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Journal Article Review
This is a basic journal article review and provides a template for reviewing articles using the Stanford Prison Experiment as an example.
Independent Variable- The independent variable in the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) was the random assignment of participants to the role of prison guards or prisoners. This was referred to in the experiment as the ‘single treatment variable’ which relates to the different roles as conditions of the experiment.
Dependent Variable- The dependent variable is the effect or measured outcome of the SPE experiment. This variable was both the measure of individual and group behavioral changes.
Control Group — No control group present.
Experimental Group — The experimental group consisted of 24 subjects who were chosen based on stable psychological and physical attributes. This group was chosen based on having the least number of anti-social behaviors such as drug use and physical ailments. A group of 22 was chosen with 2 alternatives and the chosen group was randomly assigned roles of guard or prisoner.
Research Method — The research method was a simulated prison environment utilizing a single treatment variable of participants being assigned the role of “guard” or “prisoner” condition. The concept was to create close proximity to real imprisonment and as such the conditions were provided different directives such as guards having to maintain order but without using physical violence or certain forms of psychological abuse such as racism. Prisoners were given directives that were intended to mimic the real prison environment such as asking to go to the bathroom or writing a letter. The behavior of both groups was observed, recorded, and analyzed.
Data Collection Technique — The data collection method was observational in nature using video and audio recordings of the simulated prison environment. At the end of the experiment, the groups were debriefed and their experiences were recorded. One interesting aspect of the data collection was the fact that the video and audio were recorded using both covert and overt methods.
Sample (size, breakdown, where were they found) — The sample size was 24 with 22 participating subjects. The sample was taken from mostly college students who were large of middle-class socioeconomic status and Caucasian. There was one Oriental subject. The 24 subjects were chosen from a pool of 75 individuals who were found through a “newspaper ad asking for male volunteers to participate in a psychological study of “prison life” in return for the payment of $15 per day” (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973). Only 24 participants were chosen due to the extensive questionnaire concerning, “family background, physical and mental health history, prior experience and attitudinal propensities with respect to sources of psychopathology (including their involvements in crime)” (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973). Twenty-four participants passed the examination phase and 22 were chosen to participate with two alternatives.
Population — are the findings generalizable to that population? — While clearly something is taking place at the psychological level of the individual participants it is unclear if these findings are generalizable to that population. There are other factors that would need to be considered such as the demographics of most real prisons.
Hypothesis — According to Zimbardo (1973), “No specific hypotheses were advanced other than the general one that assignment to the treatment of “guard” or “prisoner” would result in significantly different reactions on behavioral measures of interaction, emotional measures of mood state and pathology, attitudes toward self, as well as other indices of coping and adaptation to this novel situation” (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973). The researchers were attempting to show that prison roles would cause changes in psychology.
Did they prove their hypothesis? Explain. — Within the context of this experiment, the researchers did prove their hypothesis because behavior and psychology did incur change from being assigned prison roles. However, this success is based on the simulated prison environment, not an actual prison environment.
Findings — Researchers characterized the guards as:
approximately 30% of the guards as ‘cruel and tough’;
about 50% were ‘tough but fair’;
and less than 20% were ‘good guards’ (generally helpful and kind to the prisoners) (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973).
Prisoners were depressed and were 90% focused on the prison conditions.
Power was found to be the overarching factor that was causal to behavioral changes.
Extraneous Variables — Important concepts to consider in this experiment would be a small sample size, sample size not matching the demographics of real prisoners, and a short time of the experiment (6 days).
Research Flaws — The major flaws in the experiment were the undersized sample, validity issues, and unethical behavior. The sample of 22 participants is not large enough to create statistical significance. There are also validity issues with the experiment such as demographics of the simulated environment, not matching a real-world prison. There are many validity issues in question such as the ratio of guards to prisoners and lack of violence that is indicative of a simulation, not a real world prison. As well, the experiment was fraught with ethical violations from the beginning such as exposing people to maltreatment and researchers becoming too involved in the scenarios.
What could have been done more efficiently? This experiment could not have been done more efficiently due to ethical issues. The experiment needed to take place in a real prison in order to have been more efficient and effective. Observing a simulated environment created conditions that allowed for efficiency but reduced realism.
Could the study be replicated? This study cannot be replicated due to it being considered unethical.
Does more research need to be done? Explain. Despite the ethical implications of the experiment, more research needs to be done in this area because the experiment was successful in showing that when people are placed in either role of prisoner or guard in a prison environment their behavior and psychology are impacted. What is in question is the degree of this impact and how the differences in demographics of real prisons would impact these outcomes.
What directions should later research take in this area? New research should be committed in this area but within the prison system with willing participants. Perhaps participants having video cameras in cells or by using interview methods.
Generalizability — Can the research be generalized to the entire population or a smaller group? Because the SPE was cut short and was not designed well, one must be careful of making generalizations. It would be safe at this point to consider the fact that prison environments are forces for change both psychologically and behaviorally. However, specific behavioral generalizations cannot be made at this time because SPE was not a close enough approximation of a real prison environment.
What did you think of the study design? This study, despite being unethical and poorly designed, was a strong example for future prison studies. The changes that occurred in the college male demographic was surprising. Despite the fact that these participants were chosen for the lack of violent pathologies, they became dangerously close to physical violence. This warrants closer study.
What did you think of the findings? The research team credits authority or power with the primary causes of changes in behavior and psychology. In the terms of the researchers:
The use of power was self-aggrandizing and self-perpetuating. The guard power derived initially from an arbitrary and randomly assigned label, was intensified whenever there was any perceived threat by the prisoners and this new level subsequently became the baseline from which further hostility and harassment would begin. The most hostile guards on each shift moved spontaneously into the leadership roles of giving orders and deciding on punishments. They became role models whose behavior was emulated by other members of the shift.
While power appears to be the culprit, this appears to be an oversimplification of human behavior. For example, rather than power being the sole cause, limits of educational understanding of prisoners and how to manage them would also be a likely factor. If it were true that power alone was constantly self corrupting it, then one would expect that everyone in power would eventually become corrupt. This does not happen which tends to show that there are more complex variables at work such as psychological factors, like violent upbringing, poverty, lack of education, and many other elements that may impact one's perception of power and use.
What might you have done differently? A replication of the experiment would really necessitate a larger sample and more validity. This would not be possible in a simulated environment so instead, a long-term observation of a prison environment would be needed. A 5-year study that follows the incarceration of many different real prisoners from their entrance to the prison to the end of the study.
References
Haney, C., Banks, C., & Zimbardo, P. (1973, September). A Study of Prisoners and Guards in a Simulated Prison. Naval Research Reviews, 1–17. | https://vincenttriola.com/blogs/ten-years-of-academic-writing/review-a-study-of-prisoners-and-guards-in-a-simulated-prison |
In this experiment, those who were assigned to play the role of a guard had an undeniable advantage over those who had to be prisoners. The psychological impact, however, seemed to be consistent regardless of what role they had to play. In regards to the three types of guards that were formed amongst the group, I would hope to be one of the guards who conducted themselves by the book-- not offering any special treatment or favors to the prisoners, yet not arbitrarily mistreating them.
This would allow me to focus on the fact that this is merely a study and that I was simply to follow a set of rules. I cannot be certain, however that this would be the case if I were to participate in the study. The men who played the guards were screened and determined to be mentally and physically healthy individuals when they were chosen for the experiment; but then some of them transformed into cruel dictators, dehumanizing and humiliating the prisoners.
This shows that being thrown into a new environment and given a new identity can result in shocking behavior of which that individual never knew they were capable. It is difficult to determine whether one can or cannot endure this type of experiment. I would assume that I would be able to handle the role of a prisoner as long as I know in my mind that it was only an experiment. Knowing the effects this study had on several of the prisoners, I would not allow myself to become completely engulfed in my identity as a prisoner, but try to remind myself constantly that it is only a simulation.
In contrast, I do not believe I would be able to endure being in a real prison for five years or more, because it is not the basement of a college. It would be real, the people would be real, and there would be absolutely no way out of it. Students were able to quit the prison experiment-- prisoners cannot quit real-life jail. In regards to psychological prisons that people often create for themselves, shyness can be considered a very powerful mental restraint.
Acute shyness can hinder an individual from speaking his or her mind, integrating into social groups, or simply interacting with another person. Unlike a physical prison, that person is both the prisoner and the guard; but this can create a standstill as the two roles may cancel each other out. The other difference between a psychological and physical prison is actual restraint-- it is much more possible to overcome the mentality of being shy, as opposed to escaping guards and iron bars.
People have the potential of controlling and breaking free of their own psychological prisons. In physical prisons, however, most of one’s control is stripped, subjecting them to the control of others. The Stanford prison study is comparable to Milgram’s obedience experiments, as they raise similar ethical issues. Both experiments inflicted heavy mental stress on its subjects, and many questioned the validity of compromising an individual’s mental health in the name of scientific research.
Milgram’s teachers and Stanford’s guards played similar roles, as they held the most power in the experiments; but Milgram’s subjects were following orders to administer shocks to the other participants, while the prison study’s guards were free to play their role as they desired. Whether or not these studies should have taken place is highly debatable. While Milgram’s experiment caused some stress amongst the subjects, nobody was harmed. In contrast, while the prison study resulted in disturbing and harmful behavior between the guards and prisoners, there was no way of predicting that the experiment would escalate to such dangerous levels. | https://lawaspect.com/stanford-prison-study-2/ |
Here is the trailer for the film (the movie is also available On Demand):
If you want to know more about the critique of the original experiment as well as the movie, then you should read this excellent article from The New Yorker, The real lesson from the Stanford Prison Experiment:
Less than a decade earlier, the Milgram obedience study had shown that ordinary people, if encouraged by an authority figure, were willing to shock their fellow-citizens with what they believed to be painful and potentially lethal levels of electricity. To many, the Stanford experiment underscored those findings, revealing the ease with which regular people, if given too much power, could transform into ruthless oppressors. Today, more than forty-five years later, many look to the study to make sense of events like the behavior of the guards at Abu Ghraib and America’s epidemic of police brutality. The Stanford Prison Experiment is cited as evidence of the atavistic impulses that lurk within us all; it’s said to show that, with a little nudge, we could all become tyrants.
And yet the lessons of the Stanford Prison Experiment aren’t so clear-cut. From the beginning, the study has been haunted by ambiguity. Even as it suggests that ordinary people harbor ugly potentialities, it also testifies to the way our circumstances shape our behavior. Was the study about our individual fallibility, or about broken institutions? Were its findings about prisons, specifically, or about life in general? What did the Stanford Prison Experiment really show?The article then goes on to do an excellent job of providing a thorough critique of the experiment and brings up a BBC study of a similar nature as well:
If the Stanford Prison Experiment had simulated a less brutal environment, would the prisoners and guards have acted differently? In December, 2001, two psychologists, Stephen Reicher and Alexander Haslam, tried to find out. They worked with the documentaries unit of the BBC to partially recreate Zimbardo’s setup over the course of an eight-day experiment. Their guards also had uniforms, and were given latitude to dole out rewards and punishments; their prisoners were placed in three-person cells that followed the layout of the Stanford County Jail almost exactly. The main difference was that, in this prison, the preset expectations were gone. The guards were asked to come up with rules prior to the prisoners’ arrival, and were told only to make the prison run smoothly. (The BBC Prison Study, as it came to be called, differed from the Stanford experiment in a few other ways, including prisoner dress; for a while, moreover, the prisoners were told that they could become guards through good behavior, although, on the third day, that offer was revoked, and the roles were made permanent.)
Within the first few days of the BBC study, it became clear that the guards weren’t cohering as a group. “Several guards were wary of assuming and exerting their authority,” the researchers wrote. The prisoners, on the other hand, developed a collective identity. In a change from the Stanford study, the psychologists asked each participant to complete a daily survey that measured the degree to which he felt solidarity with his group; it showed that, as the guards grew further apart, the prisoners were growing closer together. On the fourth day, three cellmates decided to test their luck. At lunchtime, one threw his plate down and demanded better food, another asked to smoke, and the third asked for medical attention for a blister on his foot. The guards became disorganized; one even offered the smoker a cigarette. Reicher and Haslam reported that, after the prisoners returned to their cells, they “literally danced with joy.” (“That was fucking sweet,” one prisoner remarked.) Soon, more prisoners began to challenge the guards. They acted out during roll call, complained about the food, and talked back. At the end of the sixth day, the three insubordinate cellmates broke out and occupied the guards’ quarters. “At this point,” the researchers wrote, “the guards’ regime was seen by all to be unworkable and at an end.”
Taken together, these two studies don’t suggest that we all have an innate capacity for tyranny or victimhood. Instead, they suggest that our behavior largely conforms to our preconceived expectations. All else being equal, we act as we think we’re expected to act—especially if that expectation comes from above. Suggest, as the Stanford setup did, that we should behave in stereotypical tough-guard fashion, and we strive to fit that role. Tell us, as the BBC experimenters did, that we shouldn’t give up hope of social mobility, and we act accordingly.
This understanding might seem to diminish the power of the Stanford Prison Experiment. But, in fact, it sharpens and clarifies the study’s meaning. Last weekend brought the tragic news of Kalief Browder’s suicide. At sixteen, Browder was arrested, in the Bronx, for allegedly stealing a backpack; after the arrest, he was imprisoned at Rikers for three years without trial. (Ultimately, the case against him was dismissed.) While at Rikers, Browder was the object of violence from both prisoners and guards, some of which was captured on video. It’s possible to think that prisons are the way they are because human nature tends toward the pathological. But the Stanford Prison Experiment suggests that extreme behavior flows from extreme institutions. Prisons aren’t blank slates. Guards do indeed self-select into their jobs, as Zimbardo’s students self-selected into a study of prison life. Like Zimbardo’s men, they are bombarded with expectations from the first and shaped by preëxisting norms and patterns of behavior. The lesson of Stanford isn’t that any random human being is capable of descending into sadism and tyranny. It’s that certain institutions and environments demand those behaviors—and, perhaps, can change them.Read the full article here. | https://www.irtiqa-blog.com/2015/08/check-out-stanford-prison-experiment.html |
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Zimbardo (1973) did discuss for future experiments the use of a neutral person that would observe the experiment, not be involved and would call it quits if things got out of hand. This is a good idea, however safe guards would be needed just in case this person became pulled into the experiment. There would need to be clear definitions of what meant that the experiment was getting out of hand. I wonder if Zimbardo could have gotten a taste of the effects of a situation like this, by having something similar, but on a smaller scale. In stead of giving no instruction for behavior, at least having some limitations, for example, no beating the prisoners. The chain around the ankle and using ID numbers instead of names seems to be at least a little more acceptable (Carnahan, 2007).
In order to obtain these exact results, I do not know…
References:
1) Carnahan, T. & McFarland, S. (2007). Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment: Could participant self-selection have led to the cruelty? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 33, No. 5, 603-614
2) Xavier, Robert. "The Stanford Prison Experiment: Exploring the Ethical Issues." Yahoo! Contributor Network. Yahoo.com, 05 Jan. 2008. Web. 16 June 2013.
3) Zimbardo, P.G. (2007). The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. New York: Random House
This will also lead to the finding on whether the kind of offense committed translates to a lengthier sentence on imprisonment and in effect, on the likelihood that the ex-convict will commit the same or a different kind of offense again. Lastly, the researcher is also interested to determine whether the commitment of re-offense, if indeed committed by the ex-convict, changes in level or degree -- that is, whether the re-offense has a greater, lower, or the same level of punishment.
In terms of the research sample, the researcher proposes looking into a sample of ex-convicts who came from the same correctional/prison facility. By sampling a group of ex-convicts from the same prison facility, the researcher prevents data from being tainted with extraneous variables, such as the existence of prison programs, which might influence the ex-convict's reformation during his/her prison term. Thus, when a particular correctional or prison facility is…
Social Psychology Studies: Explaining Irrational Individual Behavior by Understanding Group Dynamics
Social psychology is, as its name suggests, a science that blends the fields of psychology, which is the study of the individual, and sociology, which is the study of groups. Social psychology examines how the individual is influenced by the group. It looks at the influence of group or cultural norms on individual behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. However, because group norms are believed to change behavior, social psychology can be very difficult to document; the presence of the observer is believed to change behavior. As a result, social psychologists have developed a number of different studies aimed at investigating the interaction between group expectations and individual behavior. These studies offer insight into human social behavior, particularly into those social behaviors that seem to defy expectations and well-established social norms.
While there have been numerous social psychology studies since the…
References
Abrams, D. & Hogg, M. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 317-334.
Bond, R., & Smith, P. (1996). Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's
(1952b, 1956) line judgment task. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 111-137.
Darley, J. & Latane, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377-383.
Ethics of Prisoner Experiments
Prisoner Experiments
Prior to the medical trial at Nuremberg physicians and scientists were largely free to conduct experiments on unsuspecting persons (Freyhofer, 2004, p. 9-10), including inmates inside America's prisons. When it was discovered that German physicians had been conducting inhumane experiments on death camp and concentration camp prisoners during WWII, the world was shocked that doctors were capable of such behavior. The American Military Tribunal in Nuremberg heard arguments from both the defense and prosecution for twenty three doctors and administrators accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The defense argued that the doctors' conduct was not a significant departure from past practices and any inhumanity was more a function of the ongoing hostilities. The judges on the tribunal saw it differently and created ethical guidelines for medical researchers, because the evidence presented in court revealed the Hippocratic Oath could not protect patients and…
References
Freyhofer, Horst A. (2004). The Nuremberg Medical Trial: The Holocaust and the Origin of the Nuremberg Medical Code: Vol. 53. Studies in Modern European History. New York: Peter Lang.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). (2005). The Nuremberg Code. HHS.gov. Retrieved 4 Sep. 2013 from http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/archive/nurcode.html .
Hornblum, Allen M. (1998). Acres of Skin. Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison. A True Story of Abuse and Exploitation in the Name of Medical Science. New York: Rutledge.
Lerner, Barron H. (2007). Subjects or objects? Prisoners and human experimentation. New England Journal of Medicine, 356(18), 1806-1807.
In fact, during the study, the guards became more sadistic when they thought no one was watching them. Zimbardo notes, "Their boredom had driven them to ever more pornographic and degrading abuse of the prisoners" (Zimbardo). This may be the same reason guards at Abu Ghraib tortured and humiliated their charges, and the study seems to indicate this could happen in just about any prison anywhere, if the guards have enough power. The world should pay more attention to this study and its implications. As another writer notes, "The young men who played prisoners and guards revealed how much circumstances can distort individual personalities -- and how anyone, when given complete control over others, can act like a monster" (Alexander). This is what happened at Abu Ghraib, and chances are it is happening all around the world as well. In an interview about Abu Ghraib, Zimbardo notes the prison environment…
References
Alexander, Meredith. "Thirty Years Later, Stanford Prison Experiment Lives On." Prisonexp.org. 22 Aug. 2001. 9 Jan. 2007. http://www.prisonexp.org/30years.htm
Bronstein, Phyllis A., and Kathryn Quina, eds. Teaching a Psychology of People: Resources for Gender and Sociocultural Awareness. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1988.
Giles, David. Media Psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003.
O'Toole, Kathleen. "The Stanford Prison Experiment: Still Powerful After All These Years." Stanford University. 8 Jan. 1997. 9 Jan. 2007. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/97/970108prisonexp.html
Perils of Obedience" and the "Stanford Prison Experiment"
Both "The Perils of Obedience" and the "Stanford Prison Experiment" essentially demonstrate the potential for 'evil' in ordinary citizens when placed in situations where stark authority is pitted against the individual's own moral imperatives (Milgram) or when deindividuated potential perpetrators are given total power over powerless victims (Zimbardo). Though the experiments differed vastly in design and methodology, the point of both experiments was to observe how far an individual would go in inflicting increasing pain on a victim.
There were several common ethical issues thrown up by both experiments. As Zimbardo says, "The line between Good and Evil lies in the center of every human heart...not in some abstract moral, celestial space..." (Sonoma State University eb site) Similarly, Milgram observes, "Conservative philosophers argue that the very fabric of society is threatened by disobedience, while humanists stress the primacy of the individual conscience."…
Works Cited
Milgram, Stanley. "The Perils of Obedience." Amoeba Web. Vanguard University Web site. URL:
http://home.swbell.net/revscat/perilsOfObedience.htm
Zimbardo, Philip G. "Prison Experiment." The web presence of Philip G. Zimbardo. Stanford University Web site. URL:
http://www.zimbardo.com/prison.htm
In the American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control, David Musto notes that throughout the twentieth century, America's drug wars have regularly scape-goated minority groups, like the Chinese with opium, marijuana among the Mexicans, and cocaine among the African-Americans (McCormick 2000).
The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals reported in 1973 that "the prison, the reformatory and the jail have achieved only a shocking record a failure. There is overwhelming evidence that these institutions create crime rather than prevent it," yet during the next two decades both state and federal legislatures implemented increasingly stiffer penalties and mandatory minimums claiming that prisons were an effective tool for crime control, and longer prison terms would reduce crime by deterring or incapacitating criminals (McCormick 2000). However, at the end of this period, after the average prison sentence had tripled and the prison population at more than quadrupled, a National Academy of…
Works Cited
Demleitner, Nora V. (2005 October 01). Smart public policy: replacing imprisonment with targeted nonprison sentences and collateral sanctions. Stanford Law Review. Retrieved September 18, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.
Dickenson, Rachel. (1996 February 01). The prison population bomb.
American Demographics. Retrieved September 18, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.
Incarceration. (2005). The Sentencing Project. Retrieved September 18, 2006 at http://www.sentencingproject.org/issues_01.cfm
Privatizing Prison Administration
Description of the Financing System.
Description of How the Current System orks. The financial costs associated with maintaining America's prison system are staggering. Just to stay even with an inmate population that grows by 50,000 to 80,000 a year, approximately, 1,000 new jails and prisons have been built since 1980, and about one new 1,000 bed facility must be added every week for the next ten years (Mccormick 2000). The cost of imprisoning adult offenders ranges from $25,000 to $70,000 a year, and the total costs associated with constructing each new prison cell has soared to $100,000; as a result, the annual budget for constructing and maintaining prisons has jumped in the last two decades from $7 billion to almost $40 billion dollars (Schlosser 1999).
According to Stephen Donziger (1997), "prisons are the largest public works program in America, providing housing, food, (and only sometimes) education, mental…
Works Cited
Campbell, Allison, Andrew Coyle and Rodney Neufeld (Eds.). Capitalist Punishment: Prison
Privatization & Human Rights. Atlanta: Clarity Press, 2003.
Mccormick, Patrick T. (2000). Just Punishment and America's Prison Experiment. Theological Studies, 61(3):508.
Schlosser, Kathryn Casa. (July 2, 1999). Prisons: The New Growth Industry. National Catholic Reporter, 16.
ole and Evolution of the American Prison System
Explain the Primary ole and Evolution of the American Prison System and Determine if Incarceration educes Crime
The United States constitution is the fundamental foundation of the American criminal justice system. Given that the document is now over two hundred years old, it constantly experiences numerous amendments and interpretations. As a result, the criminal justice system over the years experienced alterations in order to reflect the needs and beliefs of each subsequent generation. The configuration of the modern prison system has its basis in the late 1700's and early 1800s. The development of the modern prison system aims at protecting innocent members of the society from criminals. The prison systems also deter criminals from committing more crimes through detaining and rehabilitating them. However, more and more deluge of white-collar crimes and other crimes, burdens the American criminal justice system and the prison…
References
Barnes E. Harry. (1921). The Historical of the Prison System in America. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. Vol. 12, No. 1, May, 1921
Craig Haney. (1998). The Past & Future of U.S. Prison Policy Twenty-Five Years after the Stanford Prison Experiment. American Psychological Association July 1998 Vol. 53, No. 7, 709-727
Dina R. Rose & Todd R. Clear (2006). Incarceration, Social, Capital, & Crime: Implications for Social Disorganization Theory. Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 441-480.
Escresa - Guillermo, Laarni (2011) Reexamining the Role of Incarceration and Stigma in Criminal Law. Law and economics, criminal law, stigma, social norms, behavioral economics.
.....psychologists working in prisons in the United States, Boothby & Clements (2000) found some disturbing trends in corrections. Although the number of prison psychologists has doubled in the past twenty years, the vast majority of prison psychologists remain Caucasian males who may be unable to address the diverse needs of the incarcerated community. Biases and assumptions about inmates may also hinder the ability of inmates to seek and receive psychological treatment. Moreover, a full third of prison psychologist work time is spent on administrative duties -- more than the time spent on direct treatment. Only 26% of their work time is devoted to directly treating the inmates, meaning that structural and institutional variables are impeding the delivery of quality mental health care to the prison community.
Interestingly, the profession of clinical psychology was practically born in the prison context. As Magaletta, et al. (2016) point out, prison wardens partnered with…
Maximum security prisons have grown in recent decades and have implemented methods some may deem inhumane. A 2016 article discusses prison conditions in maximum security prisons and addresses specifically the topic of preservation of human dignity and disease prevention. The author mentions the Dudley Lee v. Minister of Correctional Services case that held "that prison authorities have a duty of care to prevent prisoners from being infected with HIV-related illnesses such as TB" (Torriente, Tadion, & Hsu, 2016). The applicant was sent to a maximum security prison in South Africa where he eventually was diagnosed three years later with TB. Another instance of the government and its failure to acknowledge the need to safeguard a prisoner's health is the . v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex-parte Glen Fielding. Here the case discusses of a prisoner in the United Kingdom asking for condoms and being denied unless given…
References
Engel, P. (2013). Here's What Life Is Like Inside Russia's Toughest Prison.Business Insider. Retrieved 16 April 2016, from http://www.businessinsider.com/inside-russias-black-dolphin-prison-2013-10?op=1
Torriente, A., Tadion, A., & Hsu, L. (2016). Opening the Door to Zero New HIV Infections in Closed Settings. Health and Human Rights Journal. Retrieved 16 April 2016, from http://www.hhrjournal.org/2016/02/opening-the-door-to-zero-new-hiv-infections-in-closed-settings/
Vasiliades, E. (2005). Solitary Confinement and International Human Rights: Why the U.S. Prison System Fails Global Standards. American University International Law Review, 21(1). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1045&context=auilr
Prison Overcrowding
Arguably the most pressing issue facing the field of corrections today is the problem of prison overcrowding. Overcrowding negatively impacts nearly every aspect of running a corrections facility, and even exacerbates problems when inmates are eventually released (Specter, 2010). Overcrowded prisons increase the likelihood of violence against both inmates and corrections officers, and there is evidence tying overcrowding to higher rates of suicide and homicide (Davies, 2004, & Camp, Gaes, Langan, & Saylor, 2003). The problem has only gotten worse over the last few decades, and there is no evidence that policymakers or administrators have plans to do anything soon (Giertz & Nardulli, 1985, & Taggart, 1996). After examining the relevant literature concerning the history, scope, and reasons behind prison overcrowding, it becomes clear that the solution to overcrowding and its attendant costs must come in the form of administrative/institutional reform coupled with a serious reconsideration of the…
References
Camp, S.D., Gaes, G.G., Langan, N.P., & Saylor, W.G. (2003). The influence of prisons on inmate misconduct: A multilevel investigation*. Justice Quarterly: JQ, 20(3), 501-533.
Davies, R. (2004). Deaths in UK prisons are due to overcrowding, says report. The Lancet,
363(9406), 378-378.
Giertz, J.F., & Nardulli, P.F. (1985). Prison overcrowding. Public Choice (Pre-1986), 46(1),
Zimbardo experiment and its results.
The Zimbardo Experiment was one of the most insightful psychological experiments related to prison and correctional culture. It helped to elucidate various mechanism of power and the manipulation of power that are at work within prisons. It helps to explain instances of brutality and debauchery that oftentimes are found within correctional facilities. The results of this experiment were so shocking, convincing and deplorable that the man who conceived of it terminated it six days prior to its purported finish date. This experiment roundly reinforces the adage that power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
The premise for Professor Phillips' Zimbardo Experiment was relatively simple: he would get college students from around the Stanford area to impersonate security guards while simultaneously recruiting similar college students to act like inmates. It is important to emphasize the non-partisan nature of these students. They were selected fairly randomly and…
There are three basic types of research designs including: (1) experimental designs; (2) quasi-experimental designs; and (3) non-experimental designs. (Shadish, Cook and Campbell, 2002) the 'gold standard' is stated to be represented by "...experimental evaluations that make use of the random assignment of individuals to interventions and control groups..." (Mulhlhausen, 2009)
Mulhlhausen (2009) reports that randomized evaluations are of the nature that serve to "ensure that pre-progam differences between the intervention and control groups do not confound or obscure the true impact of the programs being evaluated." In addition, random assignment is stated to enable the evaluator in testing "for differences between the experimental and control groups that are due to the intervention and not to pre-intervention discrepancies between the groups. y drawing members of the interaction and comparison groups from the same source of eligible participants, these experimental evaluations are superior to other evaluations using weaker designs." (Mulhlhausen, 2009)…
Bibliography
David Weisburd, Cynthia M. Lum, and Anthony Petrosino, "Does Research Design Affect Study Outcomes in Criminal Justice?" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, No. 578 (November 2001), pp. 50-70.
Nathan James, "Offender Reentry; Correctional Statistics, Reintegration into the Community, and Recidivism," CRS Report for Congress, April 21, 2009.
William R. Shadish, Thomas D. Cook, and Donald T. Campbell, Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002).
Muhlhlausen, David B. (2009) Prisoner Reentry: A Limited Federal Government Role. The heritage foundation. 5 Nov 2009. Online available at: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Crime/tst110509a.cfm#_edn35
Alternate Practice Therapy Experiment
The truant individual also tends to manifest through dangerous behaviors and travel a path of extremity with sad endings and wasted lives. This chapter will serve to review literature that speaks to and of the problem of the truancy that is so highlighted in schools at the top of the 21st century. Extremely a progressive problem that is firmly within the very root of belief, thought and process as the truant has through reactionary events and then formation of environment. Then there were those who made a difference in the very experientially gained concepts or expressions of purpose.
The students love her and called her their teacher with red hair. Mrs. lack, the teacher who loved to read and then you follow. Those teachers who are of the teaching essence as so to captivate the child's mind are often barred from governance within the educational practice…
Bibliography:
Kitching, Ruth "Violence, Truancy and School Exclusion in France and Britain Chameleon Press ISBN 0 9540118 0-5 [Online] available at: "http:/ / www.francobritishcouncil.org.uk.
Baker, M. et al. (2001) "Truancy Reduction: Keeping Students in School" Online] available at: http://www.ncjrs.org/html / jjdp/jjbul2001_9_1/contents.html
"Truancy Reduction Program: Working to Improve School Attendance, Increase Academic Performance, and strengthen families" KCSOS School-Community Partnerships [Online] at: http://kcsos.kern.org/schcom/trp#
Best Practice Number Eight: Reducing Crime and Supporting Education through a Comprehensive Truancy Reduction Strategy: [Online] available at: http://kcsos.kern.org/schcom/trp
If anything, the fact that ordinary civilian students proved capable of such conduct on other civilians, even without the psychological stresses of a wartime combat zone and genuinely hostile prisoners, suggests that the risk of similar abuse in genuine wartime situations is much higher.
In Abu Ghraib, mixed units with different levels of training were operating in a hostile combat zone where they were subject to hostile action (i.e. mortar attacks) by the same forces from whom their prisoners were captured. Whereas at Guantanamo detention facilities guards worked in an environment of 1-to-1 prisoner-to-guard ratio, the Abu Ghraib facility sometimes required working in a 75-to-1 ratio of prisoners-to-guards (DOD, 2004). Zimbardo's study already demonstrated that anonymity is one conditions capable of "... stirring the crucible of human nature in negative directions." The other factors listed by Zimbardo include diffusion of responsibility, dehumanization, peers who model harmful behavior, bystanders who do…
References
Schlesinger, J. Independent Panel to review D.O.D.
Detention Operations Final Report; U.S. Department of Defense
Aug 24/04 Accessed October 13, 2007, at http://www.prisonexp.org/pdf/SchlesingerReport.pdf
Zimbardo, P. Power Turns Good Soldiers into "Bad Apples."; the New
Business (general)
Please list sections according to instructions
Exercise 1.1: eview of esearch Study and Consideration of Ethical Guidelines
Option 1: Stanford Prison Experiment
Go to: http://www.prisonexp.org, the official site for the Stanford Prison Experiment.
What do you think the research questions were in this study? List 2 or 3 possible research questions (in question format) that may have been the focus of this experiment.
What happens when you put good people in an evil place? Does humanity win over evil, or does evil triumph? Does natural or innate evil exist, or is evil situational? Are certain people simply born "bad apples" or are they made evil by "bad barrels"?
What is "reality" in a prison setting? This study is one in which an illusion of imprisonment was created, but when do illusions become real? How quickly and easily will 'ordinary men' adjust to the roles as prisoners, guards and…
REFERENCES
Asby, M.D. And S.A. Miles (2002). Leaders Talk Leadership: Top Executives Speak their Minds. Oxford.
"Frederick W. Smith: The Entrepreneur Who Created an Industry." (2003). IBS Center for Management Research. http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Leadership%20and%20Entrepreneurship/Frederick%20W%20Smith-The%20Entrepreneur-Leadership%20and%20Entrepreneurship.htm
Holstein, W.J. (2007). "Fred Smith's Golden Rule for CEO's." BNet, November 19, 2007. http://www.bnet.com/blog/ceo/fred-smiths-golden-rule-for-ceos-be-selfless/1061
Lussier, R.N. And C.F. Archua (2010). Leadership: Theory, Application and Skill Development. South-Western Cengage Learning.
He goes so far as to say that disobedience may be the thing that eventually saves the human race. His argument is that if people blindly follow the commands of the leaders of their nations, and the leaders of their nations have a reason to bomb one another, then the human race will be eradicated because those people obeyed the commands to push those bomb-sending buttons (Fromm). According to this argument, disobedience must at the very least be considered valuable and worth contemplation.
Fromm supports his claim regarding the value of disobedience with examples from two very popular myths. The first is the Hebrew myth of Adam and Eve, the first human beings to walk the earth. The story is told that Adam and Eve disobeyed a command to stay away from the fruit of one particular tree in their home, the Garden of Eden. hen they disobeyed this command,…
Works Cited
Asch, Solomon E. Opinions and Social Pressure.
Fromm, Erich. Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem
Zimbardo, Philip G. The Stanford Prison Experiment
Second, retrospective analysis of the statistical effect of increasing prison populations through across-the-board increases in prosecution and the length of sentencing suggests that the relationship between merely increasing prison populations and decreased crime rates is insufficient to justify focusing on this approach. Since a relatively small percentage of criminals (even serious criminals) account for a disproportionately high percentage of crime (Visher, 1987), merely increasing across-the- board imprisonment of criminal offenders is not an approach likely to reduce crime substantially.
Specifically, increasing prison populations by 10 to 20% through collective incapacitation corresponds to only 1% reduction in crime; similarly, even the implementation of increased imprisonment through selective incapacitation is projected to produce only marginally better results in the neighborhood of perhaps 5% crime reduction associated with a 5 or 10% increase in prison populations (Visher, 1987).
On a cost-benefit analysis alone, (let alone the ethical issues raised by this approach), the…
References
Visher, C.A. (1987). Incapacitation and Crime Control: Does a "Lock 'Em Up" Strategy Reduce Crime? Justice Quarterly, Vol.4, No.4 (Dec/87).
How large is the incapacitation effect? In ilson's narrative (Chapter 5), he mentions that 2.4 million offenders are currently incarcerated / incapacitated in American prisons. The theory of incarceration, ilson quotes Cullen and Johnson, is "hen in doubt, America incarcerates" but "other nations tend not to do so." And even though the United States is a far smaller country than China in terms of population, the U.S. incarcerates "roughly 750,000 more individuals than China," and about 1.5 million more than Russia does. In broad terms, the U.S. has only 5% of the population of the world but the U.S. has locked up 25% of the 9 million individuals that are in prisons worldwide.
Due to this imbalance of imprisoned offenders, America should use imprisonment "more judiciously," ilson explains. Moreover, the policy in place simply takes criminals off the street so they cannot victimize innocent people, but the policy doesn't change…
Works Cited
Wilson, James Q. (2011). Incapacitation / Chapter 5. Locking Up the Wicked.
First of all, the number of people being arrested "is far lower than the number of crimes being committed," an indication that placing repeat and habitual offenders in prison for longer periods of time has decreased the arrest rate. Second, some crime analysts have estimated that keeping repeat and habitual offender in prison has lowered crimes by individuals by as much as fifteen crimes per year which when multiplied with the 1.4 million increase in the prison population since 1984 rounds out to about 21 million less crimes per year in the U.S. ("Lock 'Em Up," 2005, Internet).
Obviously, this "prison experiment" of locking up repeat and habitual offenders for longer periods of time seems to have been a success. Kathleen Auerhahn, writing in Selective Incapacitation and Public Policy, points out that both forms of incapacitation have greatly reduced the number of criminals on the streets of America and have…
References
Auerhahn, Kathleen. (2003). Selective Incapacitation and Public Policy. New York:
Philosophy of Criminal History." (2008). U.S. Sentencing Commission. Internet.
Retrieved October 24, 2008 at http://www.ussc.gov/SIMPLE/crimhist.htm .
Seligman, Dan. (2005). "Lock 'Em Up." Forbes.com. Internet. Retrieved October 24, 2008 from www.forbes.com/2005/0523/216.html.
social psychology: Stanley Milgram's shock experiments and Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment. Both experiments were conducted, at least partially, to help explain why seemingly normal people became Nazi collaborators in the World War II era. The experiments help demonstrate how individual authority over another allows individuals to exercise their own proclivities for cruelty and how being under the direction of authority figures causes people to engage in behavior that they find distasteful or cruel. The paper also examines Jane Elliot's Brown Eye / Blue Eye experiment and what it says about the establishment of hierarchies.
Milgram and Zimbardo
After the end of World War II, as more and more information became available not just about the atrocities committed by the Nazis, but also about how seemingly normal individuals acted as collaborators to aid the Nazis in their pursuits, psychologists and sociologists became fascinated with how seemingly normal people could be…
References
Another Boring Week. (2013, January 4). Feature Film- The Stanford Prison Experiment.
Retrieved November 30, 2014 from YouTube website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_LKzEqlPto
Big History NL. (2013, March 19). Milgram Experiment. Retrieved November 30, 2014 from YouTube website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOYLCy5PVgM
Ludwing Media. (2012, November 19). Brown Eyes and Blue Eyes Racism Experiment
attribution error helps explain, not only why people are surprised by the results of Milgram's experiment, but also why people are surprised whenever other seemingly good people go bad things. They fundamental attribution error refers to a person's tendency to blame internal characteristics when evaluating someone else's behavior. Generally, this means that when someone else engages in negative behaviors, the observer is likely to believe that behavior is the result of internal characteristics and not look for the external characteristics that could cause that behavior. Furthermore, this allows people to suggest that people who do bad things are bad people, which makes it easy to conclude that one would never engage in that same behavior. When one can see an experiment like Milgram's, in which presumably average people engage in behavior that is really somewhat horrific, it becomes easier to understand how social pressure helps contribute to negative behaviors.
However,…
These are scripted roles with known dialogues that the audiences can understand. No improvisation is needed. At the same time, people idolize the line between good and evil is unbreakable. They are on the good side and kept from the others on the bad (Kawasaki, 2007).
However, such a view is deceptive. It is very possible and probable that the ordinary person can be encouraged to join the other side and no longer listen to or obey law, norms, conformity and responsibility. "That line between good and evil is not an abstraction but 'cuts through the center of every human heart,' according to poet and former Stalin era prisoner, Alexander Solzhenitsyn (as quoted Kawasaki, 2007). What must be done, argues Zimbardo, so that such situations as that in an Iraqi prison do not occur, is to inculcate children with the understanding that they have the power to be heroes, do…
References
Ablow, K. (December 23, 2008) "Shocking News about Human Behavior." http://health.blogs.foxnews.com/tag/electric-shock/
Haney, C. & Zimbardo, P.G. (1998) the Past and Future of U.S. Prison Policy Twenty- Five Years After the Stanford Prison Experiment American Psychologist 53(7): 709-727.
Haney, C., Banks, W.C. & Zimbardo, P.G. (1973) a study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison. Naval Research Review, 30, 4-17.
Kawasaki, Guy (April 6, 2007) How to Change the World: Ten Questions with Dr. Philip Zimbardo. Retrieved on February 17, 2009. http://blog.guykawasaki.com/2007/04/ten_questions_w.html#ixzz07JupM0Th
Ethics is a term that is commonly used to refer to appropriate rules of conduct or moral guidelines that govern people’s behaviors and actions. Additionally, ethics is a terms that refers to standards or norms for differentiating between right and wrong (Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching, n.d.). As a result, ethics has become an important component in research because researchers have a moral responsibility to safeguard their research participants when conducting a study. Experiment ethics has become a common feature in modern research practices because of the role and significance of the moral responsibility that researchers have as they conduct their study.
One of the most famous and compelling psychological researches that highlight experiment ethics is The Stanford Prison Experiment, which provided a simple narrative regarding human nature (Resnick, 2018). According to McLeod (2017), this research was conducted to examine how willing and ready people would adapt to…
Since they were conducted, the American Psychological Association (APA) has established rules and strict guidelines for ethical experimentation that would not allow the kind of deception used at that time. In both experiments, the subjects experienced numerous after-effects including depression, anxiety, and tremendous guilt and they received psychological counselling afterwards.
In the case of the Zimbardo experiment, it is understandable why the prisoners would have suffered from the experience, but it is less obvious why the prison guards and the subjects in the Milgram experiment would. The Milgram subjects in particular did not actually cause any harm to anybody because the setup and the shocks were completely faked. Still, the realization of what they were capable of doing shocked them and caused them tremendous shame, guilt, and anxiety. The members of the Zimbardo experiment have held periodic reunions with Dr. Zimbardo over the years and he filmed a documentary detailing…
y that time, several guards had become sadistic and the behavior of the prisoners provided clear indications of psychological breakdown. Interviews with study participants suggested that merely the perception of their respective roles influenced their behavior. More importantly, the groupthink that prevailed within the group of prison guards overcame any individual personal reluctance they may have had to treat their prisoners so harshly (Macionis 2003). The Significance of the Phenomenon of Groupthink on Individual ehavior:
Like deference to authority, groupthink is a natural human tendency that likely evolved as a necessary component of human social relationships that were essential to the early success of our species (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). In modern context, however, groupthink represents tremendous destructive potential because in the extreme, it involves the complete suspension of individual judgment and perception. In benign situations groupthink is evident in popular culture, such as in the cycle of fashion trends,…
Bibliography
Branden, Nathaniel (1999). The Psychology of Self-Esteem.
New York: Bantam.
Gerrig, R, Zimbardo, P. (2005). Psychology and Life. 17th Edition.
New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Ethical esponsibility
There are several ethical responsibilities that psychologists need to consider when conducting a research with adult human participants. The first is to follow APA (American Psychological Association) ethics standards for rights of the participants (Zechmeister, n.d., p. 53). Second, the researchers must conduct a risk-benefit analysis before carrying out the study. Third, the researchers must take informed consent of the participant, which is the critical ethical responsibility in every exploration. Fourth, maintaining the participant's confidentiality is another major ethical task. Privacy should be maintained in order to gain true data from the respondents. Fifth, deception should be avoided. Last, a quick but comprehensive debriefing should be given to the human adults so that any possible misconceptions could be avoided.
Historical Example of Psychological esearch
One historical example of psychological research that raised serious ethical questions is Milgram Obedience Study (Cherry, 2016). It was conducted after World War 2,…
References
Cherry, K. (2016, April 19). The Milgram obedience experiment. Very Well. Retrieved from https://www.verywell.com/the-milgram-obedience-experiment-2795243
Cherry, K. (2016, April 20). The Stanford prison experiment. Very Well. Retrieved from https://www.verywell.com/the-stanford-prison-experiment-2794995
Ethical Research Involving Children (ERIC). (n.d.). Ethical guidance. Retrieved from http://childethics.com/ethical-guidance/
Zechmeister. (n.d.). Essentials of research methods in psychology. India: Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
Obedience in Jane Austen's Persuasion
Is obedience a virtue or a vice? Actually, it can be either. As Shakespeare notes, "Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied, / And vice sometime by action dignified" (2.3.21-22). This means that one can obey an unjust order and commit a sin, or one can disobey an unjust order be virtuous. The question of obedience in Austen's Persuasion is a serious one because what hinges upon it is the fate of two individuals who love each other. It is the age-old theme of two people who are in love being separated by some authority figure. Austen explores this tension by locating it in the social context of Bath, where high society flourishes in a state of superficial exuberance. Thus, the question of obedience is tied to the social view of poverty. Anne's family and Lady Russell try to convince her that poverty is the main…
Works Cited
Austen, Jane. Persuasion. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1899. Print.
