgotten past, a momentary symbolic gesture that usually culminates in the removal of these signs by opponents within minutes or hours. The second mnemonic initiative, Autobiography of the City, was founded in 2000 by a group of Jewish Israeli and Palestinian artists to address the memories of residents of the so-called “mixed” Jewish-Arab city of Jaffa of life before and during the war in 1948, following which the city space and the composition of the population dramatically changed. Gutman describes this project as “a memory-activism group that uses visual, creative, and technological knowledge for the production of high-quality video-recorded testimonies and a smartly accessible online archive” (p. 45). The virtual archive of testimonies thus constructed is informed by survivor testimonial practices that characterize contemporary, globalized cultures of memory and by traditional Palestinian storytelling practices. Though made available to non-Palestinian audiences as well, and forming the basis of a unique digital archive that tells stories unavailable elsewhere, the hybrid, “glocalized” idiom of narration serves primarily the goal of building a local Palestinian community of memory in Jaffa. In sensitively analyzing the processes through which this counter-archive is constructed, Gutman brings out its dual commitment: to the hegemonic practice of testimony and to its radical manipulation that draws on the authority of the witness. The third group whose memory work Gutman addresses attends to practices and debates within Palestinian society regarding the question of who will shape the memory of the Nakba and of Palestinian identity. Gutman addresses this internal mnemonic struggle by focusing on the story of Baladna [Our Homeland, in Arabic], an all-Palestinian youth association, and the ways in which it adapts Zionist commemorative practices. Founded in 1999 and officially registered two years later, this group's goal is to empower Palestinian youth and prepare them for leadership positions in their communities. Learning about their own history, which is not taught in Palestinian formal education programs in Israel, is considered to be the best way of enhancing Palestinians’ communal identity. The story of the Nakba is clearly central to this history and to Palestinian collective identity. It is recounted during tours to the sites of destroyed villages, where the young visitors listen to their elders’ testimonies of life before and during the war of 1948. In this case, the appropriation of the hegemonic cultural forms of touring and giving testimony is not a matter of embodied border crossing as it is in the case of Zochrot, as discussed earlier, but a matter of claiming voice and identity as a form of cultural empowerment in a wider context that is hostile to the story of the Palestinian Nakba. The narrative’s suppression in public discourse and absence from formal schooling make the expressive and mnemonic possibilities created within informal, locally sponsored educational settings all the more important. Gutman’s nuanced ethnographic account of each of these case studies is rich with insights about the dynamics of activists’ mnemonic interventions, taking into consideration not only the identities of the producers of activist messages but also of their intended and actual receivers. The author moves elegantly from detailed discussions of observed pedagogical interactions to macro-level considerations of the larger socio-cultural context in which they are embedded, including the legal and social struggles involved. She raises significant questions about the role of knowledge in processes of national reconciliation, using the case of Nakba memory in Israeli society as a way to open up discussion about the symbolic forms through which memory is shaped and their persuasive potential; the tension-filled relations between culture and politics; and the politics of legitimacy in working both within and beyond one's cultural borderlines. Memory activism, its practices, platforms and tenuous accomplishments, emerge from the pages of this innovative book as a crucial field of transformative social and political action, broadening our view of Israeli collective memory well beyond its usual scope. While Gutman is well aware of the limitations of the struggle she documents and analyzes, her focus on memory activism nevertheless engages a politics of hope, which is made explicit in a slogan currently circulated by another activist project of the many that dot the Israeli landscape (Omdim B'yahad [Standing Together]): “where there’s struggle there’s hope.” Tamar Katriel, University of Haifa Yifat Gutman, Memory Activism. Reimagining the Past for the Future of Israel-Palestine, (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2017), pp. 186.	https://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/memory-activism-reimagining-the-past-for-the-future-of-israel-palestine/
The Bombay film industry or Bollywood is the biggest producer of dreams on celluloid in the world. Such dreams define standards of beauty and aesthetics, good and bad, identity — historical and contemporary. Considering the fact that Islam and Muslims have been present in the Indian subcontinent for at least 1,300 years, and the Muslims constituted one-fourth of the Indian population till 1947 and now some 15 percent, it is not surprisingly that Bombay cinema has a long history of probing themes that focus on the imprint of Islamic culture (Islamicate Cultures of Bombay Cinema, New Delhi: Tulika Books, 2009). Ira Bhaskar and Richard Allen have tried to identify landmark Bombay films dealing with Muslim themes. In doing so, they draw upon the notion of ‘Islamicate’ to conceptualise the phenomena they study. Following Marshall Hodgson who originally coined the term, they understand it to mean “the social and cultural complex historically associated with Islam and the Muslims, both among Muslims themselves and even when found among non-Muslims” (Islamicate Cultures of Bombay Cinema, pg 3). In other words, it is not Islam as a religious system but as a cultural framework that Islamicate seeks to capture and shed light on. Thus for example, wine-poetry is not Islamic, but there is a long tradition of using such imagery in Islamicate poetry. The authors identify four genres of Islamicate cultures taken up in Bombay cinema: the Muslim historical, the Muslim courtesan film, the classic Muslim social and the new wave Muslim social and after. The authors theorise that Bombay cinema has explored these genres in the light of the secular-nationalist state project associated with the Congress-led freedom movement, which came to be known as the Nehruvian state project. This assumption is cogent and legitimate in that the film industry like other forms of popular culture and opinion-making and opinion-building media normally uphold the national project and reflect adherence to it as well as deviations from it. Proceeding thus, the authors present a selection of films that represent the four genres they have identified. The Muslim historical has been noteworthy for presenting Muslim rulers of India as patriotic Indians, notwithstanding the foreign origins of their dynasties. This was especially a view that the Congress Party tried to foster. Another characteristic they symbolise is justice. Films such as ‘Pukar’ (1939), ‘Mirza Ghalib’ (1957), ‘Mughal-e-Azam’ (1960) and ‘Jodha Akbar’ (2008) represent both the Indian-ness of the rulers and their sense of justice and propriety. The authors mention A R Kardar’s ‘Shah Jahan’ (1946) but it is not discussed in their select list. With regard to the Muslim courtesan genre, ‘Pakeezah’ (1971), ‘Umrao Jaan’ (1981), ‘Tawaif’ (1985), ‘Sardari Begum’ (1996), and ‘Umrao Jaan’ (2006) are presented. I wish a favourite of mine, ‘Zindagi Ya Tofaan’ (1958), had also been included, but the authors went for the more spectacular portrayals of a culture form that gained fame/notoriety for contradictory peculiarities — on the one hand, a manifestation of fine manners, elaborate etiquette and exquisite aesthetical sensibilities as well as a decadent system of female oppression — the courtesan being the perfect embodiment of these two qualities. The classical Muslim social explores contemporaneous themes — focusing on the tensions and contradictions between a conservative cultural ethos and opportunities and possibilities that modern society offers for change and progress. The plot revolves around tensions within the family, especially the Muslim women living in purdah (seclusion) and the promises that education holds for them, as well as the larger question of the Muslim community partaking in the creation of a modern Indian nation — secular, composite and pluralist. The emphasis in the classical Muslim social is on the predicaments of the upper and middle classes. ‘Najma’ (1943), ‘Chaudhvin ka Chand’ (1960) and ‘Mere Mehboob’ (1963) are the three films that are discussed in this study. The fourth genre, new wave Muslim socials and after, is a very useful genre that the authors have devised. Although it is a continuation of the Muslim social, the emphasis shifts markedly from an idealised nawabi culture concerned with the honour and status of a landed elite to the issues of “social discrimination, economic deprivation and communal violence that ordinary Muslims faced on an everyday level” (pg 91). It represents the tensions and contradictions that evolved in the Nehruvian nationalist project as a result of two major developments: one, the partition of India that dealt shattering blows to the notion of a composite Indian nation comprising all religious and ethnic communities, and two, the deviations from that project by mainstream politicians willing to pander to populist majoritarian sensibilities. The net result has been an accentuation in the alienation of minorities, especially of Indian Muslims. For this genre or category of films the authors have chosen ‘Garam Hawa’ (1973), ‘Salim Langde pe Mat Ro’ (1989), ‘Mammo’ (1994), and ‘Fiza’ (2000). It would have been interesting to learn what the authors think about the limitations of the Nehruvian state project in a society where conservative religious and ethical principles render inter-religious love hot potatoes and marriage a taboo. As far as I can recall, even the mainstream new wave cinema that emerged in the late 1960s as a form of stark realism and was noted for a radical critique of the sordid social and economic conditions, police brutality and rampant corruption of the political class shied away from such subjects. This is of course not surprising because the film industry cannot but tread with great caution when probing subjects that society is not yet ripe to accept as normal behaviour. Cinema is a good measure of social trends. On the other hand, there is no doubt that the Bombay cinema has on the whole played a very progressive role in upholding the vision of India as a multi-religious, pluralist society. In that context the four genres that Bhaskar and Allen identify are testimony to the continuing presence and importance of the Muslim community in a secular-democratic India: a challenged and assailed nationalist project, but resilient and steadfast, and hopefully in the long run stable and norm-setting in South Asia. Indian films have been crossing the border quite successfully. Pakistani film enthusiasts are likely to have seen all or most of the films discussed in this study. For them, this excellent commentary should be a most welcome contribution to a subject on which very little has been written.	https://www.indianmuslimobserver.com/2011/11/muslim-themes-in-bollywood.html
To study mental illness across cultures, one must first be able to identify and then classify mental illness in different cultural contexts (see later section for assessment in clinical treatment). This is one of the most challenging aspects of studying psychopathology across cultures. The most widely used nosological systems were developed in Europe (ICD-9) and North America (DSM-IV) and have been criticized for their Western cultural assumptions. These systems are fraught with shortcomings, even when applied in Western settings. Low reliability, poor validity, and high rates of comorbidity (i.e., the co-occurrence of presumably distinct disorders) are of highest concern. Additional challenges arise when these systems are used with non-Western cultural and ethnic groups. First, because these systems rely primarily on clinical diagnosis, they may obscure cultural differences and/or similarities in specific symptoms. Thus, cultural differences in prevalence rates of clinical depression, for example, may belie cultural differences in the specific symptoms of depression, such as depressed mood, loss of energy, and sleep problems. Second, behavior that is defined as ‘‘abnormal’’ by these Western classif ication systems may fall well within the realm of normal behavior in other cultural contexts. In Puerto Rico, for instance, dissociative states are considered normal aspects of religious and spiritual practices, whereas in many Western contexts, they are considered symptoms of mental illness. Third, abnormal behaviors in non-Western cultural contexts may be excluded in hese classification systems. In an attempt to address this last issue, DSM-IV includes an appendix that lists ‘‘culture-bound syndromes,’’ or disorders that occur in specific cultural settings only. For example, ‘‘koro’’ is a disorder primarily found in parts of Southern Asia (Taiwan, Indonesia, Malayasia, Borneo, and Southern China) in which males harbor an ‘‘obsessive fear that their penises will withdraw into their abdomens.’’ More recently, specific disorders found primarily in Western cultures have also been considered ‘‘culturally bound.’’ They include ‘‘anorexia nervosa,’’ in which individuals (typically females) have an obsessive concern with their weight, and ‘‘multiple personality disorder,’’ in which one person is thought to have multiple personalities that assume control over that person’s behavior. Although the inclusion of ‘‘culturally bound syndromes’’ into the DSM-IV has been hailed as a major step toward acknowledging the influence of culture on psychopathology, it has also encountered much criticism. This debate will be discussed at greater length later in the chapter. Despite these problems, Western classif ication systems are widely used in cultural studies of psychopathology due to the lack of alternative non-Western classification systems. Researchers have employed different methods for assessing psychopathology across cultures. These include self-report inventories (e.g., rating scales, personality instruments) and interview schedules (e.g, structured vs. open-ended). Post Footer automatically generated by wp-posturl plugin for wordpress.	http://www.mentalhealthmy.com/articles/assessing-psychopathology-across-cultures.html
The ordinary wal - Mart and the Feed My People Program hero hated death, for the dead were regarded as strengthless doubles who had to be revived with drafts of blood, mead, wine, and water in order to enable them to speak. There are many such places located throughout Greece and people would come from all over to worship the gods at these places. Fundamental was the precinct ( temenos ) allotted to the deity, containing the altar, temple (if any and other sacral or natural features, such as the sacred olive in the temenos of Pandrosos on the Athenian Acropolis. The gods might prefer peace on Olympus to helping their worshippers. Importance of the beginning of the film Punitive Damage, American Civil Religion and Politics, 28 The mainstream religion of the Greeks did not go unchallenged within Greece. Religious ceremonies and festivals went on outside the temple. Julian (4th century ce). The Ancient Greeks believed in many different gods and goddesses. No ritual was associated with the image itself, though it was sometimes paraded. The human form idealized was still used for portraying the gods, but only a brief step was needed to produce an art in which the human form was idealized for its own sake. Many of the things that we know of today, such as the Parthenon in Athens, the Archaeological site in Delphi, and even the Ancient Olympic Games all have their roots in the religion of the Ancient Greeks. Divination was also widely practiced in Greece. Yet Troy fell, like many another city. The advantageous division of the animal was supposed to go back to Prometheus 's trick on Zeus Burkert (1985 2:1:1; to some extent different animals were thought appropriate for different deities, from bulls for Zeus and Poseidon to doves for Aphrodite, Burkert (1985 2:1:4 Struck. They also believed the gods. The ancient Greeks are prime subjects of study for those wishing to understand the roles that religion and mythology play in a society and how the two interact. The religion of Ancient Greece was classified as polytheistic, which means that. Worship of these gods and goddesses was part of their every day life. Greek religion, religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Hellenes. Politics and Religion, The World Religion and Man,	http://estrelitzia.eu/35958-the-importance-of-religion-in-ancient-greece/
Ania is a NINE DTP ESRC-funded PhD student in education and geography. Before beginning her studies at Durham in October 2018, she graduated with a BA in Geography (2014-2017) and an MPhil in Education, Globalisation, and International Development (2017-2018) from the University of Cambridge. Ania’s doctoral research focuses on the role of parental cultural heritage in shaping the feelings and understandings of belonging amongst immigrant-background emerging adults. Using collaborative qualitative methods to work with emerging adults from a range of cultural and ethnic background, Ania aims to paint a broader picture of how heritage, identity, and education intersect in the narratives of belonging in the migration context. She hopes to use this knowledge to inform further research on practices and policies that would support immigrant communities, mainstream schools, and individuals in navigating these complex processes of understanding and embracing heritage and identity. Teaching commitments - Intercultural Communication (Level 4) - 2019/20 - International and Comparative Education (Level 1) - 2020/21 Recent conference papers (slides and recordings available upon request) - Gruszczyńska, A. (2021, invited speaker) Maintenance of heritage languages in “immigrant” families in the UK: parental decision making and practices and their impact on immigrant-background children as they step into adulthood. University of Sydney, Sydney Institute of Community Languages Education: International Conference on Community/Heritage Language Education. - Gruszczyńska, A. (2021) Understanding, researching, languaging: three ways to think about language and migration. Royal Geographical Society Annual Conference. Session: Lost in translation: beyond the bounds of langauge and migration (chaired by Sergei Shubin and Marcus Doel). - Gruszczyńska, A. (2021) Parental cultural heritage as a border between immigrant parents and their adult children. Royal Geographical Society Annual Conference. Session: Bordering Parenthood/Bordering Family: on the beings, becomings and absences of doing contemporary family (chaired by Amy Walker and Alison Briggs). - Gruszczyńska, A. (2021) Immigrant-background young adults' journeys towards belonging in the UK. IMISCOE Conference. Session: Crossing borders - feeling connected? An exploration of drivers influencing the development of a sense of belonging in the receiving society (chaired by Elke Murdock and Isabelle Albert).	https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/anna-m-gruszczynska/
Juneteenth Productions offers non-fiction production workshops in: These workshops can range from two-day intensive trainings to multiple week hands-on instruction. Instructors Judith McCray and Maurice Bisaillon bring a combined 40-years of teaching and production experience to the workshops. Participants can expect an immersive overview of production fundamentals that will include development, research techniques, story and script analysis, script writing, production management, equipment training, editing, distribution and social media marketing. Additionally, participants are immersed in learning and practicing how to successfully collaborate with diverse communities, increasing their skills in empathetic listening, transparency and cultural dexterity to work meaningfully with and around people of varied cultural and racial backgrounds. Media Consulting Juneteenth Productions is a certified MBE/WBE/DBE media production and communications company serving non-profit advocacy, educational, health, labor and social services organizations. Our specialty is communicating effectively to diverse communities, often underserved or disenfranchised from mainstream society and communication vehicles. We offer communications and strategic planning and to assist organizations in using best practices to identify, target and serve constituents, stakeholders and partner organizations. Recent communications and media strategic planning conducted for:	https://juneteenthproductions.com/services
There are three distinct characteristics that allow us to recognize the difference from modernity; changes in capitalism, changes in the consumer society, and the rise of a global society. There are many ways in which society in modernity can be separated from society at present in postmodernity. In modernity reason was based on the foundations upwards, whereas in postmodernity there are multiple factors and multiple levels of reasoning, almost wed-orientated. In modernity science was viewed as the universal optimism, whereas in postmodern times science was seen as a realism of limitations. Lastly, in modernity language was referential; which contrasts with the view in postmodernity that language has a meaning in social contexts through its usage. In the essay, “In Defense of Prejudice”, by Jonathan Rauch, he defines the position opposite to his own as “purism”. He states that the public does not know enough about the term and it has yet to be properly identified. Rauch states that “purism” cannot be justified without the traces of prejudice to be completely removed from society, but that prejudice will never be removed from society due to continuous perceptions that people have. Throughout the essay Rauch defines purism, and it can be attained that the public does not know what pluralism is, what it means to be politically correct, and what society really is without constant prejudice. In this essay, those concepts will be explored with Rauch’s position on them, and what he believes. Limit your implementation to only 2-input AND gates (74LS08), 2-input OR gates (74LS32), and inverters (74LS04). 4. Using the CDS, enter and test your un-simplified Majority Vote – Voting Machine. Use switches for the inputs P, V, S, & T and a probe or LED circuit for the output Decision. Verify that the circuit is working as expected. Words stand for ideas, people, events, objects, feelings, and so forth, but they are not the things they represent (Wood, p. 95, 96).” 2. How does your unique perspective influence how you perceive language? Communication reflects cultural values and perspectives. It also creates or reproduces culture by naming and normalizing practices valued by the culture. The words of a language reflect what the mainstream in a culture regards as worth naming. Understanding nourishes belonging. A lack of understanding prevents it. An individual’s potential to create and retain a sense of belonging relies upon both the community’s, and their personal capacity for understanding. Millers the Crucible coupled with the study of Seabold’s novel the Lovely bones and the film The Virgin Suicides, explore the detrimental effect a lack of understanding has on an individual’s sense of belonging. Throughout the texts, the characters reveal the significance an understanding of a personas nature has in allowing them to retain a sense of belonging. It’s unclear how Hume thinks of names, words or language as a whole. According to Hume’s theory, we must at least have impressions (and the corresponding ideas) of the spoken or written manifestations of words. Obviously, something unites these different impressions of manifestations of a word for us to know that they are the same word with the same meaning. But under Hume’s system, we are left with a circular explanation: the concept of the word is defined by the customary application of the word to itself. Under this conception, language is not an adequate tool to determine which particulars belong within a concept. Why or why not? In my honest opinion prejudice is hard to measure because it cannot accurately be predicted or judge by a test. I feel like prejudice cannot be measured accurately because the test shows the association between different groups. The only thing I can see the implicit association test is measured are the groups that I may belong to or fit in. People cannot show the result of being or prejudice because people are known to select things that they are more familiar with, things that they are more commutable with, and things that they see in their everyday environment. It rejected past ideals of conservative realism. Modernists believed that the weight of outdated philosophies and systems were holding back potential cultural development. For many, modernism opposes the hierarchical structures of society and is characterised by innovation and dynamism There are many discourses of modernity, as there is with post-modernity. As theorized by Marx, “the modern is the epoch that follows the middles ages, or feudalism”. Post-modernism is widely believed to have been born at the end of the second world war, however, historians David Somervell and Arnold Toynbee in their writing 'A study of histoy', suggested the concept of the post-modern period began as early as around 1875, to delineate a fourth stage of Western history, and the 'modern'. Ethnomathematics Ethnomathematics, a term first used by mathematician Ubiratan D'Ambrosio, represents mathematics performed among particular cultural groups including national tribal civilizations, labor groups, and children of a specific age group, professional classes, and so forth (Powell, & Frankenstein, 1997). Its identity depends mainly on focuses of appeal, on motivation, and on particular codes, which are not associated with academic mathematics (Powell, & Frankenstein, 1997). For example, a great deal of the mathematics which is presently executed by engineers, primarily calculus, does not act in response to the notion of strictness and formalism created in academic lessons of calculus (Powell, & Frankenstein, 2007; D'Ambrosio 1985,).Cultural groups in Western civilizations also possess an ethnomathematics. Furthermore, D’Ambrosio insists that we should neither underestimate nor disregard the effect of cultural environment and motivation (Powell, & Frankenstein, 1997). Similar to the construction of other cultural products, mathematical concepts develop within certain circumstances and created ideas connect to relative content (Powell, & Frankenstein, 1997). However, postmodernism is distinguishable from its predecessor in several key aspects (although there is still much debate about the criteria for how this distinction can be made). One aspect, for example, is the tone. Modernists regard the fragmentation of character deplorable and thus as something that should be solved; contrarily, postmodernists view such fragmentation as something that’s beyond solving and often employ a playful tone at depicting it. This will be further discussed later in the essay. Postmodernist perspective can be applied to a vast variety of cultural fields, as broad as to include literature, art, architecture, sociology, music, cinema, and much more.	https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Postmodernism-And-Language-453965.html
