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Something to know about my approach is:
I combine cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques with Adlerian theories that promote balance in mind, body, spirit, & social environments. I utilize evidence-based practices to support clients with emotional, relational, & situational issues.
Together, we will:
Clients embark on a therapeutic journey that leads them to a deeper, richer, more secure and more grounded relationship with themselves. I partner with my clients and I am at their side every step of the way.
I specialize in working with people who:
You are the expert in your own life. My position is that of a consultant. Just as you would see a lawyer for legal advice or an accountant for tax advice, I offer my knowledge and expertise in mental and emotional health. | https://mentalhealthmatch.com/therapist-profile/florida/andrea-mann |
I am a licensed, ordained Minister, Evangelist, worship leader and board member in the Christian faith! I have been ministering for over 30 years in various capacities. I believe that we have to be healthy in all domains of life and achieve balance. Counseling is a necessary component of achieving balanced living and staying true to maintaining peace. Phillipians 4:7-8 "And the peace of God, which passes all understanding shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever thins are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report, if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things,"
I am a National Certified Counselor (NCC), a Professional Counselor in the states of North Carolina and South Carolina. I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Supervisor in North Carolina as well as a Licensed Clinical Addictions Counselor Associate, (LCAS-a) and Board Certified, Telemental Health counselor (BC-TMH). I have experience working with adults, adolescents, and children both in individual and group settings. I also have experience working with couples, families and in various settings such as schools. Some clinical issues I have the most experience in include depression, anxiety, and stress management.
A focus in my treatment is establishing a therapeutic relationship with the person first and foremost as I believe having a good connection helps facilitate effective counseling and provides the best outcomes. In therapy, I am supportive, compassionate, and am present with individuals both in times of struggle as well as times of achievement and progress. I make sure to meet each individual where they are at and actively listen to and respect where they would like to see themselves in the future with the help of therapy and skill development.
Working collaboratively with individuals on their treatment goals is a priority throughout treatment and I encourage open communication regarding what therapeutic techniques and approaches work best for the person, to ensure the best therapeutic experience.
My counseling style combines strength-based, cognitive-behavioral, and solution-focused approaches to help individuals achieve their therapeutic goals. Identifying one's strengths and coping skills that can be used to help work through various issues is an important part of my therapy approach.
I truly value each individual therapeutic relationship and fully empathize with the different emotions a client may experience throughout treatment. I believe that each individual has the ability to overcome struggles but that sometimes-having additional support in the form of therapy can help one to better identify and recognize the coping skills and strengths they already possess.
You have taken the first step in creating a healthier, happier you and I would be honored to help you in that journey!
Specialties
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Addictions , Relationship issues , Family conflicts , Grief , Intimacy-related issues , Sleeping disorders , Parenting issues , Career difficulties , Bipolar disorder , Coping with life changes , Coaching , Compassion fatigue , ADHD , Communication Problems , Life Purpose Read more...
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Monique is a wonderful therapist who listens intently, makes you feel heard, gives you simple easily applicable advice, and has the ability to make a screen therapy session seem as comfortable as in-person. She helped me develop skills to increase my quality of life. I am so thankful we were placed together. | https://www.faithfulcounseling.com/monique-willett/ |
Motor Design, Construction, Troubleshooting, and Testing Lab Report 1.
Motor Theory: How our Motor Works
An el ectric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: A motor uses magnets to create motion. The fundamental law of all magnets states: Opposites attract and likes repel. So if you have two bar magnets with their ends marked "north" and "south," then the north end of one magnet will attract the south end of the other. On the other hand, the north end of one magnet will repel the north end of the other and similarly, south will repel south. In an electric motor, these attracting and repelling forces create a magnetic field which can be used to drive an electric motor.
To understand how an electric motor works, the key is to understand how the electromagnet works. An electromagnet is the basis of an electric motor. You can understand how things work in the motor by observing the field of the electromagnet flips. The flip causes the electromagnet to complete another halfturn of motion. You flip the magnetic field just by changing the direction of the electrons flowing in the wire. If the field of the electromagnet were flipped at precisely the right moment at the end of each halfturn of motion, the electric motor would spin freely. The "flipping the electric field" part of an electric motor is accomplished by closed electric circuit completed by two parts of the motor: the commutator or armature and the brushes. An electric circuit is a path where electrons from a source flow
.
Current flows in a closed circuit but there will be no current flow in an open circuit. The point where the electrons enter the circuit is called the source of electrons. The exit point of these electrons is called the return, because electrons end up at the source when they complete the path of the electric circuit. The part of an electrical circuit that is between the electrons starting point, and the return point is called the load.
In an electric motor, an electric circuit is created by using a power source, in this case a power box, to send a current through a stationary brush to a rotating commutator or armature then to a secondary brush on the opposite side of the commutator and back to the power box
completing the circuit. The commutator is a barrel with one end of the wire coiled on top of the barrel and the other end of the wire coiled on the bottom of the barrel. The center section of the wire is wound to form the electromagnetic core. Current transferred to one end of the wire on one half of the barrel causes the current to flow through the electromagnetic core in one direct resulting in a half turn or flip, then the current is transferred to the other end of the wire on the other half of the barrel causing the current to flow in the opposite direction resulting in another half turn or flip, thus creating continuous rotation and converting electrical power into mechanical power or torque.
Electromagnetic induction is the production of electromotive forces across the conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field described by Faraday's law dφb/dt.
Electric current is the flow of electric charge, in an electric circuit charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. Torque is a twisting force that tends to cause rotation. The load and torque are measured in Ncm. If the motor output torque is greater than the load then the motor will spin faster. Resistance is the ratio of the voltage applied to the electric current as described in Ohms law I=V/R. Polarity is the property of having poles like the magnets have north and south poles. Force= mg, force strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement.
Back Emf is the counterelectromotive force. It is the voltage, or electromotive force, that pushes against the current which induces it. Power is a supply with mechanical or electrical energy.
P=vi, Pin= Es x i, Pr= Vr x i, | https://www.majortests.com/essay/Motor-Labreport-613858.html |
Electrical and electronic engineering might appear to have the same thing, yet they are not. The similarities end there. Both require transporting energy around a circuit to power valuable items and devices.
Electrons and electricity are inextricably linked. The passage of electrons is what electrical is. Electronics, on the other hand, is the method of directing the flow of electrons in order to do a specific task. Both employ electrical energy to do work, which is the same operating principle.
The majority of modern appliances make use of a combination of electronic and electrical circuits. An electrical circuit in a washing machine includes a plug socket, fuse, on/off switch, heater, and motor that rotates the drum. The user enters the appropriate washing process and temperature via the control panel.
Key differences and types of electronics and electrical devices
1) Electrical devices
Electrical devices are those that transform electricity into different forms of energy or work. It conducts electricity using metal. The majority of electrical gadgets operate on strong alternating currents. Electrical equipment also consumes a lot of power.
Electrical equipment is more unsafe and less dependable since they cause dangerous electrical shock. The size of electrical gadgets is very huge, necessitating additional space. A fan, for example, is an electrical device that converts electrical current into rotational motions. The electric bulb, lamp, or tube light transforms current into light.
2) Electronic devices
Electronic devices are devices that control the flow of electrons for the purpose of accomplishing a specific activity. The term electronics refers to the study of electron activity in the direction of the electric field.
There are two basic components of electronic devices, i.e. active component and passive component. The component that delivers energy is referred to as the active component, while the devices that receive energy are referred to as the passive component.
The electronics consist of three major active components and two major passive components. The active components include resistors, capacitors, and inductors, whereas the passive components are tube devices and semiconductors.
Key differences between electrical and electronic devices
Despite this, both electrical and electronic devices rely on the passage of electrons to execute their functions. However, there are some differences between electronic and electrical equipment.
- For the flow of electrical current, electrical devices utilize copper and aluminum wires, whereas electronics devices use semiconductor material.
- Electrical devices mostly operate on alternating current, whereas electronics equipment runs on direct current.
- Electrical devices operate on high voltages, whereas electronic devices operate on low voltages.
- The power usage of electrical equipment is higher than that of electronic gadgets.
- Electrical devices have high conductivity, whereas electronic devices have low conductivity.
- The electrical device operates solely on current, resulting in a rapid response. Because electrons are the electronic device’s only moving charge, their response time is short.
Types of electronic devices
Basic Electronic Components are electronic devices or pieces. They are often packaged in a discrete shape with two or more connecting lines or metallic pads. Some of them are as follows;
a) Resistors
A resistor is a type of electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current. It is a passive component that enables resistance to control or obstruct the flow of electric current in an electric circuit. As a result, there is a voltage drop across the circuit.
There are a variety of ways of constructing a resistor. Some are little more than a coil of wire constructed of poor conductor material. The most popular and least priced consists of powdered carbon and a glue-like binder.
b) Capacitors
A capacitor is a device that accumulates and emits electricity, usually through a chemical process. A storage cell, secondary cell, condenser, or compressor are all terms for the same thing. A capacitor in the form of a Leyden Jar was an early version. Capacitors are split into two contacting areas separated by an insulator, each with a wire lead connected to it.
c) Inductors
An inductor is a passive electronic component (usually a conducting coil) that introduces inductance into an electric circuit. It is essentially a coil of wire with numerous windings, often wound around a core consisting of a magnetic substance, such as iron. A coil of wire is the most basic form of an inductor. The third and last sort of basic electronic component is the inductor.
Types of electrical devices
Electricians utilize a variety of tools in their job, many of which were described previously. Electricians face a variety of hazards while performing their duties. One method to mitigate these dangers is to understand the purpose of each instrument and be aware of the options available to them to protect themselves. There are a number of electrical items or components in every house.
a) Transformer
A transformer is a passive electrical device that uses electromagnetic induction to transmit power from one circuit to another. Its most typically utilized to raise (‘step up’) or lower (‘step down’) voltage levels between circuits.
A step-up transformer is a transformer that increases the voltage between the primary and secondary windings. A step-down transformer, on the other hand, is one that reduces voltage between the primary and secondary windings.
b) Generators
Generators are helpful gadgets that provide electricity during a power outage, preventing the disturbance of daily routines or commercial operations. This equipment comes in a variety of electrical and physical designs for usage in a variety of applications.
It is critical to recognize that a generator does not ‘produce’ electrical energy. Rather it uses the mechanical energy provided to it to accelerate the passage of electric charges present in its windings’ wires through an external circuit element. The flow of electric charges represents the generator’s output electric current.
c) Motors
An electric motor’s goal is to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy can then be used to power everything from big industrial machines to common household items like hair dryers.
Every motor has two critical components: the field winding and the armature winding. The primary function of the field winding is to generate the static magnetic field, whereas the armature winding appears to become a conductor organized within the magnetic field.
Conclusion
To conclude, the main theme of this topic is to highlight the difference and types of electrical and electronic equipment. Electrical devices use electrical energy for conducting tasks. However, electronic equipment controls the flow of electrons for performing a specific task.
There are different types of electronics and electrical devices. Inductors, resistors, capacitors are examples of electronic components. On the other hand, electric motors, lights, and transformers are some common types of electrical gadgets.
In this major industry, the role of expert technician or electrician is highly important. As they know the basics and background of the field like how to repair, install or measure the electric current. For example, if your AC unit becomes useless, firstly, you call your electrician for the service of repairing an air conditioner. So this article is appropriate for understanding the difference between electrical and electronic items. | https://getjoys.net/technology/electronic-and-electrical-devices/ |
Jim has taught undergraduate engineering courses and has a master's degree in mechanical engineering.
Voltage sources are the unsung heroes of our electronic lives. Without them, electrons would never be motivated to power the circuits in our cell phones, laptops, TVs or any other electronic gadget. You may have already guessed that batteries are one type of voltage source. Another type is the generator at the power plant that delivers electricity to your home. We're going to look at these two types of voltage sources in detail to better understand how they work, but first we need to talk about voltage.
Voltage is the potential of a group of charged particles to do work in an electric circuit. In practical terms, electrons at a higher voltage will light a light bulb more brightly or spin a motor faster than will electrons at a lower voltage. To compare this behavior to something a bit more tangible, we can say that voltage acts a lot like water pressure. A high-pressure fire hose will spin a bicycle wheel a lot faster than will a low-pressure garden hose. Just like pressure pushes water through a pipe, voltage pushes electrons through a circuit.
Batteries are one of the most common types of voltage sources in our day-to-day lives. There are many different types of batteries, but they all have one thing in common: A battery uses chemical reactions to generate voltage. Every battery consists of two electrodes made of different metals and an electrolyte solution that aids the chemical reactions. On the positive end of the battery is one electrode, called the cathode, and on the negative end is the other electrode, called the anode.
Chemical reactions between the electrodes and the electrolyte cause electrons to move from the cathode to the anode inside the battery. The buildup of electrons in the anode is what generates voltage. However, to keep the chemical reaction going, the electrons need to get back to the cathode somehow, and they can't go back the way they came. To get the electrons from the anode back to the cathode, we have to provide a path external to the battery in the form of an electric circuit. Since these electrons are so energetic and motivated to get from one end of the battery to the other, we can place something like a light bulb or a motor in the circuit to make the electrons do some useful work along the way.
As we all know from experience, batteries lose their voltage at some point. This happens when all the chemical reactants in the battery have been used up and can no longer sustain reactions. However, some types of batteries are capable of being recharged, such as the ones in our cell phones, laptops or car. Rechargeable batteries are made of special materials that use reversible chemical reactions. By applying a stronger voltage source across the terminals of the battery, the electrons can be made to flow backwards, from the cathode back to the anode. This is what happens when you put rechargeable batteries on a charger.
Revisiting our water analogy from earlier, we can think of a battery as being like one of those giant water tanks you see in some small towns. Have you ever wondered why those tanks are so tall? Well, you see, as you put the water higher and higher, the pressure available at the ground goes up, which means the water can do more work when it comes out.
This is just like increasing the voltage of our battery so the electrons will do more work when they flow in an electric circuit. The similarities don't end there. Just like our battery can only supply voltage for just so long, the water tank will eventually run out of water, and the pressure will drop as the last bit runs out.
Generators are responsible for nearly all of the energy that comes to your house. Nuclear, coal or natural gas are consumed in a power plant to produce steam, which spins a turbine attached to a generator. Hydroelectric and wind power both use a moving fluid (water or air) to spin the generator directly. No matter which resource you start with, all generators use mechanical energy to generate voltage.
In its simplest form, a generator can be made of nothing more than a magnet and a piece of wire. Move the magnet past the wire and, for a brief moment, the electrons in the wire will all move to one end, which generates a voltage. The ability of a changing magnetic field to exert a force on charged particles, such as electrons, is called electromagnetic induction.
If we connected this wire to a complete circuit, we could very briefly get the electrons to flow around the loop. The problem with this simple generator is that once the magnet passes by, the electrons will redistribute to their original places and the voltage will disappear. In a real-world generator, this problem is solved by arranging many magnets on a spinning shaft, so that as one magnet moves by, another takes its place, making sure that the electrons keep moving along.
Going back to our water analogy, we can think of a generator like a water pump. A generator 'pumps' electrons up to a higher voltage to get them to move through an electric circuit, just like a water pump pumps water up to a higher pressure to get it to move through a pipe. There's even a similarity when it comes to speed. If you spin a water pump faster, it generates a higher water pressure. In the same way, spinning a generator faster will generate a higher voltage.
While batteries and generators are the most common types of voltage sources, they are not the only ones. Photovoltaic solar panels convert light energy from the sun through a phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect. Thermoelectric generators can convert heat energy directly into electrical energy but aren't used very much because they're expensive and not very efficient. There are materials, known as piezoelectrics, that generate a very small voltage when squeezed, but not enough to power much of anything. Hydrogen fuel cells convert chemical energy, similar to a battery, but can keep generating voltage as long as hydrogen and water are continuously fed in.
As you can see, there are many different types of voltage sources in existence, but many of them are not yet good alternatives to batteries and generators. The one commonality that ties all voltage sources together is that they take one type of energy and convert it into electrical energy to generate a voltage.
Let's review what we've learned. Voltage sources are responsible for providing the energy to electrons to do work in an electric circuit. Batteries are a type of voltage source that convert chemical energy into electrical energy to generate a voltage. Chemical reactions between the electrodes and the electrolyte cause electrons to build up at the anode of the battery. An external electric circuit allows the electrons to flow back to the cathode to sustain the chemical reactions.
Nuclear, coal, natural gas, hydroelectric and wind power all use generators to generate voltage. Generators use moving magnets and electromagnetic induction to push the electrons in a wire in one direction, which generates a voltage. There are many different types of voltage sources, but they all share one thing in common: that they take one type of energy and convert it into electric energy to generate voltage.
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Electric current possess electrical property associated with each point in space when a charge exists in any form. The size and direction of the electric field are represented by the value of E, called electric field strength or electric field strength or simply electric field.
CONTENT
ELECTRIC CURRENT
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
SOURCES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
OHM’S LAW
ELECTRIC CURRENT
An electric current is a stream of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is measured as the net rate at which the charge flows through the surface or into the control volume. In a circuit, a charge carrier is usually an electron that moves through a wire. In semiconductors, they can be electrons or holes. In the electrolyte, the charge carrier is an ion, while in the plasma, the ionized gas is an ion and an electron.
The SI UNIT of CURRENT is AMPERES, or AMPERES, where electric charges flow on the surface at a rate of ONE COULOMB per second. Amperes (symbol: A) are SI basic units: 15 Measure current using a device called an ammeter. The current in gases and liquids usually consists of positive ion flow in one direction and negative ion flow in the opposite direction. In order to deal with the overall effect of the current, its direction is usually considered to be the direction of the positive charge carrier.
The current of a negative charge moving in the opposite direction is equivalent to a positive charge of the same size moving in a conventional direction, and must be included as a contribution to the total current. The current in the semiconductor consists of the movement of holes in the conventional direction and the movement of electrons in the opposite direction. There are many other types of currents, such as charged particles and mesons in proton beams, positrons, or particle accelerators.
The current generates an accompanying magnetic field, such as an electromagnet. When the current flows in an external magnetic field, it experiences magnetic force like a motor. The heat loss or energy dissipation of the current in the conductor is proportional to the square of the current.
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Potential difference refers to the energy difference between the two points of the charge carrier in the circuit. In volts: potential difference (p. d.) Measured in volts (V), also known as voltage. When the charge carriers pass through them, the energy is transferred to the electrical components in the circuit. We use a voltmeter to measure the potential difference (or voltage).
Potential difference formula: V=I x R
The potential difference (the same as the voltage)is equal to the amount of current multiplied by the resistance. When the charge flows between two points in the circuit, the potential difference of one volt is equal to the energy of one joule used by the charge of one coulomb.
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Electromotive force, abbreviated E or emf,the energy per unit charge, is given by an energy source, such as an electric generator or battery. Energy is converted from one form to another in a generator or battery because the device works on the charge transmitted inside itself. One terminal of the device becomes positively charged,and the other becomes negatively charged. The work done on a unit charge, or the energy obtained per unit charge, is the electromotive force. Electromotive force is the characteristic of any energy source that can drive the charge around the circuit. It is abbreviated as E in the international metric system, but it is also commonly known as emf.
e.m.f (E) = work = W
charge Q
Note V = W therefore W = QV
Q
Despite its name, electromotive force is not actually a force. It is usually measured in volts, which is equivalent to one joule per coulomb charge in a meter–kilogram–second system. In the electrostatic unit of the centimeter-gram-second system, the unit of electromotive force is stat volt, or one erg per unit of electrostatic charge.
SOURCES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
An electrical network is the interconnection of electrical components such as resistors, inductors, capacitors, transmission lines, voltage sources, current sources, and switches.
1. Electricity through friction
The first observations on electrical phenomena were made in ancient Greece. This happened when the philosopher Thales of Miletus (640-546 BC) discovered that when amber strips were rubbed by tanned skin, they produced attractive features that were not previously available. When we use our clothes to wipe the pen, we will produce static electricity. The same happens when we rub a piece of glass with silk or amber and wool
2. Chemical action of electricity
All batteries consist of electrolytes (which can be liquid, solid or semi-solid), positive and negative electrodes. Electrolytes are ionic conductors. One of the electrodes generates electrons, and the other receives them. When the electrodes are connected to the circuit to be fed, they generate current. Once the chemical energy is converted into electrical energy, the battery where the chemical substance cannot restore its original form is called a primary battery or a voltaic battery.
3. Electricity under the action of light
As sunlight becomes more intense, the voltage generated between the two layers of photovoltaic cells increases. But how does a photovoltaic cell work? In the absence of light, the system does not generate energy. When sunlight hits the plate, the cells begin to work. The photons of sunlight interact with the available electrons and increase their energy levels. In this way, electricity is generated through solar energy.
4. Thermoelectric effect
Thermal power generation equipment is a device that uses a turbine powered by steam under pressure to move the axis of the generator. Conventional thermal power plants and nuclear power plants use the energy contained in pressurized steam. The simplest example is to connect a kettle filled with boiling water to a paddle wheel, which in turn is connected to a generator. The steam jet from the kettle moves the rotor. Therefore, we can obtain steam in a variety of ways, such as by burning coal, oil, natural gas, urban waste, or using a lot of heat generated by nuclear fission reactions. You can even generate steam by concentrating the energy of the sun.
5. Electricity generated by pressure
The pressure exerted by the groundwater flow is the process by which large ships are used as an alternative energy source for the main system. In dams, electricity is generated by forcing pipes to release controlled high-pressure water flow. Water drives the turbine to move the generator, which generates current. Then, this high and low voltage current passes through the voltage booster and converts it into electricity.
6. Hydraulic power through the action of water
Of all the ways used to generate energy listed above, magnetic energy is most commonly used to generate a large amount of electricity. It is based on the fact that when the conductor is moved in the presence of a magnet, the orderly movement of electrons in the conductor will occur. This is due to the attraction and repulsive force caused by the magnetic field. The operation of alternators, motors and generators is based on this form of power production.
OHM’S LAW
Ohm’s law states that the current passing through the conductor between the two points is proportional to the potential difference between the two points. Introduce a proportional constant, resistance, one that reaches the usual mathematical formula that describes this relationship.
I=V/R
where I is the current through the conductor, in amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor, in volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor, in ohms. More specifically, Ohm’s law states that R in this relationship is constant and has nothing to do with current. | https://globalstudentsonline.com/electric-current-and-its-field/ |
To operate safely around electrical wiring and installations, it’s important to understand how electricity works and how it flows through circuits, bringing power to commercial and industrial equipment.
Electricity is a form of energy, which can be generated by several methods, including hydroelectric dams, coal-fired steam plants, and chemical batteries. No matter how it is created, electricity then flows through conducting circuits, where it powers pumps, motors, mixers, and more.
Like water through a pipe
You can think of electricity as something like water moving through a pipe. In the pipe, water always flows from a point of high pressure at the pump, to a point of lower pressure at the end of the pipe.
Metal wires are electrical “conductors” because they contain electrons that can easily separate from their original atoms and freely move throughout the material. Like the water in a pipe, these electrons flow from an area of high electrical pressure to lower electrical pressure. The difference between these two pressures is called the “potential difference,” or voltage, and is measured in volts.
Going to ground
As the electrons flow, they always seek any available path to an area of lower pressure, completing a “circuit.” In the simplest type of electrical circuit, electrons flow from an electrical source, with a voltage of 120 V, through an appliance, such as a lamp or motor, then back to the electrical source to make a complete path. . As the electrons move, they provide the energy to operate the device.
The total number of electrons flowing in a wire is called the “electric current,” and is measured in amperes, or amps. The size of the current can be compared to the diameter of a water pipe, which controls how much water can flow through it. A thicker wire carries more current.
Resistors and insulators
As the current flows through the circuit, it encounters resistance, some from the wire itself, as well as from a light bulb, motor, or other load wired into the circuit. Resistance can be compared to friction of water flowing through a narrow section of pipe, which slows down the flow. Resistance is controlled by the inherent material properties of the conductor and the loads, and is measured in ohms.
When a resistor is placed into an electric circuit, the electrons traveling through the circuit try to move through it, but instead, many of them collide into the resistor’s atoms. Each collision converts the kinetic or electrical energy into heat and glowing light.
Some materials, such as glass and ceramic, are so resistant to electron flow that they don’t allow any electric current through. These materials are called insulators, and they can be used to enclose and protect a “hot” electrical wire to prevent dangerous electrical shorts.
Alternating Current (AC)
The simple circuit described above operated on a direct current (DC) scheme, in which the current always flowing in one direction. But most electrical circuits in a building run on an alternating current (AC) scheme.
AC electricity is generated at a power plant using a giant magnet, which oscillates so that the electrons in a wire change direction very quickly. This causes the voltage in a circuit change very quickly from zero to the maximum and then back to zero.
In an AC scheme, the electrons flow in one direction, then quickly stop and flow in the opposite direction. This happens over and over, at the rate of 60 times a second (in the U.S.) so the electrical current coming out of the wall is usually 120-volt, 60-cycle AC.
Electrical power distribution grid
Because of the relationship between power, voltage and current, large electrical wires running long distances from a power plant carrying the high currents needed to bring enough power a city can’t run on a DC scheme. That might require a wire the diameter of a subway tunnel, which would be very expensive and impractical, and would also lose too much power and create large amounts of heat as a result of inefficiency.
To solve this problem, the AC voltage produced at the power plant goes to a transmission substation where it is “stepped up” through a transformer, reaching up to 1 million volts. This current is transmitted along high voltage wires kept away from danger on tall metal pylons. These high voltage lines travel cross-country, feeding into power substations just outside the cities and towns where the electricity is to be distributed.
In the substation, the high voltage current is “stepped down” to a lower voltage, around 12,000 volts AC, with a transformer. From there, it is split off and distributed in several directions through wires strung on electric utility poles or buried under ground until it reaches another small transformer which steps the electricity down once again to 120 volts AC before it enters a building.
Understanding the basics is just the first step in proper electrical training.
Interested in learning more? Check out our Basic Electricity for the Non-Electrician seminar.
Comments
Nice post! I appreciate the sincere efforts you have made in writing the article. Recommend others also. Great job and keep up the good work! | https://www.tpctraining.com/blogs/news/electricity-101-how-it-works |
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Electricity is a collection of physical phenomena that occur when matter is charged with an electric charge. It is closely related with magnetism, and its equations were based on Maxwell’s laws. This article will discuss the fundamentals of electricity. These are some important points to remember. Regardless of your area of interest, you’ll benefit from understanding electricals. These are some basic explanations.
Anything powered by electricity is called electrical. They include appliances, lighting, computers, satellite communications, and distribution systems. Electricals can be described as everything that uses electricity, including your lights and computer. To be able to design electrical systems, you must have a good understanding of mathematics and physics. Although most of the work is done using computers, sketches are still a vital part of communicating with clients and colleagues.
Conductors are used to generate and transfer electricity. A semiconductor has an electric property that is different than a metal or an insulator. While a semiconductor is more expensive to produce, it can also be easier to make. It can also be more reliable than an insulator or metal, and it can be more efficient. These properties make it an excellent candidate to be an Electrical Engineer. Employers will appreciate your work as a telecommunications engineer.
Electricals can be used to describe machines, devices, or systems that use electricity. These terms are typically used in front of nouns, such as equipment, appliances, and components. Electronics refers to devices that use transistors or electronic devices. It is important to understand the differences and how they relate. You will need to know their meanings if you want to become an electrician.
It is vital that you have a basic understanding of electricity in order to do your job. It is important to understand the differences between series and parallel circuits and how they work. A parallel circuit on the other hand is more flexible and allows multiple components to be connected in two different ways. Multiple insulators can be combined in a circuit. You can also use the same principle to make a battery. A capacitor can be used to make a battery if you only need a small amount.
A variety of machines can be powered by electricity, including a laptop. The power of electricity can be used to power a wide range of devices. These include lighting, computers and IT equipment, motors, as well as distribution networks. In addition to these, electricals are also used in manufacturing processes. It is essential to have a basic understanding of electricals in order to be successful in this field. This field has many applications.
Electricity is a common source of power. This technology has greatly benefited electrical industry. Since the first time electricity was harnessed, it has revolutionized our world. Without electricity, communication would be impossible. A series circuit would enable you to send and receive information all over the globe. A series circuit will provide a steady voltage, which is not possible in a parallel circuit. A series circuit will allow for a steady current if the device is a switch.
Electricity is the flow electrons through a conductor. Its definition can vary depending on the source of electricity. The amperes measure the flow of electricity. The flow of electricity is similar to water flowing through pipes. Electricity is measured in amperes all over the globe. It is measured in amperes. A typical household will have two to three wires in a circuit, while a complex system will have three or more.
Electricity is a common phenomenon. The flow of electrons may be as small as a tiny electric current. It can be as large as thousands of meters and power grids. A large-scale grid of electricity could provide power for millions of homes. The energy grid that supplies these grids can ensure reliable and efficient power distribution. If you are thinking of a green home, it will be easy to save money and energy.
Electricity has allowed us to harness its power through the evolution of electricity. These inventions include the induction motor, alternating current and the electric lightbulb. These inventions have made life easier and more comfortable. Their inventions opened the doors to modern life. The electrical engineers invented the television and radio. It is hard to imagine a world without technological advances in today’s world.
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Key Concepts:
Terms in this set (84)
electrolyte
a simple electric cell
battery
transforms chemical energy into electrical energy
electric current
the rate of flow of charge through a conductor: I = Delta Q/ Delta t
unit of electric current
the ampere, A. 1 A = 1 C/s
in order for current to flow...
there must be a path from one battery terminal, through the circuit, and back to the other battery terminal
conventional current
current is defined as flowing from + to -
electron flow
electrons are negative and flow to the positive and so electrons actually flow in the opposite direction of conventional current
resistance
ratio of voltage to current: R = V/I
ohm's law
V = IR
unit of resistance
the ohm, Omega. 1 Omega = 1 V/A
resistance is...
a property of a material or device
current is...
not a vector but it does have a direction
does not get "used up"
whatever charge goes in one end of a circuit comes out the other end
resistivity
resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. this is a characteristic of the material and is represented by rho. R = rho (L/A)
thermistors
rely on varying resistivity with temperature
heating element
electric energy is transformed into thermal energy in a wire resistance
mass of an electron
9.10938291 × 10^-31 kilograms
heating light bulbs
traditional incandescent & halogen incandescent
light producing light bulbs
compact fluorescent & light-emitting diode
unit of power
watt, W. 1 W = 1 J/s
P = IV
for ohmic resistive devices
P = IV = I (IR) = I^2*R
energy
what you pay on your electric bull rather than power
electric company measures it in kilowatt-hours
kW
h = (kJ / s)
h ...or... [(energy/time) * time]
fuses
one-use items - if they blow, the fuse is destroyed and must be replaced
circuit breakers
are switches that will open if the current is too high; they can then be reset
direct current, DC
current from a battery flows steadily in one direction
alternating current, AC
current from a power plant varies sinusoidally
examples of DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
batteries and PV panels
example of ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)
wall outlets
voltage varying sinusoidally
V = V0 sin 2pi ft = V0 sin wt
current varying sinusoidally
I = V/R = V0/R sin wt = I0 sin wt
photoelectric effect
solar radiation can release an electron from a semi-conductor
p-n junction in a PV panel...
directs these electrons in a prescribed path so that we can harness the energy of their movement
transformer (sources of emf)
a device that transforms one type of energy (chemical, mechanical, light,...) into electrical energy
emf
electromotive force
emf is...
potential difference between the terminals of such a device, when no current flows to a circuit
cursive E
units are volts
what reduces the actual voltage from the ideal emf
a battery, ab = cursive E - Ir
series connection
a single path from the battery, through each circuit element in turn, then back to the battery
current in series
I1 = I2 = I3 =Itot
voltage in series depends on resistance
the sum of the voltage drops across the resistors equals the battery voltage. V = I*(R1+R2+R3) or... V = V1+V2+V3 = IR1+IR2+IR3
equivalent resistance
Req = R1+R2+R3
parallel connection
splits the current; the voltage across each resistor is the same: V1=V2=V3=Vtot
total current in parallel
the sum of the currents across each resistor:
I= I1+I2+I3
for parallel circuits:
the sum of the currents across each resistor:
I = I1+I2+I3
V/Req = V/R1+V/R2+V/R3
reciprocal of the equivalent
1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2+ 1/R3
series circuit
the more devices, the more resistance
the more resistance, the less current
current through each device is the same, voltage is not
parallel circuit
the more devices, the less resistance
current is split between different legs of circuit (total current is the sum of the current through each leg).
voltage across each leg is the same, current is not
Kirchhoff's rules
used for circuits that cannot be broken down into simple series and parallel connections
junction rule
the sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum of the currents leaving it (conservation of electric charge)
loop rule
the sum of the changes in potential around a closed loop is zero (conservation of energy)
capacitor
a device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated by an insulator.
Q = CV
capacitors in parallel...
have the same voltage across each one. in this case, the total capacitance is the sum.
Q = CeqV
capacitors in series...
have the same charge.
Q/Ceq = Q/C1 + Q/C2 + Q/C3
resistor / capacitor combination in series
can be used to provide a consistent timed flow of electric current
2 factors are required for electric shock:
1. A potential (voltage) difference (no difference in V across bird's body)
2. A path (note that the current is inversely proportional to resistance)
ammeter
measures current
voltmeter
measures voltage
ammeters must be connected in...
series
voltmeters are connected in
parallel
poles
the ends of a magnet (north and south)
like poles...
repel
unlike poles...
attract
natural magnet
magnetite or lodestone
magnetic field lines
used to visualize a magnetic field. always a closed loop.
geographic north pole
really a south magnetic pole
uniform magnetic field
constant in magnitude and direction
right hand rule
determines the direction of the magnetic field
examples of electro magnets
metal recycle sorting, mag-lev train
moving electrons...
create a magnetic field
constant magnetic field produces...
no current
a CHANGING magnetic field...
can produce an electric current. such a current is called an INDUCED CURRENT.
electricity
changing magnetic fields induces the movement of electrons
2 connections between electricity and magnetism:
1 - moving electrons create a magnet
2 - a moving magnet makes electrons move!
Magnetic Flux (PhiB)
the number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface (such as a loop of wire)
electric motor
transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy
generator
the opposite of a motor - it transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy
examples of electric generators
wind turbine, generator for micro-hydro, hydro-power plant
if the electric current is AC
the magnetic field will be changing polarity with time (north to south pole) rather than a stationary
transformers
convert electricity (AC) to a changing magnetic field and back to electricity (AC) in the 2nd loop
INCREASING the voltage using a transformer...
allows us to DECREASE the current and transmit the same power. (P=IV)
ratio of the emfs (voltage)
equal to the ratio of the number of turns in each coil. Vs/Vp = Ns/Np
Is/Ip = Ns/Np
the ratio of the currents must be the inverse of the ratio of turns
step-up transformer
the induced voltage in the secondary coil is greater than the voltage of the primary coil
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE... | https://quizlet.com/392408439/phy-1104-exam-3-flash-cards/ |
study of electric charges in motion and what we most often consider as "electricity"
If one has an abundance of electrons at one end of a wire and an abundance of positive charges at the other end (separation of charges) electrons will flow from _____ to _______.
The smallest units of charge exist with the _____ and the _____.
Electrons have one unit of _____ charge and protons have one unit of _______ charge.
Electrical charges are measured in the SI unit, ______.
Glass and plastic, have very few free electrons which makes them good ______.
a volt is the potential difference that will maintain a current of ___ ampere in a circuit with a resistance of ___ ohm.
unit of measure defined as 1 coulomb flowing by a given point in 1 second.
states that the potential difference (voltage) across the total circuit or any part of that circuit is equal to the current (amperes) multiplied by the resistance.
property of an element in a circuit that impedes the flow of electricity.
Some materials allow a free flow of ______ because they have an abundance of free electrons, whereas other materials have tremendous ______ because they have virtually no free electrons.
Resistance is ____ _____ to the length of the conductor.
A conductor with a large cross-sectional area has a ______ resistance than one with a small cross-sectional area because there is a _______ external surface area on which electrons can travel.
With metallic conductors, the resistance becomes (higher/lower) as the temperature of the conductor rises.
closed pathway composed of wires and circuit elements through which electricity may flow.
The electric circuit pathway must be (open/closed) for electricity to flow.
a type of circuit where the pathway is broken, such as occurs when a switch is turned off.
a complex circuit that has different voltages and current flowing through different sections.
device that is like a battery in that it stores an electric charge, but works very differently in that it cannot produce new electrons and stores the charge only temporarily.
is a “one-way valve” device and allows electrons to flow in only one direction.
Protective devices such as ____ and _____ ______ act as emergency devices that break or open the circuit if there is a sudden surge of electricity to the circuit or device.
simply a section of special wire, usually encased in glass, that quickly melts if the current flow rises excessively, thus opening the circuit.
A circuit breaker acts in the same manner as a fuse. If the current flow ____ ______, the circuit breaker’s internal switch is tripped (opened), stopping the flow of electricity.
device designed to inhibit the flow of electrons, thereby precisely regulating the flow of electricity through that part of the circuit where it is placed.
an adjustable or variable form of resistor.
a device that opens a circuit (breaks the pathway).
a device that can increase or decrease voltage by a predetermined amount.
defined as the ability of a material to attract iron, cobalt, or nickel.
The nature of ____ _____is that the orbital electrons of their atoms spin in predominately one direction.
A magnetic field consists of lines of force in space called ____ and has three basic characteristics.
The lines of flux travel from south pole to north pole (inside/outside) the magnet and from north pole to south pole (inside/outside) the magnet, creating elliptical loops.
Lines of flux in the same direction (repel/attract) each other and lines of flux in the opposite direction (repel/attract) each other.
are distorted by magnetic materials and are unaffected by nonmagnetic materials.
What are the three laws of magnetism?
The strength of the magnetic field is measured in the SI unit ____.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) units used for medical imaging are referred to by their magnetic field strength and operate with fields from ____ to ____.
(e.g. glass, wood, plastic) are not attracted to magnetic fields at all.
(e.g., water, mercury, gold) are weakly repelled by magnetic fields.
(e.g., platinum, gadolinium, aluminum) are weakly attracted to magnetic fields.
(e.g., iron, cobalt, nickel) are strongly attracted to magnetic materials.
moving a conductor (such as copper wire) through a magnetic field induces an electric current in that conductor.
the induction of electricity in a secondary coil by a moving magnetic field.
When a moving magnetic field is placed near a secondary coil, _____ is induced to flow in that coil.
states that an induced current flows in a direction that opposes the action (changing magnetic field) that induced it.
devices that convert some form of mechanical energy into electrical energy.
devices used to increase or decrease voltage (or current) through electromagnetic induction.
A change in voltage and current is a(n) (direct/inverse) relationship?
Operates on the principle of self-induction.
Has only one coil of wire around a central magnetic core serving as both the primary and secondary coil.
simply an on-off switch for the unit and is connected to the power supply of the facility.
a device usually wired to the autotransformer and automatically adjusts the power supplied to the x-ray machine to precisely 220 volts.
are included in the primary circuit to protect against short circuits and electric shock.
an adjustable transformer controlled by the kilovolt peak (kVp) selector on the operating console.
is used to increase the voltage from the autotransformer to the kilovoltage necessary for x-ray production .
*This transformer is the dividing line between the primary and secondary circuits.
begins with the rest of the step-up transformer.
a device placed in the secondary circuit that monitors x-ray tube current.
The rectifiers are needed to convert __ to ___.
Within the x-ray tube, current must always flow from anode to cathode and electrons from cathode to anode, and ______ are used to achieve this.
made of two semiconducting crystals; One is a p-type crystal and the other is an n-type crystal.
the rheostat is controlled by the ___ ____ on the operating console.
The rheostat controls ______ ______ and the rate at which electrons are boiled off of the filament.
used in the filament circuit to increase the current by reducing the voltage that is applied to the filament.
Normally, a rather large filament current of ___-___ amperes is required to produce a tube current in the range of milliamperes. | https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-4-x-ray-circuit/deck/15196417 |
Electrical motors are those machines that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. These motors are often found in residential apartments and when you look at them you might wonder which parts are there inside. What kind of electric motor parts are inside this motor system that makes it function so smoothly? You might think that this topic is very technical and complicated because of the terminologies being used here. But no! It is a simple topic that you are definitely going to enjoy. So let’s have some scientific fun with the electric motor parts!
1. What is Motor Control System?
The motor control system is a motor system that helps in the easy flow of energy. It is a set of devices that help in regulating the manner in which a motor works. They can be controlled in a manual, remote, or automatic manner. The devices are connected to each other and form a network that allows an easy and smooth flow of current from the beginning to the end of the circuit. (See What are Some Simple Machines in your House?)
2. What is Inside a Motor?By author Mika Baumeister on Unsplash
A motor consists of some parts that help in its working. These are electric motor parts connected to each other that allow proper working and flow of current in the motor. Some of the important electric motor parts are:
- Armature or rotor
- Stator
- Commutator
- Brushes
- Axle
- Field magnet
- DC power supply
3. What are the Basic Components of an Electric Motor?
Now that we know what is a motor control system, let us understand its basic components in detail. The function of an electric motor is to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. A very common household example of an electric motor is the kitchen mixer. The basic components of an electric motor are the following:
- A power supply: A DC power source is usually used in a simple motor. It supplies power to field coils or motor armature.
- Field Magnet: When Fleming’s left-hand rule is applied, a field magnet produces a torque on the rotating armature coil.
- An Armature or rotor: It provides mechanical support and holds the armature coil in place.
- Commutator: Commutator has a stationary circuit with a rotating interface of the armature coil. It flips the electrical field with the brushes.
- Brushes: It is a device that conducts current between stationary and rotating parts, usually the rotating shaft.
- Armature coil: It helps the motor to run.
4. What are 7 Electric Motor Parts?
A motor is a machine with many electric motor parts that help in its smooth functioning. Even without a single part, the electric motor would not work. Here are the important 7 electric motor parts that are essential for any motor to work.
- Stator: A stator is a static part of an electric motor. It contains field windings and receives the supply. Stators help in creating motion and act as field magnets that interact with rotors. It provides a magnetic field for rotating armature.
- Rotor: A rotor is a rotating part of an electrical motor. It creates the mechanical rotations of the unit. The rotating magnetic field creates a transformer action that gets induced in the rotor.
- Yoke: A yoke is a magnetic frame made up of cast iron that works as a protector. The inner parts of the motor remain safe and sound because of this cover. It houses magnetic poles and field windings of the DC motor.
- Field windings: Field windings are made with copper wire. The slots that are carried by the Pole Shoes, are circles around by field windings. An electromagnet is formed by field windings that are capable of producing field flux.
- Armature windings: Armature windings are an important part of a motor. It has two constructions: Lap Winding and Wave Winding and the difference between them is the number of parallel paths. Armature windings alter the magnetic field in the path that it rotates as it is attached to rotors.
- DC motor commutator: Commutator is a major motor part. It is a split ring made up of copper segments. The interaction of the two magnetic fields of a rotating armature and a fixed stator defines the operating system of DCs. The commutator is connected to the armature.
- Brushes: The brushes in a motor are made up of carbon or graphite structures. The static electrical circuit gets connected to the rotor by brushes that act as a bridge.
5. What are the Four Parts of a Motor Circuit?By author Mika Baumeister on Unsplash
After learning about the 7 electrical motor parts, let us take a look at the 4 parts that are required for its functioning. There 4 basic parts of a motor circuit that are important for the functioning of the motor irrespective of its size or use are:
- An energy source (AC or DC): An energy source is a major component in an electrical motor circuit. It is also referred to as the power source that provides the energy for the circuit to get activated. This energy comes in the form of voltage and current that gets the device activated.
- A conductor: A conductor is a wiring or wire that helps in the flow of current. It forms a passage for the easy flow of current from the beginning to the end of the circuit. It interconnects all the parts of the circuit and provides energy to each component.
- Controller: There has to be a controller that can start and break the flow of energy on the circuit. The switch is the controller in a motor circuit. It helps in easy and safe opening and closing of the circuit and flow of energy.
- Electrical load: An electrical load is a device that is connected to the circuit. All other parts work in coordination for this device to get activated. It gets activated when it receives the flow of electricity and it gets energized. The load is the amount of electrical energy used by the device to do its task.
6. What are 3 Types of Motor Controls?
Motor controls are the speed, torque, and position outputs and the devices that control these factors are known as motor controllers or drives. A motor controller helps in regulating the manner in which the motor works. The 3 types of motor controls are:
- AC: AC motor controllers have the purpose of regulating the output speed and torque. They do this by adjusting the frequency of the power to the motor and modifying the input power to the motor, primarily used in devices like fans, blowers, etc.
- DC: DC motor controller is an electrical device that adjusts the constant or alternating current through which it modifies the input power. The constant or alternating current is sourced to the direct current output of varying pulse duration or frequency.
- Servo: A servomotor is an electronic device. It modifies the input power by adjusting the constant or alternating current source. The controller is commonly integrated with the drive circuits that help in supplying the control signals to the drive. They can also be termed servo motor amplifiers.
7. What are 3 Types of Electrical Circuits?Photo by Adi Goldstein on Unsplash
After learning about the parts of a motor, let us also get an insight into the types of electrical circuits. The circuits in the motor system are of many types. The 3 main types of an electrical circuit are:
- Series circuit: In a series circuit, the devices are connected using the series connection, which means they are connected end-to-end on a single path. It comprises an electrical path from where the whole current flows through each component.
- Parallel circuit: Parallel electrical circuit comprises two or more branches for the current to flow. When the current flows through it, it gets divided and only a part of it flows through any branch. The voltage or potential difference here, across each branch, remains the same but the currents may vary.
- Closed circuit: The closed circuit is a complete electrical circuit that allows energy to flow. In closed circuits, energy can flow without any disruption. The energy is able to reach the end point without any obstacles. The continuity of the circuit remains intact unlike in an open circuit.
8. What is a Stator in a Motor?
The electromagnetic circuits in motors have a stationary component called the stator. Stators can act as field magnets that interact with the rotor for the creation of motion. These electric motor parts may also act as armatures that work with moving field coils on the rotor. The stator is useful to convert the rotating magnetic field to electric current in a generator. (See Who Discovered Electricity?)
9. What is Rotor in Motor?
As the name suggests, a rotor is a rotating part of an electrical machine. It has the current induced in it by transformer action from the rotating magnetic field. A rotor is present in the electric motor, electric generator, or alternator. In electromagnetic systems, it is a moving component. Rotors are present in the alternators that have permanent magnets which generate alternating current (AC) by moving around the stator’s iron plates. The existing motion is required for the rotor to function, so it only works with the stator when the engine or turbine is already running to provide a charge. (See Which has more power aa or aaa batteries?)
10. What is Armature in Electric Motor?
The armature is one of the parts of the motor circuit. It is a device that helps in passing the electric current for generating torque. An armature in an electric motor is a device through which an electric current is passed for generating a rotor (torque). The current which passes through the rotor is also called the armature current. It is an important part of an electric motor which has a twofold role.
Another role of an armature is to generate an electromotive force (EMF). An armature is mounted on bearings in such a way that it is free to rotate and the magnetic field that is produced by permanent magnets or current passing through coils of wire, is where the armature is mounted. This area is known as the field coils. | https://www.speeli.com/what-are-7-electric-motor-parts/ |
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Published byLouise Glenn Modified over 3 years ago
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Lecture A Fundamentals and Background
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Charge “Charge” is the basic quantity in electrical circuit analysis Fundamental charge quantity is the charge of a single electron Charge will be in integer multiples of a single electron’s charge Units of charge = Coulombs (C) One Coulomb -6.2 10 18 electrons
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Electric Fields A charge induces an electric field (E-field) The electric field is a vector field Point charge E- field:
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Analogy: E-field vs. Gravitational field Electric Field: Gravitational Field:
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Forces on Charged Particles A second “charge” placed in the electric field induces a force on both charges Coulomb’s Law: Electric field is essentially the force per unit charge placed in the field “Like” charges repel; opposite charges attract
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Analogy: Mass in a Gravitational Field Coulomb’s Law: Newton’s Law:
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Demo: static electricity charge on balloon causes it to stick to wall
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Energy Transfer In circuit analysis, we are primarily concerned with energy transfer Charges move around Moving a charge in an electric field changes the charge’s potential energy Work to move charge from b to a:
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Electric Potential Difference W ba is the work required to move a charge from point b to point a in an electric field Work is a form of energy W ba is a difference in potential energy (units are Joules, J) This difference is typically quantified as an Electric Potential Energy Difference Electric potential difference is the electrical potential energy difference per unit charge:
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Voltage V ba is generally referred to as a voltage difference; (units of V ba are volts, V) Generally defined in terms of derivatives, for infinitesimal variations in charge and energy:
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Notes on Voltage The potential energy difference is due to a physical separation (a distance) between the two points This potential difference provides a force which can move charges from place to place. This is sometimes called an electromotive force (emf)
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Charge in motion & current Recall : We are concerned with energy transfer charge motion emf (or potential energy difference, or voltage difference) can move charges Current is the time rate of change of charge
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Charge Motion in Materials Common model of materials: Materials composed of atoms Atoms contain protons and neutrons in a nucleus, surrounded by a “cloud” of electrons Protons are positively charged, and are bound “tightly” in the nucleus Electrons are negatively charged, and bound less “tightly” to the atom
14
Charge Motion in Materials -- continued Electrons can move from atom to atom within a material. We can transfer charge through a material via electron motion Current is defined as the motion of “positive” charge Positive current is (by definition) in opposite direction to electron flow
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Charge motion in materials -- continued We apply a potential difference across the material emf causes electron motion away from negatively charged end Current is in the direction of “positive” charge motion
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Current Flow in Materials The less “tightly” bonded the electrons are to the atom, the more “easily” the material allows current to flow The material conducts electricity more easily The material has less resistance or higher conductivity For example, conductors have low resistance to current flow low potential differences can provide high currents insulators have high resistance to current flow nearly no current flow, even with high potential differences
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Demo: touch electric fence with conductor and insulator
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General Passive Circuit Elements General, two-terminal, passive circuit element Apply a voltage difference across the terminals This voltage difference results in current flow Our circuit elements will be electrically neutral Current entering the element is the same as the current leaving the element
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Power Power is the rate of change of energy with time Units of power are Watts (W)
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Power Generation and Dissipation Power dissipation: Current enters the positive voltage terminal Examples: Power dissipated as heat (light bulbs) Power converted to mechanical system (electric motors, pumps) Power generation Current enters the negative voltage terminal Examples: Power generated by mechanical system (turbines, generators) Power generated by chemical processes (batteries)
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Demos? – Pulling mass across surface with DC motor (point out energy added, dissipated) – Pump water through horizontal tubing (point out energy exchange)
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A
alloy
A mixture of metals added together in molten form. An alloy has physical properties quite different to the component metals. Alloys tend to have much higher electrical resistances than the metals that compose them. The purer a metal the lower its electrical resistance.
alternating current (A.C)
An electric current where the charge moves back and forth in a wave pattern (the charges oscillate or alternate their motion in the conductors). The charges flow first in one direction and then reverse and move back in the opposite direction. The terminals of an A.C power supply change their polarity, swapping from being positive to negative and back again at a certain frequency, usually 50 Hz in Australia (i.e. 50 times per second).
ampere
The scientific unit for electric current, symbol A. ONE ampere is equivalent to a flow of electric charge equal to one coulomb of charge per second, i.e. I = Δq/Δt , where I is the electric current in ampere, q is the charge in coulombs, and t is the time in seconds.
Ampere (Andre-Marie)
French scientist who was a pioneer in the study of electricity and magnetism. He showed that electricity and magnetism were linked and began studies on electromagnetism and electrodynamics. The unit for electric current is named after him. He also developed a mathematical equation to calculate the magnetic force acting between two current carrying wires. This relationship is known as Ampere's Law.
atom
Fundamental building blocks of normal matter. Name comes from the ancient Greek "atomis" meaning indivisible. First discussed by Ancient Greek philosopher, Democritus. Today we know that all atoms have a nucleus containing protons (positively charged particles) and neutrons (neutral particles) except the smallest atom - hydrogen. The nucleus is orbited by the very tiny negatively charged particles called electrons. In a neutral (uncharged atom) the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the number of orbiting electrons. The number of protons in the nucleus determines what element the atom is. Protons and neutrons are almost the same mass while the electrons are very tiny in comparison. As such the nucleus of the atom contains nearly all the mass.
B
battery (of cells)
A number (group) of electrochemical cells attached together. Supplies direct current (D.C) when attached in an electric circuit. It has become common for people to refer to a single electrochemical cell as a "battery". (see Electrochemical cell)
brine
A solution of common salt (sodium chloride), e.g. ocean sometimes referred to as the 'briney deep'. Contains ions that allow the brine solution to conduct electricity.