Duffy, Joseph. "Structure and Idea in Jane Austen's 'Persuasion'." Nineteenth-Century
Fiction, vol. 8, no. 4 (March 1954): 272-289. Print.
Milgram, Stanley. "The Perils of Obedience." Harper's Magazine, 1974. Web. 28 Nov
In order to understand the mental health challenges imposed on children growing up in poverty, psychologists propose two different, yet complimentary theoretical frameworks. The first is a Structural Model, emphasizing the structural differences inherent in dense populations. Structural theorists attempt to link structural data with children's mental health and well-being. The other theoretical model typically used to describe urbanization is the Ecological Model. This model highlights how a variety of systems interact to influence children.
The two authors of this article describe possible intervention strategies to improve the influence of urbanization on the mental health and well-being of children. Most of these interventions attempt to include community and family support. Benefits of this type of intervention include the increased availability of support for the children. These support groups can work together, as well as independently, in order to keep children motivated to succeed. Many children in urbanization are unmotivated and…
Psychology of Fear Management
One true tale of horrific prison abuse comes from Abu Ghraib, where guards tortured and psychologically damaged a number of prisoners. In talking about the issues and atrocities that occurred there, the Stanford Prison Experiment was mentioned. The takeaway was how the experiment can and should always serve as a reminder that people can change very drastically when they are put in a particular situation. Most of the guards at Abu Ghraib did not have any past disciplinary problems, anger issues, or other concerns that would have made them unfit for the job they were doing. They were, as much as anyone can be, "normal." Despite that, they tortured and harmed other people, because they had the opportunity to treat others as though they were "less than." It is not possible to say whether every person who had this opportunity would do the same thing, but…
Lucifer Effect," which describes the circumstances in which good people are capable of performing evil actions. Through mounting pressure and situations that push them into levels of stress that they are unused to experiencing (and therefore dealing with), otherwise normal individuals can commit some of the most horrific crimes. This paper will discuss how this change occurs in the human personality, what can be learned from Zimbardo's prison experiment, what correlations can be drawn from conditions in Abu Ghraib, and whether I personally could follow commands received by an authority figure.
Hong's (2012) article begins with a description of a twenty-year, seemingly ordinary Army veteran (Sergeant ussell) suddenly experiencing severe mental stress, going to the mental health clinic on four occasions before finally shooting five of his colleagues in Bagdad. From this introduction into a concrete example of a normal individual acting evilly, Hong segues into Zimbardo's book via a…
References
Hong, J. K. (2012). The Lucifer Effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. Army Lawyer, 55-58. Retrieved from Academic OneFile database.
The same might be said for those who committed torture in the Nazi camps.
Importantly, Austin et al. (2004, p. 161) note that both violence and non-violence are cumulative in nature. It is therefore important to recognize that the existence of violence perpetuates further violence, while the same is true for non-violence. This is also an important recognition in the international sphere.
Schelling (1960, p. 53) notes that international violence an also be manifest in terms of the concept of "limited war." This means that short conflicts could result when agreements cannot be reached within a certain amount of time. On the other hand, the limited war also requires some degree of mutual recognition or acquiescence. Once war begins, negotiation and communication among adversaries become difficult. The recent situation and Egypt and the current situation in Libya appear to be cases in point for this assertion.
Finally, in international relations,…
References
Baldwin, D.A. (2002). Power and International Relations. Handbook of International Relations, editors Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T. And Simmons, B.A. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE
Schelling, T. (1960). The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Barak, G. (2003). Violence and Nonviolence: Pathways to Understanding, Sage Publications.
Azar, E. (1990) the Management of Protracted Social Conflict: Theory and Cases. Bookfield, VT: Gower Pub. Co.
However, with this mandatory sentence comes seemingly excessive punishments for being afflicted with a real disease. hese types of solutions to the drug problem in the United States fail entirely to grasp drug problems as a real medical issue and therefore throw out medical treatment over punitive punishment, (Nadelmann 2007). Not to mention many of these programs go only so far, failing to provide the support and structure many drug addicts need in order to get themselves clean. Much research has shown that more intensive inpatient programs prove more successful than less regulation programs (McKay et al. 1997). herefore, ineffective drug treatment programs within prison walls are failing to truly encapsulate the addict as a means of supporting their efforts to get clean.
One other major solution that is currently being used in many states is the enactment of a drug court to handle specific drug cases. his court can…
This piece shows both favoritism and opposition for mandatory minimum jail sentencing for drug offenders, however does so not from the viewpoint of looking at addiction as a disease, but rather as a limitation on judicial discretion. While many are supportive of minimum sentencing requirements based on the idea that it is the most powerful weapon against the current war on drugs, others believe it to be restricting when looking at individual cases. Overall, many believe that it should be up to the individual judge and the individual case circumstance which determines the nature of punitive punishment in U.S. courts.
Washington Post. (1994). Low-level drug offenders fill one-fifth of prison space. Washington Post. February 5, 1994.
Astounding numbers of drug offenders fill our nation's prisons. This article uses statistics from the 1990s, an era of a crack epidemic, to show exactly how filled the prison system is with low-level and nonviolent addicts who essentially need medical treatment and not prison time.
controversy with regard to the inherent nature of people, as one would often like to prefer that people are inherently good and that it is only in exceptional circumstances that they become evil. Moreover, people like to believe that it would be impossible for themselves to become evil, with an immoral nature only being characteristic to certain individuals that are very different from the rest of the population.
The Lucifer Effect is a theory discussing with regard to seemingly normal people who resort to performing gruesome acts as a consequence of the environment that they have been exposed to. The case of Seargent John M. Russell is a good example of a person who becomes evil due to the circumstances of their environment. While most people would be inclined to believe that the Seargent gave little to no evidence of being mentally deranged prior to the shooting of five American…
Psychology of Gender
In psychological circles there is a case made famous by a psychologist by the name of John Money, who dedicated his life to the study of sexuality. This case is so well-known, that undergraduate psychology students are as familiar with it as they are with the Stanford Prison experiment. efore the year 2000, it was simply known as the "twin's case" or the "John/Joan case." Nowadays, the psychological community uses the name of the little boy who was anonymously famous, written about, and studied extensively for almost 20 years: David Reimer. In a deeply heartbreaking and shocking work of nonfiction, John Colapinto retraces the steps that David Reimer took as a baby boy, to a sex-assigned girl, and back to manhood.
Although David Reimer was born a healthy and anatomically correct boy, an accident during babyhood put him in a special category with other numerous cases that…
Bibliography
Berenbaum, S.A. (2006). Psychological Outcome in Children With Disorders of Sex Development: Implications for Treatment and Understanding Typical Development. Annual Review of Sex Research, 171. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Colapinto, J. (2000). As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
Crooks, R., & Baur, K. (2008). Our Sexuality 10th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Oltmanns, T.F., & Emery, R.E. (2010). Abnormal Psychology 6th ed. International. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
George Herbert Mead is widely recognized as one of the most influential figures of American sociology. His pioneering work in social psychology helped to establish the reputation the Chicago School of Sociology. His teachings also laid the groundwork for the philosophy of pragmatism in the United States.
This paper focuses on Mead's sociological theory, particularly his contributions to social psychology. The first part of the paper summarizes the key points of Mead's social theory, including an evaluation of his work. The next part then examines how Mead's work can be expanded into other areas of sociological inquiry and sees whether his theories continue to have relevance today.
Mead's Sociological Theory
In his book Mind, Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist, Mead criticizes the then prevailing psychological theories that sought to explain the emergence of consciousness based solely on an individual standpoint. For Mead, a person's consciousness…
Works Cited
Coser, Lewis. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context. New York: International Thomson Publishing, 1977.
Mead, George Herbert. Mind, Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967.
Mills, Charles Wright. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Grove Press, 1961.
Rosenthal, Sandra. Mead and Merlu-Ponty: Towards a Common Vision. Albany: SUNY Press, 1991.
ullying
The incidents of April 20, 1999 from Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado put bullying into a new perspective. Two students, Dylan Klebold and Ryan Harris, who were, for all intents, intelligent and well adjusted went on a killing spree. They killed and injured several members of the school including a teacher. (Rosenberg, 2000) Then they turned the guns on themselves. Their plans were grandiose. After the massacre, they intended to flee the country. Once the furor had died down, new information showed that the two students were generally reticent, withdrawn and subjected to bullying by their peers, especially the physically stronger students. Klebold and Harris were emotionally and physically abused. Isolated, they developed a hatred for their fellow students. This manifested in initial thoughts of suicide and then murder. Stories abound about bullying turned to tragedy abound. The Columbine incident was the biggest and got the most coverage.…
Bibliography
Berman, H., et al. "Sexual Harassment: The Unacknowledged Face of Violence in the Lives of Girls." The Best Interests of the Girl Child. Eds. H. Berman and Y. Jiwani. London, ON: The Alliance of Five Research Centres on Violence., 2002. 15-44.
Bleuel, Hans Peter. Sex and Society in Nazi Germany. Philadelphia,: Lippincott, 1973.
Congress. An Act Concerning Bullying Behavior in Schools and Concerning the Pledge of Allegiance. Washington, D.C: House of Congress, 2002.
Fried, S., and P. Fried. Bullies and Victims: Helping Your Child through the Schoolyard Battlefield. New York, NY: M. Evans & Co., Inc., 1996.
Psychology Professor Phillip Zimbardo and ocial tudies Teacher Ron Jones
In 1971, tanford University Psychology professor conducted the now-famous tanford Prison Experiment in which simulated jailer/inmate relationships actually generated many of the very behaviors recognized as being characteristic of real-life situations where group identification and blind obedience to authority release the profound capacity for morally horrendous and brutal behavior that lies within most us on different levels (Zimbardo, 2007). imilarly, several years earlier, Palo Alto high school ocial tudies teacher conducted a one-day demonstration intended to explain the Nazi phenomenon. The exercise took on a momentum of its own, duplicating the principal behaviors of Nazi fanaticism over a fictitious movement called "The Wave" (Macionis, 2008).
Application in My Teaching Approach
Both educators conceived of original ways to examine and illustrate the specific conceptual ideas they hoped to convey to their students in a meaningful way. ince then, they and many…
Sources Consulted
Freire, P. (1972). Pedagogy of the Oppressed Penguin Books: New York.
Macionis, J. (2008). Sociology. Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River.
Small, R. "Educational Praxis" Educational Theory; Vol 28, No. 3 (1978): 214-22.
Zimbardo, P. (2007). The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. Random House: New York.
When ordinary 'beat cops' act unethically, it immediately garners negative media attention because it affects the public in such a visceral and immediate fashion. Police officers are the average citizen's main source of contact with the justice system and so they are carefully watched. However, prosecutors may decide to proceed with a prosecution despite questionable evidence or act unethically in other ways, and unless it comes to the media's attention or there is very stringent oversight over the office from an outside authority, prosecutors' transgressions may go unnoticed. Prosecutors and police officers both have the most serious and complex obligations of members of the justice system: not to get a conviction, but to pursue justice.
What suggestions might you offer to avoid errors in human inquiry?
First and foremost, to prevent errors in human inquiry causing errors in judgment, it is essential that members of law enforcement staff are cognizant…
Too little, for what matters is that he knows he is being watched and too much, because he has no need in fact of being so (Alford, 2000).
Bentham laid down the principle that power should be visible and unverifiable. Visible in that the inmate would constantly have before him the tall outline of the central tower from which he was watched. Unverifiable in that the inmate must never know whether he is being looked at or not, but he must be sure that there is always the possibility. In order to make the attendance or nonattendance of the guard unverifiable, so that the prisoners, in their cells, cannot even see a shadow, Bentham visualized not only venetian blinds on the windows of the central observation hall, but, on the inside, partitions that intersected the hall at right angles and, zigzag opening instead of doors. For even the slightest noise,…
References
Alford, C.F. 2000, "What would it matter if everything Foucault said about prison were wrong? Discipline and Punish after twenty years," Theory and Society, vol. 29, no. 1,
pp. 125-146.
Barratt, E. 2002, "Foucault, foucauldianism and human resource management," Personnel
Review, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 189-204.
Even when some people decided enough was enough, the authority figure would tell the 'teacher' that the full responsibility was that of the experimenter, the 'teacher' would not be responsible and thus the shocks continued.
There is some basis to believe that people simply want to please others whom they believe to be superior to them. There is also the need to conform to certain group rules in order to feel that we are accepted. However, Zimbardo also claims that people don't need a group to influence us; he believes that there is a lot of influence that comes from a single source -- another person, which was the case in the Milgram experiment. There was not a group urging these 'teachers' on; there was one man in a laboratory coat whom the 'teachers' believed to be of some kind of powerful and intelligent person.
The shocking results from the…
Works Cited
Experiment Resources. "Milgram Experiment Ethics." Experiment Resources. Web.
2010. Accessed on November 12, 2010: http://www.experiment-
resources.com/milgram-experiment-ethics.html
Experiment Resources. "Stanley Miglram Experiment (1961)." Experiment Resources.
However, most chose to remain at the schools. Initially Lyman was an all boy's school. Eventually an all girls school was developed and several other reform schools developed throughout the state of Massachusetts. Miller explains that
"Though there was never much evidence that any of these nineteenth-century institutions was effective at its stated goals -- curing the mentally ill, humanely caring for the retarded, reforming the delinquent, or calming the recalcitrant -- all were highly successful at exiling the unmanageable, the unproductive, and the threatening. Their purpose was custodial, despite the gloss succeeding eras placed upon them (Miller,46)."
Miller also describes juvenile detention facilities as waiting rooms and warehouses. At certain times in state history the juvenile detention facilities were nothing more than waiting rooms where delinquents were kept. The author asserts that the juvenile homes in Massachusetts had the feel of waiting rooms because they were boring and the…
References
Miller, J.G. (1991) Last One Over the Wall: The Massachusetts experiment in Closing Reform schools. Ohio State University Press: Columbia
Milgram's study illustrates that many who have had the responsibility taken from them are although not happy but content to continue with a procedure as long as they are not directly held responsible, thereby giving rise to an obedience through social bonding and situations (Hayes & Orell PG).
In this situation in a comparison with the Tuskegee experiment and Milgram's experiment it can be argued that the members of the medical team were acting under orders from the government and therefore were blameless in their experiments as were the teachers in theory only following orders, obviously this form of passing blame can be seen be as a paradigm in ethical understanding as we are all cogent beings with the ability to reason and question yet it seems when a person is actively allowing himself to take the blame as such then all reason as to ethical understandings of what is…
Bibliography
Brown, Kathleen W.; Cozby, Paul C.; Kee, Daniel W.; Worden, Patricia E (1999) Research methods in human development (2nd ed.). Mountain View, California, Mayfield Publishing Company.
Burley, Kim a., (1995 08-01), Family variables as mediators of the relationship between work-familyconflict and marital adjustment among dual-career men and women.. The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 135, pp 483(15).
Crane a (1999 Jul) Are you ethical? Please tick yes or no on researching ethics in business organizations, Journal of Business Ethics 20 (3): 237-248
Journal is published by Kluwer Academic Publishers)
However, this made Andrei use physical torture as means of controlling her which later lead to him killing her by hitting her head constantly. His aim was not to have a casual sex with the victim but to kill her and satisfy his physical needs, which he discovered during his previous thrilling encounter.
He also showed abnormal behaviors after sexual assault when he chewed and swallowed away one of the victim's nipples. The dead body of Larissa was found the next day with no clue of the murderer. His second victim was a thirteen-year-old girl named Liyuba Biryuk, which was followed on from a bus stop. The killing took place in June 1982 by introducing several stabs to the body including the eyes. The body was found two weeks later with no sign or clue. Two more youths were victimized in July, two in September and one in December (Jenkins,…
Works Cited
Askenasy, Hans. Cannibalism: from sacrifice to survival. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1994.
Fido, Martin and David Southwell. True Crime. London: Carlton, 2010.
Jenkins, Philip. Using Murder. Chicago: Transaction Publishers, 1994.
Philbin, Tom and Michael Philbin. The Killer Book of Serial Killers. Chicago: Sourcebooks, Inc., 2009.
The mechanisms that have been put forth to handle issues of day amercement are rudimentary to the knowledge of many people in the U.S. For instance, day Fines is subject to the capabilities of the offenders. It is not a subject imposed to all offenders no with no consideration of their financial stabilities. Nonetheless, offenders who are judged to be within the bracket of paying day charge make it an obligation. The U.S. has state and federal strategies on imprisonment of offenders have received an enormous boost with involvement of the day Fines services.
The federal government of the U.S. has found a more equitable and distributive way of punishing offenders with day fines. Traffic offenders are rampant and active most of the day times. Since they are individuals who operate most of their activities during the daytime, the federal state perceives day fines as a more eloquent way of…
References
Alarid, L.F., & Del, C.R.V. (2011). Community-based corrections. Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth.
Born, G. (1996). International civil litigation in United States courts: Commentary and materials. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Cole, G.F., & Smith, C.E. (2006). The American system of criminal justice. Belmont, CA:
Experimental Critique
You have just answered an advertisement to participate in an experiment from researchers at Yale University. You enter a professional looking building and are met by a professional looking man in a white lab coat. You have been paid $4.50 (which would have easily filled up your gas tank in 1961) to participate in a memory and learning experiment. The experiment requires that you play the role of "teacher" and another volunteer plays the role of "learner" (at least you think that he is a volunteer). The goal is to teach the learner to learn and recall a list of words. Sounds pretty simple, does it not?
This is the basic premise for one of the classic experimental studies in psychology: Stanley Milgram's (1963) Behavioral Study of Obedience. Milgram was influenced by the trials of Nazi war criminals, particularly Adolf Eichmann, who had claimed that they had only…
References
Haney, C., Banks, W.C., & Zimbardo, P.G. (1973). Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison. International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 1, 69-97.
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral Study of Obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67 (4), 371 -- 378
Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York: Harper Collins.
Packer, D.P. (2008). Identifying systematic disobedience in Milgram's obedience experiments: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 301-304,
Research Method
The research adopted pre-test, quasi-experimental, within subject's model that demanded testing before and after introduction of photomurals. The research is based in Sonoma County Male Adult Detention Facility (MADF) in California.
12 officers participated in the pre and post-tests. 8 males and 4 females constituted this population. The subjects' ages ranged between 25 and 50 years with mean age falling at 33.4 years. The experienced years of the subjects varied from 10 to 152 months (mean experience 51.25 months).
Staff members were invited to help in the collection of data through training on the use of polar monitors, their application, and data recording techniques. In the process of data collection, subjects were required to rest quietly during briefing with monitors for about ten minutes. They attended their booking areas with monitors on. They recorded time and nature of unusual activities, scenes or situations during their shifts. Six weeks…
Artificial Intelligence
hat is AI?
Future of AI
The Expert System
hat is an Expert System?
Three Major Components of an Expert System
Structure of an Expert System
Neural network
Fuzzy Logic
Chaos Engineering
Field and Benefit
Debate on Comparison
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Expert System Defined
Consulting applies a knowledge-based system to commercial loan officers using multimedia (Hedburg 121). Their system requires a fast IBM desktop computer. Other systems may require even more horsepower by using exotic computers or workstations. The software used is even more exotic. Considering there are very few applications that are pre-written using AI, each company has to write it's own software to determine the solution to their specific problem.
An easier way around this obstacle is to design an add-on. The company Fuziare has developed several applications which act as additions to larger applications. FuziCalc, FuziQuote, FuziCell, FuziChoice, and FuziCost are all products…
Works Cited
Barron, Janet J. "Putting Fuzzy Logic into Focus." Byte April (1993): 111-118.
Butler, Charles, and Maureen Caudill. Naturally Intelligent Systems. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1990.
Bylinsky, Gene. "Computers That Learn By Doing." Fortune 6 Sep. 1993: 96-102.
Liebowitz, Jay. "Roll Your Own Hybrids." Byte July (1993): 113-115.
newdemocracyworld.org/ar/Pogo.htm).Reported by John Spritzler, this is what Zimbardo and Milgram found:
The usual points of reference in psychology are two classic studies that attempted to explore the capacity for evil residing in "normal" people. In 1971, Stanford psychologist Philip Zimbardo created a simulated prison and randomly assigned students to be either guards or prisoners. ith astonishing speed, the "guards" indulged in forms of torture and humiliation not unlike those horrifying us today. This followed on earlier experiments by Yale psychologist Stanley Milgram on obedience to authority. Milgram recruited volunteers to participate in what he described as a study on learning. An actor sat in a chair that students believed was wired with electricity. Each time this actor would give an incorrect answer, the students would be directed by Milgram to deliver a larger shock. As the subject in the electric chair seemed to suffer more and more, 2 out of…
Works Cited
http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5009410197
Abu Ghraib Guard Admits Seven Charges of Abuse." Daily Post (Liverpool, England) 3 May 2005: 6. Questia. 13 Feb. 2008
Fact 9:
Europe's more liberal drug policies are not the right model for America.
Fact 10:
Most non-violent drug users get treatment, not jail time. (Legalization, 2010).
Conclusion
There are no benefits for society in the legalization of marijuana. The money from the taxing of the marijuana will end up being use to regulate and enforce the dispensaries. The money to treat the addiction will be another source of lost revenues from the taxation.
Increased usage by underage teens will be the same as cigarettes and alcohol and will increase as the price drops as it did in the Dutch experiment. Kids will be introduced onto the drug culture that leads to the use of the harder narcotics as a result of the increased access to the marijuana. The benefits will be just moved from one area to other areas of criminalization.
eferences
DEA website. 2010. etrieved on May 10,…
References
DEA website. 2010. Retrieved on May 10, 2010 from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june01/drugs_marijuanaharm.html
"Feature: Hundreds of Los Angeles Medical Marijuana Dispensaries Face Closure Under New Rules Passed by Council" 2010. Retrieved on May 10, 2010 from http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/618/los_angeles_medical_marijuana_dispensary_ordinance_approved
Joffe, a. & Yancy, W. "Legalization of Marijuana: Potential Impact on Youth." 2004. PEDIATRICS Vol. 113 No. 6 June 2004, pp. e632-e638. Retrieved on May 10, 2010 from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/113/6/e632
"Legalization- Arguments Pro and Con." 2010 Retrieved on May 10, 2010 from http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2395/Legalization-ARGUMENTS-PRO-CON.html
Milwaukee Experiment
The seeming injustice of so many African-American males serving time in prisons has been seen as a national problem for a long time. But the report in The New Yorker about the ratio of black males in prisons in isconsin shows a problem that is considerably greater than the national picture. This paper delves into that issue, and reports on what one prosecutor is trying to do about the situation.
In isconsin, African-Americans are only 6% of the entire population, but they constitute 37% of all imprisoned persons. Of all the African-American males in isconsin, studies completed in 2010 show that 13% of them are in prison; and worse yet, in Milwaukee County " ... more than half of African-American men in their thirties had served time in state prison" (Toobin, 2015). The article that points out that Milwaukee County's District Attorney, John Chisholm, who is fully aware…
Works Cited
Toobin, J. (2015). The Milwaukee Experiment. The New Yorker.
Threat or perception of threat is best described by protection motivation theory:
This theory states that the extent to which people show preventive behavior in light of a threat depends on their protection motivation (. W. ogers, 1975, 1983). According to this theory, the level of protection motivation depends on the seriousness of the threat, the probability that the threat will manifest itself, the judged efficacy of the recommended behavior (called response or outcome efficacy), and the self-efficacy expectation relating to that behavior. (Wiegman & Gutteling, 1995, p. 235)
In a practical sense what this theory says about the perceived threat is that as incidences of observation occur in the lives of individuals, be they real or imagined they will likely become more protective and therefore attempt to engage in avoidance of behaviors that have been identified with the production of environmental threat. By doing so this the individual, and…
References
Agnew, R. (1985). A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency. Social Forces, 64(1), 151-167.
Lesko, Wayne a (2006). Readings in Social Psychology (6th ed).
New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Lyddon, W.J., & Sherry, a. (2001). Developmental Personality Styles: An Attachment Theory Conceptualization of Personality Disorders. Journal of Counseling and Development, 79(4), 405.
This is why people that had financial resources to move away from the agitated center often chose Harlem. At the same time however,
On the periphery of these upper class enclaves, however, impoverished Italian immigrants huddled in vile tenements located from 110th to 125th Streets, east of Third Avenue to the Harlem iver. To the north of Harlem's Italian community and to the west of Eighth Avenue, Irish toughs roamed an unfilled marshlands area referred to by locals as "Canary Island."
In this sense, it can be said that in the beginning, Harlem represented the escape place for many of the needy in search for a better life. From this amalgam, the Jews represented the largest group, the reason being the oppressive treatment they were continuously subject to throughout the world. Still, the phenomenon that led to the coming of a black majority of people in this area was essential…
References
African-American Odyssey. "World War I and Postwar Society." Library of Congress Web site: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart8b.html ,(accessed 16 September 2007)
Ames, William C.. The Negro struggle for equality in the twentieth century. New dimensions in American history. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company.. 1965, 90-1
Black Americans of Achievements. "Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.." Home to Harlem website. http://www.hometoharlem.com/harlem/hthcult.nsf/notables/a0d3b6db4d440df9852565cf001dbca8,(accessed 16 September 2007)
Capeci, Dominic. The Harlem Riot of 1943. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1977.
57. The Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault (Lawrence . Sherman and Richard A. Berk)
Domestic violence
Types of data/methods: Sherman and Berk found that arresting batterers reduced by half the rate of subsequent offenses against the same victim within a 6-month followup period. However, in follow-up studies, sometimes offenders assigned to the arrest group had higher levels of (recidivism) while others showed a reduction in repeat cases.
Advantages/Disadvantages: Although the repeat nature of the offenses in a series of trials shows thoroughness, the inconsistent findings about whether mandatory arrest reduces domestic violence suggests more information about the different cases might be necessary to show if arrest helps in some cases but not in others.
Question
Summarize the overall prevalence and incidence of the crime problem in the 1960s as portrayed by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (pg.361) and by the National Commission on…
Works Cited
Crime Statistics." (2006) Bureau of Justice. Retrieved 11 Jun 2006 at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm
Jacoby, Joseph E. (2004) Classics of Criminology. New York: Waveland Press.
Portfolio: Patients who express suicidal ideation should always be taken seriously. I have read that the greatest risk factor for suicide in previous attempts. Sometimes suicide can be considered a cry for help, and everyone who expresses some time of suicidal ideation deserves evaluation.
Question 14.2
The form of psychotherapy I find the most appealing is the cognitive behavioral approach. It appeals to me since the focus if reparative and based on a desire to change one's behaviors which contribute to the problem which prompted therapy in the first place. Patients who engage in cognitive behavioral therapy require a certain degree of insight into how their behaviors contribute to their own emotions or feelings. The interaction of mind and body can be especially telling; many psychological disorders have physical manifestations and conversely, many chronic medical problems can also manifest emotional symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy allows the individual to recognize patterns…
Reference:
Moscicki EK. Identification of suicide risk factors using epidemiologic studies. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1997; 20:499-517.
Bushman BJ, Peterson WC, Bonacci EA, Vasquez EA, Miller N. (2005) Chewing on it Can Chew You Up: Effects of Rumination on Triggered Displaced Aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association. Vol. 88, No. 6, 969-983
Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., & Comrey, a.L. (1992). A personological approach to the study of aggression. Personality and Individual Differences,
" hile there are factors like peer pressure and authority that come into play, some research claims to have isolated significant features of an individual's character that make them more likely to commit acts of fraud, bribery and falsification in the corporate context (27, 2009). For example, those people with "high levels of ambition were more likely to transgress moral codes, competitively stab colleagues in the back and make dubious decisions relating to asset-stripping, disinvestment, and so on" (27, 2009).
Trevino's (1986) work is relevant when it comes to understanding individuals and corruption. There are a couple questions regarding moral personality that come up: first of all, whether or not a person sees an event or issue as a moral problem; the second is how they decide to act in relation to that problem. Kohlberg's theory of cognitive moral development emphasizes the cognitive or reasoning aspect of moral-decision making (604,…
Works Cited:
Bratsis, Peter. The Construction of Corruption, or Rules of Separation and Illusions of Purity in Bourgeois Societies. Social Texts, 21(4), 9-33.
Burke, Ronald J. & Cooper, Cary L. Research Companion to Corruption in Organizations
(New Horizons in Management). Edward Elgar Publishers, 2009.
Fleming, Peter. & Zyglodopoulos, Stelios C. Charting Corporate Corruption: Agency,
Maryland Prison System
Crime is expensive. But so too is punishment. The state of Maryland, like the majority of states across the nation at the moment, is facing a period of slow economic growth and shrinking economic resources even as it continues to have to meet the needs of its citizens. This paper examines the effect on the state's overall budget of the cost of incarcerating prisoners.
The treatment of prisoners causes few legal problems for the government of a dictatorship. A government that refuses to acknowledge the human rights of even its law-abiding citizens is not likely to show too many qualms about shoving its criminals into overcrowded and unsafe prisons - or even to worry about whether the niceties of due process were considered in getting the person to prison to begin with. But the rule of constitutional law changes all that. Because we live in a country…
References
Feely, M. And Edward, R. (1998). Judicial policy making and the modern state: How courts reformed. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Hafetz, J. (1995). Tough justice. New York Empire State Report. http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:5haT4coRUqgJ:www.mdgreens.org/montgomery/pdf/schoolsnotprisons.pdf+maryland+state+budget+prison&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cases/prisons/Estelle_v_Gamble.htm
http://www.caps.ucsf.edu/inmaterev.html
A good example is the 1985 murder of convenience store clerk Cynthia Barlieb, whose murder was prosecuted by a district attorney bent on securing execution for Barlieb's killer (Pompeilo 2005). The original trial and all the subsequent appeals forced Barlieb's family, including four young daughters, to spend 17 years in the legal process - her oldest daughter was 8 years old when Cynthia was first shot, and 25 when the process ended without a death sentence (Pompelio 2005). During those 17 years, Cynthia Barlieb's family was forced to repeatedly relive her murder.
hen a person is murdered, it is understandable that American society demands justice, particularly on behalf of the victim's family and loved ones. But we can not advocate capital punishment under the guise of protecting the interests of victims' families, and then cut those members out of the process when they do not support the death penalty. and,…
Works Cited
American Civil Liberties Union (2002). "ACLU Praises Supreme Court Refusal of 'Sleeping Lawyer' Case as 'Acknowledgment and Reminder' of Death Penalty Problems." Retrieved Sept. 30, 2006 at http://www.aclu.org/capital/unequal/10466prs20020603.html .
American Civil Liberties Union (2002). "DNA testing and the death penalty." Retrieved Oct. 1, 2006 at http://www.aclu.org/capital/innocence/10392pub20020626.html .
Amnesty International (2006). "Death penalty." Retrieved Sept. 30, 2006 at http://www.amnestyusa.org/abolish/index.do .
Antonio, Michael E. (2006). "Arbitrariness and the death penalty: how the defendant's appearance during trial influences capital jurors' punishment decision." Behavioral Sciences & the Law. March 2006.Vol.24, Iss. 2.
Gender Bias in the U.S. Court System
Statistics regarding male and female criminality
Types of cases involving women and men
Sentencing guidelines for judges imposed to diminish disparities
Feminists say women should get less jail time
Number of women vs. men arrested
omen committing misdemeanors get little or no jail time
Death penalty cases
10% of murder cases are perpetrated by women
Leniency of juries on women defendants
Easier for women to be treated leniently by juries
Sex crimes involving men and women adults vs. teens and children
omen are always given less punishment than men in this area
Reaction of judges towards female defendants
Male judges
Female judges
Body
a. Chivalry Theory of women perpetrators
Body
Focal Concerns theory of women perpetrators
Conclusion
In both the Constitution and Declarations of Independence, two of the most important documents in American history, it is promised by the very foundations of the…
Works Cited:
Brockway, J. (2011). Gender bias and the death penalty. Death Penalty Focus. Retrieved from http://www.deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=568
Crew, K. (1991). Sex differences in criminal sentencing: chivalry or patriarchy? Justice
Quarterly. (8:1). 59-83.
Doerner, J. (2012). Explaining the gender gap in sentencing outcomes: an investigation of differential treatment in U.S. federal courts. Bowling Green State University. | https://www.paperdue.com/topic/prison-experiment-essays |
A few nights ago, my boyfriend and I decided to watch The Stanford Prison Experiment via Netflix. I had heard about this film and was vaguely familiar with its context, but I wasn’t entirely sure what exactly it’s about.
The Stanford Prison Experiment, released in 2015, is an “American docudrama thriller film directed by Kyle Patrick Alvarez, written by Tim Talbott, and starring Billy Crudup, Michael Angarano, Ezra Miller, Tye Sheridan, Keir Gilchrist, Olivia Thirlby, and Nelsan Ellis. The plot concerns the 1971 Stanford prison experiment, conducted at Stanford University under the supervision of psychology professor Philip Zimbardo, in which students play the role of either a prisoner or prison guard,” says the movie’s Wikipedia page.
I didn’t realize until the end of the film that The Stanford Prison Experiment actually occurred, only making the overall impact of the movie that much more significant. In actuality, the experiment was deemed a social psychology experiment that simulated a real prison within the university’s basement “that attempted to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison officers. It was conducted at Stanford University on the days of August 14–20, 1971, by a research group led by psychology professor Philip Zimbardo using college students,” an associated Wikipedia page explains.
This film is a fantastic depiction of what can occur as a result of the abuse of power. It becomes apparent rather early on in the movie that the prisoners and the prison guards each perceive the influence of authority in different manners, with some prisoners and guards choosing to rebel, and others choosing to submit.
The original experiment was expected to last for two weeks, however, it was called off after six days due to unforeseen complications, and select prisoners choosing to remove themselves from the experiment as a result of physical and emotional trauma.
I found this movie absolutely fascinating, and I highly recommend it. It is an excellent portrayal of what can occur when power is used to one’s advantage, and further how said power can lead to adverse events. | https://ontheedgeofeverything.com/2019/09/02/this-is-why-you-need-to-watch-the-stanford-prison-experiment/ |
Zimbardo research paper
In 1971, a team of psychologists designed and executed an unusual experiment that used a mock prison setting, with college students role-playing prisoners and guards to test the power of the social situation to determine behavior the research, known as the stanford prison experiment, has become a. Zimbardo's stanford prison experiment zimbardo's stanford prison experiment revealed how social roles can influence our behavior we look at how it was conducted and what we can learn from it. Abstract the aim of the research presented in this article is to investigate the relationship between positive orientation and time perspective as outlined by zimbardo and boyd (j pers soc psychol 77:1271–1288, 1999) and extended by an additional form of concentration on the present.
Philip george zimbardo (/ z ɪ m ˈ b ɑːr d oʊ / born march 23, 1933) is an american psychologist and a professor emeritus at stanford university he became known for his 1971 stanford prison experiment and has since authored various introductory psychology books, textbooks for college students, and other notable works, including the. Informed consent is the most essential part of research ethics the requirement to explain an experiment to the participants who provide tissues/information in order to obtain their voluntary consent is absolutely necessary in any research project. This sample philip zimbardo research paper is published for educational and informational purposes only if you need help writing your assignment, please use our research paper writing service and buy a paper on any topic at affordable price. The stanford prison experiment: still powerful after all these years i was sick to my stomach when it's happening to you, it doesn't feel heroic it feels real scary.
Zimbardo research paper christina parker psych 620 october 21, 2013 stacy hernandez zimbardo research paper dr zimbardo conducted the stanford prison experiment (spe) in 1971, but the data from that project is. Essay about the stanford prison experiment by philip zimbardo - social psychology is an empirical science that studies how people think about, influence, and relate to. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online easily share your publications and get them in front of issuu’s millions of monthly readers. The prisoners were taunted with insults and petty orders, they were given pointless and boring tasks to accomplish, and they were generally dehumanized.
Haney, craig, banks, curtis, & zimbardo, philip (1973) a study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison background this study was funded by the us navy, as it and the us marine corps were interested in finding out the causes of conflict between guards and prisoners in the naval prisons. Zimbardo research paper dr zimbardo conducted a research study in 1971 where he took 24 male college students and divided them randomly between guards and prisoners. Joana stella kompa, analysis of the stanford prison experiment, ju ly 2012 5 post scriptum: research study critique rubric for the stanford prison experiment the page numbers in the table below refer to the original paper by haney, c, banks, c, & zimbardo, p (1973. The publications listed here report research carried out by the shyness institutethe shyness institute is a non-profit research institution dedicated to research regarding shyness, social anxiety, and related anxiety disorders.
Free prison experiment papers, essays, and research papers. Research papers will always be inescapable, in school and in professional psychology careers, so learn how to tackle them with ease. Welcome to the time paradox, a new book by philip zimbardo & john boyd the time paradox is not a single paradox but a series of.
Stanford prison experiment: the issue of ethicality by: emad emam- march 2012 in 1971, a research was conducted in which subjects played the roles of prisoners and guards in a period of time simulating the prison environment for the purpose of studying a number of problems of psychological and sociological relevance1. The book the lucifer effect covers many aspects of decision making if you're assigned to write a paper on this work, feel free to use our essay example. Runninghead: zimbardo research 2 after watching the video the zimbardo research study that was conducted during 1971 he had taken 24 male figures students that he divided up randomly with the guards and prisoners.
Welcome to the official stanford prison experiment website, which features extensive information about a classic psychology experiment that inspired an award-winning movie, new york times bestseller, and documentary dvd. Disclaimer: free essays on psychology posted on this site were donated by anonymous users and are provided for informational use only the free psychology research paper (psychology of cults essay) presented on this page should not be viewed as a sample of our on-line writing service.
The story of zimbardo’s prison on the ethics of intervention in human psychological research: i can send you a copy of the 1973 paper through email. The zimbardo experiment was a study conducted by psychology professor philip zimbardo it was conducted by a team of researchers led by professor zimbardo at standford university on august of 1971. Want you to write an analysis of philip zimbardo’s “stanford prison experiment” the primary goal of this assignment is for you to develop a critical perspective on zimbardo’s essay that utilizes an outside source which i uploaded, to. | http://cvpaperuoik.vatsa.info/zimbardo-research-paper.html |
PSY 352 Topic 1 Discussion Question 2:
answer
A recurrent theme in this book is the placebo effect, both as a desirable outcome when using placebo treatments, and as a challenge to the likelihood that the treatment being tested is really the active agent. Multiple possible ethical dilemmas are brought up in the book. For example, some of these potential dilemmas include concern regarding what influence on his subjects’ outcomes researchers have by being in charge when subjects are getting either real or placebo drugs; how they affect their behavior and/or perceptions thereof by doing so; how concrete consent and informed consent can be when asking someone with an ailment if they want to participate in a study involving placebos and what that might mean for their long-term health; whether someone who truly expects to receive no treatment whatsoever (in control groups) will show depression or other side effects from not receiving anything; potentially fatal results that may occur if active treatments are given to control groups and not to treatment groups, just because it’s impossible to predict ahead of time who will respond positively; and ultimately where doctors’ responsibility vis-a-vis harm should lie.”
Using placebos in health care is largely considered to be unethical and thus forbidden. This article will discuss some of the problems that might occur if the use of placebos was allowed. First, using placebos would require two doctors to lie to their patients. Second, there could be an imbalance between the number of treatments a drug or procedure would be compared with a placebo. Third, a patient could feel like they did not receive proper treatment and sue the doctor for malpractice.
It is often the case that a patient will show an improvement in her condition even if he or she is given an inert substance such as sugar, salt, water, or a sham drug. Fake drugs and fake surgeries can even work better than real ones. Placebos thus pose potential ethical dilemmas for health care providers as they attempt to determine whether to tell patients that they are receiving placebos. It is important to understand how placebos actually work, which influences how one might approach this question.
Therapeutic placebos are usually defined as a pharmacologically inert substance or procedure administered to a patient to relieve symptoms without any direct pharmacological action. This term was introduced by Fisher (1953) and advocates suggest using such placebos in clinical practice. Some potential ethical dilemmas may be faced when initiating or continuing the use of placebo. In practice, different types of placebos should be used: pure active-informed placebos, pure no-treatment placebos, and placebo-laboratory control comparisons. However, there are still some psychological arguments against their use. The reliability of research on therapeutic placebos seems questionable due to inconclusiveness about active ingredients and uncertainty about benefits and outcomes. Although many patients accept the use of medication in psychotherapy and medicine, not all agree that psychotherapy can benefit from this technique so far. Some authors point out the potential threat using psychotropic drugs seem to be in connection with standard medical treatment administered by a doctor which has resulted in gross overuse of anti-depressants.
Placebos are being used in many parts of the world for treating a variety of diseases. Some of the possible ethical problems with this florid subject include:
Placebos are used to treat a wide variety of ailments and disorders. This can range but not be limited to anxiety, depression, and chronic pain. The use of placebos in scientific studies have yielded results that have determined that placebos work as well as real treatment for many health related issues. However, when using placebos for personal use there are ethical concerns. Placebo effects all rely on faith, trust, and expectancy–any skepticism or doubts will diminish the effectiveness of the placebo. If someone takes a sugar pill while they expect it to be an actual medication they may find temporary relief from their ailments but that only happens when they believe it will help them or feel confident that it is helping them. Also, nothing can be gained from taking a placebo during an illness because it is not an actual medicine and no cure will occur as a result. There is also the concern of how safe are placebos? During trials these ‘sugar pills’ were found to cause side effects of sleepiness or headache; however, they did not include any serious side effects like death or hospitalization so are considered safe and effective to some degree…
Placebos in medicine are being used through an array of unproven treatments. There are ethical and safety concerns with using placebos in healthcare as it can lower the quality of care. Despite its widespread use, ethics is a problem as placebos are not at all based on real medicine, but rather “fake medicine”. Many people have gotten re-infected with diseases because of the placebo effect and many people have gotten sick from receiving placebos. For example, infants who were even given a placebo to stimulate the appetite has caused that infant to contract pneumonia. Placeba is also said to cause illegal drug practices among teenagers, addiction and conditions on top of ones diagnosed diseases.
Placebos are being increasingly used in clinical trials and in direct-to-consumer advertising. This paper presents an overview of placebo use, as well as a discussion of the potential perils associated with its use. A critical analysis of the justifications for the use of placebos is presented, along with a brief review of their ethical implications.
By definition, placebos are distinctly different from active medications. A placebo is an inert or sham medication, in contrast to actual drugs that exert physiological effects. In clinical practice, when informed consent is obtained, placebos are administered to treat illnesses. The use of placebos has been controversial, mostly because of its ethical implications.
A placebo is a substance that has no medical value but is given to simulate the effects of the actual treatment. For example, an inert sugar pill given to individuals who are said to have irritable bowel syndrome in order to convince them they have been given an effective treatment. The use of placebos dates back to ancient times, but it was not until 1935 that its beneficial effects were systematically studied. Placebos are now used regularly in clinical trials of new drugs or other procedures as well as in other kinds of research and medical practice. In some circumstances placebos may be used when giving treatments for which their side effects are more serious than their effectiveness. Some philosophers of medicine have argued that the use of placebos reflects badly on the practitioner and treatment, since the patient’s health will be improved through deceit when it could have been improved by proper treatment (Hügli).
question
What potential biological, psychological, and ethical dilemmas might arise from using placebos in health care? | https://nursingpaperhelp.org/psy-352-topic-1-discussion-question-2/ |
What did Zimbardo do that was unethical?
Ethical Issues The study has received many ethical criticisms, including lack of fully informed consent by participants as Zimbardo himself did not know what would happen in the experiment (it was unpredictable). Also, the prisoners did not consent to being ‘arrested’ at home.
How much did Zimbardo pay his participants?
$15 a day
The experiment was led by professor Philip Zimbardo, then in his late 30s. He and his team recruited 24 male students, who were randomly divided into two groups: prisoners and guards. The students were told they would be paid $15 a day and that the experiment would run for two weeks. It lasted only six days.
What methodology did Zimbardo use?
He used a number of qualitative approaches such as observation (sometimes overt and sometimes covert) interviews and questionnaires. Zimbardo’s study was clearly trying to give a situational explanation for behaviour. He argued that the study demonstrates the powerful effect roles can have on peoples’ behaviour.
What was the aim of Zimbardo’s experiment?
The experiment, funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, took place at Stanford University in August 1971. It was intended to measure the effect of role-playing, labeling, and social expectations on behaviour over a period of two weeks.
What is Philip Zimbardo best known for?