The education system is failing Indigenous people with educational attainment trailing far behind those of non-Indigenous people and by perpetuating a disconnection from the land and their Indigenous languages, which is integral to their cultural identities. The quality of on-reserve education is inferior because of being profoundly underfunded, creating shortages of materials, equipment and no specialized teachers . In 2016, the Auditor General for the Province of Manitoba found, “only 55% of Indigenous students are graduating from high school, compared to 96% of non-Indigenous students; a gap that has widened since 2010” . Oppositely in GHFN and WFN, mature and regular secondary education are graduating more people than ever, who then want to pursue post-secondary education in their community, as shown in this film clip. Community post-secondary programs could reduce the education achievement gap that extends to post-secondary certificates, diplomas or degrees with only 23% of Indigenous people attaining these compared to 40% of mainstream Canada according to Statistics Canada (2011). While 65% of non-Aboriginal people have post-secondary qualifications, 45% of First Nations people have postsecondary qualifications with: 13% having trades certificate; 19% having college diploma; and 9% having a university degree (Statistics Canada, 2011). A formal education is increasingly important for employment and quality of life. Most Indigenous students still have to leave their reserves to pursue a university or college degree, without the social supports and economic supports to do so. This pulls them out of their communities like when their parents and grandparents had to attend residential school. In addition to adjusting to culture shock, Indigenous students must cope with loneliness: “the greatest factor affecting student boarders who drop out is simple homesickness. Not only do they pine for family and friends, they also long for their accustomed food and lifestyle”. Being on the outskirts of Canadian mainstream society places Indigenous students at higher risk of multiple oppressions and not fitting in, which can result in poor school outcomes. Indigenous pride and strength in identity is essential for student success and dramatically increases one’s sense of belonging. The “Next Seven Generations” concept emphasizes that appropriate and relevant teaching today will positively impact the next 7 generations. Traditionally, transmission through culture had always been the conduit by which sustainable livelihoods, resilience, well-being, language, harvesting, spirituality and parenting of Indigenous peoples was continuously generated and re-created. HeavyRunner and Morris (1997) observe that when cultural values are cherished, taught, and nurtured, youth develop natural resilience, which then becomes foundational for healthy and self-respecting cultural identities. Indigenous language, respect, caring and holism are integral to Indigenous knowledge systems . Instruction in local dialects is known to be extremely effective in meeting educational goals and objectives. The 2014 First Nations, Inuit and Metis Essential Skills Inventory Project identified five beneficial practices, namely: 1) working with/in the community; 2) learner-centered, holistic approaches; 3) Indigenous learning principles, 4) employer involvement to provide workplace experience, and 5) control and ownership . More has to be done to implement these five best practices, which this case study will trial in two communities.. Education is necessary for self-determination that addresses colonialism to be aware of the oppressions faced by FN people within contemporary society. This type of adult education overcomes hegemony to decolonize and promote Mino Bimaadizwin and cultural resilience instead of state dependence. Many Indigenous people are viewing self-determination as a framework to improve the educational experience and outcomes in their communities and overall to overcome Indigenous oppressions that include poverty and racial discrimination (. The 13 Principles on Indigenous Education recognize the need for greater indigenization of university curricula and leadership, as well as promoting dialogue and intercultural engagement.	http://ecohealthcircle.com/blog-post-second-test/
Technology: the new mainstream ALT-C symposium Instead of debating how learning technology can be brought into the 'mainstream' of academic practice, we should be debating how academic practice can be better aligned with a 'mainstream' culture that is now thoroughly digital. 'Digital literacy' is defined by the European Commission as both a social entitlement - essential to living, working, social participation, acquiring goods and services, expressing oneself and learning throughout life - and a prerequisite for economic recovery. From this perspective, it may be traditional academic practices that are in danger of being sidelined or appearing irrelevant to young people's aspirations. How digitally literate are our academic institutions? How can teachers and scholars situate themselves at the forefront of the knowledge revolution? How relevant are current forms of academic work to potential students? Image: Digital Literacy Panorama #altc2012 James F Clay http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamesclay/7976692898/ Ideas to be explored This debate offers perspectives from four UK Universities that are engaged in digital literacy development. The questions that all panel members will address are: what characterises effective digital academic practice; and how can we best develop it? The panellists share a belief that digital literacy needs to be understood at the level of knowledge practices, situated in academic roles and organisational cultures, and in subject communities. The perspectives from which they will address the two questions are: (Institute of Education): how and why students use technologies, including the places they study and the ways they manage the integration (and separation) of their personal, professional and academic lives; (University of the Arts, London): student employability needs and industry/sector requirements in the context of arts education; (University of Exeter): digital literacy in research-intensive contexts and the role of postgraduate research students as digital pioneers; (University of Bath): working with academic staff to explore how digital experiences can develop students' subject knowledge and professional practices in academic programmes. Structure Chair offers a short overview of the digital literacies landscape and proposes the two questions (6 minutes) Four panel members speak for 6 minutes each (max 8 slides) Participants offer their own interpretations of digital academic practice and their experiences of effective development work (20 minutes) Panelists sum up what they have learned from participants (2 minutes each) with a final round-up from the Chair Intended outcomes Participants will have: - discussed how academic and digital practices are influencing one another - reviewed what new capabilities are required to thrive in a digital academic landscape - considered a range of approaches to developing digital literacy in academic institutions - assessed which approaches are most congruent with their own roles and academic settings - contributed their own definitions and developmental practices \|Attachment\|\|Size\| \|alt-c_photos.zip\|\|5.91 MB\| \|ual-_alt-c_symposium_0.2.pptx\|\|292.63 KB\| \|alt-c-dial_chris_follows-text.jpg\|\|178.27 KB\| This Work, Technology: the new mainstream ALT-C symposium, by cfollows, is free of known copyright restrictions.	https://process.arts.ac.uk/content/technology-new-mainstream-alt-c-symposium/index.html
This paper has been based on three assumptions that have been widely discussed in the international political science: (1) there has been a decline of democracy in East–Central Europe (ECE) with the emergence of “velvet dictatorships”, (2) the velvet dictatorships rely on the soft power of media and communication rather on the hard power of state violence that has provoked “cultural wars“ and (3) the basic turning point is the transition from the former modernization narrative to the traditional narrative with “reinventing the past” and “reconceptualising modernity” through the reference to the historically given collective national identity by launching the “politics of historical memory”. The velvet dictatorships have been using and abusing the national history as an ideological drug to consolidate their power. The (social and national) populism and Euroscepticism are the basic twin terms to describe the soft power of the new (semi)authoritarian regimes. They are convertible, the two sides of the same coin, since they express the same divergence from the EU mainstream from inside and outside. Soft power means that the political contest in the new regimes has been transferred from the hard to the soft fields of politics as the fight between the confronting narratives. The victory of the traditionalist–nativist narrative carries also the message that the people are only passive “subjects” and not active citizens, so the field of politics has been extremely narrowed in the “new brave world” in ECE. © 2017 Adam Marszałek Publishing House. All rights reserved.	https://czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/component/tags/tag/cultural-war
Substance misuse is a global phenomenon representing a major public health issue worldwide. Though the exact nature and patterning of the problem vary across countries there are striking similarities providing opportunities for thinking about substance misuse internationally. Similar risk and protective factors are seen in contrasting national contexts such as parenting practices and family relationships. Similarly, the short- and long-term health effects of substance misuse by young people manifest themselves across contrasting cultural and socio-economic settings. Whilst the development and effectiveness of prevention efforts vary widely, many countries have introduced prevention initiatives aimed at young people that address known risk and protective factors. School- and family-based interventions are common in many parts of the world for instance. At their best such efforts comprise well-theorised interventions with clear mechanisms of action operating within broader prevention systems which support intervention development, evaluation and long-term implementation. But there is considerable variation in the development of prevention systems, particularly when comparing high- and low/middle-income nations. Two key aspects of the development of international research and collaboration within the field of prevention science are discussed: first why international embrace of prevention science is important and the ways in which it contributes to the development of the field; and second some of the major challenges to building international research including the varying capacity of prevention systems, the complexities of working across geographical and cultural borders, the questions raised when interventions are transported to new settings and the appropriateness of undertaking cultural adaptations. The chapter describes some of the current strategies and initiatives which seek to address these challenges to build an international prevention science.	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/121100/
Most people believe in the saying "if you do the crime, you do the time". However, some criminals are managing to avoid jail time as a result of lawyers negotiating plea bargains and conditional sentencing. How and why these practices have been used is the subject of much controversy, a case in point being the infamous Bernado and Homolka trial. ... - 2000 - 00:24:04 - 15-17 - Added on: 06/14/2013 The National Crime and Punishment: The Politics of Punishment (Part 2 of 2) Does handing out hard time actually reduce crime? To a society that is increasingly fearful of violent crimes and views the justice system as too soft on offenders, the answer would be yes. Many politicians respond to this public opinion by playing the "get tough on crime card", a sure vote catcher. But this widely held opinion is based on ... - 2000 - 00:23:04 - 13-14 - Added on: 06/14/2013 News in Review - May 2000 Conditional Sentencing: Effective or Not? Punishment, rehabilitation, or revenge? In an enlightened society, it is presumed that prisons will redress wrongs in the best interests of society as a whole. The perplexing issue of prison sentences is whether they accomplish what they are intended to. Do they change sociopathic human behaviour and allow a criminal member of society to reintegrate into the mainstream population and ...	https://curio.ca/en/advanced-search-results/?subjects=Punishment%20--%20Canada
The Shared Language Scarves map the terms used to describe creative authorship and engagement across the fields of visual art, digital media, and open methods. The scarves highlight the increasingly politicised tension between art object and social engagement, through the language of open source methodologies. Seemingly opposing words are embroidered at each end of a woollen scarf, usually bought from local charity shops. The scarves are stitched during conferences, seminars, and workshops discussing issues of cultural production, ownership, organisation, and distribution. These events enable the embriodered text to be contested and developed through conversation. Anyone can sew their scarf. The stitched words are discussed below: 1 :Many / Many:Many 1:Many is network distribution ratio for a traditional broadcast model such as television or radio. It was Brecht who first suggested that a radio could be a transmitter as well as a reciever, enabling people to broadcast as well as tune-in, transforming the audience from consumers to producers on a Many:Many network. In art, traditional distribution is based on viewers contemplating an art work created by a single artist (1:Many). Alternatively, in socially engaged art the work produced by many can be re-presented in the gallery as a singular viewing experience. The socially engaged artist may also facilitate a socially engaged project which involves people both as producers and consumers (Many:Many). Early net artists developed open source programmes such as Pirate Radio (Pit Schultz) based on a Many:Many model, enabling people to be both the producers and users of a radio station. This model has now been widely adopted by mainstream media, commonly known as Web2.0. However, the ubiquity of user-generated content and its exploitation should be treated with a critical eye. Everyone an Artist / Everyone a Programmer This scarf compares ideas of access to and participation in art and code. Joseph Beuys famously wrote "Everyone is an Artist", whilst Linus Torvalds, the designer of the Open Source Software production process that produced the Linux operating system said "Everyone a Programmer." Audience / Community of Users The notion of audience is shifting away from a vague notion of the general public, to more specific communities with particular skills and interests. An art gallery or museum presents art objects to an audience; socially engaged practice develops projects with an audience as participants; open source networks involve their audience as users. Education / Self-organisation An art gallery presents objects to enable people to experience them. The purpose of this experience is often described in terms of education and entertainment. In social engagement, the process of participating embodies the knowledge of the experience, and not just the observation of the object. Social engagement facilitates people to value their own cultural experience. Open methods take this pedagogy a step further to encourage self-organisation, where users develop the tools and structures they need to develop and distribute their own culture. Located Community / Distributed Network Gallery education and outreach programmes follow funding agendas for priority socio-economic target groups. The social deprivation of these groups is increasingly linked to lack of access to 'culture'. Socially engaged artists work directly with their audiences, often presenting the work back to the (secondary) art gallery audience. Socially engaged practice aims to work with a community's own culture. This is achieved through working with people to identify issues relevant to their locality or specialist area of interest. Eg keeping the local pool open, or exploring common areas of interest such as chess or driving. Networked communication technology defines social relations not in terms of a located 'community' but in terms of it's distributed 'network' mapping the relations between people at different points of time and space. This network enables the development of distributed communities of interest over great distances. Author / Collective The relationship between individual and collective authorship is always complex. It often marks a shift from producing or consuming an object to taking part in a wider process of cultural activity. There are many levels of authorship, collaboration, participation and engagement. Copyright / Copyleft Free Culture has made a universal call for common ownership such as Copyleft, based on the argument that knowledge should be free and accessible, and reproducable by all. The Creative Commons has challenged the concept of copyright, moving away from a legal structure of ownership to a licence to share. Whilst socially engaged practices have used joint copyright as a way of establishing shared ownership - Creative Commons enables people to license creative material so that it can be shared or reused by others. Producer / User Art objects are often produced and consumed by different people. Socially engaged and open source methods involve people in the production of their own culture, which can sometimes be consumed by others in different ways. The open source development model involves users being the producers, or at least contributing to a part, of the production process. In this way, culture is not something you buy, it's something you do! Consumption / Sustainability This polarization of 'consumption' and 'sustainability' questions the idea that we can 'buy' our way out of economic and environmental problems. This belief in the market to solve all ills can blur the distinction between something that looks handmade, simply rejecting high production values (ripped jeans, torn paper), and something that is hand-built, modified or adapted according to need. Moving towards a sustainable aesthetic, involves an understanding of the aesthetic of dialogic processes developed through social engagement, enabling people to develop sustainable culture, tools and resources.	https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/3111/1/oselanguagescarves.htm
The training scheme was developed by the LEARN-IP team and the training modules are accessible here: https://moodle.learn-ip.eu . The scheme is available in English, German, Spanish, Macedonian, Romanian and Bulgarian. Module 1: Introduction to the learning curve of Intellectual Property in cultural heritage and cultural tourism This module gives a general introduction to the project and the relevance of intellectual property rights for cultural heritage and cultural tourism. Module 2: How to identify assets in the cultural heritage and tourism sector This module is addressed to heritage managers and cultural tourism professionals and first introduces the terms “cultural heritage” and “cultural tourism” as they are used in the context of LEARN-IP. It explains the term “asset” which plays an important role in the context of intellectual property rights. It then goes on to discuss the potential of heritage assets for cultural tourism, and learners will gain insight into how to identify assets and make use of opportunities from assets. With some good practices and numerous exercises learners can reflect and deepen their understanding and knowledge. Module 3: Transformation of cultural heritage and tourism assets into Intellectual Property This module provides a guided tour through intellectual property rights (IPR) and their application to cultural heritage and tourism assets. After a general introduction of properties of IPR, various kinds of industrial property rights and copyright are introduced and illustrated with examples. This knowledge is then applied to the field of cultural heritage and tourism. Criteria and strategies are developed which allow identifying the most appropriate IPR for a specific asset. The prerequisites, necessary steps to obtain protection, and the estimates of occurring costs are presented. Module 4: How to identify opportunities and overcome barriers for utilizing assets This module presents the importance of the cultural heritage and tourism assets as an opportunity for developing economic benefits. It focuses on how to identify opportunities for its protection and utilization. It examines the identification of the barriers and the importance of precaution measures for the third-party IPR related to cultural heritage and cultural tourism assets. It enables learners to develop a sustainable cultural tourism business in a protected cultural environment. This module is a valuable reference to be added to the skills and knowledge learners develop through practice and experience. Module 5: IPR Strategy and Business Development This module explores the principles of an IPR strategy in the cultural heritage and cultural tourism sector: It provides an answer to the question of what to do after registration of IPR for certain cultural tourism or heritage products or services. Furthermore, it explores the general question of how to “exploit” cultural heritage and cultural tourism assets and to bring economic benefits to the stakeholders, including the local community. Finally, this module opens new horizons to the learners regarding the latest trends in digitization specifically for the cultural tourism and heritage sectors. Module 6: How to build value-chains to valorize cultural heritage and tourism Intellectual Property This module explains how value chains can be developed specifically with intellectual property assets and what needs to be considered. Targeted learners are stakeholders from cultural heritage as well as cultural tourism. They should first become aware of what value chains are and the serious role they can play. The competences and skills that will be developed include, in the first step, the identification and analysis of value chains. The next step is the integration of intellectual property rights in value chains and their beneficial use in terms of economic, social, environmental, and sustainable effects. For both sectors, this is presented and discussed in respective impacts. Module 7: How to finance the creation of IP assets in cultural heritage and tourism This module presents the professional approach to financing the protection and commercialisation of cultural heritage and cultural tourism assets. Funding these activities is one of the most important considerations to be taken, but not many European cultural and tourism stakeholders are trained in the art of raising funds. Thus, the module provides information about the existing different financing sources and financing models for the different steps in the intellectual property protection and exploitation phases. Finally, this module introduces the different forms and unique features of the financing possibilities available and illustrates those with examples with good practice references and with referrals to further readings.	https://learn-ip.eu/information/training-modules/