C
cell(electric)
A single electrochemical cell producing a DC voltage to supply electrical energy. Commonly called a "battery". Consists of TWO different conductors (electrodes) with an electrolyte (conductive solution) between them. In a normal dry cell, a carbon rod and a zinc can (the electrodes) with a conductive paste between them (the electrolyte). The cell relies on the electrochemical difference of the two electrodes to produce a D.C voltage between them.
charge
Related to being electric, the charge on an object is normally due to an excess or deficiency of electrons. Negative charge - excess electrons, Positive charge - electrons have been removed leaving more protons compared to electrons.
chemical bonds
The bonds that form between atoms to hold them together in matter structures. These bonds involve the valence electrons and are influenced by the positive charge on the nucleus of the atoms involved.
circuit
A number of electrical components attached to each other via conducting leads. Generally contains, a power source to supply a potential difference (voltage) to the circuit; conducting leads to allow current to flow around the circuit, a switch to turn the electric current on or off, i.e. to make or break the circuit; a load that uses the electrical energy to do something, e.g. a light globe converts the electrical energy into light and heat energy, an electric motor converts the electrical energy into mechanical (kinetic) energy.
circuit breaker
A safety device that behaves like a fuse to prevent excessive current flowing into a circuit which may cause overheating and an electrical fire. Generally found in large boxes or small rooms. The external power cable from the supply runs first to a circuit breaker. Most circuit breakers operate on an electromagnetic effect where, when the current is too large, an electromagnet attracts a spring loaded switch which breaks the circuit and cuts the power supply. The switch must be re-set before any current can flow.
close-pack crystal lattice
A characteristic of metallic elements whereby the atoms pack very close to each other within the crystal lattice. This leads to the outer electron orbits basically overlapping which gives rise to most metals being very good conductors of electricity and heat.
coal-fired powerstation
A power station that burns coal to produce the energy needed to generate electricity. Most power stations in Australia are coal-fired.
compounds
A pure substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined. Definition: Two or more different elements chemically combined together in fixed and definite proportions. A compound cannot be simplified by physical means but can be broken into the component elements using chemical processes.
conductor
A material that allows the movement of electric charge through it. The best conductors are "superconductors" that offer NO resistance to charge moving through them but, they must be cooled to extremely low temperatures to become a superconductor. Pure silver, gold and copper are the best conductors that offer the LOWEST resistance to charge moving through them. Most metal alloys conduct electricity but offer some resistance to the movement of charge through them. The purer a metal is the lower its electrical resistance.
conservation of energy
A fundamental scientific principle which has been found true in ALL areas of study. "Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only rearranged in form." This means that forms of energy can be changed from one form to another but you can never get out more energy than was in the system to begin. Energy losses from systems usually mean that, when energy is transformed from one form to another, you usually end up with LESS energy than was present at the start.
conventional current
The flow of positive charge. Currents were being studied long before the structure of an atom was known. Currents were believed to flow be flow of positive charge which left the POSITIVE terminal of the power supply to travel around the circuit and arrive back to the NEGATIVE terminal. Science now knows that negative electrons really flow in metal wires but conventional current is still used when studying electricity.
coulomb
Symbol 'Q' or'q'. The scientific unit for electric charge. The electric charge arises because of the natural electric charge born by the components within ALL atoms, i.e. positive protons in the nucleus, and negative electrons in orbit. Note that it takes about 6.25 x 1018 electron or proton charges to equal a charge of 1.0 coulomb (that is 6 250 000 000 000 000 000 ). This means that when a current of 1.0 ampere is flowing in a circuit, that many electrons are flowing past a point in the circuit each second, i.e. 1 ampere = 1 coulomb of charge per second. Named after the scientist Augustin de Coulomb who did many early studies on electricity.
crystal lattice
The regular arrangement of the atoms within a solid that results in a crystal form. All solids are crystalline but generally the crystals are not large enough to be easily seen.
current
Symbol I - A movement of electric charge in a conducting media, e.g. a metal wire. Measured in ampere (Symbol: A). Equivalent to the number of coulombs of charge per second flowing passed a point. Given by mathematical equation - I = Δq/Δt
de Coulomb (Charles Augustin)
French scientist and mathematician who developed Coulomb's Law which describes the size of the forces acting between two charged objects. He developed the very sensitive "torsion balance" to allow him to collect accurate results. The equation below shows Coulomb's Law.
density
The mass per unit volume measure in kg.m-3. Related to the total number of atoms and the sum of their individual masses found within a certain volume. Density calculates by dividing mass of an object by the volume of the object.
direct current (DC)
An electric current that flows in just ONE direction through a circuit. A current (conventional) from a DC power supply is considered to flow from the positive terminal of the power supply, around the circuit to arrive back at the negative terminal of the DC power supply. Note that we now know it is electrons which flow in currents.
E
Edison (Thomas)
American inventor who came to fame for his invention of the first light globe that would last for a long time. Founded a company that began supplying electricity to cities. Developed a D.C system with DC motors and lights. Involved in the so called "Battle of the Currents" with George Westinghouse who wanted to use an A.C system to supply electricity.
efficiency
The efficiency of any machine is a measure of how well the device can convert energy from one form to another. The efficiency of a machine can be determined by dividing the OUTPUT ENERGY by the INPUT ENERGY and multiplying by 100.
electric field
A region of influence which surrounds ALL electric charges. The direction of the field shows the direction that a 'test positive charge' would experience a force if placed in the field. The electric field gets weaker quickly as you move further away from the charged object.
electrical device
Any device which use electrical energy to operate. An electrical device converts the electrical energy into another form. The device uses energy from the electric current flowing it to operate.
electricity
The name given to a form of energy that involves electric charges in motion. The voltage gives energy to the charges while the current flowing converts the electrical energy into a different form. The voltage can be considered a form of potential energy, while the current flowing in the wire is a form of kinetic energy.
electrochemical
An electrochemical device relies on the chemical difference between two different materials. This difference is due to the structure of the different atoms involved. The higher the electrochemical activity of an element the more violently it will react in a chemical reaction. (Refer to electrochemical series of metals (Google)
electrode
Name sometimes used to describe a source of electric charge, e.g. the positive terminal of a battery could be termed the 'positive electrode'
electrolyte
Any time an electric charge moves, it produces a magnetic field. By coiling conducting wire around an iron core and then passing a D.C current through the coil, an electromagnet is formed. The magnetic field is only produced while the current is flowing. The direction of the magnetic field depends on the direction of the current in the coils of the electromagnet.
electromagnetic induction
If any conducting material experiences a changing magnetic field it will induce a voltage in the conductor. This principle is employed in generators where a coil of wire moves through a magnetic field.
electromagnetic radiation
Form of energy consisting of waves of electric and magnetic field that travel through a vacuum at the speed of light (300 00 km.s-1.). Visible light is an electromagnetic radiation, also includes, radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma radiation. Energy of electromagnetic radiation carried as 'photons' and the total energy related to; The intensity of the beam (how many photons) and, the frequency of the wave (energy of photon). Energy of a photon given by, E = h f, where 'h' is Planck's constant.
electron
The negatively charged particle found in ALL atoms. The electrons are extremely tiny particles and orbit at relatively large distances from the nucleus of the atom. Lightest component in atoms with a mass of 9.11 x 10-31 kg and an electric charge of - 1.6 x 10-19 coulombs.
electrostatic
Electric charge which remains stationary e.g. trapped on an insulator or on an insulated conductor. Objects which have an electrostatic charge produce an electric field that will create forces on any object which comes close enough to it.
element
A pure substance consisting of atoms of one kind only. They cannot be broken down by physical or chemical means into any simpler substance.
energy
Energy is defined as "the ability to work". (Unit: joules, symbol J). Obeys the "Law of Conservation of energy" which states," Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only rearranged in form." There are Two main forms of energy "potential" (stored) and "kinetic" (moving). In an electric circuit the battery supplies potential energy to charges while a current represents charges with kinetic energy.
F
Faraday (Michael)
British scientist who discovered many important details on electrical energy and performed many significant experiments. He was the first to produce an electric motor and discovered electromagnetic induction which led him to design the first generator. A true experimental genius who determined many important details on electricity and magnetism proving them to be intimately linked.
Franklin (Benjamin)
Early American scientist and politician. Defined positive and negative charge using Glass rubbed with silk (Glass - positive) and Ebonite rubbed with fur (wool) (Ebonite - negative). First to show that the small sparks being studied in the laboratory were the same (just very much smaller) than the lightning strikes observed in the sky. This is the famous experiment where Franklin flew a specially constructed kite during a lightning storm.
(This is NOT to be recommended).
fossil fuel
A fuel that has formed from once living organisms that have died, been buried, and over time have formed a fuel. The energy trapped in all fossil fuels came from the sunlight that was present when the organism was alive, e.g. coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels take many millions of years to form.
fuel cell
A very efficient form of D.C electric cell that operates with a chemical reaction which consumes a fuel (the anode side [positive]) with an oxidiser (the cathode side [negative]), e.g. the hydrogen fuel cell turns the fuel, hydrogen, into water by combining the hydrogen with oxygen. There are wide array of different fuel cells.
fuse
A safety device included in a circuit that is designed to melt, breaking the circuit, IF excessive current flows through it. A fuse prevents equipment attached to the circuit from being damaged and help to prevent electrical fires.
G
generator
A device to produce electrical energy by electromagnetic induction. Generally involves a coil of wire which is rotated in a magnetic field. Any time that a conductor experiences a changing magnetic field (by moving through a magnetic field) then a voltage will be induced in the conductor. Work is done to rotate the coil of a generator and this energy is converted into kinetic energy of the spinning coil. As the coil moves through the magnetic field, the charges in the conductor that makes up the coil experience an electrical potential energy difference (a voltage) due their motion through the magnetic field. This allows a generator to supply electrical energy to an external circuit as long as the coil is kept spinning and continues to move through the magnetic field.
geothermal energy
Heat energy from the Earth, (geos - Earth, thermal - heat). An enormous of heat energy is trapped below the surface of the Earth. Geothermal energy involves piping water into fractured HOT rock and then collecting the pressurised hot water (steam) and using it to drive a turbine to operate a generator.
global warming
The phenomenon where evidence suggests the Earth is slowly increasing in temperature due to certain greenhouse gases increasing in concentration in the Earth's atmosphere, particularly CO2. These greenhouse gases are mainly the result of human activities (particularly by burning fossil fuels). The increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are reducing the amount of heat lost from the Earth to space.
graphite
Pure form of carbon which is a fairly good electrical conductor, e.g. the lead in a pencil is made of graphite.
greenhouse gas
'Gases in the Earth's atmosphere that at night absorb heat radiating away from the surface of Earth, acting like a blanket and reducing the amount of cooling. Water vapour and carbon dioxide are important greenhouse gases. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and about 20 times more heat absorbing than carbon dioxide. The increase in greenhouse gases produced by human activity has resulted in an enhanced greenhouse effect and is causing Global warming.
gravitational potential energy
The energy possessed by a mass due to its location in the gravitational field of another massive object. The gravitational potential energy of an object is defined as "the work done to move an object from a very distant point (infinity) to a position in the gravitational field of another massive object." Because gravity will act to do work to try to move masses closer together, this means that gravitational potential energy, a scalar quantity, always has a negative value because WORK would need to be done to move the object to INFINITY to allow it to escape the gravitational field of the massive object. When starting relatively close to each other, the gravitational potential energy of a body due to the gravitational field of another massive object will INCREASE as the distance between the masses increases. Unit: joule (J). (See Equations sheet for detail)
gravity
The interaction which acts to create forces between objects with MASS. Gravity always creates an ATTRACTIVE force between masses. One of the FOUR (now 3) fundamental forces with the gravitational force mediated by graviton. Considered the weakest of the natural forces but the one that now has the most influence on the structural features making up the observed Universe.
H
heat
A form of energy that results from the total kinetic energy of the particles in a sample. The higher the temperature the more kinetic energy particles possess, i.e. Ek(av) = 3/2 k T , where k is Boltzmann's constant.
hydroelectric
A system that uses moving water, usually stored behind dams, to turn a turbine that operates a generator to produce electricity.
I
ion
An electrically charged atom or groups of atoms. The charge on the ion is due to the removal or addition of electrons. If an atom (group of atoms) loses a negatively charged electron, it will have a positive charge, i.e. it is a positive ion. If electrons are added to an atom or group of atoms then it ends up a negatively charged ion.
ionic bond
A chemical bond, usually between a metal and non-metal that involves the metal atom losing electrons to the non-metal atom. This produces a positively charged metal ion and a negatively charged non-metal ion. The two ions are attracted to each other and form a crystalline solid termed a SALT. Many ionic compounds are soluble in water which results in an ionic solution that will conduct electricity (usually with a high resistance).
ionised
The removal or addition of electrons from particles. This results in the particle becoming electrically charged.
instantaneous
At an "instant in time" - the instantaneous value of a quantity is referring to its value at a particular instant in time.
insulator (electrical)
A material that restricts or retards the movement of charge through it. In a good insulator the electrons are bound very strongly in the material and require a very large amount of energy (very high voltage) to be released to flow as a current, e.g. plastics. Heat insulation - restricts or retards the movement of heat energy through them.
insulation
A material with a very high electrical resistance which does not normally conduct electricity. In an insulator the electrons are bound very strongly and require large amounts of electrical energy to be released, e.g. plastics, dry air.
J
joule (J)
The standard unit for WORK and ENERGY. Symbol J. Defined as the work done on a 1 kg mass to accelerate it at 1 metre per second squared for each metre travelled. Named after English scientist James Prescott Joule who proved experimentally the equivalence of mechanical work and heat energy gained.
Joule (James Prescott)
An English physicist and brewer who proved experimentally the equivalence of mechanical work and heat. His work led to the law of conservation of energy and the First Law of thermodynamics. His first scientific paper involved an explanation of the heating of a wire in an electric circuit. He placed a wire coil in water and measured the change in temperature of the water when a known current was passed through the wire for a certain time. He was able to show that the electrical energy lost by the wire was equal to the heat energy gained by water. The standard S.I. unit for energy is named after him.
K
kinetic energy
The energy possessed by a body due to its MOTION. The kinetic energy can be calculated using the equation; Ek = 1/2 m v2 , where 'm' is the mass of the object in kilograms and 'v' is the velocity in ms-1. (Ek Units: joules.)
L
lattice
A regular arrangement of the structural components. In matter, the lattice of component atoms gives rise to a crystalline structure when solid.
Law of Conservation of Energy
The law which states “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed BUT ONLY rearranged in form". Includes mass-energy from E = m c2. A very important law which has been tested and found to be true every time energy is involved.
light
Visible to human eye, light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from about 400 nm (red) to 700 nm (violet), (1 nm = 10-9 m ). Travels in a vacuum at 'c' (300 000 km per second) as fast as anything known to science (proposed as "terminal velocity" by Einstein). Energy of light carried as photons where the energy of the photon is given by E = h f , where h is Planck's constant.
M
magnetic field
A region of influence produced around any moving electric charge. All atoms produce magnetic fields due to the electrons and protons but normally these fields tend to cancel each other out. When a current flows in a wire a nett magnetic field is produced around the wire. By coiling the current carrying wire around an iron core (cylinder of iron) an electromagnet is produced. Some materials are naturally magnetic, e.g. the iron mineral known as magnetite. Magnet surveys can reveal important information on structures, particularly if they contain iron.
magnets
A material that produces a magnetic field around it. Permanent magnets have an internal structure where the internal magnetic fields are lined up to add with each other. This results in the final material being a magnet and producing an observable magnetic field.
molecule
An element where the atoms have the following properties;
motor (electric)
An electrical device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy (kinetic energy). Operates when current flowing through the coils of the motor interact with a magnetic field and experience a torque (turning force) and begin to rotate. Both AC and DC motors exist.
metal
A combination of two or more non-metal atoms chemically combined together in fixed proportions held together mainly by covalent bonding as the non-metal atoms share valence electrons.
N
negative
Form of electric charge found on the electron that is a component of all atoms. An object with a negative charge contains an EXCESS of negative electrons compared to the positive protons found in the nuclei. An object with a negative charge will repel any other electrons that come within its region of influence.
neutron
Neutral particles found in the nucleus of all atoms except hydrogen. Mass almost the same as the proton (tiny bit heavier). Involved in creating nuclear interactions that keep the protons and neutrons contained in the tiny, dense nucleus of atoms.
Newton's FIRST Law of motion
"An object will remain at rest, or travelling at a constant velocity, UNLESS acted upon by a net, unbalanced, external force." Known as the Law of INERTIA and describing the conditions necessary for an "inertial" frame of reference.
Newton's SECOND Law of motion
"The rate of change of a body’s momentum is directly proportional to the applied net force." This law describes the idea of IMPULSE. It is generally simplified to say; "for a certain mass, the acceleration is directly proportional to the applied net force", i.e. F = m a.
Newton's THIRD Law of motion
"To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction". This is the best known law but is often misunderstood. It simply states that "if a force from something else acts on an object, the object's inertia acts to try to create an equal force in the opposite direction to the force applied to it". This action/reaction pair involves TWO things.
non-metal
Elements that are characterised by the following properties;
nuclear powerstation
A power station that uses nuclear fission of uranium to produce heat and steam to drive a turbine and generator to supply electrical energy. The nuclear fission uses neutrons to split uranium atoms to produce the smaller fission fragments, more neutrons, and lots of heat energy. A controversial form of generating heat to supply electricity due to concerns over radioactive wastes, accidents, or the possibility of creating nuclear weapons.
nucleus
Very dense, tiny core of all atoms containing protons and neutrons except hydrogen where the nucleus is a single proton. The nucleus contains nearly all of the mass of the atom but the diameter of the nucleus is less than a ten thousandth of the diameter of the atom.
O
ohm - Ω
Unit of electrical resistance. If a voltage of 1 volt is applied to a 1 ohm resistor then a current of 1 ampere will flow through the resistor. Named after Georg Ohm who first determined the relationship between voltage, current and the resistance. Symbol - Ω
Ohm (Georg)
German physicist and school teacher who proved experimentally the relationship between the applied potential difference (voltage), the electric current and the resistance. Developed Ohm's law, i.e. V = R I, where V = voltage, I = current and R = resistance. Unit for resistance named after him.
Ohm's Law
Law determined by Georg Ohm where the resistance of an electrical component can be determined by dividing the voltage for the component by the current flowing through the component, i.e. R = V/I
P
parallel
An electrical connection that allows current to split and flow along different paths. The voltage over parallel resistors is the same and the total resistance of parallel resistors is LESS than the smallest resistor in the circuit.
plasma
State of matter made of electrically charged particles where electrons have been removed from the positive nuclei so they travel separately, i.e. an ionised gas. Produced at very high temperature more than ten thousand degrees Celsius. Produced in air by lightning strikes and the common form of matter found in stars.
positive
An electric charge carried on the protons found in the nucleus of all atoms. An object carrying a positive charge has LESS electrons (negative) compared to the positive protons. An object with a positive charge will attract any electrons which come within its region of influence.
potential difference (voltage)
A measurement of the electrical potential energy difference for a charge at one point compared to another. Measured in volts where 1 volt is equal to a difference in electrical potential energy of 1 joule for each coulomb of charge. Often termed the voltage.
potential energy
A form of stored energy, e.g. an object raised above the Earth's surface gains gravitational potential energy; the electrons of atoms have chemical potential energy due to the influence of the positive nucleus of the atoms. Electrical potential energy is when a charge at one position can, if a path exists, lose energy by moving to another position.
power
The rate at which energy is produced or consumed, i.e. Power = Energy/Time, where Power is measured in watts, (symbol W), and a power of 1 watt produces 1 joule of energy per second. The power in an electric circuit can be determined using, P = V I or P = R I2.
proton
Positively charged particle found in the nucleus of ALL atoms. The mass of a proton is about the same as a neutron but, despite having an equal and opposite charge to the negative electron, the proton is nearly 1900x more massive than an electron. The number of protons in the nucleus determines what element that atom is, e.g. hydrogen - just one proton, carbon - 6 protons, Iron - 26 protons, uranium - 92 protons.
Q
qualitative
A description or measurement which describes a quality of the quantity, e.g. a car can travel "much faster” than a person running.
quantitative
A description or measurement which includes a quantity e.g. numerical data and units. An example might be, 'A car can travel at up to 30 metres/second while the fastest people can only run at about 10 metres/second.'
R
rarefied
The condition of a gas where it is at a lower pressure and density than air at standard atmospheric pressure.
resistance (electrical)
The amount of opposition of a material to the flow of electric current through it. Pure metals have the lowest resistance while non-metals tend to have a very high resistance (an insulator). The resistance has to do with how many electrons are able to be mobilised inside the material and how much the electrons interact with nuclei as they move through the material. The higher the temperature the greater the resistance. At very, very low temperatures certain materials become superconductors and offer no resistance to the flow of current. Measured in ohms, symbol Ω
resistor
A device in an electric circuit where electrical energy is converted into other forms, e.g. heat, as the electrons flowing in the current experience more interactions with the nuclei within the resistor and give up energy to the resistor. The resistance depends on the temperature and the composition of the material that make it up. The resistance is measured in ohms, Ω
S
semiconductor
Class of materials that under the right conditions can act as a conductor and under other conditions as an insulator. Silicon and germanium are natural semiconductors. A semiconductor has a relatively high resistance and only small currents are allowed to flow through them. Semiconductors form the basis of semiconductor theory and an understanding of their behaviour has led to the production of the silicon chip for computers and made a huge contribution to developing technologies. Sometimes termed 'semi-metals' or 'metalloids'.
series
An electrical connection where current has only one path available and must flow through each component one after the other. The current in a series circuit is the same in all parts and the resistance of a set of series resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistors in the series circuit.
silicon (Si)
Element number 14 in the Periodic Table of the elements and the most abundant element on Earth. A natural semiconductor that has allowed the development of the silicon chip and computer technology. Usually found on Earth in silicates (minerals). Extracted from white sands.
solar cell
A device capable of converting light energy directly into electrical energy. Several forms exist with special doped silicon wafers proving popular and leading to improved efficiency.
split-ring commutator
Device found in a DC motor or DC generator which provides the attachment to an external circuit to take in current (motor) or provide current to an external circuit (Generator). In a motor the split-ring commutator reverses the current in the rotating coil each half revolution to keep it spinning while, in a generator the split-ring commutator converts the AC being produced by the rotating coil of the generator into DC to supply to the external circuit.
static electricity
The build up of electric charge on well insulated metal objects OR insulators due to friction or induction, i.e. when two different materials are rubbed against each other or when the object is close to an electrically charged object. It is the production of static electricity that gives rise to the small sparks sometimes experienced when hair is combed. Static electricity can be a large problem when two different materials rub passed each other quickly, e.g. fuel flowing in a fuel pump, an aeroplane travelling through the air.
step-down transformer
A transformer that is supplied with a higher voltage to the Primary coil and provides a lower voltage from the secondary coil. Only AC can be stepped down with DC not able to be stepped down.
step-up transformer
A transformer that is supplied with a lower voltage to the Primary coil and provides a higher voltage from the secondary coil. Both AC and DC can be stepped up with a DC step-up transformer often known termed an induction coil.
superconductor
Materials that offer no electrical resistance to currents. Include some pure metals and metal oxides cooled to a few degrees above absolute zero (-273° Celsius) or a group of ceramics that can become superconductors when cooled by liquid nitrogen (- 196° Celsius). Use is restricted because of the very cold temperatures needed.
sustainable
An activity where the use of a resource is equal to the rate at which the resource is being naturally replenished and, the use of the resource can be maintained at its present level and the resource will remain available forever.
T
terminal
The attachment points of a power supply, e.g. battery. Also known as electrodes.
Tesla (Nikola)
Born in the Austrian empire, Tesla was a brilliant Serbian physicist and electrical engineer who was largely responsible for designing the system now used to provide large amounts of electrical energy to sites very distant from the energy source and powerstation. He worked for Edison on improving DC systems and then left to work with George Westinghouse on developing AC systems. Tesla was personally responsible for developing many of the AC components used in present day large scale electricity supply systems. Described by many as "the man who invented the 20th century and shed light over the surface of the Earth". The unit for magnetic field strength, the tesla, is named after him. Made a huge contribution to an understanding of electromagnetism.
thermal
Referring to HEAT, e.g. thermal energy, thermometer.
transformer
Electrical device that consists of two coils of wire (Primary and secondary coil) which are magnetically linked by a soft iron core. By using different numbers of loops in the primary coil compared to the secondary coil, the voltage supplied to the primary coil can be 'transformed' into a lower or higher voltage. A transformer relies on changing magnetic fields to work so they operate far more efficiently with AC rather than DC. DC can only be stepped-up to a higher voltage. A step-up transformer produces a higher output voltage from the secondary coil and has less loops of wire in the primary coil compared to secondary coil whereas a step-down transformer produces a lower voltage from the secondary coil and has more loops of wire in the primary coil compared to the secondary coil.
turbine
A device which use a source of kinetic energy, e.g. steam or water, to make it rotate at high speed. The turbine is attached to a generator and as it spins it rotates the generator which produces electricity.
V
valence
The outermost shell of electrons in orbit around an atom. It is the valence shell of electrons for an atom that determines the physical and chemical properties of an element.
volt
The standard unit for potential difference (voltage). 1 volt represents an electrical potential energy of 1 joule for each coulomb of charge. Named after Alessandro Volta who produced the first electrochemical cell (battery) which provided the first continuous source of electrical energy.
Volta (Alessandro)
An Italian scientist who, about 1800, was responsible for the invention of the simple electrochemical cell and his 'battery' of cells (voltaic pile). Volta discovered that when TWO different metals are connected to each other via an electrolyte (salty solution), when wires were attached to the metals and then brought close to each other, a spark would jump between the wires. He had invented the first electrochemical cell. Volta found that when the cells were stacked on each other (Volta called it a battery of cells) the spark produced got larger and stronger.
voltage (potential difference)
A common language term referring to the potential difference, i.e. the amount of electrical potential energy per coulomb of charge at one point compared to another. Unit volts (V).
W
watt
The unit of power. 1 watt = 1 joule per second, i.e. the power is the energy delivered divided by the time over which it was delivered, P = E/t .
Watt (James)
Scottish engineer and inventor who is mainly responsible for the invention and development of the steam engine which was to lead to the industrial revolution. Unit of 'power' named after him.
weight
The gravitational force created on a body which attracts its mass to the surface of another very massive object (usually Earth). Varies according to the gravity produced by the massive object. The stronger the gravity the GREATER the weight of an object. The weight is equal to the product of; the mass of the object and, the gravitational acceleration caused by the massive object, i.e. on the surface of Earth weight of a body is given by Fg = m g. Unit: newton (N).
Westinghouse (George)
American engineer, business man, and entrepreneur who started a company supplying AC systems in competition with Thomas Edison's DC systems. Westinghouse's AC systems won the "battle" due to their ability with AC to use transformers to transfer electrical energy efficiently at very high voltages over long distances and then transform it to lower voltage close to the user for safety.
work
Work is a scalar quantity measured in joules. The work done on an object is equivalent to the energy gained by the object. Work is done on an object when a force acts to move the object in the direction of the applied force. | https://learnelectricity.ausgrid.com.au/Common/Dictionary |
[according to Fred Hoyle, Evolution from Space,1981].
Introduction
The living cell provides our greatest example of intelligent design. Within its confines resides a molecular machinery largely beyond our comprehension. The complexity of the cell may very well exceed that of the universe outside of our world, and yet there are those who can believe it simply formed through random processes .
The scientific community has become largely atheistic and generally assumes that cells formed without God or intelligent design. Therefore existing genetic theories have been developed by those who do not believe the cell was designed, and are not looking for mechanisms that were made to intentionally produce the genetic changes which allow organisms to adapt. Secular science believes that evolution is largely the result of biochemical accidents. Although geneticists and breeders have thoroughly established that genetic recombination is responsible for the variations of plant and animal breeds, we are still taught that random mutations produced the natural varieties of species such as the finches on the Galapagos islands. This contrast between fact and teachings is the result of atheistic theoretic necessity, which must propose that random reactions unreliant upon living systems are responsible for evolution.
Mutations or Genetic Recombination?
There are two sources of genetic variability; genetic recombination and mutation. Mutations are random, unintentional nucleotide alterations that can occur in many ways, such as by errors during replication, or by exposure to chemical mutagens. Genetic recombination, on the otherhand, is performed intentionally by cellular machinery and its products remains largely uncharacterized. Both mutation and recombination can modify genes, but we are being incorrectly taught that mutation is the primary source of variability driving evolution.
Little is known about recombination, except that reactions occur between chromosomes, which alter the genome of each daughter cell so no two offspring are ever identical. Given our level of understanding, we can not yet place a limitation on their ability to manipulate DNA. It is clear the genetic constitution of organisms is not static, and the cell's molecular machinery is altering genes and creating new alleles with each passing generation. The purpose of these reactions is clear. They occur so that organisms would be able to adapt physically and biochemically, and thereby occupy earth's broad range of habitats.
It has been recognized for decades that the differences found among offspring from the same parents were the result of recombination events during meiosis. Domestic breeds, for example, are recombinants, not mutants. These rearrangements are being performed by design to provide evolutionary potential to all organisms. Contrary to popular beliefs, evolution through recombination is not random, but is instead highly systematic. In comparison, mutations are random destructive changes that destroy information. Mutations are most typically deleterious, disruptive to genome function, and corrected by the cell when detected. Evolution truly occurs through a history of genetic recombination and natural selection, but the way it is taught, you would never know anything but mutation was involved.
Conclusion
Contrary to what evolutionists teach, adaptation is the result of systematic and intentional cellular reactions. However, in contrast to typical creationist perceptions, this change is not limited to the variability originally possessed by the organism. God created a cellular machinery that is performing a level of self genetic engineering. This process is creating new information and able to modify organisms so dramatically we can frequently not recognize them as related. The physical manifestations of these reactions is hard to predict, and it is also quite possible that genetic editions are being made in direct response to environmental demands.
See Also
- What's Driving Evolution? Mutation or Genetic Recombination
- Genetic Variability by Design by Chris Ashcraft. Journal of Creation 18(2) 2004
- Are There Genetic Limits for Evolution? | http://nwcreation.net/genetics.html |
Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?
Disruptive selection, also called diversifying selection, increases genetic variation. In this type of selection, extreme phenotypes are favored over intermediate ones and this often drives the formation of new species. Disruptive selection is seen in species such as lobsters where the males have multiple mating strategies depending on their size. Large, dominant alpha males get access to females using their strength, while on the other end of the size spectrum, small males are opportunistic and sneak in and mate with females. The medium-sized males fall in between—not large enough to fight for the right to mate and not small enough to sneak in. These males are selected against due to disruptive selection, driving the formation of more large and small male lobsters.
What are two main sources of genetic variation?
Two main sources of genetic variation are random mutations and genetic recombination. Mutations are changes in DNA coding that effect an organism’s physiology, behavior, and/or appearance. All mutations are random which means they just happen and are not in response to what an organism “needs” or what would be useful to it. Also, mutations in the DNA of somatic (body) cells don’t affect evolution like mutations to the DNA in sex cells. Overall, mutations are rare and most of them are harmful or do nothing. The main causes of mutations are chemicals, radiation, and mistakes that happen when DNA is copied during cell division.
Recombination, or the “shuffling” of genetic material creates variation during the process of crossing over which happens in meiosis (see the next question).
What is the relationship between meiosis and genetic variation?
When gametes are made during meiosis, a process called crossing over happens in prophase I. During this process, 4 sister chromatids (2 from each parent) line up parallel to each other in a formation called a tetrad. Male and female chromatids cross in certain areas, forming a structure called a chiasma. The chiasma then breaks apart, and the broken DNA segments from the maternal chromatids are joined into the DNA of the paternal chromatids and vice versa. More information on the relationship between meiosis and genetic variation is in the answer to the question below “How does sexual reproduction lead to genetic variation?”
Why is genetic variation important?
Without genetic variation, some of the basic mechanisms of evolution can’t operate and organisms will fail to adapt and eventually die. Genetic variation allows natural selection to occur, and this increases the ability of organisms to survive changes in their environment and ultimately reproduce. Having offspring means that adaptive changes in alleles will be carried on to the next generation.
How do mutations lead to genetic variation?
In sexually reproducing organisms, mutations in gametes can cause genetic variation. This is a rare occurrence and most often mutations are lethal or don’t have any effect. Mutations are random and don’t happen in response to environmental changes. Therefore, they are not adaptive, but they are important because they can bring out variations that are tested in the environment. If a mutation turns out to be advantageous for a species that variation is inherited by the offspring and helps ensure the survival of the population.
How does random fertilization add to the genetic variation?
Random fertilization is the concept that all gametes are created equal when it comes to their chances of being able to reproduce. Therefore, random fertilization doesn’t create new genetic variation, but it does give all gametes the same opportunity to pass on their DNA. This, in turn, preserves the variation that the gametes carry. If there was no random fertilization, this would mean that some sperm and eggs have better chances than others of fertilizing or being fertilized. Over generations, the gene versions with better chances are favored and the other variations die out. This would leave just one version of a gene or set of genes, decreasing the amount of genetic variation.
How does sexual reproduction lead to genetic variation?
Genetic recombination is the main way that sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation. Recombination happens in three ways: through the separation of genes during meiosis, the random coming together of genes during fertilization, and via the process of crossing over during meiosis.
Meiosis results in 4 daughter cells, each having half the number of chromosomes (haploid) as the parent cell and which are genetically distinct the parent cell. Also, during meiosis there is an exchange of genetic information between the maternal and paternal chromatids through the process of crossing over, creating more variation. The concept of random fertilization levels the playing field and gives all sex cells an equal chance of being successful in passing on their DNA, further increasing genetic variation. | https://biologydictionary.net/common-questions-about-genetic-variation/ |
EVOLUTION AND VARIATION
New species arise from pre-existing species as a result of modification through adaptation or formation of varieties. This occurs through a sequence of changes or succession from generation to generation and from simple forms to complex forms.
Evolution is a study that attempts to explain the origin of life and the relationships between living things that exist in the universe. This is done by defining theories of life. This explains how new species developed from the pre-existing species, and it should help you to relate the day-to-day life processes that cause present-day evolution and economic development.
Desirable traits in plants and animals can be obtained by natural or artificial selection. These are mechanisms causing present-day evolution. For example, humans practise selection and controlled breeding in plants and animals. This is called artificial selection, e.g. through practising selection by rearing and breeding cows that have the ability to yield more milk.
This applies to other animals like pigs, goats and poultry birds, among others, through selection based on what is termed as good qualities. Likewise, plants like cassava, sweet potatoes, matooke, beans, peas, pumpkin, maize, pineapples, passion fruit, oranges and vegetables like cabbage, carrots and tomatoes can be artificially selected on the basis of qualities such as size, yield, growth rate and pest resistance.
This is done to improve the yield quality and quantity, and to conserve the good features of the original species, while at the same time promoting the formation of new varieties.
Hybrids of most available passion fruits, bananas, etc. are a result of selective breeding by humans. Present-day varieties have been selected for better quality (green evolution) in terms of size, growth rate, yield and pest or disease resistance and this has promoted economic development.
VARIATIONS
Variations are differences between groups of organisms of one species. Mutation is one source of variation between different groups within a species. The variation of organisms within a species increases the likelihood that at least some members of the species will survive under changed environmental conditions.
SOURCES OF VARIATION
- The exchanging and recombining of genes during meiosis and fertilization result in a great variety of new possible gene combinations from that of the parents.
- Mutations are random changes in the genes or DNA of sex cells may result in new gene combinations creating variation in the offspring formed from these.
Only mutations that occur in sex cells can be passed on to the offspring. Mutations which occur in other cells can be passed on to other body cells only. The experiences an organism has during its lifetime can affect its offspring only if the genes in its own sex cells are changed by the experience.
VARIATION AND EVOLUTION
Evolution is the consequence of the following factors:
- the potential for a species to increase its numbers
- the genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination of genes
- a finite supply of the resources required for life
- the ensuing selection by the environment of those offspring better able to survive and leave offspring.
Some characteristics give individuals an advantage over others in surviving and reproducing, and the advantaged offspring, in turn, are more likely than others to survive and reproduce. The proportion of individuals that have advantageous characteristics will increase.
|An Example of Variation Driving Natural Selection|
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The variation of organisms within a species increases the likelihood that at least some members of the species will survive under changed environmental conditions.
The great diversity of organisms is the result of billions of years of selection for favorable variations that has filled available niches of our planet with life forms.
GENETIC VARIATION
Without genetic variation, some of the basic mechanisms of evolutionary change cannot operate.
There are three primary sources of genetic variation, which we will learn more about:
- Mutations are changes in the DNA. A single mutation can have a large effect, but in many cases, evolutionary change is based on the accumulation of many mutations.
- Gene flow is any movement of genes from one population to another and is an important source of genetic variation.
- Sex can introduce new gene combinations into a population. This genetic shuffling is another important source of genetic variation.
LOW GENETIC VARIATION
Genetic variation is the raw material of evolution. Without genetic variation, a population cannot evolve in response to changing environmental variables and, as a result, may face an increased risk of extinction. For example, if a population is exposed to a new disease, selection will act on genes for resistance to the disease if they exist in the population. But if they do not exist—if the right genetic variation is not present—the population will not evolve and could be wiped out by the disease.
As an endangered species dwindles, it loses genetic variation—and even if the species rebounds, its level of genetic variation will not. Genetic variation will only slowly be restored through the accumulation of mutations over many generations. For this reason, an endangered species with low genetic variation may risk extinction long after its population size has recovered.
The risk of extinction or population decline because of low genetic variation is predicted by evolutionary theory. Scientists have not yet found any absolutely clear-cut examples of this in endangered species today, but they continue to investigate the possibility.Evolutionary theory suggests that, for the long-term survival of a species, we need to conserve not just individual members of a species, but also a species’ ability to evolve in the face of changing environmental variables—which means conserving individuals and genetic variation.
A case study of the cheetah, which has famously low genetic variation, suggests the sorts of dangers that are possible. When the captive felines at an Oregon breeding colony for large cats were exposed to a potentially deadly virus, it swept through the cheetah population, killing about 50% as a direct or indirect result of the virus—but none of the lions even developed symptoms.
Although this example is by no means conclusive, it is possible that the cheetahs’ low genetic variation—unlike the lions’ more extensive variation—meant that none of them had the right immune system gene variants to fend off the disease. Similar epidemics could sweep through other vulnerable species with low genetic variation, increasing their chance of extinction.
HOW DOES GENETIC VARIATION OCCUR IN A POPULATION
Genetic variation occurs through sexual reproduction. Due to the fact that environments are unstable, populations that are genetically variable will be able to adapt to changing situations better than those that do not contain genetic variations.
Sexual reproduction allows for genetic variations to occur through genetic recombination.
Recombination occurs during meiosis and provides a way for producing new combinations of alleles on a single chromosome. Independent assortment during meiosis allows for an indefinite number of combinations of genes. (Example of recombination)
Sexual reproduction makes it possible to assemble favorable gene combinations in a population or to remove unfavorable gene combinations from a population. Populations with more favorable genetic combinations will survive in their environment and reproduce more offspring than those with less favorable genetic combinations.
MUTATION
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell’s genome. When mutations occur, they can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning. Based on studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster, it has been suggested that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70% of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.
Mutations can involve large sections of a chromosome becoming duplicated (usually by genetic recombination), which can introduce extra copies of a gene into a genome. Extra copies of genes are a major source of the raw material needed for new genes to evolve. This is important because most new genes evolve within gene families from pre-existing genes that share common ancestors. For example, the human eye uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for colour vision and one for night vision; all four are descended from a single ancestral gene.
New genes can be generated from an ancestral gene when a duplicate copy mutates and acquires a new function. This process is easier once a gene has been duplicated because it increases the redundancy of the system; one gene in the pair can acquire a new function while the other copy continues to perform its original function. Other types of mutations can even generate entirely new genes from previously non coding DNA.
The generation of new genes can also involve small parts of several genes being duplicated, with these fragments then recombining to form new combinations with new functions.
When new genes are assembled from shuffling pre-existing parts, domains act as modules with simple independent functions, which can be mixed together to produce new combinations with new and complex functions. For example, polyketide synthases are large enzymes that make antibiotics; they contain up to one hundred independent domains that each catalyse one step in the overall process, like a step in an assembly line.
EVOLUTION
Prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3–4 billion years ago. No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organisation occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years. The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 – 2.7 billion years ago.
The next major change in cell structure came when bacteria were engulfed by eukaryotic cells, in a cooperative association called endosymbiosis. The engulfed bacteria and the host cell then underwent co-evolution, with the bacteria evolving into either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes. Another engulfment of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.
The history of life was that of the unicellular eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaea until about 610 million years ago when multicellular organisms began to appear in the oceans in the Ediacaran period. The evolution of multicellularity occurred in multiple independent events, in organisms as diverse as sponges, brown algae, cyanobacteria, slime moulds and myxobacteria.
Soon after the emergence of these first multicellular organisms, a remarkable amount of biological diversity appeared over approximately 10 million years, in an event called the Cambrian explosion. Here, the majority of types of modern animals appeared in the fossil record, as well as unique lineages that subsequently became extinct. Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.
About 500 million years ago, plants and fungi colonised the land and were soon followed by arthropods and other animals. Insects were particularly successful and even today make up the majority of animal species. Amphibians first appeared around 364 million years ago, followed by early amniotes and birds around 155 million years ago (both from “reptile”-like lineages), mammals around 129 million years ago, homininae around 10 million years ago and modern humans around 250,000 years ago. However, despite the evolution of these large animals, smaller organisms similar to the types that evolved early in this process continue to be highly successful and dominate the Earth, with the majority of both biomass and species being prokaryotes. | http://elearning.fawe.org/unit/bio4-evolution-and-variation/ |
Variation is used to measure and study the genetic differences, which are existing in the population. Collectively, the genetic variation of the entire species is known as genetic diversity. These variations are described as the differences, in the segments of genes, or DNA. There are various factors, which reshuffle the alleles, within the population, and give many combinations to the offspring, and resultantly new individuals, differ from the parents and the other individuals.
Variation Caused by Mutations
The mutations and recombination are the major sources of variation. Life cannot be evolved without the mutation and recombination. The mutation is the permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence in the genome of an organism. It is resulted from the errors, during the process of DNA replication, or due to any damage to the DNA, which may cause the error to the DNA replication.
Mutations, may or may not cause the changes, in the phenotype (observable characters) of the organisms. They play a significant role in the abnormal and normal biological cycles, including cancer, evolution, junctional diversity, and the development of the immune system. One of the most common ways to introduce the new genotypes and phenotypes is the appearance of new mutations. Mutations can be beneficial or harmful, depending on the way, that either they help the organism in their survival or not.
Variations Caused by Recombination
The process of DNA recombination causes the exchange of genetic material between the different regions of the same chromosomes, or between the multiple chromosomes. Generally, homology mediates this process, and the homologous regions of the chromosomes, line up and prepare themselves for the exchange, In some cases, non-homologous recombination may exist. Genetic recombination is a highly complex process. It involves the alignment of two homologous strands of DNA, precise breakage of these strands, exchange between these strands, and the sealing of the resultant recombined molecule. This process is occurring with a high degree of accuracy, in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Recombination can also be induced artificially in the laboratory. For example, recombinant DNA is produced for various purposes including the development of a vaccine. During the process of meiosis, the synapsis ordinarily precedes the genetic recombination. Recombination and mutation can produce new alleles and genes, thus increasing the genetic variation. The new genetic variations can also be created within the generations of a population. Both mutation and recombination are the important drivers of the genetic variations. | https://www.w3schools.blog/variation-mutation-and-recombination |
Genetic variation can be caused by mutation (which can create entirely new alleles in a population), random mating, random fertilization, and recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (which reshuffles alleles within an organism’s offspring).
Does variation occur in mitosis?
Gene Transmission in Mitosis
Mitosis occurs in somatic cells; this means that it takes place in all types of cells that are not involved in the production of gametes. … For example, there are genetic variations that arise in clonal species, such as bacteria, due to spontaneous mutations during mitotic division.
What causes variation meiosis?
Genetic variation exists because of changes to chromosomes or genes (DNA). Mutations are random changes in the number of chromosomes (e.g. Down syndrome) or the structure of a gene (e.g. cystic fibrosis). Independent assortment during meiosis increases variation because it results in genetically different gametes .
What causes variation in cells?
Genetic variation is increased by meiosis
Because of recombination and independent assortment in meiosis, each gamete contains a different set of DNA. This produces a unique combination of genes in the resulting zygote. … The result is 4 haploid daughter cells known as gametes.
What is the variation of mitosis?
The number of cells increases by mitosis, and as the embryo develops, the cells begin to differentiate (or specialise). As half of the genetic make-up of the offspring is from one organism and half from another, it is genetically different from its parents. In other words, it shows variation.
Does mitosis produce diploid cells?
Both mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division that involve the segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. … When a haploid cell undergoes mitosis, it produces two genetically identical haploid daughter cells; when a diploid cell undergoes mitosis, it produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.
How does human life depend on mitosis?
Replacement and regeneration of new cells– Regeneration and replacement of worn-out and damaged tissues is a very important function of mitosis in living organisms. Mitosis helps in the production of identical copies of cells and thus helps in repairing the damaged tissue or replacing the worn-out cells.
Why is meiosis important for variation?
Meiosis is important because it ensures that all organisms produced via sexual reproduction contain the correct number of chromosomes. Meiosis also produces genetic variation by way of the process of recombination.
What are the 3 causes of variation?
For a given population, there are three sources of variation: mutation, recombination, and immigration of genes.
What is an example of variation?
For example, dogs have tails and humans do not. … For example, humans have different coloured eyes, and dogs have different length tails. This means that no two members of a species are identical. The differences between the individuals in a species is called variation. | https://autismpluggedin.com/genetics/what-causes-variation-in-mitosis.html |
DNA Replication, Repair,
and Mutagenesis
DNA is the permanent repository for all genetic informa-
tion in every cell and, as such, must maintain the fidelity
of that information from one cell generation to the next
as well as from one human generation to the next. This
means, in the case of human beings, accurately copying
the approximately
6
x
1 0 9
base pairs in each diploid cell
prior to its undergoing mitosis (somatic cells) or meiosis
(germ cells).
Over billions of years of biological history, cells have
developed intricate mechanisms to ensure faithful replica-
tion of DNA molecules and for the detection and repair of
errors in the sequence of bases when they do occur. How-
ever, errors
must
occur; the evolution of new organisms
and new species depends on a supply of new genomes, the
source of genetic diversity on which natural selection acts
and which fuels biological evolution. This is the paradox
of DNA replication. On the one hand, DNA must replicate
itself with the utmost accuracy; on the other hand, it must
allow a low frequency of genetic change to occur dur-
ing each round of replication, particularly during meiosis,
which produces the cells (sperm and ova) that pass DNA
to succeeding generations.
This apparent paradox is resolved by the mechanisms
of mutation and recombination that provide for a small
but essential amount of genetic change to occur in each
generation. Mutations occur spontaneously during DNA
replication because not all of the replication errors or dam-
age to templates are detected and repaired by the enzymes
responsible for proofreading and repairing DNA. The rate
of mutations can be markedly increased by ionizing radi-
ation (x-rays), mutagenic chemicals (cigarette smoke), or
retroviruses that integrate in DNA (HIV). Thus, mutations
are essential to the species because they allow for adaptive
changes but often are harmful to the individual by giving
rise to cells that cause cancer, congenital defects, and other
diseases.
Recombination occurs primarily in germ cells of eukar-
yotes and during cell division in partially diploid prokary-
otes. In general, recombination does not occur in mitosis
of eukaryotic cells. However, recombination is an integral
part of meiosis in which recombinant sperm and ova pro-
vide new genotypes and phenotypes in each generation
which may be favored by natural selection.
In this chapter, the basic mechanisms of DNA replica-
tion, recombination, repair, and mutation are discussed.
Much of our understanding of these mechanisms derived
from the study of bacteria. However, as further evidence
for the unity of biology, the processes that replicate and
modify DNA in bacteria also apply to human DNA with
some modifications. | https://equimount.com/Bhagavan%20Medical%20Biochemistry%202001/578 |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) populations are characterized by extensive genetic diversity. Antigenic diversification is essential for escape from immune selection and therapy, and remains one of the major obstacles for the development of an efficient vaccine strategy. Even if intensive efforts have been made for understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for genetic diversity in HIV, conclusive data in vivo is still lacking. Recent works have addressed this issue, focusing on the identification of the sources of genetic diversity during in vivo infections and on the estimate of the pervasiveness of genetic recombination during replication in vivo. Surprisingly, it appears that despite the error-prone nature of the viral polymerase, the bulk of mutations found in patients are indeed due to the effect of a cellular restriction factor. This factor tends to hypermutate the viral genome abolishing viral infectivity. When hypermutation is incomplete, the virus retains infectivity and converts the effect of the cellular factor to its advantage by exploiting it to generate genetic diversity that is beneficial for viral propagation. This view contrasts the long-standing dogma that viral diversity is due to the intrinsic error-prone nature of the viral replication cycle. Besides hypermutations and mutations, recombination is also a pervasive source of genetic diversity. The estimate of the frequency at which this process takes place in vivo has remained elusive, despite extensive efforts in this sense. Now, using single genome amplification, and starting from publically available datasets, it has been obtained a confirmation of the estimates previously made using tissue culture studies. These recent findings are presented here and their implications for the development of future researches are discussed.
Keywords
- Human immunodeficiency virus
- Genetic diversity
- Host restriction factors
- Hypermutations
- Recombination
Background
Viral genetic diversity is essential for escape from immune selection and therapy, and remains one of the major obstacles to the eradication of the immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although the mechanisms of HIV genetic diversification are well understood in vitro and in cell culture models, in vivo data has been lacking. A recent burst of papers lead us one step closer to understanding these mechanisms in vivo. Here we discuss the main findings described in these works that shed new light on the mechanisms fostering HIV genetic diversity in vivo.
Main text
A large number of studies have measured viral mutation rates in cell culture [1, 2]. These studies have pointed to a critical role of the viral reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme in generating mutations, leading to the idea that RT is the dominant producer of genetic diversity. Cuevas and colleagues have evaluated the HIV-1 mutation rate in vivo by analyzing the frequency of stop codons found in patient-derived sequences . Their method is based on the assumption that lethal mutations, not being inherited, cannot be selected, thereby providing a snapshot of what is generated by the mechanism of mutation itself. In this way, they were able to directly measure HIV mutation rates from both plasma virus and cells isolated from infected individuals. They found a mutation rate of 9.3 × 10−5 mutations per base pair in plasma virus, which is a rate compatible with estimates obtained from cell culture experiments. Interestingly, the HIV mutation rates found in DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was 44 times higher, and around 98 % of the mutations found were generated by the APOBEC family of proteins, and not by the reverse transcriptase. These cellular enzymes hypermutate the reverse transcription product, leading to the insertion of aberrant amino acids and the generation of nonsense mutations incompatible with viral infectivity. Certainly, the large difference in mutation rates found between plasma virus and infected cells evidences strong purifying selection to remove non-infectious hypermutated genomes . Importantly, however, the authors provide evidence that HIV-1 can hijack this cellular defense machinery to foster its sequence diversification. Indeed, they first showed that the activity of the APOBEC family protein A3G does not result in an all-or-nothing pattern in vivo, as it was previously thought, but that the number of mutations found in each sequence spans across two orders of magnitude. Next, they demonstrated that mutation rates varied according to the clinical status of the patient, and that mutation rates and disease progression were correlated. They saw a lower overall mutation rate in rapid progressors compared to normal progressors and a negative correlation between set point viral load and mutation rate. This is consistent with a strong antiviral activity by APOBEC. However, when the authors stratified their data by the amount of editing (no editing, low-level editing, or high editing), sequences isolated from rapid progressors contained a higher number of low-level editing events when compared to normal progressors. Furthermore, when looking at these sequences with low-level editing, the authors found a positive correlation between set point viral load and mutation rate. Thus, it appears that the virus can harness low levels of A3G activity to promote beneficial genetic diversity, whereas higher levels of editing lead to slower disease progression. This is good and bad news for the development of Vif-APOBEC inhibitors as it shows that inhibition of Vif can push HIV beyond the limit of mutations that it is able to tolerate, but also that inefficient inhibition can instead promote viral pathogenesis.
Presumably, even low level editing—defined by the authors as 1–10 “lethal” mutations per sequencing library—have the potential to completely block the viral replication. However, in situations where cells are co-infected with multiple viruses, complementation of defective proteins may allow the recovery of viable virus. Furthermore, genomes from different viruses may be co-packaged into the same viral particle and “repaired” during the next replication cycle. This occurs via retroviral recombination during reverse transcription, when the RT switches template between the two co-packaged genomes, generating a chimerical DNA molecule. Although recombination has been intensively studied in cell culture and in vitro, it has been difficult to quantify its contribution to viral genetic diversity in vivo due to the difficulty of detecting and tracking the history of individual viruses. Cromer and colleagues tackled this problem using data obtained from single genome amplification at early time points . Previous studies have shown that just after infection, viral diversity is sufficiently low to reconstruct the genetic makeup of the founder virus . Using publically available datasets, Cromer and colleagues were able to identify several individuals infected with multiple viruses at the point of transmission. They then were able to quantify the number of recombination events occurring by identifying sequences that were a mix of the two founder viruses. Interestingly, they show that HIV recombines on average 5-14 times per genome per replication cycle, validating observations from cell culture studies . In the light of the pervasive mutagenesis introduced by APOBEC, it is likely that recombination is required for shuffling APOBEC induced mutations within the viral population.
Conclusions
Many are the questions that remain open in the field. (1) Do hypermutated non-infectious genomes serve as reservoirs for rescuing mutations by superinfecting viruses through recombination, extending the sequence space explored by the virus? (2) What is the relevance of the differences in the level of expression of A3G in the different cell types for sequence diversification at the level of transmission? The limited number of viruses transmitted during primary infections forces the viral population through a bottleneck from which genetic diversification must then be re-established. Do the various cell types infected during spreading in the organism introduce sequence diversification at different paces depending on the stage and tissue infected? (3) What is the profile of APOBEC proteins expression in elite-controllers and long-term non-progressors? Do some individuals show differences in HIV mutation rates? Are differences more related to host genetic or to the viral genotype? (4) Are other nucleic acids editing enzymes involved in controlling genetic diversity? (5) What is the implication of the genome in modulating sequence diversity? Another recent work , indicates that the frequency of generation of sequence divergence is not homogeneous along the HIV-1 env gene. The authors reported that the genomic structure (both primary and secondary) of the regions encoding for the most external portions of the surface subunit gp120 is less prone to the insertion of mutations, both by the viral polymerase and by APOBEC proteins. This caveat would limit the insertion of mutations in regions with a level of genetic diversity close to the upper limit tolerable for viability.