He is also president of the Heroic Imagination Project, which teaches people how to overcome the natural human tendency to watch and wait in moments of crisis. Zimbardo is probably best known for his 1971 Stanford prison experiment, which demonstrated the power of social situations to influence people’s behavior.
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OverlayFX Effects Wizard is a special effect in movie maker which can overlay the imported images. It is very easy to use and it can improve the quality of your video. You will enjoy making a video with this effect. | https://www.motelmexicolabali.com/study-papers/what-did-zimbardo-do-that-was-unethical/ |
Philip George Zimbardo (born March 23, 1933) is an American psychologist and a professor emeritus at Stanford University. He is known for his Stanford prison study and his authorship of introductory psychology textbooks for college students.
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Contents
Early years
Zimbardo was born in New York City on March 23, 1933. He completed his BA with a triple major in psychology, sociology, and anthropology from Brooklyn College in 1954, where he graduated summa cum laude. He completed his M.S. (1955) and Ph.D (1959) in psychology from Yale University. He taught at Yale from 1959 to 1960. From 1960 to 1967, he was a professor of psychology at New York University. From 1967 to 1968, he taught at Columbia University. He joined the faculty at Stanford University in 1968.
The prison study
In the year 1971, Zimbardo accepted a tenured position as professor of psychology at Stanford University. There he conducted the Stanford prison study, in which 24 normal college students were randomly assigned to be "prisoners" or "guards" in a mock prison located in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford (three additional college students were selected as alternates, but did not participate in the study).
The students quickly began acting out their roles, with "guards" becoming sadistic and "prisoners" showing extreme passivity and depression. Prisoners and guards rapidly adapted to their roles, stepping beyond the boundaries of what had been predicted and leading to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations. One-third of the guards were judged to have exhibited "genuine" sadistic tendencies, while many prisoners were emotionally traumatized and five had to be removed from the study early.
Ethical concerns surrounding the famous study often draw comparisons to the Milgram experiment, which was conducted in 1961 at Yale University by Stanley Milgram, Zimbardo's former high school friend.
Other endeavors
After the prison experiment, Zimbardo decided to look for ways he could use psychology to help people; this led to the founding of The Shyness Clinic in Menlo Park, California, which treats shy behavior in adults and children. Zimbardo's research on shyness resulted in several bestselling books on the topic. Other subjects he has researched include mind control and cultic behavior.
Along with Richard Gerrig, a cognitive psychology professor at Stony Brook University, Zimbardo is the co-author of an introductory Psychology textbook entitled Psychology and Life, which is used in many American undergraduate psychology courses. He also hosted a PBS TV series titled Discovering Psychology which is used in many college telecourses (the program can be viewed at ).
In 2002, Zimbardo was elected president of the American Psychological Association. Under his direction, the organization developed the website PsychologyMatters.org, a compendium of psychological research that has applications for everyday life. Also that year, he appeared in the British reality television show, The Human Zoo. Participants were observed inside a controlled setting while Zimbardo and a British psychologist analyzed their behavior.(Class 12A, intelligent pupils of Philip are now close, personal friends)
In 2004, Zimbardo testified for the defense in the court martial of Sgt. Ivan "Chip" Frederick, a guard at Abu Ghraib prison. He argued that Frederick's sentence should be lessened due to mitigating circumstances, explaining that few individuals can resist the powerful situational pressures of a prison, particularly without proper training and supervision. The judge apparently disregarded Zimbardo's testimony, and gave Frederick the maximum 8-year sentence. Zimbardo drew on the knowledge he gained from his participation in the Frederick case to write a new book entitled, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, about the connections between Abu Ghraib and the prison experiments.
In September 2006, Zimbardo joined the faculty at Pacific Graduate School of Psychology as Professor of Psychology, where he teaches social psychology to doctoral students in the clinical psychology program.
Zimbardo's writing appeared in Greater Good Magazine, published by the Greater Good Science Center of the University of California, Berkeley. Zimbardo's contributions include the interpretation of scientific research into the roots of compassion, altruism, and peaceful human relationships. His most recent article with Greater Good magazine is entitled: "The Banality of Heroism", which examines how ordinary people can become everyday heroes.
Zimbardo, who officially retired in 2003, gave his final "Exploring Human Nature" lecture on March 7, 2007, on the Stanford campus, bringing his teaching career of fifty years to a close. David Spiegel, professor of psychiatry at the Stanford University School of Medicine, called Zimbardo "a legendary teacher", saying that "he has changed the way we think about social influences."
Zimbardo was a guest on the Colbert Report in February 2008.
Awards
- In 2003, Zimbardo, Gian Vittorio Caprara and Claudio Barbaranelli an academic of the University of Rome La Sapienza were awarded the Ig Nobel Award for Psychology "for their discerning report 'Politicians' Uniquely Simple Personalities.'"
- In 2005, Zimbardo received the Dagmar and Václav Havel Foundation Vision 97 Award in Prague.
Works
- Influencing attitude and changing behavior;: A basic introduction to relevant methodology, theory, and applications (Topics in social psychology), Addison Wesley, 1969
- The Cognitive Control of Motivation. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1969
- Stanford prison experiment: A simulation study of the psychology of imprisonment, Philip G. Zimbardo, Inc., 1972
- The psychology of imprisonment: privation, power and pathology, Stanford University, 1972
- Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1969, ISBN 0-07-554809-7
- Canvassing for Peace: A Manual for Volunteers. Ann Arbor, MI: Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 1970, ISBN
- Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley., 1977, ISBN
- How to Overcome Shyness. Family Circle magazine, May 31, 1977 page 14 (with questionnaire)
- Cults go to high school: A theoretical and empirical analysis of the initial stage in the recruitment process, American Family Foundation, 1985
- Shyness: What It Is, What to Do About It, Addison Wesley, 1990, ISBN 0-201-55018-0
- The Psychology of Attitude Change and Social Influence. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991, ISBN 0-87722-852-3
- Psychology (3rd Edition), Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999, ISBN 0-321-03432-5
- The Shy Child : Overcoming and Preventing Shyness from Infancy to Adulthood, Malor Books, 1999, ISBN 1-883536-21-9
- Violence Workers: Police Torturers and Murderers Reconstruct Brazilian Atrocities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002, ISBN 0-520-23447-2
- Psychology - Core Concepts, 5/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-205-47445-4
- Psychology And Life, 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-205-41799-X
- The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, Random House, New York, 2007, ISBN 1-400-06411-2
- The Time Paradox: The New Psychology of Time That Will Change Your Life, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2008, ISBN 1-4165-4198-5
- The Journey from the Bronx to Stanford to Abu Ghraib, pp. 85-104 in "Journeys in Social Psychology: Looking Back to Inspire the Future", edited by Robert Levine, et al., CRC Press, 2008. ISBN 0805861343
See also
References
- ^ What messages are behind today's cults?, APA Monitor, May 1997
- ^ Palo Alto News profile
- ^ Philip Zimbardo on the Colbert Report
- ^ A simple choice, The Guardian, April 19, 2005
- ^ Politicians' uniquely simple personalities, Nature, February 6, 1997
External links
- Zimbardo's official website
- Website for The Lucifer Effect
- "Exploring Human Nature" website
- Official website of Stanford prison experiment
- Zimbardo, P. (2007). From Heavens to Hells to Heroes. In-Mind Magazine.
- Summary and evaluation of the Stanford prison experiment
- Center for Interdisciplinary Policy, Education, and Research on Terrorism (CIPERT) website
- Philip Zimbardo on Democracy Now! March 30, 2007
- "The Banality of Heroism" by Zeno Franco and Philip Zimbardo, Greater Good magazine, Fall-Winter 2006-07
- Bryan Appleyard (2007, April 8). "Don't kid yourself, we can all be evil" Sunday Times
- Zimbardo interviewed on the Daily Show
- Interviewed on ShrinkRap Radio
- Philip Zimbardo at the Internet Movie Database
- Philip Zimbardo interviewed on ABC Radio National's weekly program All in the Mind (July 28, 2007)
- Zimbardo explains, among other things, why he almost once decided not to continue studying psychology. Article by Dania Akkad in the Monterey Herald September 23, 2007. | http://taggedwiki.zubiaga.org/new_content/7308aeff9fa14a790e5b004013072bc9 |
Memos authored by Professor John Yoo while serving in the Office of Legal Counsel of the Bush Administration opened the door for soldiers, secret service operatives and psychologists acting in the service of the United States to practice torture. Since the appearance of the memos, the vast majority of psychologists and mental health professionals, after heated debate with their colleagues, have unequivocally condemned the practice of torture, both physical and psychological, by members of their professions. The Ethical Guidelines of the International Association for Group Psychotherapy put it quite succinctly: "There are no exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether induced by a state of war or threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, that may be invoked as a justification for torture, including the invocation of laws, regulations, or orders"...
Historically, the United States government was in the forefront at the creation of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and also ratified the United Nations' Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment in 1994. But the memos of John Yoo rejected this historically profound precedent of United States law.
There are psychological reasons why the U.S. government has persisted with a de facto policy of torture and why in some cases psychotherapists and mental health professionals have colluded in the practice of torture. Psychological research shows that most people can be induced to torture others, given a group structure where the authority permits and encourages the scapegoating and dehumanization of one group of people by another. The research findings of Stanley Milgram on obedience and authority and the findings of Philip Zimbardo in his Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrate that a majority of people would probably torture under the following conditions: 1) They agree to obey authority and 2) Their peers are complying with orders to abuse. Most people would say they would not torture and yet psychological research says otherwise. Why is it so hard for us to accept our vulnerability and susceptibility to become torturers? The question is more than academic. So far, the Obama administration has shown reluctance to pursue prosecutions of six former members of the Bush Justice Department, including John Yoo, for violations of the Geneva Convention Against Torture, a treaty that is also United States law. Although Obama has rescinded the memos which authorized torture, unless those who issued the memos face consequences for breaking the law, an ominous precedent will be set. It sends the world the following message: Under enough stress and pressure from authority, the representatives of the U.S. government will torture.
When President Obama says we do not torture, is he not buying into the familiar illusion we all have about ourselves-that we are incapable of such behavior? Whatever our self concept, we do not need memos that encourage behavior that human beings are in fact highly susceptible to follow, even against their own conscience. That is why I believe the legal profession must do as the psychological profession has done and repudiate the legal rationalizations for torture. The cost for them and our civilization is high if they do not. Research shows that the legacy for the families of those individuals who condone or participate in torture can be one of mental disturbance and suffering-an example of trans-generational trauma passed from the parents who condoned or practiced the torture to the children who did not.
The men and women who condone and practice torture do not escape without psychological scars and trauma that affect their lives and the lives of their children�-sometimes for generations. The intergenerational transmission of trauma has profound effects on those who commit and condone torture. It corrodes the soul and leaves the perpetrator and his or her family an empty shell, haunting the children sometimes for generations.
I encourage Professor Yoo to consider these consequences and invite him to engage in a dialogue with me and others who empathize with the all too human temptation to torture but pull back from its seductive siren call. We all have a lot to lose if we fail to have this deep conversation. | http://www.firejohnyoo.net/2009/11/collusion-in-the-practice-of-t.html |
We underestimate the power of situations and systems over our behavior
A central theme in the book is how situational and systemic forces have an important influence on our behavior. As I've mentioned several times on this website, we tend to overestimate the importance of personal, dispositional qualities on our behavior and underestimate the importance of situational determinants of behavior. Zimbardo distinguishes three main types of behavioral determinants: the person, the situation and the system which he defines as follows: "The Person is an actor on the stage of life whose behavioral freedom is informed by his or her makeup-genetic, biological, physical, and psychological. The Situation is the behavioral context that has the power, through its reward and normative functions, to give meaning and identity to the actor's role and status. The System consists of the agents and agencies whose ideology, values, and power create situations and dictate the roles and expectations for approved behaviors or actors within its spheres of influence."
Bad baskets can spoil good apples
When people do bad things we tend to explain their behavior in dispositional terms; we search for the explanation of their bad behaviors inside those people and downplay situational and systemic influences on their behavior. Our dominant logic is: people who do evil things must therefore be evil people. But experiments like the Stanford Prison experiment, Milgram's experiment on obedience to authority figures, the Asch conformity experiments, and many other experiments in social psychology have shown that under certain circumstances people can be made to do things which go against their values and views. To put it metaphorically: a bad basket can spoil any good apple. Zimbardo goes so far to say: "Any deed that any human has ever committed, however horrible, is possible for any of us,-under the right or wrong situational circumstances." Situational and systemic power is most salient in two circumstances:
- in novel settings, when we cannot call on previous guidelines for new behavioral options,
- when we think we are somehow, unlike other people, not vulnerable to the power of situational and systemic forces (which means we will let our guard down).
As Zimbardo explains op pages 310 and 311, Anyone of us might disengage morally from evil deeds when four conditions are met:
- harmful behavior is redefined as honorable,
- our sense of a direct link between our actions and its harmful consequences is minimized by diffusing or displacing personal responsibility,
- the negative consequences of our conduct is ignored, distorted, minimized, or disbelieved, and
- victims or our conduct are blamed, dehumanized and perceived as deserving their punishment.
- the foot in the door tactic,
- employing social models to shape behavior, and
- giving people identity labels of the kind that you would like them to have as someone who will then do the action you want them to elicit from them.
We are certainly not defenseless against negative influences situations and systems may have. What is required is an awareness of their potential power over our behavior and an awareness of the ways in which situations and systems may disengage us from our morality. Then, we have the option of stepping back and resisting (here are some strategies for that). Systems and situations are to a large extent socially created and they can be socially changed too. Our challenge is to build good baskets, to shape situational forces and build systems that promote pro-social behaviors and thriving. | http://www.progressfocused.com/2010/12/bad-baskets-spoil-good-apples.html |
Researchers are trying to program self-driving cars to make split-second decisions that raise real ethical questions.
Chris Gerdes, a professor at Stanford University, leads a research lab that is experimenting with sophisticated hardware and software for automated driving. But together with Patrick Lin, a professor of philosophy at Cal Poly, he is also exploring the ethical dilemmas that may arise when vehicle self-driving is deployed in the real world.
Gerdes and Lin organized a workshop at Stanford earlier this year that brought together philosophers and engineers to discuss the issue. They implemented different ethical settings in the software that controls automated vehicles and then tested the code in simulations and even in real vehicles. Such settings might, for example, tell a car to prioritize avoiding humans over avoiding parked vehicles, or not to swerve for squirrels.
Read the full article on MIT Technology Review. | https://thefuturesagency.com/2015/08/25/self-driving-cars-and-ethical-decisions/ |
This is a cautionary tale, told by one whose venture into interdisciplinary work began with a social psychology experiment. Realizing there were moral dimensions to the experiment, he began following his interests across conventional boundaries. Ultimately, this led to studies of how people think about responsibility and, more recently, the ethical dilemmas faced by nurses and doctors who care for seriously ill newborns, an area that reaches far beyond the boundaries of moral philosophy into economics, sociology, and health policy. These experiences suggest that interdisciplinary theorists would do well to study what actually happens when people do interdisciplinary research. By creating and studying narratives about cases of interdisciplinary research, those who study interdisciplinarity will be able to temper abstract theory with experience.
Murray, Thomas. "Confessions of an unconscious interdisciplinarian." Issues in Integrative Studies 4 (1986): 56-69. | https://our.oakland.edu/handle/10323/4019 |
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...The Sustainable Development Policy (page 10) and the Ethical Operating Plan (page 13) set out the need for business to develop in a more sustainable manner 3 . In managing and reporting on sustainability, activity is focused on the areas that are of greatest significance. The process for identifying those issues is complex and diverse, and, as set out in the diagram on page 12, subject to competing...
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...If organizational ethics are not clearly defined within an organization, then chaos can occur. Companies need to make sure that there is a set standard of ethics and codes of conduct to assure an organization remains consistent and compliant. For example, preferences of a high-level manager on the gender of the people of whom he/she would like to work with, a specific type of educational background, or a certain income bracket of a person can lead to discrimination and prejudices against employees within that company. Personal differences of one’s culture, race, or even their appearance or characteristics should not come into play when working at a company. Diversity of an organization is vitally important and if someone is bias to a person’s personal difference, then someone can be treated unfairly or overlooked when that said person may have valuable input and resources that could help a department or company. In the 2005 National Business Ethics Survey conducted by the Ethics Resource Center, they would that ethical culture has more impact on achieving an effective ethics and compliance program than program inputs and activities. Furthermore, the survey found that employees who perceive their managers, upper-level supervisors, and co-workers displaying Ethics Related Actions...
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...[Management control-related ethical issues and analysis] There are many dilemmas when making ethical decisions, often including the struggle between being selfish and doing 'what is right'. A culture will define the individual and group ethics within an organization. To control unethical behaviors and to set an ethical issue free environment within an organization, senior managers will need to have well developed ethical reasoning skills, managers need...
Words: 2445 - Pages: 10
...Ethics: Why is it Essential in Management? Michael Perez Dr. Marie Harper MGMT 618 28 February 2016 Abstract Ethics is a subject that most people or companies tend to avoid due to the complications that tend to arise when it is brought up. Though ethics can be a sensitive subject it is very important in life, business and especially in management. Managerial ethics is something that companies say they have when it comes to how they do business but are there managers really ethical or are they just looking the other way when it comes to ethical issues that might arise within their company. Keywords: Ethics, Management Ethics: Why is it Essential in Management? When it comes to ethics in management it is essential for business to have, but most of the time it is just a way for businesses to check off the box saying “My business has ethical leaders”. This can be said for companies, branches of the military and people that hold a position over other people. As Marshall Schminke states in his book, Managerial Ethics Managing the Psychology of Morality, Ethics is not something that can be taken lightly due to the fact that it is something that holds great value when it comes to how people see a leader or manager. Though it may be hard for companies to say yes all of my managers are ethical it is something that is an ongoing process within companies (Schiminke, 2011)....
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...Reporting and Ethical Practices HCS 405 June 24, 2014 Reporting and Ethical Practices Financial and accounting professionals must follow the ethical standards that regulate the type of business they conduct, who they conduct business with, and how they use their skills to conduct their business. These ethical standards are defined by professional finance organizations and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. This article will discuss reporting and ethical practices for any financial and accounting organization. It will include a summary of generally acceptable accounting principles and general financial ethical standards, as well as, summarize the four elements of financial management. This article will conclude by discussing researched articles on financial reporting practices, ethical standards, and financial management within the health care organization. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and Financial Ethical Standards According to "Business News Daily" (2014), “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is a combination of guidelines, comprehensive rules, and generally accepted standard practices utilized throughout the accounting industry to prepare and standardize financial statements, such as balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements” (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP): Standards & Rules for Accountants)....
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...Effective Powers Of the five powers, the establishment of an ethical climate calls for much debate. However given the current climate of Paradigm Toys, that being one of coercive power; the use of referent power is likely going to be the most effective in changing ethical climates. The current climate of coercive power, is displayed through the employees being fearful of the loss of jobs if quota’s are not met- which often causes defective products to be produced. This defective product issue has been seen in a large number of recalls within the past three years. To combat this current ethical culture of ensuring quotas are met but failing to produce a quality product, developing a culture of referent power should be implemented. Referent power is a good tool to utilize to ensure the previous power structure- either coercive power or reward power gone wrong. “Referent power is sometimes thought of as charisma, charm, admiration, or appeal. Referent power comes from one person liking and respecting another, and strongly identifying with that person in some way” (Referent Power, 2014). Implementation of referent power will take time in that development of trust in management from employees will not be an easy task. Likely a change in management or significant leadership training would be most helpful to implement this type of power within Paradigm Toys.... | https://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Is-Management-Within-a-Business-Ethical/45318 |
In a new study, researchers at USC, Stanford and the Kellogg School of Management have found that individuals in roles that possess power but lack status have a tendency to engage in activities that demean others. According to the study, "The Destructive Nature of Power without Status," the combination of some authority and little perceived status can be a toxic combination.
The research, forthcoming in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, is "based on the notions that a) low-status is threatening and aversive and b) power frees people to act on their internal states and feelings." The study was conducted by Nathanael Fast, assistant professor of management and organization at the USC Marshall School of Business; Nir Halevy, acting assistant professor of organizational behavior at the Stanford Graduate School of Business; and Adam Galinsky, professor of management and organizations at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.
To test their theses, the authors conducted an experiment with students who were told they would be interacting with a fellow student in a business exercise and were randomly assigned to either a high-status "Idea Producer" role or low-status "Worker" role. Then these individuals were asked to select activities from a list of 10 for the others to perform; some of the tasks were more demeaning than others.
The experiment demonstrated that "individuals in high-power/low-status roles chose more demeaning activities for their partners (e.g., bark like a dog three times) than did those in any other combination of power and status roles."
According to the study, possessing power in the absence of status may have contributed to the acts committed by U.S. soldiers in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq in 2004. That incident was reminiscent of behaviors exhibited during the famous Stanford Prison Experiment with undergraduate students that went awry in the early 1970s. In both cases the guards had power, but they lacked respect and admiration in the eyes of others and in both cases prisoners were treated in extremely demeaning ways. | http://www.fornits.com/phpbb/index.php/topic,37910.0.html |
Accelerometer vs Gyroscope
The Accelerometer and gyroscope are two motion sensing devices commonly used in modern technological equipment. Their operation is based on the concept of inertia, which is the reluctance by masses to change its state of motion, hence called inertial measurement units in engineering applications.
Accelerometer, as the name implies, is used to measure the linear acceleration, and gyroscopes are used to measure various rotational movement parameters. Combining the information obtained from the two devices, the motion of an object in the 3-d space can be calculated and projected to a high degree of accuracy.
More about Accelerometer
The accelerometer is a device used to measure the proper acceleration; i.e. the physical acceleration experienced by an object. It does not necessarily measure the rate of change of velocity in that frame, but the acceleration experienced by the body or frame. An accelerometer displays an acceleration of 9.83ms-2 on earth, zero in free fall and space, when at rest. Simply put, the accelerometer measures the g-force acceleration of the object or the frame.
In general, the structure of an accelerometer has a mass connected to a spring (or two). The elongation of the spring under the force exerting on the mass gives a measure of the acceleration proper acting on the system or the frame. The magnitude of the elongation is converted into an electrical signal by a piezoelectric mechanism.
Accelerometers measure the g-force acting on the body and measure only linear acceleration. It cannot provide accurate measurements about the rotational motion of the body, but can provide information about the angular orientation of the platform by the tilt of the gravity vector.
Accelerometers have applications in almost any field that require motion of a machine in 3-d space to be measured and in measurements of the gravity. The inertial navigation system, which is an essential part of the navigation system of the aircrafts and missiles use high precision accelerometers and the modern mobile devices such as smart phones and laptops also use them. In heavy machinery, accelerometers are used to monitor the vibration. Accelerometers have a significant presence in engineering, medicine, transport systems, and consumer electronics.
More about Gyroscope
A gyroscope is a device for measuring orientation of a platform and operates based on the principle of conservation of angular momentum. The principle of conservation of angular momentum states, when a rotating body attempts to change its axis, the body displays reluctance to the change, to conserve its angular momentum.
In general, mechanical gyroscopes have a rotating mass (usually a disk) attached to a gimbal by a rod acting as the axis. The mass rotates incessantly, and when there is a change in the orientation of the platform, in any of the three dimensions, it remains for a while in its original position. From the measurement of the changes of position of the gyroscope frame relative to the axis of rotation, information about the change of angular orientation can be acquired.
Combining this information with accelerometers, an accurate image of the position of the frame (or object) in 3-d space can be created.
Like accelerometers, the gyroscopes are also a main component of navigation systems and any engineering field that relates to motion monitoring. In modern consumer electronic devices, especially mobile devices such as smart phones and handheld computers, both accelerometers and gyroscopes are used to maintain the orientation, to keep the display always in the right direction. However, these accelerometers and gyroscopes are different in structure.
What is the difference between Accelerometer and Gyroscope?
• The accelerometer measures proper linear acceleration such as g-force.
• While, gyroscopes measure the change in orientation using the variation of the angular properties such as angular displacement and angular velocity. | https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-accelerometer-and-vs-gyroscope/ |
The Rotational Motion is a sub-topic of the unit Mechanics. In the previous article we provided: Center of Mass and Moment of Inertia
Firstly, lets look into the comparison table for Translation and Rotational motion:
Now, Read the short notes below:
- Torque as Moment of Force: The rotational analogue of force is moment of force. It is also referred to as torque or couple. It is defined as the force acting on the particle with respect to the origin O and mathematically, is defined as the vector product τ = r × F. The magnitude is τ = r.F.sinθ, where r is the magnitude of the position vector r, i.e. the length OP, F is the magnitude of force F and θ is the angle between r and F.
- Angular momentum of a particle: Angular momentum is the rotational analogue of linear momentum. It is defined as- linear momentum "l" of the particle with respect to the origin O is defined to be l = r × p. The magnitude is l=r.p.sinθ, where p is the magnitude of p and θ is the angle between r and p.
- The rate of change of the angular momentum of a particle is equal to the torque acting on it:
We differentiate l = r × p with respect to time:
- Torque and angular momentum for a system of particles:
Total angular momentum of a system of particles
L = Σi li = Σi ri × pi
Total torque acting on a system = τexternal + τinternal
τexternal =Σi ri × Fi(external)
τinternal =Σi ri × Fi(internal)
- Conservation of angular momentum: If the total external torque on a system of particles is zero, then the total angular momentum of the system is conserved, i.e. remains constant. i.e. If τext= 0, then dL/d t = 0 or L = constant.
- Couple: A pair of equal and opposite forces with different lines of action is known as a couple or torque. A couple produces rotation without translation.
Example, when opening the lid of a jar we apply couple.
- Principle of moments: The principle of moments states that when in equilibrium the total sum of the anti clockwise moment is equal to the total sum of the clockwise moment. When a system is stable or balance it is said to be in equilibrium as all the forces acting on the system cancel each other out. Example: the balancing a cardboard on the tip of a pencil.
- Theorem of perpendicular axes: It states that the moment of inertia of a planar body (lamina) about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of its moments of inertia about two perpendicular axes concurrent with perpendicular axis and lying in the plane of the body.
- The theorem of parallel axes: It states that The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia of the body about a parallel axis passing through its center of mass and the product of its mass and the square of the distance between the two parallel axes.
- The kinematic equations for rotational motion with uniform angular acceleration are:
- Rolling Motion:- A rolling motion is a combination of rotation and translation.
- Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion:- The kinetic energy of a rolling body, therefore, is given by:
Power Booster Tip:
The most important thing to keep in mind from this topic while solving numericals is the RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE. It is used to find the direction of torque. The calculation of torque is easy but finding its direction is really difficult.
Comment below on how you liked the article and share with your friends:
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# Kip-up
A kip-up (also called a rising handspring, Chinese get up, kick-to-stand, nip-up, flip-up, or carp skip-up) is an acrobatic move in which a person transitions from a supine, and less commonly, a prone position, to a standing position. It is used in activities such as breakdancing, gymnastics, martial arts (specifically kung fu), professional wrestling, and freerunning, and in action film fight sequences.
Not only does the kip-up require muscle activation and strength, but it also requires proper technique for successful completion. A practitioner must perform the preparation phase (initiation of movement until directly before flight), aerial phase (time spent in flight), and landing phase (time from touchdown of the feet to maintenance of balanced standing) using specific accelerations, angular velocities, and joint positions of the extremities in order to land on their feet.
## Execution and physics
### From a supine position
The performer draws both legs (which may be either in extension or flexion) anterior to the chest, rotates back onto the shoulders, and optionally places hands on the floor proximal to the ears. The performer then moves from hip and knee flexion to hip and knee extension while elevating the body away from the floor. The performer creates force against the ground by pushing off with the hands and simultaneously moving the elbows from flexion to extension.
The leg motion during the thrust involves increasing the joint angle of the hip from flexion to extension. When the thrust is completed, the rotation of the legs with respect to the trunk is terminated and, as a result, the angular momentum of the legs is transferred to the entire body. The linear momentum of the thrust carries the body into the air feet first while the angular momentum causes the airborne body to rotate. The spine moves into greater lordosis so that with sufficient thrust, back curvature, and body rotation, the performer will land on the feet.
### From prone position
With body face-down, the performer creates forces against the floor with fists or palms while kicking back the legs so as to develop momentum that carries the body into the air. The performer lands with the feet in contact with the floor, and knees in flexion.
## Variations
### Hop back variations
Hop back variations all involve the practitioner starting in a standing position, possibly jumping in the air and rotating posterior in order to land on their shoulders/back. After maintaining the supine position the practitioner executes the standard kip up variation in order to return to their feet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip-up |
In gymnastics, the giant is a move gymnasts use on the high bar to increase their rotational speed. This allows the gymnast to do something else, usually an amazing release or dismount.
So, just how does this move work? Let me start with something other than a gymnast. Consider a stick that is hinged on one side so it can move in a circle like a gymnast. Since this is a rigid stick, certain things will happen. First, as it rotates down it will increase in rotational speed because energy is conserved. The lower the stick in its rotation, the lower its gravitational potential energy and the greater its kinetic energy (and speed).
If the stick starts from a rest, it will end at rest at the same height with the same amount of potential energy. Actually, it wouldn’t go quite as high because of frictional forces. Of course, this is not what you want as a gymnast. You want to go higher (or all the way around) and increase your angular speed. But how?
Let’s take a look at a giant. Here is Danell Leyva’s high bar routine from the 2012 Olympic Trials:
The nice thing about the men’s bar instead of the women’s bar is you don't have a lower bar getting in the way. When women do the giant, they must adjust their legs so they don’t hit the lower bar. This makes it more complicated to explore just what is happening.
It should be clear that if you want to swing higher or faster, you must add energy to the system (in this case, the Earth and the gymnast). One way to add energy is to exert a force as the center of mass moves. In general, the work done on an object can be calculated as:
Here d is the distance over which the object (the center of mass in this case) moves and θ is the angle between the force and the direction of motion of the object.
As the gymnast moves up after reaching the lowest point, he bends his legs up just a bit. This moves the center of mass a bit closer to the center of rotation. Here are two images from Danell’s routine to illustrate:
Moving the center of mass closer to the bar isn’t easy. In this position, the gymnast doesn’t have to fight gravity so much since he is almost horizontal. However, because the center of mass is moving in a circle, there does need to be a force pulling it toward the center of rotation. If you want to get it closer, you need to pull even more. So, here is your increase in energy.
The gymnast has to do work (on himself — I know that sounds odd) to move the center of mass closer to point of rotation. This energy comes from the gymnast’s muscles and goes into the rotational kinetic energy of his motion.
Of course, if the gymnast stayed in this bent leg position, he would gain some rotation speed on that one giant. But what if he wants to continue to build up speed? He must “reset” his position. To reset and still add energy, he does this at the highest point. Here he again needs to do work on the system since he is raising the center of mass. Now he is back in the position he started in, only going a little bit faster.
Does this really work? Here is another video, of a gymnast from the University of Michigan, doing a giant:
The nice thing about this video is it provides a side view, making it easier to get the motion data using video analysis. Here is a plot of the magnitude of the velocity for the gymnast’s center of mass as a function of time.
For each successive time he gets to the bottom position in his giant, he is going just a little bit faster. This faster speed is just what Danell Leyva needs in order to do his double layout release move and still have time to catch the bar. | https://www.wired.com/2012/08/physics-of-the-giant/ |
Motion Two Types of Motion Linear: motion in a straight line.
Force generated by athletes muscles. Ex. Sprinter running down track. Rotational: movement about an axis Force is off centre resulting in rotation Body or body part spins around an axis. Ex. Ice skater in spin.
4
Principles of Biomechanics
Seven principles are grouped into four categories: Stability Maximum Effort Linear Motion Angular Motion
5
Principles of Biomechanics
Stability The ability to maintain one’s balance is crucial in sport. Principle #1 The lower the centre of mass, the larger the base of support, the closer the centre of mass to the base of support, the greater the mass, the more stability increases.
6
Principles of Biomechanics
Centre of mass point at which a person or object’s mass is concentrated. Line of gravity vertical line passing down through centre of mass to ground Base of support area between the supporting limbs.
7
Principles of Biomechanics
Maximum Effort Principle #2 The production of maximum force requires the use of all the joints that can be used. Athletes should perform slower, controlled movements and high intensity. Body segments usually move at the same time.
8
Principles of Biomechanics
The more joints used in a movement the more muscles contracting = more force exerted. Football kickers (soccer style) use one more joint movement (hip rotation) to provide greater force.
9
Principles of Biomechanics
Slapshot in hockey – involves the legs, shoulders, arms and stick. Leaving out one joint would reduce the shot’s force.
10
Principles of Biomechanics
The production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order – from largest to smallest. Larger, slower joints start the movement and faster joints contribute once the preceding joint reaches peak speed. The aim is to reach maximum velocity of movement at impact or release.
11
Principles of Biomechanics
Maximum velocity can be achieved by combining the speed of previous movements and transferring this speed to the final segment or implement – hand, foot, stick etc. used to propel another object.
12
Principles of Biomechanics
Examples Basketball jump shot large leg muscles begin motion then other joints in sequence pelvis, trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist and fingers on follow through. The speed at the end of a body segment or implement is directly proportional to the implements length. Golfer use longer club to hit ball farther
13
Principles of Biomechanics
Momentum is amount of motion an athlete or object has developed. Linear momentum is amount of momentum developed in a straight line. Impulse: the application of force over a period of time that results in a change in the amount of momentum an athlete or object has.
14
Principles of Biomechanics
Joint range of motion is amount of movement at a joint. Streamlining: is minimizing the surface area of an object in the direction of motion and making this surface as smooth as possible so that the flow of water or air past the object is smooth
15
Principles of Biomechanics
The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity. If a skill requires maximal application of force, the joint should be moved through a larger range of motion. Force is applied for longer and impulse is greater. Ex. Player jumping the highest is one who bends their knees the deepest. leg strength
16
Principles of Biomechanics
Often occurs in reverse – absorption in catching or controlling a puck or ball. Momentum is dissipated over time or distance through absorption Prevents injuries as well Landing. Ex. Catching a ball, move hands inwards to increase time force is applied.
17
Principles of Biomechanics
Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force. Newton’s 3rd Law every action has an equal and opposite reaction. When an athlete pushes against any playing surface or piece of equipment. When the athlete exerts a force the surface (water, ground ice) pushes back with the same force and in the opposite direction. Spearing Injuries
18
Principles of Biomechanics
Some forces operate in directions opposite that of movement. Air and water resistance are important factors in many sports. Skiing, speed skating, swimming, cycling
19
Principles of Biomechanics
Counter by streamlining. Change body position to decrease air resistance speed skater Swimmers full body swimsuit streamline body position for skiers cyclist helmet position
20
Principles of Biomechanics
Angular Motion Angular motion plays a key part in all sport. Circular motion that occurs around an imaginary line called the axis or rotation. Moment of force or torque.
21
Principles of Biomechanics
Angular motion is produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from an axis, that is, a torque. Athletes are concerned about Three kinds of torque rotations of entire body off centre force rotation of individual body segments muscles produce torque rotation of projectiles impart spin.
22
Principles of Biomechanics
Injuries from torque - pitcher shoulder Opponent imparts torque off centre force to knock athlete off balance. E.g. tackle, check Sumo vs Rampage
23
Principles of Biomechanics
Angular momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air. Once airborne an athlete will travel with a constant angular momentum Ex. Diver rotates in air, momentum constant while in air. Can change rate of rotation by repositioning limbs or trunk. Hangtime
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Похожие презентации:
Rotation of rigid bodies. Angular momentum and torque. Properties of fluids
1.Physics 1
Voronkov Vladimir Vasilyevich
2. Lecture 4Rotation of rigid bodies.
Angular momentum and torque.
Properties of fluids.
3. Rotation of Rigid Bodies in General caseWhen a rigid object is rotating about a
fixed axis, every particle of the object
rotates through the same angle in a
given time interval and has the same
angular speed and the same angular
acceleration. So the rotational motion of
the entire rigid object as well as
individual particles in the object can be
described by three angles. Using these
three angles we can greatly simplify the
analysis of rigid-object rotation.
4. RadiansAngle in radians equals the
ratio of the arc length s and the
radius r:
5. Angular kinematicsAngular displacement:
Instantaneous angular
speed:
Instantaneous angular
acceleration:
6. Angular and linear quantitiesEvery particle of the object moves in a circle
whose center is the axis of rotation.
Linear velocity:
Tangential acceleration:
Centripetal acceleration:
7. Total linear accelerationTangential acceleration is perpendicular to
the centripetal one, so the magnitude of total
linear acceleration is
8. Angular velocityAngular velocity is a vector.
The right hand rule
is applied: If the
fingers of your righ
hand curl along
with the rotation
your thumb will
give the direction o
the angular
velocity.
9. Rotational Kinetic EnergyMoment of rotational inertia
Rotational kinetic energy
10. Calculations of Moments of Inertia
11. Uniform Thin Hoop
12. Uniform Rigid Rod
13. Uniform Solid Cylinder
14. Moments of Inertia of Homogeneous Rigid Objects with Different Geometries
15.
16. Parallel-axis theoremSuppose the moment of inertia about an axis
through the center of mass of an object is ICM.
Then the moment of inertia about any axis
parallel to and a distance D away from this
axis is
17.
18. TorqueWhen a force is exerted on a rigid object pivoted
about an axis, the object tends to rotate about
that axis. The tendency of a force to rotate an
object about some axis is measured by a vector
quantity called torque t (Greek tau).
19.The force F has a greater rotating tendency
about axis O as F increases and as the
moment arm d increases. The component F
sinf tends to rotate the wrench about axis O.
20.The force F1 tends to rotate the
object counterclockwise about O,
and F2 tends to rotate it clockwise.
We use the convention that the sign of the
torque resulting from a force is positive if the
turning tendency of the force is
counterclockwise and is negative if the
turning tendency is clockwise. Then
21. Torque is not Force Torque is not WorkTorque should not be confused with force. Forces can
cause a change in linear motion, as described by
Newton’s second law. Forces can also cause a change
in rotational motion, but the effectiveness of the forces in
causing this change depends on both the forces and the
moment arms of the forces, in the combination that we
call torque. Torque has units of force times length:
newton · meters in SI units, and should be reported in
these units.
Do not confuse torque and work, which have the same
units but are very different concepts.
22. Rotational DynamicsLet’s add
and
Then:
which equals zero, as
are parallel.
So we get
23. Rotational analogue of Newton’s second lawQuantity L is an instantaneous
angular momentum.
The torque acting on a particle is
equal to the time rate of change of
the particle’s angular momentum.
24. Net External TorqueThe net external torque acting on a
system about some axis passing
through an origin in an inertial frame
equals the time rate of change of the
total angular momentum of the system
about that origin:
25. Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid ObjectAngular momentum for each particle of an
object:
Angular momentum for the whole object:
Thus:
26. Angular acceleration
27. The Law of Angular Momentum ConservationThe total
angular momentum of a
system is constant if the resultant
external torque acting on the system is
zero, that is, if the system is isolated.
28.Change in internal structure of a rotating body
can result in change of its angular velocity.
29.When a rotating skater pulls his hands towards
his body he spins faster.
30. Three Laws of Conservation for an Isolated SystemFull mechanical
energy, linear
momentum and
angular
momentum of an
isolated system
remain constant.
31. Work-Kinetic Theory for RotationsSimilarly to linear motion:
32.The net work done by external
forces in rotating a symmetric rigid
object about a fixed axis equals the
change in the object’s rotational
energy.
33. Equations for Rotational and Linear Motions
34. Independent Study for IHW2Vector multiplication (through their components
i,j,k).Right-hand rule of Vector multiplication.
2. Elasticity
1.
1.
2.
Demonstrate by example and discussion your
understanding of elasticity, elastic limit, stress,
strain, and ultimate strength.
Write and apply formulas for calculating Young’s
modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus. Units
of stress.
35.3.
Fluids
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Define absolute pressure, gauge pressure, and
atmospheric pressure, and demonstrate by
examples your understanding of the
relationships between these terms.
Pascal’s law.
Archimedes’s law.
Rate of flow of a fluid.
Bernoulli’s equation.
Torricelli’s theorem.
36. Literature to Independent StudyLecture on Physics Summary by Umarov.
(Intranet)
2. Fishbane Physics for Scientists… (Intranet)
3. Serway Physics for Scientists… (Intranet)
1.
37. Problems1. A solid sphere and a hollow sphere have the
same mass and radius. Which momentum of
rotational inertia is higher if it is? Prove your
answer with formulae.
2. What are the units for, are these quantities
vectors or scalars:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. | https://ppt-online.org/98963 |
This slow motion clip of a jumping praying mantis is by Gregory Sutton, one of the authors of a study on how these insects manage to precisely target and hit their jumps. They need to be able to move their abdomen, hind legs, and front legs. Just one immobilized, like in the clip, and things go wrong.
In "Mantises Exchange Angular Momentum between Three Rotating Body Parts to Jump Precisely to Targets" published Thursday in Current Biology, researchers showed that "when making targeted jumps, juvenile wingless mantises first rotated their abdomen about the thorax to adjust the center of mass and thus regulate spin at takeoff. Once airborne, they then smoothly and sequentially transferred angular momentum in four stages between the jointed abdomen, the two raptorial front legs, and the two propulsive hind legs to produce a controlled jump with a precise landing."
the target distance was reduced, and the angular velocity of the trunk was measured. If the mantis is adjusting its rotations, then a shorter jump would have to be accompanied by a faster angular rotation of the trunk to align properly with the target. When jumping to a target one body length away, there were no anticlockwise rotations of the abdomen and the hind legs that occurred in periods II and III in jumps to the more distant targets. The mantis now rotated 64% faster at 1.4° ± 0.2° ms−1 and spent 66% less time airborne (44.9 ± 3.8 ms) while still landing precisely on the target (mean of means for six sixth instar mantises each jumping three times, compared with 13 jumps by five mantises jumping to targets at 1.5–2 body lengths). The absence of leg and abdominal rotations here, accompanied by a higher rotation rate of the trunk, thus confirms a role for these rotations in reducing whole-body spin in the longer jumps and also suggests that they are under active muscular control. | https://io9.gizmodo.com/if-they-cant-move-their-abdomen-mantises-cant-jump-1689808190 |
A method is presented for the three-dimensional analysis of ski jumping using two pan and tilt cameras. In each film frame two reference markers are digitized and identified so that a pseudo focal length and three angles defining camera orientation can be calculated from a knowledge of the positions of camera and markers. In each film frame 12 body landmarks are digitized and the films taken by the two cameras are synchronized using the digitized displacement data. The time histories of the center of mass location and 15 angles describing the orientation and configuration of the jumper are calculated. Digitization errors lead to an error of 0.05 m in center of mass location and an error of 1° in orientation angles.
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Maurice R. Yeadon
At the 1992 Olympic Games six full twisting double somersault dismounts were recorded with two video cameras during the rings individual apparatus finals in the men's Artistic Gymnastics competition. Angles describing body configuration were determined from video data and were input, together with initial orientation angle values and angular momentum components, into a computer simulation model of aerial movement. Mean absolute deviations between simulation and video after the completion of one half twist were 0.01 rev for somersault, 2.8° for tilt, and 0.08 rev for twist. When the estimate of the initial tilt angle was adjusted by up to 1° these deviations fell to 1.6° for tilt and 0.02 rev for twist. All 6 competitors produced the majority of the tilt using aerial techniques that were predominantly asymmetrical movements of the arms. Contributions to the subsequent removal of tilt were determined using reverse simulations, and again arm movements were the main contributors.
Maurice R. Yeadon
At the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, four double somersault dismounts with one twist and four double somersault dismounts with two twists were filmed using two 16 mm cameras during the men's horizontal bar competitions. Contributions to tilt angle reached at the midtwist position, determined using computer simulations based on modifications of the data obtained from film, were used as measures of the twisting potential of various techniques. The amount of tilt produced was greater when total twist was greater and when the body was tucked rather than straight. The twisting techniques used varied with the timing of the twist within the two somersaults. Contact contributions were larger when there was more twist in the first somersault. When there was little or no twist in the first somersault, the major contribution came from aerial techniques that comprised mainly arm movements and asymmetrical hip movements in the flight phase.
Maurice R. Yeadon
At the 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics, six triple somersaults with three twists or four twists were filmed using two cameras. Angles describing body configuration and orientation were determined and were used as input into a computer simulation model of aerial movement. It was found that the twist angle of each simulation deviated from the corresponding angle obtained from film by less than 0.08 revolutions during the first somersault of each movement. Contributions to the tilt angle after one somersault were determined using simulations based on modifications of the film data. It was found that of the six competitors, two initiated the twist during the takeoff phase, two initiated the twist during the aerial phase, and two used a combination of both methods.