InterAccess is currently seeking a visionary leader to step into the role of Executive Director (ED). The ED is a senior administrative position that reports directly to the Board of Directors. The ED is responsible for overseeing all aspects of operations, including financial management, granting, facility oversight, program delivery, and staff and volunteer management. The ED works in line with InterAccess’s mission to expand the cultural significance of art and technology, supports and enhances its strategic priorities, and provides value to the organization and its audiences. More broadly, the ED will cultivate the growth of the organization across two crucial fronts. First, InterAccess is heavily focused on community development and equity, simultaneously looking to better serve its constituent community of artists while expanding the new media art space to make it more welcoming to marginalized communities that have been historically excluded. At the same time, the ED will spearhead special project and private sector fundraising, to increase the capacity, impact, and resilience of the organization. The successful candidate will require a dynamic mix of cultural sensitivity, communication skills, strategic foresight, and ingenuity to forge forward on both fronts—and lead InterAccess into its next chapter. Organization Mandate Founded in 1983 as Toronto Community-Videotex, InterAccess is a gallery, educational facility, production studio, festival, and registered charity dedicated to new media and emerging practices in art and technology. InterAccess’s mission is to expand the cultural significance of art and technology by fostering and supporting the full cycle of art and artistic practice through education, production, and exhibition. Position Details This position is a full-time (35 hours/week) contract position expected to begin September 2021. The contract is for a term of one year, with the expectation of renewal. Standard weekly hours are based on a Monday–Friday schedule. Frequent evenings and weekends will be required, with overtime at certain times of the year. Employees receive time off in lieu for all overtime hours worked. This position is salaried. The salary range is $45,000-$55,000 commensurate with experience plus three weeks paid vacation. Full job requirements, responsibilities, and appropriate qualifications available at: interaccess.org/opportunities How to Apply Please send your résumé and cover letter (as a single PDF) by Friday, August 13th, 2021 to [email protected]. Interviews will be conducted in August, with a target start date of mid/late September. We thank all applicants for their interest; only those selected for an interview will be contacted. Statement on Equity InterAccess strongly encourages applications from equity-seeking communities, including individuals who are Black, Indigenous, People of Colour, LGBTQ-identified, Gender Diverse, Two-Spirit, and Persons with Disabilities, and privileges those persons that identify as belonging to communities marginalized by broader society. InterAccess is committed to expanding its hiring practices by considering both traditional experience in the culture sector and non-traditional professional experience. We acknowledge the merits of cultural experiences ranging from mainstream to alternative. To this effect, InterAccess has engaged an equity HR consultant to advise the Board during this hiring process.	https://acwr.net/executive-director-interaccess/
The Graduate School Practices of Literature (GSPoL) at the University of Münster invites international students in literary studies to apply for a PhD scholarship starting on October 1, 2019. The four-year scholarships are part of the Graduate School Scholarship Programme (GSSP) funded by the German Academic Exchange Service / Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD). Graduate schools and structured doctoral training have been widely adopted by institutions across Europe to enhance students’ networking skills, interdisciplinary collaboration, and employability in or outside research. High-quality standards regarding the selection and hosting of doctoral students, as well as an international research environment, create an ideal setting particularly for international candidates. At GSPoL, students benefit from interdisciplinary supervision and exchange and have the opportunity to prepare for careers in academic and non-academic contexts. Participating areas of study: English/American Studies, Arabic/Islamic Studies, Baltic Studies, Book Studies, German Studies, Comparative Studies, Latin Philology/Studies, Neo- and Medieval Latin Studies, Dutch Studies, Scandinavian Studies, Romance Studies (Main Areas: French, Spanish, and Italian Literature), Sinology, Slavonic Studies The program revolves around three main subject areas: 1. Literature and Society (relationship between literature and society; social theories; cultural the-ories; cultural turn and literary studies) 2. Theories of Literature (science studies; history, theory, and methodology of/in literary studies) 3. Putting the Study of Literature into Practice (professional sectors that require expertise in literary studies; the literary marketplace; transferable skills) Curriculum: Lectures series and workshops, colloquia, research groups, and elective options such as internships, academic teaching, etc. Supervision: Each doctoral candidate will have an individual, interdisciplinary support group consisting of three advisors. A written mentoring agreement and an individual timeline will be established and signed by the PhD candidate and their supervisors. Guidelines for Applications to the Graduate School Practices of Literature Each DAAD scholarship in this programme comprises funding for four years. The application deadline for the winter term 2019/2020 is November 30, 2018. Applications may be submitted in German or English. Requirements - Master’s/Magister/Staatsexamen degree (usually in literary studies) with a minimum grade of “gut”/B - German language skills (if necessary, DAAD funding may include preparatory German language courses) - additional foreign language skills according to § 5 (2) of the GSPoL study regulations - applicants must have received their Master’s degree (i.e. taken their last final exam) no more than six years prior to the time when DAAD receives the nomination letter - applicants should not have resided in Germany for more than fifteen months prior to the nomination to DAAD Please also refer to the DAAD website for current information and their guidelines for foreign applicants. The application for a scholarship follows a three-step procedure: Step 1: Application to GSPoL Applications to GSPoL should be submitted in written form (via email as a single PDF document) and include the following: - letter of motivation stating the reasons for the application to GS PoL - curriculum vitae (without photograph) - proof that the applicant has completed a master's degree (usually in literary studies) with a final grade of 2,0 (B) (according to § 5 (1) of the GSPoL study regulations) - proof of German language skills - proof of additional foreign language skills according to § 5 (2) of the GSPoL study regulations - brief (approx. half-page) abstract of the PhD project - project proposal of about 10 pages in length, including a title, table of con-tents, detailed outline (of the topic; its originality and significance; aims and methodology), as well as a bibliography - timeline, including optional stays/studies abroad of up to one year in total (= 25% of the duration of the scholarship), which may not be scheduled at the beginning of the programme - two letters of reference. Step 2 (winter 2018/2019): personal interview at GSPoL and nomination to DAAD Step 3 (spring 2019): standard application procedure at and final decision by DAAD (online application with supporting documentation via the DAAD portal) Please send your application (via email as a single PDF document) and any questions you may have to: Graduate School Practices of Literature WWU Münster, Fachbereich 09 (Philologie) Dr. Anna Thiemann c/o Germanistisches Institut Schlossplatz 34 48143 Münster, Germany +49 251 83 - 24439 [email protected] For more information click "LINK TO ORIGINAL" below.	https://armacad.info/2018-09-03--phd-scholarships-at-the-graduate-school-practices-of-literature-2019-university-of-munster-germany
con·trac·tion. Use contraction in a sentence. noun. The definition of contraction is the lengthening or shortening of a muscle fiber or a word formed by combining the sounds of two longer words. An example of a contraction is the action of the uterus during the birth process. What Causes Muscle Contractions Biology? The muscle contraction cycle is triggered by calcium ions binding to the protein complex troponin, exposing the active-binding sites on the actin. As soon as the actin-binding sites are uncovered, the high-energy myosin head bridges the gap, forming a cross-bridge. What Are The 4 Types Of Muscle Contractions? There are three different types of muscle contractions: isometric, concentric, and eccentric. Isometric. If I hold the weight still, the muscle is engaged but doesn’t change length. Concentric. When I bring that weight towards my shoulder, the biceps muscle shortens. ECCENTRIC. As I lower the weight, the biceps lengthens. How Do You Explain Muscle Contraction? A muscle contraction consists of a series of repeated events. First, calcium triggers a change in the shape of troponin and reveals the myosin-binding sites of actin beneath tropomyosin. Then, the myosin heads bind to actin and cause the actin filaments to slide. What Are The Steps Of Muscle Contraction? The process of muscular contraction occurs over a number of key steps, including: What Affects Muscle Contraction? Contraction Speed The ability of muscle to generate force is determined in part by the speed at which a muscle is contracting. For concentric muscle contractions, or when a muscle shortens, as the speed of a contraction increases the force-producing capability of the muscle decreases in a hyperbolic fashion. What Are The 6 Steps Of Muscle Contraction? Help me put the 6 steps of muscle contraction in order? Ca2+ is pumped back into the terminal cisternae. C) Myosin heads bind to the binding sites on the actin. D) ATP is hydrolyzed and re-energizes the myosin head. E) ATP causes the myosin head to be released by binding to the myosin head. Ca2+ is released from the terminal cisternae (end of motor neuron) Why Is Muscle Contraction Important? Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction. In addition to movement, muscle contraction also fulfills some other important functions in the body, such as posture, joint stability, and heat production. Posture, such as sitting and standing, is maintained as a result of muscle contraction. What Are The 3 Roles Of Atp In Muscle Contraction? Three functions of ATP in muscle contraction are the following: (1) Its hydrolysis by an ATPase activates the myosin head so it can bind to actin and rotate; (2) Its binding to myosin causes detachment from actin after the power stroke; and (3) It powers the pumps that transport calcium ions from the cytosol back into Which Is The First Step Of A Contraction Cycle? The first step in the process of contraction is for Ca++ to bind to troponin so that tropomyosin can slide away from the binding sites on the actin strands. This allows the myosin heads to bind to these exposed binding sites and form cross-bridges. How Do You Relax Contracted Muscles? Applying a warm compress or heating pad to the affected muscle to help relax rigid muscles. Gently stretching your stiff muscle to help relax it. Avoiding strenuous activity that may trigger the muscle to become rigid again. Encouraging the muscles to relax using massage, yoga, or tai chi. Where Is Smooth Muscle Found? Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like your intestines and stomach. They work automatically without you being aware of them. Smooth muscles are involved in many ‘housekeeping’ functions of the body. The muscular walls of your intestines contract to push food through your body. How Many Muscles Are In The Human Body? 650 What Happens During Muscle Contraction And Relaxation? Relaxation: Relaxation occurs when stimulation of the nerve stops. Calcium is then pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum breaking the link between actin and myosin. Actin and myosin return to their unbound state causing the muscle to relax. Why Is Calcium Important For Muscle Contraction? Calcium also plays an important role in muscle contraction, transmitting messages through the nerves, and the release of hormones. If people aren’t getting enough calcium in their diet, the body takes calcium from the bones to ensure normal cell function, which can lead to weakened bones. What Is The Role Of Atp In Muscle Contraction? What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction? ATP is responsible for cocking (pulling back) the myosin head, ready for another cycle. When it binds to the myosin head, it causes the cross bridge between actin and myosin to detach. ATP then provides the energy to pull the myosin back, by hydrolysing to ADP + Pi. What Is Muscle Action? The origin is the fixed attachment, while the insertion moves with contraction. The action, or particular movement of a muscle, can be described relative to the joint or the body part moved. Groups of muscles are involved in most movements and names are used to describe the role of each muscle involved. What Controls The Force Of Muscle Contraction? The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment. A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric. What Is Muscle Physiology? Human Physiology/The Muscular System. Muscle is contractile tissue and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Its function is to produce force and cause motion, either locomotion or movement within internal organs.	https://www.bestofinternet.blog/what-is-contraction-in-biology/
Calcium deficiency have a negative impact on the body. As with other types of nutrients, calcium has an important function for the body. One of them is to strengthen the structure of bones and teeth. Not only that, calcium also plays an important role in heart health and muscle throughout the body. What is the effect of calcium deficiency? Loss of bone density is very dangerous. Fragile bones can lead to poor posture, back pain, pelvic fractures, and many other health problems. The function of calcium is very important for our bones. Crystals of calcium in the bones that keep bones strong. As mentioned above, calcium deficiency can cause a variety of effects. The following are some of the effects of the lack of the body's calcium levels. - Bone loss / osteoporosis: If the bones are not sufficient calcium deposits, there will be chaos in the metabolism of bone cells, to reduced bone volume. - Muscle bones pain: body movement is determined by skeletal muscle stimulation, while stimulation of skeletal muscle calcium arises because a very important role. If the intake of calcium in the body is not sufficient, there will be pain in the skeletal muscle - Disorders in the heart: The heart has a duty to defend lives. Although only the size of a fist, the heart is able to deliver blood at all times to every cell in the body. This ability comes from the contraction of the heart muscle continuously. Though the heart contraction and expansion as well as the storage and use of energy is not free from the influence of calcium. Disruptions in the heart is one of the effects of lack of calcium should be wary. - Decreased immunity: Lack of calcium capable of eliciting immune impairment. If the immunity deficiency body against disease, then very easily affected by various diseases that should be resisted by the immune system. - Memory is reduced: Calcium ions play an important role in the process of spending and sending nerve signals. Great stimulation to the nerves of the brain closely associated with the transmission of calcium ions inside and outside the neuron. When organisms lack of calcium, dendosignal nerve stimulation also encountered resistance mechanism in the human body were also damaged. Symptoms in children easily startled, crying at night, restless, insomnia and super active. To meet the daily calcium requirement, then the consumption of foods high in calcium must be done. Foods such as milk, yogurt, cheese, salmon, soy milk and a variety of grains is mandatory menu to meet daily calcium needs. But if you feel the food eaten daily can not meet daily calcium requirements, calcium supplement is the answer. Pick a natural calcium supplements and safe for consumption. Symptoms of calcium deficiency For women, the dose of calcium on average 1,000-1,200 milligrams of calcium in the body. These needs are often not met in women older and younger women with poor lifestyle. Usually diet and the type of diet should be changed to return the amount of calcium in the body become abnormal. Below are the symptoms that you must know: - Weak bones: Signs of calcium deficiency in women is not so visible. However, if you often feel aches or pains in the bones, should be careful. Especially if you are aged 35 years or older. - Nerve felt stiff: One sign of calcium deficiency are muscle and nerve often feels stiff and numb. This is probably due to impaired nerve signaling in the brain. - Easily tired: Dizziness, lack of concentration, psychosis and fatigue was often a sign of a person's lack of calcium. This is because the brain needs calcium intake. If you are experiencing some of the signs above, it's good to see a doctor and perform a series of tests to determine the levels of calcium in the body. To overcome calcium deficiency, your doctor will usually give a calcium supplement. However, it is much better if you eat more foods containing vitamin D and calcium as dairy products.	http://www.letsgohealthy.co.vu/2014/04/calcium-deficiency-effect-and-symptoms.html
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Quiz iOS Android More fascia bundle of muscle fibers (dense) Tendons cordlike layer of connective tissue sarcomere function of muscle fibers myofibril bundel of filaments z line separates sarcomeres (protine that borders) cross bridge bridge between myosin & actin motor nueron stimulates muscle- nerve cell that goes to muscle muscle tone continuous partial state of contraction thereshold stimulus minimum stimuls for a nueron to make a muscle contract describe the 4 characteristics of muscle tissue excitability - recieve & respond to a stimulus extensability - stretch beyond normal contractibility - shorten & thicken within stimulus is recieved elasticity - return to origional shape after extension or contraction describe the 3 functions of muscle tissue motion - whole or localized maintance of posture - maintains position heat production- enzymes function best at a certian temp and the body heat is from muscle contraction what advantages are there to a) whole body movement b) localized movement a) from one place to another b) movement of one part how are the fibers of skeletal muscle different from that of cardiac muscle? skeletal - striated, voluntary, movement of skeleton cardiac- heart, less striated, involuntary, pump blood what does the term smooth refer to in smooth muscle no striations which types of muscles are voluntary? skeletal what types of tissues are muscles composed of? muscle connective nervous vascular relationship between: epimysium , perimysium , and endomysium epimysium - covers entire muscle perimysium - covers bunches of fibers endomysium - covers individual fibers (cells) the outward extension of these froms what? tendon what is the purpose of the tendon sheaths? to protect tendons reduce tension allignment of rind tissue what is tendenitis inflamation of tendon sheaths what part of a muscle is considered to be the muscle cell? muscle cell (fibers) why does a single muscle cell have many nuclei and mitochondria? length long and thin (more energy) do myofibrils and myofilaments run the entire length of a muscle cell? myofibrils YES myofilaments NO what are the differences between the myosin and the actin myofibrils? myosin - thicker, entensions mosin actin- thin myofilaments zlines what are troponin and tropmyosin, where are they found and what is their function? protines associated with actin and myofilaments, prevents the binding of actin & myosin myofilaments by blocking myosin binding sites, found around actin what are the striations on skeletal muscle due to? alterating actin and myosin regions light/dark bands actin- thin myosin- thick what is the function unit of a muscle cell? sacomere what is the function of acetylcholine and where is it produced? nuerotrans mitter that alters heart contractions causing an impulse by duffusing across muscle produces axon ends that stimulate muscle why to the motor nuerons of the eye innervate less muscle fibers? fine motor control why arent all the muscle fibers of a muscle fired at the the same time stamena ( so that other muscle fibers can rest) what is the function of muscle tone? posture coordination joint stability when a nervous impulse reaches the end of a motor anon what occurs? acetylcholine is released (which diffuses across the neuromuscular junction and combines with recptor sites on the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers) when a muscle is stimulated by nerve what happends to the sarcolemma and the transverse tubules? acetylcholine diffuses an impulse alone the sarcolemma membrane and than the impulse travels down the transverse tubules as a result of number 28 what next happends in the muscle and what is the result of this? release of calcium ions combines with tropomin and tropomyosin causing them to move which result in the exposure of myosin binding sites on the actin when a myosin head comes in contact with a myosin-binding site on the actin, what happens? releases energy, swivels/ bends to pull an actin myofilaments and the additional energy is released and give the myosin heads new energy what happends to the length of a sarcomere during contraction and extension? it shortens & lenghtens what terminates a contracrtion? absorption of calcium ions and transport back into the sacroplasmic reticulum for storage why does the body stiffen up after death? muscle tone Can muscle cells partially contract? NO thereshold Can muscles partially contact? yes depends on # muscle fibers contract or dont (all or nothing) describe the 4 types of muscle contractions twitch- one brief contraction, stimulus tetanus- sustained contraction (results) isotonic- contraction of a muscle under same tension isometric- same length tension may increase not moving body parts most of the work you do with your muscles is of what type? isometric and isotonic combination lifting a weight is what type of contraction? isotonic trying to lift a weight is what type of contraction? isometric what is atrophy, what is it due to, and what is the result of it? breakdown and weaking of muscle due to lack of use become weaker slow twitch lots of myoglobin (RED) contract slower endurance (long distant running) fast twitch low in myogobin (white) glycogen powerful brief contractions fast twitch fatigue resistant lots of myoglobin (RED) attract quickly (less endurance) forceful sustained brief contraction sprinter endurance exercises repitive running bring heart rate up to 50% of max heart rate benefits: increase capalaries, increase midocondria= more atp, more myoglibin produced resistance exercises not repitive, running laps exerting 75% max increase amount of actin and myosin making muscle stronger what affect does aging have on muscles lose muscle tissue (age 30) weaker Author: Anonymous ID: 46109 Card Set: anatomy Updated: 2010-10-30 19:37:37 Tags: chapter part Folders: Description: tissues Show Answers:	https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=46109