Altogether these observations tell us that viruses can divert weapons used against them by modulating their effect for its own purposes. Our understanding of the arms race between viruses and their hosts is manifestly far from being complete.
Declarations
Authors’ contributions
Both authors wrote the article. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
Research in MN’s lab is supported by Sidaction, Grants AI23-2/02153 and AI25-1/02335.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. | https://retrovirology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12977-016-0259-8 |
For example, if a missense substitution modifications a codon from AAG to AGG, the amino acid arginine might be produced as an alternative of lysine. A missense mutation is taken into account conservative if the amino acid formed via the mutation has comparable properties to the one that was imagined to be fashioned instead.
The error fee for DNA viruses has been calculated to be 10-eight to errors per integrated nucleotide. With this low mutation price, replication of even probably the most advanced DNA viruses, which have 2 × a hundred and five to three × one hundred and five nucleotide pairs per genome, will generate mutants rather not often, maybe as soon as in several hundred to many thousand genome copies. The RNA viruses, nonetheless, lack a proofreading perform of their replicatory enzymes, and a few have mutation charges which might be many orders of magnitude larger—10-three to 10-four errors per included nucleotide.
Because the variety of completely different serotypes of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are limited, a given strain reappears from time to time. For instance, the H1N1 influenza virus strain was liable for the 1918 to 1919 influenza pandemic that triggered 20 million deaths. The same virus additionally triggered pandemics in 1934 and in 1947, then disappeared after 1958 and reappeared in 1977. The reappearance of virus strains after an absence is believed to be the results of recombinational events involving the unbiased assortment of genes from two variant viruses. DNA viruses have mutation charges similar to these of eukaryotic cells because, like eukaryotic DNA polymerases, their replicatory enzymes have proofreading functions.
Breast Cancer Screening – Debate Continues
It known as non-conservative if the amino acid has totally different properties that structure and performance of a protein. A nonsense mutation occurs when one nucleotide is substituted and this results in the formation of a cease codon instead of a codon that codes for an amino acid. A cease codon a certain sequence of bases (TAG, TAA, or TGA in DNA, and UAG, UAA, or UGA in RNA) that stops the manufacturing of the amino acid chain.
Because a person’s genetic code can have a lot of mutations with no effect on well being, diagnosing genetic situations may be troublesome. Sometimes, no mutations are present in suspected disease-associated genes, but mutations are found in different genes whose relationship to a particular genetic situation is unknown. It is troublesome to know whether or not these variants are concerned in the disease. Recombination additionally occurs between genes residing on the identical piece of nucleic acid (Fig. 43-3). Genes that generally segregate together are called linked genes.
- The “reminiscence” of DNA does not lengthen beyond the present strand.
- Mutations can arise by way of a variety of mechanisms and range in scale from modifications to a single nucleotide to the loss, duplication or rearrangement of entire chromosomes.
- Normal recombination produces genetic variation by the trade of genetic materials between paired chromosomes.
- If the sequence is altered (mutated) and the alteration is not corrected by the cell, subsequent replications reproduce the mutation.
Symptoms include anemia, obstruction of blood vessels, and chest pain, and it’s treated with folic acid, blood transfusions, bone marrow transplants, and certain prescribed drugs. This picture depicts the several types of substitution point mutations. It shows the DNA codon, the resulting RNA codon, and the amino acid produced. Like a nonsense mutation, a missense mutation happens when one nucleotide is substituted and a unique codon is fashioned; but this time, the codon that types is not a cease codon. Instead, the codon produces a special amino acid in the sequence of amino acids.
When people have two copies of this mutation, it leads to skinny sickle-shaped blood cells that sometimes cannot carry oxygen properly. About 80% of people with sickle-cell illness are in sub-Saharan Africa, where being a provider for sickle-cell anemia (having only one copy of the gene, not two) really helps protect towards malaria. It can also be found in different parts of the world similar to India and the Middle East, and impacts about 1 in 500 African Americans.
Independent assortment happens when viruses which have multipartite (segmented) genomes trade segments throughout replication (Fig. 43-2). Recombination by unbiased assortment has been reported, for example, for the influenza viruses and other orthomyxoviruses (eight segments of single-stranded RNA) and for the reoviruses (10 segments of double-stranded RNA). The frequency of recombination by impartial assortment is 6 to 20 percent for orthomyxoviruses. This recombinant can infect individuals which are resistant to the father or mother human virus. This mechanism leads to an instantaneous, main antigenic change and is called antigenic shift.
Antigenic shifts in influenza virus antigens may give rise to pandemics (worldwide epidemics) of influenza. Such antigenic shifts have occurred relatively incessantly throughout latest history (Table 43-2).
Sickle-cell anemia is a recessive dysfunction brought on by a single substitution within the gene that creates hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood. Normally, glutamic acid is produced in the chain, however the substitution causes valine to be produced at that spot as a substitute.
Factors That Affect Risk
If recombination happens between them, the linkage is said to be incomplete. Recombination of incompletely linked genes occurs in all DNA viruses that have been studied and in a number of RNA viruses. | https://www.laalmeja.com/what-happens-when-a-genetic-mutation-occurs.html |
The precise transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next is fundamental to life.
Most of the time, this process unfolds with remarkable accuracy, but when it goes awry, mutations can arise—some of them beneficial, some of them inconsequential, and some of them causing malfunction and disease.
Yet, precisely where and how heritable genetic mutations tend to arise in humans has remained largely unknown.
Now, a new multi-institutional study led by investigators at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital has pinpointed nine processes during which most human genetic mutations tend to arise.
The work, published Aug. 12 in Science, is based on an analysis of 400 million rare DNA human variants and represents one of the most comprehensive computational efforts to explore heritable genomic variations.
“Genetic mutations are a rare yet inevitable and, indeed essential, part of the development and propagation of the human species—they create genetic diversity, fuel evolution, and occasionally cause genetic diseases,” said study lead investigator Shamil Sunyaev, professor of biomedical informatics in the Blavatnik Institute at HMS and professor of medicine at Brigham and Women’s.
“Harnessing the power of computation and big data, we analyzed genomic variations and identified a set of biologic processes responsible for the vast majority of heritable human mutations,” added Sunyaev, who conducted the work with lead authors Vladimir Seplyarskiy, HMS research fellow in medicine at Brigham and Women’s, and Ruslan Soldatov, instructor in biomedical informatics at HMS.
Key findings
The research identified new mutation-fueling mechanisms and some that were already known. One mechanism was related to inaccurate copying of DNA, another was related to chemical damage occurring to the DNA. The analysis also pinpointed a machinery involved in human gene regulation as a frequent culprit in mutations. This machinery is particularly active during early embryonic development, and most of the mutations introduced by the machinery occur during this period. In one surprising finding, the researchers identified a mutation-driving mechanism that was not related to DNA copying and cellular division—processes that are prone to mutation-causing glitches. This previously unsuspected mechanism leads to mutations in egg cells stored in the ovaries.
Relevance and implications
The researchers are now working to incorporate some of the results in a model of human-mutation rate along the genome in an effort to help predict the chance that a specific mutation would occur at a specific location in the genome. The goal is to help in the analysis of disease mutations and in discovery of genes causing rare diseases. The model may also serve to highlight genes of key importance to human health and survival.
DOI: 10.1126/science.aba7408
The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R35GM127131, R01MH101244, U01HG009088, and R01 HG010372) and National Heart Lung Blood Institute (R01HL131768). | https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/925261 |
What do we know about variability?
Abstract
Contemporary phenomenological classification of variability types meets lots of contradictions. There is a single group of “mutations”: gene, chromosomal, genomic ones, which originate through different mechanisms. Ontogenetic variability puts even more questions because it embraces: modifications (regulation of gene expression), genetic variations (mutations and recombination) and epigenetic variations (and inheritance) in addition, with no clear criterions of the latter ones definition so far. Modifications and heritable variations are appeared to be closer to each other then we suspected before. An alternative classification of variability may be proposed basing upon template principle in biology. There is no direct correspondence between mechanisms and phenomenology of variation. It is a witness of a newparadigm coming in biological variability understanding.
Ecological genetics. 2010;8(4):4-9
4-9
Epigenes — overgenes level hereditary units
Abstract
The theoretical and experimental aspects concept of epigenes are considered. In epigenes part of the heritable information is preserved, coded and trasmitted in generations out of the primary structure of genomic DNA. The behaviour under crosses simples modelic epigenes is demonstrated. The variants of molecular-genetics mechanisms of epigenes and original results of experimental construction artificials epigenes by methods gene-engenering are presented. The ontogenetic and phylogenetic roles of epigene systems are discussed. It has been shown, that even simplest epigene systems can provide key events of ontogeny. The epigenes systems can provide non-Darwinian evolutionary strategy by means of “remember” relatively unsuccesful muves of evolution and preservation reserved variants of ontogeny.
Ecological genetics. 2010;8(4):17-24
17-24
Epigenetics of ecological niches
Abstract
The development of symbioses ensures formation of the super-organism systems for heredity (symbiogenomes) which represent the products of joint adaptations of partners towards an unfavorable environment. Using the examples of symbioses which enable plants and microorganisms to cooperatively overcome the limitations in the major biogenic elements (C, N, P) or impacts of the biotic and abiotic stresses we demonstrate that symbiosis involves not only the de novo formation (epigenesis) by plant of the ecological niches for hosting the microsymbionts, but also the reorganizations of relevant genetic systems in accordance to the partners’ genotypes and environmental conditions. A possibility to address the ongoing processes in terms of epigenetics is evident when the microsymbionts occurring in the novel niches are included into the host reproduction cycle ensuring a stable maintenance of novel adaptation in the next generations suggesting that the newly formed symbiogenome have acquired the properties of a system for inheritance of the newly acquired adaptive traits.
Ecological genetics. 2010;8(4):30-38
30-38
Genetics and epigenetics of syntropic diseases
Abstract
The genetic components are involved in aetiology of the common human diseases. For most of them it is significant the phenomenon of syntropies — nonrandom combination of different diseases in the same patients. Three methodic approaches have been successfully used for the identification of genetic factors predisposed to the common human diseases: linkage analysis, candidate gene association studies (GASs) and genome-wide association scans (GWASs). The structural features of the many genes make a small but significant contribution to the overall risk of common diseases. Syntropy of related diseases is determined of having of share in disease pathogenesis the functional polymorphisms of genes controlling the same metabolic pathways. Nonrandom combination of different diseases in the same patients is determined of common epigenetic mechanisms involved in expression control of different «gene nets» disorder.
Ecological genetics. 2010;8(4):39-43
39-43
Protein inheritance and regulation of gene expression in yeast
Abstract
Prions of lower eukaryotes are genetic determinants of protein nature. Last years are marked by rapid development of the conception of prion inheritance. The list of yeast proteins, which have been shown to exist in the prion form in vivo, and phenotypic manifestation of prions provide good reason to believe that protein prionization may represent epigenetic mechanism regulating adaptability of a single cell and cellular population to environmental conditions.
Ecological genetics. 2010;8(4):10-16
10-16
Genetics or epigenetics? A peculiar case from the ciliate life
Abstract
Inheritance of three mating types (MTs) in the ciliate Dileptus anser is described. When reproduced vegetatively, clones of dilepti retain their mating type invariably. In sexual generations (at crosses) the character behaves as controlled by one locus with three alleles in it, manifesting serial dominance. In other words, the character seems to be under the direct genic control. However, after treatment with Actinomycin D, ciliates from clones which stably express this or that MT, become destabilized and start to express in turn all three MTs. It suggests that actually MT of such a clone results from stable epigenetic differentiation of a complex, multipotential locus.
Ecological genetics. 2010;8(4):25-29
25-29
Epigenetical mechanisms of susceptibility to complex human diseases
Abstract
Contemporary data concerned an input of epigenetical mechanisms into an etiology and susceptibility to complex human diseases are critically analyzed. The special attention is attended to a specific role of simple tandem DNA repeats, the crucial role of developmental epigenetics in these processes. Patterns of mitotic and intergenerational inheritance of epigenetical modifications are considered. | https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/issue/view/302 |
Crossing over and Independent Assortment are two MAJOR sources of variation that arises from the process of meiosis.
What are the 2 sources of genetic variation in meiosis?
random mating between organisms. random fertilization. crossing over (or recombination) between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
What are the sources of diversity in meiosis?
Describe the three ways meiosis produces genetic variability. We have seen that meiosis creates variation three ways: crossing over, mutations caused during crossing over, and independent assortment.
What are two sources of genetic diversity?
Natural selection acts upon two major sources of genetic variation: mutations and recombination of genes through sexual reproduction.
What are the two main genetic sources of genetic variation?
Mutations, the changes in the sequences of genes in DNA, are one source of genetic variation. Another source is gene flow, or the movement of genes between different groups of organisms. Finally, genetic variation can be a result of sexual reproduction, which leads to the creation of new combinations of genes.
What are the three main sources of genetic variation?
For a given population, there are three sources of variation: mutation, recombination, and immigration of genes. However, recombination by itself does not produce variation unless alleles are segregating already at different loci; otherwise there is nothing to recombine.
How do meiosis I and II contribute to genetic variation?
Because the duplicated chromatids remain joined during meiosis I, each daughter cell receives only one chromosome of each homologous pair. … By shuffling the genetic deck in this way, the gametes resulting from meiosis II have new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity.
What kind of cells are made in meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.
Which of the following best describes meiosis as a type of cell division?
Which of the following BEST describes meiosis as a type of cell division? It is the division of sex cells to produce haploid daughter. … cells.
How does meiosis create genetic diversity?
During prophase of meiosis I, the double-chromatid homologous pairs of chromosomes cross over with each other and often exchange chromosome segments. This recombination creates genetic diversity by allowing genes from each parent to intermix, resulting in chromosomes with a different genetic complement.
Which of the following is not a source of genetic variety?
Mitosis of fertilized eggs is not a source of genetic variation. Mitosis will always produce genetically identical daughter cells to the parental…
What is the primary sources of genetic variation?
Mutations are the original source of genetic variation. A mutation is a permanent alteration to a DNA sequence. De novo (new) mutations occur when there is an error during DNA replication that is not corrected by DNA repair enzymes.
What are three ways in which natural selection can change a distribution of traits?
Natural selection on polygenic traits can affect the distributions of phenotypes in three ways: directional selection, stabilizing selection, or disruptive selection. | https://autismpluggedin.com/genetics/what-are-the-two-sources-of-genetic-diversity-in-meiosis-quizlet.html |
Chinese Anti-cancer Association Genitourinary Cancer Committee published the first edition of “Expert consensus on genetic testing in Chinese prostate cancer patients” in 2018, the Committee updated the expert consensus in July 2019, in order to further standardize and guide the individualized and precise diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, especially for the special pathological type, metastatic prostate cancer, and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), etc.
In recent years, in the field of tumor therapy, with the in-depth study of molecular pathogenesis, new target drugs for different molecular targets have emerged. Additionally, since the discovery of multiple immune checkpoints that mediate tumor immune escape, various new immunotherapies are emerging that restore and enhance effective anti-tumor immunity through immune checkpoint regulation. The candidate populations, which can benefit significantly from new therapeutics and clinical trials, are often the subgroups with specific molecular targets and related genetic mutations or specific genetic backgrounds. In clinical individualized treatment decisions, genetic testing based on Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is required for screening, avoiding ineffective treatment and overtreatment, as is the case with prostate cancer. For example, in metastatic CRPC (mCRPC), the patients with homologous recombination repair deficiency may benefit from PAPB inhibitor (Olaparib) and platinum-based chemotherapy. Immunotherapy with PD-1/PD-L1 immune check-point inhibitors has limited benefit in unscreened prostate cancer patients, but it can improve the survival of prostate cancer patients with DNA mismatch repair defects and high microsatellite instability. Of course, for the patients who may have driver gene mutations (with a family history of prostate and breast cancer, Lynch syndrome, etc.), genetic testing based on NGS also can help predict the risk of disease onset and progression. The above genetic testing is beneficial to change the traditional treatment strategy of prostate cancer and has clinical practical value.
In addition to AR signaling pathway, homologous recombination repair and DNA mismatch repair-related genes, the molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer also includes PTEN, TP53, Rb and other tumor suppressor genes, PI3K, MAPK, WNT and other signaling pathways, and involved in cell cycle change and chromosome remodeling, etc. Aimed at the above mechanisms, there is still a lack of target drugs that can apply for clinical practice. The importance of gene mutation detection and whether it can assist in risk prediction of progression, treatment options and efficacy evaluation, require further studies and clinical validation.
The 2019 updated expert consensus emphasizes that genetic testing for prostate cancer patients should be based on the best available evidence to identify the target population that are actually clinically beneficial and potentially beneficial; it is also necessary to determine and screen a reasonable capacity of Panel according to the different genetic background and testing purpose, so as to reduce over-testing and avoid the abuse of genetic testing. Based on standardized testing procedures, quality control and interpretation of results, it is proposed that multiple centers jointly create and improve gene detection database of Chinese prostate cancer, and fully summarize and interpret the relationship between gene mutation lineage and prognosis and efficacy through long-term follow-up. For the individualized and precise diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, it can not only promote the development of relevant research but also has realistic significance to guide clinical practice. | http://ykxb.scu.edu.cn/news/shendudianping_en/6d824c80-0706-4150-9d38-ef6fbdaede94_en.htm |
Twice over the past several decades, researchers at Iceland's deCODE Genetics have generated maps of the human genome that have helped geneticists to study our biological blueprints. The latest version, Icelandic genome 3.0, one might call it, was published recently in Science and is the most detailed map to date. It has allowed the researchers to gain additional insight into how evolution occurs and how new diseases emerge.
"The classic premise of evolution is that it is powered first by random genetic change. But we see here in great detail how this process is in fact systematically regulated – by the genome itself and by the fact that recombination and de novo mutation are linked," said senior author Kári Stefánsson, MD, CEO of deCODE, a division of Amgen, and the University of Iceland in Reykjavik. (see short interview with Stefánsson and press release)
First author Bjarni V. Halldórsson, also of deCODE and the University of Reykjavik, and colleagues had access to genomic data from about 150,000 Icelanders, spanning several generations, allowing them to identify new recombinations--the erroneous exchange of genomic material between strands of DNA when sperm and eggs divide--as well new mutations. Far from occurring randomly throughout the genome, it turns out that new mutations are 50 times more likely to occur in the neighborhood of recombination hotspots.
Both recombinations and mutations contribute to the diversity of humankind, but the flip side of the coin is that new mutations cause new diseases, especially the debilitating and often fatal rare diseases of early childhood. Stefánsson's group found that women and men contribute differently to these engines of diversity: more recombinations arise from eggs and more new mutations from men. The paper also identifies several regions of the genome that have especially high recombination rates.
Armed with this new map, genetic scientists will be able to develop new leads to combat human disease.
Reference
Halldorsson BV, Palsson G, Stefansson OA, Jonsson H, Hardarson MT, Eggertsson HP, Gunnarsson B, Oddsson A, Halldorsson GH, Zink F, Gudjonsson SA, Frigge ML, Thorleifsson G, Sigurdsson A, Stacey SN, Sulem P, Masson G, Helgason A, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K. Characterizing mutagenic effects of recombination through a sequence-level genetic map. Science. 2019 Jan 25;363(6425). Erratum in: Science. 2019 Feb 8;363(6427). | https://www.nshg-pm.org/Icelandic-Genome-Shows-How-Human-Variation-Arises |
Evolutionary innovations often arise from complex genetic and ecological interactions, which can make it challenging to understand retrospectively how a novel trait arose. In a long-term experiment, Escherichia coli gained the ability to use abundant citrate (Cit+) in the growth medium after ∼31,500 generations of evolution. Exploiting this previously untapped resource was highly beneficial: later Cit+ variants achieve a much higher population density in this environment. All Cit+ individuals share a mutation that activates aerobic expression of the citT citrate transporter, but this mutation confers only an extremely weak Cit+ phenotype on its own. To determine which of the other >70 mutations in early Cit+ clones were needed to take full advantage of citrate, we developed a recursive genomewide recombination and sequencing method (REGRES) and performed genetic backcrosses to purge mutations not required for Cit+ from an evolved strain. We discovered a mutation that increased expression of the dctA C4-dicarboxylate transporter greatly enhanced the Cit+ phenotype after it evolved. Surprisingly, strains containing just the citT and dctA mutations fully use citrate, indicating that earlier mutations thought to have potentiated the initial evolution of Cit+ are not required for expression of the refined version of this trait. Instead, this metabolic innovation may be contingent on a genetic background, and possibly ecological context, that enabled citT mutants to persist among competitors long enough to obtain dctA or equivalent mutations that conferred an overwhelming advantage. More generally, refinement of an emergent trait from a rudimentary form may be crucial to its evolutionary success.
- Publication:
-
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science
- Pub Date:
- February 2014
- DOI:
- 10.1073/pnas.1314561111
- Bibcode: | https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.2217Q |
RNA viruses are able to undergo two forms of recombination: RNA recombination, which (in principle) can occur in any type of RNA virus, and reassortment, which is restricted to those viruses with segmented genomes.
-
Rates of RNA recombination vary markedly among RNA viruses. Some viruses, particularly those with negative-sense single-stranded genomes, exhibit such low rates of recombination that they are effectively clonal. By contrast, some positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses and some retroviruses such as HIV exhibit high rates of recombination that can exceed the rates of mutation when measured per nucleotide.
-
Although recombination is often argued to represent a form of sexual reproduction, there is little evidence that recombination in RNA viruses evolved as a way of creating advantageous genotypes or removing deleterious mutations. In particular, there is no association between recombination frequency and the burden of a deleterious mutation. Similarly, there is little evidence that recombination could have been selected as a form of genetic repair.
-
The strongest association for rates of recombination in RNA viruses is with genome structure. Hence, negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses may recombine at low rates because of the restrictive association of genomic RNA in a ribonucleoprotein complex, as well as a lack of substrates for template switching, whereas some retroviruses recombine rapidly because their virions contain two genome copies and template switching between these copies is an inevitable part of the viral replication cycle.
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We therefore hypothesize that recombination in RNA viruses is a mechanistic by-product of the processivity of the viral polymerase that is used in replication, and that it varies with genome structure.
Abstract
Recombination occurs in many RNA viruses and can be of major evolutionary significance. However, rates of recombination vary dramatically among RNA viruses, which can range from clonal to highly recombinogenic. Here, we review the factors that might explain this variation in recombination frequency and show that there is little evidence that recombination is favoured by natural selection to create advantageous genotypes or purge deleterious mutations, as predicted if recombination functions as a form of sexual reproduction. Rather, recombination rates seemingly reflect larger-scale patterns of viral genome organization, such that recombination may be a mechanistic by-product of the evolutionary pressures acting on other aspects of virus biology.
Main
Populations of RNA viruses habitually harbour abundant genetic variability, which is in large part due to a combination of high mutation rates and large population sizes1. Although RNA viruses were initially thought to experience only limited recombination, both experimental studies and analyses of the rapidly growing database of viral gene sequences have revealed not only that recombination occurs in many families of RNA viruses, but also that it can sometimes have a major impact on their evolution, emergence and epidemiology. Indeed, recombination has been associated with the expansion of viral host range2,3, increases in virulence4, the evasion of host immunity5 and the evolution of resistance to antivirals6. However, despite the growing evidence for the action of recombination in RNA viruses, the evolutionary reasons for its occurrence remain uncertain.
The process of recombination that takes place in RNA viruses corresponds to the formation of chimeric molecules from parental genomes of mixed origin. This process can occur either within a single genomic segment (in which case, it is often referred to as RNA recombination) or, for those viruses that possess segmented genomes, as exchange of entire genomic segments between viruses (Fig. 1). This exchange is usually termed reassortment. Although RNA recombination and reassortment are mechanistically very different, both require that two or more viruses infect the same host cell. In this Review, we describe the different mechanisms of recombination in RNA viruses and the evolutionary forces that shape the diversity of recombination rates.
Models of recombination
In principle, RNA recombination can occur in all RNA viruses irrespective of whether their genomes are composed of single or multiple segments. Several models of RNA recombination have been proposed to explain the production of a genomic hybrid.
Copy choice recombination. The most widely accepted model of RNA recombination is 'copy choice' recombination7. In this process, the RNA polymerase that mediates viral replication — RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) in most RNA viruses, and reverse transcriptase (RT) in retroviruses — switches from one RNA molecule (the donor template) to another (the acceptor template) during synthesis while remaining bound to the nascent nucleic acid chain, thereby generating an RNA molecule with mixed ancestry8,9,10 (Fig. 2). Various factors influence template switching, including the extent of local sequence identity between the RNA templates, the kinetics of transcription and secondary structure in the RNA11. Secondary structure may promote template switching through stalling of the RNA polymerase during replication and by facilitating the transfer of the polymerase and the nascent nucleic acid molecule onto the acceptor RNA12.
Template switching is thought to be guided by the sequence similarity between the nascent and the acceptor nucleic acid molecules13. Accordingly, RNA recombination is usually 'homologous', as it occurs most often between regions of high sequence similarity. Interestingly, the critical sequence similarity between the two parental sequences may be present close to, although not necessarily at, the crossover site. However, exchange between different, and hence genetically dissimilar, genomic regions or between non-related RNA molecules, leading to 'non-homologous' (or illegitimate) recombination, can also occur. As non-homologous RNA recombination involves regions with little sequence similarity, it will often produce deleterious genotypes, which is probably why it is observed far less frequently than homologous recombination (Box 1).
Direct experimental approaches and bioinformatic methods that search for incongruence in phylogenetic trees have identified instances of both homologous and non-homologous RNA recombination in various RNA viruses14. Furthermore, defective interfering particles, which are virions that contain truncated viral genomes, have been observed in most viral families15,16. These truncated viral genomes are a consequence of the low processivity of RNA polymerases and are probably produced through a copy choice mechanism17.
Non-replicative RNA recombination has also been demonstrated experimentally18,19,20, albeit at a much lower frequency than copy choice recombination. During this process, recombining RNAs are cleaved at specific points and ligated to form hybrid molecules. Several enzyme-catalysed mechanisms have been proposed to explain non-replicative RNA recombination, and RNA secondary structure rather than sequence similarity is thought to be the major factor mediating this process.
Reassortment. Reassortment is the second form of genetic exchange that has been described in RNA viruses. It is restricted to viruses that possess segmented genomes, and involves packaging of segments with different ancestry into a single virion. As with RNA recombination, reassortment requires that a cell be infected with more than one virus (Fig. 1). Although reassortment does not require the physical proximity of parental genomes during replication, the packaging process that results in reassortant viruses may not be entirely random21,22,23,24.
It is possible that segmented viruses arose following the co-infection of a single cell by two or more viruses, which then evolved to function together through complementation. For example, segmented plant viruses frequently co-infect a common host25 and have a high multiplicity of infection (MOI)26,27, often leading to mixed infections. Indeed, many positive-sense single-stranded RNA ((+)ssRNA) viruses that target plants have segmented genomes which are encapsidated into separate particles; these so-called multicomponent viruses include those in the families Bromoviridae and Comoviridae, and some members of the families Virgaviridae and Secoviridae. Alternatively, segmented genomes may have evolved directly from unsegmented ones. In particular, defective interfering particles are commonly produced during the in vitro passage of RNA viruses at a high MOI, and some of these defective interfering particles could remain infectious through complementation28 and could conceivably represent incipient genome segments.
RNA recombination and reassortment may also differ in their likelihood of generating deleterious genotypes. Both processes may bring together incompatible mutations in a single genome29. This risk increases with phylogenetic distance between the parental strains but also varies according to the specific position of the recombination site with respect to genes, proteins and protein domains30. Hybrid proteins are more likely to fold and be functional when the recombination breakpoint occurs at a position that minimizes the number of disrupted interactions. Although reassortment by-passes this risk, as it involves the replacement of entire transcriptional units (that is, segments), the possibility of disrupting co-evolved intermolecular interactions remains31,32 and might be especially strong in the case of segments that encode components of multiprotein complexes.
Recombination frequencies in RNA viruses
RNA recombination and reassortment occur at highly variable frequencies in RNA viruses, although there are few instances in which precise rates of recombination per nucleotide or genome have been determined (Box 2). For example, recombination appears to occur frequently in some retroviruses33 — most notably HIV, which has an estimated recombination rate of between 1.38 × 10−4 and 1.4 × 10−5 per site per generation34,35 — and in some (+)ssRNA viruses, such as enteroviruses (of the family Picornaviridae)36 and viruses of the families Coronaviridae37, Bromoviridae38 and Potyviridae39,40. However, recombination appears to be far less frequent in other families of (+)ssRNA viruses, including the Flaviviridae, in which only occasional instances have been reported41,42,43,44. For example, in the case of hepatitis C virus (HCV), recombination frequencies of only 4 × 10−8 per site per generation were reported during co-infection experiments45. In addition, recombination has thus far not been detected in a number of (+)ssRNA viruses, including members of the families Barnaviridae, Leviviridae, and Narnaviridae and the genera Benyvirus, Cilevirus and Idaeovirus, although in some cases this may reflect the limited amount of data available.
Current data indicate that recombination is even less frequent in (–)ssRNA viruses46,47, although (–)ssRNA viruses with segmented genomes can still undergo reassortment. For example, analyses of thousands of gene sequences from influenza A virus isolates have revealed only sporadic evidence for homologous recombination in this virus, and all these instances are open to alternative explanations48. However, reassortment clearly occurs very frequently in this virus49,50,51. As discussed below, the low frequency of RNA recombination in (−)ssRNA viruses seems to reflect specific aspects of their life cycle and therefore provides important clues as to the forces controlling the evolution of recombination in RNA viruses as a whole.
Importantly, the extensive variation in recombination frequency among RNA viruses seems to correspond to a number of fundamental biological differences between them. For example, viruses that generate persistent rather than acute infections, such as HIV, may have higher rates of recombination because a single host has an increased chance of acquiring mixed infections. Similarly, ecological processes, such as whether hosts meet sufficiently regularly for co-infection to occur, must also influence recombination rates to some extent. Certain genome structures also clearly facilitate recombination. For example, the genomic organization of retroviruses favours the occurrence of genetic exchange. Retrovirus virions carry two RNA molecules, making them 'pseudodiploid'. As a consequence, viruses with different ancestries that simultaneously infect a host cell may be packaged together, producing 'heterozygous' virions and thereby enabling the production of genetically distinct progeny through copy choice recombination. It has been estimated that the RT of HIV-1 switches template 2–20 times per replication cycle, thereby exceeding the rate of mutation measured per nucleotide in this virus52,53, and making it one of the most recombinogenic of all RNA viruses. However, not all retroviruses recombine with the frequency of HIV. For example, in murine leukemia virus (MLV) and gammaretroviruses in general, recombination is 10–100 times less frequent than in HIV, despite having very similar copy choice rates.
Similarly, there is extensive variation in the rate of reassortment among viruses. Specifically, whereas many segmented viruses (such as hantaviruses54, Lassa virus55 and tenuiviruses56) exhibit relatively low levels of reassortment, this process appears to occur much more frequently in other viruses. For example, in the case of influenza A virus, at least 2–3 reassortment events occur per year57, and 2.7–5.4% of rotaviruses were found to be reassortant58,59. Indeed, in both influenza A virus and rotavirus A, the reassortment of different gene segments encoding viral envelope or surface proteins — specifically, the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A viruses, and VP7 and VP4 proteins of rotavirus A (which define the G and P genotypes, respectively) — is associated with the evasion of host immunity and, sometimes, the occurrence of epidemics58,60,61. Even higher rates of reassortment may characterize the cystoviruses, as the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between viral segments is close to zero, as expected for a completely sexual population62.
Recombination as a form of sexual reproduction
Although the wide range of recombination rates is one of the most interesting issues in the study of viral evolution, it is also one that has received little attention. As we discuss below, the central question is whether recombination functions as a form of sex in RNA viruses, so that it is selectively favoured as a means to create or purge genetic variation, or whether it is a secondary by-product of the replication process, such that the variation in its rate reflects the diversity of the genome structures and life histories exhibited by RNA viruses. Most of the discussion about the factors that might explain the evolution of recombination in RNA viruses has focused on the two major advantages of recombination over asexual evolution: recombination accelerates the rate at which advantageous genetic combinations are produced and allows a more efficient removal of deleterious mutations (Fig. 3).
Rapid creation of advantageous genotypes. Although recombination undoubtedly accelerates the rate at which advantageous genetic combinations are produced and frees advantageous mutations from deleterious genomic baggage63, it is unclear whether this provides sufficient selective advantage to make it the sole explanation for the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction64. It is also unlikely that an elevated rate of adaptive evolution is sufficiently beneficial to populations of RNA viruses for this to be the main reason for the existence of recombination. For example, although recombination can clearly assist the development of drug resistance in HIV6,65,66,67,68, most cases of antiviral resistance in this virus have been associated with the accumulation of single point mutations. Similarly, although both drug resistance and antigenic escape occur commonly in HCV, recombination has been observed only sporadically in this virus69,70,71 and is thus unlikely to be of selective importance. It may be that the mutation rates are normally so high in RNA viruses (at between 10−6 and 10−4 mutations per nucleotide per cell infection72) and the population sizes often so large (both within hosts and at the epidemiological scale) that advantageous combinations of mutations are regularly generated without the assistance of recombination.
Another aspect of the effect of recombination on the rate of adaptive evolution is 'clonal interference'. This refers to that fact that advantageous mutations will compete — and hence interfere — with each other in asexual populations such that only one beneficial mutation can be fixed at any one time73. By contrast, because advantageous mutations in sexual populations can arise in different individuals and then recombine into a single genome, adaptive evolution can proceed at a higher rate. Although clonal interference has been experimentally demonstrated in some asexual RNA viruses at large population sizes73,74,75, seemingly clonal (−)ssRNA viruses are commonplace and can cause epidemics in many species; clonal interference is therefore unlikely to be a major selection pressure for the evolution of recombination.
Purging deleterious mutations. According to a second theory, recombination constitutes an efficient way of removing deleterious mutations. The simplest form of this theory, described by Muller's ratchet, states that the continual and irreversible accumulation of deleterious mutations in small asexual populations leads to a progressive decrease in fitness, and that genetic drift accelerates the loss of mutation-free individuals76. Sexual populations would be buffered from this fitness loss. As Muller's ratchet has been demonstrated to occur in experimental populations of RNA viruses75,77,78,79,80,81, it may describe several aspects of viral evolution. However, other than at the population bottlenecks that probably occur at inter-host transmission, it is debatable whether the population sizes of RNA viruses are small enough for Muller's ratchet to be a regular occurrence.
A more popular theory for the origin of sexual reproduction based on the purging of deleterious mutations, known as the mutational deterministic hypothesis, considers infinite population sizes82,83. The mutational deterministic hypothesis requires the rate of deleterious mutations per genome replication (U) to be greater than 1. It also requires these deleterious mutations to be subject to synergistic epistasis, so that their combined effect on fitness is greater than that expected from their individual effects83. Several studies have found that the rate of acquisition of deleterious mutations is indeed high in RNA viruses, such that U > 1 may be a realistic occurrence84,85,86. However, although deleterious mutations occur frequently, there is no good evidence for the occurrence of frequent synergistic epistasis in RNA viruses, as most of the described epistatic interactions are antagonistic87,88,89,90. A high frequency of antagonistic epistasis is expected in RNA viruses because of the lack of genetic redundancy in their highly constrained genomes, such that individual proteins often perform multiple functions. Additional evidence against the mutational deterministic theory is that the burden of deleterious mutations is seemingly high in all RNA viruses, indicating that it does not depend on genome structure or, hence, the propensity for recombination86.
In summary, it seems unlikely that recombination has evolved as a means by which RNA viruses can purge deleterious mutations. Rather, the population sizes of RNA viruses may be so large that sufficient viable progeny are produced every generation to guarantee survival. In addition, large population sizes mean that the accumulation of deleterious mutations can be offset by frequent back and compensatory mutations. RNA viruses may therefore possess a population-scale robustness that protects them from the accumulation of deleterious mutations91.
Finally, it is important to note that there are also evolutionary costs associated with recombination in RNA viruses, as it is likely to increase both the degree of competition within a host92 and the extent of complementation. Complementation is particularly important because it enables defective viruses to parasitize the fully functional viruses that co-infect the same host cell, thereby allowing deleterious mutations to remain in viral populations for longer time periods. Co-infection is a prerequisite for both recombination and complementation. Interestingly, protection from co-infection has been described for numerous plant viruses93, and mechanisms that limit the co-infection of individual cells by multiple viruses have been documented in a number of other viruses, including retroviruses94, pestiviruses95 and alphaviruses96,97, some of which recombine frequently.
Non-sexual evolution of viral recombination
In contrast to the theories described above, various other theories of the evolution of recombination in RNA viruses do not consider it a form of sexual reproduction.
Repair of genetic material. One theory states that the adaptive value of recombination comes from its ability to repair genetic damage98. Indeed, early work on recombination in retroviruses suggested the existence of a 'forced copy choice' model of recombination, in which the template switch occurs when a break in the RNA template forces the RT to seek an alternative and functional template99. However, replication occurs equally often on unbroken and on broken templates100, and experimentally induced genetic damage has not been clearly associated with higher recombination rates101. Moreover, if genetic damage is the driving force behind recombination, the common exposure of viruses to oxidative stress is at odds with the strong disparities in their rates of recombination. In theory, recombination as a form of repair could be a potent mechanism in viruses with diploid or pseudodiploid genomes, such as HIV. However, the process clearly relies on high rates of multiple infection, and as this is a feature that cannot be guaranteed for all viruses, it is unlikely that there would be sufficient pressure for recombination to be selected as a repair mechanism.
Recombination as a by-product of genome organization. Several theories for the evolution of recombination in RNA viruses argue that rather than being selected for its direct fitness benefits, as is proposed by all theories in which recombination functions as a form of sex, recombination is in fact a by-product of the processivity of RNA polymerases. Under this hypothesis, the observed variation in the recombination rates is largely determined by differences in the genome organization and life cycles of RNA viruses (Table 1).
The basis of this theory is the notion that many aspects of genome organization in RNA viruses aim to control gene expression. Specifically, a major challenge for all RNA viruses is to control the levels of each protein that they produce. Many unsegmented (+)ssRNA viruses control gene expression initially at the level of translation, as this is the first step in the viral life cycle. Translation often results in a single large polyprotein that then needs to be proteolytically cleaved into individual proteins. Although this replication strategy is efficient and allows the naked RNA that is extracted from virions to be infectious in the absence of a co-packaged viral polymerase, it also means that equal amounts of each protein are produced; any difference in protein abundance must be achieved through differential polyprotein cleavage. This constraint can be overcome by dividing the viral genome into separate 'transcriptional units' that offer greater control over gene expression1. The (+)ssRNA viruses have achieved this in a variety of ways, including the use of subgenomic RNAs (as seen in the families Tymoviridae and Togaviridae and in the genus Sobemovirus), the use of ribosomal frame-shifting (as employed by the order Nidovirales) and the evolution of distinct genomic segments. In the case of segmented viruses, reassortment would then occur through the normal packaging mechanism and, hence, as a by-product of co-infection by two segmented viruses, although this does not preclude the production of selectively beneficial genetic configurations. The observation that genome segmentation is more common in (+)ssRNA viruses than in (−)ssRNA viruses supports the theory that the necessity of controlling gene expression is a key factor determining the evolution of genome organization, as (−)ssRNA viruses have more options than (+)ssRNA viruses for the control of gene expression at the level of transcription (see below). Similarly, the existence of polycistronic mRNAs in bacteria, in contrast to the monocistronic mRNAs of eukaryotes, may explain why fewer segmented viruses of bacteria have been described to date, although this may change with an increased sampling of the virosphere.
Improved control of gene expression may also explain the origin of (−)ssRNA viruses and their very low rates of recombination. In some respects, the existence of these viruses is puzzling, as they need to go through an additional transcription step before they can translate their proteins, and they also need a viral transcriptase (RdRP) to enter the host cell in addition to the RNA. However, such a life cycle opens up a powerful means to control gene expression at the level of transcription; transcription produces multiple mRNAs, which can form individual transcriptional units. Furthermore, the negative genome orientation removes the problem of having to use the same template for both translation and replication. It is also striking that the genome organizations of unsegmented (−)ssRNA viruses exhibit a common pattern, with the gene encoding the nucleocapsid (N) protein being the first to be transcribed and the gene encoding the RdRP (the L protein) being the last to be transcribed. This gene order results in a strong gradient of transcription such that more N protein is produced than L protein, probably because the enzymatic function of the L protein requires fewer copies of the protein than the number required for the structural nucleocapsid. Such a conserved gene order, and one that correlates with the amount of protein product required, strongly suggests that natural selection is operating at the level of gene expression. Indeed, experimentally changing the gene order of (−)ssRNA viruses can result in major fitness reductions102.
The low levels of recombination in (−)ssRNA viruses appear to be a direct consequence of this form of genome organization. Specifically, the genomic and antigenomic RNA molecules in viruses of this type are quickly bound to multiple nucleoprotein subunits, as well as to other proteins, to form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes from which viral replication and transcription can proceed. However, this tight complex of RNA and proteins lowers the probability of hybridization between complementary sequences in the nascent and acceptor nucleic acid molecules, and it is this hybridization that is required for the template switching that occurs during copy choice recombination. Furthermore, the specific recognition of RNP-bound RNA by the RdRP reduces the potential number of substrates for template switching. It is therefore not surprising that most of the defective interfering particles of (−)ssRNA viruses correspond to intramolecular recombination events that do not require a switch to another RNP template17. Intriguingly, 'illegitimate' recombination with a cellular mRNA has also been described in influenza A virus4. Together, these observations suggest that homologous recombination is possible in (−)ssRNA viruses but is hampered by a lack of suitable substrates. Indeed, although recombination in (−)ssRNA viruses is infrequent46, phylogenetic analyses have revealed a number of interesting cases in human respiratory syncytial virus103, Arenavirus104,105 and Ebolavirus106.
At the other end of the spectrum, recombination has been shown to be very frequent in (+)ssRNA coronaviruses such as murine hepatitis virus (MHV), for which up to 25% of the progeny of co-infected cells were found to be recombinant. Interestingly, the strategy of gene expression that is used by coronaviruses — discontinuous transcription — relies entirely on the template-switching property of the viral RdRP. Discontinuous transcription of the large unsegmented genomes of MHV and similar coronaviruses leads to the production of subgenomic negative-sense RNAs through a copy choice mechanism; these RNAs serve as templates for the production of mRNA107. This suggests that the RdRP of MHV is selected to efficiently mediate template-switching events and that the very high rates of recombination observed are a direct consequence of this particular strategy for controlling gene expression.
Last, in some retroviruses, most notably HIV, recombination rates are extremely high. The pseudodiploidy of these viruses facilitates recombination because two RNA molecules must be packaged in the same virion, thus increasing the likelihood of template switching owing to the physical proximity of the RNAs during replication. Furthermore, template switching is also an intrinsic component of the replication strategy of retroviruses. To integrate into the host genome, retroviruses convert their (+)ssRNA genome into a double-stranded (ds) DNA molecule. This generation of the dsDNA genome is not a straightforward conversion of positive-sense RNA into negative-sense DNA, followed by the synthesis of a positive-sense DNA complement; instead, two template switches, known as strong-stop strand transfers, are required to join and duplicate the long terminal repeats at the boundaries of the provirus. However, whereas strong-stop strand transfers occur only at specific positions, copy choice template switching may occur at any position in the retroviral genome.
The occurrence of pseudodiploidy and frequent template switching might suggest that these processes have been selected for to increase recombination rates in retroviruses, but recombination rates in fact differ greatly between retroviruses in a manner that reflects other aspects of viral biology. For example, genome dimerization for HIV probably occurs randomly in the cytoplasm. By contrast, genome dimerization for MLV takes place in the nucleus, close to the transcription sites, and leads mostly to self-associations rather than the associations between genetically different parental molecules that would be needed for recombination108. More generally, both diploidy and complementation allow deleterious mutations to be masked (in the case of diploidy, as recessive mutations), and this may provide an explanation for the evolution of diploidy109,110,111. Importantly, however, there is no evidence that the rate of deleterious mutation in HIV differs from that seen in 'haploid' (+)ssRNA and (−)ssRNA viruses.
Conclusions
Understanding the evolution of recombination remains one of the most challenging problems in biology. We suggest that it is optimistic to believe that a single explanation applies to all organisms and that the precise mechanisms of recombination must be understood in each case. In particular, although it is clear that recombination is a key aspect of sexual reproduction in most cellular species, such that its evolution can be discussed in terms of the generation and removal of specific types of mutation, we argue that this does not seem to be the case in RNA viruses. Indeed, it is striking that high levels of recombination appear to be a sporadic occurrence in RNA viruses, such that they cannot be universally advantageous, whereas theories for the evolution of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes attempt to explain recombination and clonality on the assumption that these are common and sporadic, respectively63. Rather, a review of the available data suggests that the differing rates of recombination and reassortment that characterize RNA viruses may reflect the mechanistic constraints that are associated with particular genome structures and viral life cycles. If this hypothesis is upheld, then recombination should be considered a mechanistic by-product of RNA polymerase processivity (a trait that varies according to the genomic architecture of the virus in question) and not as a trait that is optimized by natural selection for its own selective value, although it may on occasion generate beneficial genotypes (Box 3). It is important to note that RNA viruses produce large numbers of progeny and that this, rather than recombination, is more likely to be the key to their evolutionary survival, as it buffers them from the adverse effects of the accumulation of deleterious mutations and regularly produces advantageous mutations. However, it is equally clear that our knowledge of recombination and its determinants remains patchy for most RNA viruses, such that far more data are needed for a definitive understanding of the evolution of recombination. For example, it will be important to accurately measure recombination rates in viruses that differ markedly in their strategies for controlling gene expression. Fortunately, the development of next-generation sequencing methods is likely to facilitate the acquisition of data that will lead to important new insights into the causes and consequences of recombination in this major class of infectious agent.
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Acknowledgements
E.C.H. is supported in part by US National Institutes of Health grant R01GM080533.
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FURTHER INFORMATION
Glossary
- Genomic segment
-
An independently replicating RNA molecule. RNA viruses can possess either a single segment (such that they are unsegmented) or multiple segments. Those with multiple segments may experience reassortment.
- Defective interfering particles
-
Defective viruses (usually possessing long genome deletions) that compete, and hence interfere, with fully functional viruses for cellular resources.
- Virions
-
The final mature virus particles containing the RNA genome and the full set of proteins.
- Processivity
-
A measure of the average number of nucleotides added by a polymerase enzyme per association–disassociation with the template during replication.
- Packaging
-
The process by which the nucleic acid genome and other essential virion components are inserted in the structural core or shell of a virus particle.
- Complementation
-
The process by which a defective virus can parasitize a fully functional virus that is infecting the same cell; the defective virus 'steals' the proteins of the functional virus to restore its own fitness.
- Multiplicity of infection
-
(MOI). The ratio of viruses to the number of cells that are infected.
- Breakpoint
-
The site in the genome sequence at which a recombination event has occurred. Phylogenetic trees are incongruent on either side of the breakpoint.
- Linkage disequilibrium
-
(LD). The nonrandom association between alleles at two or more loci, being indicative of a lack of recombination. Recombination reduces LD.
- Clonal interference
-
The process by which beneficial mutations compete, and hence interfere, with each other as they proceed toward fixation.
- Epistasis
-
An interaction between mutations such that their combined effect on fitness is different to that expected from their stand-alone effects. Depending on the nature of the deviation, epistasis can be either antagonistic (positive) or synergistic (negative).
- Genetic redundancy
-
The situation in which a specific phenotype is determined by more than one gene, such as members of multigene families.
- Robustness
-
The constancy of a phenotype in the face of pressure from a deleterious mutation.
- Provirus
-
The DNA form of a retroviral genome that is integrated into the genetic material of a host cell.
- Genome dimerization
-
A non-covalent process by which retroviruses carry two RNA genomes in the virion.
- Sequence space
-
All possible mutational combinations that are present in DNA or amino acid sequence data.
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Simon-Loriere, E., Holmes, E. Why do RNA viruses recombine?. Nat Rev Microbiol 9, 617–626 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2614
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There are five key mechanisms that cause a population, a group of interacting organisms of a single species, to exhibit a change in allele frequency from one generation to the next. These are evolution by: mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection (previously discussed here).
What are the 3 main mechanisms that can cause changes in allele frequency?
Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow are the mechanisms that cause changes in allele frequencies over time.
What are the 3 major factors that alter allele frequency and bring about evolutionary change?
The three mechanisms that directly alter allele frequencies to bring about evolutionary change are natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Natural selection is based on differential reproductive success. Individuals in a population vary in their heritable traits.
What are 3 causes of genetic variation?
Genetic variation can be caused by mutation (which can create entirely new alleles in a population), random mating, random fertilization, and recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (which reshuffles alleles within an organism’s offspring).
Which factors can change allelic frequency?
Allele frequencies of a population can be changed by natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutation and genetic recombination. They are referred to as forces of evolution.
What are the three mechanisms of evolution?
They are: mutation, non-random mating, gene flow, finite population size (genetic drift), and natural selection.
What are the factors affecting the changes in evolution?
Evolution is a consequence of the interaction of four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for an environment’s limited supply of the resources that individuals need in order to …
What are the three parts of natural selection?
The essence of Darwin’s theory is that natural selection will occur if three conditions are met. These conditions, highlighted in bold above, are a struggle for existence, variation and inheritance. These are said to be the necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection to occur.
What are 4 mechanisms of evolution?
Those factors are natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and migration (gene flow).
How do mutations make changes in DNA?
A mutation is a change in a genetic sequence. Mutations include changes as small as the substitution of a single DNA building block, or nucleotide base, with another nucleotide base. Meanwhile, larger mutations can affect many genes on a chromosome.
What are the three sources of genetic variation in meiosis?
The three main sources of genetic variation arising from sexual reproduction are: Crossing over (in prophase I) Random assortment of chromosomes (in metaphase I) Random fusion of gametes from different parents.
Which of the following will cause allele frequencies to change from one generation to the next?
Random selection: When individuals with certain genotypes survive better than others, allele frequencies may change from one generation to the next. No mutation: If new alleles are produced by mutation or if alleles mutate at different rates, allele frequencies may change from one generation to the next.
What causes genetic variation?
Mutations, the changes in the sequences of genes in DNA, are one source of genetic variation. Another source is gene flow, or the movement of genes between different groups of organisms. Finally, genetic variation can be a result of sexual reproduction, which leads to the creation of new combinations of genes.
What is the frequency of allele?
An allele frequency is calculated by dividing the number of times the allele of interest is observed in a population by the total number of copies of all the alleles at that particular genetic locus in the population. Allele frequencies can be represented as a decimal, a percentage, or a fraction.
How do mutations change allele frequencies?
In every generation, the frequency of the A2 allele (q) will increase by up due to forward mutation. At the same time, the frequency of A2 will decrease by vq due to the backward mutation. The net change in A2 will depend on the difference between the gain in A2 and the loss in A2.
What are the five factors that influence allele frequency describe each of them?
Five factors are known to affect Hardy- Weinberg genetic equilibrium such as genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, non-random mating and natural selection. | https://undiagnosedbutokay.com/genetic-diseases/what-are-the-three-major-factors-that-can-cause-changes-in-allele-frequencies-briefly-explain-each.html |
How does the process of natural selection affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Explain. List the other four factors that disturb the equilibrium.
Certain factors that affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and leads to evolution are as follow:
(i)Gene Migration or Gene Flow
New genes or alleles are added to new population and are lost from old population inturn changing the gene frequencies. This is called gene migration. When gene migration happens multiple times, it is called gene flow.
(ii)Genetic Drift
It refers to a random gene frequency change and occurs only by chance. At times, the change in allele frequency is so different in the new sample of population that they become a different species. '
The original drifted population becomes the founder and the effect is called founder effect.
(iii)Mutation
The sudden change in appearance or variations in an individual or a population are called mutations. They lead to the new phenotypes.
Though mutations are random and occur at very slow rates, they are sufficient to create considerable genetic variations for speciation to occur.
(iv)Genetic Recombination
When the alleles of parental linkage groups separate and new associations of alleles are formed due to crossing over during gametogenesis. This process is known as genetic recombination. | https://ask.learncbse.in/t/how-does-the-process-of-natural-selection-affect-hardy-weinberg/11003 |
Rare hereditary gene mutations pose a significant risk of autism
A number of rare inherited genetic variants have been identified in families with children diagnosed with autism.
Researchers from the University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, discovered that ultra-rare genetic variants affecting 163 genes were present in the genomes of children with autism and at least one of their unaffected parents. These genetic variants are so rare that each one appeared exclusively in the genetic sequence of only one family featuring an child with autism, and are called private variants. Previously, these genes had not been associated with autism, a developmental condition that influences a person's communication and social skills, affecting around one percent of people in the UK.
'While most autism studies focus on de novo mutations, this study focuses on rare inherited mutations, which are often understudied in autism' Dr Amy Wilfert, lead author of the study told News Medical Life Sciences.
De novo gene mutations are present only in the genomes of children with autism and not in their parents. They arise from random mutations in the parents' gametes or during early embryonic development. However, these de novo mutations do no explain why autism can be hereditary and why some families have multiple children with autism.