Maurice R. Yeadon and Grant Trewartha
The goal of this study was to investigate the control strategy employed by gymnasts in maintaining a hand balance. It was hypothesized that a “wrist strategy” was used in which perturbations in the sagittal plane were corrected using variations in wrist flexor torque with synergistic shoulder and hip torques acting to preserve a fixed body configuration. A theoretical model of wrist strategy indicated that control could be effected using wrist torque that was a linear function of mass center displacement and velocity. Four male gymnasts executed hand balances and 2-dimensional inverse dynamics was used to determine net joint torque time histories at the wrist, shoulder, and hip joints in the sagittal plane. Wrist torque was regressed against mass center position and velocity values at progressively earlier times. It was found that all gymnasts used the wrist strategy, with time delays ranging from 160 to 240 ms. The net joint torques at the shoulder and hip joints were regressed against the torques required to maintain a fixed configuration. This fixed configuration strategy accounted for 86% of the variance in the shoulder torque and 86% of the variance in the hip torque although the actual torques exceeded the predicted torques by 7% and 30%, respectively. The estimated time delays are consistent with the use of long latency reflexes, whereas the role of vestibular and visual information in maintaining a hand balance is less certain.
Maurice R. Yeadon and David G. Kerwin
At the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, 18 single somersaults with one twist in the women’s compulsory floor exercises were recorded using two video cameras. An 11 segment computer simulation model was used to analyze the twisting techniques used. It was found mat counter-rotation techniques accounted for less than one third of the twist for all gymnasts, indicating that the production of twist was mainly a consequence of the angular momentum and a non-zero tilt angle. Contributions to the tilt angle reached at the mid-twist position were used as measures of the twisting potential of various techniques. Contact techniques accounted for 30% of the tilt produced, the remainder being produced using aerial techniques, which primarily comprised a symmetrical lowering of the arms together with minor contributions from asymmetrical arm and hip movements. There was no evidence of a difference in technique between the highest and lowest scoring competitors.
Michael J. Hiley and Maurice R. Yeadon
The undersomersault, or felge, to handstand on parallel bars has become an important skill in Men’s Artistic Gymnastics as it forms the basis of many complex variations. To receive no deductions from the judges, the undersomersault must be performed without demonstrating the use of strength to achieve the final handstand position. Two male gymnasts each performed nine undersomersaults from handstand to handstand while data were recorded using an automatic motion capture system. The highest and lowest scoring trials of each gymnast, as determined by four international judges, were chosen for further analysis. Three optimization criteria were used to generate undersomersault technique during the swing phase of the skill using a computer simulation model: minimization of peak joint torques, minimization of horizontal velocity before release, and maximization of angular momentum. The techniques used by both gymnasts could be explained using the second optimization criterion which facilitated further skill development. The first optimization criterion generated a technique advocated for beginners where strength might be expected to be a limiting factor. The third optimization criterion resulted in a different type of undersomersault movement of greater difficulty according to the FIG Code of Points.
Matthew P. Greig and Maurice R. Yeadon
In order to maximize the mass center vertical velocity at toe-off and thereby jump height the approach parameters in high jumping must be optimized. The present study aimed to determine the influence on jump height of the approach speed, the leg plant angle, and the knee angle at touchdown. Sixteen trials by an elite male high jumper were recorded in a single training session. Direct intervention was used to induce a change in technique so that a greater range in approach speed was obtained than was observed in competition. The optimum approach was shown to be fast (7.0 m · s–1) with the leg planted away from the vertical (34°) and with minimum knee flexion. A regression equation was obtained which was able to account for 79% of the observed variation in jump height. Jump height performance was shown to be most sensitive to changes in leg plant angle and knee angle at touchdown.
Mark A. King and Maurice R. Yeadon
This paper describes a method for defining the maximum torque that can be produced at a joint from isovelocity torque measurements on an individual. The method is applied to an elite male gymnast in order to calculate subject-specific joint torque parameters for the knee joint. Isovelocity knee extension torque data were collected for the gymnast using a two-repetition concentric-eccentric protocol over a 75° range of crank motion at preset crank angular velocities ranging from 20 to 250°s–1. During these isovelocity movements, differences of up to 35° were found between the angle of the dynamometer crank and the knee joint angle of the participant. In addition, faster preset crank angular velocities gave smaller ranges of isovelocity motion for both the crank and joint. The simulation of an isovelocity movement at a joint angular velocity of 150°s–1 showed that, for realistic series elastic component extensions, the angular velocity of the joint can be assumed to be the same as the angular velocity of the contractile component during most of the isovelocity trial. Fitting an 18-parameter exponential function to experimental isovelocity joint torque/ angle/ angular velocity data resulted in a surface that was well behaved over the complete range of angular velocities and within the specified range of joint angles used to calculate the surface.
Michael J. Hiley and Maurice R. Yeadon
It has previously been shown that male gymnasts using the “scooped” giant circling technique were able to flatten the path followed by their mass center, resulting in a larger margin for error when releasing the high bar (Hiley & Yeadon, 2003a). The circling technique prior to performing double layout somersault dismounts from the asymmetric bars in women's artistic gymnastics appears to be similar to the “traditional” technique used by some male gymnasts on the high bar. It was speculated that as a result the female gymnasts would have margins for error similar to those of male gymnasts who use the traditional technique. However, it is unclear how the technique of the female gymnasts is affected by the need to avoid the lower bar. A 4-segment planar simulation model of the gymnast and upper bar was used to determine the margins for error when releasing the bar for 9 double layout somersault dismounts at the Sydney 2000 Olympics. The elastic properties of the gymnast and bar were modeled using damped linear springs. Model parameters, primarily the inertia and spring parameters, were optimized to obtain a close match between simulated and actual performances in terms of rotation angle (1.2°), bar displacement (0.011 m), and release velocities (<1%). Each matching simulation was used to determine the time window around the actual point of release for which the model had appropriate release parameters to complete the dismount successfully. The margins for error of the 9 female gymnasts (release window 43–102 ms) were comparable to those of the 3 male gymnasts using the traditional technique (release window 79–84 ms). | https://journals.humankinetics.com/search?f_0=author&q_0=Maurice+R.+Yeadon |
According to perpendicular axis theorem "For a planar object, the moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane is the sum of the moments of inertia of two perpendicular axes through the same point in the plane of the object".
according to parallel axis theorem the moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia of the body about a parallel axis passing through its Centre of mass and the product of its mass and the square of the distance between the two parallel axes.
Rolling motion without slipping involve both translation motion and rotation motion. Hence kinetic energy of body in rolling motion is the sum of both translation kinetic energy and rotational kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy of rotation
K =
revolution per second
angular velocity rad/sec
moment of inertia about an axis passing through centre of solid sphere
Kinetic energy of rotation
As the child stand up then Centre of mass is shifted in upwards direction from the sitting position of child, thus decreasing the effective length of the swing, so as the time period is proportion to square root of length, thus time period decreases.
time period
Time period of swing decreases as effective length decreases.
Axial vector represent rotational effect and are always along the axis of rotation. Direction of angular momentum always along the axis of rotation in accordance with right hand screw rule. Hence angular momentum is an axial vector. | http://aptitude.brainkart.com/topic/system-of-particles-and-rotational-motion-39/ |
I read this article written by Gary Hall Sr about coupling motions.
FIRST RESPONSE TO ARTICLE: This article is another great way to describe momentum.
“When an external force acts upon a body, it changes its momentum; however, when no external force acts, the momentum of the body does not change, a fact which is incorporated in the principle of ‘the conservation of momentum’. Therefore, momentum has come to be known as the force of motion that a moving body acquires in continuing its motion by virtue of inertia.” – Webster’s Unabridged
If you can understand this concept, you will be a very happy swimmer.
Maintaining a proper streamline and being able to time your breakout into your swimming is key to fast swimming. If you ever do anything underwater and feel yourself slow down then you have lost momentum. Momentum will be different for each athlete based on body type, flexibility and skill level. What and how you do your underwater mechanics and how you break out into your swimming all effects momentum.
Streamlined position:
The hands should be crossed – hand over hand, some people teach a crossover grab. The biceps should be pressed upon the ears with the shoulders and chest stretched out as much as possible. The head will not be tucked chin to chest but in the same position, it would be in as if you were walking. The midsection and hips will be in line with the thighs and feet following directly behind. The legs must be in the same plane as the hips thus reducing drag. This is the basic streamline (spike). Hands, Head, Hips, and Heels in line. Once this has been achieved you may begin your breakout by starting your first stroke. Judging the depth of the water is essential for a good breakout by maintaining momentum.
SECOND RESPONSE TO ARTICLE: I don’t necessarily agree with the way he describes Breaststroke coupling and the mechanics involved. This is obviously a stroke that is still evolving but I would err on the side of teaching body position of the stroke first.
Body position and reducing drag:
If a swimmer can master body position, then the battle with drag can be won. Reducing drag should be a swimmers main concern. Your head position should be held as when walking. The head should not be tucked forward or back. The head controls the position of the feet and a slight movement of the head will make a huge impact with the legs and increase the drag of the whole body. The head must be streamlined with the body during the whole swim. The concept of body position must be learned with the thoughts of achieving a streamlined body position. As often as possible you must try to keep the 4 H’s in line (Hands, Head, Hips, and Heels). Once body position is lost the drag becomes a very large factor and stroke mechanics fall apart. Eliminating drag is an important part of stroke mechanics and one of the driving forces of swimming along with maintaining momentum.
Breaststroke legs warm up during meets before a competition.
200-400 non-breast easy, based on how you feel
Begin with 8 x 25’s kick with a drill. (3 kicks / 1 stroke or hands at side, breathing every kick) @ 60% rest as needed
Another 8 x 25’s kick, 4 with a drill and 4 w/board or hands in front @ 70-75% rest as needed
Another 6-8 x 25’s kick half kick w/board or hands in front and half swim(emphasis kick) @90% rest as needed
Another 6 x 25’s build each 25 swim to 95% rest to recovery
200-400 non-breast, easy based on your recovery needed and plan to finish about 7-10 minutes before you compete
We are all here to learn and adapt. Let me know your thoughts. Please take some time to review all our seasonal plans (7, 14, 19 and 23-week programs). If you need any help adjusting programming to your team please email me. | https://fasterswimming.com/category/warm-up/ |
Force Moment Velocity Distance Physics
This Physics chapter is about Force, Moment, Velocity and Distance.
the line of action is
an extended line drawn colinear with the force
the lever arm is the
distance ι between the line of action and axis of rotation, measured on a line that is perpendicular to both
magnitude of torque =
magnitude of force x lever arm
the torque is positive when…
the force tends to produce a counterclockwise rotation about the axis
if a rigid body is in equilibrium, neither…
its linear motion nor its rotational motion changes
a rigid body is in equilibrium if it has
zero translational acceleration and zero angular acceleration
in equilibrium, the sum of externally applied forces is
zero
torque is what causes _____ ______ to change
rotational motion
the choice of axis is completely arbitrary, because if an object is in equilibrium, it is in equilibrium with respect to…
any axis whatsoever
to a large extent, the directions of the forces acting on an object in equilibrium can be deduced using
intuition
choosing the direction of an unknown force backward in the free body diagram simply means that
the value determined will be a negative number
center of gravity of a rigid body is the point at which…
the weight can be considered to act when the torque due to the weight is being calculated
when an object has a symmetrical shape and its weight is distributed uniformly, the center of gravity lies
at its geometrical center
the center of gravity plays an important role in determining whether a group of objects remains in
equilibrium as the weight distribution within changes
according to newton’s second law for rotational motion about a fixed axis, the net external torque is directly proportional to
the angular acceleration
moment of inertia of the particle
I = mr²
-the constant of proportionality between the torque and acceleration
moment of inertia (I) of the body:
sum of the individual moments of inertia
∑mr²
moment of inertia of the body equation
I = m₁r₁² + m₂r₂² = ∑mr²
when forces act on a rigid object, they can affect its motion in two ways:
1) produce translational acceleration (ax and ay)
2) produce torques, causing the object to have angular acceleration α
for translational acceleration (ax ay) we use:
∑F=ma
for rotational motion of rigid object around fixed axis
∑t=lα
the work done W by a constant force that points in the same direction as displacement is
W=Fs
the rotational work done Wr done by a constant torque T in turning an object through an angle θ is
Wr = Tθ
for rotational work (Wr), θ must be expressed in
radians
rotational kinetic energy: KEr of a rigid object rotating with angular speed w about a fixed axis and having a moment of inertia I is:
KEr = 1/2lw²
angular momentum L of a body rotating around a fixed axis is the product of the body’s moment of inertia I and its angular velocity with respect to that axis:
L = lw
w must be in radians
principle of conservation of angular momentum
when the sum of average external torques is zero, final and initial angular momenta are the same
Lf = Lo
Is it possible for two quantities to have the same units but different dimensions?
no
Is it possible for two quantities to have the different units but the same dimensions?
yes
kilo
10^3
deci
10^-1
centi
10^-2
milli
10^-3
Micro
10^-6
nano
10^-9
pico
10^-12
mega
10^6
giga
10^9
tera
10^12
peta
10^15
On a fishing trip, you catch a 2.8 lb bass, a 13.9 lb rock cod, and a 15.33 lb salmon.
32.03 lb
How many significant figures are in 0.00000303?
3
How many significant figures are in 6.201*10^5?
4
Which of the following quantities have the dimensions
of time? (a) x/v (b) a/v (c) (2x/a)^1/2 (d) v^2/a
x/v, (2x/a)^1/2
The accuracy of an instrument is called what?
resolution
Typically resolution is ______ the smallest division on an instrument.
1/10
___________ is the total length of travel.
Distance
_______ is the change in position.
Displacement
Average speed =
Distance/elapsed time
Average velocity =
Displacement/elapsed time
What are the three vectors associated with one dimensional movement?
displacement, velocity, acceleration
A vector has what and what?
magnitude and direction
The instantaneous velocity at a point is equal to what?
The slope of the tangent line to the curve at that point
Acceleration is what? | https://quiztutors.com/force-moment-velocity-distance-physics/ |
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Diwali, also referred to as Deepavali and Divali, is a five-day Hindu festival largely celebrated in India. It is commonly referred to as the Festival of Lights, signifying the triumph of good over evil. Other religions such as Sikhism and Jainism also observe this holiday.
See the fact file below for more information on the Diwali or alternatively, you can download our 22-page Diwali worksheet pack to utilise within the classroom or home environment.
Key Facts & Information
Etymology and Religious Background
- The term ‘diwali’ comes from the word deepavali, which means “row of lamps”. It is celebrated on the 15th day of the Hindu month Kartik. Hindus around the world, especially in India, celebrate this day to honor Lakshmi and Ganesh, Hindu goddess of wealth and prosperity, and lord of enlightenment, respectively.
- The Hindu festival was mentioned in Sanskrit texts in Padma Purana and Skanda Purana. Traditionally, Hindus used diyas or small lamps made of clay to decorate and light their houses.
- In some parts of India, the celebration of Diwali is associated with the story of Yama and Nachiketa in which knowledge triumphed over ignorance and good over evil as written in Katha Upanishad.
- According to North Indian traditions, Diwali is celebrated to mark the return of Lord Rama and Sita after being exiled for 14 years. In South India, however, Hindus observe Diwali to celebrate the death of the evil Nanakusa at the hands of Lord Krishna.
- For Hindu farmers, Diwali is the time to thank the deities for the harvest and wish for a prosperous harvest in the upcoming year.
Diwali Observances and Traditions
- Diwali is the most celebrated and famous festival in India. Aside from Hindus, the festival of lights is also observed by Sikhs, Jains and Newar Buddhists.
- Since 1577, Sikhs began to celebrate Diwali because it was during this time that the foundation stone for the Golden Temple was laid. The Golden Temple is considered the most sacred place of worship for Sikhs.
- Moreover, it also marks the return of the Sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind Ji, and 52 royals from imprisonment under the rule of Mughal Emperor Jahangir in 1619.
- In addition to Sikhs, Jain communities in India also celebrate Diwali as New Year’s day to commemorate the attainment of nirvana by Lord Mahavira.
- For Hindu traders and businessmen, Diwali marks the opening of the new financial year and accounting books. They offer prayers to Lord Ganesha for a prosperous year ahead.
- Today, Diwali is a national holiday in India, Myanmar, Trinidad and Tobago, Mauritius, Nepal, Singapore, Suriname, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Fiji.
- During the festival, houses are decorated with many diyas, while fireworks typically light the night skies. They do such practices to attract the goddess of fortune, Lakshmi. Traditional Hindu families offer fruits, rice, pudding, flowers and other gifts to goddess Lakshmi, also while performing puja or singing of sacred words.
- Houses are traditionally cleaned before Diwali making it spotless for the New Year.
- Hindus all over the world observe Diwali by exchanging gifts, wearing new clothes and sharing festive meals.
- In northern and western India, the five-day festival starts with dhanteras where houses and businesses are decorated and renovated. Women and children decorate entrances with rangoli design while men do external lighting.
- It is also a major shopping day for everyone, especially for gold and silver items.
- Day two is called Narak Chaturdashi or Choti Diwali, which is started with early-morning religious rituals followed by festivities. In some regions, special bathing rituals and hand henna designs for women are observed.
- Lakshmi Puja is the third day of Diwali and is also the main festive day. Hindus wear their best clothes, diyas in houses are lit while some are set adrift on bodies of water. Mothers are recognized during this day for their hard work.
- Rangoli is an art form that originated in India. These colourful floor patterns are usually created in living rooms and courtyards. During Diwali, women and children usually do this on house entrances.
- The fourth day is called Padwa and is ritually celebrated to honor the devotion of husband and wife.
- The last day is known as Bhai Duj, which celebrates the sister-brother relationship. It observes the lifelong bond of siblings through prayers, food-sharing and gift-giving.
- On Diwali, specific food like sweets (mithai) play an important role in the celebration. Among the mithai are freshly made Jalebis, Gulab Jamun, Kheer, Shankarpali and Suji Halwa.
- “Shubh Deepavali” is the usual greeting during Diwali. It means “have an auspicious Diwali”.
Diwali Worksheets
This is a fantastic bundle which includes everything you need to know about Diwali across 22 in-depth pages. These are ready-to-use Diwali worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about the Diwali, also referred to as Deepavali and Divali, which is a five-day Hindu festival largely celebrated in India. It is commonly referred to as the Festival of Lights, signifying the triumph of good over evil. Other religions such as Sikhism and Jainism also observe this holiday.
Complete List Of Included Worksheets
- Diwali Facts
- Annual Diwali
- Let Me Guess!
- Marking Days
- Hindu Know?
- What’s on the Menu?
- Grab a Word
- Festival of Lights
- My Rangoli
- Diwali Match Up
- Hear Me Out!
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Link will appear as Diwali Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, July 4, 2018
Use With Any Curriculum
These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. You can use these worksheets as-is, or edit them using Google Slides to make them more specific to your own student ability levels and curriculum standards. | https://kidskonnect.com/religion/diwali/ |
Today is Rishipancham 7 sages of seventh manvantar have contributed amazingly to make mankind happy and prosperous. Today is the festival of remembering these seven sages and getting inspiration from their lives. Give the new generation a thin introduction of these seven sages.
Diwali- Festival of Lights and Triumph of Good over Evil.
Diwali is a Festival of Lights. Although Pandemic has made it difficult to observe Diwali since 2020, we Indians still find ways to celebrate Diwali in a more meaningful and modest way. Let's find out how.
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Bommala Koluvu - A Beautiful Indian Tradition
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Logic and Science Behind Rakshabandhan
This festival is celebrated in month of Shrawan according to Hindu calendar which falls on August- September month of English calendar, which is consider as holy month of Hindu religion and called to be as month of lord Shiva.
Radhashtami: Celebrating Devotion
Radhashtami is a Hindu festival which commemorates the birth anniversary of Radharani. On the auspicious day of Radhashtami, the devotees pray to Her to bless them with Krishna prema.
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Teej Festival - Festivals of India
Teej is as important a festival as Karva Chauth for Hindu married women. Learn more about the teej festival which comprises of 3 separate teej festival celebrations
15 Countries that Celebrate Diwali Festival of Lights
Diwali the festival of Light is precisely celebrated in more than 15 countries by Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhist. Celebrated across the world to mark the victory of good over evil, light over da
15 Reasons to Celebrate Diwali the Festival of Lights
Diwali is the most precious festival of lights for Hindus, Jain, Sikh and Buddhists , celebrated in all over India. But the reason to celebrate varies. every communities and religion have own trust
Tihar the Hindus Festival of Nepal
Tihar a five days Hindu festival of lihts at ocasion of Diawali in Nepal that has very interesting and rare rituals like Crow, cow and Dog worship. bhai tika and playing, Deusi and Bhalo.
26 January - Indian Republic Day
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Makar Sankranti Festival - Festivals of India
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Pongal Festival - the Harvest Festival of Tamil Nadu - Festivals of India
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Lohri Festival - the Bonfire Festival of Punjab - Festivals of India
Learn about Lohri, the bonfire festival of Punjab, its history, significance, traditions, rituals & celebrations...
Gudi Padwa; The Festival of Hindu New Year in Maharashtra
Gudi Padwa is a Marathi festival that denotes the first day of Hindu solar calendar of Chaitra month. Gudi Padwa arrives when spring is in its peak with trees bearing fruits and with flowers blooming in gardens.
Dhanteras or Diwali – What is it?
There is no dearth of festivals in India. From Ugadi to Ramadan and Christmas, India celebrates festivals all-round the year. Every festival in India has its own significance, may it be historical or mythological. Similarly, Diwali or Dhanteras, the...
Guru Nanak Jayanti - Sikh Festivals
A short brief on the life and teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the First Guru of the Sikhs, the founder of the Sikh religion and his birthday celebrations...
Indian Festival Navratri: The 9 Nights of Festivities, Music and Dance Extravaganza
The Navratri festival of India, is popular all around the World. The men and women welcome it, with a great deal of enthusiasm and joy. They make preparations for this colourful festival, quite in advance, with vibrant, colourful and traditional costumes, matching ornaments, dance training etc.
Oh my Dasara In Mysore.
A cultural festival since from 1399 started by the King of Mysore ended with the last King's death in late December '13.There is a court battle going on with the Queen and Karnataka Govt since 10 year
Traditional South Indian New Year Recipe -Ugadi Pachadi
Each country and regions have their own festivals and unique recipes depicting their cultural and traditional beliefs. One such rare and tasty dish on Telugu New Year's Day in Andhra Pradesh is here.
Durga Puja - Hindu Festival - Festivals of India
Durga Pooja is an annual Hindu festival that celebrates the killing of the demon Mahisasur by Goddess Durga by worshipping the Goddess and following certain rituals. Read on to know more...
Rakhi: Tracing it Back in History
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Mysore Dasara History And Mysore Dasara Festival 2015-2016
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Gorgeous and colorful kurta pyjamas for your little boy to help celebrate Diwali in style!
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Diwali, the festival of lights, has always been a joyous festival in the presence of my Lord and Master, Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba. Reliving some beautiful memories of Diwali, with photos!
Diwali gift ideas for all
Diwali is festival lights and joy.Diwali is considered not complete unless you give beautiful gift to your loved ones.It is the symbolises your love for them.Here i am giving some diwali gift ideas for all age group.Hope you will find it useful
Karwa Chauth - Hindu Festival - Festivals of India
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Famous and Attractive Mangalore Dasara
One of the famous festivals in South India where international tourists flock to see the Navaratri, Dussehra or the Dasara festival. People in India celebrate the festival according to the local traditions. Kudroli temple, Mangalore attracts huge crowds this year in the month of October 2018. | https://discover.hubpages.com/holidays/hindu-and-indian-holidays/ |
India is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world. Right from the northern tip of Kashmir to the southern tip of Kanyakumari – the different cultures add their own touch to celebrations for special occasions, and this is apparent during most major festivals. Diwali – the festival of lights – is no different.
Certain aspects of Diwali are common throughout the country. Diwali is a festival that brings together different communities to celebrate together. It is a time where families and friends come together to celebrate, share food, sweets and gifts and enjoy bursting firecrackers. People light up their houses and communities with lamps and candles.
But other practices are unique to specific parts of the country. Below are some ways that different states put their own spin on celebrating Diwali.
Diwali is celebrated whole-heartedly in North India, which is known for its people’s enthusiastic celebrations. Festivities in the northern parts of the country include a fair bit of gambling, since the festival is considered to be auspicious and to bring monetary benefits. Although Diwali is a Hindu festival, many Sikhs celebrate by lighting up their houses. Their places of worship, the gurdwaras, are also lit up on the night of Diwali.
In South India, Diwali is celebrated with much aplomb. People clean their homes and decorate them with beautiful patterns on kolam, which is similar to rangoli used in North India.
Tamil Nadu has the unique tradition of Thalai Deepavali, where newly married couples spend their first Diwali in the bride’s parental house. The couple seeks blessing from their elders, visits the temple together. They also light the first firecrackers of the night. The couple is also showered with gifts and blessings, and treated to food and sweets.
In Karnataka, the first and third days of Diwali are of particular significance. The first day, Ashwija Krishna Chaturdashi, celebrates the demise of the demon Narakasura. After Lord Ram killed the demon, he washed the blood off himself by taking a bath in oil. In honor of this, people take part in an oil bath on this day. The third day is Bali Padyami, and is celebrated by women of the household making elaborate patterns around the house with rangoli.
In Maharashtra, Diwali celebrations go on for 4 days. On the first day, Vasubaras, prayers are made to the cow and her calf, signifying the love between a mother and her baby. The second day, Dhanteras, is an auspicious day for financial deeds. Businessmen worship the Goddess Lakshmi and open new account books on this day, praying for financial success.The third day, Narakchaturdashi, is marked by waking up before sunrise and bathing in oil and turmeric. This is followed by a feast consisting of traditional fare – sweets such as ‘karanji’ and savory snacks such as ‘chakri’ are enjoyed by one and all. The fourth day is Lakshmi Pujan, the night of the new moon. Lamps, candles and lights are lit up to overcome the darkness of the night. People offer prayers to the Goddess Lakshmi, and worship wealth-signifying goods like jewellery and currency. New clothes are purchased for Lakshmi Pujan and worn while celebrating with loved ones.
In West Bengal, the Hindu Goddess Kali is worshiped on the day that most other states perform Lakshmi puja. Rituals include Tantric rites, mantras and offering flowers, sweets, rice and meat to the Goddess.
As you can see, there is a wide variety in cultural celebrations for the occasion of Diwali in our country. So, why not explore a new culture this festive season and make a trip out of it with Zoomcar? Whether you are interested in observing new rituals, spending time with family in a different city, or being amazed by the visual aesthetic of a city completely lit up, make this Diwali special by exploring a different side of the festival.
Previous article India is at an inflection point for cycle-sharing startups! | https://www.zoomcar.com/blog/how-diwali-displays-indias-promising-cultural-diversity/ |
Diwali – Indian Festival of Light at Somerfield!
Somerfield Social Club welcomes you to join us for Diwali “Festival of Lights” on Saturday the 14th of November at 6.30pm.
Diwali is a Hindu festival with lights, held in the period October to November. It is particularly associated with Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity. Now in its second consecutive year, Somerfield’s Hindu community will display their culture with music, specialty sweets, and lights.
WHEN: Saturday 14th November 2015
TIME: 6.30pm – 9pm
WHERE: Lake by the Park Clarendon Drive
Please come join us for this event – all residents welcome.
To find out more about Diwali please refer to SBS link below
http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/10/21/what-diwali
Somerfield Social Club is committed to celebrating cultural diversity in Somerfield with number of key occasions earmarked this year, including International Children’s Day, Chinese New Year and the Diwali – Indian Festival of Light. | https://somerfield.com.au/diwali-indian-festival-of-light-at-somerfield/ |
With more than a billion people celebrating the festival of lights, which falls on October 27 this year, Diwali is one of the most significant religious observances around the world. While the occasion carries different meanings for different people and religious communities, Indians in the UAE are set to celebrate the festival with a lot of enthusiasm.
People from different states have varied customs, but all believe it is an ideal occasion to keep their culture and traditions alive.
It’s a common tradition to pray to Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, and worship account books as the season marks the start of the new Hindu financial year. Many also consider this festival as an auspicious time to splurge on gold, jewellery, clothes and other expensive purchases.
Jagruti Goradia, a Gujarati homemaker, and her family start each of the five days of Diwali visiting the Shri Krishna temple in Bur Dubai. At home, they offer prayers and prepare various homemade sweets and dishes. “This year, I will make mewa dhooghare or gujiya (traditional deep-fried dumplings made with maida and stuffed with a mixture of sweetened khoya and dried fruits),” she says.
“Oil lamps made of clay (diyas) and decorative lights all placed over the house. As a ritual on Dhanteras, we buy some gold or silver every year as it is believed to be very auspicious and brings good luck. We do chopada poojan (worshipping account books) and pray to Goddess Lakshmi on the day of Diwali. The day after Diwali is our New Year, and this year we are planning to distribute boxes of essential everyday items at a labour camp in Dubai to spread our happiness with them. In the evening, we visit Krishna temple for Annkut celebration, where several hundreds of varieties of food are offered to the deity.”
Green gatherings
Diwali is the time to celebrate with friends and family. For Juhi Malhotra, an interior designer in Dubai, it’s a perfect opportunity to host guests from varied cultural backgrounds. “We had an inter-caste marriage,” she says. “I’m Punjabi and my husband is Sindhi so our friends and family have mixed backgrounds. Such celebrations give us a chance to enjoy the festival with multiple traditions and tastes. I love to create exclusive spaces in my home to host these guests.”
Last year, Malhotra created a small majlis corner in her home that was decorated with lights from floor to ceiling, bringing the outdoor patio feel indoors. Everyone attending the gathering had to bring one of their cultural dishes, giving all guests the taste of various cultures. “This year, we have decided to do it in an eco-conscious way,” says Malhotra. “We realised that a lot of food gets wasted and we used plastic plates and cutlery in large numbers that were dumped later. This time we are keeping a limited menu options to avoid food wastage and will use bamboo plates to reduce the negative effects on our environment.”
Abu Dhabi-based Vipruta Vagadiya is also going plastic-free this year by making all eco-friendly festive decor items at home. Vagadiya, who runs a Gujju Goriyo Group that organises Diwali events for its members has painted the mud diyas and lantern lamps, and is making torans (door hangings) on her own. “I will make rangolis (floor designs) with dry powder colour, avoiding all readymade plastic décor options that we purchase from the market,” she says. “Even for sweets, I am preparing homemade chocolates this year.”
Vagadiya is also involving her nine-year-old son in these preparations, encouraging him to think of the planet. “Right from my childhood days in India, I visit the temple on Diwali and New Year, and this year too we will be attending the religious ritual on November 1 at the new temple site in Abu Dhabi,” she says. “This way, my son can also learn about the customs and witness the rituals.”
Festive rituals
Monika Prasad, a marketing professional in Dubai, also wants to introduce her festive rituals to her children. After ten years of living in Bur Dubai, a buzzing place during Diwali, this year Prasad and her family will be celebrating their first festival in Mudon, where they live among diverse nationalities. “We will do Lakshmi puja at home with my family like every year,” she says. “Then we will share some sweets with non-Indian neighbours, inviting them to be a part of our celebrations.”
Prasad will make her children build decorated mud dollhouses called gharaundas, just like her mother made her do in her childhood. “These mud homes were meant to welcome Lord Ram back home, after his victory over Ravana,” she explains. “I will also read the story of Lord Ram with the kids, so they learn about age-old traditions practised back home.”
Professional photographer Sangeeta Khaira will teach her three-year-old daughter everything about Diwali, including the Pooja rituals. “I will let her watch the crackers but keep her at a distance,” she says. “Every year we come up with different rangoli concepts. This year I want my daughter to participate so I will keep the floor design child-friendly and use material that’s not harmful. For me, Diwali brings the entire family together in these busy times to eat, pray and love.”
Putting up lights and decorating the house with flowers and rangoli is not enough for Diwali, says Yangche Lama. Along with celebrating the festival with her family and friends, the Tibetan/Nepali flight attendant plans on distributing meals to workers in a neighbouring construction site.
“Lighting up the lives of those less-privileged than us makes Diwali more meaningful for me,” she says. | https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/families-set-to-light-up-diwali-festivities-1.1571819775403 |
Theemithi (also spelt Thimithi), or "firewalking", is a Hindu religious practice where devotees walk across a fire pit in exchange for a wish or blessing granted by the goddess Draupadi. Theemithi is part of a larger ceremony stretching over a two-and-a-half month ...
Sri Krishnan Temple was established on Waterloo Street in 1870. It is the only South Indian Hindu temple in Singapore dedicated exclusively to Sri Krishna and his consort Rukmini.
Constructed in 1855, the Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple at Serangoon Road, Little India, is one of Singapore’s oldest Hindu temples. Known for being the starting point for kavadi carriers during the Thaipusam festival, the temple was gazetted as a national monument ...
Sri Mariamman Temple on South Bridge Road is the oldest Hindu temple in Singapore. Commonly referred to as Mariamman Kovil (“Mariamman Temple” in Tamil), the temple was constructed for the worship of Goddess Mariamman by immigrants from the Nagapattinam and Cuddalore ...
Numerous rites and rituals associated with Christmas which have been handed down through the ages have been adopted by Asians and Singaporeans in an odd mixture. Aside from Christmas trees, gift exchanging, Christmas greetings sent through cards and the inevitable ...
In many Indian Hindu families today, traditions and customs still play an important role in life. Indian weddings, for instance, consist of many traditional customs and ceremonies that the bride, bridegroom and their families have to go through before and on the ...
Sri Senpaga Vinayagar Temple, situated on Ceylon Road, was established in the mid-19th century by Ceylonese Tamils from Sri Lanka. On 7 February 2003, the temple was designated as a historic site and is today visited by tourists and temple worshippers alike.
Thaipusam is a temple festival celebrated by Hindus of Tamil descent in Singapore. It is probably the single most important public rite observed by the community every year between January 14 and February 14. Most Hindu festivals fall either on full moon day (Punarpusam) ...
Ponggal or Pongal, also known as Makara Sankranti, is celebrated in mid-January by South Indians as a festival marking the rice harvest. Pongal, a mixture of sweet boiled rice is made and offered to Surya, the Sun God. The name is derived from the Tamil word pongu, ...
Chinese New Year celebrations are accompanied by specific rites and rituals with strict prohibitions and taboos.
Qing Ming Jie (清明节), which can be translated to mean “Clear and Bright Festival” or “Pure and Bright Festival”, is similar to All Souls’ Day observed in the Western world. It is a festival that falls in early April, 106 days after the December winter solstice. ...
Chinese wedding customs and tradition generally vary according to dialect group. Although modernisation has resulted in the simplification of traditional marriage rituals, a Chinese wedding is often not considered complete until the couple have performed the customary ...
Navaratri, meaning nine (nava) nights (ratri), is a festival celebrating the Hindu goddess Shakti, in all her different manifestations and glory. It is a popular festival that originated from India and is celebrated by Indians all over the world. In Singapore, ...
The festival Vesakhi (or Baisakhi) is the Sikh New Year. It typically falls on 13 April annually, or the first day of the Sikh calendar. Instituted by the 10th Guru, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the festival commemorates the occasion in which five brave Sikhs offered ...
Deepavali, or Diwali (literally translated as “a row of lights”; also known as the Festival of Lights), is a festival celebrated by Hindus worldwide. The festival falls on the 14th day of the dark fortnight in the Tamil month of Aipasi (mid-October to mid-November), ...
The Loyang Tua Pek Kong Temple, located off Loyang Way, was established in the 1980s. The temple owes its existence to a group of friends, who on finding figurines of different religions abandoned on a beach, brought them together and housed them under a unique ...
Albert Street, located in the Rochor area, begins from the junction of Queen Street and New Bugis Street and ends at Selegie Road. It was named after Prince Albert, the consort of Queen Victoria of England. Hindus have performed the annual firewalking ceremony ...
The Malays think of death as part of a life cycle predestined by God. Malay Muslim funerals follow specific Islamic rites in accordance to syariah (religious laws), and are solemn and dignified affairs. The body of the deceased must be treated with honour and reverence, ...
In the early 1980s, the murders of two young children, Agnes Ng Siew Heok and Ghazali bin Marzuki, led to investigations that resulted in the capture of one of Singapore’s most notorious murderers: Adrian Lim, his wife Catherine Tan Mui Choo, and his mistress Hoe ...
Wayang, a Malay word meaning “a theatrical performance employing puppets or human dancers”, commonly refers to Chinese street opera in Singapore, although it is also used in reference to other forms of opera such as wayang kulit. In Mandarin, Chinese street opera ... | https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/search.aspx?q=Timiti%20(Hindu%20rite)&type=articles |
Hindu festival Diwali, also known as Deepavali, is not only the festival of lights, but also marks the beginning of the Hindu New Year.
The next day of Diwali, which this year is 12 November, is celebrated as Hindu new year.
It is believed that the five day festival actually brings good luck.
The first day of Diwali, which is popularly known as 'Dhanteras', is also referred to as the new year of business.
The Hindu New Year is also celebrated in a similar way as Diwali. Though every state has its own rituals, the lighting of many small earthenware oil lamps is common throughout the country.
The lamps are symbolic of the victory of good and knowledge over evil and ignorance.
The lighting of the lamps is also a way for people to show gratitude for the good things in their lives.
Meanwhile, several celebs have wished their followers and fans 'Happy New Year' on social media. | https://www.ibtimes.co.in/hindu-new-year-bollywood-celebs-wish-fans-happy-new-year-social-media-654411 |
Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world. Its rooms and customs are believed to date back more than 4000 years ago. It now has about 900 million adherents and it is considered the third-largest religion behind Christianity and Islam. This article provides a concise overview of Hinduism, its core beliefs and teachings, as well as its practices and customs.
A Concise Overview of the Core Beliefs and Practices in Hinduism
Origin of All Things and the Nature of God
At the heart of Hinduism and the core of Hindu philosophy is the centrality of god as the absolute truth and this reality is reflected through the universe in what could be called the Supreme consciousness.
Hindu gods are worshipped in many forms. It is erroneous to consider Hinduism a polytheistic religion. The Supreme Being is often represented and worshipped in several forms or personalities. However, this being has three personifications.
Brahman is considered the Creator while Vishnu is regarded as the Preserver and Shiva is considered the Destroyer.
View of Human Nature and Concept of Good and Evil
What differentiates a human being from beasts according to Hindu philosophy is the concept called “dharma” which is regarded as a cosmic law underpinning right behavior and social order. Humans are restrained by moral rules.
Hinduism teaches the concept of good and evil through karma or the moral law of cause and effect. Deeds and actions are ultimately reciprocated. Therefore, a good deed is returned with another good deed; a bad deed is reciprocated with another bad deed.
There are three types of karma. Sanchita karma represents past karma that needs to be resolved. Prarabdha karma is future karma that is bound to be experienced and kriyamana karma is present karma that will reveal itself in the future.
Teachings About Salvation and After-Life
Hindu philosophy teaches that human beings should strive to achieve Moksha. Note that this term is also used in Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism,
Moksha represents emancipation, enlightenment, and liberation. Attaining it means freedom from samsara or the cycle of death and rebirth in the soteriological sense so that a person attains nirvana or reunification with the Supreme Being.
The concept of the cycle of death and rebirth or samsara also coincides with the concept of karma. Those who fail to do good deeds in their current lives would be rebirthed in their next lives and are bound to embrace the fruits of their bad deeds.
Notable Practices and Rituals in Hinduism
Hinduism teaches three paths to moksha. These are collectively called margas and include bhaktimarga or the path of devotion, jnanamarga or the path of knowledge or philosophy, and karmamarga or the path of work and action.
Furthermore, the Hindu religion is focused on the fulfillment of obligations according to the social status and stage in life of a particular person. Every Hindu is believed to pass four stages or ashramas. Each stage entails a prescribed way of living.
The four ashramas are brahmacharga which represents school age where learning is pursued; grastha or the middle years which is focused on marriage, family, and career; vanaprastha which shifts focus on spiritual things; and sannyasa or the end of life that requires devotion and meditation.
Some important rituals and practices in Hinduism include Ayurveda, yoga, namaste greeting, and Sadhu. Notable celebrations include Diwali or the Festival of Lights and festivals in honor of Hindu gods such as Ganesh, Rama Navami, and Navaratri.
It is also worth mentioning that cows are sacred among Hindus. They do not worship these animals. However, they have been regarded as sacred because of their immeasurable contribution, and honoring them promotes non-violence toward other animals. | https://www.konsyse.com/articles/the-basics-of-hinduism-beliefs-and-practices/ |
It's Eid, and at the prayer hall, Aneesa meets two sisters who are refugees. With their father, they have fled from their war-torn country. Aneesa can't stop thinking about the girls and what Eid must be like for them. That's when Aneesa comes up with a plan to help the girls celebrate Eid and make it the best Eid holiday ever.
Includes reproducible holiday policies, sample questionnaires for families, and a sample Holiday Practices Improvement Plan to adapt to assess the strengths and weaknesses of your own holiday activities. This hands-on guide helps you celebrate holidays in your early learning program in culturally responsive, respectful, and inclusive ways. Age focus: 0–8.
This collection of legends, poems, recipes, and activities explains the special customs, delicious foods and unique rituals of Chinese traditions and holidays.
This beautiful photo-essay is a wonderful introduction to the special month of Ramadan.
Chinese New Year is always special — but this year there is magic in the air!
Celebrate all things Hanukkah in this A to Z primer. Introduce your little one to the Festival of Lights in this fun collection of twenty-six illustrations featuring Hanukkah-themed concepts, such as latkes, gelt, the menorah, and of course dreidels.
When Sasquatch upsets Santa's sleigh, everyone gets the wrong presents. But that doesn't stop them from having a great time! Join in the merriment and mayhem as a wild (and familiar) cast of Canadian characters take over the Christmas holidays once again. With the same jolly rhymes and infectious energy that made A Porcupine in a Pine Tree an instant classic, this Canadian twist on "Jingle Bells" is the must-have, must-give book for the holidays.
Learn about Diwali and the story of Rama and Sita, and how Diwali is celebrated today.
This charming picture book for younger children describes a typical family's celebration of the Jewish Festival of Light. After Dad reads the kids a story from Jewish history, the family sings and lights the candles. The kids spin their dreidels, and all exchange gifts. At last the family sits at the dinner table, where they eat, drink, talk, and laugh. This delightful picture book depicts a typical Jewish family as they celebrate one of the year's most important holidays.
This kid-friendly exploration of faith provides a superb overview of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. Young readers will learn about different aspects of each, including historical origins and beliefs, holy texts, religious clothing and places of worship. They will also find out about the values, customs and symbols all five religions share, such as the golden rule, charity, prayer and candles. Straightforward, simple text makes the content interesting and accessible, as do the vivid photos of children around the world. Parents and teachers will find FAITH: FIVE RELIGIONS AND WHAT THEY SHARE an invaluable tool for teaching respect for people of different beliefs.
Learn about the diverse and vibrant festivals that are celebrated around the world. This series envcourages children to consider religious beliefs and cultural practices via easy to read text and informative, colourful images.
Filipino Celebrations brings to life the festivals and celebrations of this diverse island nation. Perfect for families looking to share the unique culture of the Philippines, Filipino Celebrations includes activities such as games, songs, crafts and recipes which encourage children to participate and learn while having fun.
Children from six religions tell their stories through words and photographs, making an engaging and visually appealing introduction to this important aspect of religion. The book covers six major religions: Judaism, Islam, Sikhism, Hinduism, Christianity and Buddhism and looks at celebrations, rules, fasting, and food and drink in rituals. Also included are authentic recipes for pancakes, honey cake, pakoras, coconut barfi and puris.
Eid al-Fitr is celebrated by Muslims worldwide to mark the end of Ramadan fasting and this book let's children discover how people around the globe celebrate this important festival and what it means to them, with age-appropriate language. The history, preparation and celebration of the festival are all visualised with beautiful photography, capturing the many ways in which this festival is marked. This approach offers children a visually arresting and diverse introduction to one of the most celebrated religious festivals.
With dazzling photographs and lively, lyrical text, this book introduces young readers to historical and cultural aspects of the Christmas holiday. Kids will get diverse and unique viewpoints about this very special day. With fascinating facts, a recipe, and Common Core-alignment activities, reading and learning about Christmas adds to the excitement in preparing for it.
Celebrate Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur examines how these Jewish High Holy Days are celebrated worldwide. Rosh Hashanah, known as the Jewish New Year, is a time for reflection and resolution. On Yom Kippur, also called the Day of Atonement, Jews fast, pray, and ask God's forgiveness for their sins. Deborah Heiligman's lively first-person text introduces readers to the sounding of the shofar, the holidays' greeting cards, prayers, and special foods. Rabbi Shira Stern's informative note puts the High Holy Days into wider historical and cultural context for parents and teachers.