Parkinson's Disease PD is a nervous disorder that affects movements. Often common in adults however, it can also affect children but quite rare. It is usually caused by a decrease in dopamine levels which occur as a result nerve damage. In most cases symptoms begins with tremor in the hand, an involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscles, leading to sudden movement or twitching of body parts. Although Parkinson's disease has no cure however, medications and some types of surgery can help improve symptoms. Below are symptoms you may want to lookout for; Tremor. Tremor is an involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscles which can lead to sudden movement of body parts. This is often the first observable symptoms of Parkinson's disease. When your hands starts shaking uncontrollably, it may be a symptoms of this disease. Although tremors can have causes that aren't due to PD, it may also be a sign of muscle fatigue or side effects of medications. Slowed movement (bradykinesia). Parkinson's disease affects the function of your muscles and as a result can slow down your movement in general. A person with this condition may find it difficult accomplishing simple task that involve physical activity or psycho-motor responses. Every simple task becomes time consuming including walking, sitting and standing up from chairs, holding tightly to things with the hand. Bad posture and balance. This disease may affect your posture. Your posture may become stooped, or you may have problems with balancing. Loss of automatic movements. You may have a decreased ability to perform involuntary movements or movements controlled by reflex. This may include blinking, smiling or swinging your arms when you walk. Speech changes. This disease affects speech in many ways. People with Parkinson's disease speaks quietly but the speech may be monotone, (speaking in one tone). They may have difficulties in clear pronunciations and speaking may become slur. Writing changes. Since this disease affect ones psycho-motor abilities, writing may become difficult. More often, the person may find it difficult writing legibly.	https://blog.obiaks.com/191125081122/symptoms-of-parkinsons-disease-you-are-probably-ignoring
It’s refer to the complete or partial fracture of the bone structure of upper limb and hand. The upper limbs are necessary organs for human. If the diagnosis and rehabilitation therapy are not timely, not only it will easily lead to deformity and hand dysfunction, but also limit the social and daily life self-care ability. Besides, it will affect the enthusiasm/positivity to participate in activities, wihich harm is unpredictable.The common parts of upper limb fracture, such as the supracondylar fracture of humerus, is one of the most common elbow fractures (that is the fracture in the junction of humeral shaft and condylar which is mostly caused by indirect violence. They are often caused by the external force supported by the hand when falling, the shear force generated by the forearm passing up and the body leaning forward, and the cortical fracture occurs in the special structure of the cortical bone and cancellous bone junction); Patients with forearm fractures, Fracture Radius & Ulna are more common, accounting for about 6% of the total body fractures, which are common in adolescents. Among hand fractures, the incidence of scaphoid fracture was highest , accounting for 79% of all carpal bone fracture. Thus, rehabilitation is an essential part after the fracture surgery, and how to maximize the improvement of its function is the research direction of our hand function team. 2.Clinical features 2.1 History of local trauma or fall trauma in upper limbs and hands. 2.2 Pain, swelling, skin ecchymosis or blisters in related areas. 2.3 Obvious local tenderness with bone fricative. 2.4 Severe fracture, the fractured terminal may penetrate the skin and be exposed to form an open fracture. 2.5 Notice the change of color in hands, the change of sensory and motor functions, the pulse condition, and whether the brachial artery and median nerve injury are combined. 3. Rehabilitation assessment 3.1 Definite history of trauma, history of manual reduction, external fixation or surgical internal fixation, clinical diagnosis after injury, definite X-ray film of fracture signs, postoperative and recent X-ray film. 3.2 Shoulder, elbow and hand joint dysfunction and muscle atrophy of different degrees caused by long-term immobilization, 3.3 For those combined with nerve injury, if the median nerve injury occurs, some symptoms may occur, such as thumb abduction dysfunction, muscular atrophy of the thenar eminance, paresthesia of palmaris thumb, index, middle finger abdomen and radial half of ring finger. 3.4 Assessment included: Visual Analogue Scale, Range of Motion, Manual Muscle Test, Barthel index, Function Independence Measure etc. 4. Rehabilitation goals 4.1 Pain relief. 4.2 Restore skeleton arrangement and joint stability. 4.3 Full recovery of muscle strength and range of motion. 4.4 Restore functional activities of upper limbs and hands. 4.5 Elevating the affected limb postoperatively to control swelling and to move the elbow and wrist joints as early as possible are important. 5. Postoperative rehabilitation procedures and treatment 5.1 Acute stage The most important part of this stage is to control swelling and reduce inflammation. 1) Maintain the elbow joint at 90 degrees and neutral position of forearm; 2) arm elevation, cold compress and pressure bandaging can prevent or reduce peripheral swelling; 3) Start shoulder, wrist and hand active exercise as early as possible; 4) Pain management is also important. It allows patients to participate in the treatment process as much as possible.（Using TENS or Drugs） 5.2 Subacute stage 1) feasible joint functional exercise; 2) Improve Range of Motion; 3) Active movement technique; 4) Passive movement technique: A accessory movement: stretch, extrusion, slip and rotation B physiological movement C accessory movement at the end of physiological movement 5）Stretching 5.3 Recovery stage It should undertake rehabilitation training actively in this stage. Muscle massage and properly muscle contraction and relaxation, not only can reduce the likelihood of muscle atrophy, also prevent the adhesion of the joint, which make the function restore quickly. 6. Family rehabilitation protocol Kinesitherapy, occupational therapy, joint mobilization, hand function training, physical factor therapy, pneumatic gloves, active involvement in the social environment and occupational therapy, is helpful for the integrity of hand function. 7. Summary/Conclusion If the postoperative rehabilitation of upper limb and hand fractures can be timely trained and guided, and the overall recovery of upper limb and hand can be maximized, it will not cause great trouble in future activities of daily life.	http://www.ihfru.com/en/recovery.aspx
Improving Core Stability So what exactly is core stability? We have three different systems that aid in the stabilization of our spine. One is the passive system which includes non-contractile tissues such as bones and ligaments. The second is the active system which includes contractile tissues such as muscles and tendons. This active system of muscles that attach to the spine and pelvis is necessary for stabilizing the spine and producing motion. The third is the motor control system. This can be thought of as our ability to turn on and off the required muscles to the correct degree at the appropriate time. The History of Core Stability Core stability was initially described by academics “as the ability to withstand buckling from compressive forces” (Crisco, Panjabi 1995) and overtime refined into “the ability to prevent shear and spin at each level of the vertebrae and pelvis”. (Bogduk et al 1995) The working definition of core stability has since evolved to include an integration of the body’s control, passive and active systems. These 3 systems contribute equally to spinal stability. The goal of exercises prescribed to “improve core stability” should be to train these three systems to produce effective movement. What causes someone to have poor core stability? A lack of stability is often seen when one of the above three systems is affected. This could include factors such as an injury to the tissue itself, insufficient muscle endurance, muscle imbalance or poor motor control. In fact, in many people with low back pain, it is common to see atrophy of the spine stabilization muscles, poor muscle endurance, muscle imbalance or delayed activation of the stabilization muscles. Physiotherapy focuses primarily on motor re-learning, or learning to activate the correct muscles at the appropriate time, and improving the endurance of these muscles. The Active System This system includes identifying, isolating muscles and integrating them into functional movements. This is one of the most important parts of the systems from a rehabilitation point of view and has 2 components which are the Local Active system and the Global Active system. Coordinating the local and global muscles of the trunk is like coordinating musical instruments in an orchestra. Each instrument contributes to the final sound, but the individual contribution is needed for optimal function. Local stability muscles need to be isolated to bring awareness without global system compensation. Once this is learned with awareness then it can begin to be recruited unconsciously while we move. The Local Active System A local system is a group of small muscles that contribute to developing control of local segments or “blocks” of the spine. These muscles control stiffness and position of spinal segments in relation to one another. Effectively, our spine is a complex stack of blocks. Each block or spinal segment balances on top of one another. These muscles will engage prior to movement and can be recruited unconsciously to keep them balanced. These muscles only need to be recruited for 25% MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) to be effective. Dysfunction occurs when these muscles are inhibited and cause decreased strength, endurance and increased movement of spinal segments. These local muscles work together to form the inner core unit of the body or the CORE 4. They need to work in balance with one another. - Diaphragm – The diaphragm is the primary muscle for inspiration. It descends into the abdominal cavity when it contracts to help open the rib cage. - Pelvic Floor – A pelvic floor is a group of muscles at the base of the pelvis that serves to help control bladder and bowel function, stabilize the sacrum and support the pelvic organs. The pelvic floor works together with the diaphragm. - Transverse Abdominis – This “corset” muscle is the deepest abdominal layer. It runs horizontally to flatten and create tension from the pelvis to the rib cage. - Multifidus – These multiple muscles extend, stack and rotate individual spinal joints. They prevent the shear and rotation in the spinal joints. These muscles act like “pulleys” in the spine decreasing the work need to move. - The Global Active System These are muscles that generate torque, create movement and transfer load from ribs to the pelvis. They control movement and support posture. Dysfunction of the local system may present as imbalanced over-activity and tightness within the global system. This may result in excessive compression, increased intra-disc pressure and loading through the spine resulting in the risk of degeneration and pain. (Nachemson and Morris 1964). The Passive System The passive system includes the skeletal structure, ligaments, and intervertebral discs that passively limit movement of the spine. Neutral alignment is where we start training the core muscles. Finding and working in neutral alignment is optimal because the local muscles are easier to isolate and it offers the least impact to the passive system. If the passive system is injured or is unstable it becomes important to enhance the other components of stability. The passive system can also become compressed when there is an exaggerated active response. The Control System The Control system includes our nervous system. The nervous system is challenged to control and move the spine. The control system must continually interpret the status of stability and plan appropriate responses. Control errors come as forces that are ‘too small, too large, too early or too late or not at all’. (Gardner-Morse et al 1995) For example, imagine being bumped while standing. Your body naturally adapts to reverse the force to stay upright prevent tipping over. This reaction has to be perceived, the right intensity, the right timing, and the right direction to be effective. The same can be said about core stability. Knowing which muscles to use, in the right timing and at the right intensity is essential to create an efficient system. Pain turns off and “lowers the volume” on your ability to contract the local muscle system. This often presents as delayed muscle response, loss of awareness of abnormal passive movement (shear and spin). This loss of local stability causes pain and the cycle continues. Pain results in muscle bracing, stiffness, fatigue and overall sense of discomfort. Over recruitment or a “too large” response leads to chronic over-activation of the global system. Often, core stability training is relearning how to quiet the large global muscles in order to identify the deeper local system. This requires mental focus and concentration. Developing this awareness is essential to developing a balanced and efficient core. Imagining and connecting images to these body parts and exercises help reinforce this awareness and control. Why is core stability important after a back injury? Research suggests that exercise, in general, is important for the recovery of nonspecific mechanical back pain. Some evidence suggests impaired firing, decreased endurance and strength were found in the local system did not necessarily return on its own. Even further, some evidence suggests that those with impaired function of deep back stabilizers had a higher incidence of repeated occurrences of low back pain. It is recommended to improve your awareness of the local system prior to engaging in higher-level core stability and strengthening. Do crunches and planks count as core stability? No, crunches and planks are abdominal strengthening exercises but not necessarily core stability exercises. These exercises are not appropriate for everyone. Postpartum mothers who suspect or have been diagnosed with pelvic floor dysfunction are cautioned when returning to these as improper technique and underlying imbalance and weakness within the core can worsen both conditions. Planking is a very high-level whole body core stability. It is very difficult to do without firing effectively through the local system first. Remember the global system will take over and compensate. If done incorrectly, you may be strengthening your trunk but not necessarily strengthening and balancing your core. There is a difference. You can have strong abdominals and have a weak core. What can you do to improve your core stability? - Breathe – Breathe in through your nose and expand your ribcage like an upside-down umbrella. Exhale slowly through pursed lips (imagine blowing out through a straw). Breathe often, breathe deep and breathe slowly. This helps your body relax and helps increase mindfulness. - Lift pelvic floor – Think of your pelvic floor as a trampoline under your pelvis. As you inhale it relaxes down to the ground, and as your exhale it lifts up. Connect your breath and your mind to your pelvic floor. Keep the contraction at low intensity (20%). - Engage Corset – Think of your Transverse abdominis as an internal corset running from your ribs to your pelvis. Exhale a little more by imagining blowing out birthday candles. Feel some muscle energy between your ribs and pelvis. If it is too strong, turn the volume down to 25% so you can still breathe deep into lower ribs. Try isolating with pelvic floor lift for a deeper connection. - Stack your spine – Sit with optimal posture. Sit balanced evenly on your sitting bones, stack your ribs directly on top of your pelvis and lift your neck to sit over the top of your shoulders. Exhale and peel and flex your spine forward by resting your hands on your knees. Inhale and stack your spine, segment by segment back on your chair. Think of lifting and growing taller as you extend up. Connect your breath to your movement.	https://prakrutiphysio.com/entry/improving-core-stability
Everyone’s heard of it, many moaned about it, and all Free Athletes, experienced it. But what on earth is muscle soreness? Which processes within the body trigger this uncomfortable feeling that can leave us crippled for days? Although the current state of research is still incomplete, meaning it’s not 100% clear why muscle soreness occurs, we gathered a great deal of research to provide you with as much accurate information as possible. Let’s try to answer the painful question: what is muscle soreness? Muscle soreness comes in two forms Muscle soreness is delayed muscle pain which occurs hours or even days after physical strain such as exercise. You might think all pain is the same, but actually there are two different types: delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and eccentric muscle damage (EMD). It’s believed that especially through eccentric muscle contraction, muscle soreness is induced, normally described as muscle stiffness and pain as well as pressure sensitivity which usually peaks around 48 hours after the initial stimulus and can last up to one week. How does it happen? Think back to when we explained the structure of a muscle – remember the composition of a sarcomere and the myofibril? (Take a look over the article again if you need a reminder.) These all play a role in the mechanical process which occurs within your body, resulting in muscle soreness. To understand this mechanical process, we have to look at the following areas: Mechanical destruction of the sarcomere structure: During exercise and especially eccentric contractions, sarcomeres are stretched rapidly and uncontrollably, leading to a destruction of their structure. Sounds painful, but what does it mean? Just imagine lengthening an elastic band over and over again. It will become stretched before reaching a point where it rips apart. This is similar to what happens to a sarcomere after repeatedly performing an eccentric contraction, for example squat jumps. Disturbance of the excitation contraction coupling (E-C coupling): Remember how a muscle contracts? This is what we call the excitation contraction coupling. In the case of muscle soreness, this mechanism is disturbed due to a damaged t-tubule structure. In simplified terms, this disturbance prevents the action potential (electric signal coming from the central nervous system) from finding its way into the muscle. It’s like trying to fill an inflatable pool with a torn water hose – the water is there, but it won’t make its way into the pool. Destructed sarcoplasmic reticulum: Don’t worry too much about the term, just imagine this structure as a big calcium store located within your muscle that is responsible for initiating a contraction. Here, calcium is uncontrollably released which causes minor injuries within the muscle. This can also be responsible for the pain you feel after a tough (eccentric) session. Luckily, your body has a protective measure to combat this. It’s called the repeated bout effect. We’ll take a look at this in the upcoming article next week. These processes can all happen at the same time, one at a time or also independently from each other. It all depends on how long and how often your muscles are put under stress. Can muscle soreness affect your athletic performance? The simple answer is yes. By assessing the impact on performance after a training session with concentric and eccentric muscle contraction, muscle soreness was proven to have a negative impact on performance, both at a competitive and noncompetitive level. These two processes were scientifically measured to demonstrate the negative impact : - How well maximum force is able to be produced during an isometric exercise (maximum voluntary contraction – MVC) such as pressing against a plate with your legs at the stage of experiencing muscle soreness. - How well can a target muscle be contracted (voluntary activation – VA) during an isometric exercise at the stage of experiencing muscle soreness. The key findings of this research were that maximum force produced at the stage of muscle soreness decreased by 25% in the following two days and also the activation of the target muscles – simple contraction of the muscle – decreased by 15%. What does this tell us? Sore muscles and their effect on your body are highly likely to prevent you from achieving a PB – in almost every case. Discover which measures exist that can treat or cure muscle soreness in the next article.	https://www.freeletics.com/en/blog/posts/painful-question-muscle-soreness/