This study examined the genome sequences of 3474 families that had at least one child with autism and focused specifically on gene variations that were likely to disable the gene it was present on. These were termed as 'likely-gene disruptive' variants in the study. They then repeated this analysis on genomes from an existing dataset of 5879 families which brought the total number of genomes analysed to 34,880. Their results were published in Nature Genetics.
The presence of one of these ultra-rare inherited genetic variations was found to increase the risk of a child having autism by 4.5 percent but did not cause autism in any of the parents who had it. This suggests that other factors either genetic or environmental must also be present in order for the children to have autism.
The results of the study support the theory that autism develops due to multiple factors. 'Our study suggests that one inherited mutation is not enough, you need at least one other mutation to push a child over the threshold required to be diagnosed with autism.' said Dr Wilfert.
Further research is required to understand how the genes affected and the gene variations discovered could play a role in the development of autism. | https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_158143 |
21.22 Alfred Knudson proposed that retinoblastoma results from two separate genetic defects, both of which are necessary for cancer to develop.
additional mutations are required to produce cancer, and the cancer will tend to run in families. The idea that cancer results from multiple mutations turns out to be correct for most cancers.
Knudson's genetic theory for cancer has been confirmed by the identification of genes that, when mutated, cause cancer. Today, we recognize that cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease, although few cancers are actually inherited. Most tumors arise from somatic mutations that accumulate during our life span, either through spontaneous mutation or in response to environmental mutagens.
The clonal evolution of tumors Cancer begins when a single cell undergoes a mutation that causes the cell to divide at an abnormally rapid rate. The cell proliferates, giving rise to a clone of cells, each of which carries the same mutation. Because the cells of the clone divide more rapidly than normal, they soon outgrow other cells. Additional mutations that arise in the clone may further enhance the ability of those cells to proliferate, and cells carrying both mutations soon become dominant in the clone. Eventually, they may be overtaken by cells that contain yet more muta tions that enhance proliferation. In this process, called clonal evolution, the tumor cells acquire more mutations that allow them to become increasingly more aggressive in their proliferative properties (I Figure 21.23).
The rate of clonal evolution depends on the frequency with which new mutations arise. Any genetic defect that allows more mutations to arise will accelerate cancer progression. Genes that regulate DNA repair are often found to have been mutated in the cells of advanced cancers, and inherited disorders of DNA repair are usually characterized by increased incidences of cancer. Because DNA repair mechanisms normally eliminate many of the mutations that arise, without DNA repair, mutations are more likely to persist in all genes, including those that regulate cell division. Xeroderma pigmentosum, for example, is a rare disorder caused by a defect in DNA repair (see p. 000 in Chapter 17). People with this condition have elevated rates of skin cancer when exposed to sunlight (which induces mutation).
Mutations in genes that affect chromosome segregation also may contribute to the clonal evolution of tumors. Many cancer cells are aneuploid, and it is clear that chromosome mutations contribute to cancer progression by
A cell is predisposed to proliferate at an abnormally high rate.
Second mutation
A cell is predisposed to proliferate at an abnormally high rate.
Second mutation x. x. x
A second mutation causes the cell to divide rapidly.
Third mutation
A second mutation causes the cell to divide rapidly.
10 Ways To Fight Off Cancer
Learning About 10 Ways Fight Off Cancer Can Have Amazing Benefits For Your Life The Best Tips On How To Keep This Killer At Bay Discovering that you or a loved one has cancer can be utterly terrifying. All the same, once you comprehend the causes of cancer and learn how to reverse those causes, you or your loved one may have more than a fighting chance of beating out cancer. | https://www.guwsmedical.info/eukaryotic-cells/info-nyi.html |
What does a Healthcare Social Worker do?
Provide individuals, families, and groups with the psychosocial support needed to cope with chronic, acute, or terminal illnesses. Services include advising family care givers, providing patient education and counseling, and making referrals for other services. May also provide care and case management or interventions designed to promote health, prevent disease, and address barriers to access to healthcare.
Jobs Roles
- Collaborate with other professionals to evaluate patients' medical or physical condition and to assess client needs.
- Investigate child abuse or neglect cases and take authorized protective action when necessary.
- Refer patient, client, or family to community resources to assist in recovery from mental or physical illness and to provide access to services such as financial assistance, legal aid, housing, job placement or education.
- Counsel clients and patients in individual and group sessions to help them overcome dependencies, recover from illness, and adjust to life.
- Organize support groups or counsel family members to assist them in understanding, dealing with, and supporting the client or patient.
- Advocate for clients or patients to resolve crises.
- Identify environmental impediments to client or patient progress through interviews and review of patient records.
- Utilize consultation data and social work experience to plan and coordinate client or patient care and rehabilitation, following through to ensure service efficacy.
- Modify treatment plans to comply with changes in clients' status.
- Monitor, evaluate, and record client progress according to measurable goals described in treatment and care plan.
- Supervise and direct other workers providing services to clients or patients.
- Develop or advise on social policy and assist in community development.
- Oversee Medicaid- and Medicare-related paperwork and recordkeeping in hospitals.
- Conduct social research to advance knowledge in the social work field.
- Plan and conduct programs to combat social problems, prevent substance abuse, or improve community health and counseling services.
- Plan discharge from care facility to home or other care facility. | https://okjobs.co.za/occupation/what-does-a-healthcare-social-worker-do |
What are Social Determinants of Health and why should you care?
What are Social Determinants of Health and why should you care?
By Cindy Stickel RN, BA, CCM / Faith Community Nurse, Penrose-St. Francis-Mission Outreach
The Colorado Trust (http://www.coloradotrust.org/) defines Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) as “factors that can either positively or negatively impact the ability for all Coloradans to lead healthy, productive lives…important aspects that influence overall health.”
The World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/en/) describes SDOH as “circumstances into which people are born, live, work, and age; and the systems put in place to deal with illness…”
Simply stated, SDOH are those social factors that affect health and the ability to be healthy.
You are affected by SDOH, either in a positive or negative way. For example, studies show that health tends to follow class systems: the higher the social position, the better the health.
60% of your health is determined by your behavior, environment, and social status. That is followed by 20% genetics and 20% healthcare access.
What are some of the Social Determinants of Health that impact your overall wellbeing?
- Your biology and genes: health challenges or advantages
- Personal health practices and coping skills: your ability to make choices that prevent disease
- Your income and social status: strong relationship between your health and your social standing
- Your education and literacy: highest level of education and ability to read affects your health
- Your gender: demands that society puts on different genders and sexual orientation
- Your access to healthcare
- Food stability and your access to nutritious foods
- Employment/working conditions: job security, safety, job benefits
- Social environments: social support from your family/friends, church or faith community
- Spiritual support: Whole wellness includes your mind, body, and spirit. Many health issues stem from a lack of spiritual support like loneliness, isolation, hopelessness, fear.
- Your physical environment: stable and safe housing, transportation, air and water quality, neighborhoods; studies have shown an enormous impact on health: The average life expectancy in the homeless population is 42-52 years compared to 78 in the general population…a 30-year discrepancy!
- Healthy child development: your early experiences affect brain development and school readiness – which carries into adulthood.
- Your culture: language barriers, access to culturally appropriate healthcare and services
Last year, the Penrose-St. Francis Faith Community Nurses conducted a study, looking at what social factors affect clients’ health. After meeting with visitors at the Neighborhood Nurse Center at Tri-Lakes Cares, the results were troubling:
- 52% had no income or were living on a fixed income, such as social security or disability
- 71% had food insecurity (reported times of not having enough food to eat)
- 45% lacked consistent transportation resources
- 40% lacked access to a primary health care provider
As you can see, our clients noted being significantly impacted by several SDOH, including jobs/income, access to food, transportation, and healthcare.
This is surprising data, but what can we do in response?
Well, first and foremost, Faith Community Nurses cannot solve these issues alone. We collaborate with local community service organizations, like Tri-Lakes Cares, and work as a team. This partnership brings together diverse services under one roof for the underserved people living in northern El Paso County, who often don’t have access to services in Colorado Springs. It takes community partnerships to address the effects that social factors play on our neighbors’ health.
Understanding and addressing SDOH is essential to provide equitable, effective, and high quality holistic care to those we serve.
At Tri-Lakes Cares, we’ve created and improved programs to reduce poverty and factors leading to crisis. We provide a hand up during a crisis, and increase access to resources like food, clothing, housing, and transportation.
Penrose-St. Francis Faith Community Nurses at Tri-Lakes Cares serve as part of this team. We strive to improve medical services, coordinate access to healthcare, including medical, dental, mental health, and provide emotional and spiritual support – focusing on community wellness.
Together, we provide a holistic model of health, addressing the various levels of need: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual!
As a team we refer clients to appropriate resources depending on particular needs, using staff and volunteer strengths and expertise. For example, a client may come in for food from the pantry, but a thorough assessment by the case managers and/or the nurse results in them leaving with much more, like prescription assistance, access to medical care, utility or rent assistance.
Every client we see, we ask the question, ‘How can we help?’ And ‘How can we as a community team address the needs today and plan for the future?’ in order to positively affect the wellbeing of our clients, and thus, improve their ability to be healthier and stronger.
That is the ultimate goal as we think about Social Determinants of Health.
ABOUT CINDY STICKEL
Cindy Stickel is a Penrose-St. Francis Faith Community Nurse who staffs the Neighborhood Nurse Center at Tri-Lakes Cares in Monument. She is part of a team of six Faith Community Nurses who are assigned to community service agencies throughout El Paso County, bringing the Centura Mission to life in the community by encouraging health and healing, advocating for the most vulnerable, building relationships with neighbors in the community, reaching out and listening to those who are hurting, and creating hope. | https://tri-lakescares.org/tag/equity/ |
Occupational Groups:
- Human Settlements (Shelter, Housing, Land, Property)
- Managerial positions
- Closing Date:
Background/IRC Summary: The mission of the International Rescue Committee (IRC) is to help people whose lives and livelihoods are shattered by conflict and disaster to survive, recover and gain control of their future. Founded in 1933, the IRC has a presence in over 45 countries and 24 offices in the United States; the IRC leads the way from harm to home.
Job Overview/Summary: Under the direction of the San Jose Director, the Resettlement Manager is responsible for the overall management and supervision of IRC’s resettlement programming under the federally funded Reception and Placement program for newly arriving refugees. This position is responsible for ensuring high quality case management services are delivered to clients, compliance with contract requirements and that reports are completed in a timely manner. In addition, this position oversees the coordination of housing and logistics services related to resettlement and new refugee arrivals, as well as AORs and language access. This position also assists with general office administration including office leadership activities, staff training, events, grant oversight and management, and relationship building with external partners.
Major Responsibilities:
Program Oversight
· Manage the Reception and Placement Program as required under the US State Department’s Bureau of Population and Refugee Migration (PRM) Cooperative Agreement; Ensure program compliance, including the expenditure of direct assistance and flex funding;
· Ensure that all programs meet required grant outcomes, provide high-quality client care, and maintain data and documentation per funder requirements;
· Monitor provision of services through regular and systematic file reviews, client interviews, ETO touchpoints and field visits, to ensure compliance with donor requirements and provision of quality services.
· Oversee client surveys and ensure consistent and timely case file documentation;
· Collaborate with regional AOR and P-3s POCs for completion of applications;
· Ensure proper planning for increased numbers of arrivals, including the development of housing and case management relationships in new areas.
· Ensure language access for all clients and equitable program access and service provision for all clients;
· Develop and maintain necessary community relationships. Coordinate and attend Quarterly Consultations and other community meetings, meet with local partners and coordinate services with appropriate agencies and organizations including: Resettlement Agencies, Social Services agencies, the Refugee Health Clinic, and other local service providers;
· Work effectively with a team of Program Manager peers to ensure integrated, aligned programming;
· Sustain and grow the Resettlement Department through grant writing, coordination and integration of services and the participation of other resource development efforts;
· Oversee budget and approve expenses on Reception and Placement, and other resettlement-related funds, ensuring costs are maintained within allocated budgets.
· Provide guidance and support to other casework programs within San Jose office such as VOT, APB, and ICM
Staff Supervision
· Supervise, guide, and support staff providing direct services to clients through feedback and training when necessary to ensure staff have positive output in their daily activities.
· Assist with hiring, onboarding and training of new staff
· Assess, evaluate, and report program and staff performance and escalate issues requiring additional attention.
· Ensure compliance of self and team with all policies, procedures and protocols of the agency.
· Meet regularly (at least once per week) with direct report staff and approve timesheets.
· Supervise a team of staff, including managing performance, creating staff development plans, sharing time and credit, creating a collaborative environment, impacting critical decisions, and promoting accountability;
· Responsible for the direct supervision of R&P staff members, including the Caseworkers, Housing and Logistics, Casework Assistants and Interpreters;
· Provide regular individual supervision, coaching/mentoring, and performance feedback;
· Create effective new staff onboarding and training materials; help to ensure strong, standardized onboarding systems and regular guidance and training;
· Promote diversity and inclusion within the team and within the larger San Jose office;
Other Responsibilities
· Serve as a key member of San Jose’s leadership team, participating in strategic and office-wide discussions and processes;
· Participate in all program meetings, staff development activities, and fully engages as a member of the team;
· Comply with all policies, procedures and protocols of the agency;
· Work to promote an equitable and inclusive office environment;
· Other related duties as assigned;
Key Working Relationships:
Position Reports to: San Jose Director
Position directly supervises: Coordinators, Caseworkers, Housing and Logistics Caseworker, Casework Assistants, and Interpreters.
Job Requirements:
- Bachelor’s Degree in related field required;
- 5+ years of progressively responsible experience delivering social service programming such as case management, job training, health and human services, and related program areas;
- Experience with resettlement services, preferred;
- 4+ years of supervisory experience of a multi-person, diverse staff required;
- A track record of successful grant supervision required;
- Experience managing a federally-funded program with significant case file documentation required;
- Experience with immigrant and refugee populations strongly preferred;
- Ability to speak a refugee language preferred;
- Excellent communication/teaching skills, both oral and written;
- Ability to work with limited English speaking populations;
- Familiarity with computer programs including: MS Word, Power Point, Access and Excel.
Working Environment: Standard office environment; some travel in and around the service delivery area required
COVID-19 Vaccination Requirement: In accordance with IRC’s duty to provide and maintain a workplace that is free of known hazards and our commitment to safeguard the health of our employees, clients, and communities, IRC requires candidates who are selected for interview to furnish proof of vaccination against COVID-19 in order to be considered for this position.
Commitment to Diversity and Inclusivity: IRC is committed to building a diverse organization and a climate of inclusivity. We strongly encourage applications from candidates who can demonstrate that they can contribute to this goal.
Equal Opportunity Employer: We are an equal opportunity employer and value diversity at our company. We do not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, sex, gender, gender expression, sexual orientation, age, marital status, veteran status, or disability status. We will ensure that individuals with disabilities are provided reasonable accommodation to participate in the job application or interview process, to perform essential job functions, and to receive other benefits and privileges of employment. Please contact us to request accommodation.US Benefits: We offer a comprehensive and highly competitive set of benefits. In the US, these include: 10 sick days, 10 US holidays, 20-25 paid time off days depending on role and tenure, medical insurance starting at $120 per month, dental starting at $7 per month, and vision starting at $5 per month, FSA for healthcare and commuter costs, a 403b retirement savings plans with immediately vested matching, disability & life insurance, and an Employee Assistance Program which is available to our staff and their families to support counseling and care in times of crisis and mental health struggles. | https://www.impactpool.org/jobs/864807 |
Adult Mental Health
Mental health symptoms can have a significant impact on all aspects of a person’s life including relationships, family functioning, work, leisure time, and overall quality of life. Tri-County Behavioral Healthcare offers an array of mental health services, resources, and referrals to help you make positive changes.
Tri-County has transitioned to a 'walk-in' intake process. The walk-in clinic provides quicker access to a mental health clinician to determine if you are eligible for services than the previous method of scheduling appointments. You will see a mental health clinician at walk-in, but you will not see a prescriber that day and you will not receive same day medication. If eligible, your appointment with a prescriber will be scheduled on another day, generally within two weeks.
As is the case with all walk-in processes, you will likely have to wait to be seen the day you walk-in. You are encouraged to arrive 30 minutes before the intake time listed below.
Outpatient Walk-In Hours:
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Clinic
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Days
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Times
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Conroe
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Monday-Thursday
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9:30am – 11:00am
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Cleveland
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Monday, Wednesday
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8:00am - 10:00am
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Huntsville
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Tuesday, Thursday
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8:00am - 10:00am
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Liberty
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Tuesday, Thursday
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8:00am - 10:00am
Access and Intake
To access mental health services, follow these steps:
Step 1:Come to one of our outpatient clinics during walk-in hours. During walk-in, you will:
- Meet with a Financial Specialist to complete a Financial Assessment.
- Meet with a mental health professional to complete a brief mental health screening.
During the screening, you will be asked some basic questions about your current symptoms and history in order to determine if you may be eligible for services. From there, you may be scheduled for an Intake Evaluation. You may be offered a same day evaluation if available; however, we can also offer appointments for a later date, as needed.
Please note: We are unable to provide medications through the walk-in clinic or during the Intake Evaluation. You will not be prescribed medication until your first visit with a prescriber.
If you are scheduled for an evaluation:
Step 2: Attend your scheduled Intake Evaluation. This evaluation may last approximately 1 to 1.5 hours. During the evaluation you will meet with a mental health professional to discuss your symptoms and history in further detail. At the end of your evaluation you may:
- Be scheduled for an appointment to meet with a prescriber and case manager;
- Be placed on our mental health waiting list until further services are available; or
- Be referred to a more appropriate provider for further services.
If you are scheduled with a prescriber:
Step 3: Attend your initial psychiatric appointment. This appointment may last 1.5 to 2 hours. During this appointment you will meet with a psychiatrist or nurse practitioner, a nurse, and a case manager. You will need to be present for all steps in this process.
Eligibility
NOTE: Eligibility for ongoing outpatient services is determined after completing a Health and Human Services Commission assessment tool called the Adult Needs and Strengths Assessment (ANSA). The ANSA will be administered to determine eligibility and service offerings.
In order to be eligible for adult mental health services, you must meet the following criteria:
- Currently reside in Montgomery, Liberty, or Walker counties
- Meet diagnostic criteria for Major Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, or Schizoaffective Disorder or other qualifying diagnosis as determined during the Intake Evaluation
- Age 18 or older
If you are unsure if you are eligible for services, please come into one of our outpatient clinics during walk-in hours to be assessed for services.
Documents Requested
We ask that you bring the following documents when you come in for walk-in hours:
- Picture ID (if available)
- Social Security Card (if you have one)
- Proof of Income
- Proof of Insurance (if you have it)
- Proof of Residence in Montgomery, Liberty or Walker County
- Proof of Guardianship (for adults with a legal guardian)
Core Services Available
Tri-County offers an array of mental health services for eligible individuals. Your eligibility for specific services is based upon an assessment and current availability. Services offered include:
Medication Management
Medication services are provided to all eligible individuals who have a need for medication to address symptoms related to mental health. Prescriptions may be filled through your pharmacy or through the East Texas Behavioral Healthcare Network. You can expect to meet with a prescriber periodically to discuss symptoms, side effects, and current medication regimen. After the initial appointment, follow-ups will generally last approximately 15 minutes.
Case Management
Case management services are provided to all individuals served. Case managers will work collaboratively with you to identify needs and strengths, monitor how you are responding to treatment, collaborate with you to identify goals and develop a plan for your treatment and recovery plan, link you to other community agencies, and help to plan for discharge from Tri-County at the end of treatment.
Adult Rehabilitation Services
Adult Rehabilitation services are offered to individuals served based upon eligibility and availability of the service. Services involve a combination of case management and skills training to assist individuals in improving daily functioning. Services are provided in homes, community settings, and Tri-County facilities. You will collaborate with staff to develop a recovery plan. Skills training services may include:
- Skills for managing daily responsibilities (paying bills, attending school, and performing chores)
- Communication Skills
- Pro-Social Skills
- Problem-Solving Skills
- Assertiveness Skills
- Social skills and expanding support network
- Stress Reduction
- Anger management
- Skills to manage symptoms
- Skills to identify and utilize community resources
- Skills to identify and utilize acceptable leisure time activities
- Independent Living Skills
- Coordination Services
- Employment related Services
- Housing Related Services
- Medication related services
- Crisis related services
Supported Housing
Supported Housing services are provided to individuals who need assistance in locating and maintaining a place to live. This may involve locating a safe, affordable living arrangement and providing skills training and assistance to meet the requirements of living in a residence independently.
Supported Employment
Supported Employment services are provided to individuals who need assistance in obtaining and maintaining employment. This may involve training in finding and keeping a job and support in responding to various employment challenges that arise.
Many other specialty services may be available to a person seeking assistance which are determined by criteria which vary by program. Further evaluations may be required for these services.
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Have questions about our Adult MH Services?
View our Adult MH Services Frequently Asked Questions »
Please visit our Links page for access to affiliated organizations and other relevant external resources. | http://www.tcmhmrs.org/adult-mental-health |
Monica Griego, executive director of the United Way of Northern New Mexico (UWNNM), is clear on her organization’s role in the region: "The United Way of Northern New Mexico empowers partners and encourages philanthropy to respond to critical needs and advance an improved quality of life in Northern New Mexico communities," she says. "Working in a united way, we facilitate giving, advocacy, volunteerism, mentorship and service integration across Los Alamos and Rio Arriba counties.”
UWNNM’s model is to coordinate, fund and support other nonprofits working in three main focus areas: food assistance and housing, youth education and mentoring, and behavioral health and family support.
Laboratory employees have supported the United Way of Northern New Mexico as part of the Lab’s annual giving campaign every year since 1954, and Laboratory operators have supported the organization with their own contributions since 2014.
This year's major award from Triad has allowed UWNNM to continue its multi-year plan to strengthen the nonprofit sector through capacity building and collaborations, and support youth empowerment. Triad’s contribution has been especially important this year, as UWNNM was heavily involved in emergency relief efforts for those affected by the wildfires in the region in May.
Building a stronger nonprofit sector in Rio Arriba and Los Alamos
Some of the Triad funding went to support the UNITE! Nonprofit Network, which brought 56 nonprofit organizations together to host a regional Spring Nonprofit Expo to improve local coordination of direct services and directly engage 3,000 families.
The nonprofit agencies involved provide health, behavioral health programs, food deliveries, and educational support services across Northern New Mexico.
"UWNNM is facilitating nonprofit organization collaboration and is raising awareness of existing resources and programs available in the northern New Mexico's nonprofit sector," says Griego.
Helping people access the help they need
The 2-1-1 of Northern New Mexico service is an comprehensive online database of more than 200 services from over 400 public and non-profit health and human service organizations in northern New Mexico, supported by UWNNM. It also offers a telephone non-emergency resource hotline that provides callers with resources and contacts for a range of assistance from basic needs to education and mental health issues.
This year's Triad's support provided direct training about the service to 225 law enforcement, fire departments, and healthcare first responder personnel, increasing utilization of the hotline by 50%.
Live United Youth Program
The final program supported by Triad's award to the UWNNM aims to provide around 100 college students with opportunities to help their community. The Live United Youth Program engages young adults to provide volunteer support to Rio Arriba’s rural libraries, youth cultural and arts programs, STEM educational programs, and drug prevention programs.
More than 30 agencies and nonprofits are partners, including El Rito Library, Truchas Services Center and the Embudo Valley Library and Community Center.
"The Live United Youth Program will create a nexus of student leaders and youth serving nonprofit agencies," says Griego. "The participants organize volunteer and fundraising events for youth-serving agencies that provide resources, tutoring, mentorship, counseling, and food/clothing supplies to other students and their families." | https://discover.lanl.gov/publications/connections/2022-october/uwnnm-profile |
Each week, we receive requests from local nonprofits for financial support due to the COVID-19 crisis. We are so humbled and grateful that we have been able to quickly respond to organizations providing basic needs for so many in our community.
Last week, we funded four additional organizations:
Island Food Pantry
Grant amount: $5,000
Funds will be used to ensure continued access to food on Martha’s Vineyard. We recognize the increased need and the increased costs associated with changing their service delivery model to accommodate public health safety precautions.
Health Imperatives
Grant amount: $5,000
Funds will be used to ensure that eligible individuals and families are aware of the benefits of the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program and have access to services quickly.
Housing Assistance Corporation (HAC)
Grant amount: $3,000
Funds will be used to ensure that the four family homeless shelters HAC operates are appropriately prepared with needed items to respond to the COVID 19 crisis. This includes providing staff with personal protective equipment, food for residents and other costs associated with maintaining safe access to housing are critical for those families that rely on these services.
Duffy Health Center
Grant amount: $5,000
Funds will be used to ensure that individuals experiencing homelessness have access to daily meals.
In previous weeks, the Cape and Islands United Way provided support through the COVID-19 Community Response Fund to six additional nonprofit organizations:
Lower Cape Outreach Council - to provide much needed food and other supplies as the organization transitions to mobile food pantries
CapeAbilities - to provide food, access to technology, personal protective equipment and other necessary supplies for residents and staff support individuals with disabilities in residential programs
Cape Kids Meals - to provide weekend food bags to school-aged youth in need
YMCA Cape Cod - to support their work as child care providers for essential employees of Cape Cod Healthcare and other healthcare organizations. The Y will operate those child care centers at 4 locations across the Cape and can serve up to 40 children at each location
Cape Cod Council of Churches - to support their work with low income and at-risk individuals and families through two of their programs: Faith Family Kitchen and A Baby Center
Nantucket Interfaith Council - for a meal delivery service to replace their food pantry, and for rental assistance as more Islanders are requesting assistance
How you can help
Together we are making an impact on the Cape and Islands to mitigate the fallout from this worldwide pandemic. Your contribution to the Community Response Fund is allowing us to work with our collaborators to address critical issues. It is so heartening in these times of crisis to see our community rise up and Live United. Together we can make a powerful difference. | https://www.capeandislandsuw.org/post/more-funding-dispersed-for-food-and-safe-housing |
Healthcare doesn’t just happen in a hospital. Our overall health is dependent on much more than doctors and medicines and therapies and procedures. It’s about having access to nutritious foods and dependable shelter, making connections with public and nonprofit services, and relaying reliable information when it comes to physical and mental wellbeing. We are all increasingly connected; and in many ways, our individual health is only as strong as that of the community around us. As the pandemic has made abundantly clear, the gaps in access to care in Southern California, especially among our minority populations, are as wide as they have ever been.
According to America’s Health Rankings, a state-by-state assessment of the nation’s health put together by the United Health Foundation, California ranks 48th in access to primary care providers and 49th for severe housing problems. That’s why San Diego-area healthcare providers, nonprofits, and community organizations have made health equity a priority. And UnitedHealthcare, one of the largest and most recognizable health insurers in the country, sees it as part of their mission to help.
Recently, UnitedHealthcare Community Plan of California announced a $1.5 million investment in community-based programs dedicated to reducing health disparities and improving health equity in San Diego. The money will back initiatives from 17 San Diego-area organizations, including community- and faith-based groups, educational institutions, federally qualified health centers, and nonprofits that are already targeting a specific health-related need or gap in access among underserved members of the community.
“We want to make a difference in the communities we serve by helping to address social determinants of health such as transportation and access-to-care issues,” says Kevin Kandalaft, CEO of UnitedHealthcare Community Plan of California. “Supporting local nonprofits and community-based organizations that are trying to fill a gap in care for at-risk populations is part of helping people lives healthier lives, which is our mission.”
Kandalaft also points out that, while the sum investment is large, they intentionally distributed the support among multiple organizations that serve the community with a variety of services, from homelessness to rural health care access and mobile care to extended recuperative care. The goal is to get the necessary funds into the hands of these grassroots programs that have an institutional knowledge of their areas of concentration, obstacles, and the specific needs of the populations they serve.
For instance, one recipient was Champions for Health, a San Diego County-funded organization that has been addressing the needs of the medically underserved and providing access to preventative and specialty care since 1968. Part of their most recent work has been delivering COVID vaccinations, of which they provided 41,000 doses at 685 locations in 2021 alone. Eighty-six percent of those were given in health equity zip codes. They received $95,000 in UnitedHealthcare funding to purchase and equip a special sprinter van that can transport personnel, equipment, and supplies across the county.
“Health has a much greater meaning than just healthcare, and UnitedHealth has always helped us provide caring and efficient resources for patients in need,” says Adama Dyoniziak, MPH, CPH, executive director of Champions for Health. “They work with us hand in hand, and they understand what health equity is. UnitedHealthcare is one of OUR champions.”
There’s also the Chicano Federation of San Diego County, another 50-year-old organization that invests in local communities through early-childhood education, nutrition programs, housing, and workforce and business development to help build resiliency and self-sufficiency. They will use their funding to build a community service center where their clients can receive all those services and more in one central location.
Other recipients include Father Joe’s Villages, a recuperative care program that will use the money for an extended care location to keep patients off the streets; San Ysidro Health, which will use the money to integrate behavioral health services into their clinics in rural parts of San Diego County; and Family Health Centers of San Diego, which has used the UnitedHealthcare funding to purchase two electric mobile unit “Tiger Teams” that bring primary care and vaccinations to people who are homebound, transportation-challenged, or otherwise unable to access healthcare.
All of this is just part of UnitedHealthcare’s ongoing efforts to support the community above and beyond providing insurance coverage. Just as the company sees health as an interconnected and holistic community-wide issue, they also understand the importance of treating the whole individual—mind, body, and spirit. That’s why UnitedHealthcare provides added benefits, like no-cost transportation for doctor appointments and social services, and programs for pregnant moms to ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery, and why the company has invested more than $100 million to help vulnerable populations nationwide fight the pandemic. | https://ddd.my.id/unitedhealthcare-bridges-gaps-in-health-equity-with-1-5-million-investment-in-san-diego-county.html |
The Mental Health Association is a non-profit agency providing excellence in mental health services since 1958.
- Outpatient Recovery Centers
- Psychosocial Consumer Clubhouses
- Homeless Mentally Ill Multi-Service Center
- Wellness Centers
- Homeless Mentally-Ill Outreach Team
- Housing Services for Homeless Mentally Ill
- Homeless Veterans Outreach Team
- Homeless Independent Housing Program
- Back to Work Program for Homeless Mentally Ill
- Resource and Referral Services
- Hospital/Client Advocacy Services
- SSI Benefits Outreach Team
- Project Together Mentor/Life Coaching Program
- Consumer Operated Thrift Store/Job Training Center
- Orange County Task Force on Hoarding
- Training Videos on Mental Illnesses for Police/First Responders
Mental health professionals provide primary mental health assessment, diagnosis and treatment, medication services, individual and group therapy, crisis intervention and case management, support and encouragement to individuals struggling with chronic and persistent mental illness. All clients are referred by the County of Orange Health Care Agency. Services are provided at three program locations including: Costa Mesa, Garden Grove and Lake Forest.
Costa Mesa
Karissa Rossi, AMFT
[email protected]
3540 Howard Way
Suite 150
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
Phone: 949-646-9227
Fax: 949-646-9191
West Region
Sherri Abbassi, M.A., Ed.D, LMFT
[email protected]
3055 West Orange Avenue, Suite 105
Anaheim, CA 92804
Phone: 714-638-8277
Fax: 714-638-8343
Lake Forest
Katherine Womack, M.S., LMFT
[email protected]
22471 Aspan
Suite 103
Lake Forest, CA 92630
Phone: 949-458-2715
Fax: 949-458-3583
The Homeless Multi-Service Center is open 365 days a year, 6am – 6pm serving meals, providing showers, laundry, access to county mental health clinics as well as telephone and address contact to persons who are homeless and have a severe and persistent mental illness. Student nurses from 5 nursing colleges, rotate through the mulit-service center providing health education, hypertension and blood sugar testing and first aid, to fulfill community nursing curriculum requirements. Supportive services; back to work, housing assistance, substance abuse counseling and SSI benefits assistance are provided.
As required by Federal law, MHA participates in the county’s HMIS program. The HMIS privacy notice can be downloaded here: HMIS Privacy Notice
For homeless resources provided by the Orange County Health Care Agency, visit their Homeless Services Website.
Domonique Rood
[email protected]
P.O. Box 718
Santa Ana, CA 92702
2416 S. Main St.
Santa Ana, CA 92707
Phone: 714-668-1530
Fax: 714-668-1531
Our regional Wellness Centers provide a safe and nurturing environment for each individual to achieve his/her vision of recovery from mental illness while promoting acceptance, dignity, and social inclusion. The programs provide peer-to-peer support and community integration, offering an array of groups and resources to increase the wellness of the community of Orange County. Activities include art, cooking, gardening, and life skills classes. Services offered include housing, employment, and peer mentoring.
Raul Fernandez
[email protected]
23072 Lake Center Drive Suite 115
Lake Forest, CA 92630
Phone: (949) 528-6822
Fax: (949) 900-1767
Tuyen Phung
[email protected]
11277 Garden Grove Blvd., Suite 101A
Garden Grove, CA 92843
Phone: (657) 667-6455
Fax: (714) 620-7995
The Homeless Outreach Team locates, engages and provides linkage to the MHA Homeless Multi-Service Center as well as outside providers, shelter and income resources for homeless persons with a mental illness. Bi-lingual (Spanish/English) team builds rapport with the most treatment resistant of the homeless. They distribute hygiene items, non-perishable food, water, socks, blankets and limited clothing along with other resources and meet individuals in parks, feeding sites and other homeless enclaves. A strengths-based psychosocial wellness philosophy is utilized by staff with the goal of instilling hope and motivation in the individuals they encounter and then actively linking them to the services that will end their homelessness and stabilize their symptoms.
Housing program is unique in Orange County in its ability to assist homeless individuals suffering from a mental illness transition out of homelessness and emergency shelters into permanent, independent housing. Staff assists clients with housing options, provides transportation for housing search, negotiates with landlords, prepares clients for independent living, assists in Section 8 housing application, collects donated furniture and household items and provides case management for successful long-term placement.
Domonique Rood
[email protected]
P.O. Box 718
Santa Ana, CA 92702
2416 S. Main St.
Santa Ana, CA 92707
Phone: 714-668-1530
Fax: 714-668-1531
Case workers link qualifying veterans with services through the Veterans Administration (VA) and provide general compassion and support to those they serve. Clients are transported to the VA whenever needed, and are assisted every step of the process as they seek assistance. At least 33% of the homeless population in the US are male veterans and many do not know if they qualify for VA benefits. Case workers help clients apply for healthcare benefits, retirement, and Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (VASH) vouchers (similar to Section 8 housing vouchers) to move homeless veterans into permanent housing.
Domonique Rood
[email protected]
P.O. Box 718
Santa Ana, CA 92702
2416 S. Main St.
Santa Ana, CA 92707
Phone: 714-668-1530
Fax: 714-668-1531
Housing first/rapid-rehousing program that assists homeless individuals and families who do not have a mental illness diagnosis secure permanent housing and provides case management and life-skills coaching to prevent recidivism back into homelessness.
Domonique Rood
[email protected]
P.O. Box 718
Santa Ana, CA 92702
2416 S. Main St.
Santa Ana, CA 92707
Phone: 714-668-1530
Fax: 714-668-1531
MHA’s Back to Work program maximizes job placement and retention through various supportive services, pre and post placement activities and job coaching. Referrals are made through MHA Homeless Multi-Service Center, County of Orange Clinics and County Contract agencies. Program’s “open door” policy welcomes clients who return for new employment needs
Domonique Rood
[email protected]
P.O. Box 718
Santa Ana, CA 92702
2416 S. Main St.
Santa Ana, CA 92707
Phone: 714-668-1530
Fax: 714-668-1531
This community service links callers to MHA programs and services, county mental health clinics, local agencies and organizations, psychiatric facilities, support groups and other requested information.
This program provides trained volunteer hearing advocates for all Orange County’s probable cause hearings regarding involuntary hospital stays. Advocates fulfill a state-mandated role in explaining the hearing and supporting patients through the process. Advocates enable clients to have fair and impartial hearings based on criteria for the holds.
Staff assists mental health clients unable to work, due to mental illness, through the application process for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and subsequent follow-up needed for approval.
****Referrals can only come from eligible Orange County Health Care Agency and contracting partners by formal Referral****
Provides mentoring services for children, youth and families that are receiving mental health treatment through the County of Orange Health Care Agency, Children & Youth Services (CYS) and CYS contracted programs. Mentors are matched with children and youth receiving mental health treatment from the County of Orange Health Care Agency, Children and Youth Services and its contract agencies. Project Together provides a safe, ethical and professional mentor program for the minor client, and their parents/care givers.
Visit the Project Together Mentor page to learn more.
Xochilt Marchena
[email protected]
1971 E. 4th Street
Suite 130B, Santa Ana, CA 92705
Phone: 714-836-0355
Fax: 714-836-0356
Located in Santa Ana, the Keep It Simple Thrift Store provides training and support to clients in preparation for community employment: including workplace culture, merchandising skills, time management, and customer service. The store is also a revenue source for the agency.
2416 S. Main St. Unit B
Santa Ana, CA 92707-3255
Phone: 714-424-9111
Orange County Task Force on Hoarding
The Orange County Task Force on Hoarding is a volunteer, advisory group that meets monthly to review existing residential hoarding situations that affect the health and safety of individuals in Orange County. As such, the Task Force itself does not provide direct services but is comprised of representatives of agencies and programs that often are able to help. Organizations that encounter hoarding situations are encouraged to bring challenging cases to the monthly task force meeting for review (confidentiality rules apply) with the goal of identifying strategies, developing plans and locating resources that may help bring about a positive outcome for all involved.
CLICK HERE to be directed to the OC Hoarding Task Force website.
In collaboration with the Orange and Santa Ana police departments, MHA has produced a series of first responder training videos for dealing with Chronic Homelessness, Autism, Hoarding, Schizophrenia, Involuntary Holds, (W and I Code 5150) best practices and intervention strategies. The purpose of the series of training videos is to provide officers and first responders with a deeper understanding of mental illnesses and the most effective way of approaching people in crisis when called upon to intervene. | https://mhaoc.org/services/ |
Today, the PSF Community Center is home to 5 organizations which provide a range of important services to those most in need in Allston Brighton– particularly low-income community members and recent immigrants. PSF Community Center is home to the following organizations:
ABCD Allston Brighton Neighborhood Opportunity Center |Abundant Grace Church | WIC: Brookside Community Health | Family Nurturing Center |Learning Care Group
We have space available in the building that is ideally suited for a child care provider. Click here for more information
ABCD
The Allston Brighton Neighborhood Opportunity Center (AB NOC) provides services for low-income Boston residents, focusing mainly on the needs of Allston and Brighton residents. AB NOC is a branch of the city-wide agency, Action for Boston Community Development (ABCD), New England’s largest anti-poverty nonprofit.
AB NOC serves the community by providing services including: Food Pantry, LIHEAP Fuel Assistance, Holiday Gifts, Tax Assistance, Job Assistance, Education Assistance, Cradles to Crayons, Computer Lab access, etc. all while providing quality case management with clients. In addition, the Allston-Brighton NOC designs and provides educational programs like Youth Empowerment Program (YEP101), Youth Engaged inn Action(YEA!), Financial Literacy Workshops, Computer Literacy Workshops, etc. to help people better develop themselves and gain more opportunities. Moreover, the Allston-Brighton NOC offers the following services, unique to this location including Housing Search Assistance, Mobile Food Pantry, Healthy Cooking Workshops, and Senior Brown Bag Pantry Program. The Allston-Brighton NOC also collaborates with Boston College PULSE program and serves as a placement site for current undergraduate students who assist in case management and workshop services. http://bostonabcd.org/allston-brighton-noc.aspx
Abundant Grace Church
Abundant Grace Church is a community of believers in Jesus Christ dedicated to helping people find their way back to God. We are seeking to live out the teachings of Christ together and to bring his love into our neighborhoods. All are welcome to join us for our Sunday worship at 10:30am. Our website is https://agcboston.org
WIC: Brookside Community Health
WIC is a nutrition program that provides healthy foods, nutrition education, breastfeeding support, and referrals to healthcare and other services, free of charge, to Massachusetts families who qualify. Call 617-254-0492 or visit the state’s WIC program Web page for more information.
Family Nurturing Center
The mission of Family Nurturing Center is to work with others to build nurturing communities where children are cherished, families are supported, and healthy human development is promoted by all. Evidence keeps mounting that giving parents the training and resources they need to nurture and guide their families brings significant social and economic rewards to their children and to society at large.
Family Nurturing Center believes all parents need support in their challenging and important role, and it is best found in the context of community. Providing neighborhood-based as well as city-wide programs, we reach parents and caregivers through home visits, playgroups, and workshops. Connecting families with each other for mutual support and engagement around skill-building and access to educational, social and health resources is an essential element of our practice and mission. www.familynurturing.org. | https://psf-inc.org/tenant-partners/ |
Provides community resource information, referrals and limited financial assistance.
Provides temporary assistance for the payment of some medical and non-medical expenses.
Provides medical, emotional and behavioral health services to those with a low income.
Provides medically-monitored detoxification and residential mental health crisis services.
Provide public education and policy advocacy.
Provides housing options for low/moderate income households.
Provides over 300 affordable housing rental units.
Provides emergency shelter and transitional housing to men, women and children experiencing homelessness.
Provides homelessness prevention assistance and supportive services for families with school-age children.
Provides education and fee waivers.
Provides counseling, economic stability, education, and immigration legal services.
Provides rapid rehousing, rental assistance, and case management services for families experiencing homelessness.
Provides daytime drop-in services for those experiencing homelessness.
Provides transitional and permanent supportive housing and tenant education classes for households experiencing homelessness.
Provides education, Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA), Baby Steps and Parents Anonymous programs.
Provides early education and family engagement for families with low income.
Provides healthcare services to those with low income.
Provides low-income housing for seniors, veterans and adults with disabilities with low or fixed income.
Promotes the health of Idahoans through food and cash assistance, Medicaid and mental health services.
Helps connect job seekers to businesses through job search assistance and support.
Distributes food throughout its statewide partner network and direct-service programs & education partnerships.
Promotes mutual understanding between refugees and the larger community by connecting refugees with their communities.
Provides a safe, supportive, caring, stable place to live for children ages 9-18 who are unstably housed and experiencing homelessness.
Provides a safe, overnight emergency shelter and case management for men, women and families with children.
Provides Fair Housing education and enforcement.
Provides funding to prevent homelessness.
Matches those looking for volunteer opportunities with non-profit organizations that are looking for volunteers.
Provides civil legal services for those with very low income.
Empowers people with disabilities to achieve their desired level of independence.
Provides outreach, support and financial assistance to those experiencing homelessness.
Provides rapid rehousing, rental assistance, and case management services for families and individuals experiencing homelessness.
Provides assistance with utility bills depending upon availability of funds.
Provides gender-specific, safe, and sober housing for persons in recovery from substance abuse and mental health issues.
Provides affordable medical, dental, and behavioral health services for all, regardless of income or insurance status.
Provides healthcare, rental assistance, and supportive services to veterans experiencing homelessness.
Provides therapy services, support groups, case management, and classes in financial literacy, nurturing parenting, and life skills to domestic abuse and sexual assault victims. | https://hcd.cityofboise.org/homelessness/provider-information/ |
Since 1976, St. Joseph Center has been meeting the needs of low-income and homeless individuals and families in Venice, Santa Monica, Mar Vista, and surrounding communities. The Center is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit community organization that assists people without regard for religious affiliation or lack thereof through comprehensive case management and integrated social service programs. The Center enjoys broad-based community support as well as a sponsored relationship with its founders, the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet. St. Joseph Center serves approximately 6,000 individuals annually.
Brief Description of Principal Activities
Multifaceted intervention, prevention, and education services are carried out at four sites on the Westside of Los Angeles. St. Joseph Center’s integrated programs provide clients with concentrated and coordinated access to services according to the nature of their needs.
Job Description
Job Summary
The Mental Health Specialist works as a team member with several social service professional and paraprofessional staff ensuring the delivery of quality care in accordance to the rules and regulations established for contracted agencies as well as adhering to the mission of St. Joseph Center. The Mental Health Specialist will be responsible for providing clinical and case management support to new and existing clients of SJC.
*This position requires CA BBS Registration as MSW or MFT.
ESSENTIAL DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES
Key Areas of Responsibility:
- Provide ongoing case management services that will ensure successful permanent housing. This includes decreasing social isolation and preventing relapse risks. Also, advocacy to deter evictions and linkage to any needed services such as medical/dental, substance abuse, life skills training, self-help, money management, meaningful community activities, volunteer services, job placement, etc.
- Implement case management service plan goals, emphasizing coordinated strategies for addressing mental health/substance abuse issues, relapse prevention, medication management and any other risk factors that could impede permanent housing and provide ongoing assessment of client progress in attaining goal plan
- Develop close working relationships with your internal team, outreach workers, case managers, police and paramedics, the Los Angeles Housing Authority, and collaborative agencies
Essential Duties:
- Provide mental health assessment and interventions to the severe and persistently mentally ill
- Perform initial comprehensive bio psychosocial assessment; develop a plan of intervention that addresses identified need for housing, on-going case management services, substance abuse treatment, mental health services, and coordination of needed community services
- Present findings to other collaborative agencies in order to develop a service plan of action that will expedite housing opportunities and housing stability.
- Utilize a harm reduction model when working with clients with chemical dependency or abuse issues.
- Ensure a smooth transition into permanent housing by assisting clients with life skills such as budgeting, cooking, accessing community resources, and other skills as needed.
- Ability to work remotely and provide crisis management, case management, and other related substance abuse/mental health services to clients on the streets, in service venues, in housing placements, or other locations as appropriate.
- Respond to urgent requests for assistance from external stakeholders or landlords as needed.
- Provide transportation through volunteers or staff to accompany clients and children when necessary to medical and legal appointments and job interviews when they may experience unusual difficulties.
- Accompany clients to court appearances and to the magistrates’ office when support and assistance is needed.
- Conduct VI-SPDAT, (Vulnerability Index – Service Prioritization Decision Assistance Tool), on all new clients in order to connect them to proper intervention and services. Document results, complete match initiation form, and submit all paperwork to CES Coordinator.
- Help client to obtain various forms of identification including birth certificates and social security cards. Provide employment assistance, housing referrals, and health related assistance.
- Assist with applications for supportive and subsidized housing and prospect potential locations for affordable rental housing.
- Build relationships with prospective landlords, and identify appropriate permanent housing options.
- Collaborate with community substance abuse and mental health providers to ensure seamless referral Service.
- Work with local law enforcement and interim service providers to ensure a smooth transition from street living to interim housing.
- Provide ongoing information, referrals, linkages, and advocacy for all other identified needs. Creatively use and develop community resources to broker and link clients to services.
- Provide a high quality customer service environment for all clients. Participate in staff meetings and training as assigned by supervisor
- Document services according to DMH standards and complete all necessary paperwork in a timely manner.
- Complete paperwork on each face to face and telephone contact with the client, or with any collateral contact, by close-of-business on the next working day.
- Ensure all program data is accurate and entered into the appropriate program documentation system as contractually required. (HMIS, internal spreadsheet, CES, Exym, etc.)
- Generate client data for reporting.
- Complete follow-up and retention services, and provide back-up documentation in client file
Other duties and responsibilities may be assigned. The duties and responsibilities listed are designed to provide typical examples of the work performed; not all duties and responsibilities assigned are included here, nor is it expected that all similar positions will be assigned every duty and responsibility.
Qualifications
QUALIFICATIONS
Knowledge, Skills & Abilities:
- Must be highly motivated and a self-starter. Must have the ability to communicate with and relate to a diverse group of people including clients, community, and other staff. Must have excellent administrative and organizational skills
- Demonstrated knowledge and experience with advanced and evidenced based intervention: Harm Reduction, Motivational Interviewing, Critical Time Intervention, and Housing First
- A bilingual background is a plus
- The position requires an ability to work flexible hours including some early mornings and evenings
Experience:
- Two years’ experience with providing mental health services
Education:
- Master’s degree from an accredited college or university in social work, psychology, human services or a related field
Direct Reports:
- This position has no direct supervisory responsibilities.
Computer Skills:
- Proficiency in MS Office Suite (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook) and widely supported internet browsers.
Certificates, Licenses and Registrations:
- Required: CA BBS registered MSW, MFT
- Valid California Class C Driver License or the ability to utilize an alternative method of transportation when needed to carry out job-related essential functions.
- Valid automobile liability insurance.
Additional Information
Status: Full-Time/Exempt
Salary: DOE
Employment with St. Joseph Center is contingent on completion of satisfactory background check.
St. Joseph Center endorses and supports the intent of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) and is committed to providing reasonable accommodations to qualified individuals with disabilities who are applicants or employees who need accommodations. If you require an accommodation due to a disability to complete this application OR you are experiencing issues submitting your application and accompanying materials please contact Human Resources at 310-396-6468.
For consideration, please submit cover letter and resume. St. Joseph Center is an equal opportunity and affirmative action employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to their race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or status as a protected veteran. All applicants for employment are invited to voluntarily self-identify their gender, race, ethnicity, and veteran status, by completing the EEO Information. Providing your EEO Information is voluntary and refusal to self-identify will not subject applicants to any adverse treatment. Similarly, applicants who do self-identify will not be subject to any adverse treatment based on the information they provide.
St. Joseph center invites you to review the current "EEO is The Law" poster as part of the application process. A link to the current poster is located here. | https://jobs.smartrecruiters.com/STJOSEPHCENTER/743999685090202-mental-health-specialist-outreach-engagement-division |
Inspirica’s mission is to break the cycle of homelessness by helping people achieve – and maintain – permanent housing and stability in their lives. We are one of the largest providers of services to the homeless in Connecticut. Each night, we house 350 people. We serve more than 1,050 people per year, including 250 children. Our residential facilities include emergency shelters, transitional housing, permanent supportive housing, and deeply affordable housing. We serve individuals across the spectrum of the homeless, including single men, single women, families, people with mental illness, and people living with HIV/AIDS.
Inspirica is one of only a few organizations nationally that is able to address both the physical component of homelessness (residential services) and its underlying root causes (support services) on a single, powerful, end-to-end platform. In addition to housing, we provide vocational training, workforce education, job placement, housing placement, job & housing retention support, children's services, early childhood & parenting services, case management, etc. We further collaborate with a vast array of external partners to provide medical/dental care, mental health care, substance abuse treatment, etc.
We are a results-oriented organization with a caring professional staff and dedicated volunteers who believe in individual human potential, personal accountability and mutual respect.
Position Overview
The role of the Front Desk Attendant - is to be on site in our 72 Franklin residence in order to assist residents, enforce the rules of the building, and assist the Director of Property Management in his/her efforts to ensure the property complies with all legal requirements and is maintained adequately.
Primary Responsibilities
The Front Desk Attendant will report to the Director of Property Management at Inspirica. Duties include, but are not limited to:
Monitoring building access, including signing-in visitors and providing access to residents and tenants.
Answering the property telephone and directing calls.
Being knowledgeable of Inspirica programs and properties, including appropriate contacts. (candidate will be trained)
Being familiar with and enforcing all Inspirica policies and the policies of the building. (candidate will be trained)
Preparing incident reports for incidents in the building lobby.
Responding to fire alarms and other emergencies.
Monitoring security cameras for the facility.
Required Knowledge, Skills and Experience
Courteous and professional individual with the ability to deal with families, children and individuals from all walks of life.
Respectful of boundaries with the residents. While we encourage staff to be personable and welcoming with residents, they should remember that they are there to enforce the building rules and are required to keep a professional distance to avoid conflicts or favoritism towards certain residents.
Problem-solver who pays attention to detail; enjoys multi-tasking.
Ability to learn the phone and intercom system.
Basic computer skills: Microsoft Word and Outlook
Staff members are expected to work in inclement weather.
Candidates should email resume and cover letter (in Word format) with “Receptionist (72 Franklin)” in the subject line to: [email protected]
Inspirica is an equal opportunity employer, dedicated to a policy of non-discrimination in employment on any basis including age, disability, race, religion, national origin, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, marital status, veteran status, the presence of a non-job related handicap, or any other legally protected status. | https://www.inspiricact.org/job-posting-receptionist |
"Remember those imprisoned as if you are there yourself..."
Interfaith Prison Ministry for Women (IPMW) was started by Presbyterian women in 1977. Over the last three decades, the organization has provided chaplaincy and transition education programs for incarcerated women, both at the North Carolina Correctional Institution for Women (NCCIW) and its minimum-security Raleigh Unit, formerly known as the Raleigh Correctional Center for Women (RCCW). We became a 501(c)(3) nonprofit in 2004 and changed our name and broadened our scope in 2013 to continue to support the pre- and post-release of women and to collaborate with other organizations to deliver important job and life skills to aid the women we serve.
IPMW’s mission is “to build bridges of hope for women in prison, before and after release" – through pastoral care, religious services, education, job training and life skills necessary for productive reentry into communities.
IPMW board, staff and interns at October 2017 annual retreat.
The overarching goal of the organization is to provide a long-term solution to helping women stay out of prison through love, self-discipline, emotional intelligence, practical assistance and strong support systems. Since 1977, thousands of women have received services through the organization. Our chaplaincy programs take place within the unit and serve over approximately 500 women each year. IPMW’s transitional education takes the ministry into the community to assist women with their post-release support network. We partner with nonprofit service providers, faith-based organizations and area businesses to help women secure their post-release needs. | http://www.ipmforwomen.org/about-us.html |
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Improving Prisoner Reentry Services Through Faith and Community- Based Partnerships America is the land of second chance, and when the gates of the prison open, the path ahead should lead to a better life.