With dazzling images and engaging text, readers learn about the historical and cultural significance of Hanukkah and why it is celebrated around the world. From the lighting of the menorah to the special foods that are shared to the spinning of the dreidels, they'll get insights about this holiday's traditions and the Jewish faith. This book also offers fascinating facts, a recipe, and a Common Core-aligned activities.
Beautiful, dynamic photographs and brief, lively text introduce readers to the joyous holiday of Diwali, evoking the celebrations of Hindus, Sikhs and Jains around the world. In Deborah Heiligman's inviting global odyssey we learn that Diwali celebrates the triumph of good over evil, and of light over darkness. Although celebrated differently in different places, Diwali is universally viewed as a time of great joy, celebrated with fireworks, sweets, and gifts. Celebrate Diwali brings to life the holiday's traditions, food, and celebration rituals. The informative back matter includes Diwali recipes, a glossary, a Diwali card game, a map, and a resource list of books and Web sites.
Celebrate Kwanzaa focuses on this African-American holiday, which falls during the festive, gift-giving winter season and is celebrated by families, communities, and schools throughout America. Over the course of seven days, African Americans come together with families and friends to light the candles that symbolize their past and future — and their unity. They gather as a community to make music and to dance, to feast on harvest foods and the good things of the earth, and to exchange simple, often homemade, gifts. Important concepts, like the seven principles, are explained. In addition, a note from the book's consultant, aimed at parents and teachers, puts the holiday in its full cultural and historical perspective.
Ramadan, the Muslim holy month of fasting, and Eid Al-Fitr, which marks the fast's end, are sacred times for millions throughout the world. Celebrate Ramadan and Eid Al-Fitr examines the reasons for the month-long dawn-to-dusk fast and observes some of the wide variety of celebrations at the end of the fast worldwide.
Full of fun and the antics a young dinosaur might get up to, this delightful book celebrates the eight days and nights of Chanukah.
From decorating the tree to wrapping presents, little dinosaurs love to celebrate Christmas — and everything about it. With ornaments on the branches and carolers singing at the door, the spirit of Christmas is finally here and filling the hearts of families everywhere. But when the stockings are hung on the chimney, and the cookies are left out for Santa, how can little dinosaurs go to sleep? It's so exciting! How can they possibly calm down and behave?
Santa and Mrs. Claus want to go on a vacation — but can someone as famous as Santa stay out of sight? Snuggle up and read what happens when things don't quite go as planned.
This Christmas regional series combines a fun and festive story with search-and-find artwork that will have children looking for Santa, Mrs. Claus, and Reindeer amongst Toronto's most iconic sights!
In this delightful look at Japanese culture and family life, the author shares her warm childhood memories of many Japanese customs, such as gathering around the kotatsu to stay warm, throwing soybeans to keep away ogres and hanging handmade teru-teru-bozu dolls out the window to stop the rain. There are also many traditional Japanese games, toys, foods and celebrations taught through the illustrations. JAPANESE TRADITIONS provides a magical feast for children of all ages.
Celebrate Hanukkah and other festive holidays with this medley of klezmer, reggae, ska and more from the Jewish diaspora. Le chaim!
Kevin's family is celebrating the seven days of Kwanzaa! Kevin helps his mom decorate the Kwanzaa table. They light candles with Grandma and Grandpa and learn a special word each day. They talk about working together and solving problems. On the sixth day, everyone eats and dances at a big feast!
The Menasche family enjoys a joyous holiday celebration despite a scarcity of food. Includes notes on Hanukkah, a bibliography, a recipe for making latkes, and rules for playing dreidel.
Sadie and her four little brothers are very poor and always hungry. On the first night of Chanukah, Sadie performs a generous act, and in turn receives a frying pan that cooks up sizzling hot, golden latkes on command. Sadie tells her brothers never to use the magic pan, but when she goes out one afternoon, the mischievous boys can't resist. They remember the words to start the pan cooking... but what were the words to make it stop? This humorous tale of generosity and greed is accompanied by bright, cheerful illustrations depicting a traditional Russian village. An author's note and a recipe for Sadie's latkes are included.
Diwali is the Hindu five-day festival of lights that welcomes in the lunar new year. It is celebrated on the 15th day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of Ashwin, or Aasho, which occurs in October or November, depending on the lunar calendar. Cheerfully attractive color illustrations supplement a simply-told story of the holiday’s origins and a description of the festivities that are part of that holiday.
It’s Christmas Eve! Join Mom and her little Pookie as they prepare for the merriest of holidays. Together they happily walk through the falling snow, bake Christmas cookies, decorate the house, and sing with friends and family — and at last settle down to sleep.
The house is full of strange bustling noises and peculiar smells. Everyone is busy hanging holly and blowing up balloons, and where is that tree going? Disconcerted by all the unusual activities, Mog escapes to the roof, and there she stays... until, unexpectedly, she returns with a bump!
Chinese New Year is a time of new beginnings. Follow one little girl as she learns how to welcome the coming year in this lively introduction to a special holiday.
This sweet tale follows Yasmeen, a seven-year-old Pakistani-American girl, as she celebrates the Muslim holidays of Ramadan, "The Night of the Moon" (Chaand Raat), and Eid. With lush illustrations that evoke Islamic art, this beautiful story offers a peek into modern Muslim culture — and into the ancient roots of its most cherished traditions.
Rachel loves visiting her Italian grandmother, even though Nonna celebrates Christmas and Rachel and her parents celebrate Hanukkah. Rachel plans to share Hanukkah with her whole family, so when Rachel's special menorah goes missing, Nonna steps in to save the day.
Christmas, as only Canadians can celebrate! Where else do Mounties frolic, squirrels enjoy a fine game of curling, and hockey players mark the season as lords-a-leaping? This hilarious, tongue-in-cheek re-setting of the popular Christmas carol is the perfect gift for Canadians new and old, young and young-at-heart.
Beautiful photographs and simple text teach children all about Ramadan and Id-ul-Fitr.
Ramadan, the month of fasting, doesn't begin all at once. It begins with a whisper. And a prayer. And a wish. Muslims all over the world celebrate Ramadan and the joyful days of Eid-ul-Fitr at the end of the month of fasting as the most special time of year. This lyrical and inspiring picture book captures the wonder and joy of this great annual event, from the perspective of a child. Accompanied by Iranian inspired illustrations, the story follows the waxing of the moon from the first new crescent to full moon and waning until Eid is heralded by the first sighting of the second new moon.
This book introduces young readers to the traditions and festivities of Chanukah. Colorful photos and simple text encourage children to read on their own - as they enjoy the celebration.
Introducing the youngest readers to the traditions and festivities of Christmas. Colorful photos and very simple nonfiction text encourage children to read on their own as learn the history behind some beloved Christmas traditions.
This sweet board book celebrates the Jewish New Year.
The beginning of winter is marked by the solstice, the shortest day of the year. Long ago, people grew afraid when each day had fewer hours of sunshine than the day before. Over time, they realized that one day each year the sun started moving toward them again. In lyrical prose and cozy illustrations, this book explains what the winter solstice is and how it has been observed by various cultures throughout history. Many contemporary holiday traditions were borrowed from ancient solstice celebrations. Simple science activities, ideas for celebrating the day in school and at home, and a further-reading list are included.
Hanukkah is a wonderful time filled with games, food, family, and fun. It's also the celebration of an ancient miracle, and retelling and remembering the story of that miracle is an essential part of the holiday, for young and old. This board book version of the popular and well-received picture book has been carefully pared down for preschoolers and toddlers, and will introduce children to the Maccabean Revolt, the Holy Temple of Jerusalem, and the oil that burned for eight nights.
Here is a long-awaited festive addition to the best-selling and award-winning touchy-feely series. The enduring appeal of Rachel Wells' illustrations and the opportunity to touch a variety of textures make these books baby and pre-school classics. Very young children will enjoy the bright and colourful illustrations while the different texture patches help develop sensory awareness.
Beautiful illustrations help introduce the reader to Ramadan — a time of prayer, fasting, reflection with family and friends, and helping others in need. | https://www.parentbooks.ca/secure/Holidays_&_Festivals.html |
Rangoli decorations, made using coloured fine powder or sand, are popular during Diwali.
|Also called||Deepavali|
|Observed by||Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Newar Buddhists|
|Type||Cultural, seasonal, religious|
|Celebrations||Diya and lighting, home decoration, shopping, fireworks, puja (worship ceremonies), gifts, performing religious rituals, feast and sweets|
|Begins||Dhanteras|
|Ends||Bhai Dooj|
|Date||Varies per Hindu calendar|
|2019 date||27 October (Sunday) in Tamil Nadu|
Southeast Asia: Singapore, Malaysia andin Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, and North India
|Related to||Kali Puja, Galungan, Diwali (Jainism), Bandi Chhor Divas, Tihar, Swanti, Sohrai, Bandna|
|Diwali celebrations|
Diwali (English: /dɪˈwɑːliː/) or Divali is from the Sanskrit dīpāvali meaning "row or series of lights". The conjugated term is derived from the Sanskrit words dīpa, "lamp, light, lantern, candle, that which glows, shines, illuminates or knowledge" and āvali, "a row, range, continuous line, series".[note 2]
The five-day celebration is observed every year in early autumn after the conclusion of the summer harvest and coincides with the new moon, known as the amāsvasya – the darkest night of the Hindu lunisolar calendar. The festivities begin two days before amāsvasya, on Dhanteras, and extends two days after, the second day of the first fortnight of the month of Kartik. According to Indologist, Constance Jones who specialises in religious sociology, this night ends the lunar month of Ashwin and starts the month of Kartika.[note 3] The darkest night is the apex of the celebration and coincides with the second half of October or early November in the Gregorian calendar.
The festival climax is on the third day and is called the main Diwali. It is an official holiday in about a dozen countries, while the other festive days are regionally observed as either public or optional restricted holidays in India. In Nepal, it is also a multiday festival, although the days and rituals are named differently, with the climax being called the Tihar festival by Hindus and Swanti festival by Buddhists.
The Diwali festival is likely a fusion of harvest festivals in ancient India. It is mentioned in Sanskrit texts such as the Padma Purana, the Skanda Purana both of which were completed in the second half of the 1st millennium CE. The diyas (lamps) are mentioned in Skanda Kishore Purana as symbolising parts of the sun, describing it as the cosmic giver of light and energy to all life and which seasonally transitions in the Hindu calendar month of Kartik.
King Harsha refers to Deepavali, in the 7th century Sanskrit play Nagananda, as Dīpapratipadotsava (dīpa = light, pratipadā = first day, utsava = festival), where lamps were lit and newly engaged brides and grooms received gifts. Rajasekhara referred to Deepavali as Dipamalika in his 9th century Kavyamimamsa, wherein he mentions the tradition of homes being whitewashed and oil lamps decorated homes, streets and markets in the night.
Diwali was also described by numerous travellers from outside India. In his 11th century memoir on India, the Persian traveller and historian Al Biruni wrote of Deepavali being celebrated by Hindus on the day of the New Moon in the month of Kartika. The Venetian merchant and traveller Niccolò de' Conti visited India in the early 15th-century and wrote in his memoir, "on another of these festivals they fix up within their temples, and on the outside of the roofs, an innumerable number of oil lamps... which are kept burning day and night" and that the families would gather, "clothe themselves in new garments", sing, dance and feast. The 16th-century Portuguese traveller Domingo Paes wrote of his visit to the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire, where Dipavali was celebrated in October with householders illuminating their homes, and their temples, with lamps.
Islamic historians of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire era also mentioned Diwali and other Hindu festivals. A few, notably the Mughal emperor Akbar, welcomed and participated in the festivities, whereas others banned such festivals as Diwali and Holi, as Aurangzeb did in 1665.[note 4][note 5]
Publications from the British colonial era also made mention of Diwali, such as the note on Hindu festivals published in 1799 by Sir William Jones, a philologist known for his early observations on Sanskrit and Indo-European languages. In his paper on The Lunar Year of the Hindus, Jones, then based in Bengal, noted four of the five days of Diwali in the autumn months of Aswina-Cartica [sic] as the following: Bhutachaturdasi Yamaterpanam (2nd day), Lacshmipuja dipanwita (the day of Diwali), Dyuta pratipat Belipuja (4th day), and Bhratri dwitiya (5th day). The Lacshmipuja dipanwita, remarked Jones, was a "great festival at night, in honor of Lakshmi, with illuminations on trees and houses".[note 6]
Sanskrit inscriptions in stone and copper mentioning Diwali, occasionally alongside terms such as Dipotsava, Dipavali, Divali and Divalige, have been discovered at numerous sites across India.[note 7] Examples include a 10th-century Rashtrakuta empire copper plate inscription of Krsna III (939–967 CE) that mentions Dipotsava, and a 12th-century mixed Sanskrit-Kannada Sinda inscription discovered in the Isvara temple of Dharwad in Karnataka where the inscription refers to the festival as a "sacred occasion". According to Lorenz Franz Kielhorn, a German Indologist known for translating many Indic inscriptions, this festival is mentioned as Dipotsavam in verses 6 and 7 of the Ranganatha temple Sanskrit inscription of the 13th-century Kerala Hindu king Ravivarman Samgramadhira. Part of the inscription, as translated by Kielhorn, reads: "the auspicious festival of lights which disperses the most profound darkness, which in former days was celebrated by the kings Ila, Kartavirya and Sagara, (...) as Sakra (Indra) is of the gods, the universal monarch who knows the duties by the three Vedas, afterwards celebrated here at Ranga for Vishnu, resplendent with Lakshmi resting on his radiant lap."[note 8]
Jain inscriptions, such as the 10th-century Saundatti inscription about a donation of oil to Jinendra worship for the Diwali rituals, speak of Dipotsava. Another early 13th-century Sanskrit stone inscription, written in the Devanagari script, has been found in the north end of a mosque pillar in Jalore, Rajasthan evidently built using materials from a demolished Jain temple. The inscription states that Ramachandracharya built and dedicated a drama performance hall, with a golden cupola, on Diwali.[note 9]
Diwali is celebrated by Hindus, Jains, Sikhs and Newar Buddhists, although for each faith it marks different historical events and stories, but nonetheless the festival represents the same symbolic victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil.
The religious significance of Diwali varies regionally within India. The festival is associated with a diversity of deities, traditions, and symbolism. These variations, states Constance Jones, may reflect diverse local autumn harvest festivals that fused into one pan-Hindu festival with a shared spiritual significance and ritual grammar while retaining local traditions.
One tradition links the festival to legends in the Hindu epic Ramayana, where Diwali is the day Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and Hanuman reached Ayodhya after a period in exile and Rama's army of good defeated demon king Ravana's army of evil in the Treta Yuga period where Lord Vishnu as Incarnation of Rama killed Ravana.
As per another popular tradition, in the Dwapara Yuga Period, Lord Vishnu as incarnation of Krishna killed the Demon Narakasura, who was evil king of Pragjyotishapura, near present-day Assam and released 16000 girls captivated by Narakasura. Diwali was celebrated as a significance of triumph of good over evil after Lord Krishna's Victory over Narakasura. The day before diwali is remembered as Naraka Chaturdasi, the day on which Narakasura was killed by Lord Krishna.
Many Hindus associate the festival with Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, and wife of Vishnu. According to Pintchman, the start of the 5-day Diwali festival is stated in some popular contemporary sources as the day Goddess Lakshmi was born from Samudra manthan, the churning of the cosmic ocean of milk by the Devas (gods) and the Asuras (demons) – a Vedic legend that is also found in several Puranas such as the Padma Purana, while the night of Diwali is when Lakshmi chose and wed Vishnu. Along with Lakshmi, who is representative of Vaishnavism, Ganesha, the elephant-headed son of Parvati and Shiva of Shaivism tradition, is remembered as one who symbolises ethical beginnings and the remover of obstacles.
Hindus of eastern India associate the festival with the goddess Durga, or her fierce avatar Kali (Shaktism), who symbolises the victory of good over evil. Hindus from the Braj region in northern India, parts of Assam, as well as southern Tamil and Telugu communities view Diwali as the day the god Krishna overcame and destroyed the evil demon king Narakasura, in yet another symbolic victory of knowledge and good over ignorance and evil.
Trade and merchant families and others also offer prayers to Saraswati, who embodies music, literature and learning and Kubera, who symbolises book-keeping, treasury and wealth management. In western states such as Gujarat, and certain northern Hindu communities of India, the festival of Diwali signifies the start of a new year.
Mythical tales shared on Diwali vary widely depending on region and even within Hindu tradition, yet all share a common focus on righteousness, self-inquiry and the importance of knowledge, which, according to Lindsey Harlan, an Indologist and scholar of Religious Studies, is the path to overcoming the "darkness of ignorance". The telling of these myths are a reminder of the Hindu belief that good ultimately triumphs over evil.
Jeffrey Long, a scholar of Jain and Hindu studies, states that in Jain tradition, Diwali is celebrated in observance of "Mahavira Nirvana Divas", the physical death and final nirvana of Mahavira. On this Day, Lord Mahavir attained the state of eternal happiness and freed himself from the birth-death cycle. On this very day, he became immortal. However, the focus of the Jain Diwali remains the dedication to Mahavira. This practice of lighting lamps first began on the day of Mahavira's death in 527 BCE ( before 2600 years appx) according to the Jain tradition,[note 10] where 18 kings who had gathered for Mahavira's final teachings issued a proclamation that lamps be lit in remembrance of the "great light, Mahavira". This traditional belief of the origin of Diwali, and its significance to Jains, is reflected in their historic artworks such as paintings.
Sikhs celebrate Bandi Chhor Divas in remembrance of the release of Guru Hargobind from the Gwalior Fort prison by the Mughal emperor, Jahangir, and the day he arrived at the Golden Temple in Amritsar. According to J.S. Grewal, a scholar of Sikhism and Sikh history, Diwali in the Sikh tradition is older than the sixth Guru Hargobind legend. Guru Amar Das, the third Guru of the Sikhs, built a well in Goindwal with eighty-four steps and invited Sikhs to bathe in its sacred waters on Baisakhi and Diwali as a form of community bonding. Over time, these spring and autumn festivals became the most important of Sikh festivals and holy sites such as Amritsar became focal points for annual pilgrimages. The festival of Diwali, according to Ray Colledge, highlights three events in Sikh history: the founding of the city of Amritsar in 1577, the release of Guru Hargobind from the Mughal prison, and the day of Bhai Mani Singh's martyrdom in 1738 as a result of his failure to pay a fine for trying to celebrate Diwali and thereafter refusing to convert to Islam.[note 11]
Diwali is not a festival for most Buddhists, with the exception of the Newar people of Nepal who revere various deities in the Vajrayana Buddhism and celebrate Diwali by offering prayers to Lakshmi. Newar Buddhists in Nepalese valleys also celebrate the Diwali festival over five days, in much the same way, and on the same days, as the Nepalese Hindu Diwali-Tihar festival. According to some observers, this traditional celebration by Newar Buddhists in Nepal, through the worship of Lakshmi and Vishnu during Diwali, is not syncretism but rather a reflection of the freedom within Mahayana Buddhist tradition to worship any deity for their worldly betterment.
Diwali is a five-day festival, the height of which is celebrated on the third day coinciding with the darkest night of the lunar month. During the festival, Hindus, Jains and Sikhs illuminate their homes, temples and work spaces with diyas, candles and lanterns Hindus, in particular, have a ritual oil bath at dawn on each day of the festival. Diwali is also marked with fireworks and the decoration of floors with rangoli designs. Food is a major focus with families partaking in feasts and sharing mithai. The festival is an annual homecoming and bonding period not only for families, but also for communities and associations, particularly those in urban areas, which will organise activities, events and gatherings. Many towns organise community parades and fairs with parades or music and dance performances in parks. Some Hindus, Jains and Sikhs will send Diwali greeting cards to family near and far during the festive season, occasionally with boxes of Indian confectionery.
Diwali is a post-harvest festival celebrating the bounty following the arrival of the monsoon in the subcontinent. Depending on the region, celebrations include prayers before one or more Hindu deities, the most common being Lakshmi. According to David Kinsley, an Indologist and scholar of Indian religious traditions particularly in relation to goddess worship, Lakshmi symbolises three virtues: wealth and prosperity, fertility and abundant crops, as well as good fortune. Merchants seek Lakshmi's blessings in their ventures and will ritually close their accounting year during Diwali. Fertility motifs appear in agricultural offerings brought before Lakshmi by farming families, who give thanks for the recent harvests and seek her blessings for prosperous future crops. A symbolic piece of traditional fertiliser, a dried piece of cow dung, is included in the ensemble in Odisha and Deccan region villages, an agricultural motif according to Kinsley. Another aspect of the festival is remembering the ancestors.
Rituals and preparations for Diwali begin days or weeks in advance, typically after the festival of Dusshera that precedes Diwali by about 20 days. The festival formally begins two days before the night of Diwali, and ends two days thereafter. Each day has the following rituals and significance:
Dhanteras starts off the Diwali celebrations with the lighting of diya lamp (left) rows, house cleaning and floor rangoli (right).
Dhanteras, derived from Dhan meaning wealth and teras meaning thirteenth, marks the thirteenth day of the dark fortnight of Kartik and the beginning of Diwali. On this day, many Hindus clean their homes and business premises. They install diyas, small earthen oil-filled lamps that they light up for the next five days, near Lakshmi and Ganesha iconography. Women and children decorate doorways within homes and offices with rangoli, colourful designs made from rice flour, flower petals and coloured sand, while the boys and men decorate the roofs and walls of family homes, markets and temples. The day also marks a major shopping day to purchase new utensils, home equipment, jewellery, firecrackers and other items. On the evening of Dhanteras, families offer prayers (puja) to Lakshmi and Ganesha, and lay offerings of puffed rice, candy toys, rice cakes and batashas (hollow sugar cakes).
According to Tracy Pintchman, Dhanteras is a symbol of annual renewal, cleansing and an auspicious beginning for the next year. The term "Dhan" for this day also alludes to the Ayurvedic icon Dhanvantari, the god of health and healing, who is believed to have emerged from the "churning of cosmic ocean" on the same day as Lakshmi. Some communities, particularly those active in Ayurvedic and health-related professions, pray or perform havan rituals to Dhanvantari on Dhanteras.
Choti Diwali is the major shopping day for festive mithai (sweets)
Choti Diwali, also known as Naraka Chaturdasi, is the second day of festivities coinciding with the fourteenth day of the second fortnight of the lunar month. The term "choti" means little, while "Naraka" means hell and "Chaturdasi" means "fourteenth". The day and its rituals are interpreted as ways to liberate any souls from their suffering in "Naraka", or hell, as well as a reminder of spiritual auspiciousness. For some Hindus, it is a day to pray for the peace to the manes, or deified souls of one's ancestors and light their way for their journeys in the cyclic afterlife. A mythological interpretation of this festive day is the destruction of the asura (demon) Narakasura by Krishna, a victory that frees 16,000 imprisoned princesses kidnapped by Narakasura.
Naraka Chaturdasi is also a major day for purchasing festive foods, particularly sweets. A variety of sweets are prepared using flour, semolina, rice, chickpea flour, dry fruit pieces powders or paste, milk solids (mawa or khoya) and clarified butter (ghee). According to Goldstein, these are then shaped into various forms, such as laddus, barfis, halvah, kachoris, shrikhand and sandesh, rolled and stuffed delicacies, such as maladu, susiyam, pottukadalai. Sometimes these are wrapped with edible silver foil (vark). Confectioners and shops create Diwali-themed decorative displays, selling these in large quantities, which are stocked for home celebrations to welcome guests and as gifts. Families also prepare homemade delicacies for the main Diwali day. Choti Diwali is also a day for visiting friends, business associates and relatives, and exchanging gifts.
This day is commonly celebrated as Diwali in Tamil Nadu, Goa, and Karnataka. Traditionally,South Indian Hindus receive an oil massage from the elders in the family on the day and then take a ritual bath,all before sunrise. Many visit their favourite Hindu temple.
The third day is the height of the festival, and coincides with the last day of the dark fortnight of the lunar month. This is the day when Hindu, Jain and Sikh temples and homes are aglow with lights, thereby making it the "festival of lights". The word Deepawali comes from the word the Sanskrit word deep, which means an Indian lantern/lamp.
The youngest members in the family visit their elders, such as grandparents and other senior members of the community, on this day. Small business owners give gifts or special bonus payments to their employees between Dhanteras and Diwali. Shops either do not open or close early on this day allowing employees to enjoy family time. Shopkeepers and small operations perform puja rituals in their office premises. Unlike some other festivals, the Hindu typically do not fast on Diwali, rather they feast and share the bounties of the season at their workplaces, community centres, temples and homes.
As the evening approaches, celebrants will wear new clothes or their best outfits, teenage girls and women in particular wear saris and jewellery. At dusk, family members gather for the Lakshmi puja, although prayers will also be offered to other deities, such as Ganesha, Saraswati, Rama, Lakshmana, Sita, Hanuman, or Kubera. The lamps from the puja ceremony are then used to light more earthenware lamps, which are placed in rows along the parapets of temples and houses, while some diyas are set adrift on rivers and streams. After the puja, people go outside and celebrate by lighting up patakhe (fireworks) together, and then share a family feast and mithai (sweets, desserts).
The puja and rituals in the Bengali Hindu community focus on Kali, the goddess of war, instead of Lakshmi. According to Rachel Fell McDermott, a scholar of South Asian, particular Bengali, studies, in Bengal during Navaratri (Dussehra elsewhere in India) the Durga puja is the main focus, although in the eastern and north eastern states the two are synonymous, but on Diwali the focus is on the puja dedicated to Kali. These two festivals likely developed in tandem over their recent histories, states McDermott. Textual evidence suggests that Bengali Hindus worshipped Lakshmi before the colonial era, and that the Kali puja is a more recent phenomenon.[note 12] Contemporary Bengali celebrations mirror those found elsewhere, with teenage boys playing with fireworks and the sharing of festive food with family, but with the Shakti goddess Kali as the focus.
On the night of Diwali, rituals across much of India are dedicated to Lakshmi to welcome her into their cleaned homes and bring prosperity and happiness for the coming year. While the cleaning, or painting, of the home is in part for goddess Lakshmi, it also signifies the ritual "reenactment of the cleansing, purifying action of the monsoon rains" that would have concluded in most of the Indian subcontinent. Vaishnava families recite Hindu legends of the victory of good over evil and the return of hope after despair on Diwali night, where the main characters may include Rama, Krishna, Vamana or one of the avatars of Vishnu, the divine husband of Lakshmi. At dusk, lamps placed earlier in the inside and outside of the home are lit up to welcome Lakshmi. Family members light up firecrackers, which some interpret as a way to ward off all evil spirits and the inauspicious, as well as add to the festive mood. According to Pintchman, who quotes Raghavan, this ritual may also be linked to the tradition in some communities of paying respect to ancestors. Earlier in the season's fortnight, some welcome the souls of their ancestors to join the family for the festivities with the Mahalaya. The Diwali night's lights and firecrackers, in this interpretation, represent a celebratory and symbolic farewell to the departed ancestral souls.
The celebrations and rituals of the Jains and the Sikhs are similar to those of the Hindus where social and community bonds are renewed. Major temples and homes are decorated with lights, festive foods shared with all, friends and relatives remembered and visited with gifts.
The day after Diwali is the first day of the bright fortnight of the luni-solar calendar. It is regionally called as Annakut (heap of grain), Padwa, Goverdhan puja, Bali Pratipada, Bali Padyami, Kartik Shukla Pratipada and other names. According to one tradition, the day is associated with the story of Bali's defeat at the hands of Vishnu. In another interpretation, it is thought to reference the legend of Parvati and her husband Shiva playing a game of dyuta (dice) on a board of twelve squares and thirty pieces, Parvati wins. Shiva surrenders his shirt and adornments to her, rendering him naked. According to Handelman and Shulman, as quoted by Pintchman, this legend is a Hindu metaphor for the cosmic process for creation and dissolution of the world through the masculine destructive power, as represented by Shiva, and the feminine procreative power, represented by Parvati, where twelve reflects the number of months in the cyclic year, while thirty are the number of days in its lunisolar month.
Annakut community meals (left), Krishna holding Govardhan ritually made from cow dung, rice and flowers (right).
This day ritually celebrates the bond between the wife and husband, and in some Hindu communities, husbands will celebrate this with gifts to their wives. In other regions, parents invite a newly married daughter, or son, together with their spouses to a festive meal and give them gifts.
In some rural communities of the north, west and central regions, the fourth day is celebrated as Govardhan puja, honouring the legend of the Hindu god Krishna saving the cowherd and farming communities from incessant rains and floods triggered by Indra's anger, which he accomplished by lifting the Govardhan mountain. This legend is remembered through the ritual of building small mountain-like miniatures from cow dung. According to Kinsley, the ritual use of cow dung, a common fertiliser, is an agricultural motif and a celebration of its significance to annual crop cycles.
The agricultural symbolism is also observed on this day by many Hindus as Annakut, literally "mountain of food". Communities prepare over one hundred dishes from a variety of ingredients, which is then dedicated to Krishna before shared among the community. Hindu temples on this day prepare and present "mountains of sweets" to the faithful who have gathered for darshan (visit). In Gujarat, Annakut is the first day of the new year and celebrated through the purchase of essentials, or sabras (literally, "good things in life"), such as salt, offering prayers to Krishna and visiting temples.
A sister ritually feeding her brother on Bhai Duj-Diwali (left), a lit rangoli (right)
The last day of the festival is called Bhai duj (literally "brother's day"), Bhai tilak or Bhai Phonta. It celebrates the sister-brother bond, similar in spirit to Raksha Bandhan but it is the brother that travels to meet the sister and her family. This festive day is interpreted by some to symbolise Yama's sister Yamuna welcoming Yama with a tilaka, while others interpret it as the arrival of Krishna at his sister's, Subhadra, place after defeating Narakasura. Subhadra welcomes him with a tilaka on his forehead.
The day celebrates the sibling bond between brother and sister. On this day the womenfolk of the family gather, perform a puja with prayers for the well being of their brothers, then return to a ritual of feeding their brothers with their hands and receiving gifts. According to Pintchman, in some Hindu traditions the women recite tales where sisters protect their brothers from enemies that seek to cause him either bodily or spiritual harm. In historic times, this was a day in autumn when brothers would travel to meet their sisters, or invite their sister's family to their village to celebrate their sister-brother bond with the bounty of seasonal harvests.
The artisan Hindu and Sikh community celebrates the fourth day as the Vishwakarma puja day.[note 13] Vishwakarma is the presiding Hindu deity for those in architecture, building, manufacturing, textile work and crafts trades.[note 14] The looms, tools of trade, machines and workplaces are cleaned and prayers offered to these livelihood means.
During the season of Diwali, numerous rural townships and villages host melas, or fairs, where local producers and artisans trade produce and goods. A variety of entertainments are usually available for inhabitants of the local community to enjoy. The womenfolk, in particular, adorn themselves in colourful attire and decorate their hands with henna. Such events are also mentioned in Sikh historical records.[note 15] In the modern day, Diwali mela are held at college, or university, campuses or as community events by members of the Indian diaspora. At such events a variety of music, dance and arts performances, food, crafts and cultural celebrations are featured.
Diwali marks a major shopping period in India, and is comparable to the Christmas period in terms of consumer purchases and economic activity. It is traditionally a time when households purchase new clothing, home refurbishments, gifts, gold, jewellery, and other large purchases particularly as the festival is dedicated to Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, and such purchases are considered auspicious. According to Rao, Diwali is one of the major festivals where rural Indians spend a significant portion of their annual income, and is a means for them to renew their relationships and social networks. Other goods that are bought in substantial quantities during Diwali include confectionery and fireworks. In 2013, about ₹25 billion (US$350 million) of fireworks were sold to merchants for the Diwali season, an equivalent retail value of about ₹50 billion (US$700 million) according to The Times of India.[note 16] ASSOCHAM, a trade organisation in India, forecasted that online shopping alone to be over ₹300 billion (US$4.2 billion) over the 2017 Diwali season. About two-thirds of Indian households, according to the ASSOCHAM forecast, would spend between ₹5,000 (US$70) and ₹10,000 (US$140) to celebrate Diwali in 2017.
Diwali has increasingly attracted cultural exchanges, becoming occasions for politicians and religious leaders worldwide to meet Hindu or Indian origin citizens, diplomatic staff or neighbours. Many participate in other socio-political events as a symbol of support for diversity and inclusiveness. The Catholic dicastery Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, founded as Secretariat for non-Christians by Pope Paul VI, began sending official greetings and Pope's message to the Hindus on Diwali in the mid-1990s.[note 17]
Many governments encourage or sponsor Diwali-related festivities in their territories. For example, the Singaporean government, in association with the Hindu Endowment Board of Singapore, organises many cultural events during Diwali every year. National and civic leaders such as Prince Charles have attended Diwali celebrations at prominent Hindu temples in the UK, such as the Swaminarayan Temple in Neasden, using the occasion to highlight contributions of the Hindu community to British society. Since 2009, Diwali has been celebrated every year at 10 Downing Street, the residence of the British Prime Minister.
Diwali was first celebrated in the White House by George W. Bush in 2003 and was given official status by the United States Congress in 2007. Barack Obama became the first president to personally attend Diwali at the White House in 2009. On the eve of his first visit to India as President of the United States, Obama released an official statement sharing his best wishes with "those celebrating Diwali".
Every year during Diwali, Indian forces approach their Pakistani counterparts at the border bearing gifts of traditional Indian confectionery, a gesture that is returned in kind by the Pakistani soldiers who give Pakistani sweets to the Indian soldiers.[note 18]
The tradition of annual Diwali fireworks has caused widespread coverage in Indian media, where debate has centred on air quality within Indian cities in autumn and winter and the role the fireworks play. On 9 October 2017, the Supreme Court of India banned the sale, but not use, of fireworks in Delhi during the Diwali season, with the assumption that banning the use of fireworks would substantially improve the air quality of Delhi. Critics stated that the ruling was judicial over-reach and a bias against Hindu culture, while supporters stated that it would be beneficial to public health.
Scholars have stated that many factors contribute to the poor air quality in Delhi, and northern India, that accompanies the harvest festival of Diwali. According to Jethva and others, the post-monsoon custom is to prepare the crop fields by deliberately burning the residual stubble between October and November. As crop productivity per hectare has increased with mechanised harvesting, this has led to the practice becoming more widespread in the northern and northwestern regions of India in the months when Diwali is observed. The smoke from the burning of the fields is carried by seasonal winds over the floodplain, where it is inverted by the colder winds and spread throughout the region for much of the winter. Other contributors to the poor air quality include daily vehicular and industrial activity along with the burning of other biomass.
According to Shivani, the PM2.5 levels in 2015 and 2016 did rise over Diwali, but these higher levels were "a result of contribution from fireworks on the Diwali night, trans-regional movement of pollutants due to crop residue burning, low wind speed, and high humidity". They also concluded that the contribution of the festival fireworks could lead to a 1.3% increase in the non-carcinogenic hazard index. Other studies have stated that the fireworks of Diwali produce particulates and pollutants with a decay-life time of about one day.[note 19]
The use of fireworks also causes an increase in the number of burn injuries in India during Diwali. One particular firework called anar (fountain) has been found to be responsible for 65% of such injuries, with adults being the typical victims. Most of the injuries sustained are Group I type burns (minor) requiring only outpatient care.
The prayers vary widely by region of India. An example vedic prayer from Brhadaranyaka Upanishad celebrating lights is the Pavamana Mantra:
Asato ma sat gamaya | (असतो मा सद्गमय ।)
Tamaso ma jyotir gamaya | (तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय ।)
Mṛtyor ma amṛtam gamaya | (मृत्योर्मा अमृतं गमय ।)
Om shanti shanti shantihi || (ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः ॥)
From untruth lead us to Truth.
From darkness lead us to Light.
From death lead us to Immortality.
Om Peace, Peace, Peace.
It is extremely important to keep the house spotlessly clean and pure on Diwali. The Goddess Lakshmi likes cleanliness, and she will visit the cleanest house first. Lamps are lit in the evening to welcome the goddess. They are believed to light up her path.
There are firecrackers everywhere to scare off evil spirits and contribute to the festive atmosphere.
But as well as delighting the spectators, the fireworks are believed to chase away evil spirits.
According to a resolution passed recently by the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives, the festival is celebrated by almost 2 million in the United States and many millions more around the world. The bill, H.R. 747, calls for the U.S. Congress to acknowledge 'the religious and historical significance of the festival of Diwali.'
Bali Pratipadā (Sanskrit: बालि प्रतिपदा, Marathi: बळी-प्रतिपदा or Pāḍavā पाडवा, Kannada: ಬಲಿ ಪಾಡ್ಯಮಿ or Bali Pāḍyami) is the fourth day of Deepavali (Diwali), the Hindu festival of lights. It is celebrated in honour of the notional return of the (Daitya)-king Bali to earth. Bali Padyami falls in the Gregorian calendar months October–November. It is the first day of the Hindu month Kartika and is the first day of the bright lunar fortnight (day after new moon day) in the month. It is also called the Akashadipa (lights of the sky). It is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar, in Western India. It is celebrated as New Year Day in Gujarat and marks beginning of New Vikram Samvat Year.
According to Hindu scriptures, Bali Padyami commemorates the victory of god Vishnu in his dwarf incarnation Vamana, the fifth incarnation of the Dashavatara (ten major incarnations of Vishnu) defeating Bali, and pushing him to the nether world. But Bali was bestowed a boon by Vishnu to return to earth for one day on this day to be honoured and celebrated for his devotion to the Lord and for his noble deeds to his people..Bhai Dooj
Bhai Dooj (भाई दूज) / Bhau-Beej / Bhai Tika / Bhai Phonta (ভাইফোঁটা) is a festival celebrated by Hindus of the Indian subcontinent, notably India and Nepal, on the second lunar day of Shukla Paksha (bright fortnight) in the Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar or of Shalivahan Shaka calendar month of Kartika. It is celebrated during the Diwali or Tihar festival and Holi festival.
The celebrations of this day are similar to the festival of Raksha Bandhan. On this day, brothers give gifts to their sisters.
In the southern part of the country, the day is celebrated as Yama Dwitiya.
In the kayastha community, two Bhai doojs are celebrated. The more famous one comes on the second day after Diwali. But the lesser known one is celebrated a day or two after Holi.
In Haryana, basically, a special ritual also followed, a dry coconut (named as gola in regional language) with klewa tied along its width for worshipping is also used at the time of doing aarti of your brother.Dhanteras
Dhanteras (Sanskrit: धनतेरस), also known as Dhanatrayodashi (Marathi: धनत्रयोदशी) or Dhanvantari Trayodashi, is the first day that marks the festival of Diwali in India and the festival of Tihar in Nepal.
Dhanteras is celebrated on the thirteenth lunar day of Krishna Paksha (dark fortnight) in the Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar month of Karthik. Dhanvantari, who is also worshipped on the occasion of Dhanteras, is the god of Ayurveda who imparted the wisdom of Ayurveda for the betterment of mankind and to help rid it of the suffering of disease.The Indian ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy, announced its decision to observe Dhanteras, as the "National Ayurveda Day" which was first observed on 28 October 2016.Diwali (The Office)
"Diwali" is the sixth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's 34th overall. It was written by Mindy Kaling, who also acts in the show as Kelly Kapoor, and directed by Miguel Arteta. The episode first aired on November 2, 2006, on NBC, twelve days after the actual Diwali holiday.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) invites the office to a Diwali celebration, where Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) struggles to make a good impression on Kelly's parents and Michael Scott (Steve Carell) considers taking his relationship with Carol Stills (Nancy Carell) to the next step. Meanwhile, at the Stamford branch, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) get drunk while working late, leading Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones) to give Jim a ride home.
Kaling and executive producer Greg Daniels came up with the episode idea after Kaling held a Diwali party in 2005 for series staff. She undertook research about Indian culture and the resulting episode was substituted in place of one that would have been Halloween-themed. The episode was directed by Miguel Arteta. According to Nielsen Media Research, an estimated 8.8 million viewers tuned in; it earned a 4.2/10 rating among adults aged 18 to 49, placing first in this demographic group. Critical reception to the episode was largely positive, with many praising Kaling's writing, Carell's performance, and other comedic elements. As a result of the episode, The Office became the first American comedy series to depict the holiday, and several commentators have credited it with helping introduce Indian customs to American audiences.Diya (lamp)
A Diya, diyo, deya, divaa, deepa, deepam, or deepak is an oil lamp used in the Indian subcontinent, notably India and Nepal, usually made from clay, with a cotton wick dipped in ghee or vegetable oils. Diyas are native to the Indian subcontinent often used in Hindu, Sikh, Jain and Zoroastrian religious festivals such as Diwali or the Kushti ceremony.Galungan
Galungan is a Balinese holiday celebrating the victory of dharma over adharma. It marks the time when the ancestral spirits visit the Earth. The last day of the celebration is Kuningan, when they return. The date is calculated according to the 210-day Balinese calendar. It is related to Diwali, celebrated by Hindus in other parts of the world, which also celebrates the victory of dharma over adharma. Diwali, however, is held at the end of the year.Jain festivals
Jain festivals occur on designated days of the year. Jain festivals are either related to life events of Tirthankara or they are performed with intention of purification of soul.Kali Puja
Kali Puja, also known as Shyama Puja or Mahanisha Puja, is a festival, originating from the Indian subcontinent, dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali, celebrated on the new moon day of the Hindu month Kartik especially in the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, and titwala and the modern-day nation of Bangladesh. It coincides with the rest-of-Indian Lakshmi Puja day of Diwali. While the Bengalis, Odias, Assamese and Maithils adore goddess Kali on this day the rest of India worships goddess Lakshmi on Diwali. Mahanisha puja is performed by the Maithili people of Mithila region in India and Nepal.Kartik Purnima
Kartika Purnima is a Hindu, Sikh and Jain cultural festival, celebrated on the Purnima (full moon) day or the fifteenth lunar day of Kartik (November–December). It is also known as Tripuri Purnima and Tripurari Purnima. It is sometimes called Deva-Diwali or Deva-Deepawali - the festival of lights of the gods. Karthikai Deepam is a related festival celebrated in South India and Sri Lanka on a different date.Lakshmi
Lakshmi (; Sanskrit: लक्ष्मी, IAST: lakṣmī) or Laxmi, is the Hindu goddess of wealth, fortune and prosperity. She is the wife and shakti (energy) of Vishnu, one of the principal deities of Hinduism and the Supreme Being in the Vaishnavism Tradition. With Parvati and Saraswati, she forms Tridevi, the holy trinity. Lakshmi is also an important deity in Jainism and found in Jain temples. Lakshmi has also been a goddess of abundance and fortune for Buddhists, and was represented on the oldest surviving stupas and cave temples of Buddhism. In Buddhist sects of Tibet, Nepal and southeast Asia, goddess Vasudhara mirrors the characteristics and attributes of the Hindu goddess Lakshmi with minor iconographic differences.Lakshmi is also called Sri or Thirumagal because she is endowed with six auspicious and divine qualities, or gunas, and is the divine strength of Vishnu. In Hindu religion, she was born from the churning of the primordial ocean (Samudra manthan) and she chose Vishnu as her eternal consort. When Vishnu descended on the Earth as the avatars Rama and Krishna, Lakshmi descended as his respective consort as Sita and Rukmini. In the ancient scriptures of India, all women are declared to be embodiments of Lakshmi. The marriage and relationship between Lakshmi and Vishnu as wife and husband is the paradigm for rituals and ceremonies for the bride and groom in Hindu weddings. Lakshmi is considered another aspect of the same supreme goddess principle in the Shaktism tradition of Hinduism.Lakshmi is depicted in Indian art as an elegantly dressed, prosperity-showering golden-coloured woman with an owl as her vehicle, signifying the importance of economic activity in maintenance of life, her ability to move, work and prevail in confusing darkness. She typically stands or sits like a yogin on a lotus pedestal and holds lotus in her hand, a symbolism for fortune, self-knowledge and spiritual liberation. Her iconography shows her with four hands, which represent the four goals of human life considered important to the Hindu way of life: dharma, kāma, artha and moksha. She is often depicted as part of the trinity (Tridevi) consisting of Saraswati, Lakshmi and Parvati.