Which of the follows the reference point for assessing postural landmkarks with an A-P gravitational line? Lateral Malleolous What is the purpose of checking gross regional range of motion ROM? To determine normal and abnormal ROM in a region Is muscle eneergery a direct technigue yeah Contraindications to Muscle Energy ME Immediate postsurgical period (except utilization of the crossed extensor reflex) Intensive care immediately after an MI Patient with low vitality that could be compromised by muscular exertion Patient with inability to participate due to issues of cooperation or communication Tissue fragility Fracture or dislocation (except utilization of crossed extensor reflex) Pain (relative contraindication) Spasm (relative contraindication) Indications to utilize with ME To treat motion restriction of an individual joint (Type II) or an abnormally short monoarticular muscle To treat motion restriction of more than one adjacent joint (Type I) or an abnormally short polyarticular muscle To treat motion restriction due to fibrosis and adhesions To treat articular hypermobility due to muscular weakness To strengthen a weakened muscle or group of muscles To reduce edema and passive congestion ME Technique Muscle energy technique (MET) is a usually a direct technique - the motion is in the direction of the restrictive barrier MET is an active technique - the application requires the patient's participation and active muscle contraction There are exceptions to these general principles - it is possible to apply MET in the direction of ease and it is possible to use involuntary muscle contraction or passive motion to effect treatment, but these are not as common Essential components of ME -accurate diagnosis must be made -Accurate positioning (engage at feather's edge of restrictive barreir in all three planes -Unyeilding counteroffer by practitioner -approriate force (Amount of force (amount appropriate for the muscle group(s) involved) - Direction (against a counterforce, away from restrictive barrier) - Duration (usually 3-5 seconds per contraction cycle) More Essentials on ME Complete relaxation after muscle effort, generally a few seconds Repositioning (up to the new barriers, in all planes) with constant monitoring Repeat steps 3 to 6 (counterforce, muscle effort, relaxation and repositioning) 3 - 5 times, or until no further change, or desired effect achieved Final stretch and return to neutral position Retest structural diagnosis Normal barreirs to motion -anatomic -elastic -physicaoloigic -restictive Which barrier is the greatest distance form neutral position? anatomic anatomic barrier the limit of motion imposed by anatomic structure; the limit of passive motion Elastic barrier the range between the physiologic and anatomic barrier of motion in which passive ligamentous stretching occurs before tissue disruption. (has "elastic" feel) physiclogic barrier : the limit of active motion. Limit of active motion imposed by voluntary muscle tone (expect to be less than passive motion) Restrcitve barrier : a functional limit that abnormally diminishes the normal physiologic range; loss of normal motion due to: pain, spasm, edema, fibrosis, bony abnormality, fusion Pathologic barrier a restriction of joint motion associated with pathologic change of tissues (example: osteophytes) order of movement to barrier? Patholgic <Physiologic<elastic<anatomic Elastic zone is where? We work Patient moves active motion The application of Muscle Energy Technique utilizes neuromuscular reflex control through the: muscle spindle reflex the golgi tendon reflex the reflex antagonist and inhibition reflex the crossed extensor reflex reciprocal innervation to produce desired changes in muscle and fascial tone Golgi tendon receptors respond to changes in tension within the muscle Muslce Spindles respond to changes in muscle length and tonus Which of the following defines a muscle stretch reflex? Isolated to gamma moter neurons, but also muscle contraction in response to muscle stretch Muslce spindle reflex takes place in what fibers? intrafusal fibers Muscle afferent and efferent innervations Muscle afferent/sensory nerves are found in one of three locations in the muscle: • inside the muscle spindle (intrafusal). These small fibers are partially surrounded by a capsule, are arranged in parallel with the extrafusal fibers (standard muscle fibers). • inside the Golgi tendon. The Golgi tendon organ is located between the muscle and the tendon and is thus in series with the standard muscle fibers. • outside the muscle spindle (extrafusal) Muscle efferent/motor innervation: • Extrafusal fibers (i.e. standard muscle cells) are innervated by α (alpha)motor neurons • Muscle spindle fibers(intrafusal fibers) are innervated by γ (gamma) motor neurons. muscle streth elicited at tnedon muslce spdinerl w within mention in muscle itself golgi tendon forces along muslce Latin/Greek to english "iso"--- constant "metric"---measure/distance "tonic"--- force "ecc"---move away from "con"--- move towards "centric" ---center "lytic" --- lyse or break Isometric contractoin Tensing of a muscle without change in length Operator force equal to patient force Isotonic contraction "Constant force", tensing of a muscle with an implied change in length Operator force greater than or less than patient force Concentric isotonic contractions Shortening of muscle resulting in approximation of attachments Eccentric iotonic contractions Lengthening of muscle during contraction due to an external force Isolytic isotonic cont. A form of eccentric contraction designed to break adhesions using an operator-induced force to lengthen the muscle The counterforce is greater than the patient force Isokinetic isotonic cont. A concentric contraction against resistance in which the angular change of joint motion (velocity) is at the same rate The counterforce is less than the patient force Physiologic Principles Used in Muscle Energy Procedures Post-Isometric Relaxation Joint Mobilization Using Muscle Force Respiratory Assistance Oculocephalogyric Reflex Reciprocal Inhibition Crossed Extensor Reflex Isolytic lengthening Isokinetic Strengthening Using muscle force to move one region of the body to achieve movement of another bone or region Post-isometric Relaxation Goal - muscle relaxation Force - sustained gentle pressure (10-20 lbs or less) (the more accurately you are positioned at the barrier the less force that is required) Examples - spinal segmental somatic dysfunctions (SD), hip girdle: internal/external rotation, abduction/adduction, flexion/extension SD; anterior/posterior radial head in pronation/supination SD Physiological basis immediately following isometric contraction the neuromuscular apparatus is in a refractory state during which passive stretching does not encounter strong myotatic reflex opposition contraction produces increased tension on the Golgi organ that inhibits the active muscle contraction take up slack in muscle during relaxed refractory period Note: Fatiguing the muscle is not the mechanism though this has been proposed as a model in the past Joint Mobilization Using Muscle Force Goal - restoration of joint motion when an articular dysfunction is present Force - maximal muscle contraction that can be comfortably resisted (may be 30-50 lbs depending on patient and nature of the dysfunction and once again the more accurate the localization the less force needed) Examples - exhalation SD of ribs, innominate SD, pubic symphysis SD Physiological basis distortion of articular relationships and motion loss results in a reflex hypertrophy or hypertonicity of muscles crossing the dysfunctional joint restoration of articular motion results in reflex relaxation of previously hypertonic musculature Respiratory Assistance Goal - produce improved body physiology using patient's voluntary respiratory motion Force - exaggerated respiratory motion Examples - inhalation SD of ribs, sacral flexion/extension Physiological basis muscular forces are generated by breathing may involve the respiratory muscles directly or motion transmitted through joints physician usually applies a fulcrum against which the respiratory forces work Oculocephalogyric Reflex We use postural muscle in neck into order to maintain our horizen Goal - affect reflex muscle contractions using eye motion Force - exceptionally gentle Example - upper cervical segmental somatic dysfunctions, especially OA and AA See pg 71 Kimberly lab manual for picture Functional basis of oculocephalogyric refelx Physiological basis functional muscle groups are contracted in response to patient's voluntary eye motion these eye movements reflexively affect the cervical and truncal musculature as the body attempts to follow eye motion. can be used to produce post-isometric relaxation or reciprocal inhibition Recipocal Inhibiiton Good for charlie horse Goal - to lengthen a muscle shortened by cramp or acute spasm Force - very gentle (ounces) Example - cervical torticollis Physiological basis contraction of the agonist muscle produces reflex relaxation of the antagonist muscle. this can be used with a burn patient or for other trauma Crossed Extensor Reflex Goal - used in the extremities where muscle is in an area so severely injured (fracture, burns) that it is cannot be directly manipulated or is in some way inaccessible Force - very gentle (ounces) Examples - casted extremities, burns Good for areas you cannot directly manipulate Physiological basis uses the learned cross pattern locomotion reflexes ingrained into the CNS when the flexor muscle in one extremity is contracted, the flexor muscle in the contralateral extremity relaxes and the extensor contracts Isolytic Lengthening Goal - lengthen a muscle shortened by contracture and fibrosis Force - maximal contraction that can be comfortably resisted by the physician (many lbs) Examples - hamstring contracture Physiological basis vibration component postulated to affect myotatic units as well as mechanical and circulatory effects combined active maximal contraction and oscillatory passive lengthening may be followed by isokinetic strengthening of the opposing muscle group, if this not resolved by isolytic lengthening Isokinetic Strengthening Goal - re-establish normal strength and tone in a muscle weakened by reflex hypertonicity of the opposing muscle group Force - sustained gentle pressure appropriate to the muscle strength (in pounds) Examples - hamstring shortening resulting in reflex quadriceps weakness Physiological basis length change occurs at a constant velocity usually using concentric contractions, allowing the muscle to shorten at a controlled rate most effective to lengthen the antagonist muscle first, then apply isokinetic strengthening to the weakened muscle Muslce Force in one region to achieve movement in another Goal - treat somatic dysfunction Force - sustained gentle pressure appropriate to the structure (in pounds) Examples - sacral somatic dysfunction Physiological basis movement of one structure can affect adjacent structures usually uses muscular force to move the first structure and that force is transmitted to the adjacent structure Muscle Energy Goals -Decrease muscle hypertonicity -Lengthen muscle fibers and fascia -Reduce the restraint of movement -Produce joint mobilization -Improve respiratory and circulatory function -Promote venous and lymphatic return -Strengthen a weak muscle Additional considerations May be used as the only treatment technique May be used in combination with other manipulative technique models May be used to treat soft tissue and provide localization prior to HVLA (high-velocity, low-amplitude -- thrust technique) May not be the best choice with a painful acute somatic dysfunction or injury Muscle Energy Technique summary Accurate diagnosis Physician positions the bone, joint, or body part by engaging the "feather edge" of the restrictive barrier in all available planes Physician instructs patient to contract against your unyielding counterforce. Explain the direction of effort, the intensity of the contraction and the duration of the contraction (3-5 seconds) clearly to your patient Instruct the patient to gently and completely cease the contraction. The operator relaxes simultaneously Pause 2-3 seconds to insure full relaxation on the part of the patient Reposition the body part to the new restrictive barrier by "taking up the slack" in all available planes Repeat steps 1-5 until maximum therapeutic response is achieved, usually 3-5 times (typically peaks at 3) Final stretch Reevaluate structural diagnosis Common errors of ME Applying treatment without making an accurate diagnosis of somatic dysfunction Inaccurate localization of corrective forces Failing to monitor motion of the involved joints or muscles by palpation Incorrect force of contraction by the patient Duration of patient's muscle contraction is too short Not achieving complete patient relaxation prior to repositioning Not properly taking up the slack to the next restrictive barrier Too few (or too many) repetitions of the contract-relax-reposition cycle Not utilizing a final stretch Allowing the patient to help with return to a neutral position Failure to recheck diagnostic findings and evaluate response Asa patient contracts a muscle during application of post isometric muscle energy techie in which direction should the movement be atempted? Away from the restrictive barrier Major motions are the gross motions such you typically come to expect: flexion/extension, sidebending, rotation - both internal and external, abduction and adduction Minor Motions and "slides and glides", are far smaller motions typically occurring within the joint capsule that permit the larger motions to happen. It is very often release of the minor motion restrictions that makes the difference in whether or not your treatment is successful THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH... Chapter 13: Manual Therapy 38 terms juliebarton11 Study Set 2 68 terms brogdenalexis OMM Autonomic Function 37 terms Jenna_DeYoung Therapeutic Exercise and Rehab Ch. 18 36 terms SBLANKENSHIP27 PLUS YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...	https://quizlet.com/93486046/muscle-energy-921-flash-cards/
“Muscles are the soft tissues found in most animals” What are the Muscles? Muscle is a soft tissue found in both animals and humans. The cells of the muscles comprise protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, which produces contraction and changes both the length and the shape of the cell. The term muscle is derived from the Latin word “musculus” which refers to a little mouse, which is due to the shape of certain muscles or the contraction of muscles that look like a moving mouse. In humans, muscles function by producing force and motion and are primarily responsible for: - Locomotion. - Maintaining and changing body posture. - Circulation of blood cells throughout the body. - Movement of internal organs, such as the contraction of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive system via peristalsis. The human muscular system includes more than 600 muscles, which makes up about 40 to 50 per cent of the total body weight. These muscles are attached to bones, blood vessels and other internal organs of our body and are mainly composed of skeletal muscles, tissue, tendons, and nerves. The muscles of the human muscular system are composed of a kind of elastic tissue. Every movement in our body is the result of muscle contraction and is found in every organ, including the blood vessels, heart, digestive organs, etc. In these organs, muscles function by transferring the substances throughout the body. There are three types of muscle and are mainly classified based on their movements and structures. The energy required for the functioning of muscles is predominantly powered by the oxidation of fats, carbohydrates particularly and from the stored energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Also Read: Muscular System Types of Muscles There are three types of muscles - Skeletal or striated muscles - Cardiac muscles - Smooth muscles Based on the muscle action, muscles are further classified into: - Voluntary muscles - Involuntary muscles Skeletal muscles Skeletal muscle is a muscle tissue that is attached to the bones and is involved in the functioning of different parts of the body. These muscles are also called voluntary muscles as they come under the control of the central nervous system in the body. Structure of Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle is a series of muscle fibres composed of muscle cells, which are long and multinucleated. Skeletal muscles are cylindrically shaped with branched cells attached to the bones by an elastic tissue or collagen fibres called tendons, which are composed of connective tissues. The end of each skeletal muscle has a tendon, which connects the muscle to bone and connects directly to the collagenous, the outer covering of skeletal muscle. There is a group of muscle fibres, present below the epimysium, which are collectively called the fascicles. These muscle fibres are surrounded by another protective shield formed from collagen. The perimysium, a sheath of connective tissue surrounding the muscle fibres allows nerve and blood vessels to make their way through the muscle. Functions of Skeletal Muscle - It maintains body posture. - It regulates body temperature. - It connects to and controls the motions of the skeleton. - It is responsible for performing muscular involuntary movements. - It is responsible for body movements such as breathing, extending the arm, typing, writing, etc. - It is responsible for the erect posture of the body. The sartorius muscles in thighs are responsible for body movement. - The skeletal muscles protect the internal organs and tissues from any injury and also provide support to these delicate organs and tissues. - These also support the entry and exit points of the body. For example-The sphincter muscles present: - Around the mouth – These muscles reduces the size of the openings by the contraction of the muscles and facilitates the swallowing of food. - Around the urinary tract- These muscles control the urination by the contraction of the muscles in the urethra. - Around the anus- These muscles reduces the size of the openings by the contraction of the muscles and facilitates defecation. Read more: Skeletal Muscle Cardiac muscles Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart and are self-stimulating, which has an intermediate speed of contraction and energy requirement. This muscle is not part of the musculoskeletal system. Cardiac muscles are striated muscles, which are responsible for keeping our heart functioning by pumping and circulating blood throughout the body and performing muscular involuntary movements. They are involved in continuous rhythmic contraction and relaxation. The interconnected muscle cells or fibres provide strength and flexibility to the cardiac muscle tissue. Also Refer: Human circulatory system Structure of a cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle exists only within the human heart. It is a specialized form of muscle evolved to continuously and repeatedly contract, providing circulation of blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle has a regular pattern of fibres similar to that of smooth muscles. These muscles comprise the cylindrical, branched fibres and a centrally located nucleus. The T-tubules or transverse tubules are rich in ion channels and are found in the atrial muscle cells. These muscles are striated muscles with cylindrical-shaped cells, which includes intercalated discs and joins neighbouring fibres. Functions of a cardiac muscle The primary function of the cardiac muscle is to regulate the functioning of the heart by the relaxation and contraction of the heart muscles. Other functions of cardiac muscles include: - The cardiac muscles function as the involuntary muscle. - The cardiac muscles are also involved in the movement or the locomotion. - The cardiac muscles work without stopping, day and night. They work automatically and make the heart contract so that the heart can squeeze the blood vessels and release so that the heart can fill up with blood again. - The heart comprises a specialized type of cardiac tissue, which consists of “pacemaker” cells. These contract and expand in response to electrical impulses from the nervous system. Also Read: Difference Between Cardiac Muscle And Skeletal Muscle Smooth muscles Smooth muscles are non-striated, involuntary muscles, which are controlled by the Autonomous Nervous System (ANS). These muscles are found almost in all organ systems such as the stomach, bladder, vessels, bile ducts, in the eye, in sphincters, in the uterus, etc. The smooth muscles function by stimulating the contractility of the digestive, urinary, reproductive systems, blood vessels, and airways. The cells of the smooth muscles are spindle-shaped with a single nucleus. These muscles are activated automatically and do not depend on conscious thought. Structure of smooth muscles The smooth muscles of the human muscular system are spindle-shaped muscle fibres with a single nucleus. The thickness of the smooth muscles ranges between 3-10 µm and its length ranges between 20 to 200 μm, which are shorter compared to the skeletal muscle. These muscles lack filaments, special protein, actin and myosin and produce their own connective tissue. Functions of a cardiac muscle Like all other types of muscles, smooth muscles are also involved in contraction and relaxation. Other functions of smooth muscles include: - It is involved in the sealing of orifices. - It produces connective tissue proteins such as collagen and elastin. - Transports chyme (a pulpy acidic fluid) for the contractions of the intestinal tube. - Smooth muscle plays a vital role in the circulatory system by maintaining and controlling the blood pressure and flow of oxygen throughout the body. - Smooth muscles are also responsible for: - Contracting the irises. - Raising the small hairs on your arm. - Contracting the sphincters in our body. - In the movement of the fluids through organs. - It is much more useful for providing consistent and elastic tension. Based on the muscle action, muscles are further classified into: - Voluntary muscles. Voluntary muscles are long, multinucleated cells, containing sarcomeres arranged into bundles. These muscles are composed of cylindrical fibres and are usually attached to bones and the skin. They play an important role in allowing the body to move by contracting and relaxing and their actions are mainly under the control of the somatosensory nervous system. These voluntary muscles include skeletal muscles. - Involuntary muscles Involuntary muscles are striated and branched in the case of cardiac muscle. The actions of involuntary muscles are mainly controlled by the autonomic nervous system in the body. These involuntary muscles include smooth muscles and cardiac muscles. Summary of Muscles The human muscular system is composed of the muscles and the tendons that connect them to the skeleton. All muscle types are capable of receiving and responding to stimulation from nerves and are capable of contracting. Each type of muscle also has its own special role that it performs within our bodies The roles of the three muscle types are summarised below: - Skeletal Muscles These muscles are located beneath the layers of skin and are connected to tendons and bones. They are responsible for creating movement and are under voluntary control. - Cardiac Muscles This muscle is only found in the heart. It is responsible for contracting and relaxing pumping of the blood around your body. Cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle. - Smooth Muscles This muscle forms the walls of the organs, glands and blood vessels within the body. It is responsible for expanding and contracting passage of blood and other fluids through the vessels and organs. Smooth muscle is an involuntary muscle. This article concludes the introduction to muscles, its types and functions. To know more about the muscles, its composition, muscular system, its disorders, other related topics and important questions, keep visiting our website at BYJU’S Biology.	https://byjus.com/biology/muscles/
The first class lever is one of three classes of levers and is one possible arrangement of muscles, bones, and joints found in the human body. While less common in the body than second and third class levers, the first class lever system is found in the neck at the atlanto-occipital joint and in the elbow joint. In the human body, a bone forms the lever and the fulcrum is a joint where a bone can move around the pivot point. The effort force is provided by muscles and is applied to the lever system at the point where the muscle’s tendon attaches to the bone serving as the lever. The load or resistance in anatomical lever systems varies by the specific case, but always refers to the mass borne or moved by the bone. For example, the atlanto-occipital joint in the neck bears the mass of the head, while the elbow joint moves the forearm and any mass held in the hand, like a dumbbell. First class lever systems provide a way for the body to change the direction, speed, and strength of movement at a joint. All first class levers reverse the direction of movement like a seesaw, so that applying force in one direction results in the load moving the opposite direction. This arrangement is useful in the neck and limbs, where it is advantageous to place muscles closer to the trunk or center of the body. Less muscle in the extremities means less muscle mass to move, resulting in faster and easier movements. This also explains why the thighs and upper arms are more massive than the forearms, hands, legs, and feet. Also, first class levers can either multiply the speed of muscle movements in exchange for decreased strength, or multiply the force of muscles in exchange for decreased speed. The position of the fulcrum in the lever system determines the balance between speed and strength. When the fulcrum is equidistant between the force and load, the lever system only changes the direction of movement. As the fulcrum approaches the load, the load’s range and speed of movement decrease. This decrease in speed is balanced by an increase in the distance moved by the muscle and the relative force applied to the load increases. The net result of this arrangement is a force multiplier and a speed divider. Conversely, when the fulcrum is located closer to the effort force, a small muscle contraction moves the load a long distance. This setup multiplies the speed of the movements in the lever system at the cost of decreased strength. In both the atlanto-occipital and elbow joints, the first class lever system is designed to increase the speed of the system at the cost of muscle strength. Small contractions of the trapezius muscle in the neck pull on the occipital bone of the skull, causing it to pivot at the atlanto-occipital joint. The downward pull extends the head and raises the face superiorly. In the elbow joint, the triceps brachii muscle attaches to the olecranon process of the ulna posterior to the elbow joint. When the triceps contracts, it pulls the olecranon process proximally, swinging the ulna distally and extending the forearm. Because the olecranon process is so much shorter than the forearm, very small contractions of the triceps result in a large range of motion and speed in the hand and forearm.	https://www.innerbody.com/image_musc04/musc73.html