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Improving Prisoner Reentry Services Through Faith and Community- Based Partnerships America is the land of second chance, and when the gates of the prison open, the path ahead should lead to a better life. President George W. Bush, January 20, A Critical Need for Reentry Services Each year more than 650,000 inmates are released from Federal and State prisons to be reunited with their communities and families. The return of these ex-prisoners threatens the fragile cohesion of many already-troubled neighborhoods. In fact, in the absence of intervention, a majority of ex-prisoners relapse back into criminal activity. According to the U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, two out of three returning inmates will be re-arrested for new crimes within three years of their release from prison and more than half will be re-incarcerated. Released prisoners face myriad challenges that contribute to their return to criminal activity, re-arrest and re-incarceration. Some of these challenges include joblessness, substance abuse, mental health problems, low levels of educational attainment, lack of stable housing and poor family connections. Joblessness among ex-prisoners has been linked to recidivism rates. Over one-third of serious offenders were unemployed in the six months prior to their arrest 1 Postincarceration, employment rates plummet even further. Unemployment rates of exprisoners are estimated to be between 25 and 40 percent. Prisoners also demonstrate low levels of educational attainment some 40 percent of adult state prisoners are functionally illiterate 2 and more than half of state parole entrants have not graduated from high school. 3 Conversely, research shows that ex-offenders who find stable employment and develop social bonds have significantly lower recidivism rates. 4 President George W. Bush s Response Faith-based and community organizations (FBCOs) are among the most trusted and influential institutions in the urban neighborhoods to which the majority of released inmates will return. Local FBCOs have many resources from which to draw, including buildings, volunteers and a tradition of outreach and service. 1 Visher and Lattimore, Rubinstien, 2001 as quoted in Petersilia, Petersilia, Laub, John H., and Robert H. Sampson Understanding Desistance from Crime. In Crime and Justice, M. Tonry and Norval Morris, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. The President s Faith-Based and Community Initiative has implemented many innovative reentry programs including the President s Reentry Initiative, the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative, Ready4Work, and others that draw on the unique strengths of FBCOs. These programs rely on faith-based and community partners to deliver a wide range of social services to ex-prisoners that provide direct links into the communities to which they are returning. The President s Prisoner Reentry Initiative (PRI) President Bush announced his Prisoner Reentry Initiative in the 2004 State of the Union address. Expanding on the elements of Ready4Work, PRI helps returning nonviolent offenders by linking them to faith-based and community institutions that help them find work and avoid a relapse into a life of criminal activity. This four-year program provides services to 6,250 ex-prisoners annually. The development of the program was a collaborative process that brought together a team of federal and national partners designed to ensure that ex-offenders have access to those services necessary to successfully integrate into their communities through employment. In November 2005, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) awarded PRI grants to 30 faithbased and community organizations in urban areas across the country. Each site is working to reduce recidivism by helping returning nonviolent prisoners through an employment-centered program that incorporates mentoring, job placement, job training and other holistic transitional services. Working in collaboration with the DOL, the U.S. Department of Justice made PRI awards in September 2006 to state departments of corrections and state criminal justice administering agencies to provide pre-release services to prisoners who will be served by the DOL grantees. Grant Locations. The 30 DOL grants awarded under the President s Prisoner Re-Entry Initiative grant competition are designed to serve urban centers and areas of high need (see PRI Grantee Site Map). Participants. To be eligible to participate in PRI, an ex-offender must be 18 years of age or older and have a nonviolent or non-sex-related presenting offense. Participants should be enrolled in the program within 180 days after their release from prison or a halfway house. Up to 10 percent of individuals served can be enrolled more than 180 days from their prison release date. Results. PRI sites began serving program participants in the spring of 2006 and early results are promising. As of November 9, 2007, 10,361 PRI participants have been enrolled in the program and 6,035 participants have been placed into jobs. The one-year post-release PRI recidivism rate is currently 20% -- less than half the Bureau of Justice Statistics national benchmark of 44%. The Serious And Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) SVORI is a collaborative Federal effort to improve criminal justice, employment, education, health and housing outcomes for adults and juveniles returning home from prison. Beginning in late 2002 through 2006, the Departments of Justice, Labor, Education, Housing and Urban Development, and Health and Human Services provided about $110 million to develop new or expand existing programs offering integrated postrelease supervision and reentry services. Reentry efforts were funded in all 50 states, plus the District of Columbia. The 69 grantees operate 89 adult and juvenile programs for serious and violent ex-offenders, and received between $500,000 and $2 million in single, three-year awards. Through SVORI, FBCOs provided returning ex-offenders with such services as needsand risk-assessments, reentry planning, one-on-one mentoring, life-skills training, dental and medical services, housing placement, interviewing skills, and job placement. SVORI has also funded a four-year comprehensive impact evaluation that will continue through The evaluation will include implementation assessment of all grantees, an impact evaluation focused on 16 (12 adult and 4 juvenile) sites, a cost-benefit analysis, and a dissemination plan. Ready4Work In 2003, the President s Faith-Based and Community Initiative launched Ready4Work, a three-year pilot program to address the needs of ex-prisoners utilizing FBCOs. This $25 million program was jointly funded by the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), the U.S. Department of Justice, Public/Private Ventures a Philadelphia-based research and demonstration non-profit and a consortium of private foundations. Ready4Work placed faith-based and community organizations at the center of social service delivery to ex-offenders. It placed an emphasis on employment-focused programs that incorporate mentoring, job training, job placement, case management and other comprehensive transitional services. Participants. Participant eligibility for Ready4Work was determined based on three factors: (1) age of the ex-offender; (2) presenting offense; and (3) length of time pre- or post-release. Ex-prisoners between the ages of 18 and 34 who had most recently been incarcerated for a nonviolent felony offense and were no more than 90 days pre- or postrelease were eligible to enroll in the program. Criminal History. Ready4Work targeted for enrollment individuals returning from prison with a high probability of recidivating. Ex-prisoners with extensive criminal backgrounds those most likely to return to prison participated in the program. Half of Ready4Work participants had been arrested five or more times. Less than 10 percent had been arrested only once (see Table 1). More than 55 percent had most recently been incarcerated for a drug or property offense. As a result of these criminal records, the majority of participants had spent more than two years in prison, and almost 25 percent had spent five or more years behind bars. Participants averaged 17 years of age at the time of their first arrest. Table 1: Criminal History of Ready4Work Participants Presenting Offense Number of Arrests Drug 44% 1 9% Property 14% 2 to 4 41% Other 42% 5 or more 50% Source: R4W sites management information systems and participant questionnaires. Results. The Ready4Work pilot program formally ended August 31, The results of the program, which were verified by an independent third party, are promising. A total of 4,482 formerly incarcerated individuals enrolled in Ready4Work. Of these participants, 97 percent received comprehensive case management services, 86 percent received employment services and 63 percent received mentoring services. Ready4Work sites placed 2,543 participants (57 percent) into jobs, with 63 percent of those placed retaining their job for three consecutive months after placement. On average, program costs were approximately $4,500 per participant, compared with average costs of $25,000 to $40,000 per year for re-incarceration. Recidivism. Recidivism is defined in Ready4Work as returning to an in-state prison as a result of a conviction for a new offense. This is a common measure used by other studies and programs assessing recidivism rates. However, this definition excludes those returning to prison for violating their probation or parole conditions, as well as those incarcerated in local jails. Data analysis on Ready4Work prepared by Public/Private Ventures shows that only 2.5 percent of Ready4Work participants have been re-incarcerated in state institutions within 6 months of release, and 6.9 percent were re-incarcerated at the one-year post-release mark. Though these statistics are promising, it is important to note that a randomassignment study has not been performed, so no strict control group existed for the sake of comparison. The recidivism outcomes from Ready4Work were, however, compared against the universally accepted recidivism benchmark from the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) reincarceration study, Recidivism of Prisoners Released in Ready4Work recidivism rates are half the national re-incarceration rate of 5 percent at six-months and 44 percent lower than the 10.4 percent national rate of re-incarceration one-year after release. Ready4Work recidivism statistics are of particular significance given the fact that the program s population was at a statistically higher risk for recidivating than the general ex-prison population represented by the BJS statistic, due largely to age, race and type of offense. When compared against a subset of the 1994 BJS study that includes only African American male inmates between the ages of 18 and 34 released after serving time for nonviolent offenses, the 2.5 percent recidivism rate for Ready4Work participants at 6 months is 58 percent lower than the 6 percent BJS benchmark figure. The 6.9 percent Ready4Work recidivism rate at the one-year post-release mark was 52 percent lower than this BJS subset at the one-year post-release point. 5 Langan, Patrick A. and David J. Levin Recidivism of Prisoners Released in Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. This study represents the most comprehensive, reputable, widely used and recent data regarding recidivism. Table 2: Ready4Work Recidivism Rates and Bureau of Justice Statistics Benchmarks Months Post-Release One-Year Post Release Ready4Work BJS Benchmark (General Ex-Prisoner Population) Table 3: Ready4Work Recidivism Rates and Bureau of Justice Statistics Benchmarks for African American Male Non-Violent Offenders between the Ages of 18 and Months Post Release One Year Post Release Ready4Work BJS Benchmark (Similar Population) Mentoring as a Component of Ready4Work. Over 60 percent of Ready4Work participants received mentoring as part of their services. Participants who met with a mentor at least once showed stronger outcomes than those who did not participate in mentoring in a number of ways: Mentored participants remained in the program longer than unmentored participants (10.2 months versus 7.2 months); Mentored participants were twice as likely to obtain a job. After the first encounter, an additional month of meetings between the participant and mentor increased the former s likelihood of finding a job by 53 percent. Meeting with a mentor increased a participant s odds of getting a job the next month by 73 percent over participants who did not take advantage of mentoring. An additional month of meetings increased a participant s odds of finding a job by another 7 percent. Those who met with a mentor were 56 percent more likely to remain employed for three months than those who did not. An additional month of meetings with a mentor increased the participant s odds of remaining employed three months by 24 percent. A complete analysis of mentoring outcomes can be found in Mentoring Ex-Prisoners in the Ready4Work Reentry Initiative, on-line at Mentoring Children of Prisoners The Mentoring Children of Prisoners Program (MCP), a program within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services at the Administration for Children and Families, awards competitive grants to eligible organizations serving a geographic region with substantial numbers of children with incarcerated parents. These grants support the establishment and operation of mentoring programs for this specific population of at-risk youth. With these grants, nearly 70,000 children have been paired with mentors -- and the initiative is on track to match 100,000 children by the year This year, the First Lady announced the award of the $30 million voucher demonstration program to MENTOR. As a mentoring organization in Alexandria, this organization identifies children in need of mentoring services residing outside of areas currently served by location-based MCP programs. They will also locate new organizations to provide mentoring services through the voucher program in communities throughout the United States so that families of children of prisoners can choose the group that best meets their needs. In the first year alone, the authorized $5 million will provide at least 3,000 vouchers for mentoring services for children of prisoners. For more information on the MCP program, please visit Access to Recovery In his 2003 State of the Union Address, President Bush announced a new substance abuse treatment initiative named the Access to Recovery Program (ATR). This initiative provides people seeking drug and alcohol treatment with vouchers to pay for a range of appropriate community-based services. Since its creation, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration s (SAMHSA) ATR has expanded capacity, supported client choice, and increased the array of faith-based and community based providers for clinical treatment and recovery support services. ATR s voucher system allows clients to choose where to receive substance abuse clinical treatment and recovery support services (RSS) based on the provider network. After a competitive grant process, funds were awarded in 2004 to 14 states and one tribal organization 6 to implement Access to Recovery. These grantees have helped ATR exceed its target goal of 125,000 clients served. To date, the program has served over 170,000 clients. Recent data reveals that recovery support services play a large role throughout the service networks established by the program. Over 63% of the clients for whom status and discharge data are available have received RSS, and approximately 50% of the dollars redeemed for ATR has been redeemed for RSS. 6 California, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Louisiana, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and the California Rural Indian Health Board. SAHMSA recently awarded 24 new 3-year Access to Recovery grants 7. Just under $100 million is expected to be awarded each year, for three years to help the grantees increase access to clinical treatment and recovery support services for an estimated 160,000 individuals. For more information on the ATR program, please visit U.S. Department of Justice Anti-Gang Initiative The U.S. Department of Justice s anti-gang initiative provides pre- and post-release services and supervision for gang members returning to their communities after a period of incarceration in state, local or other correctional facilities. The program advances the President s vision for expanded choice by offering ex-offenders the option of selecting one of several faith-based and community providers. Faith-based and community organizations partner with criminal justice, law enforcement, therapeutic treatment, and other service agencies to provide vouchers for offenders to obtain treatment and services in their communities. Probation/parole officers, working closely with law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, treatment and service providers, FBCOs, mentors and others within the community provide intensive supervision of the ex-offenders. Six sites were awarded Anti-Gang Initiative grants during the fall of Each site is using the funding to target 100 high impact gang members who have a history of violence and pose a risk to their communities. Participants must be enrolled within six months of release from incarceration. Pre-release services provided through the program include mentoring, risk/needs assessment, treatment services including substance abuse, mental health, and anger management cognitive restructuring, motivational interviewing, socialization skill development and domestic violence rehabilitation. Post-release program services include job skills development, education, employment, housing, language skills and child care resources. Latino Coalition The Department of Labor awarded a three-year, $10 million grant to The Latino Coalition for Faith & Community Initiatives to help 2,750 Latino at-risk and adjudicated youth. The Reclamando Nuestro Futuro (RNF) project provides capacity building and support to 22 affiliates in six cities (Dallas, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Phoenix and San Diego) that provide direct services in the areas of skills training, community service, subsidized 7 Montana Wyoming Tribal Leaders Council, District of Columbia, California Rural Indian Health Board, Arizona, Rhode Island, Washington, Ohio, Iowa, Texas, Colorado, and Wisconsin Louisiana, Hawaii, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma Cherokee Nation, California, Alaska Southcentral Foundation, Inter- Tribal Council of Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Connecticut, Tennessee, Oklahoma, 8 Cleveland, Ohio; Dallas/Ft. Worth, Texas; East Los Angeles, California; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Tampa, Florida; and the 222 Corridor between Lancaster and Easton, Pennsylvania. and unsubsidized work experience and internships, job preparation, college preparation, GED preparation, basic and remedial education, language proficiency, substance abuse services and mentoring. According to results reported by the Latino Coalition, the service efforts and capacity building activities of the RNF project have produced the following results: A total of 2,806 at-risk and adjudicated youth have been served; One thousand seventy eight (1,078) at-risk or adjudicated youth either obtained full time employment, entered the military, entered and/or completed long term occupational training or entered full time post secondary school; Two hundred and five (205) at-risk or adjudicated youth received their high school diploma, G.E.D. and/or a certificate; Twenty-two sub-grantees implemented a centralized database tracking and reporting systems to support and expand their programs; and Formal partnerships between Latino Coalition affiliates and juvenile justice/probation, workforce investment systems, community colleges, last chance school
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New Jersey disability benefit programs.
New Jersey provides individuals that have a disability with access to a number of programs. Assistance and benefits are also offered for their families as well as caretakers. Many of the programs for the disabled are focused on their needs. Individuals can also apply for other, more standard low income programs that may be administered by non-profits, charities, or government resources.
For information or to apply for help, there are several organizations in New Jersey that offer resources. While the Department of Human Services may be the lead organization, they also work in close partnership with other state agencies, advocacy groups, local counties, and non-profits.
The groups all work to provide housing, food, health care, and a significant amount of other support to ensure the needs and rights of people with disabilities are met. Other assistance can include community living, local mental health programs, employment and job training, in-patient care for adults and children with emotional and behavioral problems, and assistive technology devices. Staff can direct individuals and families to quality programs and benefits for their needs.
Financial assistance for medical needs and existing bills is provided by the New Jersey Catastrophic Illness in Children Relief Fund (CICRF). This program will offer cash grants and financial assistance for previously incurred medical expenses. While income limits need to be met by applicants, some of the types of bills that could be paid include, but are not limited to, acute or specialized in- or out-patient hospital care, special ambulatory care, transportation, medical equipment, vehicle or home modifications such as wheelchair lifts or ramps, and home health care needs. Call 1-800-335-3863 for information.
The New Jersey Department of Human Services is also heavily involved in answering questions and directing people to applications for Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Note that that this program is run by the Federal Social Security Administration. This can provide cash compensation and benefits to those who are blind or disabled, persons age 65 years and older, and others.
Those who apply and are approved can receive so called maintenance (or cash) payments from social security. Other supportive services, including emergency financial assistance and payment for burial expenses, may be offered from county welfare agencies. Information on affordable and safe housing for the disabled is also available. For income and other qualified individuals, a state of New Jersey supplement is provided in order to increase the income available to them.
Help is offered to those applying for disability. Work First NJ (WFNJ) recipients who are disabled and meet other conditions (such as maybe being eligible for SSDI benefits) may receive free legal help and advice. The Division of Family Development partners with the non-profit Legal Services of New Jersey, or LSNJ, to assist recipients. They can, among other things, get help in applying and filing for SSI benefits or appealing a denial of benefits. Learn more by dialing 1-877-576-5774. Or try a social security disability advocate for more support.
DDHH, or the Division of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, provides referrals and information for people who are deaf, on the verge of it and/or hard of hearing. New Jersey can help individuals obtain devices (such as hearing aids) and access services that may be required to help them better communicate and participate in daily life. The department works to provide advocacy, education and direct services to eliminate barriers to the hard of hearing. Almost 900,000 residents may qualify for support from DDHH as they are considered either deaf or hard of hearing. All callers will be referrals to free hearing aid programs or some other service. Main number is 800-792-8339.
The New Jersey Division of Developmental Disabilities (DDD) offers services and benefits for people with intellectual disabilities, autism, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injuries, spina bifida, or other neurological impairments. The state will provide them with counseling, respite care for family members, and referrals to specialists and other community resources. This Division operates from centers around the state and they even provide access to group homes, apartments, and other supported living programs. Family and respite care is offered for those with an intellectual disability as well. Main number is 1-800-832-9173.
Referrals and information on benefits, government programs, and other aid is provided by the Division of Disability Services (phone 1-888-285-3036). Learn about nutritional programs, free food, medications, rent assistance and housing programs, and more. They offer free information and referral services to people with disabilities. Family members or care givers can also access these services.
Among other things, the Division is responsible for overseeing federally funded Medicaid home-and community-based waiver programs. They can direct individuals to financial assistance programs such as heating bill assistance / LIHEAP, food stamps, or home delivered meals. All of this, and more, was created to help people with disabilities live independently. It can help New Jersey residents who have become disabled as adults, whether through injury or illness. Call the division at 1-888-285-3036.
Health care is provided from the Division of Medical Assistance and Health Services, or DMAHS. The main program they run is the New Jersey Care 2000+ program. The state will help enroll Medicaid-eligible aged, blind or disabled residents into insurance plans and programs, including local Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs). This will provide the disabled individual with more affordable medical and dental care. 1-888-285-3036.
In addition, DMAHS also runs the state of New Jersey and federal government funded Medicaid and NJ FamilyCare programs. This is an option for certain groups of low- to moderate- income adults and children.
NJ FamilyCare is the state’s Medicaid type program for uninsured children who come from more moderate income families. It can assist those whose family income is too high for them to qualify for the so called standard Medicaid plans. In general, NJ FamilyCare and also Medicaid is a form of health insurance to parents/caretakers and dependent children, people who are aged, blind or disabled, and pregnant women. It can pay for medical bills including doctor visits, hospital services, prescription drugs, nursing home care and other medical or denial needs. Main number is 1-800-356-1561.
Division of Mental Health Services provides residents with access to community-based supports. Some examples of this includes counseling, case management, emergency screening and residential and day program services. If and when needed, in-patient care may be offered at local hospitals for the disabled with a mental illness. Services will help people find treatment; work; socialize; and live a fulfilling life. 1-800-382-6717.
While most of the resources available are focused on seniors, some other support can be provided as well. A couple examples include Chronic Disease Self-Management Program, or CDSMP. This can help people with chronic conditions, disabilities, and/or their caregivers overcome daily challenges. Another option is Take Control of Your Health, which can provide residents with chronic conditions and their caregivers skills to take a more active role in their overall health care. Other support is for those with diabetes, New Jersey residents in a nursing home, vulnerable adults, and disease management.
The Early Intervention System is for children under the age of 3 that have developmental delays or disabilities. Another program available is Case Management, which provides assistance and benefits to children of all ages who have complex medical conditions such as autism, phenylketonuria (PKU), cleft lip/palate, sickle cell disease, hemophilia, or HIV and AIDS. New Jersey works with families to assist them in the care for children with complex, long-term medical and developmental disabilities.
Offers employment services to the disabled. This includes job seeking skills, vocational counseling and guidance; placement services, and maybe transportation. Clients can also access various supported employment, which provides support during the job search, interview, and even the application process. Get help and guidance up through the start of employment. The state will provide other benefits as well, such as follow up, time limited placement and coaching. Training is also available, including skills and college training.
Residents with a disability can get equipment and tools they need, such as the provision of items needed to facilitate employment, mobility equipment and vehicle and home modifications.
Brain Injury Association of New Jersey, Inc.
New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services - This statewide organization has different departments that focus on a variety of needs. The primary contact information is below.
New Jersey Department of Human Services - As indicated below, this organization focuses on the disabled that may be deaf or have developmental conditions. A number of benefits are offered.
Dial (609) 421-0206 for intake. | https://www.needhelppayingbills.com/html/new_jersey_disability_benefit_.html |
Header photo credit: Ray Di Pietro
The Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Office of Emergency Management, and Nashville/Davidson County Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (VOAD) are working together to provide immediate assistance to individuals impacted by the tragedy on Friday, December 25 in downtown Nashville.
With the city’s focus of quickly identifying businesses, employees of those affected businesses, and residents who lived in the damaged historic downtown structures, members of the VOAD have been identified based on their areas of expertise to assist in moving the recovery efforts downtown forward. This group of local nonprofits has been working closely since the incident to organize and mobilize resources and assistance by individuals and families affected.
Resources Available for Survivors
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- Nashville Strong Assistance Fund
Catholic Charities will provide assistance to those who live or work in the explosion perimeter area in the historic downtown area, through a specially funded program. An online application for assistance is live and can can be accessed from the following web site: nashvillestrong2021.org. Those who are unable to access the online application can call (615) 352-3087.
- hubNashville
For assistance from Metro Nashville Davidson County Government, affected individuals should visit hub.nashville.gov, use the hubNashville 311 app or call 311.
- Food Assistance
Individuals in need of emergency food assistance can text ‘FEEDS’ to 797979 or visit www.secondharvestmidtn.org/get-help to access Second Harvest’s Find Food tool to locate the nearest food distribution, including Emergency Food Box sites in Davidson County. For additional assistance, individuals can call 2-1-1.
- Housing and Immediate Needs
The American Red Cross of Tennessee is providing assistance for those displaced from their home, apartment or townhouse. Those needing assistance should contact the Red Cross at 800-RED-CROSS to help with their immediate needs, which may include food, shelter, clothing, health and mental health services, community referrals and recovery assistance.
- Assistance for Spanish Speakers
Spanish speakers impacted can call Conexión Americas at (615) 270-9252 for assistance beginning on Monday, January 4, 2021.
- Resource and Referral Line
Individuals in need of assistance can contact United Way of Greater Nashville’s 24-hour resource and referral line for help by dialing 211 or visiting 211.org. Note: To qualify for financial assistance, survivors will need to provide proof of employment or residency in the direct impacted area.
- Employment Resources:
The Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce a list of available employment resources including job opportunities and information on unemployment benefits, plus resources for businesses.
- Business + Resident Federal Disaster Loans: Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee announced the U.S. Small Business Administration will make its disaster loan program available in Davidson County for eligible applicants impacted in the Dec. 25, 2020, downtown Nashville bombing.The SBA declaration also makes loans available in the contiguous counties of of Cheatham, Robertson, Rutherford, Sumner, Williamson, and Wilson.Survivors should contact the SBA’s Disaster Customer Service Center at (800) 659-2955 for assistance in completing their loan applications. Requests for SBA disaster loan program information may be obtained by emailing [email protected]. The SBA will conduct extensive outreach to ensure that those affected by the disaster have an opportunity to apply for assistance.
The SBA has opened a Virtual Disaster Loan Outreach Center to help survivors apply online using the Electronic Loan Application via the SBA’s secure website at [email protected]. Virtual customer support representatives are available to help applicants complete the online application during these hours:
Virtual Disaster Loan Outreach Center (VDLOC)
Open: Monday – Sunday (7 days/week)
Hours: 8 a.m. – 8 p.m. Eastern Time
Email: [email protected]
Phone: (800) 659-2955
Loans up to $200,000 are available to homeowners to repair or replace damaged or destroyed real estate. Homeowners and renters are eligible for loans up to $40,000 to repair or replace damaged or destroyed personal property.
Interest rates are as low as 3 percent for businesses, 2 percent for nonprofit organizations, and
1.125 percent for homeowners and renters, with terms up to 30 years.
Loan amounts and terms are set by the SBA and are based on each applicant’s financial condition.
Loan applications can also be downloaded at www.sba.gov. Completed applications should be returned to the Disaster Loan Outreach Centers or mailed to: U.S. Small Business Administration, Processing and Disbursement Center, 14925 Kingsport Road, Fort Worth, TX 76155.
The filing deadline to return applications for physical property damage is March 29, 2021. The deadline to return economic injury applications Oct. 28, 2021.
- Trauma Resources
- Tips for College Students: AFTER A DISASTER OR OTHER TRAUMA
- Tips for Survivors of a Disaster or Traumatic Event: WHAT TO EXPECT IN YOUR PERSONAL, FAMILY, WORK, AND FINANCIAL LIFE
- Tips for Talking With and Helping Children and Youth Cope After a Disaster or Traumatic Event: A GUIDE FOR PARENTS, CAREGIVERS, AND TEACHERS
- Tips for Survivors: COPING WITH GRIEF AFTER COMMUNITY VIOLENCE
- Tips for Survivors of a Disaster or Other Traumatic Event: MANAGING STRESS
- Consejos para sobrevivientes de un desastre u otro evento traumático: MANEJO DEL ESTRÉS
- Legal Assistance
- Free Legal Assistance Available for Bombing Survivors: The Nashville Bar Association, Tennessee Alliance for Legal
Services, Legal Aid Society of Middle Tennessee and the Cumberlands, and the Tennessee Bar Association are hosting a free legal clinic on Friday, January 15 for survivors of Christmas Day bombing.Individuals and businesses facing legal issues as a result of the bombing may also call 615-953-4961. Callers should identify that they are seeking bombing related legal assistance and be prepared to provide a phone number where they can be reached by an attorney. Examples of legal assistance available include:
• Assistance with property insurance claims;
• Questions regarding debt and bankruptcy issues;
• Help with home repair contracts and contractors;
• Replacement of wills and other important legal documents lost or destroyed in the disaster;
• Consumer protection issues such as price-gouging and avoiding contractor scams in the rebuilding process; and
• Counseling on landlord-tenant issues.
- Free Legal Assistance Available for Bombing Survivors: The Nashville Bar Association, Tennessee Alliance for Legal
- Nashville Strong Assistance Fund
How Community Members Can Help
Donate
- United Way of Greater Nashville is partnering with Mayor John Cooper’s office to accept gifts to its Restore the Dream Fund which will provide long-term disaster recovery support to nonprofits for the survivors. People who wish to donate may visit www.unitedwaygreaternashville.org or text RESTORE20 to 41444.
- The Salvation Army – Nashville Area Command believes “we are stronger together” and is assisting survivors with urgent needs of food, transportation, and healthcare through Kroger Gift Cards, UBER Rides and UBER Eats. Gifts can be made in support of this disaster response at www.salvationarmynashville.org.
- Catholic Charities, Diocese of Nashville provides a range of services that help clients through crises and toward self-sufficiency. Services include emergency financial assistance, counseling, job training, housing stability, hunger relief, and more. Gifts in support of their disaster relief efforts can be made at www.cctenn.org.
- Community Resource Center of Nashville will be actively engaged with long-term recovery efforts to provide basic essentials, clothing, household goods, and iscollecting items to assist with debris removal, clean up and first responder needs.
- The Community Foundation of Middle Tennessee’s Nashville Neighbors Fund, established in partnership with WTVF-NewsChannel5, is accepting gifts to provide services to both the immediate and long-term needs of survivors affected by the Christmas Day tragedy.
Volunteer
- Hands On Nashville is recruiting volunteers to help with disaster relief and recovery efforts, including cleanup and distribution of essential items to survivors and first responders. Visit hon.org to register as a volunteer or find a disaster-relief project.
About the Nashville/Davidson County VOAD
The Nashville/Davidson County Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (VOAD) provides the framework for successful preparation and activation of nonprofits and private companies to provide essential augmentations for local government’s capacity and available resources during a disaster. The VOAD is a purposeful mechanism that scales up during crisis, strengthens area-wide disaster coordination, and enhances preparedness by sharing information and engaging in joint training.
The current VOAD steering committee includes: | https://www.cfmt.org/city-of-nashville-davidson-county-join-nonprofit-organizations-to-provide-response-and-recovery-efforts-for-historic-downtown-area/ |
We have always shared common goals. Together, we have improved the quality of life for countless people living, working and learning in greater Milwaukee, and our joint commitment to the communities we serve has helped our region thrive.
We face challenges together as well, and as we see you working on the local front of the global COVID-19 pandemic, we are filled with gratitude for your dedication and respect for your resourcefulness in confronting this crisis. We know this unprecedented situation is requiring you to change the way you deliver programs to community, to bear unexpected costs and to lose revenue on which you were counting.
All the while, the populations you serve need you more than ever, and we understand that they need to be your focus. Please be assured that we are willing to work with you during this challenging time and will strive to be as flexible and responsive as possible as you navigate these immense operational and financial challenges.
We recognize that the kinds of flexibility you need may include:
We are further open to:
Please contact your program officer to discuss these options and explore what might help you best achieve your mission. If you have questions about who to contact, please email please email the Grants Management team at [email protected]. Foundation staff are working remotely, but we are committed to continuing the Foundation’s grantmaking without disruption while remaining responsive to our partners.
As always, we stand with you in service to greater Milwaukee. Thank you for all you have done, and all you will do, to help our community respond, recover and thrive.
Ellen M. Gilligan
President and CEO
Greater Milwaukee Foundation
Kathryn Dunn
Senior Vice President,
Community Impact
Greater Milwaukee Foundation
The Greater Milwaukee Foundation, in partnership with local philanthropists and funders, has created a fund to respond to community needs caused or deepened by COVID-19. The MKE Responds Fund will provide resources to organizations working in the greater Milwaukee area with communities disproportionately impacted by coronavirus and the economic consequences of this pandemic.
We are accepting applications for projects focused on helping to meet the food, housing, physical health, mental health, early childhood education, K-12 education, and economic needs of the community - especially Black and Hispanic community members - as it recovers from COVID-19. Current Funding Priority:
FOOD: Ensuring nonprofits can secure and purchase food, distribute to individuals, families and organizations serving those in greatest need
HOUSING & SHELTER: Supporting shelter operations including increased hours, and expansion of temporary and permanent housing stock to prevent and reduce new homelessness
MEDICAL SERVICES/CLINICS: Increasing medical access through coordination of testing and care systems, and support expanding clinics serving low-income families
MENTAL HEALTH: Responding to the trauma and mental health needs of the community during this time of heightened stress and isolation
EARLY CHILDHOOD: Supporting family- and center-based childcare providers to re-open and operate, including through financial assistance, supplies and technical assistance to ensure health and safety, and mental health support for staff, children, and families.
K-12 EDUCATION: Providing financial support for staff, support for education consultants, family communication, remote enrichment/learning activities, and digital connectivity/access.
ECONOMIC RECOVERY: Provide support for small businesses, employment and workforce and efforts to promote financial stability & wealth building and homeowner stability.
The fund will consider proposals from 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations. An eligible fiscal sponsor may apply on behalf of an organization that is not a 501(c)(3). Requests will be reviewed weekly. Grant decisions will be made by a Fund Advisory Committee.
Grantees interested in receiving grant payments from the Foundation via automatic deposit are invited to submit an ACH credit authorization agreement if they do not already have this documentation on file.
The federal Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, signed into law March 27, 2020, provides a range of relief resources, including for nonprofits with fewer than 500 employees.
This overview, developed by Spectrum Nonprofit Services, specifically describes the Emergency & Normal Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) and Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) guidelines, both of which may be forgiven, in this.
Return to COVID-19 home
Please contact your program officer to discuss these options and explore what might help you best achieve your mission. | https://www.greatermilwaukeefoundation.org/community-leadership/responding-together/resources-grantees-covid-19/ |
By: Ilima Loomis
The coronavirus/COVID-19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter protests have converged to shine a much needed light on disparities in the healthcare system for the Black community.
Black Americans are less likely to have access to adequate medical care, and more likely to experience discrimination in a health care setting, such as not receiving the same tests, screening, or treatment as White patients. As a result of this, those in the Black community suffer from chronic diseases like hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes at higher rates than other groups.
A number of organizations are working to bridge those gaps and advocate for change at both the local and national levels. Below are 11 nonprofits that are supporting Black medical access. Please consider following and donating to their resources to ensure continued treatment and accessibility for their communities. Please email [email protected] to submit an additional organization to this list.
Use the RxSaver tool below to search discounted coupons on medications at nearby pharmacies
AAPC (African American Planning Commission)
This multi-service housing, social service, community development and economic development nonprofit is based in New York City, and seeks to address the root causes of homelessness, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, poverty, and economic dependency. Programs include the development of transitional and affordable housing integrated with social services and a supportive community.
In addition to housing, AAPC offers domestic violence services, programs for children and youth, senior housing and services, and housing for people with HIV/AIDS, mental health disorders, special needs, and those in substance abuse recovery.
African American Health Coalition
Based in Portland, Oregon, this nonprofit has worked to promote health and wellness for the African American community since 1989. In addition to hosting community education events, services include diabetes and chronic disease self-management programs, diabetes prevention lifestyle coaching, education to promote colorectal cancer screening, insurance enrollment assistance, fitness programs, and a “Spice it Up” healthy eating program led by African American chefs.
Environmental health initiatives include advocating for tobacco/smoke-free parks and increasing the number of retail stores providing access to healthy fruits and vegetables in Black communities.
American Sickle Cell Anemia Association
Sickle Cell Disease is significantly more common among Black people, with approximately 1 out of every 365 African American babies born with the illness. The American Sickle Cell Anemia Association provides newborn testing, genetic counseling, youth programs, and other services in the Cleveland, Ohio area, and coordinates support groups and educational programs nationwide.
BEAM Black Emotional and Mental Health Collective
With a mission to remove the barriers Black communities encounter in accessing mental health care and emotional healing,Los Angeles-based BEAM offers training, education, and community events. Programs include “mental health 101” training for the staff of community organizations and people who support Black communities, a class on Black masculinity and mental health, and a “Reflect and Rejuvenate Retreat.” A Southern Healing Support Fund supports Black people in the rural south with free grocery cards. The nonprofit’s Black Virtual Therapist Network helps people connect with licensed Black therapists who are certified to provide telemental health services.
Black AIDS Institute
Almost 16,000 Black people were diagnosed with HIV in 2018, and 72% of women living with HIV in the U.S. are Black. Located in Los Angeles, the Black AIDS Institute was founded in 1999 as the only Black “think and do tank” aimed at ending the HIV epidemic in the Black community. Services include an in-house clinic and peer outreach group in LA, as well as national education and outreach programs.
Black Women’s Health Imperative
The first nonprofit founded by and for Black women to advocate for the health needs of Black women and girls, the Black Women’s Health Imperative has been working to bring about health equality for more than 35 years. Signature programs include Change Your Lifestyle, Change Your Life, a diabetes prevention program; My Sister’s Keeper, a leadership initiative for women in the Historically Black College and University network; and SIS Circles, an empowerment program for teen girls. Based in Atlanta, Georgia, and Washington, D.C.
California Black Women’s Health Project
Established in 1994, the California Black Women’s Health Project works toward improving the health of California’s 1.2 million Black women and girls through advocacy, education, outreach, and policy. The Inglewood-based nonprofit trains Black women to become health advocates through community organizing and engagement, and also advocates for policies that aim to eliminate health disparities for Black women. Education programs focus around disease prevention, intimate partner violence, nutrition and fitness, mental health, reproductive health, menopause, and other health concerns.
Center for African American Health
This Family Resource Center in metro Denver, Colorado provides culturally sensitive health education and health promotion programs to Black children and adults. Along with providing free prostate cancer screening and a hypertension management program, this nonprofit offers services including health insurance literacy and enrollment, nutrition education, a class on “mental health first aid” for youth and adults, and a Faith and Health Initiative, which partners with faith communities to promote wellness and disease prevention.
Center for Black Women’s Wellness
Located in Atlanta, the Center for Black Women’s Wellness is a community-based organization dedicated to advancing the health and well-being of underserved Black women and their families. A Wellness Clinic provides affordable OBGYN care including well-woman visits, screenings including Pap tests and breast exams, pregnancy testing and family planning, STI screening and treatment, and mammogram referrals.
A Safety Net clinic provides no-cost services for uninsured women and men, including primary health care and non-emergency care; chronic disease management for hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes and other conditions; confidential HIV testing; and mental health referrals and services. The nonprofit also offers a variety of community programs to promote breast health education, cardiovascular disease and stroke prevention, and more.
Grand Rapids African American Health Institute
Founded to address health disparities in the Black community, the Michigan-based Grand Rapids African American Health Institute offers services including a 10-week women’s health and wellness course, diabetes prevention for men, senior care and outreach, and a Strong Father’s program that promotes men’s health, healthy relationships, and parenting.
The nonprofit also researches health disparities with the Health Equity Index, which provides education and support for African Americans entering healthcare careers, and advocates for equity in medical care.
Sista Afya Community Mental Wellness
Based in Chicago, this community organization works to support and sustain mental wellness for Black women. Programs include mental wellness education with workshops, professional development opportunities, and online resources. The organization offers low-cost or sliding-scale community support services, with individual therapy, group therapy, support groups, and events.
Sista Afya also helps women access mental health and wellness resources through events that connect with service providers. An online store features wellness coloring books, journaling supplies, and supportive cards aimed at Black women.
Addressing equality for all
Addressing and correcting systemic health care issues for Black communities will not happen overnight. But with the help and drive of the non-profits listed here, the door to affordable and critical care will become accessible to more individuals. At RxSaver, we believe in inclusivity, equality, and justice for all and are proud to offer a platform that helps everyone save on prescription costs. | https://rxsaver.retailmenot.com/blog/11-nonprofits-providing-medical-access-for-black-communities/ |
WHO IS ACCREDITED?
Private Organization Accreditation
Heartland for Children is the not-for-profit agency responsible for the foster care system in Polk, Highlands, and Hardee Counties.
read more >>
ORGANIZATION TESTIMONIAL
Domestic Violence Intervention Services, Inc.
Donna Mathews, Associate Director
Becoming accredited and maintaining our accreditation through COA has helped us increase our professionalism and thereby provide better services to domestic violence, sexual assault, stalking, and dating violence survivors.
read more>>
Purpose
Individuals and families that use Housing Stabilization and Community Living Services obtain and maintain stable housing in the community and strengthen personal support systems in order to live as independently as possible.
HSCL 6: Service Components
The organization provides services that meet immediate needs and encourage the development of personal support systems and independence in community-based, safe, minimally intrusive, and accessible housing.
Interpretation: Programs that provide some or all supportive services listed in HSCL 6 through collaborative arrangements with other service providers need to show evidence of coordination with and monitoring of services received from collaborating organizations.
Research Note: Research suggests that programs without prerequisites for service are effective at achieving positive housing outcomes for individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. For example, programs utilizing a Housing First approach have yielded high housing retention rates, low recidivism rates, and reduced utilization of crisis and emergency medical services among program participants.
Table of Evidence
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HSCL 6.01
Housing Stabilization and Supported Community Living Services are provided in community settings that are readily accessible to public transportation, shopping, and community-based services and resources.
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HSCL 6.02
The organization considers the unique characteristics of service recipients when grouping people together.
Update:
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Revised Standard - 10/01/18
Interpretation: Characteristics that may be considered can include the number of individuals grouped together, age, special needs, gender, gender identity, and gender expression. All service recipients should be treated according to their self-identified gender, meaning that transgender and gender non-conforming service recipients should be given access to sleeping quarters, bathroom facilities, and services based on their stated gender, not their assigned sex at birth, in accordance with applicable federal and state law.
NA The organization only provides homelessness prevention and rapid re-housing services and does not offer housing services directly to service recipients.
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HSCL 6.03
Housing services include:
Interpretation: Housing is the primary focus of homelessness prevention and rapid re-housing services. Homeless and at-risk households face a number of barriers to obtaining and maintaining housing, two of the most significant being tenant screening barriers and housing retention barriers. Individuals struggle to obtain housing when they have poor credit histories, past evictions, unpaid debts, or criminal involvement (tenant screening barriers), and previous housing issues such as the inability to pay rent or fulfill lease requirement (housing retention barriers) make it difficult to maintain housing.
- information about community housing options;
- assistance obtaining a safe, stable living environment, including housing search support;
- assistance applying for rental subsidy or other financial aid programs;
- education on tenant rights and responsibilities;
- a process to alert service staff when an individuals’ rent is overdue and to help prevent rent arrears from mounting;
- advocacy for safe, affordable, appropriate housing;
- tenancy supports; and
- the coordination of landlord supports, if applicable.
Homelessness prevention and rapid re-housing programs offer tenancy supports to individuals to not only help them resolve past housing barriers and current housing crises, but also avoid accumulating new barriers (e.g. evictions or lease violations). Tenancy supports assist individuals in understanding the requirements of their lease; budgeting; basic landlord-tenant rights and responsibilities; and conflict avoidance or resolution.Note: Element (h) does not apply to organizations that own, lease, or manage any apartments, or other community living arrangements.
Note: Programs providing homelessness prevention and rapid re-housing services should refer to the Interpretation at HSCL 5.02 for information about housing-specific service goals.
NA The service population is limited to children and youth for whom living independently is not an alternative.
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HSCL 6.04
The organization provides case management and services that are individually tailored to the needs and preferences of individual service recipients.
Interpretation: One of the most important aspects of care for victims of human trafficking and other forms of trauma is to be able to develop a consistent, trusting relationship with one staff person who serves as the central coordinator for the full myriad of needed services.
Interpretation: In rapid re-housing programs, service recipients choose when, where, and how often case management meetings occur. Services should be delivered either in the service recipient’s home or in a location of their choosing whenever possible.
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HSCL 6.05
Skills training is offered to service recipients, as needed, and includes:
- activities of daily living;
- household management;
- budgeting and money management;
- credit and debt counseling;
- personal safety;
- navigating access to community resources;
- information about mainstream benefits and employment; and
- interpersonal communication such as conflict avoidance or resolution.
Interpretation: Skills training promotes independence, development of personal support systems, and/or housing stability.
NA The service population is limited to children and youth for whom living independently is not an alternative.
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FPHSCL 6.06
Health services include:
- routine medical and dental care;
- clinical services, including substance use and mental health services;
- medication management and/or monitoring;
- developmentally appropriate information, including pregnancy prevention, family planning, safe and healthy relationships, and prevention of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases; and
- harm reduction.
Update:
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Revised Interpretation - 10/01/18
Interpretation: Programs that do not provide health services directly should arrange or coordinate services when the service recipient indicates a need and willingness to utilize health services, either through informal or formal agreements with local healthcare providers.
Interpretation: When an organization does not provide linkages to family planning services because doing so is counter to its mission or beliefs, the organization should disclose this fact to service recipients and provide individuals with a list of other community providers that offer pregnancy support and education services.
Interpretation: Individuals recovering from an illness or injury should be connected with medical respite care services, if available. Such programs provide a safe environment for individuals experiencing homelessness whose medical conditions do not warrant continued hospitalization, but where staying on the street or in a shelter would make recovery more difficult or impossible.
Interpretation: Medical and dental assessments for children and youth should be conducted in accordance with well-child guidelines. See also, RPM 3, Medication Control and Administration.
Interpretation: Transgender service recipients may need assistance accessing specialized medical services and should be referred to appropriate providers in the community, as needed.
Interpretation: Harm reduction is a public health strategy that aims to prevent behaviors that can have negative outcomes and/or reduce the negative outcomes associated with that behavior. The interventions and goals used will vary depending on the behavior that is targeted and the population, for example preventing pregnancy among youth or reducing harm from continued substance use among adults.
Research Note: Trafficking victims commonly suffer from multiple physical and psychological health issues as a result of inhumane living conditions, isolation, poor sanitation and hygiene, malnutrition, physical and emotional abuse from their traffickers, dangerous working situations, alcohol and other drug use, and overall lack of health care.
Research Note: Homeless youth experience multiple barriers to accessing physical and mental health care, including distrust in adults and institutional settings, limited knowledge of available services, and lack of health insurance, transportation, and culturally competent care that is safe and friendly for youth who identify as LGBTQ.
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HSCL 6.07
Supportive services include, as needed:
- educational services, including G.E.D. preparation;
- crisis intervention;
- transportation;
- legal assistance;
- case advocacy;
- parent education and family support;
- child care;
- mainstream benefits/income support enrollment;
- help with basic literacy;
- help with basic computer literacy; and
- social, cultural, recreational, and religious/spiritual activities.
Interpretation: Housing needs and client choice guide the delivery of homelessness prevention and rapid re-housing services. Service recipients should determine the supports that they need to resolve their current housing crisis and prevent future episodes of housing instability.
-
HSCL 6.08
Employment and vocational support include helping service recipients:
- develop work habits, skills, and self-awareness essential to employability;
- write resumes, complete job applications, and prepare for interviews;
- find and access local employment resources and placement options, including on-the-job training;
- secure childcare while attending interviews; and
- travel to interviews and places of employment.
NA The organization only provides homelessness prevention and rapid re-housing services and does not offer employment and vocational support to service recipients.
-
HSCL 6.09The organization provides time-limited financial assistance to subsidize housing costs which may include:
- relocation or moving costs;
- security deposits;
- rent payments;
- utility deposits and/or payments; or
- other forms of temporary aid that address barriers to housing, such as child care or transportation assistance.
Interpretation: Homelessness prevention and rapid re-housing programs should aim to provide the lowest level of financial assistance for the shortest period of time possible while still assuring strong housing stability outcomes. Programs can employ this approach by limiting the amount and duration of assistance to only what is necessary for the individual or family to obtain or maintain housing.NA The organization does not provide financial assistance.
-
HSCL 6.10
The organization establishes strategies for recruiting and retaining landlords in order to maximize housing options for service recipients with tenant screening barriers.
NA The organization owns, leases, or manages apartments, or other community living arrangements. | http://coanet.org/standard/hscl/6/ |
(Miami, FL, 11/09/2016) The Council on American-Islamic Relations - Florida (CAIR-FL) has announced today that it will be co-sponsoring the Day of Dignity to bring together community volunteers, government agencies, nonprofits, businesses, service providers, and the private sector to help serve the homeless community in Palm Beach County.
The event is open to all members in the community and will be held on Saturday, November 12, 2016 from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. at the Ezell Hester Community Center; 1901 N. Seacrest Blvd., Boynton Beach, FL 33435 .
CAIR-Florida has co-hosted this event in several locations across Palm Beach over the last four years in collaboration with Islamic Relief USA, the Homeless Coalition and other organizations such as United Way and Palm Tran with dedication to human development and community building.
Along with volunteerism, Day of Dignity is about community service in action; feeding, clothing, and supporting the homeless. Together with our local community partners we seek to address basic human needs of the underprivileged communities in South Florida.
Services that will be provided by over 40 local agencies include housing assistance, mental health services, health screening and insurance, dental care, family services, free haircuts, job placement, educational opportunities and referral services.
CAIR-Florida welcomes the Media to attend and cover this event. Please see the attached flyer for more information:
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CONTACT: | https://www.cairflorida.org/newsroom/press-releases/651-cair-florida-co-sponsors-day-of-dignity-on-november-12th-to-serve-homeless-community-in-palm-beach-county |
BRONX, N.Y., Oct. 5, 2020 /PRNewswire/ — Joe Verghese, M.B.B.S., M.S., an international leader in aging and cognition research at Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Health System, has received two grants from the National Institutes of Health totaling $13.8 million to conduct studies on pre-dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
The first grant totals $7.6 million over five years and will fund a study of a pre-dementia condition called motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR) in 11,000 older adults living in six countries. The second five-year grant of $6.2 million will enable researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of a non-invasive brain stimulation technique intended to alleviate symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and improve brain function.
«Approximately 50 million adults worldwide have dementia, which puts an enormous burden on individuals, their families and caretakers, and the healthcare system,» said Dr. Verghese, director of the Montefiore Einstein Center for the Aging Brain. «Our ultimate goal is to develop treatments that can prevent or treat Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common form of dementia.»
Dr. Verghese is chief of the integrated divisions of cognitive and motor aging and of geriatrics at Einstein and Montefiore. He also is the Murray D. Gross Memorial Faculty Scholar in Gerontology, director of the Resnick Gerontology Center, and professor in the Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology and of medicine at Einstein.
Exploring the Biology of Pre-Dementia
Dr. Verghese first identified and described MCR, a condition in which older adults have an abnormally slow gait and cognitive complaints, in a 2014 study. He found that MCR affects almost one in 10 older adults and those diagnosed were twice as likely as other older adults to develop dementia within 12 years.
The first grant will allow Dr. Verghese and his colleagues to investigate the biological roots of MCR and identify biomarkers for the condition. Researchers will establish a consortium of eight ongoing studies of aging, evaluate biological and genetic data from the participants, and track their structural and functional brain changes over time. Hundreds of participants will be enrolled from current studies at Einstein, including the LonGenity Study, the Central Control of Mobility and Aging, and the Einstein Aging Study.
«We’ve already uncovered clues about the biological pathways and brain structures implicated in MCR, which appear distinct from other pre-dementia conditions, and now we can dig deeper to refine our understanding of this syndrome,» said Dr. Verghese. «The large number of study participants will give power to our findings and, we hope, help us to identify new ways to prevent or treat MCR and slow or stop its progression to Alzheimer’s.» Einstein-Montefiore collaborators on the grant include Nir Barzilai, M.D., Helena Blumen, Ph.D., M.S., Carol Derby, Ph.D., and Richard Lipton, M.D.
Studying a Novel Non-Invasive Approach for Treating Alzheimer’s
Dr. Verghese’s second grant will focus on treatment, specifically, the at-home use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) therapy, delivered with a bathing-cap style head covering. The randomized, double-blind study will evaluate the effects of six months of at-home tDCS on improving cognitive performance and selected symptoms in 100 patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. The co-primary investigator on the grant is Helena Knotkova, Ph.D., D. Phil., associate professor of medicine at Einstein and director of clinical research and analytics at the MJHS Institute for Innovation in Palliative Care.
Study participants or their caregivers will be trained to use the headgear and a companion telehealth tablet. Participants will receive either placebo or actual tDCS treatments for 30 minutes, five times a week, over six months. Researchers will use established tests and surveys to measure cognitive performance, attention, and mood. Immediately after the six-month period, and again at two later dates, investigators will assess functional and structural brain changes using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
«There is a compelling need for new, low-risk treatment approaches for Alzheimer’s disease,» said Dr. Verghese. «Transcranial direct current stimulation has been effective in animal research and in some limited human studies, and there appear to be very few side effects. If we can demonstrate the effectiveness of this treatment, it could potentially become an important part of dementia care.»
The first grant, titled, «The Biological Underpinnings of Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome: A Multi-Center Study,» was awarded by the National Institute on Aging (NIA), part of the NIH (1R01AG057548-01A1). The second grant, titled «Non-Invasive Home Neurostimulation for Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: Double-Blind, Sham Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial,» also was awarded by the NIA (1R01AG068167-01). | https://www.austrianewstoday.com/nih-awards-13-8-million-for-studies-on-the-prevention-and-treatment-of-alzheimers-disease/ |
Joe Verghese, M.B.B.S., M.S., an international leader in aging and cognition research at Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Health System, has received two grants from the National Institutes of Health totaling $13.8 million to conduct studies on pre-dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
The first grant totals $7.6 million over five years and will fund a study of a pre-dementia condition called motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR) in 11,000 older adults living in six countries. The second five-year grant of $6.2 million will enable researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of a non-invasive brain stimulation technique intended to alleviate symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and improve brain function.
“Approximately 50 million adults worldwide have dementia, which puts an enormous burden on individuals, their families and caretakers, and the healthcare system,” said Dr. Verghese, director of the Montefiore Einstein Center for the Aging Brain. “Our ultimate goal is to develop treatments that can prevent or treat Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common form of dementia.”
Dr. Verghese is chief of the integrated divisions of cognitive and motor aging and of geriatrics at Einstein and Montefiore. He also is the Murray D. Gross Memorial Faculty Scholar in Gerontology, director of the Resnick Gerontology Center, and professor in the Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology and of medicine at Einstein.
Exploring the Biology of Pre-Dementia
Dr. Verghese first identified and described MCR, a condition in which older adults have an abnormally slow gait and cognitive complaints, in a 2014 study. He found that MCR affects almost one in 10 older adults and those diagnosed were twice as likely as other older adults to develop dementia within 12 years.
The first grant will allow Dr. Verghese and his colleagues to investigate the biological roots of MCR and identify biomarkers for the condition. Researchers will establish a consortium of eight ongoing studies of aging, evaluate biological and genetic data from the participants, and track their structural and functional brain changes over time. Hundreds of participants will be enrolled from current studies at Einstein, including the LonGenity Study, the Central Control of Mobility and Aging, and the Einstein Aging Study.