Archaeological discoveries and ancient coins suggest the recognition and reverence for Lakshmi by the 1st millennium BCE. Lakshmi's iconography and statues have also been found in Hindu temples throughout southeast Asia, estimated to be from the second half of the 1st millennium CE. The festivals of Diwali and Sharad Purnima (Kojagiri Purnima) are celebrated in her honor.Lakshmi Puja
Lakshmi Puja (Sanskrit: लक्ष्मी पूजा, IAST: Lakṣmī Pūjā), is a Hindu religious festival that falls on Amavasya (new moon day) of Krishna Paksha (Dark fortnight) in the Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar month of Ashwin, on the third day of Tihar and is considered as the main festive day of Deepawali.
According to legend, Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and lord Vishnu's wife, visits her devotees and bestows gifts and blessings upon each of them. To welcome the Goddess, devotees clean their houses, decorate them with finery and lights, and prepare sweet treats and delicacies as offerings. Devotees believe the happier Lakshmi is with the visit, the more she blesses the family with health and wealth.Mangesh Tendulkar
Mangesh Tendulkar was an Indian artist as cartoonist and humourist. He has also written in many magazines on cartoons.Naraka Chaturdashi
Naraka Chaturdashi (also known as Kali Chaudas, Roop Chaudas, Choti Diwali or Naraka Nivaran Chaturdashi) is a Hindu festival, which falls on Chaturdashi (14th day) of the Krishna Paksha in the Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar month of Ashvin. It is the second day of the five-day-long festival of Deepavali/Diwali. The Hindu literature narrates that the asura (demon) Narakasura was killed on this day by Krishna, Satyabhama and Kali. The day is celebrated by early morning religious rituals and festivities follow on.Panch Kalyanaka
Panch Kalyanaka (Sanskrit: pan̄ca kalyāṇaka, "Five Auspicious Events") are the five chief auspicious events that are believed to occur in the life of tirthankara in Jainism. They are commemorated as part of many Jain rituals and festivals.Prabodhini Ekadashi
Prabodhini Ekadashi also known as Devotthan Ekadashi, is the 11th lunar day (ekadashi) in the bright fortnight (Shukla Paksha) of the Hindu month of Kartik. It marks the end of the four-month period of Chaturmas, when god Vishnu is believed to sleep. It is believed that Vishnu sleeps on Shayani Ekadashi and wakes on Prabodhini Ekadashi, thus giving this day the name "Prabodhini Ekadashi" ("awakening eleventh"), Vishnu-prabodhini ("awakening of Vishnu") and Dev-Prabodhini Ekadashi, Deothan, Dev uthav ekadashi or Dev Oothi ekadashi ("god's awakening"). The end of Chaturmas, when marriages are prohibited, signifies the beginning of the Hindu wedding season. It is also known as Kartiki Ekadashi, Kartik Shukla ekadashi and Kartiki. Prabodhini Ekadashi is followed by Kartik Poornima, which day is celebrated as Dev Diwali or Diwali of gods.It is also believed that Lord Vishnu married to goddess Tulsi on this Day.Public holidays in India
India, being a culturally diverse and fervent society, celebrates various holidays and festivals. There are many national holidays in India: Republic Day on 26 January, International Workers' Day on 1 May, Independence Day on 15 August and Mahatma Gandhi's birthday on 2 October.States have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics. Popular Hindu festivals of Makar Sankranti, Maha Shivratri, Onam, Janmashtami, Saraswati Puja, Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Raksha Bandhan, Holi, Durga Puja, Dussehra and Diwali; Jain festivals are Mahavir Jayanti and Paryushan; Sikh festivals like Guru Nanak Jayanti and Vaisakhi; Muslim festivals of Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Mawlid, Muharram; Buddhist festivals like Ambedkar Jayanti, Buddha Jayanti, Dhammachakra Pravartan Day and Losar; Parsi Zoroastrian holidays such as Nowruz, and Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter as well as days of observances such as Good Friday are observed throughout India.Ram Diwali
Ram Diwali (Urdu: رام دیوالی) is an area located in the city of Faisalabad. Ram Diwali comprises four villages which are known as Chak No. 112 JB, Chak No. 2 JB, Chak No. 3 JB, & Chak No 4 JB. It is situated on the Sargodha road and lies to the north of Faisalabad, 5 kilometers away from the M3 Motorway. The region is mainly inhabited by the Randhawa tribe of the Jatts. It is located at 31°33'35N 73°2'56E with an altitude of 177 metres (583 feet).Arfa Karim Randhawa was a prominent citizen from Chak 4JB of Ram Diwali. It was partly inhabited by Sikh people also of the Randhawa clan before 1947. After partition of India, they went to Amritsar and inhabited new villages with the name Ram Diwali. A few clans of Gill and Sandhu of the Jatt Tribe are also settled in these 4 villages.Shankarpali
Shankarpali or shakkarpara is an Indian snack popular in Western India, especially in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is traditionally enjoyed as a treat on Diwali. It is rich in carbohydrates, making it an instant source of energy. It can be sweet, sour or spicy depending upon how it is made.Sparkler
A sparkler is a type of hand-held firework that burns slowly while emitting colored flames, sparks, and other effects.
In the United Kingdom, a sparkler is often used by children at bonfire and fireworks displays on Guy Fawkes Night, the fifth of November, and in the United States on Independence Day. They are called Phool Jhadi in India and are popular during the Diwali festival.
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Early History of Hinduism
Hinduism is derived from the Persian word for Indian. It differs from Christianity and other Western religions in that it does not have a single founder, a specific theological system, a single system of morality, or religious organization. Its roots are traceable to the Indus valley civilization circa 4000 to 2200 B.C.E. Its development was influenced by many invasions over thousands of years. One of the major influences occurred when Indo-Europeans invaded Northern India (circa 1500 to 500 B.C.E.) from the steppes of Russia and Central Asia. They brought with them their religion of Vedism. These beliefs became mixed with the indigenous Indian beliefs.
During the first few centuries of the Common Era, many sects were created, each dedicated to a specific deity. Typical among these were the goddesses Shakti and Lakshmi, and the gods Skanda and Surya. Hinduism grew to become the world's third largest religion, claiming about 13% of the world's population. It is the dominant religion in India, and it is also widespread in Malaysia and Sri Lanka. Hindus totaled 157,015 in Canada's 1991 census.
Sacred Texts
The most important of all Hindu texts is the Bhagavad Gita which is a poem describing a conversation between a warrior Arjuna and his charioteer Krishna. The Vedas survive in the Rigveda, a collection of over a thousand hymns. Other texts include the Brahmans, the Sutras, and the Aranyakas.
Hindu Beliefs and Practices
• The monotheistic principle that all reality is a unity and the entire universe is one divine entity is at the heart of Hinduism. Deity is simultaneously visualized as a triad:
• Brahma: the Creator who is continuing to create new realities
• Vishnu: the Preserver, who preservers these new creations. Whenever dharma (eternal order, righteousness, religion, law and duty) is threatened, Vishnu travels from heaven to earth in one of ten incarnations.
• Shiva: the Destroyer is at times compassionate, erotic and destructive.
Simultaneously, many hundreds of Hindu gods and goddesses are worshipped as various aspects of that unity. Depending upon one’s view, Hinduism can be looked upon as a monotheistic, trinitarian, or polytheistic religion.
The Rigveda defines five social castes. According to this system, one’s caste determines the range of jobs or professions from which one can choose. Marriages normally take place within the same caste. In decreasing status, the five castes are:
• Brahmins (the priests and academics)
• Kshatriyas (the military),
• Vaishyas (farmers and merchants)
• Sudras (peasants and servants).
• Harijan (the outcasts, commonly known as the untouchables)
Although the caste system was abolished by law in 1949, it remains a significant force throughout India, particularly in the south. Humans are perceived as being trapped in samsara, a meaningless cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth. Karma is the accumulated sum of one’s good and bad deeds. Karma determines how you will live your next life. Through pure acts, thoughts and devotion, one can be reborn at a higher level. Eventually, one can escape samsara and achieve enlightenment. Bad deeds can cause a person to be reborn at a lower level, or even as an animal. The unequal distribution of wealth, prestige, and suffering are thus seen as natural consequences of one’s previous acts – both in this life and in previous lives.
Meditation is often practiced, with Yoga being the most common. Other activities include daily devotions, public rituals, and puja a ceremonial dinner for a god.
Hindu Sects and Denominations
Modern Hinduism is divided into four major devotional sects: Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism. Vaishnavism and Shaivism are generally regarded as monotheistic sects: each believes in one supreme God, who is identified as Vishnu in Vaishnavism and Shiva in Shaivism.
Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism are the most prevalent Hindu sects; among these, Vaishnavism is the largest. The devotional sects do not generally regard other sects as rivals, and each sect freely borrows beliefs and practices from others.
In addition to the four theistic sects, there are six schools of Vedantic philosophy within Hinduism. These schools tend to emphasize Ultimate Reality as Brahman, the great "Self" who must be realized to attain liberation.
The six Astika (orthodox; accepting the authority of the Vedas) schools of Hindu philosophy are Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa (also called just 'Mimamsa'), and Uttara Mimamsa (also called 'Vedanta'). Of these six, three continue to be influential in Hinduism: Purva Mimamsa, Yoga, and Vedanta.
Holy Days in Hinduism
1. Maha Shivarathri, is a festival dedicated to Shiva in mid-February
2. Holi, a spring festival, is held in early March. It is a carnival-like celebration featuring bright colors, bonfires, and pilgrimages. It is dedicated to Krishna or Kama, the God of Pleasure.
3. Ramnavami, the anniversary of the birth of Rama, is held in late March. Rama was an incarnation of Vishnu.
4. Wesak, the birthday of the Buddha is celebrated in early April by Buddhists in the Mahayana tradition.
5. Dusserah, a festival celebrating the triumph of good over evil is in early November. It is derived from early Hindu stories of struggles between a Goddess and a demon.
6. Diwali, the Indian Festival of Lights is held in mid November. It is mainly dedicated to Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth. It is the Hindu New Year. | http://idcnj.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=188&Itemid=401 |
President Cyril Ramaphosa wishes the South African Hindu Maha Sabha and the South African Tamil Federation and all community members a joyous and safe Deepavali.
In a rare occurrence, Diwali will be celebrated on one day tomorrow, Sunday, 27 October 2019 by both the Hindu Maha Sabha and the Tamil Federation.
President Ramaphosa says: South Africa’s cultural and religious diversity is derived from the broad spectrum of beliefs and practices that constitute and enrich our national identity.
It is my wish that the religious observances and celebrations associated with the Festival of Light will bring families and communities together and that this spirit of togetherness and sharing will radiate throughout the nation in the coming year. Happy Deepavali. | https://africanewswire.za.com/president-cyril-ramaphosa-wishes-hindu-community-a-joyous-deepavali/ |
What is Diwali?
The countries Nepal and India celebrate a festival known as Diwali. Hindus consider Diwali as a sacred celebration. However, other religions in India celebrate the same festival. Communities composed of Hindu, Jainist and Sikh from all around the globe celebrate Diwali. Such communities celebrate a mini festival of their own. There is no particular day of celebrating the festival since it is based on the Lunar calendar of Hindu. Generally, the festival is commemorated in the season of fall. India celebrates the festival and everyone participate even those who are not religious. The celebration is considered as one of the most important events in India.
Diwali refers to ‘festival of the lights’ and Indians mark the day as good triumphs over the evil. Personalities considered as heroes in the mythology of India are commemorated by forming a row of lights. Such heroic figures are well-known heroes of India who fought evil forces. During the festivities, people clean up their homes. They believe that opening the doors and windows of their homes will bring good fortune or luck. Exchange of gifts is also a part of the tradition of Diwali. Moreover, various people host dinners and parties during the celebration.
On the other hand, small groups from around the world celebrating Diwali have developed their own distinct ways of celebrating the festival. Diwali is typically celebrated for five days. Each day represents a distinctive aspect of the light festival. Fireworks and massive public festivities are usually celebrated but celebrators choose a particular day in the 5-day festival.
Diwali is associated with various myths and legendary stories. Such legends or myths commonly pertain to the vanquishing of evil spirits and demons. Some stories refer to the clemency and granting of freedom to the people who were unjustly repressed. Diwali also represents the celebration of enlightenment and religious rise. During the days of celebration Hindus take the festivities as an opportunity to honor Hindu gods. Specifically, the Hindu gods who were given tribute are the god of wealth, Lakshima and the god of new or fortunate beginnings, Ganesha. Moreover, people exchange special greetings which are used to express communal yearning for fortune or good luck in the coming year.
Tourists visiting India during the Diwali celebration all have the same reaction, which is astonishment. For those visiting India it is the time or opportunity to learn more about the Indian culture. Moreover, tourists will also have the chance to learn first-hand the rich history of the country. Various people of India are always ready to share their rich and colorful cultural traditions. Moreover, curious and well-mannered tourists who want to learn about the Indian religions are all entertained well with hospitality. Diwali, although all about the celebration of serious religious and cultural traditions, it is still a great opportunity to have fun. Celebrators have the chance to witness great fireworks, colorful and entertaining performances, appetizing dinners, and other related events that will make the tour for every tourist a remarkable one. Since Diwali is also celebrated by other Indians around the world, people may also witness the celebration on a smaller scale. However, their small festivities will also help demonstrate the true spirit of Diwali. | https://infomory.com/what-is/what-is-diwali/ |
In a new Maple Grove development, Shefali Chahal and her husband Dharminder Kumar recently put up what appeared to their neighbors to be Christmas lights.
“People stopped by that were driving on our street,” Chahal said, and would ask, “Why are your lights going up so early? Because it’s our festival season that is already kicked in. … so we explained it to a number of people, and I think most of them finally got it.”
The festival is Diwali, an ancient celebration that’s one of the biggest and most important holidays in Hindu tradition. Indian-Americans will gather this Saturday at the Minneapolis Convention Center for their annual Diwali Festival.
Kumar explained that “normally, people start celebrating, go into the Diwali mood, a couple of weeks before. There’s going to be dances, good food, socializing with each other.”
Chahal and Kumar are from Chandigarh, in northern India. They came to Minnesota for work more than 18 years ago. Both work in IT. Their son Harshil, a senior at the University of Minnesota, will soon be home for Diwali too.
This five-day holiday, known in the West as the Festival of Lights, is a time when vegetarian meals are offered to gods and goddesses, gifts are exchanged and Indian sweets such as kaju katli — or cashew, milk and sugar bars — are eaten in abundance.
The most popular Indian sweet is called Motichoor Laddoo, made of garbanzo bean flour, cardamom, pistachio and saffron. Generations of Indian families have eaten those sweets. And most have also been taught that a clean house, beaming inside with clay lamps, and a home filled with aromatic meals will attract Sri Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth and love.
Kumar explained, “On this day, Goddess Lakshmi, she takes a full trip of earth, and obviously would prefer to go to a house which is neat and clean.”
And brightly lit. That’s why holiday lights cover the front porch. “So that Goddess Lakshmi does not miss our house, the brightest house, and he says, ‘Oh that’s Kumar’s house, I need to go there,” he said, laughing.
Kumar’s favorite part of the holiday, though, isn’t the food or the puja — that’s the evening Hindu prayer ceremony. He loves the fireworks, which he and other Indians call “crackers.”
“We used to make multiple trips to the market, you know. Go and see which vendor has got which specific type of crackers,” Kumar said. “So that was kind of the excitement, the fireworks. Diwali was always the festival that I waited for all year, you know.”
Chahal said it’s also exciting to go to the temple, “to see everyone dressed up, because we know everybody will be wearing beautiful outfits, with all their beautiful jewelry. It’s just a lot of excitement around this time.”
Just a few miles from their home, on 80 acres of land, is the Hindu Temple of Minnesota, nestled amid cornfields. Inside, Indian-Americans are praying on granite floors surrounded by Hindu deities.
Akshaya Panda, president of the Hindu Society of Minnesota, said the temple will host its own Diwali celebration and puja on Oct. 30, the day on which Diwali falls this year.
“Diwali goes beyond the boundaries of color, caste, race and religion. It is a celebration of love, peace and harmony,” Panda said. “It spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, good over evil, knowledge over ignorance, and hope over despair.”
This year’s cultural show at the Minneapolis Convention Center on Saturday will showcase the different ways Diwali is celebrated across India. | https://globalpress.hinduismnow.org/featured/those-lights-down-the-block-may-be-for-diwali-not-christmas/ |
India is often referred to as the land of the festival. Throughout the year various festivals are celebrated all over the country. There are different types of people based on religious, cultural background and caste exists in the country. There is so much of diversity in India but still, citizen lives in a completely harmonious way. India is a secular country offers its citizens freedom of practicing any religion and culture unless it creates communal disharmony. During Major religious festivals, they forget all enmities and open their arms to every visitor. These festivals are celebrated amidst much fanfare and on most occasions, people from different community join each other in their moment of joy.
People in India have a lot of respect for each other’s religion. These major festivals in India have usually celebrated in every part of the country a different name. Although The celebrations are done in the form of traditional rituals or prayers, exchanging of friendship, seeking blessing, beautifying the house, dancing, wearing new clothes and feasting.
The large population across the vast region of India is consisting of different religions that celebrate their own religious festivals. Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and Sikhism are major religions in India, among others. Some festivals are unique to local regions while there are other vibrant festivals celebrated throughout the country.
The following describes some of the widely celebrated festivals in India.
Durga Puja and Dussehra
Durga Puja, one of the biggest and most popular festivals in the country of the Hindus. This festival is in the worship of the Hindu Goddess of Power, Goddess Durga. Although this religious festival is a ten-day affair, observation of rituals and ceremonies are performed in the last six days. The last day of Durga Puja is known as Dashmi or Dussehra. The festival takes place generally between the months of September and November and is widely celebrated in Eastern India. States from other parts such as Delhi and Karnataka also celebrate this festival. Thus, we can say that the celebration of this festival takes place with great gusto all over India.
Diwali
Diwali or Deepawali for the Indians is the festivals of lights and is celebrated grandly throughout the country. As India depicts a diverse cultural heritage, every region celebrates Diwali in its own special and unique ways as the visitors on different tours will witness. However, the history behind the celebration of Diwali is the same throughout all regions and is based on the legendary victory of Lord Rama over the demon Ravan. Mainly, five days are observed as Diwali. Dhanteras, Choti Diwali, Badi Diwali or Lakshmi Puja, Govardhan Puja, and Bhai Dooj are the five days of the Diwali celebrations. Each of these days has its own connotation and history related to the divine celebration.
Holi
Holi is celebrated in almost all regions in India during March, the religious festival of colors. It signifies the victory of good over evil and celebrations are through a carnival of colors. The main occasion takes place on the day of full moon in March every year. This popular festival is celebrated throughout India. Holi started in Mathura at Vrindavan which is the birthplace of Lord Krishna. People celebrate this day smearing each other’s face with colors.
Janmashtami
Janmashtami signifies the day of the birth of Lord Krishna, who is the 8th incarnation of Lord Vishnu. It usually takes place in the month of August or September. It’s a big highlight for the people of Mathura and Vrindavan, the birthplace of Lord Krishna and celebrate it by offering their prayers.
Ram Navami
Ram Navami signifies the birthday of Lord Rama. The celebration of Ram Navami takes place on the ninth day of “Sukla Paksha” in the months of March and April as determined by the Hindu calendar. The day of the major festival begins with the offering of prayers to the sun and then singing devotional songs during the midday, the time when Lord Rama was believed to be born.
Ganesh Chaturthi
The festival of Ganesh Chaturthi is dedicated to the Remover of obstacles, Lord Ganesha, son of Lord Shiva. It is a ten-day long festival. Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated with great gusto in Maharashtra and other South Indian states. People buy Ganesh idols and worship it for ten continuous days. During this festival, cultural programmes and feasts are also held to liven up the auspicious day.
Basant Panchami
The festival of Basant Panchami is celebrated by the Hindus as “Saraswati Puja”. It normally falls every year on the month of February. This festival marks the start of the Holi festival and altogether spring season. On this day, people worship the Goddess Saraswati, the one who bestows knowledge, culture, and music.
Conclusion:
The major religious festivals in India take place according to the planetary calendar. Throughout these bright events, citizens of all sects, castes, and religions join together to celebrate these joyous occasions. Marches are held, prayers are put forward, presents are given and taken and people celebrate by dancing and singing during these colorful events. Although Passing out the factual colors of the affluent Indian culture, the fairs and festivals of India contribute a significant part in alluring tourists to the country. These fairs and festivals are an essential ingredient of the life of the people of incredible India.Major religious festivals in India by Astrologer Amit
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You must be logged in to post a comment. | https://blog.askganesha.com/major-religious-festivals-india/ |
The music industry today has evolved from something far different in the past, from LPs to cassettes to CDs to individual tracks for sale on iTunes. As musicians begin to play their role in the evolution of our culture they draw on the past and innovate into the future. As society in general evolves the mechanisms and industries related to music also evolve. The basic requirements to play music don't change, developing skill on an instrument is the first step. Participating in the music industry on a professional level is a whole different step, requiring dedication and perseverance. It is said that a musician needs to spend about 10,000 practice hours to make it to a professional level. Individual practice must be combined with developing parallel abilities to play with other musicians, and finally to find your own place in self-expression. | https://www.oneplanetpercussion.com/the-music-industry.html |
Sincerest congratulations to all the young musicians who performed in the Junior Concerto Competition today. We had no less than 17 concerto performances, with 2 students performing two concertos each!
Congratulations their teachers and accompanists in particular for their skill, dedication and commitment which brought their students to this level of achievement. | https://csm.cit.ie/news/junior-concerto-competition-results/ |
MC Lacrosse Camp will focus on skill development areas such as cradling, ground balls, catching, throwing and shooting. In addition, the girls will work on footwork and conditioning. Games and fun competition will be incorporated into the drills. Girls participating in the summer camp will eligible to play on a team in the Fall of 2016.
Campers will be organized by age and skill level.
The camp will be run by current MC Lacrosse coaches, high school and college level players.
Every player will need a girls stick, goggles and mouthguard. | http://montgomerycountylacrosse.com/uncategorized/mc-lacrosse-camp/ |
I'm using internet and other computer networks very often, and I got interested how they work. So I started to learn network technologies.
• Where did you do your training for your skill?
In ArmBusinessBank.
• How did you first find out about your Member organization and its programs?
I heard about it at college.
• Who influenced you to pursue your skill as a career?
No one
• What is your experience in participating with your Member organization?
This is the first time.
• Describe your most memorable moment so far with WorldSkills?
The most memorable moment was the closing ceremony for Worldskills Armenia where I got my certificate.
• Describe what your experience has been since your involvement with WorldSkills
I have no other experience.
• Did participating in the skills competitions and training for WorldSkills help you progress in your skill? Please describe.
WorldSkills competition helped me to assess my knowledge level, and helped to understand what should I do to improve my skill.
• What do you currently do? Where do you work?
I'm trainee as IT operations specialst in ArmBusinessBank
• What are your future career aspirations? | http://www.worldskills2015.com/en/competition/teams/armenia/competitor/20606/index.html |
The first heat of the Rotary International Young Photographer Competition was completed with a prize giving, which took place at High Cross, Church Camberley on Thursday 8th February. Brian Summers,
Club President invited the The Deputy Mayor of Surrey Heath, Councillor Dan Adams to present the trophies, prizes and certificates to the winners and runners-up from each group.
The Junior level was won by Alexis Keay from Cordwalles Junior school, Camberley, Intermediate by Tom Hill from Bagshot who entered independently and Senior level by Emma Carpenter from Tomlinscote, Frimley.
This year’s theme was “A Different Perspective” and was well supported by local schools and colleges. All entries were judged by professional photographer Chantal Storrs-Barbor and Carole Head, local artist and Chairman of Frimley & Camberley Society of Arts. The portfolios showed considerable technical skill and artistic ability and gave the judges much food for thought.
The evening was well attended by parents, friends and teachers from all the participating schools.
Background :
The competition is designed to support the development of photographic skills and to encourage young people to experiment with photography using digital or traditional methods of photography.
The competition is run in three stages; local, District and National level and is split into three age groups: Junior (7 to 10 years), Intermediate (11 to 13 years) and Senior (14 to 17 years) This year’s winning photographs will now go forward to the District level and then possibly to the final at National level. | https://www.rotaryclubofcamberley.org.uk/index.php/22-front-page/42-young-photographer-competition-2018 |
Prairie Dragons Paddling Club Inc. (Prairie Dragons) is a non-profit members organization that brings together dragon boat paddlers for sport, recreation, fun, fitness, competition, travel, training, and socializing.
The club is open to anyone of any age and any skill level - whether you have never tried dragon boating before or are a seasoned paddler; whether you are interested in participating in local or regional festivals or in competing in national and world events; or whether you are interested in simply keeping fit, having fun, and meeting new people ... we have a place for you!
We are always looking to introduce others to the great sport of dragon boating! | https://www.prairiedragons.ca/prairiedragons/AboutUs |
The mission of DPSCD Special Olympics is to provide year-round sports training and athletic competition for children and adults with disabilities in our ESE programs.
Athletes develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage and experience joy while participating in the sharing of gifts, skills and friendship among their families, Special Olympics athletes and the community. The athletes achieve their dreams with the support of caring volunteers, coaches, family members and DPSCD staff.
We have the largest Unified Champion Schools program in the State of Michigan. Special Olympics Unified Champion Schools brings together students with and without disabilities through education, sports and youth leadership to provide them with the knowledge, attitudes and skill necessary to create and sustain school communities that promote acceptance, respect and human dignity.
We provide programs for students of all ages including our youngest athletes. We provide programs to introduce basic sport skills, like running, kicking and throwing as well as elite level competition for qualifying athletes. Students learn how to play with others and develop important skills for learning, and social emotional wellness. Our programs support the students by promoting healthy choices and wellness through education and resources both in competition and outside. | https://www.detroitk12.org/Page/12272 |
The George Enescu International Competition takes place once every two years as a key event in the international cultural world, both for participating artists and the audience. The competition is organized as a standalone event since 2014, under the brand of the George Enescu International Festival, the largest international cultural event organized by Romania.
The 2016 edition of the Enescu Competition takes place between September 3 and 25. It brings to the stage of the Romanian Athenaeum some of the most promising young artists of the moment, as well as established musicians, laureates of the Competition, who are now important international figures, who will give a series of extraordinary recitals.
medici.tv broadcasts three sections of the Enescu Competition:
The specialized jury of the George Enescu International Competition 2016 has selected 174 young artists to enter the competition at this edition. The young artists have been selected from a total number of 317 applications for the Competition. The candidates who have passed the preselection will compete for their dream of becoming great musicians of the world on the stage of the Romanian Athenaeum.
The selected young artists come from countries such as Germany, South Korea, Italy, Spain, France, Croatia, Russia, Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia, Argentina, Czech Republic, China, Thailand, USA, Canada, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, Japan and Romania. | https://www.medici.tv/en/partners/george-enescu-international-competition/enescu-cello-section/ |
Athletes must progress through the level system in accordance with the relevant Gymsport levels progression policy and guidelines and/ or technical Regulations. It is the responsibility of the coaches and club to recognise their gymnast’s ability and to progress their athletes according to the relevant sport progression policies so as to not knowingly or unknowingly compete within a group where the skill and result of a competitor(s) is disproportionality skewed in their favour due to an overwhelming proficiency of the routines and a failure by the club to observe the eligibility of such a gymnast for progression in competition level. Similarly, a gymnast should never be disadvantaged in competitive gymnastics by premature advancement in level, or advanced in level beyond their preparation and ability to safely perform the skills and/or competition elements. Clubs should check these rules prior to entering athletes into an event.
Athlete Behaviour
All athletes must adhere to the GNSW Codes of Behaviour. Athletes participating in competitions and events of any kind must show respect to all judges, coaches and officials. Displays of poor temperament or unsportsmanlike behaviour either by word or gesture will result in technical deduction, or in extreme cases, disqualification and / or possible disciplinary action. Any athlete not abiding by these guidelines may be removed from the event, and not allowed to take part, or continue to take part in the event.
Once the competition has commenced, athletes may not leave or communicate with any person off the competition floor without the approval of the floor manager.
LINK: GNSW Codes of Behaviour
Athlete Attire
All gymnasts attending GNSW event/competition must be suitably attired and adhere to all rules and regulations set down by the Sport’s Gymsport Committee Technical Regulations.
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Athletes must wear club uniform at all GNSW events.
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Athletes must wear the correct competition attire according to the rules and regulations set out in the Gymsport Technical Regulations and/or outlines in the FIG Code of Points.
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NSW State uniform & Australian Team Uniform (past or current) is not permitted.
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Athletes not correctly attired may not be allowed to take part in the competition.
Please refer to the Gymsport ALP or Gymsport Regulations Section for further specifications on Athlete Attire Requirements. | https://www.nswgymnastics.com.au/athlete-regulations |
Singapore International Band Festival (SIBF) is a biennial festival that was started in 2008 by the Wind Bands Association of Singapore. Since then, SIBF has built a reputation as an international stage in Asia that provides developmental opportunity for bands and upholds high artistic integrity in its adjudication.
Through SIBF, bands from all over the world will be brought together in Singapore for an exchange of musical ideas and ideals, where musicians of all ages would be encouraged to continuously learn and strive towards excellence at their own pace.
The 7th SIBF will take place from 21 to 26 July 2020.
SIBF aims to provide a comprehensive experience to develop bands through the following activities:
Participating bands get to choose their challenge level and music that can best showcase the band’s performance ability. Bands will receive written feedback from a panel of internationally renowned adjudicators to help improve the band’s performance.
From a follow-up workshop after the competition, the conductor and the band will get to work with one of the adjudicators/clinicians to learn practical skills to enhance the understanding and approach to music performance.
Meet like-minded musicians from other parts of the world! Exchange musical ideas, experience the cultural heritage and dynamics of wind band music from a different culture, and build network for future collaboration.
Enjoy the experience and share your band’s passion, have fun and put up a lively music performance to the community in outdoor venues in Singapore.
Witness an outstanding guest band in concert at the renowned Esplanade Concert Hall. Experience world class music and be inspired to excel in wind band music performance. | https://www.sibf.sg/about-sibf |
Clean sweep for Bakita House:
Yesterday saw almost 60 girls outside participating in the girls inter house football during period 6. There was some excellent skills displayed by many of the girls. Not only did some of the girls demonstrate a good level of skill but they also performed excellently as a team.
There were some very tight games with end to end action and many tackles and interceptions being made. All of the girls showed excellent determination and commitment throughout and should be pleased with their performance.
The final standings are as follows;
1st - Bakita
2nd - Francis
3rd - Kolbe
Congratulation to all of those who participated!
The next event will be the inter house netball competition where the weather will hopefully be much nicer with the sun shining and warmer temperatures!!! | http://www.st-edmunds.com/news/detail/interhouse-football/ |
What Is a Studio Musician?
A studio musician is a person who comes in, usually as a contract laborer, and records musical parts for another artist. For example, someone who is primarily a singer may have a whole band of studio musicians who create music for him to record over. Studio musicians are typically very talented individuals with a lot of technical skill on their instruments. Some of them work as part of studio-based bands, while others work alone, and it can either be a full-time job or a part-time job. In some cases, studio musicians are also be asked to go on tour with an artist.
Sometimes studio musicians play common popular instruments, like the guitar or drums, while others play less common instruments, like harps. A guitarist or drummer would typically be called in to record backing tracks for pop, rock, country, or other similar music types. Someone who played harp or flute might be called in for orchestral recordings or to add unconventional instruments to recordings of a popular music band. In either case, the economics of supply and demand will affect the availability of work. For example, since there are so many guitarists, it could be hard to find work, even though there might be a lot of work available, simply because of the huge amount of completion.
There are certain skills that can be particularly useful for a studio musician. For example, most of them have a high level of ability on their instruments because they generally have to be among the best available in order to beat out the competition and get work, and if they are more skilled, they can usually complete their jobs rapidly with very little fuss. There is also a need for versatility because if a studio musician is comfortable in many different music settings, he or she can very likely find many more jobs. Many studio musicians are also able to read music, which helps them quickly jump in and start recording unfamiliar material in the least amount of time possible.
Sometimes a studio musician does recording work as a primary job, but not always. Some of them may also have bands of their own, and they occasionally become famous. For example, Jimmy Page was a major studio guitarist in the 1960s with hundreds of recordings to his credit before he eventually ended up as the guitarist of his own famous band, Led Zeppelin. On the other end of the spectrum, some popular musicians from famous bands will also work part-time as studio musicians, or do occasional session work as a side-job. | https://www.wisegeek.net/what-is-a-studio-musician.htm |
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Freshman Grace Gum will be one of the only freshmen to participate in the All-State orchestra competition on February 13-16. All-State is a competitive orchestra performance where students from schools all over Texas compete against one another.
“I think that the fact that I got in as a freshman, even if I didn’t make the best chair, shows that I have a lot of potential to be better when I’m an upperclassman and get a way better chair,” Gum said.
Gum plays viola in the All-State orchestra competition.
“All-State is similar to All-Region, but on a much bigger scale, so everyone in the state of your instrument records eight excerpts that they assign you,” Gum said. “You have one shot to record them all and the judges evaluate them over two days and then you get all of your rankings. For violas they took the top 42 [students]; it’s like a competition you have to try out for every year.”
To play for the blind audition for All-State, the orchestra students had to practice songs and perform pieces that were assigned to them.
“Getting into All-State alone is an amazing accomplishment, as the competition features extremely difficult etudes,” senior Kody Cardamone said. “Solo pieces [are] designed to be difficult to play, along with excerpts from orchestral pieces which are shorter but require a high level of precision.”
Orchestra teacher David Chisum provides support and suggestions for the students participating in All-State.
“Students have the opportunity to play for me, individually or in front of their peers,” Chisum said. “I provide feedback on what they’re doing well and where they need to improve.”
These pieces can be difficult to master for the students, according to Cardamone.
“The material the musicians then have to play is extremely difficult and then judged extremely rigorously, so much so that one mistake can take someone from in All State to out of All-State,” Cardamone said.
After the students performed their song excerpts, they were assigned certain chairs, which is a system used to rank the musicians.
“I’m tenth chair in the lowest of the three orchestras for string players, but you have the potential to move up,” Gum said. “I think I’ll probably move up at least a few chairs.”
According to Cardamone, it’s uncommon for freshman to be able to master these kind of technical and high level difficulty pieces.
“Mastering this material to have very few mistakes and being an All-State musician is already difficult, [so] for a freshman player to do that, it’s an entirely different accomplishment,” Cardamone said. “Being able to come from middle school and then master music to an All-State level is very rare.”
Because of this, most of the students who compete in All-State aren’t freshmen.
“I checked the TMEA All State results just now for viola,” Cardamone said. “Out of the 42 All State viola players, only six were freshmen- that’s less than 15 percent.”
Gum said she put a lot of time and effort into becoming a skilled viola player, even giving up band to focus all of her energy on the viola so she could get into All-State.
“I actually used to play a lot of things in middle school,” Gum said. ”Then I quit everything just for viola because I wanted to get in All-State.”
Gum wanted to be a part of All-State because everyone she knew that was involved had a positive experience.
“Everyone that I know who got into All-State told me it’s the best thing ever; they met lifelong friends,” Gum said. “I really wanted that to be on my resume since a lot of freshmen don’t make it.”
All-State can present various opportunities to the students that compete in it.
“I think what really sets apart All-State from any performance is that it can open up a lot of opportunities for you and it’s something that you can put on your resume and get scholarships from colleges,” Gum said. “Like the Austin Youth Orchestra symphony invited me to join them without an audition.”
She has a lot of skill, according to Cardamone, especially considering that she is a freshman.
“Grace Gum is a great viola player and it is unique to see a freshman be able to enter high school with the amount of technique that she has,” Cardamone said.
Gum plans on continuing her orchestral career throughout high school. | https://thedispatchonline.net/8640/arts-and-entertainment/all-state-orchestras-young-musician/ |
Robert Alexander of Morgan Hill, California, was about eight years old when he had a realization while listening to the legendary John Williams soundtrack from “Star Wars:” someone had to create that music. In the years that followed, he started reading books on composition, writing music using computer software and getting advice from his band directors. This spring, Robert’s composing career took a step forward when his original composition was selected as the winner of the inaugural Interlochen Fanfare Competition.
As the winner of the competition, Robert will have the opportunity to hear his winning musical composition, “Sparks,” performed by members of the World Youth Wind Symphony at their first performance of the summer on June 29, 2013. Interlochen will bring Robert to campus so that he can witness the world premiere of his piece.
“When I won I was completely blown away,” said Robert. “I was absolutely humbled to know that I, just a young, excited and passionate kid who had no formal training in composition, not only won the competition, but [it was] the first one.” Robert describes his piece as “twinkly” and is scored for wind ensemble and centered around a minimal ostinato. The piece starts quietly and builds to a fanfare from the trumpets, adding glockenspiels and antiphonal finger cymbals.
June cannot come fast enough for Robert, who will finally have a chance to hear his work performed by a world-renowned ensemble instead of a computer program. “Hearing the top musicians play my piece … now that will be something. I have only ever heard an original piece of mine played once, and it was a rather poor sight reading by my high school band, which didn't even have the complete instrumentation. To go from that kind of skill to a nationally acclaimed level of skill will be incredible to experience.”
The Interlochen Fanfare Competition asked high school aged composers to submit an original musical composition that captured the creative spirit and energy of Interlochen Arts Camp. Submissions were judged by a panel comprised of music faculty members from Interlochen Center for the Arts. “This was the first ever contest of its kind at Interlochen and we are all thrilled at the results,” said Kedrik Merwin, director of music at Interlochen Center for the Arts. “As a music educator, it is inspiring to see the level of talent and energy that exists across the country. There are young artists out there who will seize any opportunity to create, and I am proud that we were able to provide such an opportunity through this contest.”
Robert hopes to major in music composition in college and is already applying to several top music schools including Berklee College of Music, University of Southern California, University of California at Los Angeles, Cleveland Institute of Music, Oberlin, New England Conservatory of Music, and The Juilliard School. After graduating, he hopes to move to Los Angeles and compose music for films - like John Williams. | https://www.interlochen.org/crescendo/announcing-winner-first-interlochen-fanfare-competition |
How did you get interested in your skill?
I’ve got interested in programming as teenager and learned the very basics. When I was around 16 years old, a friend asked me if I wanted to modify a game together with him. That was basically the trigger that got me into programming.
Where did you do your training for your skill?
I did my training at my company in Waldkirch, on my usual workspace.
How did you first find out about your Member organization and its programs?
SICK, the company I work for, has won prices in other skill competitions of WorldSkills. But the more detailed Information I got when my trainer asked me to participate.
Who influenced you to pursue your skill as a career?
The trigger was my friend who got me into modding. And also my brother who first told me about programming at all and helped me with the basics.
But of course I always had my families support.
What is your experience in participating with your Member organization?
So far I’ve participated only the competition and a preparation meeting. The contact to anyone involved, may it be participants or officials was always relaxed.
Describe your most memorable moment so far with WorldSkills
My most memorable moment was the competition in Germany itself. Experiencing the feeling to participate on such a competition, and then to learn that I have won.
Describe what your experience has been since your involvement with WorldSkills
I had a very interesting time since I participated the first competition. The feeling of participating on such a competition and even winning it, is just indescribable.
Since my involvement there was already 1 preparation meeting where all German winners met and got to know each other. We’ve learned a lot about WorldSkills and were prepared for our time in Brasil.
Also I’ve been practicing in the company and will attain comparison competitions.
Did participating in the skills competitions and training for WorldSkills help you progress in your skill? Please describe.
Yes the training for WorldSkills helped me to improve my software development skills. I’ve learned many new things and concepts and had to learn to work under time pressure.
What do you currently do? Where do you work?
Currently I work for the SICK AG in Waldkirch and I’m doing an apprenticeship as IT-Specialist there. So basically, I’m a software developer. I analyse problems, plan solutions and in then I’ll design and program the software.
What are your future career aspirations?
I definitely plan to go into software development (for end users). And of course I plan to always extend my knowledge. I’m not sure about whether I want to study or not. | http://www.worldskills2015.com/en/competition/teams/germany/competitor/20877/index.html |
Kanybekov Elaman Kanybekovich and Kanybekov Aibek Kanybekovich are the solists of Duo of Komuz performers.
Both musicians have both secondary and higher musical education.
In 2012, they graduated the Republican secondary special music boarding school named after M. Abdraev the class of komuz. In 2016, the Kyrgyz National Conservatory named after K. Moldobasanov also the class of komuz. The duet performs music in various genres; Kyrgyz kuu as well as music in a modern style. Duo’s repertoire mainly consistes of folk songs in modern way; “Mezgil zanyrygs”, “Zhash kerbez”, “Ak Tamak Kok Tamak”, “Kara Ozgoy” are some samples. In addition to the national genre, musicians practice themselves in such large music genres as rock music, jazz, with the harmony Kyrgyz kuu and as well composing their music in these genres.
Additionally to komuz, both musicians plays perfectly in many Kyrgyz national instruments such as: temir ooz komuz, zhygach ooz komuz, chopo choor, choogo choor, sybyzgy, dobul bas and so on.
Regardless of their young age, musicians are actively participating in musical events on the national stage, in large-scale concert projects, at competitions and festivals both in Kyrgyzstan and abroad.
They became winners of a number of contests: such as Grand Prix in the Republican contest “New Stars of Kyrgyzstan” in 2005, Grand Prix in the Republican contest among komuz performers. From 2007 - 2010 they won prizes in the republican contest Ars polonia. They were awarded with first place in the international contest “Issyk - Kol kadyr tunu” in 2010 and the Republican competition of K.Orozov in 2014. In 2016, they won the competition among students in Moscow. | https://sharq-taronalari.uz/en/part-view/363/duo-of-komuz-performers |
Fatima Samoura, secretary general of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), on Monday praised the demonstration of skills and the level of competition during the 2021 Aisha Buhari Cup underway in Lagos.
Samoura made this known to Lagos after the game which saw Ghana’s Black Queens defeat Cameroon’s Indomitable Lionesses 2-0.
She said she was delighted to see the level of improvement in women’s competitive football during the tournament underway at Mobolaji Johnson Arena on Lagos Island.
She also expressed her satisfaction with the level of organization of the ongoing Aisha Buhari Cup aimed at preparing participants for the upcoming World Cup qualifiers in the women’s category.
“I’m so thrilled with what I’ve seen so far in the competition, there has been a high level of skill and competitiveness.
“Indeed, the pace of the game is standard and each participating team has shown a higher level of development of the ball than ever before.
“The organizers have done well, the competition would go a long way in adding more value and class to women’s football across Africa,” she said.
The Nigeria News Agency reports that the entertaining match was also a good competition as both teams worked hard to fend off any form of domination during the fifth day of the showpiece.
The game, however, ended scoreless in the first half, with all efforts to register a decisive goal for both teams.
Both teams came out head-on in the second round with Ghana’s star player Pricella Adubeau securing the biggest breakthrough in the 59th minute.
She connected a pass from Elizabeth Owusuaa, passed the Cameroonian defense on the left flank, to unleash a shot that beat the Cameroonian goalkeeper for his first goal.
Ghana played with more flexibility and intensity after the goal to ensure they beat their Cameroonian opponents
They scored their second goal thanks to Vivian Konadu in the 89th minute of the game.
Konadu broke away from the defense as he chased a free ball, edging out three opposing players to detonate a shot through the right side of the Cameroonian goalkeeper.
Ghana coach Mercy Tagoe expressed satisfaction with the result and called for more support from home fans.
She said it was a very difficult game given that both teams were footballing powers in Africa, adding that she was delighted to get the momentous victory.
Tagoe also said the team showed their quality and cleared any doubts after their humiliating 0-3 loss to Bayana Bayana of South Africa in their opener. | https://nnn.ng/fifa-scribe-commends-aisha-buhari-cup/ |
DuBois Central Catholic will be sending thirteen science students and their projects to the Pennsylvania Junior Academy of Science State Competition in May at the Main Campus of Penn State. According to science instructors, Jenn Graeca and Renee Gressler, we were happy to have fourteen students ready and willing to enter the regional event in Altoona recently, and then to have thirteen of them advance to PJAS states shows the knowledge and skill they possess.
Graeca explains, “For the past three months, students have been perfecting their projects and to have so many advancing to the state level is outstanding for a school our size.” Gressler adds, “And qualifying for states requires a minimum score of four from the panel of judges scoring each presentation, which is an accomplishment as well.
“For sure, we experienced our best year ever,” says Jenn Greaca. With 13 out of the 14 students moving on to the state competition, and three of those students receiving a perfect score, and six DCC students receiving special awards, Central’s science students were well represented at regionals,’ states Gressler.
Three DCC students achieved a perfect score: Ashley Mayes, Trisha Gupta, and Michael Zaffuto. Mayes, a freshman, also won the Mickey Maholtz Physics Award, the only recipient of this award at regionals and Zaffuto received a Judges Award.