Browsing Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (MU) by Thesis Advisor "McDonald, Kerry S." Now showing items 1-4 of 4 - The contribution of titin to striated muscle shortening (University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008)Striated muscle shortens under various loads (i.e., performs work), which allows movement of the skeleton and pumping of blood throughout the circulatory system. The amount of work that a muscle can do is determined by the ... - The effect of troponin I phosphorylation on the steepness of the Frank-Starling relationship (University of Missouri--Columbia, 2013)Heart failure begins with a reduction in the contractile strength of the cardiac myocytes (systolic dysfunction.) Cardiac myofibrils compensate via sympathetic activation to maintain adequate cardiac output. Beta-adrenergic ... - Effects of ischemic metabolites and chronic exercise on cardiac myocyte function (University of Missouri--Columbia, 2005)During times of low blood flow (ischemia), concentrations of wastes increase in tissues, which can lead to decreased striated muscle contractile function. Acute cardiac contractile dysfunction during ischemia is likely ... - Thick filament regulation of myocardial contraction (University of Missouri--Columbia, 2006)The ability of the heart to function as a pump is governed by mechanisms intrinsic to individual cardiac myocytes. The experiments in this dissertation were designed to examine the effects of sarcomere length and thick ...	https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/283/browse?value=McDonald%2C+Kerry+S.&type=advisor
Not just a single factor but rather various causes can be responsible for a disruption of the complex back system. The details about how and why pain arises cannot always be determined with absolute certainty. However, one thing is clear: if back pain occurs, the spine is usually the focus of attention. It is the centre of all movements, as our upright posture is the result of the interaction between the skeleton and muscles. The spine forms the equally stable and flexible axis of our bodies. It is curved slightly forward in the neck and lumbar region and slightly backward in the sternum and sacrum area. This creates the characteristic double S-shape of the spine. The spine fulfils a multitude of vital functions: - It carries the head and torso and connects the chest, shoulders, pelvis, arms and legs - The spinal cord, which forms the central nervous system together with the brain, runs along the inside of the vertebral canal - With its double S-shape, it cushions hits in interaction with the intervertebral discs, thus protecting the back and the brain from concussions - Its small structure, the elements of which are held together by muscles and ligaments, gives the torso its mobility - It serves as an attachment point for the deep muscles that maintain the upright posture and balance of the body Structure of the spine The task of the spine is to provide the body with the greatest possible stability while enabling maximum mobility. The spine consists of a total of 32 or 34 vertebrae: - 7 cervical vertebrae (Vertebrae cervicalis, C 1–7), - 12 thoracic vertebrae (Vertebrae thoracicae, Th 1–12), - 5 lumbar vertebrae (Vertebrae lumbalis, L 1–5), - 5 sacral vertebrae (Vertebrae sacralis), which are fused together and form the sacrum (Os sacrum), - 3 to 5 coccygeal vertebrae (Vertebrae coccygeae), which form the coccyx (Os coccygis) The upper 24 vertebrae are movable. In the thoracic region, the ribs are connected to the spine by joints. The sacrum is part of the pelvic girdle. The spine has four curves. In the cervical and lumbar region, it curves forward towards the chest and stomach. These curves are known as cervical and lumbar lordosis. The thoracic vertebrae as well as the sacrum and coccyx curve backwards. These curves are termed thoracic and sacral kyphosis. With its four curves, a healthy spine is able to increase its load capacity to 10 times that of a straight column. If these curvatures are either too great or too low – as in the case of hyperkyphosis, hollow round back or flat back – this leads to poor loading along the entire spine. The result is degeneration that progresses faster than a spine with a natural double S-shape. The extent of the curvature is strongly dependent on the tension and the performance of the muscles surrounding the spine. The three systems of stability structures When answering the question of why the spine is out of balance and how discomfort arises, it helps to take a closer look at its stabilising structures. Manohar M. Panjabi, Professor of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation defines three systems that are responsible for the stability of the spine. First, the passive system, also known as the passive musculoskeletal system, consists of bones, intervertebral discs, joint capsules and ligaments. Second, the active system or active musculoskeletal system, includes the muscles, tendons and fascial bands. And third, the neural system includes the proprioceptive and sensory functions used to report information about movement, posture and the position of the body in space to the brain. This process is also known as the ‘feedback mechanism’ and is used to control and regulate the active system, i.e. the muscles. These three systems work closely together and are interdependent. If there are deficits in one system, the other systems try to compensate for them. Damage to the spine does not necessarily lead to discomfort If the spine has structural damage such as a herniated disc or defects in the vertebrae, these are often identified as the cause of pain. However, structural damage alone does not automatically lead to pain for all those affected. Sometimes, damage to the spine is only discovered by chance as many of those affected live completely comfortably despite the damage. Many experts believe that the local stabilising muscle system and the development of instability largely dictate whether or not pain or restrictions in the back are caused by structural damage. Instability could be the cause According to Panjabi’s definition, instability is said to exist when the local stabilisers are in a state that makes it impossible for them to compensate for structural damage, fulfil their function of protecting joints and providing stability, control the movements of the joint and thereby prevent displacement. The result is excessive mobility of the joint, which, in turn, causes excessive pressure on the intervertebral discs, overstretching of ligaments and irritation of the nervous system and muscles. Possible consequences of this include neurological dysfunctions, progressive deformation and pain. Local and global muscles The active musculoskeletal system, in conjunction with the passive musculoskeletal system, ensures the mobility of the body. The active musculoskeletal system includes the skeletal muscles, tendons, tendon sheaths, bursa and fascial bands. The muscles of the active musculoskeletal system are assigned their task and function as well as specific properties according to the local and global muscle systems. The local muscle system The local muscles in the back are primarily responsible for stabilising the joints and the individual spinal segments. The local system includes, for example, the deep abdominal and back muscles. The local muscles cannot be seen or felt from the outside. They are located close to the joints because their primary task is to stabilise and protect them. Depending on their function, local muscles mainly consist of slow-twitch muscle fibres. The global muscle system In contrast to local muscles, global muscles are located on the surface and are long and strong. On the torso, for example, the straight abdominal muscles (Musculus rectus abdominis), the oblique abdominal muscles (Musculus obliquus internus and externus) and the spinal erectors (Musculus erector spinae) are part of the global muscle system. It is their job to initiate movements and to keep the body balanced. These muscles of the global muscle system are large; they can be seen and felt from the outside. They include, for example, the biceps on the upper arm, the straight abdominal muscles and the large back muscles. Compared to local muscles, global muscles contain more fast-twitch muscle fibres. Global muscles as knights in shining armour: if the stabilising function of the local muscles is impaired or weakened, the body initiates an emergency programme. With the aid of global muscles, it tries to compensate for the failure of the local stabilisers. However, this doesn’t work for long because the global system becomes overloaded and the muscles shorten. As a result, the global muscles are unable to adequately replace the stabilising function of the local muscles. In addition, the excessive and incorrect loading generated by the ‘emergency programme’ results in further discomfort. Stabilisation Every movement consists of a force that causes the movement and another force that slows it down. To generate movement, two muscle systems always work together: the muscle system that stabilises the joints and the muscle system that carries out the movements. The muscle system that executes movement includes the moving muscles and the muscles that control movement. If the interaction of the stabilising, moving and movement-controlling muscles does not work properly, this leads to incorrect loading which affects the elements and systems involved and can lead to pain and instability. Local stabilisation training is a good way to create the required stability. Targeted exercise also helps to compensate for structural damage. Local stabilisers – joint stabilisation Before any physical movement and the associated contraction of global muscles, the local stabilising muscles become active. As an example, when performing a sit-up, the deep muscles of the torso contract first before the straight abdominal muscles lift the upper body off the floor. In technical terms, this principle is also known as the ‘feed-forward’ mechanism and means that the body’s core is stabilised before the body actually executes the movement in order to prevent adverse loads. Studies have found that if back pain occurs, those affected are increasingly likely to experience issues with precisely this mechanism. As Paul W. Hodges found out in the course of his studies, during certain exercises in relation to pain, the local stabilisers did not activate or did so with a delay, for example in the case of the deep Musculus transversus abdominis. Instead, only the superficial global muscles became active. From this, Hodges concluded in his study (Hodges et al. 2003b) that there was a connection between the lack of pre-activation of the local stabilisers and the occurrence of pain. Mark Comerford developed the distinction between local and global muscles and defined three groups: local stabilisers, global stabilisers and global mobilisers. Muscles that move a joint are called mobilisers and belong to the global muscles. Muscles that stabilise a joint are called stabilisers and belong to the local muscles. The mixed form of the two is called ‘global stabilisers’ according to Comerford’s definition – they can both stabilise and mobilise. In other words, unlike the local stabilisers, they are not permanently under tension. They only become active when moving with the aim of restricting the movement by means of eccentric contraction. Optimising muscle synergy The body does not perform any movements using just one muscle. Muscles are team players and always work together – just like an orchestra making music by combining different instruments. If just one wrong note is played in the orchestra, this has a direct effect on the overall result of the music. A disharmony arises that grates on your ears. Our muscles are much the same; effective, safe and economical movements are only possible through optimal synergy and harmonious interaction of the muscles. Sensorimotor training Proprioceptive training is the key to correcting imbalances in movement patterns and improving motor control and coordination of the local stabilisers. The sensors located in our joints and tendons are known as ‘proprioceptors’. They continuously supply our brain with information such as the position of the body, our posture, the tension of the muscles and the position of the joints. With sensorimotor training – for example on unstable ground – balance, adaptability and responsiveness are specifically addressed and activated. This improves your own body awareness, reflex muscle work and the stabilisation of the joints. The term ‘sensorimotor’ is made up of two words. ‘Sensori’ relates to feeling or sensing and designates the transfer of information to the central nervous system. ‘Motor’ means movement or the activation and tensing of the muscles. A simple exercise quickly shows how sensorimotor functions work. Stand on one leg and concentrate on the calf muscles of the supporting leg. Now close your eyes. You will notice immediately that the muscles increase tension, begin to twitch, and the leg begins to wobble. The whole body sways. This is because without visual perception, the body lacks an essential sensor and thus an important source of information – keeping the body balanced under these unfamiliar conditions becomes a real challenge for the nervous system. Global stabilisers As previously described, the global stabilisers are also responsible for balance, stability of posture, control of movements and fine motor skills. They form the middle muscle layer and are essential for dynamic, stable core muscles. Coordination exercises, proper technique and fine motor skills are the most important elements for training them. After all, if training is focused on gross motor movements or if it is carried out with too high a load, the global mobilisers will take over. To prevent this and to achieve the best possible training results for the stabilisers, it is vital to integrate all the necessary components into the exercises in a structured and planned manner whereby the exercises build on one another. Neuromuscular activity and coordination The muscles and brain are continuously exchanging information. This constant dialogue is known as the neuromuscular process and often saves our lives. For example, when we avoid a speeding car with a reflexive jump onto the kerb. In such situations, it becomes clear how finely meshed, lightning-fast and intelligent communication is between our body’s systems. It should be noted that not only does the neuromuscular process help us in emergency situations, it is also the basis for any movement in conjunction with our coordination skills. Sensorimotor training promotes coordination between different muscles and within a muscle as well as neuromuscular activation. There is research-based evidence that sensorimotor training also improves strength and postural stability. Methods to improve coordination have been used successfully in rehabilitation for a long time, for example to improve the flow of information and restore functional movement sequences via neuromuscular stimuli.	https://www.backup-360.com/en-gb/n/anatomy-basics
Before this course I had a very basic understanding of our muscles and bones; I knew what they had taught me in school but never had the chance to connect what I learned in a book to what I learned with my body in yoga. The illiopsoas, one of the most powerful muscles in our hip flexors, was definitely something I had never learned about before. But ironically it’s one of the more important muscles that we use in our daily life and in yoga. It is made out of two muscles, the psoas major and illiacus. Both of these two muscles joint movements are flexing, laterally rotating, and abbducting from the hip. The psoas major’s orgin site is at the lumbar vertebrae and it’s insertion site is the lesser tronchater. The illiacus’s orgin site is at the illiac fossa and insertion site at the lesser tronchater, same as the psoas major. Back to the illiposoas, one of the consequences of a weak illiposoas is a flat back posture. When the line of gravity falls a little bit posterior to the hip, it can create a extension movement at the hip. But normal and healthy illiposas usually counteracts this movement by creating a internal flexion. The stress on hip joints from a flat back posture can lead to instability in hip joints as well as muscle imbalances. When your illiposoas is strong your body will feel more relaxed and grounded. Some yoga poses to strengthen or stretch this muscle are the lunge pose, pigeon pose, navasana, and lying on your back and individually lifting your right and left leg straight up and stretching the hamstrings. These will help create more of a balance in your body while helping your muscles feel nice and stretched. Lan Otani 200HR YTT Fascinations of the iliopsoas muscle I’ve chosen to write about the iliopsoas muscle for 2 reasons. Firstly because yoga has done wonders to open this part of my body over the 2-3 years I’ve been practicing, but it’s only now when I’m learning more about the anatomy of yoga that I really appreciate that. Secondly, my interest was piqued when I read that some regard this as the area where the soul resides. The iliopsoas muscle is made up of the psoas and iliac muscles. It is the deepest muscle in the body and is like a band which is wrapped around the anterior pelvic girdle: • Origin: the origin of the psoas is in the lower back (L1-5) and thoracic area (T12), the origin of the iliacus is the iliac bone and sacroiliac joint. • Insertion: the two muscles join together to form the Iliopsoas tendon, wrap underneath the insulin all ligament and is attached through one insertion to top of the proximal femur bone. • Action: Flexion of the femur at the hip joint, and Flexion of the trunk, pelvic tilt and stability for lumbar spine. The muscle forms a pulley which increases the action of the muscle in contraction, simultaneously moving the lumbar spine, pelvis and hip. (Kaminoff and Matthews, 2012; Long, 2006; Kapit and Elson, 2014) This deep muscle has a number of fundamental functions for the human body. In terms of anatomy, it enables us to walk upright, being the only muscle connecting upper and lower body. As such, it was vital in human evolution in 2 key ways: 1) an in-built survival reflex (which kept our ancestors alive in dangerous times), and 2) the evolution from stooped posture to walking upright. This muscle is first activated when babies learn to sit up, after which it’s constantly working as we move around in our daily lives (Land, 2006). In functional terms, it is one of the key hip flexor muscles, enabling us to raise our leg as we walk upright. This deep, hidden muscle is vital for balance, muscular function, supporting abdominal organs and spinal stability as well as avoiding spinal hyper-extension (Proholm Olson, 2011). So it’s vital to keep this hard-working muscle in good condition. However, it can become severely shortened when long periods are spent in a seated position, which is common these days for office workers or those who need to drive long distances. But it can equally be affected for those who regularly engage in activities such as hiking, cycling, weight-lifting that includes a lot of squats, and sports which require kicking. All of these involve continuous and often strenuous flexing of the leg and contraction of the iliopsoas. When iliopsoas tendonitis (inflammation) or iliopsoas syndrome (a tear or rupture forms due to sudden contraction) occur, and the muscle is not functioning at optimum level, this can cause many problems (StretchCoach, 2016). Whereas tears are sudden occurrences that we will rapidly become aware of, and seek help for, inflammation in this area can arise over a long period of time and may remain untreated (Stretch Coach, 2016). Issues with the iliopsoas can cause pain in the spine from Thoracic T12 through the Lumbar area (L1-5), in the hips, the piriformis and the sciatica nerve among others. Tightness and limitations in the iliopsoas function can even constrict deep breathing ability, since it connects to the diaphragm. Emotional and Behavioural problems can also arise when there is constriction in this area, due to constant triggering of the fear reflex, which leads to fatigue of the adrenal and nervous system and fear-oriented behaviours. What makes it fascinating is that the roles of this muscle are not just anatomical but emotional and behavioural. The reason for this is that the iliopsoas is a primitive muscle, originating in the pre-human reptilian form. In other words, it is connected to our instinctive “fight or flight” reflex and the survival instinct. Indeed, iliopsoas is described as the “soul muscle” and the source of human intuition or “gut instinct”. Gurus back through history recognised the importance of this muscle, and it is similarly recognised in Taoist thought (Proholm Olson, 2011; Wilbanks, 2015). When the Iliopsoas is opened up, relaxed and lengthened, then cosmic energy in the body, or Kundalini, flows more naturally and is able to energise the body and facilitate spiritual awakening. Yoga asana practice can help us connect with this deep muscle, being able to relax it to keep it healthy, and being able to draw on its deep internal movement to deepen asana practice (Long, 2006). As well as improving stability, balance, spinal health and posture, working on the iliopsoas can help to reduce lordosis. Asanas which rely on the iliopsoas, and which are hard to achieve if this area has chronic tightness include: Vrksasana (tree pose), Hanumanasana (front splits), Ustrasana (Camel pose), Natarajasana (Dancer pose), Utthita Hasta Padangustasana (extended hand-to-toe pose), Pincha Mayurasana (forearm balance) (Kaminoff and Matthews, 2012). Asanas that contract the iliopsoas include Paschimottanasana (seated forward fold), Utthita Trikonasana (Triangle pose). Asanas that stretch the iliopsoas include Setu Bhandasana (Bridge), Eka Pada Viparita Dandasana (one leg inverted staff pose) and Ustrasana (Camel). Given that this muscle is deep in the body, relaxing rather than contracting it can take some focused work. Yoga asana practice can be particularly helpful for releasing and maintaining the health of this primitive muscle and it may well awaken our spiritual nature at the same time. Author: Arwen, YYTC Jan-Apr16 References: Kaminoff, L. And Matthews, A. (2012) Yoga Anatomy, 2nd Edition, Champaign, IL: The Breathe Trust. Kapit, W. And Elson, L. M. (2014) The Anatomy Colouring Book, 4th Edition, Boston: Pearson. Long, R. (2006) Your Guide to Functional Anatomy in Yoga: The Key Muscles of Yoga, China: Bhanda Yoga.	https://tirisulayoga.com/tag/iliopsoas/