“We’ve already uncovered clues about the biological pathways and brain structures implicated in MCR, which appear distinct from other pre-dementia conditions, and now we can dig deeper to refine our understanding of this syndrome,” said Dr. Verghese. “The large number of study participants will give power to our findings and, we hope, help us to identify new ways to prevent or treat MCR and slow or stop its progression to Alzheimer’s.” Einstein-Montefiore collaborators on the grant include Nir Barzilai, M.D., Helena Blumen, Ph.D., M.S., Carol Derby, Ph.D., and Richard Lipton, M.D.
Studying a Novel Non-Invasive Approach for Treating Alzheimer’s
Dr. Verghese’s second grant will focus on treatment, specifically, the at-home use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) therapy, delivered with a bathing-cap style head covering. The randomized, double-blind study will evaluate the effects of six months of at-home tDCS on improving cognitive performance and selected symptoms in 100 patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. The co-primary investigator on the grant is Helena Knotkova, Ph.D., D. Phil., associate professor of medicine at Einstein and director of clinical research and analytics at the MJHS Institute for Innovation in Palliative Care.
Study participants or their caregivers will be trained to use the headgear and a companion telehealth tablet. Participants will receive either placebo or actual tDCS treatments for 30 minutes, five times a week, over six months. Researchers will use established tests and surveys to measure cognitive performance, attention, and mood. Immediately after the six-month period, and again at two later dates, investigators will assess functional and structural brain changes using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
“There is a compelling need for new, low-risk treatment approaches for Alzheimer’s disease,” said Dr. Verghese. “Transcranial direct current stimulation has been effective in animal research and in some limited human studies, and there appear to be very few side effects. If we can demonstrate the effectiveness of this treatment, it could potentially become an important part of dementia care.”
The first grant, titled, “The Biological Underpinnings of Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome: A Multi-Center Study,” was awarded by the National Institute on Aging (NIA), part of the NIH (1R01AG057548-01A1). The second grant, titled “Non-Invasive Home Neurostimulation for Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: Double-Blind, Sham Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial,” also was awarded by the NIA (1R01AG068167-01).
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- Telemedicine in Dementia Care: Here to Stay? | https://www.montefiore.org/nih-awards-138-million-for-studies-on-the-prevention-and-treatment-of-alzheimers-disease |
We all know to eat right, exercise, and get a good night’s sleep to stay healthy. But can flexing our creative muscles help us thrive as we age? Ongoing research looking at singing group programs, theater training, and visual arts for older adults suggest that participating in the arts may improve the health, well-being, and independence of older adults.
“Researchers are highly interested in examining if and how participating in arts activities may be linked to memory and improving self-esteem and well-being. Scientists are also interested in studying how music can be used to reduce behavioral symptoms of dementia, such as stress, aggression, agitation, and apathy, as well as promoting social interaction, which has multiple psychosocial benefits,” said Lisa Onken, Ph.D., of NIA’s Division of Behavioral and Social Research.
Dr. Johnson tested this approach, leading Community of Voices, the largest randomized clinical trial to test the impact of participating in a community choir on the health and well-being of nearly 400 culturally diverse adults, age 60 and older, from 12 senior centers in San Francisco. The centers were randomly chosen to conduct the choir program immediately (six intervention groups) or 6 months later (six control groups). Outcome measures were collected at baseline (prior to starting the intervention), 6 months (end of randomization phase), and 12 months (1 year after enrollment). Each choir met once a week in 90-minute sessions for 44 weeks and performed in several informal concerts.
At weekly rehearsals, professional choral directors from the San Francisco Community Music Center trained in the intervention led activities to promote health and well-being. Researchers assessed participants’ cognition, physical function, and psychosocial function, as well as their use and cost of healthcare services, before they started the choir program and again after 6 and 12 months.
A unique aspect of the study was its use of community partners to engage, enroll, and retain a large group of racially and ethnically diverse and low-income older adults. Participants were recruited and completed all choir activities and assessments at the senior centers, which made it more convenient for them to join and continue in the study.
Participating in the community choir showed positive results within 6 months. In particular, it reduced feelings of loneliness and increased interest in life. However, cognitive and physical outcomes and healthcare costs did not change significantly. Dr. Johnson attributed the improvements to the choir providing a meaningful, regular opportunity to meet new people, build social support, and increase a sense of belonging.
Northwestern University is looking to another art form, theater improvisation, to help older adults with early-stage dementia be social and improve their quality of life. “The Memory Ensemble” is for people newly diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia who are looking for opportunities to engage in programs that fit their needs,” said Darby Morhardt, Ph.D., Outreach, Recruitment and Education Core Leader at Northwestern’s Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease.
The Memory Ensemble’s 69 participants learn how to use their instincts, creativity, and spontaneity to explore and create improvisational theater. The program, developed in 2010 by Northwestern and the Lookingglass Theatre Company in Chicago, seeks to improve the quality of life for people living with Alzheimer’s and related disorders and to transfer these benefits to other communities.
As part of the 8-week program, groups of 10 to 15 participants, age 50 to 90, attend 90-minute sessions that are purposely repetitive and follow a specific pattern. Two facilitators—a clinical social worker and a master teaching artist in theater and improvisational techniques—guide participants through various activities.
Preliminary results show participation in the Memory Ensemble improves mood, decreases anxiety, and increases a sense of belonging, normalcy, and destigmatization, said Dr. Dunford. Participants also report feelings of achievement, empowerment, and self-discovery.
Future plans include developing an evidence-based curriculum for researchers, arts therapists, and theater professionals to replicate the program in other communities and a theater intervention program for caregivers.
To explore the connections between music and wellness at all ages, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., in collaboration with the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), launched Sound Health in 2017. The goal is to expand knowledge about how music affects the brain.
At a January 2017 NIH workshop on this topic, a panel of medical experts, scientists, music therapists, performers, and arts professionals discussed research on how the brain processes music and how this research is applied in clinical settings. The workshop generated recommendations to further this area of research.
Later in 2017 and again in 2018, the program hosted a series of performances, lectures, and hands-on workshops at the Kennedy Center that brought together leading researchers and performers to explore the intersection of music and science.
NIH established a working group to follow up on outcomes and recommendations from the workshops. The group plans to develop and implement basic and applied research initiatives, methodological improvements, and an infrastructure to support additional large-scale studies.
NIH has issued funding opportunity announcements for additional research on how music can affect brain development, improve treatment for people with certain health conditions, and enhance quality of life for people as they age.
Learn more about the Sound Health initiative—for example, how music can help people with Parkinson’s disease walk, protect adults from hearing loss as they age, and other scientific findings: Sound Health: Music Gets You Moving and More.
Research on music, theater, dance, creative writing, and other participatory arts shows promise for improving older adults’ quality of life and well-being, from better cognitive function, memory, and self-esteem to reduced stress and increased social interaction. NIA is addressing the need for more rigorous research, including new or alternative research designs and measurements that can demonstrate the efficacy and cost advantage of arts interventions. | http://hiddenmeadowsontheridge.com/index.php/resources/36-participating-in-the-arts-paves-creates-paths-to-healthy-aging |
National HIV/AIDS and Aging Awareness Day:
Paths to Progress
On September 18, public health professionals, health care providers, organizations, advocates, and communities united to recognize National HIV/AIDS and Aging Awareness Day (NHAAD). NHAAD provides an opportunity to reflect on the unique challenges related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and aging—and to discuss the best path forward with HIV prevention, treatment, and care.
In 2018, adults ages 50 and older accounted for more than half of the people in the United States and dependent areas living with diagnosed HIV. While diagnosed HIV in people in this age group is declining, data showed that 1 in 6 HIV acquisitions occurs in this group.1 NHAAD highlights the complex issues related to HIV and aging and underscores the importance of ongoing research.
Today, effective HIV treatment (antiretroviral therapy [ART]) enables people with HIV to live longer and healthier lives. Still, many challenges exist for those who are aging with HIV, including HIV-related comorbidities and coinfections; cognitive impairments; frailty; and adverse side effects, medication interactions, and drug resistance related to HIV treatment.
The Office of AIDS Research (OAR) coordinates HIV and HIV-related research across the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and works with other NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices to advance research that will improve HIV/AIDS health outcomes for people of all ages. To shed more light on HIV and aging-related research underway in this area, I invited two distinguished NIH colleagues to join me for a conversation: Dr. Richard J. Hodes, Director of the National Institute on Aging (NIA), and Dr. Walter J. Koroshetz, Director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). We discussed the following key topics:
Dr. Goodenow: Dr. Hodes, what are some of the unique challenges faced by people who are aging with HIV?
Dr. Hodes: Older adults with HIV might be coping with other diseases and health conditions, which can mask some of the signs of HIV. Older people are also less likely than younger people to get tested—out of anticipated stigma and because doctors do not always think to test this population for HIV. Older adults may not even know they have HIV, and by the time infection is detected, the stage of the virus may have advanced and be more likely to progress to AIDS. Individuals from diverse populations face barriers to access and availability of high-quality HIV-related health facilities and services, which contribute to known disparities in HIV-health outcomes.
Older adults with HIV have an increased risk of coronary artery disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, dementia, and some cancers and experience a high frequency of geriatric conditions, including falls, frailty, and other impairments. This may be related to persistent inflammation associated with aging that tends to be accentuated by HIV infection. They are more vulnerable to mental illness, especially depression and addiction. Low socioeconomic status is known to be associated with less successful functional aging for older adults with HIV.
Social isolation and loneliness are widely documented challenges that have implications for the health and well-being of this population, as older people with HIV tend to be particularly isolated with limited social networks.
There is research underway to determine if HIV is associated with premature aging in the female genital tract—including alterations in the vaginal microbiome and mucosal inflammation—which may increase risk for vaginal atrophy, urinary tract infections, and other genital tract infections.
Dr. Goodenow: Dr. Hodes, how has research impacted HIV prevention and treatment for people who are aging?
Dr. Hodes: Due in large part to the successful development of antiretroviral therapy, adults with HIV are living longer. This aging population increasingly experiences multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and significant mental health and psychosocial challenges. Geriatric assessment and management could help address this medical and social complexity. An NIA-supported study is currently evaluating early outcomes of this management approach in older adults with HIV.
Dr. Goodenow: Dr. Hodes, can you describe NIA studies that are underway to address HIV and aging, as well as HIV-related comorbidities, coinfections, and other complications?
Dr. Hodes: NIA is funding multiple studies in these areas spanning basic, clinical, and behavioral/social research. I can provide a few examples:
- Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, are focusing on the relationship between HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, and epigenetic changes with aging. These changes tend to be associated with many other diseases and conditions of aging.
- Additionally, the AIDS and Aging Research Platform is a multidisciplinary collaborative network that is developing important infrastructure to support research studies at the interface of HIV and aging. This project leverages existing investments in the Centers for AIDS Research, Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Centers, the Nathan Shock Centers of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, and the McKnight Brain Institute.
- In the international research arena, NIA supports Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH (International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health) Community in South Africa. Through this project, researchers are studying interrelationships among HIV acquisition; physical and cognitive function; chronic health conditions; and a variety of behavioral, social, and economic factors among aging adults in rural South Africa.
Dr. Goodenow: Dr. Hodes, could you talk about the collaborative OAR and NIA efforts to advance research related to HIV and aging and explain how NIH HIV funding supports this research?
Dr. Hodes: OAR and NIA collaborate to help increase understanding of the neurological processes contributing to dementia in older adults, including those with HIV. For example, we jointly fund cross-disciplinary research projects on the similarities and differences between the mental and physical declines seen in Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline associated with HIV. Another example is research on the relationship between neurodegenerative processes in HIV and Alzheimer’s disease in the era of ART. As the population of people with HIV ages due to the availability of ART, cognitive impairment may become more widespread.
Additional future studies will explore how Alzheimer’s-related conditions relate to cognitive impairment in people with HIV and examine the relationship between physical and mental declines, the impact on overall disease processes, and mental health.
Dr. Goodenow: Dr. Hodes, what research advances do you hope to see in the future in these areas?
Dr. Hodes: Older adults with HIV have greater risks for cognitive impairment, which can negatively impact the ability to engage in behaviors that benefit health. A greater understanding of the factors that promote healthy behaviors in the presence of cognitive impairment will help to address the needs of this aging population of individuals with HIV and the corresponding public health burden.
Dr. Goodenow: Dr. Koroshetz, can you talk about the unique challenges faced by people who are aging with HIV-related cognitive impairments?
Dr. Koroshetz: The success of ART in the mid-1990s substantially reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV and AIDS and has resulted in an increase in the number of people over the age of 50 years with HIV. However, many believe that the central nervous system (CNS) acts as a protected reservoir for the virus, in which it hides from treatments intended to cure HIV. Given the population’s rapid growth, it is critical to understand the relationship HIV may have with the multiple complex pathways that cause age-related cognitive decline and dementia.
The presence of HIV in the CNS continues to persist in people with HIV, despite effective ART. These individuals often must manage other neurological disorders, including cognitive impairment, which can range from mild to severe. HIV-associated dementia is a severe form of cognitive impairment that is predominantly seen in individuals who are inadequately treated with ART. HIV can damage specific areas of the brain leading to a type of dementia associated with memory problems, social withdrawal, and trouble concentrating. People with HIV-associated dementia may develop movement problems as well.
Despite effective ART, many individuals develop mild neurocognitive impairment, which can impact learning, memory, and executive functions. These neurocognitive impairments can persist due to several factors, including viral persistence in long-lived cells in the brain, co-morbidities (e.g., mood disorders, metabolic syndrome, substance use, and coinfections), ART toxicity, and history of CNS injury. Those with HIV and navigating cognitive impairments must navigate major disability, loss of functional independence, adherence to ART, poor quality of life, and mortality—the burden of which will increase as they age.
Dr. Goodenow: Dr. Koroshetz, what studies are underway at NINDS to advance the understanding of the relationship between HIV, aging, and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Decline (HAND)?
Dr. Koroshetz: NINDS supports basic, translational, and clinical research on understanding the effects of living with HIV, comorbidities, long-term exposure to ART, and aging on the CNS. Some examples include:
- Older individuals with HAND often develop problems in learning and memory, and these symptoms can resemble those of Alzheimer’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease Related Dementias (AD/ADRD). Recent data suggest that common host factors and cellular pathways may be involved in both HAND and AD, especially with increased occurrence of both among older individuals and an acceleration of the process of neurocognitive impairment in older populations with HIV.
- Although brain pathology differs between HAND and AD/ADRD, analysis of post-mortem brain tissue and positron emission tomography imaging of HIV-positive individuals over age 50 years found accumulation of some of the same proteins that that are observed in AD/ADRD. Additionally, the level of one of those proteins, β-amyloid, in the cerebrospinal fluid of people with HAND resembled that of people with mild AD dementia, suggesting that HAND may be associated with AD/ADRD processes. Investigators are using mouse models and systems biology approaches to further explore the potential synergy between the presence of HIV, β-amyloid, and Tau in promoting memory impairment.
- Investigators are also utilizing various multimodal neuroimaging approaches—in conjunction with cognitive assessments—to understand HIV-related changes in brain networks and to distinguish HAND from other aging-related neurocognitive disorders. These novel neuroimaging modalities could serve as biomarkers that can quickly screen and effectively identify neurocognitive impairment in older individuals with HAND. These approaches may have the ability to evaluate the effectiveness of neuroprotective therapies or tailor psychosocial interventions to prevent or delay the onset of brain dysfunction.
- Dr. Avindra Nath, a Senior Investigator and Clinical Director in the NINDS Intramural Research Program, studies the neuropathology of retroviruses, including how HIV can persist and be transmitted from cell to cell in the nervous system. The group works to identify mechanisms of HIV-induced injury in the nervous system, interactions between HIV and b-amyloid and therapeutic approaches that target specific mechanisms, especially those toxic effects triggered by the HIV protein Tat.
- Finally, HIV-associated motor dysfunction is commonly found in ART-treated individuals and contributes to falls and poor quality of life. Damage caused by HIV-induced inflammation in the brain may play a significant role in this dysfunction. Investigators are using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging techniques to study the underlying neural circuitry and cell type-specific molecular signatures of HIV-associated motor dysfunction.
In addition to supporting investigator-initiated research to understand the relationship between HIV, aging, and neurocognitive disorders, NINDS has partnered with other Institutes to support collaborative projects:
- The National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium (NNTC) (with the National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH]) supports research to further understand HIV-associated CNS dysfunction. The NNTC collects, stores, and distributes biospecimens collected from HIV-positive and negative individuals, including samples of central and peripheral nervous system tissue and cerebrospinal fluid, to support researchers around the world working to understand neuro-HIV disorders.
- The CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (Charter) study (with NIMH) examined the presentation and predictors of neurologic complications of HIV in the era of ART. Across six clinical sites, researchers monitored cohort participants longitudinally to understand CNS complications associated with HIV.
- The MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI]) is a collaborative research effort to understand and reduce the impact of chronic health conditions—including heart, lung, and brain—that affect people with HIV.
Dr. Goodenow: Dr. Koroshetz, how does collaborative work with OAR and NIA contribute to NINDS’ efforts to study CNS impairment in older adults with HIV?
Dr. Koroshetz: NINDS is partnering with OAR, NIA, and NIMH to support research on the interplay between HIV and aging in the brain by jointly sponsoring a funding opportunity on Multidisciplinary Studies of HIV/AIDS and Aging (R01 Clinical Trial Optional).
Through this funding opportunity, NINDS is interested in fostering innovative basic, translational, and clinical research on the effects of chronic HIV infection, comorbidities, and aging on the CNS. NINDS is especially interested in research at the intersection of HIV-associated neurodegenerative processes, aging-associated CNS diseases, chronic ART effects, and host susceptibility factors.
Dr. Goodenow: Dr. Koroshetz, have there been breakthroughs in this area of research that impact HIV prevention or treatment approaches for older adults?
Dr. Koroshetz: Clinical trials thus far have had limited success, due to several factors. HAND is multifactorial, and the underlying causes and presentation of HAND in HIV-infected individuals is wide-ranging. In addition, the brain presents a unique challenge because the blood-brain barrier reduces the penetration of antiretroviral drugs into the CNS. This challenge, alongside neurotoxic ART exposure and other factors, has been a major barrier for HIV treatment in the brain.
Led by NIAID, with support from NIMH, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and NINDS, the AIDS Clinical Trial Groups (ACTG) Network conducts clinical and translational studies to develop safe and effective drugs, prevention strategies, and vaccines. Within the ACTG, the Neurology Collaborative Science Group facilitates the development and implementation of clinical trials relevant to the brain.
Dr. Goodenow: Dr. Koroshetz, what additional science is needed to further the NIH HIV research agenda related to HIV and aging?
Dr. Koroshetz: Of particular importance is to understand the interplay between chronic HIV and the complex causes of age-related cognitive decline and dementia. There is a continued need for research into the pathogenesis of HAND, as well as into the development of therapies to reduce HIV-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in aging individuals. Further, cellular reservoirs of the virus in the brain are distinct compared to lymphoid organs, hence HIV treatment and cure strategies that specifically target the brain are necessary. Many NINDS scientists have taken on the challenge of examining pathologic conditions in the context of the neurovascular unit; that is, at the tissue level where glia, neurons, inflammatory cells, small blood vessels, and interstitial fluid pathways work in concert to support normal brain function. Such an approach might be valuable in understanding HIV’s effects on the aging brain. The neurotechnologies derived from the NIH BRAIN Initiative also allow precise mapping, monitoring and modulation of neural circuit activity that was not possible previously. Utilization of these technologies in animal models might lead to new insights into how chronic HIV infection alters brain circuits over time. Some of these neurotechnologies, especially the use of single-cell transcriptomic/epigenetic profiling are already useful in charting the cell-specific changes that occur in a stage-specific manner in multiple brain disorders.
Dr. Goodenow: Thank you, Dr. Hodes and Dr. Koroshetz. OAR will continue to prioritize collaborations and partnerships across NIH Institutes to reach HIV research goals. OAR is committed to advancing research to improve health outcomes for older adults who are at risk for or who have HIV.
Maureen M. Goodenow, Ph.D.
NIH Associate Director for AIDS Research and
Director, NIH Office of AIDS Research
Richard J. Hodes, M.D.
Director
National Institute on Aging
Walter J. Koroshetz, M.D.
Director
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. August 2021. “HIV and Older Americans.” Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/age/olderamericans/index.html
Read last month’s blog. | https://oar.nih.gov/about/directors-corner/national-hivaids-and-aging-awareness-day-paths-progress |
MedicalResearch.com Interview with:
Carla R. Schubert, MS
Researcher, EpiSense Research Program
Dept. of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences
School of Medicine and Public Health
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI 53726-2336
MedicalResearch.com: What is the background for this study?
Response: Mildlife is an important time-period for health later in life and also when declines in sensory and cognitive functions may begin to occur. Hearing, vision and smell impairments have been associated with cognitive impairments in older adults and with worse cognitive function in middle-aged adults. These associations may be reflecting the close integration of sensory and cognitive systems as both require good brain function.
MedicalResearch.com: What are the main findings?
Response: In the Beaver Dam Offspring Study (BOSS), researchers combined measures of sensory and cognitive function into one summary measure and evaluated factors associated with this measure of brain function. There were over 2000 middle-aged and older adults included in this study. Participants with vascular risk factors such as current smoking, a larger waist, or a history of cardiovascular disease or inflammation, were more likely to have brain aging while those participants who had more years of education or exercised regularly were less likely to have brain aging. Older participants, those with diabetes, a history of a head injury or reporting depressive symptoms were more likely to develop brain aging over 5 years.
MedicalResearch.com: What should readers take away from your report?
Response: Many of the factors associated with brain aging in this study are potentially modifiable. Improving health and making good lifestyle choices in midlife may help preserve brain health and function later in life.
MedicalResearch.com: What recommendations do you have for future research as a result of this work?
Response: Further studies are needed to validate the novel marker of brain aging used in this study and replicate the findings in other populations.
Any disclosures?
This work was supported by a grant (R01AG021917 to Karen J. Cruickshanks, PhD) from the National Institute on Aging and an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness. The authors have no conflicts of interest.
Citation:
Schubert, C. R., Fischer, M. E., Pinto, A. A., Chen, Y. , Klein, B. E., Klein, R. , Tsai, M. Y., Tweed, T. S. and Cruickshanks, K. J. (2019), Brain Aging in Midlife: The Beaver Dam Offspring Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. doi:10.1111/jgs.15886
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The prevalence of sleep problems in adulthood increases with age. While not all sleep changes are pathological in later life, severe disturbances may lead to depression, cognitive impairments, deterioration of quality of life, significant stresses for carers and increased healthcare costs. The most common treatment for sleep disorders (particularly insomnia) is pharmacological. The efficacy of non-drug interventions has been suggested to be slower than pharmacological methods, but with no risk of drug-related tolerance or dependency. Cognitive and behavioural treatments for sleep problems aim to improve sleep by changing poor sleep habits, promoting better sleep hygiene practices and by challenging negative thoughts, attitudes and beliefs about sleep.
To assess the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural interventions in improving sleep quality, duration and efficiency amongst older adults (aged 60 and above).
The following databases were searched: MEDLINE (1966 - October 2001); EMBASE (1980 - January 2002), CINAHL ( 1982 - January 2002; PsychINFO 1887 to 2002; The Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 2002); National Research Register (NRR ). Bibliographies of existing reviews in the area, as well as of all trial reports obtained, were searched. Experts in the field were consulted.
Randomised controlled trials of cognitive behavioural treatments for primary insomnia where 80% or more of participants were over 60. Participants must have been screened to exclude those with dementia and/or depression.
Abstracts of studies identified in searches of electronic databases were read and assessed to determine whether they might meet the inclusion criteria. Data were analysed separately depending on whether results had been obtained subjectively or objectively.
Six trials, including 282 participants with insomnia, examined the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural treatments (CBT) for sleep problems in this population. The final total of participants included in the meta-analysis was 224. The data suggest a mild effect of CBT for sleep problems in older adults, best demonstrated for sleep maintenance insomnia.
When the possible side-effects of standard treatment (hypnotics) are considered, there is an argument to be made for clinical use of cognitive-behavioural treatments. Research is needed to establish the likely predictors of success with such treatments. As it may well be the case that the treatment efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy itself is not durable, the provision of "top-up" sessions of CBT training to improve durability of effect are worthy of investigation.
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12076472 |
Established in 1983, the AOTF Academy of Research in Occupational Therapy recognizes individuals who have made exemplary, distinguished, and sustained contributions toward the science of occupational therapy. Every year, the Academy of Research invites nominations for membership. After consideration of the nominations and supporting materials, the Academy selects individuals to be inducted into this distinguished body of researchers. Normally, inductions occur at the next AOTA Annual Conference and Exposition.
View Nomination Procedures
Presentations from 2021 Academy of Research Inductees and 2021 Early & Mid-Career Awardees
Natalie Leland is Associate Professor and Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Occupational Therapy within the School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh. Her interdisciplinary research program is focused on improving quality of care, optimizing desired patient outcomes, and mitigating health disparities.
Her research portfolio reflects the mutual integration of her health services research, implementation science, gerontology, and occupational training. Her work is known for quantifying care delivery and patient outcomes, capturing stakeholder perspectives on best practice and interdisciplinary care, responding to evidence needs of providers, and advancing the methodology evidence-base for stakeholder engagement. Dr. Leland’s research portfolio is recognized both internationally and nationally for championing stakeholder engagement throughout the research process to address meaningful clinical and policy-relevant questions intended to improve the lives of vulnerable older adults in post-acute and long-term care.
Elizabeth Pyatak’s original and impactful research program focuses on the development, implementation, and assessment of innovative occupational therapy interventions that enhance the health, well-being, and quality of life of individuals with chronic conditions such as diabetes, particularly among medically underserved and at-risk populations. By grounding her pioneering lifestyle interventions on the findings of her qualitative inquiries on the day-to-day issues of underserved populations living with diabetes, Dr. Pyatak has transformed how the field of occupational therapy approaches the management of medically complex chronic conditions by addressing not only the therapeutic needs of clients, but also the broader social contexts that contribute to their conditions. She currently serves as Principal Investigator on two NIH R01 awards totaling over $6.7 million, has published 39 peer-reviewed articles in high impact journals, and has provided over 70 invited and refereed presentations to international, national, and regional audiences.
Timothy Wolf is the Associate Dean for Research, Department Chair, and Professor at the University of Missouri. The goal of Dr. Wolf’s research is to generate knowledge that will establish the effectiveness of interventions to improve participation in work and community activities after changes in the brain (i.e., neurological injury). He conducts research with individuals who have functional cognitive deficits after a stroke or who have chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairments.
The two primary objectives of his research laboratory are to: 1) identify and manage cognitive changes (primarily functional cognitive changes) to improve participation after neurological injury; and 2) investigate the efficacy of self-management education and cognitive-strategy training interventions to improve health and participation outcomes after neurological injury.
When people get back to activities that interest and motivate them, their quality of life increases as well; their conditions do not define them as human beings.
Dr. Wolf has collaborated with investigators at University of Missouri, Washington University in St. Louis, University of Toronto, University of Illinois, University of Michigan, University of Wisconsin, University of Washington, St. John’s Rehabilitation Hospital (Toronto), and University of Illinois-Chicago.
View Full List of Academy of Research Members At-A-Glance. * indicates a deceased member.
Dr. Yael Goverover, an Associate Professor, New York University and visiting scientist, Kessler Foundation, established her scholarship based upon the need for research studies in occupational therapy that advance rehabilitation to improve the lives of persons with functional cognitive impairments following multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury. Her research focuses in two key areas: (1) Development and investigation of functional cognition assessments for persons with cognitive and functional impairments; (2) Development and investigation of occupationally focused interventions for persons with functional cognitive difficulties. Her research is unique because it focuses on treatment and assessment of functional, everyday activities, using rigorous methodology. Her scholarship in occupational therapy and rehabilitation is supported by research grants from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, and BioGen IDEC and has been published in prominent peer-reviewed rehabilitation journals. She has also presented her work by invitation both nationally and internationally.
Goverover, Y., Chiaravalloti, N., Genova, H & DeLuca, J. (2017). An RCT to treat impaired learning and memory in multiple sclerosis: The self-GEN trial. Multiple Sclerosis 1:1352458517709955. doi: 10.1177/1352458517709955. PMID: 28485659.
Goverover, Y., O’Brien, A., Moore, N. B., & DeLuca, J. (2010). Actual Reality: A new approach to functional assessment in persons with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 91, 252-260. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.09.022. PMID: 20159130.
Goverover, Y., Johnston, M. V., Toglia, J., & DeLuca, J. (2007). Treatment to improve self-awareness for persons with acquired brain injury. Brain Injury 21, 913-923. PMID:17729044. | https://www.aotf.org/About-AOTF/Awards-and-Honors/Academy-of-Research-in-OT/yael-goverover-phd-otrl-1 |
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Geriatric Care
Mar 1, 2014 Issue
Complex Care: Treating an Older Patient with Multiple Comorbidities [Curbside Consultation]
Although there are guidelines for management of single chronic illnesses, the evidence base for management of multiple comorbidities is lacking. The American Geriatrics Society described a clinical approach to managing patients with multiple comorbidities in 2012.
Nov 1, 2013 Issue
Prevention of Herpes Zoster in Older Adults [Cochrane for Clinicians]
The herpes zoster (shingles) vaccine has demonstrated effectiveness in preventing shingles in older adults. Vaccination benefit was greater in persons 60 to 69 years of age than in those 70 years and older. Local injection site reactions were common.
Sep 15, 2013 Issue
Functional Decline in Older Adults [Article]
Functional disability is common in older adults. It is often episodic and is associated with a high risk of subsequent health decline. The severity of disability is determined by physical impairments caused by underlying medical conditions, and by external factors such as social support, financial s...
Sep 15, 2013 Issue
Frailty as a Terminal Illness [Editorials]
Debility not otherwise specified (NOS) has surpassed lung cancer as the most common diagnosis in hospices. In August 2013, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services issued a rule that debility NOS and adult failure to thrive can no longer be listed as principal hospice diagnoses, but rather, secondary comorbid conditions.
Apr 1, 2013 Issue
Appropriate Use of Polypharmacy for Older Patients [Cochrane for Clinicians]
Multidisciplinary interventions that address polypharmacy decrease inappropriate prescribing and medication-related problems in patients 65 years and older, but it is not clear if they reduce hospital admissions or improve quality of life. Most interventions studied were led by pharmacists or health...
Jan 15, 2013 Issue
Screening for Hearing Loss in Older Adults: Recommendation Statement [U.S. Preventive Services Task Force]
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for hearing loss in asymptomatic adults 50 years or older.
Dec 1, 2011 Issue
Management of Falls in Older Persons: A Prescription for Prevention [Article]
Although falls are a common cause of injury in older persons, they are not just a normal part of the aging process. The American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society recommend that all adults older than 65 years be screened annually for a history of falls or balance impairment. An indiv...
Nov 1, 2011 Issue
Cognitive Interventions for Improving Cognitive Function [Cochrane for Clinicians]
Compared with no treatment, cognitive interventions improved cognitive performance in healthy older adults and older adults with mild cognitive impairments. However, there is inadequate evidence to determine which aspects of these interventions are effective.
Aug 15, 2011 Issue
Geriatric Assistive Devices [Article]
Disability and mobility problems increase with age. Assistive devices such as canes, crutches, and walkers can be used to increase a patient’s base of support, improve balance, and increase activity and independence, but they are not without significant musculoskeletal and metabolic demands. Most pa...
Jan 1, 2011 Issue
The Geriatric Assessment [Article]
The geriatric assessment is a multidimensional, multidisciplinary assessment designed to evaluate an older person’s functional ability, physical health, cognition and mental health, and socioenvironmental circumstances. It is usually initiated when the physician identifies a potential problem. Speci...
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Don't miss a single issue. Sign up for the free AFP email table of contents. | https://www.aafp.org/afp/viewRelatedDocumentsByKeyword.htm?keywordId=2339&page=1 |
The New England Cognitive Center (NECC), a non-profit organization located in New London, Connecticut, develops and disseminates innovative, research-based cognitive fitness programs. NECC combines the latest advances in neuropsychological research with sound educational principles to create effective interventions that enhance brain health, independence and quality of life. The organization’s focus is on older adults who wish to maximize mental functioning and individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.
In 2006, NECC received a national award from the Archstone Foundation and the Gerontological Health Section of the American Public Health Association. This award for Excellence in Program Innovation acknowledged an NECC program as a best practice model in the field of aging and encouraged its replication and continued development. In 2013, NECC became the recipient of a MindAlert Award in the Mental Fitness Programs for Early Stage Cognitively-Impaired Older Adults category from the American Society on Aging and the MetLife Foundation.
Since 2004, NECC has received ongoing financial support from the Aging Services Division of the State of Connecticut Department of Social Services. An original three year research grant was followed by the establishment of a dedicated line item in the State budget. These funds are used to underwrite research efforts, contribute to the development of programs, and serve individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. This assistance is helping NECC become a national leader in the area of cognitive fitness training for older adults. NECC continues to partner with the State of Connecticut and has successfully completed cognitive innovation grants from both state and federal governments.
With nearly a quarter century of program development expertise, NECC continues to design and create new cognitive activities and programs utilizing knowledge gained through field experience, ongoing efficacy studies and current cognitive, neurological and gerontological research.
Leadership and Governance
Patti Celori Said is the Executive Director of New England Cognitive Center and has served in this role since 2001. She has been the driving force behind the development of the Mind Aerobics Suite of Cognitive Programs, which reflects her talent for translating fundamental learning principles into creative, effective programs that improve memory and overall cognitive function. In addition, she organized NECC’s Research Advisory Committee, a group of independent researchers who define study protocols, analyze data and provide general oversight for research and program efficacy studies. Ms. Said is also an enthusiastic, inspiring and popular public speaker in the area of cognitive fitness and memory. She has presented keynote speeches and countless workshops in the areas of aging and education for older adults and professionals.
Board of Directors
NECC, a 501(c)(3) not for profit corporation, is governed by a Board of Directors:
President
Cynthia Ritvo, M.S.
University of Hartford, Hillyer College
West Hartford, CT
Vice President
Robin Glanzrock
Bloomfield, CT
Secretary
Ellen Anderson, Ph.D. | http://www.cognitivecenter.org/who-we-are/ |
Sleep problems become more common with age, affect quality of life for individuals and their families, and can increase healthcare costs. Older people are often prescribed a range of drugs for their health problems (including with sleep) many of which have side effects. This review considered the effectiveness of bright light treatment (also known as phototherapy). This aims to improve sleep by restoring the disturbed cycle of circadian rhythms found in some people with sleep problems by the administration of very high doses of fluorescent light for periods of around two hours a day. Reviewers found no trials on which to base conclusions for the effectiveness of this treatment.
When the possible side-effects of standard treatment (hypnotics) are considered, there is a reasonable argument to be made for clinical use of non-pharmacological treatments. In view of the promising results of bright light therapy in other populations with problems of sleep timing, further research into their effectiveness with older adults would seem justifiable.
The prevalence of sleep problems in adulthood increases with age. While not all sleep changes are pathological in later life, severe disturbances may lead to depression, cognitive impairments, deterioration of quality of life, significant stresses for carers and increased healthcare costs. The most common treatment for sleep disorders (particularly insomnia) is pharmacological. The efficacy of non-drug interventions has been suggested to be slower than pharmacological methods, but with no risk of drug-related tolerance or dependency.
Bright light treatment involves participants sitting in front of a "light box" which emits very high (typically 10,000 lux) fluorescent light for periods of around two hours daily. The timing of this light treatment will depend on the irregular timing of the participant's sleep pattern.
To assess the efficacy of bright light therapy in improving sleep quality (sleep timing in particular) amongst adults aged 60 and above.
The following databases were searched: The Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 2002); MEDLINE (1966 - January 2002); EMBASE (1980 - January 2002); CINAHL ( 1982 - January 2002); PsycINFO (1887 to January 2002); National Research Register (NRR) (Issue1, 2002). Bibliographies of existing reviews in the area, as well as of all trial reports obtained, were searched. Experts in the field were consulted.
Randomised controlled trials of bright light therapy for primary sleep problems where 80% or more of participants were over 60. Participants must have been screened to exclude those with dementia and/or depression.
Abstracts of studies identified in searches of electronic databases were read and assessed to determine whether they might meet the inclusion criteria.
Reviewers found no trials on which to base conclusions for the effectiveness of this treatment. | https://www.cochrane.org/CD003403/BEHAV_bright-light-therapy-for-sleep-problems-in-adults-aged-60 |
Cognitive remediation may be beneficial for executive function in patients with bipolar disorder and objective cognitive impairment, according to a study in the International Journal of Bipolar Disorders.
The findings are based on a cognitive remediation program developed by Julia Veeh, from the Department of Psychiatry, Goethe University in Frankfurt, and colleagues that was used to evaluate its effect on objective and subjective neuropsychologic performance, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life among patients with bipolar disorder.
The program involved the combination of cognitive training software along with group sessions to improve patients’ cognitive skills. A total of 102 patients with bipolar disorder underwent neuropsychological screening. Thirty-nine patients had distinct cognitive impairments, and 26 from this group participated in the cognitive remediation program for 12 weeks and were then retested. Ten matched controls were measured at baseline and follow-up after 3 months with treatment as usual.
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The researchers observed a significant improvement in cognitive performance after cognitive remediation within the training group in working memory, problem solving, and divided attention. The control group did not improve on any test measure. The investigators also observed a significant reduction of sub-depressive symptoms after the cognitive remediation program. However, no changes in psychosocial functioning and quality of life were detected. Subjective cognitive complaints were not associated with objective test performance, according to the study authors.
Dr Veeh’s group wrote that the study “indicates that cognitive remediation could positively affect neurocognitive performance like attention, working memory and problem solving in bipolar disorder.
“Furthermore, our results give preliminary evidence for the potential of cognitive remediation to reduce sub-depressive symptoms in patients who are partially remitted,” they continued. “Therefore, we suggest that cognitive remediation should be provided exclusively to patients with objective cognitive deficits as the subjective evaluation of cognitive impairments is not associated with objective test performance.”
The authors noted that larger, randomized controlled trials are needed to fully identify the possible implications of cognitive remediation in bipolar disorder. | https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/home/topics/mood-disorder-information-center/cognitive-remediation-may-improve-executive-function-in-bipolar-disorder/ |
Physical and psychosocial health risks are associated with both excess body weight and a sedentary lifestyle (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 1998). However, few researchers have focused on behavioral and motivational processes associated with exercise adoption and maintenance among overweight women. This study examined the efficacy of a team-based physical activity intervention on motivation and activity from a self-determination theory perspective. Overweight, inactive women (N=66) were randomly assigned to either a 12-week dragon boat program or a control condition. Participation in the dragon boat exercise was associated with increased intrinsic motivation and physical activity. Based on these data, the researchers suggest that this novel, team-based exercise intervention may improve motivation and activity levels in this at-risk population.
Search Results
Meghan H. McDonough, Catherine M. Sabiston, Whitney A. Sedgwick and Peter R.E. Crocker
Darla M. Castelli and Ang Chen
’ lives. It focuses on PE students’ role in cognitive decision making, self-motivation, and their search for personal meaning that can add connection and relevance to physical activities. (p. 241) In the following, we first provide a general review and critique of large-scale intervention studies. The
Ang Chen, Bo Shen and Xihe Zhu
, lower fidelity is likely to be associated with lower knowledge gain ( Loflin & Ennis, 2014 ). Knowledge of Most Worth A general purpose of a curriculum intervention study is to determine what knowledge, skill, and behavior are of most worth for students and the level of effectiveness with which the
Sharon E. Taverno Ross
diet, parent physical activity, and both parent and child screen time. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in child BMI percentile in overweight/obese children (BMI ≥85th percentile) from baseline to follow-up. In summary, of the seven published intervention studies reviewed, only two
Tanya Prewitt-White, Christopher P. Connolly, Yuri Feito, Alexandra Bladek, Sarah Forsythe, Logan Hamel and Mary Ryan McChesney
.03948.52 Heinrich , K.M. , Patel , P.M. , O’Neal , J.L. , & Heinrich , B.S. ( 2014 ). High-intensity compared to moderate-intensity training for exercise initiation, enjoyment, adherence, and intentions: An intervention study . BMC Public Health, 14 , 789 . PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-789 10
Jennifer Robertson-Wilson, Nicole Reinders and Pamela J. Bryden
Given the potential for dance to serve as a way to engage in physical activity, this review was undertaken to examine the use and effectiveness of physical activity interventions using dance among children and adolescents.Five databases were examined for dance-related physical activity interventions published between 2009–2016 fitting the inclusion criteria. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were then evaluated for studyquality against the Effective Public Health Practice Project assessment tool (Thomas, Ciliska, Dobbins, & Micucci. 2004) and key study information was extracted. Thirteen papers detailing 11 interventions wereobtained. Intervention study quality was rated as weak (based on scoring) for all studies. Multiple forms of dance were used, including exergaming approaches. Four interventions yielded increases in physical activity(reported in six articles), four interventions were inconclusive, and three interventions produced nonstatistically significant findings. Further research is required in this area to determine the effects of dance interventionson physical activity among youth.
Teresa Liu-Ambrose and John R. Best
Cognitive decline is a common feature of aging. Physical activity is a modifiable lifestyle factor that has been identified as positively impacting cognitive health of older adults. Here, we review the current evidence from epidemiological (i.e., longitudinal cohort) and intervention studies on the role of physical activity and exercise in promoting cognitive health in older adults both with and without cognitive impairment. We highlight some of the potential underlying mechanisms and discuss some of the potential modifying factors, including exercise type and target population, by reviewing recent converging behavioral, neuroimaging, and biomarker evidence linking physical activity with cognitive health. We conclude with limitations and future directions for this rapidly expanding line of research.
Janet B. Parks and Mary Ann Roberton
This paper discusses three studies on changing people's attitudes toward sexist/nonsexist language. In Study 1, sport management students (N= 164) were asked how to persuade others to use nonsexist language. Many suggested education. Study 2 participants (N = 201) were asked if they had ever discussed sexist language in instructional settings. Analysis of their attitudes revealed an interaction between gender and instruction. Study 3 (N = 248) tested the effects of 3 types of instruction on student attitudes about sexist/nonsexist language. After a 50-minute intervention, Study 3 participants were generally undecided about sexist/nonsexist language, and their attitudes did not differ across instructional strategies (p > .01). In all conditions, males were significantly less receptive to nonsexist language than females (p < .01). This “gender gap” was magnified by a combination of direct and indirect instruction. Until more is known, the authors propose (a) modeling and (b) instruction grounded in empathy as initial strategies for teaching inclusive language. | https://journals.humankinetics.com/search?pageSize=10&q=%22intervention+study%22&sort=relevance&t=SocStudSportPhysAct |
Despite mobility impairments, many residents have physical, cognitive, and psychosocial resources that should be promoted. The aim was to summarize the current evidence on chair-based exercise (CBE) interventions for nursing home residents.
Design
Systematic review registered with Prospero (registration number: CRD42018078196).
Setting and Participants
Nursing home residents in long-term care.
Methods
Five electronic databases were searched (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, and PsycINFO) from inception until July 2020. Title, abstract, and full-text screening as well as quality assessment with the Downs and Black checklist was done by 2 independent reviewers. Studies were eligible if they (1) were conducted in nursing home residents, (2) included participants with a mean age of 65 years, (3) had at least 1 treatment arm with seated exercises only, (4) included active or inactive controls, (5) measured outcomes related to physical and/or cognitive functioning and/or well-being, and (6) controlled studies or single-group pre-post design. Because of a heterogeneity in characteristics of included studies, we refrained from conducting a meta-analysis.
Results
Ten studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 511, mean age 79 ± 7 years, 65% female). Studies differed in sample size (12-114) as well as in training type (multicomponent, Yoga/Qigong/breathing exercise, range of motion) and dose (frequency 2 sessions/week to daily, intensity low to moderate, time 20-60 minutes/session, 6 weeks to 6 months). Overall, CBE appears to be feasible and safe. Studies found task-specific improvements in physical and cognitive functions and enhanced well-being. Three studies demonstrated improved lower body performance following a multicomponent CBE program in mobile residents. Three studies only including residents unable to walk reported improved physical functions, indicating that immobile residents benefit from CBE programs. There was a lack of separating mobile and immobile residents in analyses.
Conclusions and Implications
The results indicate that CBE interventions may improve physical and cognitive functions as well as well-being in nursing home residents. Task-specific multicomponent CBE appears to be best for improving different domains of physical and cognitive functioning. More high-quality trials are needed.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: November 17, 2020
Footnotes
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Identification
Copyright
© 2020 AMDA - The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. | https://www.jamda.com/article/S1525-8610(20)30842-2/pdf |
It is well documented that physical activity can provide many health benefits like, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, some cancers and type 2 diabetes. It’ also assists in improving weight control and mental health. What is not as well-known to the public is how physical activity impacts cognitive ability.
The latest life expectancy to come from the World Health organisation states that for anyone born in 2015 the average life expectancy for them is 71.4 years which is 5 more than the expectancy in 2000 which shows we are getting older as a population.
An unavoidable part of ageing is a decline in cognitive function. Cognitive function encompasses the skills of reading, memory, awareness, multi-tasking, processing and reasoning as well as many other functions of the brain. Not all of these skills are age related however a lot are like process speed and multi-tasking which can make simple daily activities extremely difficult for older people. Without treatment these mild cognitive impairments can develop into awful diseases like dementia and amnesia.
Physical activity has been called in once again to save the day as research is showing that physical activity can slow and even reverse the effects of age related cognitive decline. Walking is enough exercise to display significantly better cognitive function and less cognitive decline suggested by Weuve et al.
Where is the research from?Edit
Weuve et al from Harvard University, Cambridge conducted their research across all of the US using the Nurses’ health study.
What kind of research was this?Edit
Two different types of data gathering was used. For collecting information on physical activity a questionnaire was sent out to all participants where they would judge what level and type of physical activity they took part in. Cognitive testing was administered using telephone interviews conducted by trained nurses.
What did the research involve?Edit
A random sample of 18,766 women aged over 70 participated in the telephone cognitive tests. The cognitive tests were conducted twice with an average of 1.8 years between the initial and follow up test.
|Cognitive tests||What it tests|
|Telephone Interview 10 Word List||Delayed recall|
|East Boston Memory Test||Immediate and delayed paragraph recall|
|Category Fluency Test||Name as many animals as you can in 1 minute|
|Digit Span Backwards Test||Working memory and attention|
These telephone tests occurred between 1995–2001 and were compared to research gathered from a physical activity questionnaire that was administered every two years after 1986. The questionnaire asked the women to estimate the average time per week that they participated in a variety of physical activity, including running, walking, swimming, yoga and vigorous activities like lawn mowing. Participants were also asked to indicate their own walking pace.
|Class of walking||Intensity (min/mile)|
|Easy||>30|
|Normal||21-30|
|Brisk||16-20|
|Very Brisk||<15|
What are the basic results?Edit
Weuve et al found that higher levels of physical activity was associated with greater cognitive performance. Women in the highest quintile for physical activity were found to have a 20% lower risk of cognitive impairment compared to the women in the lowest quintile for physical activity. They also found a reduction in cognitive decline for the women in the top two quintiles for physical activity. For individuals that can’t participate in vigorous exercise Weuve et al also found that walking at a normal pace for 1.5 hours a week was associated with better cognitive performance.
How did the researchers interrupt the results?Edit
Their interpretation of the results was that there is a positive relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance. The researchers did point out that there are several limitations to the results. The key ones are that there were many unmeasured factors that could influence an individual’s cognitive performance. The researches did take into account health and educational factors however some big factors I think they missed. On the questionnaire there is no mention of concussion history and no mention of family history of cognitive disease like Huntington’s disease which is heredity. This concern of mine is partially explained by the researches as another one of their limitations was that pre-existing cognitive impairments might have effected some individual’s physical activity levels. The reliability of the results is also determined by the truthfulness of the women participating. It is often seen that people will report false information on questionnaires in order to paint a favourable image of themselves. All these factors need to be taken into account when analysing the results.
What conclusions can be taken away from this research?Edit
Physical activity definitely has a positive impact on cognitive performance in older women. It has also shown that it could possibly combat and potentially reverse age related cognitive decline. There is plenty of literature on this topic and the majority of it has had similar findings of a positive correlation between physical activity and cognitive performance. Even this year there has been research done with a certain group looking at the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function but by using accelerometers instead of self-reporting to measure physical activity. They also found that more physical activity leads to better cognitive function.
What are the implications for this research?Edit
The research has shown that physical activity is an effective method for improving and maintaining cognitive performance. This is important because our cognitive is what allows us to do our daily tasks freely and easily. With an ageing population we become exposed to more aged related diseases like dementia and cognitive decline so therefore it is important that there are methods like physical activity that can be used to prevent or delay these issues. If you do decide to go out and exercise because you have been inspired by this research it is important to go through some form of pre-screening with a qualified health practitioner first.
Further readingEdit
Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005381.pub3/pdf/
Fitness Effects on the Cognitive Function of Older Adults:http://pss.sagepub.com/content/14/2/125.short
Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons: http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=778849
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1. Centres for disease control and prevention. 2015. Physical Activity and Health
- ↑ 2. World Health Organization. 2015. Global Health observer data: life expectancy
- ↑ 3. LearningRX. 2016. What are cognitive skills?
- ↑ 4. Weuve et al. 2004. Physical Activity, Including Walking, and Cognitive Function in Older Women. Journal of the American Medical Association, vol 292, pg 1454-1461
- ↑ 5. Fox.N. 2009. Is dementia hereditary?. Alzheimer’s Society
- ↑ 6. Van de Mortel. 2008. Faking it: Social Desirability Response Bias in Self-report Research. Australian Journal of advanced nursing, Vol 25, pg 40-48
- ↑ 7. Lauren et al. 2001. Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons. Journal of American Medical Association, vol 58, pg 498-504
- ↑ 8. Angevaren. M. Aufdemkampe. G. Verhaar .HJJ. Aleman .A. Vanhees .L. 2008. Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. | https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Exercise_as_it_relates_to_Disease/Physical_Activity_and_its_effect_on_cognitive_function_in_older_women |
Asian Scientist Magazine (Jul. 26, 2022)– Older adults with sight impairment are at higher risk of developing dementia, found a recent systematic review study. Vision problems are growing in prevalence, with over 2.2 billion people experiencing some form of vision impairment in the world. More commonly diagnosed in older adults, eyesight problems can hinder one’s daily life. If left untreated, they can also contribute to the cognitive decline and development of diseases like dementia in people.
A multinational team of researchers from Peking University in China and University of Denver in the United States, published this finding in Aging and Mental Health, highlighting the importance of early intervention for sight issues. This systematic review is among the first to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between vision problems and dementia by analysing current studies.
Dementia is a growing public health concern and is estimated to affect 78 million people by 2030. Dementia has devastating effects on patients—slowly manifesting via gradual memory loss before settling into complete dependence on others to perform daily tasks. Besides impairing cognitive functions, dementia also places heavy economic burdens on the healthcare system and psychological burden on caregivers. There is an urgent need for better understanding of dementia risk factors to improve people’s quality of life.
The researchers identified 16 studies which evaluated association between vision problems and cognitive functioning in older adults. The observational studies included both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies involving over 76,000 participants. Following that, statistical analyses were conducted after accounting for potential confounds such as study design and data collection methods.
The team found that the likelihood of older adults with sight issues developing dementia was much higher than the average individuals, standing at 137%. Associate Professor Beibei Xu, from the Medical Informatics Centre at Peking University, said that “Identifying modifiable risk factors is the first critical step for developing effective interventions to achieve this goal [of reducing the negative impacts of dementia]”.
This finding emphasises the importance of addressing risk factors early, particularly vision problems with corrective solutions. However, as the analysis looked into a limited number of studies, more in-depth research needs to be done to understand the association better.
The team recognises the clinical implications of this study and recommends that future studies should be conducted to examine the effectiveness of treatments and their impact on slowing dementia in people. | https://www.asianscientist.com/2022/07/in-the-lab/visionary-insight-into-dementia/ |
A new study is the first to find a relationship between cardiovascular fitness and brain health in older adults.
Researchers discovered fitness levels improved the structure of white matter in older adults, a finding that suggests exercise could be a prescribed as a therapy to reduce age-related declines in brain structure.
Interestingly, investigators did not discover improvements in brain structure as related to cardiovascular fitness among younger adults.
The findings are found online in the Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology.
For the study, researchers compared younger adults (age 18-31) to older adults (age 55-82). All participants had MRIs taken of their brains and their cardiorespiratory (heart and lung) fitness was measured while they exercised on a treadmill.
The researchers found cardiorespiratory fitness was positively linked to the structural integrity of white matter fiber bundles in the brain in the older adults, while no such association was observed in younger adults.
“We found that higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with enhanced brain structure in older adults,” said corresponding author Scott Hayes, Ph.D., assistant professor of psychiatry at Boston University School of Medicine and the associate director of the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center at the VA Boston Healthcare System.
“We found that physical activities that enhance cardiorespiratory fitness, such as walking, are inexpensive, accessible, and could potentially improve quality of life by delaying cognitive decline and prolonging independent function,” he added.
According to the researchers, these results provide evidence of a positive association between fitness and brain structure in older adults.
“We hope this study provides additional motivation for older adults to increase their levels of physical activity, which positively impacts health, mood, cognition, and the brain.”
Nevertheless, researchers caution that additional research is needed before an accurate exercise prescription can be issued to improve brain structure.
For example, the impact of a specific type of exercise program — be it strength, aerobic, or combined training — on white matter needs to be determined. Researchers also need to define the appropriate exercise dose, in terms of frequency, intensity, duration, required to improve white matter microstructure.