Five students received the Perseverance Award for participating in PJAS for three or more years: Michael Zaffuto, a senior; Trisha Gupta, Macey Hanes, and Rebecca Pifer, all juniors; and Meghan Graeca, a sophomore.
In addition to Mayes, Gupta, Zafutto, Hanes, Pifer and Graeca, also advancing to the state PJAS level of competition in May at University Park are the following: Sophomore, Jessica Tomasko; Junior, Gabrielle Caruso; seniors Natalie Curtis and Cullen Engle; and DCC 8th graders Lindsey Reiter, Alex Ochs and Sydney Spencer. DCC student Elizabeth Gankosky competed at regionals, earning a second place finish. | https://www.duboiscatholic.com/2016/04/11/thirteen-dcc-students-qualify-for-state-pjas/ |
Meditation is a type of therapy that has been around for thousands of years. In the past, it was used to help monks understand and try to achieve enlightenment, otherwise known as spiritual awakening or coming to know transcendental truths. Today, meditation can be used for a number of different purposes, but most commonly it is used to reduce stress and promote relaxation. Meditation is a kind of mind-body medicine or complementary therapy. It may be used in conjunction with other alternative therapies or conventional medicine in order to help patients cope with mental or physical illnesses, disabilities, or chronic conditions.
Elements of Therapy
Meditation may be conducted in different settings. Some people practice it on their own at home and learn about how to meditate online or through books or self-help videos. Others take meditation classes or work one-on-one with a professional. During a meditation session, most of the time the goal is to focus one’s attention and eliminate the thoughts that enter the mind at random and cause undue stress. Techniques used in a meditation session may include one or more of the following:
- Guided meditation: involves helping the participant to form mental images. It is sometimes referred to as visualization or guided imagery and involves listening to a teacher or tape and imagining the places or sequence he or she describes.
- Mantra meditation: is based on the repetition of a mantra or chant which is meant to inspire calm and prevent distracting thoughts from entering the mind.
- Mindfulness meditation: is popular in the Western world and involves increasing what is known as “mindfulness.” Mindfulness is the practice of being aware and living in the moment. During mindfulness meditation the participant is encouraged to focus on his or her breath and practice non-attachment with respect to thoughts.
- Yoga: includes a series of breathing exercises and movement postures that promote flexibility and strength alongside mental tranquility.
Usage
Meditation has been studied in a number of clinical and community settings. In general, it gives individuals power of their own emotional well-being and feelings of wellness. Practicing meditation on a daily basis has a beneficial effect over time, helping participants to change their outlook on stressful situations, manage their stress, increase their sense of self-awareness, live in the present moment, and reduce pessimism and negativity. Meditation may also be used to help individuals suffering from anxiety disorders, depression, cancer, asthma, high blood pressure, insomnia, and chronic pain. Research on meditation has shown that it can produce physical changes in the brain to promote happiness.
Regulation
Meditation courses are not regulated by any governing body. They may be offered by community organizations such as the YMCA or religious organizations. They may be offered for free or at a fee. Teachers or meditation guides are not required to have a set of credentials including certification, although most have experience practicing a certain type of meditation and leading meditation courses. It is important to do some research into the style of class before signing up.
Summary
Meditation is beneficial for persons of all ages, racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. It is an age-old practice that can help people to reduce stress and anxiety in their day-to-day lives. Meditation courses may involve guided imagery, mindfulness meditation, yoga, or the chanting of mantras. Meditation can be used to help individuals with different goals, such as overcoming depression or insomnia. It is not regulated in the United States but courses are usually offered by religious organizations or community groups. | http://www.medicalternatives.com/meditation/ |
**PLEASE NOTE: This program has been rescheduled from January 15, 2019.
Research has demonstrated the extraordinary benefits associated with the practice of meditation for individuals and organizations. In addition to improving physical and emotional health, it is well accepted that meditation enables healthy individuals to thrive. Not only does meditation improve attention span and cognitive skills, practicing mindfulness has also been shown to increase an individual’s sense of well-being as well as his or her ability to self-regulate, process stress, reduce reliance on habit, and relate to others. Research has also demonstrated that employing such individuals is good for business. Linda Lazarus of the Project for Workplace Stress Reduction will lead a 45 minute interactive and experiential mindfulness session which will include a number of practices (including a seated mindfulness meditation, a guided body scan, and tai chi techniques to feel and move energy). After each practice, we will discuss our experience as a group, as well as ways to use these practices at work and at home. Handouts will be provided to help staff start and maintain a regular meditation practice.
Pre-registration for this program is encouraged. As always, please feel free to share this invitation with colleagues. D.C. Bar membership is not required to attend. Food is available on a first-come, first-served basis. Doors open at 5:45 pm. Networking begins at 6:00 pm. Program content starts at 6:15 pm. | https://www.wbadc.org/ev_calendar_day.asp?date=2/21/2019&eventid=135 |
Mindfulness is a practice that has been around for centuries, but it’s only recently become popular in the Western world. With mindfulness, you can learn to be more present in the moment, and get away from thoughts about the past or future.
Introduction: What is Mindfulness?
Mindfulness is a mental state achieved by focusing one’s awareness on the present moment, while calmly acknowledging and accepting one’s feelings, thoughts, bodily sensations, and surrounding environment.
It is a popular practice in Buddhism and Western psychology. It has also been applied to increase quality of life for people who experience chronic pain or illness.
Mindfulness can be practiced as part of formal meditation exercises or in everyday activities such as washing the dishes, taking a shower, brushing teeth etc.
What are the Benefits of Mindfulness?
Mindfulness meditation is a practice of focusing on the present moment, and accepting the feelings, thoughts, and sensations that are happening in the present moment.
Mindfulness can be likened to a form of mental training that is designed to help people understand how their minds work.
It has been shown to have many benefits for physical and mental health.
Some of these benefits include:
-Improving one’s emotional well-being
-Reducing stress
-Improving self-compassion
-Reducing pain
-Increasing self-esteem
The benefits of mindfulness are numerous and well-documented. It provides an opportunity for self-reflection, which is essential for a healthy lifestyle. Mindfulness meditation is also a great way to improve your focus and mental clarity.
How to Practice Mindfulness in Daily Life?
Mindfulness is a practice of being aware of the present moment without judgment. It is a state of awareness that has gained popularity in recent years, with many people finding it to be a useful way to reduce stress and anxiety.
Conclusion: The Importance of Practicing Mindfulness in Daily Life
Mindfulness is the practice of being aware of one’s thoughts, feelings and actions in the present moment. Practicing mindfulness can help with managing stress, anxiety, anger and depression.
It can be practiced in many ways such as yoga, meditation, tai-chi or mindful walking. The benefits of mindfulness definitely make it worth while. | https://seniorfitnessandhealthlifestyle.com/2022/03/07/mindfulness-for-beginners-a-guide-to-mindful-living/ |
It can be easy to get swept up in the continuous rush of the on-the-go way of life around you. External and internal pressures can force you to be on auto-pilot or live life at lightning speed.
But that shouldn’t be the case.
Each individual has their own pace and it should be respected to keep a balanced mind and body. This is where meditation can help. You can regularly practice slowing down and taking the time to develop a deeper connection and awareness of your body and mind.
Meditation and its Benefits
Meditation is a habitual practice that allows one to develop awareness and focus. It’s also about being in tune with your thoughts and feelings instead of denying them. Meditation is also known to improve one’s overall well-being, including mental, spiritual, and physical health. Practicing meditation regularly can help people:
Five Types of Meditation for Your Mind and Body
There are many meditation techniques or types that one can practice and incorporate into their self-care ritual. Here are five types of meditation you can practice to achieve a balanced body and mind.
1.) Mindfulness Meditation
This type of meditation is a combination of concentration and awareness. It can be done anywhere where one is able to close their eyes and focus on their breathing. During the practice of meditation, you allow yourself to simply observe your thoughts and feelings as they pass through the moment. It’s important to focus on your thoughts and feelings without judgment or efforts to escape them, regardless of whether they’re negative, positive, or neutral. Practicing mindfulness is a great way to be present in the here and now.
2.) Focused Meditation
Focused or concentrative meditation is a meditation technique that requires one to direct their attention towards a single object with any of the five senses. Examples include moon gazing, counting your breaths, or simply staring at a single object.
This technique aids in improving concentration and increasing attention span. This may seem simple, but it does require practice to be able to hold their focus without their minds going through other thoughts or worries. It also takes practice to be able to gently turn one’s focus back onto their chosen target or object after being directed elsewhere. So it’s best to give yourself time and start with shorter sessions first. Feelings of frustration may prevent you from achieving its effects.
3.) Movement Meditation
If you’re the type of person who prefers a more active form of meditation, then you may want to try movement meditation. This technique is not simply moving for the sake of it; it involves building a deep connection and awareness with your body. Movement meditation also requires you to focus on the thoughts and feelings that arise as you practice your preferred type of movement meditation. Movement meditation comes in different forms, including:
4.) Loving-kindness Meditation
Also known as Metta meditation, loving-kindness meditation is the practice of directing well wishes to others and opening your mind to receive them as well. This practice will help you strengthen feelings of compassion and kindness towards yourself, loved ones, and other people or living beings. Practicing loving-kindness meditation can be done while in a comfortable sitting position and reciting a mantra that evokes positive and warm feelings. This practice can be great for individuals who are experiencing feelings of anger or bitterness towards themselves or others.
5.) Progressive relaxation
People’s stress and negative feelings tend to manifest physically, and this includes muscle tension in one or more areas of the body. Progressive relaxation is great if you’re someone who experiences any tension in your body due to mental or emotional stress. This type of meditation is a technique that can help you release the tension in your body. An easy way to start practicing this technique is to focus on one area of your body at a time. You concentrate on relaxing that part of your body before you move on to another area until your whole body feels relieved of any tension. You can include progressive relaxation practices in your evening ritual to relieve stress and relax your mind and body before going to bed.
A Gentle Reminder
Remember that meditation is a practice, or something one should do regularly to improve. Be patient with yourself, especially when you’re trying a meditation technique for the first few times. It’s a practice and not a competition. You can go through this journey of developing self-awareness, focus, and balance at your own pace. You are also free to try out any of the meditation types listed above (or others not listed here!) to see which one your mind and body respond best to.
If you’re having difficulty getting started, you can consider seeking help from a professional. You can also try guided meditations to help you maximize the experience.
Katie Pierce is a teacher-slash-writer who loves telling stories to an audience, whether it’s bored adults in front of a computer screen or a bunch of hyperactive 4-year-olds. Writing keeps her sane (most of the time) and allows her to enjoy some quiet time in the evening before she walks into a room of screaming kids (all of whom she loves dearly) the next morning.
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Hi, Melissa here! Welcome to my website! Here you'll find guided meditations, inspiration, uplifting content, and more. I invite you to get cozy, relax, and stay as long as you like.
Join me in my powerful sacred space, The Healing Sanctuary, to experience over 100 healing audios! New meditations and visualizations added each week. | https://www.melissa-field.com/blog/5-types-of-meditation-to-balance-your-mind-and-body |
Table of Contents
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people around the world are feeling a heightened sense of stress and anxiety. We are in an unprecedented worldwide quarantine and faced with a lot of uncertainty. The situation is changing from day to day. We don’t know what will happen to our friends, our families, and our livelihoods. It is a challenging time for us all.
With all of the news stories swirling around and the questions we each face in our own lives, it can feel difficult to stay grounded and stay connected to your center. One of the ways to cope with stress and stay centered is through mindfulness and meditation.
Let’s take a moment to review these concepts and their benefits.
Mindfulness
Mindfulness is simply paying attention. Paying attention to whatever is going on in this present moment, here and now. If you are cooking, pay attention to the food you are preparing, its smells and flavors. If you are eating, pay attention to the delicious meal you are eating and the company you are sharing it with. If you are working, concentrate and focus on the task at hand. If you are playing with your kids, enjoy their smiles and laughs. This is in contrast to the way we often walk through life doing one action while simultaneously thinking about hundreds of other things.
Breathing Exercises
There are many different ways to use the breath to focus and calm stress. Some techniques focus on lengthening the inhaled breath or lengthening the exhaled breath, some focus on directing the breath into the stomach or the chest, and some focus on deep breathing.
The G-Breath
Practicing the G-Breath is a great way to relax and reset. Try this at home:
- Inhale mouth – exhale mouth
- Inhale mouth – exhale nose
- Inhale nose – exhale nose
- Inhale nose – exhale mouth
- Inhale mouth – exhale mouth
- Inhale mouth– exhale nose
- Inhale nose – exhale nose
- Inhale nose – exhale mouth
- Inhale mouth – exhale mouth
- Inhale mouth – exhale nose
- Inhale nose – exhale nose
- Inhale nose – exhale mouth
- Inhale mouth – exhale mouth
Repeat this breathing cycle 3 times for maximum relaxation.
Meditation
The style of meditation that many of us are familiar with is sometimes called contemplation or focusing the mind on one thing in particular. This could be your breath or a mantra like “om.” This is a very good way to relax the mind and give it a break from thinking a million miles an hour.
Sometimes people think that meditation is complicated or impossible, but it can actually be done very simply. The idea is to quiet the mind, but that is really difficult for most people to do because the mind brings back constant chatter every time you try to quiet it. That’s okay. Meditation is simply practice. Since it’s impossible to quiet the mind, what we do instead is focus on one thing, and bring the mind back to that one thing whenever it starts to wander.
Benefits of Meditation During Quarantine
Practicing any of these techniques, whether mindfulness, breathing exercises or meditation, can help reduce stress and improve your mental health during the quarantine. Each technique has the same goal: to slow down the racing of the mind. Each technique in its own way forces the mind to focus and stop jumping around. This brings calm to the mind, which translates to health benefits in the body. The breathing slows, the heart rate slows, and the parasympathetic nervous system is activated. This is the opposite of the “fight or flight” response. Meditation and mindfulness allow the body to come out of a fight or flight state and move into a state of restful peace.
Over time, the regular practice of bringing your mind and body out of a stress response and into a state of calm rest actually strengthens the immune system. This is because when the mind and body are in a state of stress, the body diverts energy away from the immune system to deal with the threat that is causing the stress response. When the fight or flight response is turned off, the body can redirect energy to the immune system so the immune system will be ready to fight any viruses or bacteria that come your way.
This is especially important during the COVID-19 quarantine. We all need to try to make our immune systems as healthy as possible, to protect us in the event of infection with the novel Coronavirus or any other illness.
How to Meditate During Quarantine
If you would like to try mindfulness or meditation at home, the Internet is a great resource. There are plenty of guided meditations online, on YouTube, and on numerous apps. There are also online classes in meditation and online yoga classes. A lot of mindfulness and meditation teachers are now broadcasting through social media channels such as Facebook Live and Instagram Live.
And these meditation apps are available on the app stores:
Offering a free coronavirus sanity guide online.
Subscription-based app with a library of courses from mindful eating to parenting, daily meditation, sleep sounds and bedtime exercises.
Subscription-based app offering breathing exercises, journaling prompts, meditation, and sleep stories.
Guided meditations led by Diana Winston, a former Buddhist nun and one of the nation’s best-known teachers of mindfulness meditation. English and Spanish.
Free Instagram live classes and Zoom in-home private classes.
More than 30,000 free guided meditations on various topics.
We are all in this together, social distancing together! At Hotel Mousai we wish for everyone’s continued health and safety during this time. | https://www.hotelmousai.com/blog/news/the-benefits-of-meditation |
Practicing mindfulness throughout the day is a great way to get the benefits of meditation without having to rely on formal sit-down practice.
One of the most accessible and beneficial ways you can do this is by using mindful movement meditation techniques to stay fit and healthy and expand the connection between mind and body.
Becoming more mindful and aware of the way your body moves throughout your daily life can have some really positive effects. In this article, we’ll look through them, exploring these key points:
- What is Mindful Movement?
- The Benefits of Mindful Movement
- 5 Great Ways to Practice Mindful Movement
- Becoming More Mindful Every Day
Ready? Let’s begin.
What Is Mindful Movement?
Different people define this term in different ways, but it’s pretty simple when you break it down.
Mindful movement means engaging in different physical exercises while placing focused attention on the movements of your body and the patterns of your breath.
This technique can manifest in a few different ways. For example, mindful meditators could focus on the weight of their feet or other bodily parts, or tune in to the tensing of certain leg or arm muscles. Exercises like running meditation take these principles to the next level.
Mindful movement isn’t just physical; it also anchors the mind in the present moment and opens your eyes to the sensory details of everyday experiences.
This can have some profound effects. Appreciating the subtleties of physical movement, getting in tune with the breath, and engaging your brain a little more will help you to appreciate the simple pleasures in life.
But the reasons to try out mindful movement extend beyond that. Let’s look at some of the key benefits of mindful movement meditation.
4 Benefits of Mindful Movement
Embracing the practice of mindful movement can have a positive effect on numerous aspects of your life.
Whether you want to manage stress and external pressure, quieten your busy mind a little, or just become a bit more physically active, there’s something in it for everyone.
Let’s explore the main advantages of this practice.
1. Reduced Stress and Anxiety
Mindful movement can help you manage feelings of stress and anxiety and reduce the impact of these negative thoughts and emotions on your life.
A recent Penn State study found that practicing mindful movement led to a dramatic reduction in the stress and anxiety levels of 158 students. The same report noted that students also became more active and mindful as a result.
2. Increased Physical Fitness
Simple exercises like mindful walking and yoga can get you off the sofa and moving your body in a healthy, but not too demanding way.
If you struggle to cultivate a regular physical exercise routine, this could be the perfect gateway into a healthier lifestyle. Research shows that mindfulness can reduce heart rate and blood pressure, improve immune responses and help decrease cognitive decline.
Mindful movement can help you get in tune with your body and become more confident, without you having to run a marathon or complete a triathlon. Whatever your current fitness levels are like, this practice can have a positive effect.
3. Improved Focus
In the modern world, we’re constantly running around, stressing out about tasks, activities and social events, without ever stopping to appreciate the present moment. Bringing mindfulness into your everyday physical movements can help you do this.
Taking the time to notice physical and mental sensations can be tough at first, but regularly practicing mindful movement exercises can develop your ability to focus on the present moment and manage distractions.
4. Better Sleep
Many of us struggle to sleep at night. There are loads of factors that can influence this, and you’ve probably heard a million potential solutions too! One that you may not have come across, however, is mindful movement.
One scientific review found that meditative movement can have a seriously positive effect on sleep quality. Taking a few minutes to settle your mind and body before bed can help you fall asleep faster and get a better rest once you do.
There are plenty of other benefits of mindful movement, and the effects you see will differ from person to person; however, these are the key ones.
5 Great Ways to Practice Mindful Movement
Now that you know all about the advantages of mindful movement, it’s time to dive into a few useful exercises you can use to access them.
These techniques can fit around your daily schedule in a totally natural way, and with time, they can make you a calmer, more focused, and less stressed person.
1. Walking meditation
When we go about our daily lives, we often operate on autopilot. Physical movement is a great opportunity to move out of this mode, and mindful walking is perhaps the easiest technique you can try.
Mindful walking is a form of meditation in motion. As you move, become more aware of the physical sensations in your body. Notice your surroundings and how they change as you walk. This can be done on the street, in a field, through some woods — wherever!
Become aware of the muscles in your body and note any tensions you can feel. Notice the weight of your legs and the feeling of your feet touching the ground.
Listen to the sounds around you; can you hear birdsong, or the wind, or passing cars? What can you smell? What can you see? Think about the temperature outside and how it’s affecting your body. Notice these things in the present moment, then let them pass by.
These simple steps can ground you in the present moment and expand your awareness, both in terms of your physical surroundings and your bodily sensations.
2. Walking Contemplation
Here’s a simple exercise that relates closely to the previous one, but focuses a little more on the contemplative aspect of mindful walking.
1. First, allocate a convenient time and place for your practice.
2. Stand still, and bring your awareness to certain bodily sensations, like the ground beneath your feet, the wind in your hair, or the pace of your breath.
3. Focus on the breath and the way it moves in and out. Begin matching your breath with your steps, if you can, and fall into a regular motion. Each time your mind begins to drift, bring your focus back to the breath.
4. Immerse yourself in the sensory stimuli around you. Notice your five senses and feel what’s happening in your body.
5. Relax a little and allow your mind to go wherever it likes, moving your focus away from one thing and contemplating the experience of mindful walking more generally. After a while, stand still for a few seconds and feel the peace and calmness of this moment.
3. Passing Through a Door
As you leave one space and enter another, you naturally re-adjust to your surroundings. Applying the principles of mindful movement meditation in these moments can increase your sense of awareness and bring your attention to the present moment.
Next time you walk through a door, simply pause, just for a few seconds. Think about the differences between the new environment you’re in, and the one you just left. Look at the door, and think about the physical sensations of opening or closing it.
To help you remember to practice this technique, you could place a sticker of an image on the doors in your home. This is a simple way to practice mindful movement throughout your day, particularly if you work from home.
4. Yoga: Mindfulness in Movement
Yoga is one of the most popular examples of mindful movement we have, although many people don’t even realize that this is what it is.
But think about it: in yoga, you’re practicing breath control, adopting specific bodily postures, and meditating in the present moment, in order to induce calmness, relaxation, and various other benefits. This is the essence of mindful movement.
There are loads of different forms of yoga, each with its own benefits and core ideas. Yoga can be used to increase flexibility, soothe muscle tensions, and boost the physical health of runners and other athletes.
Practices like Vinyasa Yoga can reduce stress and anxiety, increase stability and balance, and build muscle strength, along with various other benefits. Yoga mindfulness is one of the best daily applications of mindful movement meditation.
5. Mindful Movement Sleep Meditation
Mindful movement sleep meditation can combine the benefits of mindful movement with a common problem — getting to sleep. If you find it difficult to get proper rest at night, intentional movement could provide some solutions.
Certain gravity poses, such as plow pose or standing forward bend, can be great for turning the blood flow around and bringing a sense of calmness and vitality.
Performing a body scan is another way to become more mindful of your body before bed. This involves focusing on the sensations in your head, before gradually moving down your body and letting go of physical tensions in the present moment.
There are other ways you can prepare yourself for a good night’s sleep, too. For instance, you could have a mindful massage, or you could practice a mindful breathing technique.
Our article on sleep meditation unpacked includes more guidance on mindfulness for sleep.
Becoming more mindful every day
The mindful movement exercises we’ve explored today can have a profound impact on your life.
As we’ve explored, mindful movement meditation can enhance focus, reduce stress and anxiety, induce calmness, increase physical health and improve sleep. This long list of benefits is surely enough to get anyone practicing!
If you’re unsure about which techniques might suit you best, why not start off with a simple walking meditation, before finding out more about yoga and the positive impact it can have.
For more guidance on how the world of mindfulness can improve your life and help you develop a calmer approach to things, check out our article on mindfulness vs meditation. | https://yogajala.com/mindful-movement-meditation-become-more-aware-of-your-body/ |
Living in the present moment is what mindfulness entails. Essentially, it means being (deliberately) more alert and awake to each moment, as well as being completely engaged in what is going on around you-with acceptance and without judgment. According to Davis and Hayes of Pennsylvania State University, mindfulness can be described as an awareness of one’s experience in the present moment without judgment. Mindfulness meditation is a self-regulation technique that focuses on training attention and awareness with the goal of gaining more voluntary control over mental processes. During meditation, for example, being conscious of one’s breath is a frequent form of mindfulness. Mindfulness and meditation are two concepts that have different connotations. They are, nevertheless, directly linked. Meditation nurtures and extends mindfulness, while mindfulness strengthens and enhances meditation. To put it another way, while awareness can be applied to any situation at any time, meditation is normally done for a set amount of time. Furthermore, although mindfulness entails being aware of and tuned in to what is going on inside and around one, meditation entails pausing one’s activities and devoting time to attempting to be aware of nothing.
What Is Mindfulness and How Does It Work?
According to the data, mindfulness is linked to changes in the brain and the body’s production of hormones and other substances that affect our physical health. According to researchers, developing mindfulness leads to nonjudgmental and nonreactive acceptance of experience, which is linked to favorable psychological and physical results.
What Does It Mean to Be Mindful?
Being mindful entails being aware of your thoughts, emotions, and physical and mental sensations. Acceptance is an important part of mindfulness, which is a type of meditation. It entails being conscious of your thoughts and feelings without passing judgment on them.
In Layman’s Terms, What Is Mindfulness?
The term “mindfulness” refers to devoting complete attention to anything. It entails slowing down and paying attention to what you’re doing. Rushing or multitasking are the polar opposites of mindfulness. When you’re mindful, you can take your time. You’re concentrating in a relaxed, unhurried manner.
What Exactly Is Mindfulness, and Why Is It So Valuable?
The practice of mindfulness involves focusing your attention on the present moment and accepting it without judgment. Mindfulness is now being researched scientifically, and it has been discovered to be an important factor in stress reduction and overall happiness.
What Do You Gain From Practicing Mindfulness?
Self-control, objectivity, affect tolerance, better flexibility, equanimity, improved focus and mental clarity, emotional intelligence, and the ability to interact with others and oneself with kindness, acceptance, and compassion are some of the benefits that have been suggested.
What Is the Role of Mindfulness in Stress Reduction?
Mindfulness may have downstream benefits throughout the body by reducing the stress response. Mindfulness has been found to affect two different stress pathways in the brain, causing changes in brain architecture and activity in areas linked with attention and emotion regulation.
What Does Mindfulness Really Do to Us?
You can take better action by paying attention to the present moment. By paying attention to the present, you may be present in the past and future. As a result, you may feel more pleased and fulfilled in your life. You will feel more connected to other individuals as a result. Mindfulness permits you to become aware of when you are operating on autopilot. This permits you to change your mind and stop making decisions on autopilot. It is a valuable life skill that allows you to stay focused on your objectives. If you practice mindfulness, you will become more present at the moment.
Can Practicing Mindfulness Improve Focus?
Mindfulness practice allows you to focus on the present moment. It allows you to concentrate and gain a better understanding of your surroundings. Mindfulness meditation can help you achieve all of this and more. It takes about 20 minutes for you to get used to it. Jon Kabat-Zinn suggests that you practice it for at least 45 minutes per day. You’ll be astonished at the favorable results if you do it consistently.
When We Practice Mindfulness, There Are Three Distinct Ways in Which Our Attention’ shifts Gears.’
First and Foremost, Our Attention Is Held;
- On Purpose
The conscious and deliberate direction of our attention is what mindfulness entails. When we’re on autopilot, our attention is swept up in a never-ending (and often negative) current of thought processes, but when we’re attentive, we ‘wake up and step out of that current, directing our attention where we want it to go. “On purpose” can also be translated as ‘consciously.’ When we pay attention in this way, we live more deliberately, awakened, and fully ourselves.
Second, our focus is diverted;
- For the Time Being
When we leave our minds to their ways, they are prone to wandering away from the present moment. It is continuously caught up in reliving the past and speculating about the future. To put it another way, we’re rarely truly present in the current moment. Mindful attention, on the other hand, is entirely focused on the current moment; the here and now. We let go of the stress that comes from wanting things to be different, from always desiring more, and instead accepted the present moment for what it was.
Finally, Our Attention Is Captivated;
- Extremely Non-Judgmental
When we practice mindfulness, we’re not trying to control, repress, or halt our thoughts. We merely want to pay attention to our feelings as they come, without criticizing or categorizing them. Mindfulness permits us to become observers of our sense experiences, thoughts, and emotions as they arise, rather than being caught up in them and carried away in their tide. We’re less likely to mechanically play out old habits of thinking and living if we take on the role of the watcher in this way. It provides us with a new sense of freedom and choice in our lives.
The Happier You Are, the More Mindful You Are
Mindfulness has the potential to change your entire world from the inside out, and it is doing so for millions of people around the world. You might be in for the most incredible and delightful surprise of your life. Everything you’ve been looking for ‘out there,’ such as feelings of fulfillment, peace, and wholeness, has all along been inside you.
Scientifically Proven Ways That Mindfulness Can Help You
- Mindfulness helps to alleviate tension, anxiety, and other negative emotions. This primitive brain region, associated with fear and emotion, is engaged in the commencement of the body’s stress response; this is the part of the brain responsible for so many negative emotions like fear, dissatisfaction, and anger.
- Mindfulness decreases depression. Mindfulness decreases sleeplessness, improves your sense of well-being, decreases lethargy, and boosts mental and physical vitality.
- Mindfulness can also help with pain management. Mindfulness improves your focus and attention span while sharpening your memory.
- Mindfulness enhances emotional and social intelligence, as well as compassion and empathy. It has also been demonstrated to boost interpersonal connections.
- Mindfulness enhances immunity and improves health. Mindfulness has been demonstrated to help with a variety of major ailments, including cancer and heart disease.
- Mindfulness increases work and home efficiency by allowing for clearer, more concentrated thinking. Mindfulness boosts self-esteem and emotional toughness.
- Mindfulness has been demonstrated to lessen obsessive and addictive tendencies and to work better than any diet for long-term weight loss.
How Do You Go About Practicing Mindfulness?
Mindfulness can be divided into two categories. The first is mindfulness meditation, which is a formalized version of mindfulness. Meditation is most typically practiced sitting, with eyes closed, but it can also be done lying down or even walking. Mantra (music) or movement is also used in some meditation techniques. The rest of your life is informal practice. Mindfulness practice can be defined as everything we do in our daily lives with complete awareness. You can do the dishes attentively, wait at the traffic lights mindfully, or take a mindful morning walk. When you give it your whole attention, any mundane activity can become a mindfulness exercise.
What Are the Three Qualities That Characterize Mindfulness?
In general, they aim to cultivate three fundamental aspects of mindfulness: awareness (and return to it again and again), paying attention to what is going on right now (simply observing thoughts, feelings, and sensations as they arise), and a nonjudgmental, inquiring, and friendly attitude.
How Do You Incorporate Mindfulness Into Your Daily Routine?
Consider the following:
- Before you eat, take a deep breath. We frequently jump from one task to the next without pausing or taking a breather.
- Pay attention to your body. Bring your attention to the physical sensations in your stomach once you’ve finished breathing.
- Eat in response to your hunger.
- Practice eating in a calm manner.
- Don’t eat it if you don’t like it.
Mindfulness Is Brain Medicine at Its Finest
The cutting-edge of neuroscience is colliding with mindfulness. The study of the ancient practice through a scientific lens is known as “contemplative neuroscience,” and it is producing some really strong evidence that the practice is a beneficial mental health therapy.
- Neuroplasticity Explained:
At its most fundamental level, neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to evolve and adapt throughout time. This adaptability occurs on a regular basis as the brain strives to improve its efficiency and effectiveness, but researchers are particularly interested in neuroplasticity in the setting of brain traumas such as strokes. When we practice mindfulness, we send a message to our brain that being alert, observant, nonreactive, and nonjudgmental makes us more efficient in dealing with everyday tasks. As a result, our brain undergoes the necessary modifications to improve our ability to function thoughtfully.
- Mindfulness May Lessen Fearful Responses:
Meditation reduces the density of neurons, thus increasing neuron density in the prefrontal cortex, which is critical for emotion regulation. In other words, the brain’s reflexive fear center decreases while the more analytical reaction area expands. Mindfulness has also been linked to changes in the connectivity between brain areas. The connections between the fear-responsive region and the rest of the brain deteriorate, whilst the connections between the emotionally-regulating prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain grow. Overall, these findings show that mindfulness reduces reactive and scared responses while increasing cognitive event evaluation.
- Effects of Mindfulness on the Body:
The relaxation response can be induced by mindfulness. This response activates the parasympathetic nervous system, which is in charge of soothing the body by lowering heart and respiration rates, blood pressure, and muscle tension following a stress response. Mindfulness has also been linked to lower levels of C-reactive proteins, interleukin 6, and cortisol, which are all indices of stress. Because physical symptoms of chronic stress are linked to an increased risk of major diseases, their reduction is highly desirable.
- Mindfulness May Help to Reduce the Emotional Impact of Pain:
Another alteration in the brain has an effect on how we feel pain. The parts of the brain that evaluate sensation and emotion are substantially less active in meditators. Furthermore, the prefrontal cortex is less related to the region of the brain associated with pain unpleasantness in these meditators than it is in the general population.
What Are the Four Different Types of Mindfulness Techniques?
Try the abbreviation S.T.O.P. the next time your mind is racing with stress:
- S: Stop what you’re doing and put down your items for a moment.
- T: Take a few deep breaths.
- O: Observe your feelings, thoughts, and emotions.
- P: Proceed with something that will help you at the present time.
Why Is It So Difficult to Practice Mindfulness?
Because our minds have a negative bias, mindfulness is incredibly challenging. We have a lot of repetitive and nasty thoughts in our heads. This is how our minds are constructed, mostly as defensive mechanisms designed to stave off future traumas, betrayals, and disappointments.
What Is the Source of the Lack of Mindfulness?
The feeling of being identified with or clinging to past and future thoughts is the epitome of a lack of attention. Addiction is not the only result of mindfulness. It’s most certainly one of the major contributors to addiction.
Conclusion
Clear Mind meditation is a type of mindfulness meditation. While sitting, the natural rhythm of the breath is observed, as is the rhythm of leisurely walking. This can have a huge influence on its own. In the end, a method is only a tool; it isn’t the experience itself. Mindfulness improves emotional intelligence and our ability to handle emotions both inwardly and externally. Mindfulness and its stress-reduction effects have also been linked to a variety of physiological advantages, including lower blood pressure, enhanced memory, and reduce sadness and anxiety. Mindfulness meditation is becoming increasingly popular in the business world. It’s gaining popularity because it alters our brain’s wiring and chemistry, allowing us to better manage stress and anxiety. | https://www.helptostudy.com/what-does-mindfulness-mean-to-you/ |
December is a wondrous time for celebration and a time for families to come together. Yet it can also be a stressful time for our students. Many of them will study long hours to sit for semester final exams, be expected to write papers and present to the class on a variety of topics. Others will be hastily finishing up college applications and/or waiting to hear from those colleges to which they have already applied.
How can we as parents and educators support our students and help to ease the stressors that they may be experiencing? As the modern world moves faster and the demands on our modern world impact our students, we need to nourish their still developing adolescent hearts and minds with moments of stillness, quiet and calm. Meditation practice and mindfulness techniques can become a refuge for adolescents,a quiet place to return in all the rush of the outside world, a steady place to stand in all the change and hard work of growing up.
Westlake Academy Guidance will be working with students in grades 9-12 on Stress Management Skills at the end of this Semester during the week of assessments.
December 3-6: Intro to Stress Management and Meditation:
Students will be introduced to a guided meditation as a method to manage escalated stress and identify any physical and emotional changes before and after they practice the new techniques..
December 10-13: Mindfulness Scoot: Discovering what works for me.
Students will learn about mindfulness and different methods to practice ways to self-regulate in times of stress by practicing breathing and mindfulness exercises.
For the week of finals December 17-20: there will be a Mindfulness Room for Stress Management in A&S Conference Room for our students to ground themselves on campus and use their new skills if/when they are feeling stressed during the week. | https://www.westlakeacademy.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=721054&type=d&pREC_ID=1616219 |
Liz Coucean,
Wellness Practitioner
Liz Coucean is a multidisciplinary wellness practitioner who specializes in yoga, mindfulness, meditation, and reiki. Her work supports those seeking inner peace, a calmer mind, and a deeper connection with themselves and their environment. Recently Liz has been partnering with organizations (like us!) to provide meditation sessions that help employees reboot and relax while working from home. Having her join the end of our bi-weekly virtual staff meetings has been a refreshing way to dive into our afternoons.
We had a chance to talk about the importance of mindfulness and how employees can support their mental health as the world reopens.
It seems like people are more comfortable talking about their mental health than ever before. What do you think has caused this shift?
Historically, there has been a very strong stigma against those struggling with mental health and people were afraid of being labelled and ridiculed. Thankfully with new therapies becoming popularized as well as it being a more common theme in mainstream media, people have begun to feel more comfortable talking about their mental health. I believe the pandemic was also a breaking point for many individuals who may have previously experienced mental health issues but were afraid to talk about it. As we begin sharing stories about our own experiences with others, we quickly come to realize that we are not alone.
How do mindfulness and meditation support mental health?
Mindfulness and meditation can have profound effects on our mental wellbeing, and the effects are not just felt in the body; science has also shown these practices change the structure of our brain.
Mindfulness helps you become aware of how you are feeling, and this awareness creates space in the mind so that you are less identified with your thoughts. For example, if you are feeling worried about something in your life and you begin to think negative thoughts, without awareness you can start to believe what your mind is telling you, which can lead to physical symptoms such as stress and anxiety.
It’s been said that anxiety stems from our minds thinking about unfavourable events in the future, and depression and resentment stem from our minds being stuck in the past. When we are present, we can see life as it is in the moment, which invites a sense of calm that can be felt throughout the whole body.
How did you get your start in the industry?
I started practicing yoga in university during a period when I was experiencing stress with school and work. Once I let go of my thoughts and kept my focus on my breath, I began to feel immediate benefits. My first class was such a profound experience that I have been practicing regularly ever since. After learning about the immense benefits of yoga and meditation, I was inspired to do my yoga and mindfulness training so that I could share these practices with others.
What are some good habits people can get into each day to support their own mental health?
I highly recommend beginning the day with a meditation practice. This allows you to set the tone for the day and gives you an opportunity to practice being more present. Going on a mindfulness walk without your phone is also one of my favourite ways to disconnect from the digital landscape and reconnect with nature.
According to a recent survey, a majority of Canadians feel anxious about going back to work in person after the pandemic. What do you suggest people can do to make that transition easier when the time comes?
Remember that you are not alone, and your colleagues are likely experiencing the same feelings you are. Creating community in the workplace and having access to support tools such as opportunities to have discussions, take mindfulness breaks and other mental health services provided by employers can help make the transition easier.
Liz Coucean,
Media Profile has pledged to deepen our commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion, and use our platform to create meaningful change. One of our initiatives is the active amplification of BIPOC and LGBTQ2S voices on our blog, Our Take. Throughout the year, we’ll feature guest bloggers from these communities sharing their insights and experiences on topics relevant to the public relations and communications industry. As a thank you for their time, Media Profile will make a donation to a charity of the guest blogger’s choice. | https://www.mediaprofile.com/2021/09/23/incorporating-mindfulness-and-meditation-into-your-daily-routine/ |
Alison Foster, Upper School Dean of Students, agrees that educators and parents need to find ways to help kids relax. “Kids are under a lot of pressure and have a lot of anxiety,” says Alison, who leads the school’s Peer Leadership program—a 30-year-old initiative that trains twelfth graders to mentor ninth graders in life skills and the transition to high school. Alison and Lorenzo note that external pressures—and those self-imposed—are impossible to totally avoid, so Calhoun makes an enormous effort to reduce stress for its students; one way is by introducing the concept of mindfulness into the classroom.
Mindfulness is defined as a mental state achieved by focusing awareness on the present moment, acknowledging and accepting all feelings, thoughts and bodily sensations. What’s the difference between mindfulness and meditation? Both have been shown to have physical and mental health benefits, but many people get confused between the two. Jon Kabat-Zinn, PhD, a molecular biologist who helped to bring about the popularity of mindfulness meditation, says practicing mindfulness is actually a form of meditation, but mindfulness does not have to be practiced for 20 minutes at a time; a person can be mindful anywhere, anytime and with anyone.
There is a plethora of evidence to show that mindfulness has a positive effect on stress in both children and adults. Practicing mindfulness changes the brain in a positive way, affecting brain areas related to perception, body awareness, pain tolerance, emotion regulation, introspection, complex thinking and sense of self. A recent study at Yale found that mindfulness meditation decreased activity in the brain network responsible for mind wandering. When the mind does start wandering, meditators are better able to snap out of it, thanks to the new connections that have formed in the brain. Other studies show that meditators are better at self-regulating, resisting distractions and making correct answers more often than non-meditators. Researchers also found that just a few weeks of meditation training helped focus the memory in people taking the GRE (Graduate Record Examination), and that these meditators experienced a score increase equivalent to 16 percentage points. One public school district in San Francisco started a twice-daily meditation program in some of its high-risk schools and saw suspensions decrease and GPAs and attendance increase.
“The very mission of the school is to focus on the emotional as well as the social and intellectual well-being of our students,” says Lorenzo. This mission is reflected in the collaborative rather than competitive culture of the school; in the emphasis on process rather than product; in the attention to nurturing each student’s growth and passion; in the supportive relationships between teachers and students; and in the value the community places on social justice and kindness. Still, there are many specific techniques that teachers employ to encourage mindfulness in and outside of the classroom.
Many Calhoun teachers, particularly in Lower School, take a moment at the beginning of classes to introduce a short breathing exercise, aimed at calming students down and easing the transition from one activity to another. Little Calhounders—as young as three—are introduced to yoga poses as part of their theater/movement classes; second, third and fourth graders begin theater classes with breathing exercises to help them find a calm focus, followed by discussion about and reflections on feelings.
In Middle School sixth graders talk about stress in their health class with teacher Alyssa Viglietta. They explore what causes stress, the physical and emotional responses to it, and positive ways to deal with it.
Mindfulness is also a major component in the eighth grade health curriculum taught by Sabrina Spiegel Zurkuhlen ’06, who is the Associate Director of Athletics and coaches both Varsity Volleyball and JV Girls’ Basketball. Sabrina began teaching mindfulness last year, after completing a certification course in that field of study. In addition to adding the topic to the eighth graders’ health unit on the brain, she began using some of the techniques she had learned with her athletes. It sparked enough interest that a few of the Varsity Volleyball athletes started a morning meditation group last year.
Adrienne integrates a variety of elements into her classes—such as movement, breathing, art, photography and the outside environment—with the hope that she can help each student discover a technique that might work for him or her.
Besides offering the mindfulness class for students, Lorenzo began the year with professional development workshops for teachers and staff that included mindfulness work. Several meditation sessions were offered this past fall, and faculty and staff were also invited to attend the first Mindful Village Workshop, led by Calhoun parents Joe Loizzo, director of the Nalanda Institute for Contemplative Science, and Geri Loizzo, director of programming and of the Mindful Families Program at the Nalanda Institute.
Workshop attendees learned how skills like mindfulness and compassion, imagery, movement and deep breathing can build the vital muscles of self-regulation, empathy and creativity. “The brain is plastic and can be reshaped by repeated practice,” note the Loizzos, who led the participants in a number of mindfulness techniques they could use for themselves as well as their students.
In addition to the study and adoption of mindfulness techniques in classrooms at Calhoun, there is discussion about a possible evening forum for Calhoun parents, hosted by the Parents Association.
Chronic stress actually triggers changes in the structure and function of the brain and causes the body to release the stress hormone cortisol. When it is chronically elevated, cortisol can have adverse effects on weight, immune function and chronic-disease risk. What’s more, stress may impact one’s mental and emotional health; stressed students may be more prone to anxiety, mood disorders and learning difficulties. They may turn to alcohol or abuse other substances in an effort to self-medicate.
Studies have shown that when young people are exposed to chronic stress, it can actually interfere with their academic success. In a recent NYU study published in Frontiers in Psychology, nearly half of the high school students reported feeling a great deal of stress on a daily basis, and another third reported moderate stress. Girls reported significantly higher levels of stress than boys. Grades, homework and preparing for college were the greatest sources of stress for both genders. Researchers found that students in the study used a variety of coping strategies, ranging from the healthy (sports, exercise, music, meditation) to the less healthy (substance abuse).
Mindfulness has its roots in Buddhist meditation, but over the past 35 years it has entered the secular mainstream in this country.
In the educational world, mindfulness has become a major focus at numerous professional conferences. This year’s NAIS (National Association of Independent Schools) conference offered a mindfulness session, and the Mindfulness in Education Network (MiEN), a 15-year-old organization, continues to host annual conferences for educators, parents, students and others interested in promoting contemplative practice (mindfulness) in educational settings. | https://www.calhoun.org/blog/blog-stories/~board/calhoun-stories-blog/post/mindfulness-matters |
A group of New College students are learning how to better cope with the stress of college life by spending several hours a week in meditation and practicing other stress reduction techniques.
They’re even getting credit for it.
A student sits in quiet meditation during an ISP session.
Created by Assistant Professor of Religion Manuel Lopez, the class is a collaboration between New College and the Sarasota Mindfulness Institute. For two weeks, instructors from the Institute will do various exercises with the class.
Students also meet with Lopez regularly to discuss assigned readings that explore how meditation can enhance focus, as well as discussing examples of writers, musicians and artists that have used meditation to develop creativity. They’re required to keep a meditation journal throughout the class and write a short reflection paper.