Flashcards in spinal reflexes Deck (70): 1 define lower motor neuron motor neuron that has cell body in ventral horn 2 define upper motor neuron motor neuron that has cell body in the brain nerve cells that are higher in the brain and send axons down the spinal cord in descending tracts, synapsing with dendrites of the LMNs 3 what do upper motor neurons synapse with? dendrites of the LMNs 4 define a motor unit a motor neurone together with its cell body in the dorsal horn, its motor axon and set of muscle fibres that it innervates 5 what is the smallest unit of contraction we can produce? contraction of one motor unit 6 how does the size of the motor unit affect the size of the force of contraction? activation of a small motor unit = small force large motor unit = large force 7 when is a twitch generated? when a single AP contracts one motor unit 8 what is a tetanus/tetanic contraction? smooth contraction initiated by a train of action potentials at high frequency to produce a fused contraction 9 what is the tetanus fusion frequency? the frequency at which action potentials are fired to induce tetanus in its motor unit 10 what is the usual tetanus fusion frequency 10/second 11 explain how the all or nothing applies in motor axon frequencies? a higher frequency then there’s no increase in tension, but lower frequency --> jerky contraction 12 how can the force of contraction in a muscle be increased/decreased? recruiting more or less motor units 13 for fine control, what motor units are activated? small motor units 14 for full power, what motor units are activated? large motor units 15 what happens when there's a random death of motoneurons? remaining motor axons grow peripherally to innervate the denervated muscle fibres --> increase in motor unit size and decreased fine control 16 are afferent fibres sensory or motor? sensory 17 are efferent fibres sensory or motor? motor 18 what are the synaptic inputs of the LMNs? - Descending tracts in spinal cord from UMN - Input from local interneurons (cells with their processes inside the CNS) - Input from local sensory nerve fibres via reflexes 19 explain pyramidal systems? UMN cell bodies in the cortical frontal lobe Axons travel to spinal cord via corticospinal tract (aka pyramidal tract) to synapse with LMN for fine motor control 20 what type of control are pyramidal systems used for? fine motor control 21 explain extrapyramidal systems -Upper motor neurone cell bodies in the brainstem project to spinal cord -Brainstem neurons are regulated by input from motor cortex 22 what movements are extrapyramidal systems used to control? regulates reflexes more primitive 23 where are the LMNs in the spinal cord? in the ventral horn 24 what is a reflex? involuntary motor action triggered by sensory input tiny motor programs stored in synaptic connections between sensory inputs, outputs and interneurones in the grey matter of the spinal cord 25 what is another name for a reflex? myotactic reflex 26 where can most reflexes be modulated from? cortex and brainstem 27 what are monosynaptic reflexes? reflexes that contain no interneurons between muscle spindle afferent and motorneuron efferent -does not happen anywhere else in the NS, only in tendon jerk reflexes 28 name examples of monosynaptic reflexes myotactic knee, patella, ankle, biceps, triceps and supinator reflexes 29 why are monosynaptic reflexes hard to supress? Direct connection between input sensory nerve fibre and the motor neuron makes it harder for the brain to suppress this reflex 30 what does tapping of the patella cause? contraction of quadriceps muscle: knee jerk flexors (hamstrings) relax 31 what is a homonymous reflex? the muscle sending the sensory information is the one that contracts 32 what is reciprocal inhibition? when the extensor contracts, the flexor relaxes 33 explain how reciprocal inhibition occurs? same tendon tap that activates the extensor reflex also inhibits the antagonist flexor muscle through an inhibitory interneuron 34 does the extensor reflex involve an interneuron? no 35 does the reciprocal inhibition reflex involve an interneuron? yes 36 what is a muscle spindle? the receptor that mediates tendon reflexes (also known as a proprioceptor): responds to movements of body rather than external stimuli 37 what is a muscle spindle made up of? • Consists of a complex encapsulated stretch receptor inside a connective tissue sheath 38 what are the main sensory afferents in muscle spindles? 1a afferents 39 what muscle fibres are found in muscle spindles? intrafusal muscle fibres 40 what happens when you activate a muscle spindle? - activates 1a afferents - muscle spindles are spontaneously active at rest - when activated they increase firing rate so more APs are fired - act on dendrites of motor neurons of muscles - activates motor neurons --> twitch 41 how many contacts do motor neuron dendrites have from 1a afferents? dozens/hundreds 42 how many synapses must a motor neuron have to fire through spatial summation? at least 2 active synapses 43 when is an EPSP produced? when a single AP in a 1a sensory afferent stimulates a motor neuron - it then doesnt produce an AP it produces an EPSP 44 explain spatial summation Two synaptic inputs are active at the same time and the EPSPS are added together. 45 explain temporal summation A single 1a nerve fibre fires high frequency burst of APs so EPSPs sum together to trigger an AP 46 describe the structure of a muscle spindle intrafusal fibres contractile tissue is at the ends - centre has no actin/myosin or connective tissue --> stretched easily 1a afferents around the centre region - fire APs when stretched have gamma motor neurons 47 what do gamma motor neurons do and how? increase sensitivity of the 1a afferents to stretch by contracting the end of the muscle spindles and therefore stretching the centre where 1a is found 48 what does pathological increase in gamma activity lead to? hyperactive tendon reflexes 49 what do muscle spindles provide feedback to? motor neurons 50 explain the negative feedback mechanism which stops muscles drooping during fatigue? - when you hold something, there's input to the motor neurons from the descending tracts and the 1a afferents to keep it in position - muscle fatigues and contracts less strongly - starts to stretch - stretch increases input to biceps motor neurons and spinal cord through higher AP frequency - increases force of contraction - arm moves back into place 51 why is it important that monosynaptic reflexes are the easiest to elicit in leg extensors? Due to need for maximum stability --> damage to these reflex arcs makes patient more likely to fall/trip 52 explain how monosynaptic reflexes are easiest to elicit in the leg extensors? - Continuous feedback from muscle spindles in the spinal cord - High speed of AP conduction in afferent and efferent nerves gives tendon jerk reflex shortest possible delay Faster feedback response, the quicker the corrective muscle action 53 how does the speed of the feedback response relate to the speed of corrective muscle action and balance and agility? The faster the feedback response, the quicker the corrective muscle action --> improves balance and agility 54 what is the second major proprioceptor found in the muscle tendons? golgi tendon organ 55 how are GTO activated? tension not length activated when muscle is passively stretched but switched off when it shortens to the original length 56 what is the function of the GTO? Prevents muscles from contracting too strongly --> if a muscle contracts so strongly that it increases the tension in the tendon to the point it might get damaged, the GTO switches it off by inhibitory action 57 what type of connection does the GTO have to its own motor neuron? disynaptic (interneurone) connection 58 what type of interneuron connects the GTO to its own motor neuron? glycinergic inhibitory neuron 59 what mediates reflex withdrawal from painful stimulus? small myelinated nociceptor afferents 60 what do small myelinated nociceptor afferents act on? interneurons in the spinal cord 61 what does the flexion reflex arc involve? involves two or three excitatory INs between pain afferent and flexor motor neuron 62 what type of reflex is the flexion reflex? polysynaptic 63 what is the flexion reflex? Reflex withdrawal from painful stimulus mediated by activation of small myelinated nociceptor afferents. 64 why can the flexion reflex be suppressed by the brain? due to many interneurons in the reflex 65 describe the crossed extensor reflex when you step on a nail, flexion reflex withdraws foot from the injury extensors relax extensors in the other leg contract to take body weight 66 explain how the crossed extensor reflex happens signals travel up the spinal cord and cause contraction of contralateral muscles of the hip and abdomen - shift body's centre of gravity over extended leg done by afferent fibres crossing to the contralateral side of the spinal cord and synapsing with interneurons 67 what type of reflex is the crossed extensor reflex? polysynaptic reflex 68 what is muscle tone? small amount of contraction in muscles when these are moved passively 69 how is tone affected in LMN damage and what effect does this have?	https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/spinal-reflexes-7663393/packs/12580407
The influence of bicycle seat height on the mechanical function of the human gastrocnmeius, soleus, and tibialis anterior muscles during steady-rate cycling Amoroso, Annita T. Abstract Cycling has become a popular model in recent years for the study of muscle mechanics. The purpose of this study was to manipulate bicycle seat heights in order to perturbate muscle lengths and contraction velocities of three lower leg muscles, the soleus, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior, and to measure subsequently the effects on the muscles’ contribution to the cycling task as measured by EMG. Two groups of female subjects, riders (n=7) and non-riders (n=6), rode a bicycle mounted on a Schwinn Velodyne® at 200 Watts and cadence of 80 rpm. Individuals rode at a self-selected seat height, a 10% lowered, and 5 % raised seat position. It was hypothesized that responses in muscle EMG would differ on the basis of cycling experience but results showed this to not be true. It was also hypothesized that because the three muscles would operate at decreased contraction velocities at the low seat, the integrated EMG would be less for the lowest seat position. This hypothesis was based on the force-velocity relationship of muscle, where muscles operating at the lower end of the velocity spectrum can produce greater forces and thereby require the recruitment of fewer fibers to perform the same task. Although the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles did show a decrease in integrated EMG value with decreases in seat height, the tibialis anterior showed unexpected results, with the chosen seat height resulting in the lowest integrated EMG. This suggests either that EMG responses occurred independently from the calculated muscle lengths and contraction velocities or that electromyography may not be a sensitive enough tool to reflect changes in muscle force induced by altered muscle lengths and/or contraction velocities. As seat height decreased, it was also observed that the absolute muscle lengths increased for both the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles, but decreased for the tibialis anterior muscles. The absolute peak muscle lengths did not show a large variation across seat heights, with only an average difference of 2 %. Therefore, it is unlikely that the changes in muscle lengths affected the force production of the muscles to a significant extent. Although the muscle length and contraction velocity variables add considerably more insight into the mechanics of muscle action than either EMG or kinematic analyses of limb motion alone, their use in predicting muscle forces and muscular contributions to movement remains very limited. Furthermore, the choice of using the cycling model for investigating certain aspects of muscle mechanics should be examined further. Item Media Item Citations and Data Rights	https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0077142
Automatically remove your image background. Try it now! https://remove-image-background.com biomechanics study that uses principles of physics to quantitatively study how forces interact within a living body. superior: above a point of reference inferior below a point of reference proximal nearest the center of the body or point of reference distal farthest away from center of body, or point of reference anterior (ventral) the front of the body posterior (dorsal) on the back of the body medial: positioned near the middle of the body lateral toward the outside of the body contralateral positioned on the opposite side of the body ipsilateral positioned on the same side of the body sagittal plane divides body into left and right halves frontal plane divides the body into front and back halves abduction away from the middle of the body adduction toward the middle of the body transverse plane divides body into top and bottom halves Muscle actions: Eccentric Isometric Concentric Eccentric contraction the lengthening of a muscle -a negative, work is being done on the muscle -moving in same direction as the resistance. Isometric contraction a muscle maintaining a certain length (exerts force equal to that placed on it) -no visible movement concentric shortening of a muscle. (exerts more force than is being placed on it) -moving in opposite direction of force Force: an influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or decceleration of the second object. length tension relationship the length at which a muscle can produce the greatest force force couple muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint rotarty motion movement of the bones around the joints torque a force that produces rotation motor behavior process of the body responding to internal and external stimuli motor control study of posture and movements and the involved structures and mechanisms that the central nervous system uses to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences synergies groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement proprioception the cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements senssorimotor integration the cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering information, interpreting, and executing movement motor learning repeated practice of motor control processes which lead to a change in the ability to produce complex movements feedback the use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the kinetic chain in motor learning. internal feedback the process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the envrionment external feedback information provided by some external source, such as a health pro, videotape, mirror, heart rate monitorto supplement internal envrionment Automatically remove your image background. Try it now!	https://freezingblue.com/flashcards/165950/preview/nasm-ch4
Physical therapy is a health care specialty involved with the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system. The ultimate goal of physical therapy is to restore maximal functional independence to each patient. Our rehabilitation team uses a variety of techniques which promote the ability to move, reduce pain, restore function, and prevent disability. Our dynamic outpatient settings enable the therapist and patient to work side-by-side to achieve all of the patient’s goals. The techniques listed below are just some of the theories and strategies used to help return you to your optimal functional status. Our goal is to lend a helping hand in returning you to the lifestyle you deserve. Exercise is a very important part of the rehabilitation process. Exercises are used to correct physical deficits in order to help restore function. Exercise programs are designed to each individual’s needs and target areas of weakness and instability. Correcting these deficits allows the body to move more naturally and can often relieve pressure or correct dysfunction. A consistent individualized exercise routine has been proven to provide long term results in alleviating symptoms while decreasing the risk of re-injury. Range of motion exercise refers to activity that improves movement of a specific joint. Joint motion is influenced by several structures: configuration of bony surfaces within the joint, joint capsule, ligaments, tendons, and muscles acting on the joint. There are three types of range of motion exercises: passive, active, and active assistive. Passive range of motion is movement at a joint with no effort provided by the patient to move the joint. The joint can be moved passively by another person or a machine or apparatus designed to passively move certain joints. When passive range of motion is applied, the joint of an individual receiving exercise is completely relaxed while the outside force moves the body part throughout the available range. Injury, surgery, or immobilization of a joint may affect the normal joint range of motion. Active range of motion is movement of a joint provided entirely by the individual performing the exercise. In this case, there is no outside force assisting in themovement. Active assistive range of motion is described as a joint receiving partial assistance from an outside force. In this case, the patient may be able to actively provide movement through part of the available range of motion, with the therapist or some outside force providing assistance through the remainder of the range. Strengthening exercises are performed to increases muscle strength, muscle mass, bone strength, and also increases the body's metabolism. A certain level of muscle strength is needed to perform daily activities such as walking, running, and climbing stairs. Muscles also help assist in skeletal alignment, stabilization of joints and contribute to maintenance of proper posture. Strengthening exercises increase muscle strength by putting more strain on a muscle than it is normally accustomed to receiving. This increased load stimulates the growth of proteins inside each muscle cell that allow the muscle as a whole to contract. Weight training allows immediate feedback, through observation of progress in muscle growth and improved muscle tone. Strengthening exercise can take the form of isometric, isotonic and isokinetic strengthening. During isometric exercises, muscle contraction occurs, yet there is no motion in the affected joints. The muscle fibers maintain a constant length throughout the entire contraction. The exercises usually are performed against an immovable surface or object such as pressing one's hand against a wall. The muscles of the arm are contracting but the wall is not reacting or moving in response to the physical effort. Isometric training is effective for developing total strength and activation of a particular muscle or group of muscles. It often is used for rehabilitation since the exact area of muscle weakness can be isolated and strengthening can be administered at the proper joint angle. This kind of training can provide a relatively quick and convenient method for overloading and strengthening muscles without any special equipment and with little chance of injury. Isotonic exercise differs from isometric exercise in that there is movement of a joint during the muscle contraction. A classic example of an isotonic exercise is weight training with dumbbells and barbells. As the weight is lifted throughout the range of motion, the muscle shortens and lengthens. Calisthenics are also an example of isotonic exercise. These would include chin-ups, push-ups, and sit-ups, all of which use body weight as the resistance force. Isokinetic exercise provides resistance at a constant velocity throughout a given range of motion. This type of exercise is difficult to replicate clinically and is not a particularly functional way of muscle strengthening. Isokinetic exercise is often used in research and is not often used clinically during rehabilitation. The McKenzie Method of treatment is primarily known as an extension based protocol for treating back pain related to a lumbar disc herniation. In fact, the McKenzie method is not merely extension exercises. In its truest sense, McKenzie is a comprehensive approach to the spine based on sound principles and fundamentals that when understood and followed accordingly are very successful. McKenzie Assessment: Unique to the McKenzie Method is a well-defined algorithm that leads to the simple classification of spinal-related disorders. It is based on a consistent "cause and effect" relationship between historical pain behavior as well as the pain response to repeated test movements, positions and activities during the assessment process. McKenzie has named these three mechanical syndromes: Postural, Dysfunction and Derangement. *All three mechanical syndromes – postural, dysfunction, and derangement – occur in the cervical as well as thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. Each distinct syndrome is addressed according to it’s unique nature with mechanical procedures utilizing movement and positions. The Derangement syndrome where the phenomenon of "centralization" occurs is most common. Practitioners of Mckenzie theory will be able to identify those more difficult cases where advanced McKenzie techniques might benefit the patient as opposed to those patients whose diagnosis is non-mechanical in nature. Those patients are then quickly referred for alternate care, thus avoiding unnecessary periods of inappropriate or expensive management. Treatment: McKenzie treatment uniquely emphasizes education and active patient involvement in the management of their treatment in order to decrease pain quickly, and restore function and independence, minimizing the number of visits to the clinic. If a problem is more complex, self-treatment may not be possible right away. A clinician with an understanding of Mckenzie theory will know when to provide additional advanced hands-on techniques until the patient can successfully manage the prescribed skills on their own. Preventive: Patients gain an experiential education learning to self-treat the present problem. The management of these skills and behaviors will minimize the risk of recurrence and allow patients to rapidly manage themselves when symptoms occur. It is important to recognize the role of muscles and their attachments around the joints. Muscle tension can often decrease once joint motion is restored, but many times the spasm will continue to be present. In such cases, muscle tension should be addressed or the joint dysfunction may return. The goal of soft tissue mobilization (STM) is to break up inelastic or fibrous muscle tissue such as scar tissue. It can also be used to move tissue fluids, and relax muscle tension. This procedure commonly consists of rhythmic stretching and deep pressure. The therapist will localize the area of greatest tissue restriction through layer-by-layer assessment. Once identified, these restrictions can be mobilized with a wide variety of techniques. These techniques often involve placing a traction force on the tight area with an attempt to restore normal texture to tissue and reduce associated pain. This technique focuses on correcting abnormal neuromuscular reflexes that cause structural and postural problems, resulting in painful ‘tenderpoints’. The therapist finds the patient’s position of comfort by asking the patient at which point the tenderness diminishes. The patient is held in this position of comfort for about 90 seconds, during which time asymptomatic strain is induced through mild stretching, and then slowly brought out of this position, allowing the body to reset its muscles to a normal level of tension. This normal tension in the muscles sets the stage for healing. Strain-counterstrain is tolerated quite well, especially in the acute stage, because it positions the patient opposite of the restricted barrier and towards the position of greatest comfort. Joint accessory motions occur naturally with movement at the joint, but are often inhibited when there is an injury or secondary to non-use of a joint. Inhibition of these motions is often related to soft tissue tightness or spasm. Joint mobilization involves loosening up the restricted joint and increasing its range of motion by providing slow velocity (i.e. speed) and increasing amplitude (i.e. distance of movement) movement directly into the barrier of a joint. These mobilizations will help increase range of motion and decrease pain at a particular joint. Muscle energy techniques (MET’S) are designed to mobilize restricted joints and lengthen shortened muscles. This procedure is defined as utilizing a voluntary contraction of the patient’s muscles against a distinctly controlled counterforce applied from the practitioner from a precise position and in a specific direction. Following a 3-5 second contraction, the operator takes the joint to its new barrier where the patient again performs a muscle contraction. This may be repeated two or more times. This technique is considered an active procedure as opposed to a passive procedure where the operator does all the work (such as joint mobilizations). Muscle energy techniques are generally tolerated well by the patient and do not stress the joint. Dr. Paul Williams first published his exercise program in 1937 for patients with chronic low back pain in response to his clinical observation that the majority of patients who experienced low back pain had degenerative vertebrae secondary to degenerative disk disease. These exercises were developed for men under 50 and women under 40 years of age who had exaggerated lumbar lordosis, whose x-ray films showed decreased disc space between lumbar spine segments (L1-S1), and whose symptoms were chronic but low grade. The goals of performing these exercises were to reduce pain and provide lower trunk stability by actively developing the "abdominal, gluteus maximus, and hamstring muscles as well as..." passively stretching the hip flexors and lower back (sacrospinalis) muscles. Williams said: The exercises outlined will accomplish a proper balance between the flexor and the extensor groups of postural muscles. Williams’ flexion exercises have been a cornerstone in the management of lower back pain for many years for treating a wide variety of back problems, regardless of diagnosis or chief complaint. In many cases they are used when the disorder’s cause or characteristics were not fully understood by the physician or physical therapist. Also, physical therapists often teach these exercises with their own modifications. Williams suggested that a posterior pelvic-tilt position was necessary to obtain best results. The Maitland Concept of Manipulative Physiotherapy as it is known, emphasizes a specific way of thinking and continuous evaluation and assessment of the patient. This approach focuses on positional mobilization. Maitland believes that the obligation of the therapist is to "know when, how and which techniques to perform, and adapt these to the individual patient". James Cyriax is one of the original pioneers of physical therapy evaluation and treatment. His philosophy of selective tissue tension testing is one of the fundamental theories used in evaluations throughout the world. This theory revolves around the fact that positive tests are a result of pathology of certain tissues being stretched. Cyriax also introduced a specific, limited approach to massage, recommending a type of friction that goes across the fibers of the structure being treated. This allows the body to accelerate the healing process at that particular localized area. The Cyriax approach is still a gold standard for evaluation and treatment of musculoskeletal related problems. Modalities are used to facilitate the healing process, decrease pain, decrease inflammation, increase tissue elasticity and as a therapeutic aide to the rehabilitation process. Modalities are used on an as needed basis when indicated by a certain conditions. Modalities provide short term relief from the symptoms of specific conditions and can play a vital role in a patient’s recovery.	http://temple-pt.com/physicaltherapy.html