Source: Boston University Medical Center/EurekAlert! | https://psychcentral.com/news/2015/04/28/cardiac-fitness-helps-reduce-mental-decline-with-aging/84013.html |
The study aimed to explore how home help service staff described their role in improving the abilities of older people, in particular, older women with chronic pain who are dependent on formal care, to perform everyday activities. Three focus group interviews were conducted, and a qualitative inductive thematic content analysis was used. The analysis resulted in one theme: struggling to improve the care recipients' opportunities for independence but being inhibited by complex environmental factors. By encouraging the care recipients to perform everyday activities, the staff perceived themselves to both maintain and improve their care recipients' independence and quality of life. An important goal for society and health care professionals is to improve older people's abilities to "age in place" and to enable them to age independently while maintaining their quality of life. A key resource is home help service staff, and this resource should be utilized in the best possible way.
Background
Mobility problems and cognitive deficits related to transferring or moving persons suffering from dementia are associated with dependency. Physical assistance provided by staff is an important component of residents’ maintenance of mobility in dementia care facilities. Unfortunately, hands-on assistance during transfers is also a source of confusion in persons with dementia, as well as a source of strain in the caregiver. The bidirectional effect of actions in a dementia care dyad involved in transfer is complicated to evaluate. This study aimed to develop an assessment scale for measuring actions related to transferring persons with dementia by dementia care dyads.
Methods
This study was performed in four phases and guided by the framework of the biopsychosocial model and the approach presented by Social Cognitive Theory. These frameworks provided a starting point for understanding reciprocal effects in dyadic interaction. The four phases were 1) a literature review identifying existing assessment scales; 2) analyses of video-recorded transfer of persons with dementia for further generation of items, 3) computing the item content validity index of the 93 proposed items by 15 experts; and 4) expert opinion on the response scale and feasibility testing of the new assessment scale by video observation of the transfer situations.
Results
The development process resulted in a 17-item scale with a seven-point response scale. The scale consists of two sections. One section is related to transfer-related actions (e.g., capability of communication, motor skills performance, and cognitive functioning) of the person with dementia. The other section addresses the caregivers’ facilitative actions (e.g., preparedness of transfer aids, interactional skills, and means of communication and interaction). The literature review and video recordings provided ideas for the item pool. Expert opinion decreased the number of items by relevance ratings and qualitative feedback. No further development of items was performed after feasibility testing of the scale.
Conclusions
To enable assessment of transfer-related actions in dementia care dyads, our new scale shows potential for bridging the gap in this area. Results from this study could provide health care professionals working in dementia care facilities with a useful tool for assessing transfer-related actions.
Background: To be an older woman, live alone, have chronic pain, and be dependent on support are all factors that may have an impact on daily life. One way to promote ability in everyday activities in people with pain-related conditions is to use individualized, integrated behavioral medicine in physical therapy interventions. How this kind of intervention works for older women living alone at home, with chronic pain, and dependent on formal care to manage their everyday lives has not been studied. The aim was to explore the feasibility of a study and to evaluate an individually tailored integrated behavioral medicine in physical therapy intervention for the target group of women. Materials and methods: The study was a 12-week randomized trial with two-group design. Primary effect outcomes were pain-related disability and morale. Secondary effect outcomes focused on pain-related beliefs, self-efficacy for exercise, concerns of falling, physical activity, and physical performance. Results: In total, 23 women agreed to participate in the study and 16 women completed the intervention. The results showed that the behavioral medicine in physical therapy intervention was feasible. No effects were seen on the primary effect outcomes. The experimental intervention seemed to improve the level of physical activity and self-efficacy for exercise. Some of the participants in both groups perceived that they could manage their everyday life in a better way after participation in the study. Conclusion: Results from this study are encouraging, but the study procedure and interventions have to be refined and tested in a larger feasibility study to be able to evaluate the effects of these kinds of interventions on pain-related disability, pain-related beliefs, self-efficacy in everyday activities, and morale in the target group. Further research is also needed to refine and evaluate effects from individualized reminder routines, support to collect self-report data, safety procedures for balance training, and training of personnel to enhance self-efficacy.
Purpose: To investigate 1)how older women who are living alone perceive chronic musculoskeletal pain,Activities of Daily Living (ADL), physical activity, affective distress,pain-related beliefs, pain management, and rate pain-related disability andmorale, 2) the relationships betweendemographic variables, ADL, physical activity, affective distress, pain-relatedbeliefs, and pain management with pain-related disability and morale.Method: The study had across-sectional and correlational design. Sixty women, living alone with chronicpain and community support aged ≥65 years were included.Results: The women were on average 81 years old and had lived with pain forabout 21.5 years. They reported low scores of affective distress,catastrophizing thoughts and self-efficacy, high scores of fear of movement,low degrees of pain-related disability, and low levels of morale. The multiple regression analysisshowed that only catastrophizing thoughts significantlyexplained the variation in pain-related disability, and both affective distress and catastrophizing thoughtssignificantly explained the variation in morale. Conclusion: These older women livingalone with chronic pain reported similar prevalence ofchronic pain and pain-related disability but lower morale when comparingthe results with similar studies about older people in the same age group orolder people who are in need of help to manage their daily life. The only variable that was independely associated to bothpain-related disability and morale was catastrophizing. Further researchshould focus on identifying catastrophizing thougts,and also on developing a rehabilitation program based on a biopsychosocialperspective with the goal to decrease catastrophizing, pain-relateddisability, and increase morale for this target group
Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore how older women living alone with chronic musculoskeletal pain, describe their ability in performing activities in everyday life and what could promote their ability in activities in everyday life as well as their perceived meaning of a changed ability to perform activities in everyday life. Method: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 women, and an inductive content analysis was used. Results: The results showed the importance of a daily rhythm of activities. Activities included in the daily rhythm were socializing with family and friends, physical activities, doing own activities as well as activities supported by relatives and the community. The activities described by the women also promoted their ability in activities in everyday life. Other findings were the women's perceived meaning of being independent and maintaining that independency, along with the meaning of accepting and adapting to a changed life situation. Conclusion: This paper concludes that it is important to be sensitive of individual needs regarding the daily rhythm of activities when health-care professionals intervene in the activities in everyday life of older women living alone, promote the women's independency, and enable them to participate in the community.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify fall risk factors in community-living people 75 years or older. Methods: From a random selection of 525 older adults, a total of 378 (72%) individuals participated in the study. Mean age was 81.7 years (range 75-101 years). A study-specific questionnaire including self-reported fall history for the past 6 months, the Falls-Efficacy Scale (Swedish version: FES(S)) and EuroQol 5 Dimensions (EQ5D) was used. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to find risk factors for falls. Results: The strongest significant predictor of falls was scoring low on FES(S) in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), with an odds ratio of 7.89 (95% confidence interval 2.93-21.25). One fifth had experienced one or more falls during the past 6 months. Both fall-related self-efficacy and health-related quality of life were significantly lower among fallers. Conclusion: Our results imply that identifying community-living older adults with an increased risk of falling should include a measure of fall-related self-efficacy in IADL. | http://mdh.diva-portal.org/smash/person.jsf?pid=authority-person%3A30479 |
Experts are revisiting the controversial issue of mandatory, age-based cognitive testing to assess physician competence.
In a new review, they discuss scientific evidence of age-associated cognitive impairment, list resources for assessments and possible barriers to doing so, and make recommendations for moving forward, including "if you see something, say something" and "remediate when possible, facilitate retirement when necessary."
Although previous research has shown a significant link between aging and changes in cognitive function, there are currently no mandatory testing or retirement practices in place for "our aging healthcare workforce," write the investigators, led by Anothai Soonsawat, MD, Bangkok Mental Health Rehabilitation and Recovery Center, Thailand. Therefore, a "more consistent approach" to assessing and aiding older physicians is needed.
"Aging is inevitable and no one should be stigmatized or penalized simply for growing older," write the authors. However, "early detection and assessment make possible greater prevention of medical errors, protection of the public, and enhancement of aging physicians' well-being."
Co-author James M. Ellison, MD, Swank Foundation Endowed Chair in Memory Care and Geriatrics at Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware, and professor of psychiatry and human behavior, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, stressed to Medscape Medical News that nobody is advocating for all older physicians to be thrown out of practice, but for those who should retire, resources should be made available.
"The focus should not be on people who are not performing. The focus is on helping the whole profession make appropriate plans for the eventual transition from active practice," said Ellison.
The article was published online in the June issue of the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.
Aging Population
Co-author Iqbal Ahmed, MD, Departments of Psychiatry and Geriatric Medicine at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, noted they wrote the article to start a conversation about these issues.
"I think we need to have these discussions because of the aging of our field," said Ahmed, who is also a past president of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry (AAGP).
"It's a matter of how do we recognize [a problem] and how do we address it? Should there be a policy put into place? That's not to say that there's only one way, but we need to talk about how best to do it," he told Medscape Medical News.
"We need to address all of this so that we can get the best out of our physicians, which might mean their doing something different. A surgeon with tremor in his hand might go into teaching, administrative work, or supervising. It's figuring out how certain impairments affect certain performance issues and how to accommodate all of that."
A report from the Federation Physicians Data Center stated that in 2012, 26.3% of physicians were aged 60 years or older, up from 24.4% in 2010.
"There's an aging physician workforce, especially for men. In 2016, 36% of male US physicians were 60 or older. That's more than a third," said Ellison.
"These aging baby-boomer physicians have not been well prepared to think about their career as a trajectory that goes through training, practice, and then some kind of transition at the end of their professional life. That's for those who are healthy. If cognitive impairment intervenes, that raises different issues," he said.
Although age-related changes can also include impaired vision and motor function, the current article focuses on cognitive changes and the authors note that age-related impairments in memory are common, including episodic, semantic, and working memory, as well as complex attention and processing speed, leading to problems in, among other things, executive function and verbal fluency.
Mandatory Testing
A study published in 1994 showed that cognitive functioning was similar between 1002 physicians and 581 non-physicians up to age 50 years. Although non- physicians had more rapid cognitive decline after the age of 60, it was significant in both groups. Cognitive decline was similar between the groups after age 75.
Still, "there was considerable variability" in cognitive performance on an individual basis.
Other studies have shown a link to higher mortality rates when cardiovascular procedures were performed by older surgeons and when elderly patients hospitalized in the United States were treated by older physicians.
Because of accumulating research, a statement released in 2016 by the American College of Surgeons endorsed voluntary baseline physical and health assessments with subsequent re-evaluations.
The controversial Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program was created to evaluate and improve physician competence through periodic testing, performance evaluations, and more.
However, Soonsawat and colleagues note that the program's voluntary nature could lead to decreased identification of those who have the greatest impairment.
"Self-referral, of course, requires self-awareness. Even cognitively normal adults have been shown to be poor judges of their own cognitive performance," write the authors.
Instead, several countries have gone to mandatory age-based assessments, including New Zealand's professional development review as part of their regular practice review program.
The Federation of Medical Regulatory Authority of Canada established three levels of screening in 1993, with Level 1 referring to "competency screening of the entire physician population," the authors report.
Level 1 screening is used in Alberta and Nova Scotia, as well as in the United Kingdom through the National Health Service. However, countries without nationalized healthcare face different barriers, write the journal authors.
Hot-Button Issue
In the United States, the performance of credentialed physicians is regularly assessed at hospitals, but often through peer review. However, physicians may be hesitant to report their colleagues' impairments.
Other age-based assessment programs at specific healthcare systems, such as the Late Career Practitioner Policy introduced at Stanford in 2012, have faced push-back.
Alternatives include evaluations such as the Physician Assessment and Clinical Education Program Aging Physician Assessment (PAPA) program, which was started in San Diego, California. In it, physicians around the age of 70 years are referred for both physical and mental health screening.
However, there are several obstacles to any type of cognitive assessment of physicians. These include underreporting of problems by physicians, their patients, and colleagues; concerns over age discrimination; payment issues; problems with the technology used in screening; and fear over privacy violations.
Ellison and Ahmed were part of presentations addressing these issues at the 2017 AAGP and 2018 APA annual meetings.
An article by Medscape Medical News on the AAGP presentation garnered more than 100 comments from clinicians, which ran the gamut from "it's wrong to discriminate against someone based on a single factor over which they have no control" and "sounds like a scam" to "age-based testing is reasonable in setups where there is no arbitrary age limit for retirement."
"A screening program put into place for the purpose of making it more difficult for physicians to remain in practice, despite their strengths and abilities, would not be valuable. It would be harmful," said Ellison.
"But if discussion of this topic focuses us all on the value of thinking about...changes in our practice throughout a career, that's a positive outcome," he added.
Recommendations
In addition to urging the acknowledgment that age-associated cognitive change is real, the authors list five recommendations:
If you see something, say something. Patients and colleagues should report even early red flags, "with the ultimate goal of detecting and then treating any reversible conditions or helping the individual to manage the consequences of an irremediable condition."
Use available assessment programs. This includes the PAPA program, which is open to US physicians, as well as hospital programs.
Consider pushing for a standardized approach, including a routine 360-degree assessment.
Remediate, or facilitate retirement. For those with reversible impairments, remediation could include substance abuse treatment, psychotherapy, or practice accommodations. For others, help should be given in preparing a strategy for leaving practice. Either route should be on an individual basis.
Improve the retirement process.
However, the authors note that evidence for these recommendations "is sorely lacking," so they should be "taken as provisional."
"Age-based screening of the entire population of physicians is worth consideration, although technical and acceptability issues must be resolved," they add.
Ellison stressed that anyone evaluated "should not be subjected to any unfair or inappropriate or age-discriminatory assessment. On the other hand, healthcare institutions have a fiduciary responsibility and concern about public welfare," he said.
"So some sort of uniform approach is needed for identifying and assisting people with cognitive aging or medical problems that might interfere with performance to a certain degree."
He added that physicians should be prepared for all of this as early as medical school so that they know what they'll be facing at every step of their professional journey.
Comparison to Pilots
In an accompanying editorial, Aartjan T.F. Beekman, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, notes the US Federal Aviation Administration set age limits for pilots back in 1959.
"Physicians are not pilots, but many of the arguments relevant to balancing the security interests of airline travel and the 'fair treatment of experienced pilots' are also relevant to medicine," Beekman writes.
He adds that "results are mixed" on whether age is in fact related to cognitive dysfunction and how that relates to physician performance — especially on an individual basis.
"Any set age limit would both tend to miss some malfunctioning physicians and incriminate many others who function well," writes Beekman.
Still, he agrees with the authors that those with cognitive decline are not likely to realize the decline.
So should standardized, mandatory, age-related impairment screening be mandatory for physicians older than a set age? He notes that the authors make good points, especially in the interest of patient safety. However, it should be done so with a carefully thought-out plan — and with compassion.
"Both ethical and economic debates about screening tend to tip when the perspective of those screened [see] positive change," writes Beekman.
"In a similar vein, the acceptability of a standard screening of our older colleagues will improve if either remediation or retirement is a realistic option. In the interest of both our patients and ourselves, let's hope this happens," he concludes.
The authors have reported no relevant financial relationships.
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;26:631-640, 641-642. Abstract, Editorial
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Cite this: Experts Revisit Mandatory Age-Based Cognitive Testing for Physicians - Medscape - Jul 04, 2018. | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/898900 |
The Memory Clinics in Iran (MCI) Initiative was designed to address this gap in dementia knowledge amongst health and medical professionals in Iran. It aims to:
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provide short-term training on cognitive impairments and dementia to interested medical and healthcare professionals to help improve dementia preparedness within Iran’s health workforce;
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promote collaboration amongst medical and healthcare professionals across different fields and specialisations to work towards integrated care for people with cognitive impairments and dementia;
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create a human resource platform for cognitive impairments and dementia in Iran made up of program graduates and other experts with dementia training;
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raise dementia awareness and interests amongst medical and healthcare professionals;
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inspire and encourage medical and healthcare professionals to work in the field of cognitive impairments and dementia;
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create career opportunities for medical and healthcare professionals in the field of cognitive impairments and dementia;
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support program graduates and other health and medical professionals to initiate or contribute to setting up further memory clinics across the country to improve Iran’s capacity for the early detection and management of dementia.
The initiative was led by Professor Maryam Noroozian and her team at the Cognitive Neurology and Neuropsychiatry Division of Department of Psychiatry at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Professor Noroozian is a pioneer of dementia research and clinical practice in Iran and set up the country’s first memory clinic in 2003.
The MCI Initiative was piloted in September 2017. The pilot (Table 1) was jointly supported by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) and offices of Elderly Population and Rehabilitation, the Ministry of Health, and Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS) of Iran. The launch of the initiative was conducted in the presence of the special guests from the United Nations (UN) and United Nations Populations Fund (UNFPA) Iran representatives, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Ministry of Health, professors of TUMS, and other universities with messages of endorsement from academics from New York University, University of Louisville, Northwestern University and the University of Edinburgh.
The pilot program was held in Tehran from September 2017 to April 2018. Virtual social networks, including Telegram, Instagram, and WhatsApp, were used to recruit participants. 152 health professionals from 19 provinces of Iran’s 32 provinces participated in the course (Figure 1). These participants came from diverse disciplines, including psychology (31.3%), psychiatry (20.6%), neurology (18.6%), general practice (8.6%), neuroscience (4.6%), geriatric, and other health sciences (13.3%). Participants were requested to submit proof of their educational status and assessed for programme eligibility prior to acceptance into the programme. Due to feasibility constraints in delivering the pilot, not all who were eligible were accepted. The applicants from unrelated specialties (24 applicants) were excluded, as well as the applicants who registered after the deadline.
The pilot was offered at a low cost thanks to partner support, including provision of a teaching hall by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Since the conclusion of the pilot, the MCI Initiative has received many requests from health professionals throughout Iran to provide further training for those who were unable to participate in the pilot. There were also request for more advanced modules from graduates of the pilot course.
Nonetheless, there were a number of limitations worth mentioning. While there was a diversity of specialties amongst participants in the pilot, this variation was due to self-selection by interested participants. Only a small percentage of participants were from general practice. Yet, there is evidence to show that when dementia care is dominated by specialists such as geriatricians, neurologists, and psychiatrists, providing sufficient coverage for the growing number of people affected by dementia becomes difficult and costly. Provision of continuing care and management of dementia by knowledgeable general practitioners is a practical and cost saving way to extend coverage of dementia diagnostics and treatment within the population as the epidemic progresses. 1 Thus, further programs should target training general practitioners to equip them with the necessary skills for this important task.
The MCI Initiative will continue, and further stages will explore more effective ways to target and attract primary care practitioners. The success of the pilot has prompted the authors to seek funding for the continuation of the program, as well as to have the MCI curriculum integrated into the academic curriculum run by the Research Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders at Tehran University. In addition, the lead author is developing a Dementia Fellowship Programme for training medical specialists in dementia. The original cohort continues to meet to discuss and present cases, and will serve as support for future cohorts. As the programme scales-up, health care workers in under-represented provinces will also be targeted.
The MCI Initiative can serve as a useful model for other LMICs experiencing a heavy burden of dementia among their population. With rising non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which are a risk factor for dementia, and a growing portion of the population living longer across the world, including in LMICs, programmes such as the MCI Initiative are necessary to ensure that the vulnerable elderly have access to prompt diagnosis, and are provided with adequate health care.
Authorship contributions
All authors contributed to, read and approved the final manuscript prior to submission.
Competing interests
The authors completed the Unified Competing Interest form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf (available upon request from the corresponding author), and declare no conflicts of interest.
Correspondence to: | https://www.joghr.org/article/12275 |
Virtual Reality Promises Real-World Results
An interdisciplinary team of KSU professors is researching how virtual reality technology can help improve health opportunities for people with developmental and cognitive impairments.
By Natalie Eusebio
According to the Center for Disease Control, people with disabilities are among the most sedentary population in the United States, and people with intellectual or developmental disorders are five times less likely to be physically active compared to their peers.
However, little research has been done to explore tools that might encourage more physical activity among this population, until now. An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Kent State is introducing virtual reality technology—computer-generated simulation of an interactive, three-dimensional environment—as a potential solution for young adults with developmental and cognitive impairments between the ages of 18 and 28 years old.
The idea came from Mary Ann Devine, PhD, a professor in the Recreation, Park, & Tourism Management Program in Kent State’s College of Education, Health and Human Services, who is director for the Disability Studies and Community Inclusion minor/graduate certificate.
She is joined in her research by Gokarna Sharma, PhD, and Jong-Hoon Kim, PhD, both assistant professors in the Department of Computer Science, and three graduate students. The team received $15,000 from the Kent State Healthy Communities Research Initiative to aid their research.
Earlier research conducted by the team revealed that young adults with cognitive disabilities were comfortable using virtual reality equipment, such as hand-held controllers and other electronic equipment. Visiting a simulated environment could help them “frontload”—learn and prepare for a new environment before actually being there.
Visiting a simulated environment could help those with cognitive disabilities “frontload”—learn and prepare for a new environment before actually being there.
The team created an interactive virtual reality tour of Kent State’s Warren Student Recreation and Wellness Center, taking photographs of the center after hours that they used to replicate the real environment.
By taking the virtual tour, students with cognitive impairments can understand the center’s setup—for example, where locker rooms and water fountains are located—and become aware of possible challenges, such as signage that may be difficult for them to read, before they step inside the actual building. The team plans to create three different environments, including an outdoors environment, a built environment and a neighborhood environment, which could be accessed on a cell phone, so there are few limitations.
The goal is to help members of the Kent State community, but the project has global potential. “This is just a start,” Devine says. “We have ideas about how this could help older adults and people with mobility impairments.”
The findings will be shared with policy makers, service providers, family members, architects, city planners and the public so that people may better understand how built environments impact human behavior. | https://www.kent.edu/research/kent-state-research-review-2019/news/virtual-reality-promises-real-world-results |
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1000 projects, 532 of which were eventually constructed. On July 7 this year, 8 major works that extended across fifty years of his influential career were inscribed onto the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Here's everything you must know about each of the buildings other than the fact that they're now on the World Heritage List:
UNESCO World Heritage Site | Unity Temple
The Unity Temple, also home to the Unitarian Universalist Congregation is a church situated in Oak Park, Illinois. It was masterminded by Frank Llyod Wright and materialised between 1906 and 1909. This building is the consolidation of aesthetic intent and structure through the use of a single material, reinforced concrete. Thus, it is considered by many architects to be the first modern building in the world.
UNESCO World Heritage Site | Frederick C. Robie House
The Robie House, a U.S. national historic landmark on the campus of the University of Chicago, was constructed in 1910. It has been known as the greatest example of Prairie School, the first architectural style considered uniquely American.
UNESCO World Heritage Site | Taliesin
A 600-acre property that originally belonged to Wright's maternal family—Taliesin, sometimes known as Taliesin East, Taliesin Spring Green, or Taliesin North was the famed architect's agricultural studio estate. In 1911, it was set up in the village of Spring Green, Wisconsin.
UNESCO World Heritage Site | Hollyhock House
The Aline Barnsdall Hollyhock House is a building in the East Hollywood neighbourhood of Los Angeles, California, originally designed by Frank Lloyd Wright as a residence for oil heiress Aline Barnsdall, built in 1918 to1921. The building is now the centrepiece of the city's Barnsdall Art Park.
UNESCO World Heritage Site | Fallingwater
In 1935, Frank Llyod Wright designed a house in rural southwestern Pennsylvania known as, ‘Fallingwater.' This was a weekend home designed for the family of Liliane Kaufmann and her husband, Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr., owner of Kaufmann's Department Store. The marvel was partly built on a waterfall.
UNESCO World Heritage Site | Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House
The Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House, more commonly referred to as Jacobs 1, was designed by Wright and is regarded as the first Usonian home. In 2003, it was designated a National Historic Landmark. It was constructed between 1936 and 1937 in Madison, Wisconsin.
UNESCO World Heritage Site | Taliesin West
Frank Llyod Wright's winter home, from 1937 until his death is now the main campus of The School of Architecture at Taliesin in Scottsdale, Arizona. This complex derived its name from Wright's summer home in Spring Green, Wisconsin.
UNESCO World Heritage Site | Guggenheim Museum
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, also known as The Guggenheim is an art museum located in the Upper East Side neighbourhood of Manhattan, New York City. This is the permanent home of a continuously expanding collection of impressionist, post-impressionist, early modern and contemporary art and it also features special exhibitions throughout the year. | https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/unesco-world-heritage-sites-frank-lloyd-wright-architect/ |
National planning guidance (NPPF) defines a heritage asset as a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having an amount of significance that merits consideration in planning decisions. Heritage assets are classified as being either designated heritage assets or non-designated heritage assets.
Designated heritage assets are designated nationally under the relevant legislation (listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered historic parks and gardens and registered battlefields), but also include World Heritage sites, which are designated by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation), and Conservation Areas, which are designated by Local Authorities. Designated heritage assets, with the exception of Conservation Areas and World Heritage Sites, are listed in the National Heritage List for England (NHLE) - the official database of all nationally protected historic buildings and sites in England.
Designated heritage assets receive a greater degree of protection within the planning system than non-designated heritage assets. Due to this, some heritage assets, such as listed buildings and scheduled monuments, are subject to additional legislation which control any changes that have the potential to adversely affect their character or significance.
Non-designated heritage assets, like those on the Lancashire Local List, are locally-identified buildings, monuments, sites, places, areas or landscapes that are recognised as having an amount of heritage significance that warrants consideration in planning decisions, but do not meet the criteria for statutory designation. | https://local-heritage-list.org.uk/lancashire/what-is-a-heritage-asset |
Eight buildings by acclaimed American architect Frank Lloyd Wright have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Titled “The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright,” the list of eight major works is a revision of a previous application lodged in February 2015. Submitted by the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy, the list spans Wright’s 70-year career with schemes such as Unity Temple, Taliesin West, Fallingwater, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.
Unesco: The Latest Architecture and News
8 Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings Given UNESCO World Heritage Status
The Ultimate List of Sites Declared World Heritage in Mexico
According to a statement published on the UNESCO page, the UNESCO World Heritage List is a legacy of monuments and sites of great natural and cultural wealth that belongs to all of humanity. The Sites inscribed on the World Heritage List fulfill a function of milestones on the planet, of symbols of the awareness of States and peoples about the meaning of those places and emblems of their attachment to collective property, as well as of the transmission of that heritage to future generations.
Foster + Partners Design a House of Wisdom for Judah's Scroll in Sharjah
Foster + Partners has released their design for a library and cultural center alongside The Scroll, a new piece of public art by British sculptor Gerry Judah. Called the House of Wisdom, the project coincides with Sharjah being named this year’s UNESCO World Book Capital. Aiming to be a new cultural quarter in the city, the House of Wisdom was made to establish and retain connections with the outside.
The Notre-Dame Cathedral Fire: What Happened, and What Happens Next?
One day after the fire that partially destroyed the iconic Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, we are left to look back at the night of unfolding devastation, and forward at plans to renovate and restore the structure back to its former glory. The 856-year-old structure, which has survived riots, wars, and revolutions, sustained major damage as fire destroyed its central spire, 66% of its roof, and parts of its vaulted interior. Despite the alarming images and videos of the Gothic masterpiece ablaze, it appears that the main structure, and much of the interior, has escaped destruction.
While a full investigation into the cause of the fire will likely take some time, new details continue to emerge on the course of the blaze, and initiatives from the public and private sector to fund the cathedral’s restoration. Below, we recap the timeline that unfolded on the evening of April 15th, before detailing the plans to recover a building emblematic of the history of its city and country.
Dorte Mandrup Designs Swedish Culture House in Karlskrona
Danish architecture studio Dorte Mandrup has designed new culture house and library in the heart of the Swedish baroque city of Karlskrona. Working with Marianne Levinsen Landskab and Torbjörn Nilsson, the team developed the cultural project to combine an art hall, library and cafe together in the city center. The culture house is meant to become a modern meeting place and hub for several cultural activities at the corner of Karlskrona’s central square.
Rio de Janeiro named the First World Capital of Architecture
UNESCO has named Rio de Janeiro, Brazil as the World Capital of Architecture for 2020. In keeping with UNESCO’s recent partnership agreement with the UIA, UNESCO designates the World Capital of Architecture, which also hosts the UIA’s World Congress. The World Capital of Architecture is intended to become an international forum for debates about pressing global challenges from the perspectives of culture, cultural heritage, urban planning and architecture.
UNESCO and UIA to begin Designating Cities as "World Capitals of Architecture"
UNESCO and the International Union of Architects (UIA) have announced the launch of a “World Capitals of Architecture” initiative, seeking to create a “synergy between culture and architecture in an increasingly urbanized world.”
Cities designated as World Capitals of Architecture will become a global forum for discussion on the world’s most pressing challenges “through the prism of culture, heritage, urban planning, and architecture.” UNESCO and UIA will collaborate with local city organizations to organize activities and events promoting buildings, architects, planners, and related sectors.
Oscar Niemeyer's Unfinished Architecture in Lebanon May Become a UNESCO World Heritage Site
The unfinished Tripoli International Fair, designed by Oscar Niemeyer for the Lebanese capital, could become a UNESCO's World Heritage Site. Conceived in the 1960s at the request of the then President Fouad Chéhab, the fair remained a symbol of projected modernity for the country.
Buddhist Monasteries and Spain's Islamic Palace-City Among 19 New Sites Added to UNESCO's World Heritage List
After carefully deliberating in their annual session, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee selected 19 new sites to inscribe on the World Heritage List in the city of Manama in Bahrain. Featuring 13 cultural sites such as Buddhist mountain monasteries in Korea, the industrial city of Ivrea in Italy, and the Caliphate city of Medina Azahara in Spain, alongside three natural sites and three mixed sites (classified as both cultural and natural heritage), the list now aggregates to 1092 sites in 167 countries.
From the historical Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul to the contemporary city of Brasilia orchestrated by Oscar Niemeyer, the World Heritage List has continuously exhibited varied examples of architecture and urban planning from different eras and movements from around the world. Amongst the new additions, there are several sites of religious importance, city organization, and natural conservation.
11 Brazilian UNESCO World Heritage Sites That Every Architect Must Visit
On August 17th, Brazil celebrated its National Heritage Day. Created in 1998 to honor the historian and first president of IPHAN (National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute), Rodrigo Melo Franco de Andrade, who would have turned 100 years old. This date aims to reinforce the recognition and appreciation of the country’s cultural heritage.
Vega Archipelago to be Home to Norway’s First UNESCO World Heritage Visitor Center
Oslo-based architecture firm Ekberg Lous Arkitekter have designed Norway’s first World Heritage Visitor Center, after having won the open international architectural competition in 2008. Following the competition, the project was halted for seven years due to a lack of funding, but has been given the green light in 2015 with revised plans and a new site. The center, which will be built on the tip of the northern shore of Vega Island, is expected to be a gathering point for both locals and foreigners. It will provide visitors with knowledge about the natural and cultural values of the Vega Archipelago and world heritage sites in general. The center is set to be open in spring 2019.
Dorte Mandrup to Design Her Third UNESCO World Heritage Wadden Sea Project
Denmark-based architect Dorte Mandrup has won her third UNESCO World Heritage Center project, with her design of the Trilateral Wadden Sea World Heritage Partnership Centre. The project was the winner in a contest to design a new headquarters for the Centre, an organization that aims to protect the Wadden Sea and is jointly run by Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands.
Liminal Studio with Snøhetta and Rush Wright Wins Competition for UNESCO World Heritage Site Education Center in Tasmania
Update 3/2/18: A previous version of this article named Snøhetta as the leader of the team; the principal architect is in fact Liminal Studio.
Australian firm Liminal Studio, in collaboration with Snøhetta and Rush Wright Associates, has been selected as the winner of an international competition for the design of the new History and Interpretation Center at Cascades Female Factory Historic Site in South Hobart, Tasmania.
One of the most significant female penal sites dating back to 19th century, when Australia was still a British penal colony, the Cascades Female Colony was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010. The new History and Interpretation Center will allow visitors to learn about the site’s history and how its social, cultural and political implications have impacted present day Australia.
Dorte Mandrup Wins Competition to Construct Heritage Center Atop a WWII Bunker
Danish firm Dorte Mandrup A/S has been announced as the winners of a competition to design the new Trilateral Wadden Sea World Heritage Partnership Center on a historic UNESCO naval site in Wilhelmshaven, Germany. Selected from 14 entries, the firm’s winning proposal will seemingly float atop an existing World War II bunker and house the offices of a joint Danish, German and Netherlandish corporation working to protect the Wadden Sea area.
Tel Aviv's New Skyline Brings Residential Density
With the completion of the citywide light-rail expected in 2020, connecting Tel Aviv’s city center to neighboring Ramat Gan, Ramat HaHayal, Bat Yam, Jaffa, and Givatayim brings a new wave of residential architecture to transform the skyline. The city of Tel Aviv boasts the highest land value in the Middle East, and with this new connectivity it is only projected to increase demand and value.
The city Tel Aviv is deemed a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its collection of over 4,000 Bauhaus and Eclectic Architecture-style builds. The original city plan was made in 1925 by Sir Patrick Geddes, and is about to witness a significant shift. To promote density, the “TAMA 38” policy gives developers the opportunity to add additional units and floors in exchange for updating the existing units and infrastructure.
Temporary Porcelain Clad Pavilion Addresses The Notion of Ornamentation in Architecture
The Pavilion d’Eau, designed by EPFL architecture student Alexander Wolhoff, was constructed in Lake Geneva, Switzerland. The pavilion is a product of six months of research, prototyping, and coordination with different local and academic organizations done in conjunction with LHT3 labs. The exterior of the octagon pavilion has a structural aesthetic, while the interior -- only accessed by wading in the water -- is ornamental, clad in handmade ceramic tiles.
The UNESCO World Heritage Site municipality of Saint-Saphorin en Lavaux allowed for the temporary pavilion in the waters of Lake Geneva. The project is designed to touch the landscape lightly, not affecting the natural lake bed. The pavilion is comprised of materials including lake stones, wood, and porcelain tiles. To ensure a minimal and reversible impact on the site, the footings of the pavilion are made of seven gabions, metal cages filled with stones collected from the lake.
Smart Everyday Nighttime Design Aims to Use Light as a Means to Build Better Communities
Working out of a UNESCO world heritage site in Cartagena, Colombia, Smart Everyday Nighttime Design is a research project that aims to use light as a means to build better communities. The project, spearheaded by Arup’s Lighting team with urban-lighting leader Leni Schwendinger, seeks to address nighttime activation of Getsemaní’s streets and public spaces in a bid to improve safety, stimulate the night time economy and engage with the local communities and events.
This documentary, produced by PLANE—SITE, presents the project’s findings and explains the research process and the resulting prototype. The team had two main ambitions:
13 UNESCO World Heritage Sites Located in Brazil
With more than five centuries of recorded history and many more years of pre-colonial traditions and customs, Brazil is listed in UNESCO's World Heritage List with 13 historical sites.
The website Viagem Turismo compiled a list with images and detailed information about each of the 13 sites. The list ranges from the Serra da Capivara National Park, "full of rocky caves covered with rock paintings" made more than 25 thousand years ago, to the modern capital of Brazil, Brasília, founded in 1960. | https://www.archdaily.com/tag/unesco |
Top 7 Must visit Building by the “God’s Architect”, Antoni Gaudi
The Spanish architect, Antoni Gaudi, best known for his iconic works in Barcelona, including the world-renowned “Sagrada Familia”, and several others was a worshiper of nature, religion as well as his passion for architecture. Many of his buildings have been entitled under the UNESCO World Heritage sites. Here is a list of most iconic of his works that one must witness at least once in their lives.
1.Sagrada Familia:
One of the most famous Gaudi’s works. Gaudi devoted most of his life in designing and constructing this masterpiece of his, however, could not see it complete while he was alive. Only one-third of the building was constructed while Gaudi passed away in 1926. The construction of this magnificent structure started in 1882 and is supposed to be completed by Gaudi’s 100th death anniversary in 2026. Familia Sagrada gained the title of a UNESCO World Heritage site while being under construction.
2. Casa Mila:
Casa Mila is the best example that reflects Gaudi’s unique style of architecture. This beautiful organically designed structure exhibits several public as well as private events. It also gained the title of UNESCO World Heritage site under “Works of Antoni Gaudi” in the year 1986. Initially, this beautiful nature-inspired structure was designed by Gaudi as a house for Roser Segimon i Artells and Pere Mila i Camps.
3. Casa Batllo:
Another structure by Antoni under the UNESCO World Heritage list. It is supposed to be one of the most artistic works inspired by animal-shaped, bones, and the skeleton. Gaudi redesigned this house in 1906, which became a center of attraction, situated in one of the busiest parts of Barcelona, as the owner desired. It is also referred to as the “House of Bones”, exactly as it was intended to be!
4. Colonia Guell:
Actually a crypt, the Church of Colonia Guell was designed by Gaudi for the workers of Colonia Guell. The complete design of Gaudi could not be implemented as the commissioner ran out of funds before its completion, however, it gained the title of the UNESCO World Heritage site. The renovation of this incomplete structure was attempted by an architect in 2002, who was then highly criticized for “mistreating Gaudi’s work”.
5. Parc Guell:
Another design commissioned by the Catalan businessman Eusebi Guell, one of the persons who admired Gaudi’s Work. Gaudi created this beautiful public park from 1900 to 1914. This park is supposed to be one of the most magnificent public parks in the world, even though it could never be completed. Initially. it was initially supposed to be a part of a housing which later came to be a failure. The park was later taken under the city of Barcelona and was opened to the public in 1984. It also features some of Gaudi’s original artworks including mosaics and sculptures.
6. Casa Calvet:
Casa Calvet designed by Gaudi for a textile manufacturer. This building served the purpose of commercial space in the basement as well as the ground floor, and the residence above it. Built between 1898 and 1900, this project was one of the most conventional works of Gaudi’s. It does not stand out as the other works of Gaudi, in spite, blends in with the other buildings in the surroundings. However, one can always feel a touch of Gaudi in every structure of his.
7. Palau Guell:
Another one of Gaudi’s best masterpieces, Palau Guell, “The Guell Palace”, was Gaudi’s one of the initial works. This palatial mansion was used by Eusebi Guell as his residence for over two decades. After that, he shifted to one of the houses in Parc Guell, also designed by Gaudi. This palace was also acquired by the city of Barcelona and was amongst the first three works of Gaudi which gained the title of the UNESCO World Heritage site.
Although Gaudi dedicated almost all of his life to his passion for architecture, most of his works were left uncompleted. It is saddening to know that Gaudi was hit by a tram on June 7, 1926, and went unconscious. No one even recognized him due to a lack of identification documents and his shabby dressing. He was ignored off, being considered as a beggar. He was identified the next day by the chaplain of Sagrada Familia, which Gaudi was constructing at that time. However, his condition had deteriorated due to a lack of instant medicare. He passed away on June 10, 1926. Gaudi’s passion for detail and his unique style of architecture would live forever as a piece of art and architecture to be admired. | https://thearchinsider.com/top-7-must-visit-building-by-the-gods-architect-antoni-gaudi/ |
The United States is pleased to announce the nomination of a group of 10 buildings in seven states designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright for inclusion on the World Heritage List. The UNESCO World Heritage List recognizes the “outstanding universal value” of the most significant cultural and natural sites on the planet. — U.S. Department of State
The nomination of ten buildings by the influential architect represents the first World Heritage nomination by the U.S. of works of modernist architecture. Entitled "Key Works of Modern Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright," the list includes:
Inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage list brings, according to the announcement, "significant international attention, prestige, and increased tourism." Maintained by the international World Heritage Programme, the list not only demarcates sites of significance to "global culture," but also can help provide important resources and funds for conservation. In order to be put on the list, a nominated site must be approved by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, which consists of 21 UNESCO member states elected by the General Assembly.
Currently, several of the buildings that were nominated are critically endangered. Fallingwater has been victim to leaks and structural frailty that necessitated major restorations several years ago. The Hollyhock house has been damaged by earthquakes and is finally set to reopen after being closed for some time. Hopefully, if accepted to the UNESCO list, these important structures would receive the care needed to preserve them for future generations.
Unfortunately, the list doesn't include some other works by FLW, such as the Spring House in Tallahassee, FL, which was recently ranked one of the most endangered historic places in the country. Even more reason to donate to the Spring House Institute! (More info here.)
Are you sure you want to block this user and hide all related comments throughout the site? | https://archinect.com/news/article/119816278/10-frank-lloyd-wright-buildings-nominated-to-unesco-world-heritage-list |
Inside the church is the gold plated altar with a figure of its patron Saint Agustine as a centerpiece. Another interesting fact is San Agustin Church’s contribution to Philippine history as its adjacent three-story bell tower was once used by the Katipuneros as an observation post during the Spanish revolution.
What are the influences of San Agustin Church Manila?
The centuries-old church bore witness to the 400 years of Spanish rule in the country. It has survived many bombings and earthquakes, and through its countless renovations, incorporated other influences including Filipino and Chinese designs. Clearly, the church stands witness to the rises and falls of the Philippines.
What is the significance of San Agustin Church?
Completed in 1607, it is the oldest stone church in the country. In 1993, San Agustin Church was one of four Philippine churches constructed during the Spanish colonial period to be designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, under the collective title Baroque Churches of the Philippines.
What is the importance of baroque church in Philippines?
The Baroque architecture in the Philippines was designed to protect structures from calamities especially earthquakes. The architecture is known as “Earthquake Baroque” and Paoay Church is one of the most notable “earthquake baroque” structures in the country.
What is the history of Paoay Church?
The earliest historical record of the area dates back to 1593, becoming an independent Augustinian parish in 1686. Building of the present church was started in 1694 by Augustinian friar Father Antonio Estavillo, completed in 1710 and rededicated in 1896.
Who designed the San Agustin Church?
The Church of San Agustín in Manila, designed by the architect Juan de Macías and built in 1587–1607, is the premier ecclesiastical complex in The Philippines.
What is the importance of Intramuros in Philippine history?
Intramuros plays an important part to our country’s history and it is one of the popular destinations for a visitor to our hometown. It is the oldest district and is called the Walled City. Historically, it is the seat of the Spanish government when they colonized the Philippines.
What are the threats of Church of San Agustin?
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) has warned that San Agustin Church and three other Baroque churches around the Philippines may be delisted from the prestigious World Heritage List as a result of the construction of the controversial Binondo-Intramuros Bridge across the …
What is the style of the San Agustin Church?
Because of San Agustin Church Paoay’s historical and artistic significance, it was designated as a National Cultural Treasure by the Philippine government in 1973 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site among the country’s baroque churches in 1993.
How did baroque art influence Philippine architecture?
The Baroque architecture was brought to the Philippines by the Spanish and developed there during the 17th and 18th century. Churches were the focus of architecture during this period. The distance from Europe and the local influences gave origin to a unique style, adapted to local conditions.
Which of the following churches has the influences of the Renaissance architecture?
The new architectural philosophy of the Renaissance is best demonstrated in the churches of San Lorenzo, and Santo Spirito in Florence. Designed by Brunelleschi in about 1425 and 1428 respectively, both have the shape of the Latin cross.
What is commonly known as Paoay Church?
The Saint Augustine Church, famously known as the Paoay Church, takes you back to the Philippine’s Spanish colonial era with its charming baroque architecture.
What is the architectural design of Paoay Church?
The charming town of Vigan in Ilocos Sur, is the best preserved example of Spanish colonial architecture in Asia. Its streets laid out in a gridiron pattern, according to the Laws of the Indies, housing a collection of well preserved colonial buildings, with white walls and picturesque balconies. | https://northminsterpdx.org/theology/quick-answer-what-is-the-contribution-of-san-agustin-or-paoay-church-to-philippine-history.html |
On 20 December 2007, the United Nations 62nd General Assembly proclaimed 2009 the International Year of Astronomy. UNESCO was designated as the lead agency and focal point for the Year.
The UNESCO Thematic Initiative “Astronomy and World Heritage” launched in support of this International Year aims to establish a link between science and culture with a view to highlighting the scientific value of cultural sites connected with astronomy.
The World Heritage Centre appeals to State Parties to the World Heritage Convention to contribute to the activities within the framework of the Initiative “Astronomy and World Heritage” to promote the recognition of astronomical knowledge including through the nomination of sites that celebrate achievements in science. | http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/404/ |
Kinabalu National Park is Malaysia’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site designated by UNESCO in December 2000. What is UNESCO World Heritage Site? A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by UNESCO as of special cultural or physical significance and its designation is highly prestigious affair. To have an idea what it takes to be listed, check out Unesco Selection Criteria. And a listed place can be delisted if the goverment fail to maintain the UNESCO World Heritage’s standard
Other places in Malaysia which are listed in UNESCO World Heritage Site are Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak and Melaka and George Town (Historic Cities). In Gunung Mulu National Park, there are Sarawak Chamber (largest underground chamber/room in the world, which is BIG enough to accommodate about 40 Boeing 747s, without overlapping their wings), Deer Cave (second largest single cave passage in the world) and Clearwater Cave (world’s largest cave by volume). In fact, Gunung Mulu National Park meets the most World Heritage criteria.
I really hope to go Gunung Mulu National Park one day to look with my own naked eyes especially these three extreme caves above. Wish to also go to climb Mount Kinabalu again as the first trip, we failed to climb the summit due to unforeseen circumstances.
Lastly, Happy Merdeka Day!
References: | https://www.findingsteve.net/unesco-world-heritage-site-in-malaysia/ |
When we travel, we always look for UNESCO World Heritage sites that are close to the destinations we plan to visit. Learning about these locations and discovering how each one is connected to the people and cultures of the region is a great way to enhance your travels and create memorable experiences.
From sacred places like Easter Island in Chile, Stonehenge in England, Puma Punku in Bolivia, and Borobudur in Indonesia, to architectural marvels like Machu Picchu in Peru, Chichen Itza in Mexico, Christ the Redeemer in Brazil, and the Sydney Opera House in Australia, UNESCO World Heritage sites always leave us speechless and amazed. There are even “Natural Sites” which are defined as having exceptional beauty, aesthetic importance, significant habitats and/or geological importance like the Grand Canyon in the United States, the Cape Floral Region in South Africa, Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland, and þingvellir National Park in Iceland.
If you are planning a vacation and you want to find somewhere with a rich history, cultural importance, fascinating stories, and beautiful scenery for photographs you really can’t go wrong with UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
To be recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site, the location must meet a few key pieces of criteria. A UNESCO site is a natural or man-made location or structure with cultural and/or historical significance that is regarded as being important to the collective interests of humanity. The sites are designated by the World Heritage Convention (an organization of UNESCO; The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
Between the two of us, we have been to 81 UNESCO World Heritage Sites (and counting!) over the years. The map below has the location of all the sites we have visited.
You can browse our archives to read about the UNESCO World Heritage Sites we’ve visited. Click the button below!
Visit UNESCO World Heritage Sites!
If you’re looking for some inspiration on places to visit you can check out our Bucket List page. Many of those locations are also UNESCO sites.
Do you have a UNESCO World Heritage Site that you’ve always wanted to visit? Is there a site you’ve been to that you absolutely loved? Leave a comment and let us know! | https://www.roadunraveled.com/unesco-world-heritage-sites/ |
Top 5 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Egypt
While Egypt is regarded as the primary political and cultural center of the Middle East and all of the Arab World, it is also a place that carries so much beauty and mystery that it draws the curiosity of tourists from all over the world. Those who go to Egypt find themselves mesmerized by the magnificent structures and monuments, scattered all throughout the country.
Here are the Top Five Egyptian UNESCO World Heritage Sites worth remembering.
Ancient Thebes and the Necropolis
Somewhere 800 km south of the Mediterranean and east of the Nile River are the necropolises of both the Valley of Kings and Valley of Queens, as well as the temples and palaces within Karnak and Luxor. Thebes was once known as the god Amon’s city, and used to be Egypt’s capital during the time of the Middle and New Kingdoms.
Because of its significance as evidence of the height of the ancient Egyptian civilization, Ancient Thebes and its Necropolises became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
Islamic Cairo
This is one of the oldest Islamic cities in the world, found within Central Cairo and overlooked by the castle. Here you can find famous mosques, madrasas, hammams, and beautiful fountains. It’s been around for quite some time, getting into the golden age in the 14th century.
Islamic Cairo remains to be one of the most popular Islamic destinations to tourists all over the world. Because of its historical importance, it became part of the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1979.
Memphis and the Necropolis
Nobody who has heard of Egypt hasn’t heard of the Pyramid Fields, stretching out from Giza to Dahshur. These pyramids are, in fact, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. But it’s also the capital of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The place has magnificent funerary monuments, rock tombs, temples, and yes, pyramids.
No question that these magnificent structures have historical and cultural significance not only to Egypt but the world as well, so it eventually became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
Nubian Monuments
South of Egypt and West of Lake Nasser are the famous Nubian Monuments, including the Temple of Ramses the II in Abu Simbel and the Isis Sanctuary in Philae. These places were once under the threat of the rising waters from the Nile River, but has been saved thanks to UNESCO’s campaign to rescue it back in 1960 to 1980.
These structures have been collectively designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, dubbed the “Nubian Monuments” in 1979.
Saint Catherine Area
There is a gorge at the foot of Mount Sinai that’s a bit out of way for most travelers where the one of the world’s oldest Christian monasteries are found.
The Orthodox Monastery, as it is known, happens to be situated at the foot of Mt. Horeb, the very place where, according to the Old Testament, Moses found the Tablets of the ten Commandments. Being sacred to Christians, Muslims, and Jews alike, the Saint Catherine Area became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002. | https://www.discountcarhire.com/unesco-heritage-sites/top-5-unesco-world-heritage-sites-in-egypt.htm |
The province is helping the Wanuskewin Heritage Park with its bid to become a World Heritage site by providing the money to hire a project coordinator to oversee the application process.
“Since 2019, Wanuskewin has been involved in activities that contribute towards our UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations) nomination dossier package submission,” said Darlene Brander, CEO of Wanuskewin Heritage Park. “The projected designation is 2025.”
The province is providing Wanuskewin with the one-time funding of $60,000 to hire a designated project coordinator to directly support the UNESCO application process.
This has enabled Wanuskewing to renew the contract of the employee who has been working on the complex application.
A UNESCO World Heritage designation is the highest recognition for a protected heritage area and recognizes humanity's most outstanding achievements and nature's most inspiring creations. The designation is the gold standard for cultural and scientific sites internationally and the process of obtaining such a designation is complex and takes many years to achieve.
“The next steps to apply for UNESCO world heritage designation are to work towards compiling all the information that will be required for the nomination dossier package.” said Brander.
To be designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site would be huge for Wanuskewin.
Brander said the designation would give the park the ability to conserve, preserve and protect the site, which has been a gathering place for Indigenous groups of the Northern Plains for thousands of years. The UNESCO designation would also be a living reminder of Indigenous people’s sacred relationship to the land, which will mean the rest of the world will know about the different cultures and languages of the people from the area.
“The province's investment into preserving the past, is a strong investment in our shared future to ensure that we have the resources to put toward Wanuskewin's UNESCO nomination work," said Brander.
"Wanuskewin is a significant part of our province," Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Laura Ross said in a prepared statement. "Our government highlighted our commitment to support Wanuskewin's UNESCO application in Saskatchewan's Growth Plan, and we believe this grant will provide a solid foundation to move the process forward.”
Examples of UNESCO World Heritage Sites include: The Great Barrier Reef, the Great Wall of China, and the Taj Mahal. Canada currently has 20 sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List. All provinces and territories have a least one designated site, except for Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nunavut. | https://www.eaglefeathernews.com/news/wanuskewin-heritage-park-continues-to-work-towards-a-world-heritage-designation |
- The Capitol Complex, Chandigarh.
What is a Heritage Site?
A heritage site is an official part of a nation where pieces of political, military, cultural, or social history have been protected on to their cultural heritage value. Historic sites are generally protected by law suits and many have been recognized with the official national historic site status.
Historical importance of Khangchendzonga National Park (KNP), Sikkim :-
This is situated at the heart of the great Himalayan range in Sikkim, India. This Khangchendzonga National Park includes an extensive biodiversity of
- plains,
- valleys,
- lakes
- glaciers and
- spectacular, snow-capped mountains covered with ancient forests,
- This also constitutes the world’s third highest peak, Mount Khangchendzonga.
Fabulous stories are associated with this mountain along with a huge number of natural elements like caves, rivers; lakes are the subject of worship by the native and ancient people of Sikkim. The basis for Sikkimese identity instituted the sacred meanings of these stories and practices which have been integrated with Buddhist beliefs. This park also serves as a abode for huge number of endemic, rare and threatened plant and animal species. It is noted that this park first Indian Mixed Heritage Site to be mentioned in this prestigious list
Historical Importance of Nalandha Mahavihara, Bihar:-
Nalanda and the ruins of the ancient Nalanda Mahavihara comprises of this famous historical site. The name Nalanda evokes up a cenario of ancient Mahavihara. This institution later became a great centre of Buddhist education for nearly 700 years between the 5th to 12th centuries AD.
Historical importance of The Capitol Complex, Chandigarh:-
This building is one of the Seventeen buildings designed by Swiss-French architecture pioneer Le Corbusier. All his 17 buildings have been added to the World Heritage List by UNESCO. These 17 buildings are designed and constructed by him in various countries are,
- The Maison Guiette, in Antwerp, Belgium,
- The National Museum for Western Art in Tokyo,
- The House of Dr Curutchet in La Plata (Argentina)
- The Unité d’habitation in Marseille (France)
- The Complexe du Capitole in Chandigarh (India) and structures in
- Switzerland and
- Germany.
This capitol complex in Chandigarh was constructed by this renowned Swiss designer Le Corbusier in 1950, in order to epitomize the newly born independent and modern India.