When talking about Tulum, many travelers immediately think of white sandy beaches and crystal clear waters, but there are other reasons to consider this unique destination. Those interested in history and nature will be delighted by the impressive Mayan ruins in this city. After Cancun, we were headed to Tulum. Paolo picked up the guide and we arrived on time for the tour of this ancient city. Marco, speaking in Spanish, helped Franco buy the entrance ticket and we began the itinerary. Ursula, as usual, explained to us how the city looked in the past. Tulum was a seaport located on the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula in southeastern Mexico and was one of the last major pre-Columbian Mayan cities to be conquered by the Spanish. It was very hot, so as we toured the Mayan ruins, Franco advised us to seek occasional shelter in the shade of the palm trees. As soon as we arrived in this coastal town, we could actually see these surrounding palm trees and the beautiful blue sky. Afterwards, Paolo thought, why not take some pictures? A peculiarity of this ancient city, which was located on the sea coast, is that the walls were also built with the use of corals to make mortar. Paul would have liked to do some diving on site by renting a diving suit, but unfortunately there was no time. Visiting the city of Tulum, we immediately want to learn more about the Mayan civilization. Our guide Ursula explains that the Mayan civilization was one of the most advanced civilizations in the pre-Columbian Americas. It originated in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico and spread to present-day Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua. Currently in these states Spanish is spoken and Marco in fact uses this language to converse with the inhabitants of Mexico, but many Mayan languages are still spoken by some local groups and ethnic groups. The guide Ursula reveals that, in a future trip, she would like to visit Guatemala. In fact, an important period in Mayan history was the Classic Period (starting around 250 AD) and many of the previously separate city-states joined in political alliances, leading to the development of the first complex civilization in Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula.	https://www.areamk.com/learnWebTopics/Tulum_en.php
This forms a pattern in the area, both for the sub-Mesopotamian civilizations of the Levant, Anatolia, Iran, and even the easily forgotten Yemen, but for the more independent and more dominant civilizations that developed later, namely Europe 7by way of Greece and Rome, and Islam 8which cannot have developed as they did without their antecedents. Nor, unlike hieroglyphics and cuneiform, are there any bilingual texts to aid in decipherment. In aboutthe first bishop of Yucatan, Diego de Landa, compiled a key to the Mayan syllabary consisting of 27 Spanish letters and the Mayan glyphs with similar sounds. Later they started to make these mounds into step pyramids. Now a symbol of American Thanksgiving, turkeys may have first been domesticated by the Maya. Invalid mayans gods in their complex religion, homework help from family makes! Because cleared land absorbs less solar radiation, less water evaporates from its surface, making clouds and rainfall more scarce. The earliest known writing in the Mayan script dates from about BC, but the script is thought to have developed at an earlier date. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Hard on the heels of Sumer came Egypt, with evidence of Sumerian influence, where a new writing system, hieroglyphics, developed -- now with some evidence emerging of its antecedents in Egypt. They were finally conquered in Bradley of the University of Massachusetts have written, "Many lines of evidence now point to climate forcing as the primary agent in repeated social collapse. The Earliest Civilizations The basic meaning of civilization is the presence of cities, and the basic meaning of history is the presence of written records. Its Grammar, History, and Literature, cited by Gwynne, p. When he started his hunt for clues, he was actually a banker. The time when ParmenidesConfuciusand the Buddha all lived, the end of the 5th century BC, has been called the "axial age"; but it remains mysterious that such simultaneous and sometimes parallel development should have occurred. Print this page Mayan ruins The Mayan ruins of Tikal are hidden deep in the rainforests of Guatemala. From observatories, like the one at Chichen Itza, they tracked the progress of the war star, Venus. Guide on what to ask: In addition, the civilization of Teotihuacan started to lose its power, and maybe abandoned the city, during — A chain of ancient non-Indo-European and non-Semitic languages -- of Elam, the Kassites, the Hurrians, and Urartu -- stretched from Sumer to the Caucasus, but too little is known of these languages, or of the early forms of the Caucasian ones, for certain connections to be drawn. Homework by association, fun essay essentials with clearly defined characteristics and. David Webster believed that the population should have increased because of the lack of elite power. According to Dunn and Shimkininfectious diseases spread by parasites are common in tropical rainforest regions, such as the Maya lowlands. There were also about glyphs representing place names and the names of gods. The Maya wrote books in their elaborate hieroglyphic script on long strips of durable paper made from the inner bark of fig trees. Preceding improved knowledge of the chronology of Mesoamerica, Teotihuacan was believed to have fallen during —, forcing the "restructuring of economic relations throughout highland Mesoamerica and the Gulf Coast". Archaeological evidence suggests the Maya were processing cacao at least years ago; the chemical signatures of cacao have been found in Maya ceramic vessels in Guatemala that date back to BCE. These slabs show rulers along with hieroglyphic writing describing their familymilitary victories, and other things that they did well. Wikimedia Commons Mayan Civilization Essay Bartleby This only condems them to self-destruction and is the reason a return to the Natural Order is imperative. He counted Maya farmsteads in order to estimate the likely total population. The Ko'woj had their capital at Zacpeten. At the same time, the Andean cultures, culminating in the Incas, did not possess writing.This essay will be a compare and contrast of Temple I of the city of Tikal and the Temple of the Inscriptions at the City of Palenque. The overall culture and civilization of these two important cities were Mayan. Apocalypto is a American epic adventure film directed and produced by Mel Gibson and written by Gibson and Farhad willeyshandmadecandy.com film features a cast of Native American and Indigenous Mexican actors consisting of Rudy Youngblood, Raoul Trujillo, Mayra Sérbulo, Dalia Hernández, Ian Uriel, Gerardo Taracena, Rodolfo Palacios, Bernardo Ruiz. The Tikal Mayan Civilization - Forgotten and lost, this city laid wrapped in vegetation, covered with forest it once commanded. Its temples as. Maya architecture is best characterized by the soaring pyramid temples and ornate palaces which were built in all Maya centres across Mesoamerica from El Tajin in the north to Copan in the south. The Maya civilization was formed of independent city-states and, consequently, there are regional. What Was Their Most Remarkable Achievement? = 17 = 13 = 18 sed onlO)we move one col This Mini-Q asks you to examine the Mayan civilization and decide which of its accomplishments was the most impressive. The Documents: Background Essay Questions l. Where was Mayan civilization located? 2. How were the Maya organized politically? The ancient Maya civilization was without a doubt, one of the most dominant ancient societies of Mesoamerica.	https://celamyk.willeyshandmadecandy.com/the-tikal-mayan-civilization-essay-18361yb.html
When the Spanish conquistadors claimed areas of Central America and Mexico in the sixteenth century, they discovered the ruins of a great civilization, that of the Mayans, who had vanished and left evidence of their lost grandeur in massive structures that had been over-whelmed by the surrounding rain forest. The native people could not explain the significance of the sprawling, vacant cities to the conquistadors. Unlike the great Incan cities, the Mayan centers had long been abandoned. The ruins of the Mayans did not begin to reveal their secrets for 300 years. Since the nineteenth century, enough information has been gathered about the Mayan structures to sketch a history of their development, but the reasons why the great structures were suddenly abandoned, and the exact purposes of the massive and elaborate buildings, continue to remain trapped in the past. The Mayan empire stretched south from the present-day Mexican states of Veracruz, Yucatán, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas to almost all of Guatemala and parts of Belize and Honduras. Ruins in the Guatemalan highlands include Copán, a typical Mayan center with plazas, pyramids, a court for ball games, and blocks of stone inscribed with hieroglyphics. Tikal, another Mayan center in Guatemala, had more than 3, 000 structures in a six-square-mile area. Vast palaces with hundreds of rooms, rows and rows of wooden huts, and increasingly larger buildings approaching the center of Tikal accommodated a surrounding community that may have numbered as many as 90, 000 people. Palenque is among the centers in the middle area of the Mayan region, where the rain forest is thickest. Among the finds there is the Temple of Inscriptions, a 65-foot-high pyramid. A secret passageway was found by archaeologists in 1952 that led to an elaborate tomb. Riches of jade, finely carved, life sized statues, and an elaborately sculpted sarcophagus were discovered. When modern archaeologists finally mastered Mayan hiero-glyphics in the 1970s, inscriptions on the wall of the temple were deciphered. They identified the corpse as Sun Lord Pacal and described his life. Tracing references of dates with the Mayan calendar, another example of Mayan achievement, archaeologists were able to determine that Sun Lord Pacal was born in 603, ascended to the throne in 614, and died in 683. The 69 steps that run up the front of the temple each represent a year of his reign. \| Victoria's Secret Incredible Front Close Sports Bra 34D Mayan Temple Strappy \| Apparel \| Mayan Temple Adventures : Run and Escape the Ancient & Deadly Traps - Free Edition \| Mobile Application (Martin the free fun game creator :)) \| Chichen Itza Mayan Temple Model Pair \| Toy (ZanzibarLand) What is good info. About the aztec. It was against the law to be drunk in public in the Aztec empire, unless you were over 70 years old! use the link for more info! What is some info on the Aztecs.	http://the-maya.eu/DidTheMayans/mayans-temples
Don’t know to which archaeological sites go? We tell you the top 3 that you can’t miss With so many activities to do while you are traveling in this Caribbean paradise, it is certainly a difficult decision to choose which archaeological sites to visit during your stay, especially if you have limited time. To help you with this dilemma, we have chosen the three archaeological sites that you can not miss while visiting Cancun. Chichén Itzá Perhaps the most popular of the ancient Mayan cities and one of the New Wonders of the World, this is a must during your visit to the Mexican Caribbean. This Mayan city, mythical and with an impressive architecture, is the home of the pyramid of Kukulcan, a Mayan calendar of large dimensions whose structure has been studied and mystery. Approximately 5 km from the ruins of Chichén Itzá, is located the Cenote Ik-Kil, a creation of nature of 60 m in diameter and up to 40 deep, whose fresh water makes it attractive to visitors from all over the world. Coba The insuperable view from the top of Nohoch Mul, known as the highest pyramid in the Yucatan peninsula, 42 meters high, makes Coba an attraction for thousands of travelers that reach this ancient urban center to climb its 120 steps. In addition to its other impressive structures, inside Coba are two fields in good condition that still retain their hoops, sidewalls, and even you can see inscriptions that relate the importance and sacredness of participating in this sport. Read:10 Amazing Facts To Discover In Coba Tulum About 40 kilometers separate Tulum from our previous destination. Is enough to say that this is the only archaeological zone by the sea and with views that will dazzle you. Tulum was the first urban center of the Mayan civilization discovered by the Spanish conquerors in the 16th century and is built on a cliff facing the second largest coral reef in the world. This ancient city is renowned for its unique buildings and its millenary frescoes and was an important and prosperous maritime and commercial enclave that developed entirely in the Postclassic period, after 1000 AD. We assure you that after visiting these 3 archaeological zones, you will be fascinated with the ancient Mayan civilization and the richness of its legacy. Read: Myths, Legends, And Truths About Mayan Cenotes What other archaeological sites would you like to visit? Comunicóloga, cafetómana, amante del chocolate, libros y la luna. Amo los atardeceres y practico zumba.	https://blog.xcaret.com/en/3-archaeological-sites-near-cancun-you-must-visit-mayan-civilization/
The practice of human sacrifice was common among Native America groups. But the Mayans stopped practicing human sacrifice after the Spanish brought Christianity to the people. What were the three layers of the Mayan world? Maya pyramids. The Mayans, also called Aztecs, were people in Central Mexico. Although there is some disagreement among archeologists on dates and theories, the Mayas probably lived somewhere in the southeastern part of the modern Mexican states of Campeche, Tabasco, Chiapas, and Yucatán until the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the early 16th century. Their society was organized into many levels and layers. What was the Mayan cosmological model?Mayan civilization was built in large numbers of temples and pyramids. But one of the more important principles of Mayan society was the principle of social unity. The Mayans practiced a religion that consisted of a god for each day of the week, for the four seasons, and for certain animals. What religion did the Mayans practice? As part of the Kukulkan Complex, the Temple of the Inscriptions (Temples 9 and 13) were dedicated to the Maya god Kukulkan, which some scholars have said was a representation of the sun god, while others believed that the inscriptions and symbols were purely Mayan. The site was believed to be the center of Mayan religion and was an important cultural center in Mayan times. Did Mayans sacrifice babies? The Mayans, like other ancient cultures all over the world, practiced rituals related to the sacrifice of the young. As previously mentioned, a ritual related to the sacrifice of women and young children was practiced. The Mayans believed that when a mother gave birth, her womb would tear loose from her uterus if it was not sacrificed. Also to know is, did Mayans practice human sacrifice? Human Sacrifice: Most Mayans practiced human sacrifices to appease their gods. According to some sources, as many as 1,000 victims were sacrificed in one event. For example, Mayan society had ceremonies to remember its leaders. It was believed that gods required blood offerings. What did the Mayans invent? The Maya used their knowledge of astronomy and mathematics to create complex, beautiful works of art that have survived to this day. The Maya had a highly developed calendar and developed an early form of writing known as hieroglyphics. They had an advanced astronomy and created their own system of mathematics. What was Aztecs religion? Aztec religion The Aztec religion consisted of three main religions: a form of native and traditional Mexican religion, an adapted form of the early worship from the Aztec civilization, and an entirely new form of Azteca gods in the form of Tezcatlipoca, Tlalocan and Huitzilopochtli. Is Mesoamerican a religion? Mesoamerican religion can be characterized by three main categories: religious rituals, human sacrifice, and supernatural beings. The majority of Mesoamerican religious beliefs are based on a pantheon of supernatural beings that created the world, humans, and the physical universe. How did the Aztecs remove the heart? The Aztecs pulled the heart out through the body and cut the body to pieces.. Aztecs carried the dead hearts, placed them on sticks, and carried them around or threw them away with their other sacrifices. It was believed that if the heart is discarded, the spirit of the sacrificed person will not stay with the body. Regarding this, do people still practice Mayan religion? In 2013, the government made headlines when the Ministry of Culture announced that the Maya will be officially recognized as an indigenous people in the Yucatán State, but the recognition is considered a symbolic and symbolic gesture due to the poor conditions in which Maya live in the region. Who did the Mayans sacrifice to? It should be noted that most Mayan temples did not have images of deities. They were built for the purposes of “spiritual healing through prayer and ritual. The sacrifices were practiced to honor the gods and give thanks for the abundance of the crops and the harvests of humans.” What ended the Mayans? In fact, according to this theory, no Mayans existed in modern times; the people now known as Mayans were just one “of many” indigenous groups. When he arrived with the Spanish, they became a group of Spaniards. They were probably not the last, although they might have been the ones who lived the longest. Why did the Mayans fear death? Mayan The belief that human life is finite and that there must be a time when humans can no longer function physically, mentally or spiritually, led to the belief in a future in an age of darkness called the “sun-year”. The Mayans considered the end of the world to be a kind of apocalyptical rebirth in which life would begin anew with the sun rising again in a new cycle. What killed the Mayans? Mayan culture suffered a dramatic decline after a series of natural disasters, including famine, epidemic disease, and the use of weapons such as obsidian blades and ceramics. However, there are other theories for why the Mayans declined, such as the arrival of Europeans and the effects of overfishing. How was Mayan society structured? The first phase, known as the Pre-Classic, lasted from 2000 BC to 400 AD. The second phase of the Maya period began in earnest when many Maya people migrated from the southern lowlands to Yucatan peninsula, after being drawn there by a better agricultural environment. What language did the Mayans speak? The Mayan writing system (based on the Aztec hieroglyphs) uses symbols in shapes called glyphs to represent letters and words. Mayan hieroglyphs have a variety of shapes that indicate words or ideas. As this alphabet is read from left to right, the glyphs are read from the bottom to the top. What was Mayan religion based upon? Mayan religion was a blend of Aztec, Toltec, Maya indigenous and Christian influences, especially as represented by their great god, the sun god, known as Chaan, or Kukulkan. Religious beliefs also included animal worship and astrology. The gods were seen to have specific relationships with the natural world and were perceived to intervene. Did the Mayans believe in many gods? A few thousand Mayans died in the eruption. Other theories exist based on the lack of evidence for their gods. It’s possible that they had many gods or worshipped many gods. Why did the Mayans sacrifice to the gods? Maya religion practiced by the Mayans was based on several gods and ancestors believed to have made the land and built the pyramids. Mayan mythology was passed from generation to generation by priests who lived in small towns and cities in what was the ancient Mayan Empire. Who were Mayan slaves? Mayan slaves: The Mayan economy in Central America, the Maya, were slaves throughout most of its recorded history. The Maya and the Olmec developed agriculture with a dense planting and a labor force consisting of male, female and child slaves. These slaves were primarily of Mayan descent, but were from various ethnic groups with some Mayan, Yucatec, and Toltec ancestry as well. It is believed the Maya are a direct continuation of the Olmecs, and that the Mayan civilization was founded over 3000 years ago, predating the Olmecs and other ancient Mayan civilizations. Also, how were Mayan sacrifices chosen? The victims of human sacrifice in The Temple were chosen for the Maya by choosing them by their hair, and then sacrificing them in the main temple in Palenque. They believed that a human being had the ability to possess many spirits while a god would have only one. Who came before the Mayans?	https://tessab.net/do-mayans-still-practice-sacrifices/
Hassig states “between 10,000 and 80,400 persons” were sacrificed in the ceremony. The higher estimate would average 15 sacrifices per minute during the four-day consecration. Four tables were arranged at the top so that the victims could be jettisoned down the sides of the temple. Maya priests in the city of Chichen Itza in the Yucatan peninsula sacrificed children to petition the gods for rain and fertile fields by throwing them into sacred sinkhole caves, known as “cenotes.” The caves served as a source of water for the Mayans and were also thought to be an entrance to the underworld. Ancient Mayan people did not routinely indulge in human sacrifice and ritual decapitation as is commonly believed. And the evidence comes from an unlikely source – the burial practices of the medieval monarchs of Europe. Scholars have suggested a number of potential reasons for the downfall of Maya civilization in the southern lowlands, including overpopulation, environmental degradation, warfare, shifting trade routes and extended drought. It’s likely that a complex combination of factors was behind the collapse. Do The Maya Still Exist ? Descendants of the Maya still live in Central America in modern-day Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and parts of Mexico. The majority of them live in Guatemala, which is home to Tikal National Park, the site of the ruins of the ancient city of Tikal. Today , human sacrifice has become extremely rare. Most religions condemn the practice , and modern secular laws treat it as murder. Hernán Cortés The Maya had a system of serfdom and slavery . Serfs typically worked lands that belonged to the ruler or local town leader. There was an active slave trade in the Maya region, and commoners and elites were both permitted to own slaves . The Maya have lived in Central America for many centuries. They are one of the many Precolumbian native peoples of Mesoamerica . In the past and today they occupy Guatemala, adjacent portions of Chiapas and Tabasco, the whole of the Yucatan Peninsula, Belize, and the western edges of Honduras and Salvador. Blood was viewed as a potent source of nourishment for the Maya deities, and the sacrifice of a living creature was a powerful blood offering. By extension, the sacrifice of a human life was the ultimate offering of blood to the gods, and the most important Maya rituals culminated in human sacrifice . It is likely that human sacrifice occurred during the Viking Age but nothing suggests that it was part of common public religious practise. Instead it was only practised in connection with war and in times of crisis. In ancient Mesoamerica human sacrifices were viewed as a repayment for the sacrifices the gods had themselves made in creating the world. In Mesoamerican culture human sacrifices were viewed as a repayment for the sacrifices the gods had themselves made in creating the world and the sun. smallpox Although the Mayan people never entirely disappeared— their descendants still live across Central America—dozens of core urban areas in the lowlands of the Yucatan peninsula, such as Tikal, went from bustling cities to abandoned ruins over the course of roughly a hundred years. Mel Gibson’s road to rehabilitation after his anti-semitic outburst last summer appears to have hit a pothole: his Mayan epic Apocalypto has been condemned by a Guatemalan official for painting Mayan people in a derogatory light.	https://www.mundomayafoundation.org/mayan/mayan-sacrifices.html

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