Turkish musician Kudsi Ergüner named UNESCO Artist for Peace
i.The United Nations cultural agency UNESCO has named musician Kudsi Erguner, as an Artist for Peace in recognition of his efforts to promote the universal values of music, his contribution to the protection of musical heritage.
ii.The appointment comes in a ceremony was held at the Congress Center in the Turkish capital, Istanbul, of the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee.
iii.Ergner was born in Turkey in 1952 who is a musician, player of the ney (reed flute), composer, musicologist, teacher, author and translator.
UNESCO lists Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier’s works among World Heritage Sites
i.UNESCO listed Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier’s work among its World Heritage Sites. His works include the Indian city of Chandigarh which he planned in the 1950s.
ii.The decision was announced as the World Heritage Committee meeting in Istanbul.
iii.The chosen creations of Le Corbusier show his contributions to the Modern Movement that emerged after World War I with an emphasis on functionality, bold lines and materials such as concrete, iron and glass.
UNESCO
- Formation: 16 November 1945
- Headquarters: Paris, France
- Membership: 195 member states. | https://affairscloud.com/three-new-indian-historical-sites-enters-world-heritage-site-listings/ |
On August 1, 2010, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee inscribed China Danxia as a natural site in the world heritage list at its 34th session held from July 25 to August 3 this year in Brasilia, capital of Brazil.
It is China's 40th heritage site following the historic monuments of the "Center of Heaven and Earth" in Dengfeng, Henan Province, inscribed as a cultural site also at the Brasilia session. So far, China has 28 cultural, eight natural and four mixed sites on the list.
China Danxia consists of six geologically and geographically related areas that collectively feature the outstanding universal values of Danxia geomorphology in southeast China, including Chishui in Guizhou Province, Danxia Mountain in Guangdong Province, Langshan Mountain in Hunan Province, Taining County in Fujian Province, Longhu Mountain in Jiangxi Province and Jianglang Mountain in Zhejiang Province.
It is the second time for China to apply for the world heritage status by "packing" more than one site. Before Danxia, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces and Chongqing Municipality jointly applied for a representative landform of the Karst landform in southwest China.
The China Danxia refers to the landscapes featured with steep cliffs, spectacular red mountain rocks, deep ravines, grand waterfalls and dark green rivers. A cluster of peaks are covered with virgin forests and surrounded by rivers, presenting exceptional natural beauty.
Besides its marvelous and stunning natural beauty, the Danxia landform has several other characteristics and values that are in accordance with qualifications for world heritage. The landform demonstrates the history of diastrophism in south China, showing the development of continental red terrigenous sedimentary beds influenced by endogenous forces (including uplift) and exogenous forces (including weathering and erosion). The six sites that jointly applied for the world heritage status fully illustrate the process of this landform developed from erosion.
These rugged landscapes have also helped to conserve sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests as the habitat of many species of flora and fauna, about 400 of which are considered rare or threatened. "China Danxia comprehensively reflects the unique natural features of China's Danxia geomorphology, highlighting its unique ecosystem, biodiversity, and exceptional natural beauty," the World Heritage Committee commented.
The name and concept of Danxia landform were first brought forward by Chinese geologists Chen Guoda and Feng Jinglan in the 1920s. The word "danxia," literally translated as "rosy clouds" in Chinese, came from the name of the Danxia Mountain in Guangdong Province, the most typical representative of this kind of landform. Danxia landform is widely distributed in China, western America, central Europe and Australia. China is known to have the largest, as well as the most typical and diverse Danxia landform, within its border.
In order to attain worldwide recognition of the value of the Danxia landform, Chinese geologists have been making efforts for considerable time. Foreign geologists usually called this kind of landform "red bed." In order to make the Danxia concept acceptable worldwide and help the heritage application, scientists in China have published many books and articles in international journals to make a greater audience aware of its value.
"China's successful application for the Danxia landform means recognition from international academic circles of the landform as well as the Danxia concept that Chinese scholars put forward. It's a significant way for Danxia landform to go out of this country and to be recognized by the world," said Peng Hua, a professor at the Guangzhou-based Sun Yat-sen University and also head of the expert group for the application.
"Danxia is a national treasure, which is different from any other natural heritage sites in China," he said. "The significance of the joint application under the name of China Danxia is far more than of any single place applying alone. The importance is not in the number of inscribed sites but in the recognition of a local landform."
The entering into the world heritage list was just a start, as the sites on the list would be subject to constant monitoring and inspection. "After that, the country takes responsibility for safeguarding it for future generations. By submitting a site for inscription, a country gives UNESCO and the international community the right to keep an eye on protection efforts, and to have a say on how well they are carried out," UNESCO press officer Cathy Nolar said. | https://www.bjreview.com.cn/quotes/txt/2010-09/06/content_296234.htm |
People across Cumbria are being invited to help protect their cherished local heritage as part of a county-wide project being led by South Lakeland District Council (SLDC).
Cumbria is one of 22 areas to secure funding from the Ministry of Communities, Housing & Local Government for its Local Heritage Listing campaign.
This £1.5 million government campaign is designed to help protect the “commonplace or everyday” heritage assets that are valued by people locally but which do not have any existing protection in their own right under planning law.
Cumbria has been successful in securing £140,000 to launch the campaign across the county, including the Lake District National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The campaign roll-out is being led by conservation and planning specialists at SLDC and the partner organisations, and will see the launch of an app this October. The app will enable members of the public to pinpoint the places they would like to be safeguarded, by uploading photos and location details of anything from architecture to landscape, field boundaries, parks, gardens, historic street furniture and signs.
These nominations will be considered by a panel made up of council and voluntary heritage group representatives from across Cumbria, and the resulting proposed Local Heritage List will go out to public consultation in spring 2022.
Historic England’s guidance on Local Heritage Lists states that “local distinctiveness may lie as much in the commonplace or everyday as it does in the rare or spectacular”.
SLDC Leader Councillor Jonathan Brook, Portfolio Holder for Promoting South Lakeland and Innovation, said: “A non-designated heritage asset can be anything from a piece of street furniture to a house designed by a local architect or lived in by someone noteworthy; an old pub or barn; a park or garden; a statue or carving; or a site with importance for agriculture, commerce or industry – anywhere or anything that you think deserves to be protected.
“We are very excited to be leading this Local Heritage Listing campaign for Cumbria, which has been made possible thanks to the successful county-wide funding bid made by our friends at Allerdale Borough Council last year.
“As well all know, Cumbria is famed around the world for the richness of its heritage, and some of these wonderful locations will be celebrated in this year’s Heritage Open Days, starting this week on Friday 10 September.
“Many of these assets already benefit from the protection given by such designations as Listed Buildings, Scheduled Monuments, Registered Historic Parks, Tree Preservation Orders, Conservation Areas and UNESCO World Heritage Site status.
“However, for every treasure such as Dove Cottage at Grasmere, Cartmel Priory or Beatrix Potter’s Hill Top farmhouse at Near Sawrey, there are dozens of lesser-known heritage assets on people’s doorsteps that are non-designated. This means they do not have any special protection or rights of consideration in place when planning applications are made.
“The Local Heritage Listing campaign will allow people across Cumbria to tell us about the places and features they cherish and why they want to see them protected for future generations by being placed on a Local Heritage List for the county.
“As well as residents, we are hoping that civic societies, town and parish councils and local history groups will share their considerable local knowledge with us by taking part when we launch the app in October.”
Historic England’s Advice Note on Local Heritage Listing states: “Whilst the planning protections for non-designated heritage assets are not as strong as those for designated heritage assets, they are still important.” Once finalised, Local Heritage Lists are to be made public and also linked to the mapping systems used by local planning authorities such as SLDC to ensure that “planning applications affecting locally listed assets can take full account of the significance the community attaches to those assets”.
The Government’s National Planning Policy Framework states: “In weighing applications that directly or indirectly affect non-designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required, having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.” Planning authorities are required to consider the desirability of putting the assets “to viable uses consistent with their conservation” as well as “the positive contribution that conserving such heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their economic viability”. Planning applications can be refused on the grounds of harm to a non-designated heritage asset. | https://www.southlakeland.gov.uk/news/new-app-to-help-safeguard-local-heritage/ |
The Niagara community is invited by the Brock UNESCO Chair, Community Sustainability: From Local to Global, to the second Community Sustainability Science Café of this winter to learn about the exciting Ramsar designation for the Niagara River.
The Ramsar Convention is a voluntary global agreement signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971. The spirit of the Convention is to promote the conservation of water-based ecosystems, including wetlands, lakes, and rivers through the designation of qualifying sites as Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance. The Ramsar Convention includes 171 member nations designating 2,386 Ramsar sites globally, forming the largest network of designated areas world-wide. Canada currently has 37 Ramsar sites.
A group of Niagara River ecosystem experts are pursuing a Ramsar designation for the Niagara River. The group formed a binational Steering Committee in 2013 and has successfully designated the U.S. portion of the Niagara River as a Ramsar Site of International Importance on October 3rd, 2019. We now turn our attention to the Canadian portion of the river, with the eventual goal of achieving the first transboundary Ramsar site in the Americas.
This upcoming UNESCO Science Café is a great opportunity to learn about where we are in the Ramsar designation process for the Canadian portion of the Niagara River, and how to become involved. Explore the Ramsar designation benefits, and the ecological and cultural heritage significance of the river.
This event is free of charge and light refreshments will be provided. Come and enjoy a coffee and a cookie while listening to the interactive presentations, and taking part in the informative discussions.
This event is hosted by the Brock University UNESCO Chair. | http://www.niagaraknowledgeexchange.com/event/community-sustainability-science-cafe-learn-about-the-niagara-river-ramsar-designation/?instance_id=2165 |
Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple in the Palampet village of Telangana is now added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. The Ramappa temple has got the prestigious tag of UNESCO World Heritage Site on 25 July 2021 thus becoming the 39th UNESCO World Heritage Site in India.
It is officially announced during the 44th session of the World Heritage Committee held online in Fuzhou, China. The decision was reached with 17 votes in favour of the inscription of the Ramappa Temple. The nomination process started in the year 2019 for the UNESCO World Heritage Site, but the process of selection was delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The temple was constructed during the Kakatiyan Period in the 13th-century. It took around 40 years for the development of the Temple. The temple is situated in Palmapet village in Mulugu District of Telangana. It is also known as Ramalingeshwara or Rudreshwara temple. The temple was constructed 800 years ago by General Recharla Rudra during the reign of Kakatiya King Ganapati Deva.
The temple Rudreshwara is popularly known as the Ramappa temple because it gives honor to the architect who worked 40 years to build this temple.
As per the latest data, the world comprises of 1129 World Heritage Site with India having 39 World Heritage Sites.
Benefits of being UNESCO's World Heritage Site
- When the site becomes the UNESCO World heritage site, then it becomes more attractive to the travellers, this could help bring new economic benefits.
- It becomes qualified to receive funds for its safety and conservation.
- If you need to repair the site, the site will have access to global project management resources or if you need more options for tourism to ensure the security of the site.
- The site is protected under the Geneva Convention against destruction during the war, once the site is declared as a world heritage site.
Liverpool
Liverpool has been removed from the UNESCO world heritage list. UNESCO has unanimously voted to list out the Liverpool Marine Mercantile City from its World Heritage List. It is located in England.
Decided after nine years of being transferred to the danger list. The committee stripped the waterfront off of its status because of the “irreversible loss of attributes conveying the outstanding universal value of the property”.
Liverpool Waterfront became the third site, which has been removed from the list.
Arab Orches Sanctuary in Oman and Dresden Albe Valley in Germany are the first and second sites that are removed from the list.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Ramappa Temple
Where is Ramappa Temple located?
Who was the architect of Ramappa Temple?
Is Ramappa Temple a UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE?
When was the Ramappa Temple Built? | https://pendulumedu.com/blog/unesco-world-heritage-site-ramappa-temple |
From ArtNewspaper:
A Unesco report has identified serious problems with the World Heritage Site, including structural damage to buildings, vandalism and a lack of qualified staff. Unesco’s director-general for culture, Francesco Bandarin, tells The Art Newspaper: “The state of conservation is a problem, because of a lack of maintenance of very fragile structures. Visitor services need a dramatic improvement.”
The collapse of a column at Pompeii on 22 December raised further alarm. The column was in a pergola in the courtyard of the House of Loreio Tiburtino, whose adjacent rooms have very fine frescoes.
The eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD killed Pompeii’s inhabitants but preserved their buildings. The city was covered with ash, and it was only after its rediscovery in 1748 that excavations began. In 1997, Unesco designated it a World Heritage Site. The Pompeii crisis came to a head with the collapse of the Schola Armaturarum, known as the House of the Gladiators, in November 2010, along with three further collapses later in the month. This was after extremely heavy rain.
Unesco sent a mission supervised by Christopher Young, the head of world heritage and international policy at English Heritage, who says that Pompeii represents “the world’s most important Roman remains, in terms of what it tells us about daily life”. He was assisted by two Paris-based specialists representing the International Council on Monuments and Sites: Jean-Pierre Adam, a professor at the Ecole du Louvre, and Alix Barbet, the director of research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Their report, which has had virtually no international press coverage, was submitted last June to Unesco’s World Heritage Committee in Paris. It covers Pompeii and the nearby sites of Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata, on the outskirts of Naples.
The Unesco report says that the “conditions that caused [the Schola Armaturarum] collapses are widespread within the site”. Storms last autumn raised fears of further significant damage, but so far it has not been serious.
Although much of Pompeii remains in good repair, the problems are numerous, including “inappropriate restoration methods and a general lack of qualified staff… restoration projects are outsourced and the quality of the work of the contractors is not being assessed. An efficient drainage system is lacking, leading to water infiltration and excessive moisture that gradually degrades the structural condition of the buildings as well as their decor. The mission was also concerned by the amount of plant growth, particularly ivy.”
Staffing at Pompeii remains a fundamental problem. The structure is “very rigid”, with “jobs being secure until retirement”, making it “virtually impossible to recruit new staff”. Although around 470 people are employed at Pompeii, it is “very short” of professional staff, there are “very few” maintenance workers and only 23 guards are on site at any one time.
The guards do not wear uniforms and fail to display their badges. The experts observed them “grouped together in threes or fours”, which meant there was a limited presence on the enormous site. Since 1987, the number of guards has been reduced by a quarter while visitor numbers have increased considerably.
Pompeii attracted more than 2.3 million visitors in 2010 and on the busiest days it had 20,000. Sheer numbers, along with careless behaviour, are causing considerable damage: “Visitors in groups rub against the decorated walls, all too often with their rucksacks, or lean against them to take the best possible photographs,” says the report.
A further problem is that much of Pompeii is “closed”. In 1956, 66 restored houses were open to visitors, but this number has fallen to 15 (only five of which are always open). “Large areas of Pompeii are not accessible to visitors owing to the lack of guards, so accessible parts are overvisited and suffer considerably from visitor erosion,” according to the report. The mission found that the most serious vandalism was in houses that are closed to visitors, because of “the derisory effectiveness of efforts to prohibit access”.
Management changes have resulted in further problems. In July 2008, the Italian government declared Pompeii to be in a “state of emergency”, putting it under special administration until July 2010 (two commissioners served during this period: Renato Profili and then Marcello Fiori). There have been four successive superintendents since September 2009: Mariarosaria Salvatore, Giuseppe Proietti, Jeannette Papadopoulos and Teresa Elena Cinquantaquattro.
The Unesco mission found that, although a management plan was drawn up in 2008, “site staff were not able to show clearly that the plan was actually used”. Scarce resources have been diverted from conservation and maintenance to “non-urgent” projects, such as the reconstruction of the theatre. The report says that such projects were “probably done with an educational aim in mind, but may also reflect a certain attraction for ‘entertainment archaeology’.”
“Uncontrolled development” near Pompeii is also criticised. At its meeting last June, Unesco approved a resolution saying that it “deeply regrets” not having been informed about the construction of “a large concrete building” north of the Porta di Nola. This is to be used by archaeologists for offices and storage.
Pietro Giovanni Guzzo, the superintendent of Pompeii from 1995 to 2009, says that the report is “very meticulous”. Its proposals are along the lines of those suggested during his tenure, but “delays” were caused mainly by staffing problems. Guzzo welcomes Unesco’s involvement, hoping it will “spur the Italian government to give Pompeii more resources, both financial and professional”.
With Unesco poised to assist Italian specialists, an action plan could be developed. This should provide a basis for spending the €105m that has been committed for Pompeii by the European Union. However, there are some concerns that the project may be affected by the withdrawal of $65m a year of Unesco funding from the US, following the admission of Palestine in October.
Unesco has asked the Italian authorities to introduce monitoring of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata by 1 February, along with a statement on the site’s “outstanding universal value”. A report must be submitted by February 2013 on “the possible inscription of the property on the list of World Heritage in Danger”.
Although Pompeii is among Italy’s most important heritage sites, it is not the only one to face intractable problems. Italy’s 47 World Heritage Sites include Venice and its Lagoon and the historic centre of Rome, to take two examples. However, Bandarin, an Italian citizen, stresses that Unesco’s agreement with Italy is “only for the World Heritage Site of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata”. | https://vslmblog.com/tag/crisis/ |
PICTURES: © Jasim Al-Asady/© FLC/ADAGP
Iraqi wetlands believed by some to have been the location of the Garden of Eden and a modernist chapel in France are among the most recent additions to the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The UN cultural organisation announced this week that marshlands of southern Iraq, also known as the Ahwar marshlands, have been included on the list. The listed site encompasses four separate wetland marsh areas as well as the remains of the ancient cities of Uruk and Ur - birthplace of the Biblical figure Abraham - as well as the Tell Eridu archaeological site.
The marshlands were ordered drained in the 1990s by former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein to prevent them being used as cover for rebel groups but they have been partially revived since his overthrow in 2003 under a major restoration program.
Meanwhile, the Chapelle Notre-Dame du Haut in Ronchamp, France, is one of 17 buildings included on the list in an entry recognising the work of modernist Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier. The chapel, the latest in a string of religious buildings on the site, was completed in 1954 and designed to reflect the history of the location.
The two listings were among 12 sites or groups of sites of special cultural or physical significance added to UNESCO's World Heritage List earlier this week. | https://www.sightmagazine.com.au/news/6231-iraqi-garden-of-eden-and-le-corbusier-chapel-make-world-heritage-list |
The first residence ever designed by famed Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí is now being restored. It was built in Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain between 1883-1885 for a local businessman.
Gaudí left his mark all over lovely Barcelona, with the most famous–of course–being the basilica Sagrada Familia, whose construction started in 1882, and is scheduled to be completed in 2026 (no: that’s not a typo). Gaudí’s work on the building is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The design of Sagrada Família was originally assigned to architect Francisco Paula de Villar with Gaudí becoming involved in 1883 after Francisco resigned. Gaudí transformed it, combining Gothic and curvilinear Art Nouveau forms. Gaudí devoted his last years to the project, and at the time of his death at age 73 in 1926, less than a quarter of the project had been completed.
Another of Gaudí’s projects, Park Güell, is one of the most-photographed places in Spain. It’s a public park comprising gardens and architectonic elements located in La Salut, a neighborhood in the Gràcia district of Barcelona. With urbanization in mind, Eusebi Güell assigned the design of the park to Gaudí. It was built between 1900 and 1914, and was officially opened in 1926. In 1984, UNESCO declared the park another World Heritage Site under “Works of Antoni Gaudí”. Gaudí’s playful, colorful, often-flamboyant style motivated the stuffy British to turn his name into the pejorative “gaudy”.
Now, Barcelona architectural firms Martínez Lapeña-Torres Arquitectes S.L.P. and Daw Office S.L.P. Work are restoring Gaudi’s first house project, which is yet another of the eight Gaudí projects that have been designated as a World Heritage Site.
is a modernist building in the neighborhood of Gràcia on Carrer de les Carolines, 24. It is considered one of the first buildings of Art Nouveau and was the first house designed by Gaudí. It helps explain the character of his work and also a new chapter in the history of modern architecture.
The style of Casa Vicens is a reflection of Neo-Mudéjar architecture, one of the popular styles that can be seen throughout Gaudí’s architecture, including oriental and neoclassical as well. However, what was unique about Gaudí was that he mixed different styles together and incorporated a variety of different materials, such as iron, glass, ceramic tiles and concrete, many of which can be seen in this building. Gaudí broke away from tradition and created his new language of architecture, and Casa Vicens represents a new chapter in the history of Catalan architecture as well as the beginning of a successful career for Gaudí.
The Casa Vicens was commissioned in 1877 by Manuel Vicens i Montaner, an owner of a brick and tile factory living in Barcelona at the time.
This early work exhibits several influences, most notably the Moorish (or Mudéjar) influence. Casa Vicens marks the first time Gaudí utilized an orientalist style, mixing together Hispano-Arabic inspiration. This was a style of architecture that completely breaks with the norm of the period. Not only does this house mark Gaudí’s coming of age, being his first major work of architecture, but it also represents the flowering of Catalan modern architecture. | https://revitalization.org/article/famed-architect-antoni-gaudis-first-house-restored-barcelona/ |
- Taj Mahal
There are many UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India and The The Taj Mahal is one of them. The Taj Mahal was assigned as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being “the gem of Muslim craftsmanship in India and one of the world respected show-stoppers of the world’s legacy. It is recommended by numerous individuals as the best model of Mughal architecture and an image of India’s rich history. The Taj Mahal draws in more than 7–8 million guests a year, it was pronounced a champ of the New 7 Wonders of the World (2000–2007) drive.
2. Agra Fort
Agra Fort is a chronicled fortification in the city of Agra in India. It was the fundamental home of the heads of the Mughal Dynasty until 1638, when the capital was moved from Agra to Delhi. In 1983, the Agra stronghold was recorded as an UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India. It is about 2.5 km northwest of its more well known sister landmark, the Taj Mahal. The stronghold can be even more correctly portrayed as a walled city.
3. Ajanta Caves
The Ajanta Caves are around 30 rock-cutBuddhist cave monuments which date from the second century BCE to around 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state of India. The caves incorporate works of art and rock-cut models portrayed as among the best enduring models of ancient Indian craftsmanship, especially expressive canvases that current feelings through motion, posture and structure. They are world recommended as magnum opuses of Buddhist strict workmanship. And World Heritage Sites in India.
4. Ellora Caves
Ellora Caves is an UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India situated in the Aurangabad area of Maharashtra, India. It is one of the biggest stone cut Hindu sanctuary cave buildings on the planet, highlighting Hinduism specifically and not many Buddhist and Jain landmarks with Artwork dating from the 600–1000 CE time frame. Cavern 16 provisions the biggest single solid stone unearthing on the planet.
5. Konark Sun Temple
Konark Sun Temple is a thirteenth century CE (year 1250) Sun safe-haven at Konark around 35 kilometers (22 mi) upper east from Puri on the coastline of Odisha, India. The shelter is credited to ruler Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty around 1250 CE. the sanctuary complex resembles a 100-foot (30 m) high chariot with monstrous haggles, all cut from stone. Once more than 200 feet (61 m) high, much of the sanctuary is currently in ruins, specifically the large shikara tower over the safe-haven; at one time this rose a lot higher than the mandapa that remains. The designs and components that have endure are acclaimed for their multifaceted fine art, iconography, and topics, including erotic kama and mithuna scenes. Moreover called the Surya Devalaya, it is an exemplary format of the Odisha style of Architecture or Kalinga Architecture.
6. Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
Gathering of Monuments at Mahabalipuram is an assortment of seventh and eighth century CE strict landmarks in the waterfront resort town of Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, India and an UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India. It is on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, around 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of Chennai. The site has 40 antiquated landmarks and Hindu temples, Including one of the biggest open-air rock reliefs in the world: the Descent of the Ganges or Arjuna’s Penance. The gathering contains a few classifications of landmarks. It was recorded under the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1984 as a social legacy under classes.
7. Kaziranga National Park
Kaziranga National Park is a public park in the Golaghat, Karbi Anglong and Nagaon locale of the territory of Assam, India. The safe-haven, which has 66% of the world’s great one-horned rhinoceroses, is a World Heritage Site. In 2015, the rhino populace remained at 2401. Kaziranga is home to the most raised thickness of tigers among secured regions on the planet, and was announced a Tiger Reserve in 2006. It was proclaimed a World Heritage Sites in India by UNESCO in 1985 for its remarkable indigenous habitat.
8. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is a national park, UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, a Project Tiger reserve, an elephant save and a biosphere reserve in Assam, India. Situated in the Himalayan foothills, it is bordering with the Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan. The recreation center is known for its uncommon and imperiled endemic untamed life, for example, the Assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden langur and pygmy hoard. Manas is popular for its populace of the wild water bison. It was recorded as a World Heritage Sites India by UNESCO in 1985 for its interesting common habitat.
9. Keoladeo National Park
Keoladeo National Park once known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India is a famous avifauna sanctuary that has a large number of birds, particularly throughout the colder time of year season. More than 350 types of birds are known to be occupant. It is likewise a significant place of interest with scores of ornithologists arriving here in the hibernal season. It was pronounced a secured asylum in 1971. It is likewise a World Heritage Site. It was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985 under category, as a natural property.
10. Churches and convents of Old Goa
Holy places and cloisters of Old Goa is the name given by UNESCO to a bunch of strict landmarks found in Goa Velha (or Old Goa), in the state of Goa, India, which were proclaimed a World Heritage Sites in India in 1986. Goa was the capital of Portuguese India and Asia and a proselytizing focus from the sixteenth century. The justifications for the incorporation of strict landmarks in Goa in the World Heritage List are: 1) the impact of the landmarks in the spread of Western fine arts – the Manueline styles, Mannerist and Baroque –throughout Asia where Catholic missions were set up; 2) the worth of the arrangement of landmarks of Goa as an extraordinary model that delineates crafted by evangelization and 3) the particular worth of quality in the Basilica of Bom Jesus of the burial place of Francisco Xavier, which shows a significant world occasion: the impact of the Catholic religion in Asia in the advanced period.
11. Khajuraho Group of Monuments
Khajuraho Group of Monuments are a get-together of Hindu places of refuge and Jain shelters in Chhatarpur locale, Madhya Pradesh, India, around 175 kilometers southeast of Jhansi. They are a UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India. The sanctuaries are well known for their nagara-style structural imagery and their erotic figures. Most Khajuraho sanctuaries were worked between 885 AD and 1050 AD by the Chandela dynasty. Verifiable records note that the Khajuraho safe-haven site had 85 safe-havens by the twelfth century, spread in excess of 20 square kilometers.
12. Group of Monuments at Hampi
Get-together of Monuments at Hampi, is an UNESCOWorld Heritage Site situated in east-focal Karnataka, India. Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire in the fourteenth century. Narratives left by Persian and European explorers, particularly the Portuguese, say that Hampi was a prosperous, wealthy and astounding city near the Tungabhadra River, with different safe-havens, farms and trading markets. By 1500 CE, Hampi-Vijayanagara was the world’s second-biggest archaic time city after Beijing, and most likely India’s most extravagant around then, drawing in brokers from Persia and Portugal. Situated in Karnataka close to the advanced time city of Hosapete, Hampi’s vestiges are spread more than 4,100 hectares and it has been depicted by UNESCO as an “grave, self important site” of in excess of 1,600 enduring remaining parts of the last extraordinary Hindu realm in South India that incorporates “strongholds, riverside provisions, illustrious and holy edifices, sanctuaries, sanctums, pillared lobbies, mandapas, dedication structures, water designs and others”.
13. Fatehpur Sikri
Fatehpur Sikri is a town in the Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India. The actual city was established as the capital of Mughal Empire in 1571 by Emperor Akbar, serving this job from 1571 to 1585, when Akbar deserted it because of a mission in Punjab and was later totally deserted in 1610. It was pronounced a World Heritage Sites in India by UNESCO in 1986.
14. Pattadakal
Pattadakal is a complex of seventh and eighth century CE Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka (India). Situated on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, this UNESCO World Heritage site. The landmark is an ensured site under Indian law and is overseen by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). UNESCO has depicted Pattadakal as “an agreeable mix of structural structures from northern and southern India” and an outline of “varied workmanship” at its tallness. The Hindu sanctuaries are by and large devoted to Shiva, yet components of Vaishnavism and Shaktism theology and legends are additionally highlighted. The friezes in the Hindu temples display different Vedic and Puranic ideas, portray stories from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, just as components of other Hindu writings, like the Panchatantra and the Kirātārjunīya. The Jain sanctuary is simply committed to a solitary Jina. The Group of landmarks in Pattadakal designated under UNESCO World Heritage List, in 1987.
15. Elephanta Caves
Elephanta Caves are a UNESCO World Heritage Site and an assortment of cavern sanctuaries prevalently devoted to the Hindu god Shiva. They are on Elephanta Island, or Gharapuri (literally “the city of caverns”), in Mumbai Harbor, 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) east of Mumbai in the Indian state of Mahārāshtra. west of the Jawaharlal Nehru Port, contains five Hindu caverns and a couple of Buddhist stupa slopes that date back to the second century BCE, just as a little amassing of two Buddhist caverns with water tanks. The Elephanta Caves contain rock cut stone models that show syncretism of Hindu and Buddhist considerations and iconography. The caves are slashed from solid basalt rock. Aside from a couple of special cases, a significant part of the work of art is destroyed and harmed.
16. Great Living Chola Temples
The Great Living Chola Temples is an UNESCOWorld Heritage Site assignment for a gathering of Chola administration time Hindu sanctuaries in the Indian territory of Tamil Nadu. Finished between mid eleventh and the twelfth century CE, the landmarks incorporate. The Temple Complex at Thanjavur was perceived in 1987. The Temple Complex at Gangaikonda Cholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple Complex were added as augmentations to the site in 2004. The site was recorded under UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987 as Cultural legacy under standards (ii) and (iii)
17. Sundarbans National Park
The Sundarbans National Park is a public park, tiger hold, and biosphere save in West Bengal, India. It is fundamental for the Sundarbans on the Ganges Delta, and adjoining the Sundarban Reserve Forest in Bangladesh. The delta is thickly covered by mangrove timberlands, and is probably the biggest hold for the Bengal tiger. It is likewise home to an assortment of bird, reptile and invertebrate species, including the salt-water crocodile. The present Sundarban National Park was declared as the middle space of Sundarban Tiger Reserve in 1973 and a characteristic life place of refuge in 1977. It was engraved on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India in 1987 as a characteristic property under classification (ix) and (x).
18. Nanda Devi National Park and Valley of Flowers National Parks
The Nanda Devi National Park and Valley of Flowers National Parks is an UNESCO World Heritage Site in Uttarakhand, India. It has of two focus districts about 20km isolated, made up by the Nanda Devi National Park and the Valley of Flowers National Park, notwithstanding a wrapping Combined Buffer Zone. In 1988 the site was engraved as Nanda Devi National Park (India). In 2005 it was extended to include the Valley of Flowers National Park and a bigger cushion zone and it was renamed to Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks.
19. Sanchi
Sanchi is a Buddhist intricate, well known for its Great Stupa, on a peak at Sanchi Town in Raisen District of the State of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is situated in 46 kilometers (29 mi) north-east of Bhopal, capital of Madhya Pradesh. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the most established stone designs in India, and a significant landmark of Indian Architecture. It was initially dispatched by the emperor Ashoka in the third century BCE. Its core was a straightforward hemispherical block structure worked over the relics of the Buddha. It was engraved as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on January 24, 1989, for its exceptional social significance. It was found uniquely in 1818 in an abandoned condition of protection. Archeological unearthings embraced from that point uncovered 50 one of a kind landmarks.
20. Humayun’s Tomb
Humayun’s spot is that the topographic point of Mughal Emperor Humayun in city, India. The place was erected by Humayun’s initial partner and queen, Empress Bega lady (also called hadji Begum), in 1558, and was designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son, Sayyid Muhammad, the Persian architects of his selection. was the most site on the Indian landmass, and is found in Nizamuddin East, Delhi, India, close to the Dina-panah bastion, additionally called Purana Qila (Old Fort), discovered by Humayun in 1533. The topographic point was declared as a World Heritage site in 1993, and since then it’s undergone intensive restoration work, that has been completed.
21. Qutub Minar
The Qutub complex are monuments and buildings from the Delhi Sultanate at Mehrauli in Delhi in Republic of India. Construction of the Qutub Minar “victory tower” within the advanced, named when the spiritual figure Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, was begun by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who later became the first Sultan of Delhi of the Mamluk family (Gulam Vansh). it absolutely was continued by his successor Iltutmish (a.k.a. Altamash), and at last completed abundant later by Firoz shah Tughlaq, a Sultan of Delhi from the Tughlaq folk (1320-1412) in 1368 AD. The Qubbat-ul-Islam mosque (Dome of Islam), later corrupted into Quwwat-ul Islam, stands next to the Qutb Minar. it absolutely was inscribed below the UNESCO World Heritage List below class iv for its distinctive illustration of the Islamic subject area and inventive excellence.
22. Mountain railways of India
The Mountain railways of India are the railway lines that were inbuilt the mountains of India. 3 of them, the Darjeeling chain of mountains Railway, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and the Kalka–Shimla Railway, square measure together selected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name “Mountain Railways of India“. The fourth railway, the Matheran Hill Railway, is on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. All four are narrow-gauge railways, and the Nilgiri Mountain Railway is additionally the only rack railway in Republic of India.
23. Mahabodhi Temple
The Mahabodhi Temple (literally: “Great wakening Temple”) or the Mahabodhi Mahavihar, a UNESCO World Heritage website, is associate ancient, however abundant remodeled and fixed up, Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, marking the situation wherever the Buddha is aforementioned to possess attained enlightenment. Bodh Gaya (in Gaya district) is regarding 96 km (60 mi) from Patna, Bihar state, India. The Mahabodhi Temple complicated at Bodh Gaya (Buddha Gaya), meet a locality of four.86 hectares (12.0 acres) was inscribed within the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization World Heritage List i as a singular property of cultural and anthropology importance.
24. Bhimbetka rock shelters
The Bhimbetka rock shelters are associate anthropology website in central India that spans the prehistoric Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, yet because the historic amount. It exhibits the earliest traces of human life in Republic of India and proof of Stone Age starting at the positioning in Acheulian times. it’s set in the Raisen District in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh about forty five kilometres (28 mi) south-east of Bhopal. it’s a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site that consists of seven hills and over 750 rock shelters distributed over 10 km (6.2 mi). a minimum of a number of the shelters were owner-occupied quite one hundred,000 years past. The rock shelters and caves offer proof of, in line with Encyclopædia Britannica, a “rare glimpse” into human settlement and cultural evolution from hunter-gatherers, to agriculture, and expressions of prehistoric spirituality.
25. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
The terminus was designed by British born study engineer Frederick William Stevens, in associate exuberant Italian Gothic style. Its construction began in 1878, during a location south of the old Bori Bunder depot, and was completed in 1887, the year marking 50 years of Queen Victoria’s rule, the building being named, Victoria Terminus. the station was appointive as a World Heritage website by the globe Heritage Committee of UNESCO.
26. Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
Champaner-Pavagadh archeologic Park a UNESCO World Heritage website, is found in Panchmahal district in Gujarat, India. it’s situated round the historical town of Champaner, a town that was based by Vanraj Chavda, the foremost distinguished king of the Chavda kinsfolk, within the eighth century. He named it when the name of his friend and general Champa, conjointly glorious later as Champaraj. The heritage website is decorated with forts with bastions ranging from the hills of Pavagadh, and increasing into the town of Champaner. The park’s landscape includes archeologic, historic and living cultural heritage monuments such as chalcolithic sites, a hill fort of associate early Hindu capital, and remains of the 16th-century capital of the state of Gujarat.
27. Red Fort
The Red Fort is a historic fort in the town of Delhi (in Old Delhi) in India that served because the main residence of the Mughal Emperors. Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1638, once he set to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi. Originally red and white, its painting is attributable to architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori, UN agency conjointly made the Taj Mahal. it absolutely was restored between might 1639 associated Gregorian calendar month 1648 supported an earlier fort. The Red Fort advanced, conjointly called Lal Qila may be a palace fort in-built the seventeenth century by Shahjahan (1628–58). The Red Fort advanced (area lined a hundred and twenty acres) below the revised inscription of the UN agency World Heritage List below classes (i),(ii), (iii) and (vi).
28. Jantar Mantar
The Jantar Mantar is a group of nineteen astronomical instruments engineered by the Rajput king SawaiJai Singh II, the founder of Jaipur, Rajasthan. The monument was completed in 1734. It options the world’s largest stone sundial, and is a UNESCO World Heritage website. it’s situated near City Palace and Hawa Mahal. The instruments enable the observation of astronomical positions with the oculus. The observatory is associate example of the Ptolemaic point physics that was shared by several civilizations.
29. Western Ghats
The Western Ghats aka Sahyadri is a formation that covers a neighborhood of one hundred sixty,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi) during a stretch of one,600 km (990 mi) parallel to the western coast of the Indianpeninsula, traversing the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. it’s a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site and is one among the eight hotspots of biological diversity in the globe. It is typically known as the Great Escarpment of Bharat. It contains a awfully massive proportion of the country’s flora and fauna, several of that ar solely found in Bharat and obscurity else within the world. According to UNESCO, the Western Ghats ar older than the Himalayas. They influence Indian monsoon weather patterns by intercepting the rain-laden monsoon winds that sweep in from the south-west throughout late summer.
30. Hill Forts of Rajasthan
The North Western Indian State of Rajasthan has over hundred fortifications on hills and mountains piece of ground. Six Hill Forts of Rajasthan, unfold across Rajasthan state in northern India, are clustered as a series and designated UNESCO World Heritage website. The ‘Hill Forts of Rajasthan’ was at the start submitted to the UN agency as a serial property shaped by 5 Rajpoot forts in the Aravalli vary, and were engineered and increased between the fifth and eighteenth centuries metallic element by several Rajput kings of different kingdoms. The UN agency series has been enhanced to 6 forts.
31. Rani ki Vav
Rani ki Vav is a stepwell situated in the town of Patan in Gujarat state of India. It is located on the banks of Saraswati river. Its construction is attributed to Udayamati, daughter of Khengara of Saurashtra, queen of the 11th-century Solanki dynasty and spouse of Bhima I. Silted over, it was rediscovered in 1940s and restored in 1980s by the Archaeological Survey of India. It has been listed as one of UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites since 2014. The finest and one of the largest examples of its kind and designed as an inverted temple highlighting the sanctity of water, the stepwell is divided into seven levels of stairs with sculptural panels; more than 500 principal sculptures and over a thousand minor ones combine religious, mythological and secular imagery.
32. Great Himalayan National Park
The Great chain National Park (GHNP), is one of India’s national parks, is found in Kullu region within the state of Himachal Pradesh. The park was established in 1984 ANd is contact a locality of 1171 km2 at an altitude of between 1500 and 6000 m. the nice chain parkland is a habitat to varied flora and quite 375 fauna species, together with roughly thirty one mammals, 181 birds, 3 reptiles, nine amphibians, eleven annelids, seventeen mollusks and 127 insects. they’re protected underneath the strict tips of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972; thence any form of looking isn’t permissible. In June 2014, the nice chain parkland was else to the UN agency list of World Heritage Sites. The UN agency World Heritage web site Committee granted the standing to the park underneath the standards of “outstanding significance for variety conservation”.
33. Nalanda
Nalanda was AN ancient Mahavihara, a revered Buddhist monastery that additionally served as a notable centre of learning, within the ancient kingdom of Magadha (modern-day Bihar) in India. The university of Nalanda obtained vital fame, status and connexion throughout earlier period, and rose to legendary standing because of its contribution to the emergence of Bharat as a good power round the fourth century. the positioning is found concerning ninety five kilometres (59 mi) southeast of Patna, and was one in all the best centres of learning within the world from the fifth century metallic element to c. 1200 CE. Today, it’s a UNESCO World Heritage web site.
34. Khangchendzonga National Park
Khangchendzonga National Park also Kanchenjunga region Reserve is a national park and a Biosphere reserve located in Sikkim, India. it absolutely was inscribed to the UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites list in Gregorian calendar month 2016, changing into the primary “Mixed Heritage” web site of Bharat. it absolutely was enclosed within the UNESCO Man and also the region Programme. The park is known as when the mountain Kangchenjunga (alternative spelling Khangchendzonga), that is that the third-highest peak within the world at eight,586 metres (28,169 ft) tall. the full space of the park is 849.5 km2 (328.0 sq mi).
35. The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier
The field Work of designer, an excellent Contribution to the trendy Movement is a World Heritage Site consisting of a variety of seventeen building comes in many countries by the Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier. These sites demonstrate how Modern Movement creatorure was applied to reply to the wants of society ANd show the worldwide vary of a method and an architect.
36. Historic City of Ahmadabad
The Historic town of Ahmadabad or Old Ahmedabad, the walled town of Ahmedabad in Bharat, was supported by Ahmad sovereign I of Gujarat Sultanate in 1411. It remained the capital of the Gujarat country and later vital political and business centre of Gujarat. Today, despite having become extraordinarily thronged and tumble-down, it still is the symbolic heart of metropolitan Ahmedabad. it absolutely was inscribed as the World Heritage City by UN agency in Gregorian calendar month 2017.
37. The Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai
The Victorian Gothic and artistic movement Ensembles of Mumbai is a group of 19th century Victorian modern Gothic public buildings and 20th-century Art Deco in Mumbai buildings in the Fort city district, Mumbai, India, that was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2018. This assortment of the Victorian Gothic buildings and artistic movement buildings ar set around the Oval Maidan, an outsized recreational ground that was once called the promenade.
38. Jaipur
Jaipur is the capital and the biggest town of the Indian state of Rajasthan. As of 2011, the town had a population of three.1 million, creating it the tenth most thickly settled city in the country. Jaipur is additionally called the Pink town, because of the dominant colour scheme of its buildings. On vi Gregorian calendar month 2019, UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Jaipur the “Pink town of India” among its World Heritage Sites. the town is additionally home to the UN agency World Heritage Sites Amber Fort and Jantar Mantar. | https://fantastictravellers.com/2021/04/24/world-heritage-sites-in-india/ |
And at 2:00, the minute hand is on the 12 and the hour hand is on the two. The right reply is 2 * 30 = 60 levels.
How do you discover the sum of levels?
The amount we depend is the variety of incident pairs (v, e) the place v is a vertex and e an edge connected to it. The variety of edges linked to a single vertex v is the diploma of v. Thus, the sum of all of the levels of vertices within the graph equals the overall variety of incident pairs (v, e) we wished to depend.
How do I add or subtract levels?
How do you minus a level?
How do you learn levels and minutes?
Levels, minutes and seconds are denoted by the symbols °, ‘, “. e.g. 10° 33’ 19” means an angle of 10 levels, 33 minutes and 19 seconds . A level is split into 60 minutes (of arc), and every minute is split into 60 seconds (of arc).
How do you exchange angles to levels?
To transform radians to levels, multiply the radian by 180/ π. So, the formulation is given by, Angle in radian x 180/ π = Angle in levels.
How lengthy is an arc minute?
An arcminute (denoted by the image ‘), is an angular measurement equal to 1/60 of a level or 60 arcseconds. There are 3,437.75′ in a radian, in order that 1′ = 2.909×10–4 radians. As seen from the Earth, the Solar and Moon each have angular diameters of about 30 arcminutes.
What is named sixtieth a part of minute?
minute. Radian.
What’s the radian measure of 75 levels?
Therefore, the worth of 75∘ in radians is 5π12.
See additionally what’s the position of meiosis in sexual replica
What’s 1 arc second?
A unit of angular measure equal to 1/60 of an arc minute, or 1/3600 of a level. The arc second is denoted. (to not be confused with the image for inches).
How do you calculate Arcminutes?
How one can Convert Levels to Minutes Of Arc. To transform a level measurement to a minute of arc measurement, multiply the angle by the conversion ratio. The angle in minutes of arc is equal to the levels multiplied by 60.
How broad is an arcsecond?
At 100m away, an arcsecond represents a lateral measurement of 0.4848mm. Half a millimeter.
What number of levels a minute hand rotates in 45 minutes?
It would rotate 270 diploma in 45 minutes.
How one can Convert Levels to Minutes – ALIGNMENT TIPS
Calculate the angle of a) 1• (diploma) b) 1’ (minute of arc or arc min) c) 1’’ (seconds of arc)
Discover the Levels Between the Arms of a Clock
How Many Minutes Are In One Diploma Of Longitude Or Latitude? | https://noahonline.net/1-degree-equal-to-how-many-minutes-lisbdnet-com/ |
This tuna pâté pairs well with melba toast, crackers or even sliced raw vegetables. The perfect make-ahead party starter.
Print Recipe
Pin Recipe
Prep Time:
15
minutes
Total Time:
15
minutes
Course:
Side Dish
Cuisine:
Global
Author:
Melissa Jacobs
Ingredients
170
grams
tuna (drained)
1
chopped
spring onion
1
clove of
diced garlic
30
ml
cream cheese
1
ml
Tabasco sauce
5
ml
lemon juice
1
small
chopped onion
fresh black pepper
30
ml
melted butter
Instructions
In a blender, mix all the ingredients together
Scoop the mixture into a small serving bowl
Pour the melted butter over the mixture
Place in a freezer for 10 minutes before serving
Tried this recipe?
Let us know
how it was! | https://www.thelondoneconomic.com/wprm_print/recipe/264222 |
Delicious homemade tartar sauce is made with Greek yogurt. It's easy to make, keeps well in the fridge, and pairs well with many seafood dishes.
Course
Side Dish
Cuisine
American
Keyword
sauce
Prep Time
10
minutes
Rest time
30
minutes
Total Time
40
minutes
Servings
4
servings
Calories
55
kcal
Author
Vered DeLeeuw
Ingredients
½
cup
plain Greek yogurt
(I use Fage 5%)
1
teaspoon
Dijon mustard
Pinch
Diamond Crystal kosher salt
Pinch
black pepper
Pinch
dried dill
Pinch
cayenne
(optional)
1
tablespoon
finely diced dill pickles
1
tablespoon
finely diced capers
Instructions
In a small bowl, with a small spatula, mix the yogurt with the mustard, salt, pepper, dill and cayenne if using.
Fold in the pickles and capers.
Cover and refrigerate 30 minutes, to allow flavors to meld.
Give it another stir before serving.
Video
Nutrition
Serving:
2
tablespoons
|
Calories:
55
kcal
|
Carbohydrates:
2
g
|
Protein:
5
g
|
Fat:
3
g
|
Sodium:
193
mg
|
Sugar: | https://healthyrecipesblogs.com/wprm_print/recipe/14043 |
Sweet orange pairs nicely with tangy rhubarb in this creamy dessert. You could also tone down the sugar slightly and eat it for breakfast.
Mix the rhubarb with 6 tablespoons of the sugar, orange zest and half the juice. Put the mixture into a medium sized dish.
Mix the oats with the rest of the sugar and the cream, and drop it in spoonfuls over the rhubarb. Bake for 30 minutes until the top is brown. | https://www.riverford.co.uk/recipes/view/recipe/pudding-cake-recipes/rhubarb-orange-oat-pudding |
A Final batch of the bodyweight workouts from my collection. I hope you have found them useful over the summer holidays.
As before, Please read the following paragraphs before getting stuck in!
- Participants should be able to workout at high intensity for around 20 minutes.
- Please seek advice of a qualified trainer if in doubt.
- Please warm up well for 10 minutes before attempting any of these routines. For example: try 5 minutes of skipping or jogging, 5 minutes of easy kettlebell moves and some dynamic stretches as a good warm up routine.
Workout 5: Simple and Deadly
Total Time approx. 15 minutes
Complete 10 rounds for time.
- 20 Squats
- 15 Reverse Lunges
- 10 Press ups
- 5 Burpees
Workout 6: 30 Thirty
Total Time approx. 20 minutes
Set a time for 30sec. You will complete the following pairs of exercises for 30 sec each. Move swiftly from one exercise to the other without rest. Complete each pair 4 times. | https://www.melitafitness.co.uk/bodyweight-workouts-final-episode/ |
Today’s gourmets like to challenge themselves by making their own bread. The recipes are endless and are just begging to be demystified. To begin, pick a simple recipe! We suggest this delicious fig-and-nut bread with a secret ingredient: red wine! The wine gives it gorgeous colour and really accentuates the flavours of raisins and toasted nuts. If you want, you can replace the raisins with other dried fruits such as cranberries, raisin or pears.
Terrines and pâtés
We suggest serving this bread with a chicken-liver pâté flavoured with shallots, garlic, thyme and chives. Oh, and brandy! The perfect spread to really make your homemade bread pop. You could also serve a selection of terrines and cheeses — the ideal treat after an afternoon outdoors!
Homemade red-wine bread
Preparation: 15 minutes
Resting time: 2 hours
Cooking: about 45 minutes
Cost per loaf: about $6.00
Makes 1 large loaf
Ingredients
1 L (4 1/4 cups) unbleached all-purpose flour
10 mL (2 tsp) salt
180 mL (3/4 cup) warm water
180 mL (3/4 cup) red wine
45 mL (3 tbsp) honey
10 mL (2 tsp) dry yeast
125 mL (1/2 cup) toasted walnuts
125 mL (1/2 cup) dried figs, sliced (you can replace the dried figs with raisins or other dried fruit like cranberries, dates, pears).
Preparation
1 Mix flour and salt. Set aside.
2 Mix water, wine, honey and yeast. Let rise.
3 Add flour mixture, nuts and figs.
4 Knead until dough feels elastic.
5 Cover and let double in volume (about one hour) in a warm and moist area.
6 Shape into loaf and place on a baking sheet lined with parchment paper.
7 Cover and let double in volume (about one hour).
8 Thirty (30) minutes prior to baking, preheat oven to 260ºC (500ºF).
9 Score top of dough and place in the oven.
10 Bake for 5 minutes, then reduce temperature to 200ºC (400ºF).
11 Continue baking for another 30 minutes or until crust is golden brown.
What to drink with this red-wine bread?
Domaine de Gournier is a rosé that’s ravishing as an aperitif! With delicate notes of raspberry, strawberry and spice, it’s the ideal wine to serve with chicken-liver pâté. Another apt choice is Aranleón Blés Crianza, a red with subtle hints of spice and bold aromas of red and black fruit (cherries and plums). We also love Bâtonnier Domaine du Ridge, a smooth red that pairs beautifully with a terrine and cheese spread. | https://www.saq.com/en/content/inspiration/share/daily-bread |
Nothing pairs better with Kodiak Cakes Chocolate Chip Muffin Mix than a batch of ripe bananas. Ready to eat in less than 30 minutes, this wholesome Banana Chocolate Chip Muffins recipe is the perfect quick snack or on-the-go breakfast option. We think they taste best served warm with a cold glass of milk. If you have leftovers, these muffins will keep just fine in an airtight container for up to five days.
10 min
Prep Time
18 min
Cook Time
28 min
Total Time
serves 12
Est. Yield
Ingredients
- 1 box Kodiak Cakes Chocolate Chip Muffin Mix
- 1 cup milk
- 2 eggs
- 1/4 cup banana, mashed
DIRECTIONS
- Preheat oven to 375 degrees F.
- Combine ingredients in a mixing bowl and hand stir until blended.
- Divide batter among 12 cups in a lined or greased muffin pan.
- Bake for 15-18 minutes or until a toothpick comes out clean.
- Cool for 5 minutes before removing from the pan. | https://kodiakcakes.com/recipes/banana-chocolate-chip-muffins/ |
Savory Zucchini Bread
I have tried zucchini bread in bakeries which is a sweet version. I wanted a savory version which can be had for breakfast hence concocted this recipe. The dough can be sticky but the best part is there is no need to knead the dough, which is less work. Just mix all the ingredients and keep in a warm place for the dough to rise and it is ready to be baked.
Adding zucchini makes the dough very moist and sticky as zucchini contains a lot of water. The bread pairs very well with tea and is perfect with some butter slathered on.
Servings
2 loaves
Prep Time
10- 15 minutes to make the dough, plus rising time
Cook Time
30 minutes
Total Time
About 3 hours
- 5 cups all purpose flour or bread flour
- 1 ¾ tsp active dry yeast
- 1 ½ tsp sugar
- 1 tsp salt
- 1 ½ cups warm water
- 2 cups shredded zucchini
- ⅓ cup pumpkin seeds
- 2-3 tsp avocado oil
Step 1
Add yeast, warm water and sugar in a bowl and proof yeast. After 10 minutes it is ready to use.
Step 2
Sieve flour and add salt to it. Now add the proofed yeast mixture, zucchini and the pumpkin seeds.
Step 3
Mix all the ingredients well into a mass. The dough will be very sticky. Try oiling your hands if needed.
Step 4
Place in a warm spot for 2 hours. You will notice that the dough will have risen by now.
Step 5
Oil the loaf pans you will use for baking. Divide the dough into 2 parts and place in the loaf pan and spread the dough to fit the pan. Brush some oil on top of both the loaves.
Step 6
Rest the dough again for 15-20 minutes. It will have risen to the sides of the loaf pan by now.
Step 7
Preheat the oven to 375 degrees F. Once preheated place the pans in the oven and bake for 30 minutes.
Step 8
Cool the loaves in the pan for 20-30 minutes, then unmold and cool completely, slice and serve.
Notes:
The bread can be kept at room temperature for 2 days, and later refrigerated, especially during hot weather. Toast and serve.
The recipe can be easily halved to make one loaf.
If you are making one loaf the cooking time will be about 25-28 minutes.
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The famous proverb "you are what you eat” as quoted by the French author Anthelme Brillat-Savarin is very true. Food nourishes you from the inside out. Good health is of utmost importance to me. Vegetarianism and Veganism are gaining immense popularity these days. Natural, organic, healthy and homemade is my mantra.
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