Lopez offered this ISP last year with 10 students. He says the ISP can be particularly helpful for students under pressure. “You see a lot of first-years struggling, not because they’re not intellectually prepared, but because they aren’t emotionally and mentally prepared” for college.
The course uses a technique called Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction. At one session in the New College Music Room, instructor Lynne Lockie guided the class through short meditations designed to relax participants and foster a sense of awareness.
While meditation is used, it’s not the only way to be mindful, she said. “Mindfulness takes many forms,” Lockie said. “If meditation isn’t your thing, you can experience it in other ways … in the shower, opening a door or driving.
Mindfulness Meditation instructor Lynne Lockie guides ISP students through a meditation exercise called a body scan. The course is designed to help students reduce stress and increase creativity.
Students were through an intensive study of the Arabic alphabet and complementary artform, calligraphy, during the January Interterm. | https://news.ncf.edu/news/isp-students-learning-to-beat-stress-boost-focus/ |
Recently, there has been an increase in the number of mental health awareness campaigns which can be traced to the surge of depression and other mental health disorders. Mental health is vital at all stages of life; therefore, everyone needs to be informed about their mental well-being. The common factors contributing to mental health problems include traumatic or abusive life experiences, biological factors, and family hereditary. Noticing mental health problems at an early stage is crucial to finding the best way to deal with them.
There are several signs that individuals experiencing this condition depict, and they are likely to vary from one person to another. You will need to be keen enough to notice any drastic behavioral changes. Specialists have recommended various mechanisms to cope up with the condition, one of them being social connection. This article gives a detailed explanation of how connecting with your friends is beneficial to your mental well-being.
Good friends are good for your health. One of the behavioral changes that individuals with mental health problems portray are self-isolation. Therefore, the perfect way to compact this is by creating time for their friends and reviving their social lives. With friends, you may be able to indulge in fun activities such as hiking, volunteering, or sharing a meal that will take your mind off your bad experiences that trigger mental issues. Getting together with friends is a better replacement for social media connections and friends since you are not likely to find a meaningful, authentic and exciting relationship with strangers on the internet.
Increase your sense of belonging
Individuals with a solid social and supportive social circle have an added sense of belonging. Since you have interacted with your friends for the longest time, you will feel that you fit in and acquainted with them. The sense of belonging is mostly affiliated with acceptance, support, and attention from your close friends.
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a sense of belonging is a need that greatly impacts human behavior. Therefore, by feeling socially accepted by your friends, there is an impactful link between belongingness and a good mental state. Additionally, through belongingness, you can discover your purpose in life and find yourself, which is critical to avoid depression.
Improve your self-confidence and self-worth
Friendships make one feel comfortable under their skin in many ways. One of them is through getting random compliments from your friends. Everyone has a soft spot for positive comments from someone else as it makes you discover you are worthy of great things. By knowing your self-worth, you will be confident, which is the perfect remedy to mental health problems.
Additionally, supporting and pushing you to achieve your goals can help you fight health disorders. By focusing on your strength rather than weakness, friends can make you discover your capability to deal with any stumbling block life has to offer. There is a link between self-esteem and social relationship that affects a positive feedback loop that is substantial to fighting any life uncertainties. Self-esteem is mainly gained at a younger age. Hence, it is important to encourage such meaningful relationships at a tender age to compact the menace of mental health disorders. | https://www.health4fitnessblog.com/how-getting-together-with-friends-helps-your-mental-well-being/ |
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper “A Theory of Human Motivation” in Psychological Review. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans’ innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow used the terms “physiological”, “safety”, “belongingness” and “love”, “esteem”, “self-actualization” and “self-transcendence” to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through.
What is Motivation?
• Willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals
• Conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need
Maslow’s propositions about human Behaviour
- Man is a wanting being.
- A satisfied need is not a motivator of behaviour, only unsatisfied needs motivate.
- Man’s needs are arranged in a series of levels – a hierarchy of importance. As soon as needs on a lower level are met those on the next, higher level will demand satisfaction. Maslow believed the underlying needs for all human motivation to be on five general levels from lowest to highest, shown below. Within those levels, there could be many specific needs, from lowest to highest.
Physiological – the need for food, drink, shelter and relief from pain.
Safety and security – once the physical needs of the moment are satisfied, man concerns himself with protection from physical dangers with economic security, preference for the familiar and the desire for an orderly, predictable world.
Social – become important motivators of his behaviour.
Esteem or egoistic – a need both for self-esteem and the esteem of others, which involves self-confidence, achievement, competence, knowledge, autonomy, reputation, status and respect.
Self – fulfilment or self-actualization – is the highest level in the hierarchy; these are the individual’s needs for realizing his or her own potential, for continued self-development and creativity in its broadest sense.
Assumptions of Maslow’s hierarchy
- Individuals have multiple needs
- Needs are ordered into levels, creating a ‘hierarchy’
- A need, once satisfied, is no longer a need
To be of use, Maslow’s basic theory needs qualification to include the individual as a determining factor in motivation and behaviour. These include:
- Levels in the hierarchy are not rigidly fixed; boundaries between them are indistinct and overlap.
- There are individual exceptions to the general ranking of the hierarchy. Some people never progress beyond the first or second level (for example, many inhabitants of the third world), others are so obsessed with the higher needs that lower ones may go largely unnoticed.
- Variables apart from individual needs may motivate e.g. social standards and a sense of duty.
- An act is seldom motivated by a single need; any act is more likely to be caused by several needs.
- The same need will not give rise to the same response in all individuals.
- Substitute goals may take the place of a need that is blocked. | https://aspirantforum.com/2014/12/03/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs/ |
There are very many theories and models of leadership, leadership philosophies and leadership styles.
When we look at Team Leadership, Management and Motivation you will learn about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Adair’s Action Centred Leadership. We also consider how important money is in the management of motivation.
Let’s consider Action Centred Leadership.
They are mutually dependent, as well as being separately essential to the overall leadership role.
Planning – seeking information, defining tasks, setting aims.
Initiating – briefing, task allocation, setting standards.
Controlling – maintaining standards, ensuring progress, ongoing decision-making.
Supporting – individuals’ contributions, encouraging, team spirit, reconciling, encouraging morale.
Informing – clarifying tasks and plans, updating, receiving feedback and interpreting.
Evaluating – feasibility of ideas, performance, enabling self-assessment.
Adair promotes a ’50:50 rule’ – the view that 50% of motivation lies with the individual and 50% comes from external factors, among them leadership from another. He also suggests that 50% of team building success comes from the team and 50% from the leader.
Successful managers and leaders focus on all three areas of the Action Centred Leadership model, to get results, build morale, improve quality and productivity, and develop their team.
The three parts of Adair’s Action-Centred Leadership model are commonly represented by three overlapping circles, which is a trademark belonging to John Adair. It is one of the most recognizable and iconic symbols within management theory.
give recognition and praise to individuals – acknowledge effort and good work, feedback and encourage.
So how do management motivate staff? Let’s look at some classic management theories.
One of the most important pieces of work for any student of management is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs model in the USA in 1940-50s.The theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation, management training, and personal development. His view is that employers are responsible for providing a workplace environment that encourages and enables employees to fulfil their own unique potential.
Our most basic needs are instinctive, having evolved over many thousands of years. Individuals have levels of need which have to be satisfied in order, starting from the bottom with Biological and moving up to Self-actualisation .
The Hierarchy of Needs helps to explain how these needs motivate us, and states that we must satisfy each level of need in turn, starting with the one which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself.
Only once the lower order needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied do we become concerned with the higher order needs of influence and personal development.
Conversely, if the things that satisfy our lower order needs are taken away, we are no longer concerned about the maintenance of our higher order needs.
Social, Belongingness and Love needs – work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.
Self-Actualization needs – realising personal potential, self-fulfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
You can’t motivate someone to achieve a performance target (level 4) when they’re having family problems (level 3).
You can’t expect someone to be an effective team member (level 3) when they have nowhere to live because they fell behind with mortgage payments (level 2).
Maslow’s theory is a simple model, a guide which requires some interpretation, but is extremely useful and applicable for understanding, explaining and managing human behaviour.
The basic interpretation of Maslow’s theory suggests that that once a need is satisfied the person moves onto the next, and to some extent this is correct. But it must be borne in mind that people and motivation are complex.
So while people do move up or down the hierarchy depending on their current circumstances, most people’s motivational mind set at any point will include elements of all of the motivational drivers.
For example, self-actualizers (level 5) are still motivated to eat (level 1) and socialise (level 3). Homeless people whose main focus is feeding themselves (level 1) and finding shelter for the night (level 2) can also be concerned with social relationships (level 3) and how their friends might perceive them (level 4).
Maslow’s work and ideas extend beyond the Hierarchy of Needs. His concept of self-actualisation still relates to today’s employers and organisations .The challenge they face is to provide real meaning, purpose and personal development for their employees lives.
Maslow saw that even the most junior employees have a basic human need and a right to strive for self-actualisation, just as much as directors and owners do.
Today’s successful organisations and employers are those who genuinely care about their employee’s personal growth towards self-actualisation and who encourage and enable them.
They understand that sustainable success is built on a serious commitment to helping people identify, pursue and reach their personal potential. And that when they achieve their potential, or grow towards it, they become more effective and valuable as employees.
They recognise that personal growth, whether through a hobby, or special talent, or a new experience, produces new transferable skills and attributes, that can be useful in their work. | https://www.managementskillscourses.com/team-leadership/ |
Freud and his followers thought that they had discovered the human tendency to project one’s own assumptions and preoccupations onto others. When this happens in therapy, it’s called “transference” (patient projects onto therapist) or “countertransference” (therapist projects onto patient). However, this tendency has been well known, in at least some circles, since ancient times.
One day a scholar ran into a gang of bandits who threatened to kill him. “I think you are a spy or a police agent,” the chief said.
“No I am not. I am only a poor scholar,” said the unfortunate captive.
Because this knowledge was not generally available in Western culture before Freud—along with others with whom he was in collaboration and conflict, often characterized by their own projections onto one another—created psychoanalysis, it has been incorrectly believed that the psychological projection of one’s own preoccupations onto others is a new discovery, and that only psychoanalysis can bring it into conscious awareness. In fact, it has been perennially known to genuine spiritual traditions, which include methods—for example, this story—for helping learners become aware of this process in themselves and others, and escape being controlled by it.
•We need to move from “dehumanizing” others to “rehumanizing” others.
•We should move from “conflict resolution” to “conflict transformation” (quoting a teacher at the Kellogg School at Northwestern University).
Many of her remarks seemed to me to apply to that motivational space that Maslow described as the transition from the lower to the higher levels of identity, self-respect, self-esteem. At the lower level we are emerging from the belongingness needs and we seek status and identity within the context of approval of others with whom we are affiliated, which could include family, friends, professional organizations, etc. At the higher level we are seeking to be in touch with and true to our authentic sense of who we are, and how we should be true to ourselves while responding to others. This all takes place within Maslow’s fourth level in his hierarchy of motivation, “Identity,” above “Belonging” and below “Being.” However, Brown’s comment about having a “ministry of presence” seems to have more to do with what Maslow called “Being.” Her remark about a “strong back, soft front, wild heart” seems to be trying to put it all together; to be true to one’s identity, to find attachment and belonging with others, even those with whom we disagree, and to remain open to inspirations that may not fit easily into our belonging relationships and may even challenge or transform our sense of our own identity. | https://psychatlarge.com/category/uncategorized/ |
Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs model in 1940-50's USA, and the Hierarchy of Needs theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation, management training, and personal development. Indeed, Maslow's ideas surrounding the Hierarchy of Needs concerning the responsibility of employers to provide a workplace environment that encourages and enables employees to fulfil their own unique potential (self-actualization) are today more relevant than ever. Abraham Maslow's book Motivation and Personality, published in 1954 (second edition 1970) introduced the Hierarchy of Needs, and Maslow extended his ideas in other work, notably his later book Toward A Psychology Of Being, a significant and relevant commentary, which has been revised in recent times by Richard Lowry, who is in his own right a leading academic in the field of motivational psychology.
Each human being is motivated by needs. Our most basic needs are inborn, having evolved over tens of thousands of years. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs helps to explain how these needs motivate us all.
Hierarchy of Needs - Physiological needsIt's a great things if we can follow to cover our needs step by step from bottom, so can learn what kind of life is.
These are the very basic needs such as air, water, food, sleep, sex, etc. When these are not satisfied we may feel sickness, irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as soon as possible to establish homeostasis. Once they are alleviated, we may think about other things.
Hierarchy of Needs - Safety needs
These have to do with establishing stability and consistency in a chaotic world. These needs are mostly psychological in nature. We need the security of a home and family. However, if a family is dysfunction, i.e., an abusive husband, the wife cannot move to the next level because she is constantly concerned for her safety. Love and belongingness have to wait until she is no longer cringing in fear. Many in our society cry out for law and order because they do not feel safe enough to go for a walk in their neighborhood.
Hierarchy of Needs - Love and belongingness needs
These are next on the ladder. Humans have a desire to belong to groups: clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs, etc. We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to be accepted by others. Performers appreciate applause. We need to be needed.
Hierarchy of Needs - Self-Esteem needs
There are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem which results from competence or mastery of a task. Second, there's the attention and recognition that comes from others. This is similar to the belongingness level, however, wanting admiration has to do with the need for power.
Hierarchy of Needs - The need for self-actualization
This is "the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming." People who have everything can maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, esthetic experiences, self-fulfillment, oneness with God, etc.
So, where is your position in Maslow Theory?
If you plan on being anything less than you are capable of being, you will probably be unhappy all the days of your life. (Abraham Maslow)Resources & more readings: | https://en.wahyu.com/2005/12/abraham-maslow-law-about-needs.html?widgetType=BlogArchive&widgetId=BlogArchive1&action=toggle&dir=open&toggle=MONTHLY-1356973200000&toggleopen=MONTHLY-1133370000000 |
As indicated in Abraham Maslow’s (1943) hierarchy of needs, emotional well-being is considered a psychological needs desirable in achieving the full potential of an individual. Emotional wellness advocates self-awareness. It allows an individual to manage his/ her feelings and behaviors which is an essential life skill. Being emotionally well builds resilience in coping with difficulties such as internal conflicts and relational issues, and helps in forming healthy relationships and positive outlook in life.
According to Maslow, there are nine emotional needs: security, volition, attention, emotional connection, connection to the community, privacy, a sense of status, a sense of achievement and meaning. Therefore, it is necessary to meet these needs of a person, particularly the youths of our generation, that they may reach maximize their inherent capabilities.
Families significantly affects the attainment of the children. Nowadays, there are several cases of conflicts concerning families. As a result, children may face challenges or history of stressful and traumatic events commonly known as Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) that greatly affects their behavior towards himself and towards other people. Therefore, parents as expected to form supportive and interdependent relationship among family members, employing a sense of love and care in practical ways. Instead of focusing on what is wrong with the child, try reflecting on what emotional needs are not being met? Undeniably, having a strong family means better emotional wellbeing.
Moreover, school is a model avenue to support the social and emotional well-being of students. School opens doors of opportunities to acquire and nurture mental health skills to attain life fulfillment. There will be an apparent decline of students’behavioral challenges and decrease in disciplinary issues when the school promotes and supports the emotional well-being of the students. Hence, framework should be established within the school to achieve positive behavioral and learning outcomes. Students are earnestly in need of opportunity where their voices would be heard and their feelings would matter.
Teachers play a crucial role in this plight. There are various ways of implementing and cultivating friendly learning environment that advocates emotional healthiness. Incorporating learner-sensitive school policies and practices will ensure appropriate response to their needs. Utilizing positive behavioral interventions in classroom management and reinforcing learning by inculcating values to learners through drawing out essential life lessons based on students’significant human experiences would create an atmosphere of belongingness thus, engages learners to express themselves better. These practices can be translated to progressive academic outcomes and improved emotional health.
This significant part of personal development brings about equilibrium in areas of life such as identity, relationship, perspective and environment. Hence, making one happily effective and productive. | https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-pampanga/20190224/281608126717391 |
When a child knows that they are safe, they becomes socially secure, and develop a positive self-esteem, essential for a healthy and productive life.
The need to be socially secure, social/belonging, defines our desire to be with other people, and helps us understand our place as good citizens of our communities. Being socially secure means being loved and nurtured, a pre-requisite for developing positive family and community relationships, social acceptance, and interpersonal skills. This allows us to develop meaningful and healthy personal friendships and strong marriages, forming the basis for raising emotionally healthy children.
These skills are also the basis for character development and morality, community teamwork and workplace collaboration all essential traits of a good citizen, and of an ordered society. We learn personal responsibility, and how our personal behavior impacts our communities, whether good or bad, as well as taking responsibility for others when needed. Without such understanding, our communities would be far less positive and productive.
The basis for strong, positive social skills begins at home; how do parents/caregivers and other family members relate to each other? We know that children whose parents are physically there, but emotionally absent, will often have dysfunctional relationships with others, minimal empathy or compassion, and sometimes even become sociopathic in nature. Prisons are full of adults who were neglected as children, and are socially and emotionally insecure.
Physical contact is essential, hugs, pats on the head, holding hands, all convey positive and supportive emotions. If most of the touching that a child receives is negative, then his response to parents, community and school will be negative. And young children need this from men as well as women (although it’s difficult for young men to be readily accepted as preschool and kindergarten teachers because of preconceived notions about appropriate touching).
Self Esteem. Positive Self-Esteem develops when we feel safe, receive love and respect from others, and are able to fully use our cognitive and creative capabilities. As children are loved and respected, they learn to interact with their world and the people in it, they learn about themselves, and they learn to like themselves for who they are.
They experience a sense of belonging to a community; and as they work together with others, they learn that I’m OK, You’re OK. They also learn to laugh at themselves, and to laugh with others; and as they accept others, and are accepted, they become poised and confident when faced with unfamiliar people and situations. Without a sense of personal security, or self-esteem, it’s extremely difficult to overcome the inevitable trials and tribulations we all face in our lifetimes.
Children begin internalizing self-worth by following their interests, solving problems or not and learning to think through new strategies if they fail. Even as adults, we’ve internalized how smart we are or are not; I can’t do math, I’m terrible at drawing I’m not smart enough to be a doctor/lawyer/entrepreneur.
But if we encourage our children to overcome a failure by trying again, they learn to think about how to solve problems, rather than blaming themselves for not having the ability or being smart enough. They develop confidence as they work through the failure to ultimate success; and are less likely to be afraid of failure and more likely to become intrinsically motivated to keep working at a task until they succeed.
All learning involves taking a risk, being willing to take in new information or try a new activity and children must have some level of self-esteem in order to take those risks. Children develop feelings of accomplishment by learning to fail sometimes; and then getting up, trying it again, and being successful. They also learn that failure doesn’t have to be permanent, or define them as a person. They begin to internalize a sense of achievement and responsibility so that, when they fail, they have the courage to get up and try again, an essential skill for all of us. | http://www.topsnet.org/child-being-socially-secure/ |
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Sandra Cortez P.2McElmoyl
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Abraham Maslow was a pioneer of humanistic psychology who is best known for his creation of Maslow’s hierarchy of need He believed that all humans need to feel competent in order to win approval and recognition Who
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The Hierarchy of Need Hierarchy of need includes five stages Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belonging needs, Esteem needs and Self-actualization needs
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What is the Theory The lower levels represent the more fundamental needs and the upper levels represent the growth being needs, and the final need for self-actualization According to the theory, the higher needs in the hierarchy become evident only after all the needs that are lower down in the pyramid have been met
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Physiological needs These are biological needs, they consist of needs for oxygen, food, water, and a normal constant body temperature. They are the strongest needs because if a person lacked these they wouldn’t be able to survive
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Safety Needs Safety needs may be different for each individual, depending on where he or she is in life. For a child, this need is the need for a safe family environment. There has to be security in the home, with warmth and love. When a family has problems, it makes it hard for that child to move up to the next level of social needs because fear is often present. For adults, this need may be economically wise. If a person looses his or her job, for example fear and anxiety will have a doing on that person’s life.
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Belonging needs Advancing up the hierarchy pyramid, the next level represents the need to belong on a social level. The social level generally becomes the priority only after the physiological and safety needs have been sufficiently met and maintained. A sense of belonging can be felt when an individual becomes more focused on the desire to build relationships with others. This includes the desire for a romantic partner, to have close friends, and maybe to get married and have children.
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Esteem need When a person feels a sense of belonging the need to feel important rises. Once the first three classes of needs are met, the need for self-esteem can become dominant because this includes the esteem a person gets from others Self-respect, achievement, attention, recognition, and reputation is what is important for a persons esteem need
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Self-Actualization Self-Actualization is the highest point of Maslow's hierarchy of need, it is the quest of reaching ones full potential as a person unlike lower level needs this need is never fully satisfied A person's need to do that which he or she feels they are meant to do and as one grows there are always new opportunities to continue to grow According to Maslow only a small percent of the population reach the level of self-actualization
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Characterizations of Self-Actualization Unusual sense of humor Highly created Need for privacy Strong/normal ethical standards Accept themselves and others for what they are Characterization leading to Self- Actualization Experiencing childhood Trying new things not only don’t what you know Being responsible and working hard Standing up for what you believe not jumping on the band wagon
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What is needed Physiological Air Water Nourishment Sleep Belonging Need of friends Need of belonging Need to give and receive love Safety Living in a safe area Medical insurance Job security Financial reserves Esteem Self-respect Achievements Attention Recognition Reputation Self Actualization Truth Justice Wisdom Meaning
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Maslow’s needs in real life situations Management Physiological Needs: provide lunch breaks, rest breaks and pay minion wage Safety Needs: provide a safe working environment, retirement benefits and job security Social Needs: create a sense of community based on projects and social events Esteem Needs: recognition achievements to make employees feel appreciated and valued Self-Actualization Needs: provide employees a challenge and opportunity to reach their full career potential
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New Corporation Physiological Need: Employee, product/service, business strategy, small funds, work space, phone computer, internet Safety Needs: Multiple Employees, steady retention rate, office space Belonging Need: Employee relations, investor, clients Esteem Need: Brand recognition, partnership, press coverage Self-Actualization: corporate citizenship, corporate social responsibility
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Limitations of Maslow’s Hierarchy While Maslow’s hierarchy makes sense there is little evidence to support its point for example some people place social needs before any other, also starving artist neglect lower needs in hopes to pursuit a higher one Maslow's assumption that the lower needs must be satisfied before a person can achieve their esteem need and self-actualize need is not always the case and therefore Maslow's hierarchy of needs in some aspects has been proven wrong
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Still used today Even though the hierarchy lacks scientific support it is quite well knows and is the first theory of motivation to which many people are exposed It presents an intuitive and potentially useful theory of human motivation
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a popular way of thinking about people's needs this theory contends that as humans strive to meet our most basic needs we also seek to satisfy a higher set of needs
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Citation Burton, Neel. "Our Hierarchy of Needs." N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs." - Simply Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2013. "Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs." Maslow's Hierarchy. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2013. "Related Materials." Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Diagrams of Maslow's Motivational Theory. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2013.
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Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow would have understood this completely. He believed that as human beings, our ultimate goal is for something he labeled self-actualization. Sounds interesting doesn’t it? Let me explain.
His theory, creatively called Maslow’s Hierarchy, ranks our needs in the shape of a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid are the most basic things the human animal would need to survive such as food, water, warmth, rest and health. He calls these the Physiological Needs. When The American Red Cross responds to an emergency, someone’s house burns down, for example, the first thing they do is to find the inhabitants a hotel, and give them money for a meal and a second set of clothes. The Red Cross knows that until the most basic needs are met, nothing else can be accomplished.
So let’s say that I have a place to live, and I know where to get my next meal, the next thing to enter my consciousness, and next on Maslow’s hierarchy, will be Safety Needs. These include things such as personal safety, job security and confidence in the ability to manage medical or other types of emergencies. I have friends who have taken jobs they don’t like for the health insurance, and part of the reason we moved to Cave Creek is because the men sleeping under the shrubs in our front yard in central Phoenix made us feel slightly unsafe.
Above Safety on the hierarchy, is the need for intimacy and friendship. He labels this group the Belongingness and Love Needs. I really don’t think that we are designed to be hermits. I think all human beings have the desire to love and be loved, and to feel some sense of belonging to a group, whether it is a small family group of only one other member, a large religious organization, or a group that gathers around the office water cooler to gossip. Once we feel safe and warm we just naturally start looking for the rest of our “tribe”.
After we find our “tribe”, we can start working on the next set of Maslow’s needs, the Esteem Needs. These needs have to be met in some sort of group. They include things like respect from others, prestige and feelings of accomplishment.
Self-actualized people continue to have the ability to appreciate the simple things in life, and according to Maslow, often have "peak experiences, or moments of intense ecstasy, wonder and awe during which their sense of self is lost and transcended.” It’s easy to see how an experience like that might be difficult if I were concerned about losing my job. | https://kathyradina.com/2008/09/25/misery-defense/ |
You will be less stressed and become more effective. Therefore it’s very important to you to definitely realize why you’ll need a good relationship that you experienced.
Based on Maslow’s hierarchy, after physiological and security requirements have already been satisfied, love and belongingness could be the level that is third of requirements. This love and belongingness are defined in a connection between two suitable people. | https://www.slir.org/category/billings-escort-index/ |
I particularly believed that Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs encompasses and explains the motivation needs of an individual. It explained that the motivation of people is based on the achievement of specific needs. The needs of an individual are hierarchical. The attainment of the basic needs, as defined by Maslow, progresses as a person goes on with his daily life. The satisfaction on each stage eventually reaches the highest need known as self-actualization. These needs range from physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem and self-actualization .
The deficiency or absence of basic needs of an individual motivate him to move forward and find a way to achieve it. The feeling of wanting to fulfill that need become stronger the more he experiences denial. Because of this, the learning that he needs in order for his desire to materialize what he wants improves and accumulates. A basic example is his need to eat and take in food to live. It is human nature to respond to whatever his body needs. Once fulfilled, this improvement leads him to struggle and seek security, safety, sense of belongingness, strengthen his confidence and reach what he wants to be. I believe every man has capacity to act on what he wants, and he has the desire to move up and conquer his desires. It is, however, natural thing that along the way and his struggle, he encounters challenges and issues that possibly delay his achievement. He can experience failures and problems; however, this contributes to his learning and if properly handled, will make a person strong and wise.
This theory may have received several criticisms from its detractors. Some says that the theory over simplifies the needs of human and his behavior. They also criticize that the first four stages may not become fulfilled for the person to self-actualize. There was also disapproval that the theory has cultural prejudices, and it only concentrates on healthy people and not taking into account those people with psychological order. This claim may somehow be true; however, I think Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs does not restrict its application regardless of gender, physical condition or skin color. There was nothing in the theory that actually cites that everything that connects to its various is restrictive .
In fact, this theory, if tweaked as needed, applies to different situations especially in education and employment. In education, students cannot study and learn without food and having warm clothes as part of their physiological needs. In terms of security and safety, there is always an assurance that they are safe in school and no threats that can harm them while studying History or Mathematics. In terms of sense of belongingness, the design of school activities should include interaction and social affiliation to gain friends and peers. In terms of gaining self-esteem, appraisals and recognition for their contributions are part of the school activities. In terms of self-actualization, the academe should design a program that encourages students to go back to their Alma Mater and share what they have learned in terms of their profession and chosen industry. From the workplace perspective, in terms of physiological needs, food and rest are basic needs of the employees. In terms of security, the assurance that they are safe from physical and sexual harassment give employees feeling of security. In terms of senses of belongingness, the company should assure its employees that they are part of the family, and there is a good relationship among members of the organization. In terms of self-esteem, recognitions and incentive for a job well done are part of company’s ways of honoring their employees. In terms of self-actualization, the company should give every employee chances of showcasing their potentials and capabilities to contribute and train other employees .
Works Cited
Jerome, N. (2013). Application of the Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employee’s performance. International Journal of Business and Management Invention vol.2 issue 3, 39-45.
Kaur, A. (2013). Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory: Applications and Criticisms. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies vol.3 no.10, 1061-1064.
Schunk, D. (2012). Chapter 8: Motivation. In D. Schunk, Learning Theories: An Education Perspective (pp. 351-354). Boston: Pearson. | https://www.wowessays.com/free-samples/critical-thinking-on-a-short-reflection-on-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs/ |
Abstract: This essay examines the dynamics of the face-to-face inter-ethnic relationship in a multi-ethnic situation among pastoralists of Northern Kenya. Segmentary descent system is a well known characteristic of East African pastoral society as a means of social interaction (Evans-Pritchard, 1940). As a charactaristic of these systems, each segment (ethnic group, clan, sub-clan, lineage) according to patrilineal descent is sequenced in a highly hierarchical way, and categorizes people clearly with behavior norms (marriage, cohabitation, cooperation etc.). Clanship is especially important in every aspect of their lives. The Ariaal in the Mars abit district of northern Kenya have been reported as being a mixture of the Samburu and Rendille pastoralists as the historical result of migration and alliance between them (Spencer, 1973; Fratkin, 1991). Both the Samburu and Rendille societies have their own segmental descent system. In the Ariaal, people choose parts of both the Samburu and Rendille segmental descent systems. The subject of this essay is the process by which people dismantle preexisting categories and reconstruct them. People have a sense of belonging to their clan, but it depends on the relationships, which are made in two ways. One way creates a sense of belonging by depending on the relationship between segments, including clans. The other way is to create a sense of belonging by depending on individual experience. People create a sense of belonging individually by sharing the experience of cooperating in herding, settling and ceremonies. People can create a sense of belonging somehow by depending on the relationship between segments. This sense of belongingness by depending on the segments as a social category can be interpreted and manipulated in any form. Then, such a category itself would lose actual meaning. It is assumed that people will continue to believe in their descent system, but also create a new sense of belongingness based on shared personal experiences. | https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/68436 |
The paper “ Employee Compensation in the Context of Theory of Needs, Expectancy Theory, Reinforcement Theory, Utilitarian and Libertarian Theories of Justice” is a thrilling version of coursework on human resources. Each compensation element possesses a behavioral purpose and aims at fulfilling a need, either physiological or psychological, and attaining a goal. According to Luthans (1998), motivation refers to a process, which begins with a psychological or physiological lack or need, which stimulates a behavior, which is aimed at an objective. Reward systems have the objective of compensating individuals for their skill, endeavor, accountability, as well as working conditions in addition to motivating them in order to improve performance.
There are three categories of behavioral science namely content, contemporary, and process theories, from which the four major behavioral wage theories emerge: Need-fulfillment, expectancy, reinforcement, and justice theories (Allen & Sawhney, 2009). The discussion concerns the four main theories as well as how they may influence compensation policies in contemporary organizations. The Four Major Behavioral Wage TheoriesNeed FulfillmentThe theory of fulfillment can be explained by Maslow’ s Hierarchy. All human beings' needs must be met.
They cannot be explored by an average person that performs their daily activities without reflecting on the reason they do those things. Abraham Maslow categorized five needs, which reveal why people behave the way they do (Daft, 2008). First are the basic needs. These are the physiological needs that have to be met before focusing on any other aspect of living, such as social life. These needs are required for sustenance and include food, water, and air among others. When an individual lacks one among these needs, he or she attempts to obtain them at any given cost.
When these needs are satisfied, the person is motivated. From the perspective of an organization, basic needs can be said to work breaks, lunch breaks, rest periods and wages too. The second fulfillment need is safety, which cannot be a motivating goal until the basic ones are fulfilled. These need concern about security, stability, and protection in interpersonal daily life events. The third need in the hierarchy is social needs. This is the need for love and affection as well as a sense of belongingness in relationships with the others in the organization.
Exemplars include teamwork, firm’ s softball outings, and workgroups. Research shows that the promotion of social interactions increases morale and productivity. Fourth is self-esteem needs; it is the esteem for the rest, that is, prestige, respect, and need for recognition because everyone wants to always be praised for his or her performance in the organization. This motivates them in working harder for the organization. The last need in the hierarchy is the self- actualization need. This is the need to fulfill one’ s goal in growing and using his/her abilities maximally and being more creative.
That can be further explained as a promotion after graduating, which offers happiness to the intended person (Allen & Sawhney, 2009). Maslow’ s theory increases workers’ motivation due to the fulfillment of all the hierarchical needs. Therefore, remuneration to employees is often increased due to high productivity brought about by the motivation of the employees. | https://essayintl.com/compensation-benefits-and-information-systems-2039677 |
Despite having various non-governmental organizations (NGO) that are instrumental in supporting the education of youth with disabilities, recent research show that people with disabilities still face social stigma.
Further, cultural and religious gogmas, lack of resources, caregiver and teacher preparedness, and a lack of awareness amongst the public are stated as some of the bottlenecks.
The research paper on ‘Understanding, Developing, and Supporting Meaningful Work for Youth with Disabilities in Bhutan: Networks, Communities, and Transition’, was presented by Sonam Ura, a Grant Coordinator and Research Project Co-ordinator at Royal Thimphu College (RTC).
The report was tabled during the two-day National Conference on ‘Higher Education Teaching-Learning in Bhutan: Innovative, Adaptations, Opportunities, and Challenges on 5 July in RTC.
Sonam Ura said that youth with disabilities are often challenged with accessibility and opportunities to higher education. Further, he said access to education for persons with disabilities require additional needs.
These needs are complex issues that go along several aspects, including the severity of disability, geography, availability and access to college programs, social networks and social norms, among others.
He said, “For Bhutan, we are still constrained by resources including teaching-learning materials and new approaches.”
The research revealed that the economic and social participation of persons with disabilities is also an issue in the country.
He also presented that in the latest Population and Housing Census of Bhutan, 2020, 2.1 percent of the population are categorized as disabled.
The research found that there could be up to 20 percent disability prevalence in Bhutanese youth. “If this is true, there would be a significant number of Bhutanese with some form of disabilities.”
It also found that most persons with disabilities in rural settings are ‘isolated and inactive’. This indicates that most persons with disabilities do not participate in economic and social activities and that they are dependent on their families and friends.
Bhutan has an overall unemployment rate of five percent, with 22.6 percent of that figure falling under the category of youth age group between 15–24 years, according to the National Statistics Bureau, 2020.
However, there is a lack of unemployment data for persons with disabilities, according to the research paper.
While doing the research, Sonam Ura said that even the report on the Population and Housing Census of Bhutan does not mention anything about the unemployment rate of persons with disabilities.
“This suggests that persons with disabilities are a marginalized group without adequate attention to their health and well-being,” he opined.
However, he said that some UN agencies such as UNICEF and NGOs have promoted the health and well-being of persons with disabilities.
For instance, the Draktsho and Wangsel Institutes for the Deaf and Muenselling Institute for the visually impaired have been providing some vocational skills to help persons with disabilities find paid jobs.
With such support systems in place, he said that the economic and social participation of persons with disabilities is likely to improve in the near future.
The research found out that older persons with disabilities are more likely to have limited access to paid jobs and can work limited number of hours for pay. Further, youth with disabilities who took part in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) were much more likely to have a paid job and work a greater number of hours.
The research revealed that if meaningful activities were available, youth with disabilities did engage in social and community participation.
Further, youth with disabilities who felt they were supported by their family members to seek or have a job were significantly more likely to be employed and persons with disabilities living in urban or semi-urban areas had more hours of paid employment than those living in rural and semi-rural regions.
The research recommended that since TVET is a significant factor in gaining paid employment and working a greater number of hours, the government must invest in TVET for all youth and adults, and make TVET inclusive for all abilities.
Although TVET was found to be significant for employment outcomes overall, just the number of years in formal education completed had a negative effect on the level of paid employment.
It suggested that the employment skills gained in formal education were either absent or misaligned for youth with disabilities, and in fact, there was an economic cost to being in school that was not compensated by future earnings. Therefore, the research recommended aligning formal education with employment and life skills and increasing education’s socio-economic integration.
Since family support was a significant predictor of employment and meaningful participation in the country, the research recommended that it is important to support families in supporting their youth with disabilities, and to encourage high expectations for youth with disabilities; also there is a disparity in employment outcomes between urban and rural areas in the country, while rural Bhutan may have more informal and non-wage socio-economic participation overall, therefore, it is important to invest in rural areas and provide appropriate means for socio-economic opportunities. | https://bhutantimes.bt/index.php/2022/07/10/persons-with-disabilities-still-face-social-stigma/ |
Civil society organizations in Western societies are widely reported to have significant political power. Policy makers increasingly emphasize the important role of such organizations as “equal players” in the political process, while outside institutional politics, civic advocacy recently regained attention through the rise of global and transnational social movements.
This paper draws attention away from individual engagement in social movements and from single non-governmental organizations (NGOs), toward inter-organizational networks of civil organizations and their role in public policy processes. Taking an inter-organizational perspective on civic advocacy, the paper starts with a theoretical reflection on two bodies of literature: social movement theory, and the literature on inter-organizational networks. The combination of insights from these two areas builds the theoretical background for analysing the “network effect” for joint advocacy by civil organizations in networks. The network effect, as discussed here, builds on a set of propositions about how organizing in networks affects the network members themselves, as well as how networks change the role of civic action in the policy process. These propositions are presented and discussed from two different angles: inside and outside networks.
The empirical data for the assessment of network effects derives from four civil advocacy networks working in the United Kingdom in the area of economic policy with implications for international development. The data for each case were collected by means of document analysis and a combination of interviews, as well as a survey including respondents from all four networks and representatives of their counterparts in the policy process. The presentation of each proposition is followed by a discussion based on the empirical data. While the propositions made from an “inside” perspective on the network effect are primarily discussed in light of the direct perceptions of network members, the paper draws upon the perceptions of public policy officials in order to validate the discussion of the external perspective on the network effect.
Starting from a classic resource-based perspective on social movements, the paper discusses the impact of network effects on resource pooling and mobilization. Following the “exchange theory” proposition that networks not only facilitate exchange between different actors but also lead to the creation of new network-specific resources and skills, this discussion is complemented by an assessment of the effects of networks on inter-organizational learning and the building of a shared identity. The authors state that the governance of a network is critical for the use of these internal network effects: governance can “steer” collective action and facilitate strategic alignment of individual organizations.
The paper then examines the potential of networks to influence their external context. It also looks at how joint action impacts on network members’ perceptions of political opportunities in the policy process; this is compared with the perceptions of actors, such as government officials, whom the networks engage in the policy process.
The findings indicate that the network effect on civic advocacy primarily functions inside networks, as it changes the way network participants perceive their role in the policy process. By working through networks, individuals in participating NGOs can exert some additional influence over public policy on global inequality. However, by comparing current practice with the networks’ promises identified in existing studies of organizations and social movements, it appears that many of the potential benefits are not being systemically realized by network participants. Instead, participation in such networks appears as a strategy by individuals to deal with a lack of focus on systemic, cross-cutting issues by their NGO, rather than a comprehensively resourced strategy from their organization. A consequent resource scarcity leads to a lack of investment in network learning and strategic planning, so that these civic networks do not utilize the network effect to its full extent. As a result, the impact of the network effect outside networks appears limited. The reasons for the limited impact identified in this paper were unintended consequences of organizing in networks: network activities appeared to be driven by governmental agendas rather than by the NGOs’ strategic goals; the aims of campaigns repeated existing political compromises and narratives rather than introducing challenging discourses; and coalition building through networks was prematurely curtailed.
While networks could be a mechanism for empowering civic organizations within existing societal structures, this would likely require an enhanced effort to align participant organizations with network-related activities, and the involvement of more groups who shape inequality, as well as those who suffer from it. Consequently, the authors draw the preliminary conclusion that some civic networks demonstrate a potential to enhance civic advocacy in policy processes, yet generate concerns over legitimacy and effectiveness. They may therefore appear to some people as inert and elite clubs of intelligent civic professionals—“noble networks”. The paper explores two of these concerns with civic network advocacy in the final section, and recommends a shift from a “noble” to a global strategic network approach. This conclusion is particular to the type of civic organizations researched, and greater connections to other civic organizations, such as trade unions, may help address some of the challenges identified.
The paper makes a contribution to the emerging field of critical and normative inter-organizational relations, and identifies some key areas for further work. It will aid understanding of how NGOs relate to social movements through their networks at a time when struggles for financial justice are set to grow. | http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/%28httpPublications%29/A93CF6EAA4EDAD27C125757D002931BA?OpenDocument |
Community engagement is a critical part of the value add of a United Way in a community. The ability to convene community residents from diverse backgrounds and perspectives is part of what differentiates us from other organizations. Over the past decade, United Way has deepened our overall capacity to authentically engage community residents to identify, discuss, and work together on issues of concern. This is best reflected in the United Way Mobilization Groups, a partnership initiated in 2010 between United Way Worldwide and the Harwood Foundation to engage cohorts of United Ways committed to developing stronger relationships with community residents and more deeply engaging them on the issues of education, economic mobility, and health. UWW launched four mobilization groups that included close to 50 United Ways over several years focused on Education, Income/Economic Mobility, Early Grade Reading, and Health. Participating United Ways received coaching, customized technical assistance, and peer learning opportunities to increase their organization’s ability to reach community residents, deepen their understanding of community needs and issues, and to integrate this knowledge into impact work. Visit United Way Online to access general tools and resources related to community engagement.
This legacy provides a solid foundation on which United Ways can build. In some instances, participating United Ways built on initial community conversations, then subsequently focused more intentionally on conversations about equity and/or race equity (see the United Way of Racine example below). Yet, the Mobilization effort, while issue-focused, did not explicitly focus on equity as a process and an intended outcome. Integrating an equity lens into community engagement and mobilization efforts can create opportunities for empowerment, in that residents themselves can shape solutions to the issues and challenges that they have identified.
Informal networks are mechanisms for sharing information and connecting members to opportunities and resources that may not be widely known or publicly available. The strength or weakness of a network has implications as to which opportunities and resources people can access, and contributes to social inequity because those with strong networks benefit from connections while those with weak ones do not. United Ways that are knowledgeable of these networks can help people access social capital that closes gaps by creating spaces for people to connect to informal networks.
united Way's Community Engagement Efforts That Explicitly Focus On Equity Can: | https://equity.unitedway.org/equity-framework/equity-levers/community-mobilization-engagement/overview-rationale |
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Facilitator:
Panelists:
Key Points:
Health service providers are struggling to cope with increased growth and diversity of the population. Most dialogue has been on where to place facilities, but providers have little data to help them understand the perspectives of different types of service users, such as how different populations define health, when, where and how services are delivered. This includes recognition that inequities in health status and service access continue to exist and progress depends upon developing different person centred responses for different sub-populations (including Māori, Asians, low income, those with mental health challenges, older adults, etc.).
There was consensus that we need to engage in intelligent growth with an aim to create healthy, vibrant local communities. For example, investments in transportation and housing should not be made on the assumption that we want to facilitate more people being able to commute to the Auckland CBD. Rather, healthy communities are achieved through deliberate planning of active local transportation systems (safe, well lit pathways for walking and cycling, transit systems for local travel as well as commuting), smart and deliberate urban planning which includes sufficient high quality homes, greenspace, recreation facilities, libraries, access to basic local retail services, schools, health and social service, as well as access to community based jobs. Urban planning and the built environment (homes, transportation systems, retail shops) must be adapted for the challenges faced by older adults. Current large scale developments focus too much on building houses and not enough on building a community of people.
A key element of intelligent design for healthy communities is to enhance opportunities for social connections and trust. Neighbours need to interact with one another. A commuter driven style of growth is not conducive to social development or trust, which may lead to mental health challenges, physical health problems, crime, and ghettoization. People are more likely to accept high density housing if they are designed to balance privacy, social connection and trust. Regrettably, little is known about social networks and how people are influenced by them and use them. The sense was that people’s health and health behaviours are influenced far more by their social networks than professional service providers.
Auckland needs to better understand the impact it has on Northland. Failure to create sufficient good jobs, educational opportunities from primary to tertiary, good housing, and family support will result in more older adults moving to Northland for quality of life, while young people moving to Auckland.
Massey’s help to create partnerships would be welcome to address the following:
Research to understand the social networks people are engaged in, how these networks influence North Auckland and Northland residents, and how social networks might be used to enhance health and well-being.
Research, consultation and thought leadership on how to assist health service agencies to improve their ability to engage communities, and facilitate social action.
Research and policy/thought leadership on improving urban design for health.
Research and assistance to help organisation move beyond the concept of reducing the risk of injury and move towards a more comprehensive perspective on their role and responsibilities in improving all aspects of health and well-being.
Research and through leadership on how to reduce health inequalities, particularly among Māori and Pasifika. Assistant to monitor and understand the health of migrant populations and related health determinants. | https://urbanculture.massey.ac.nz/massey/initiatives/innovation/grow-north/february-2015-event/panel-summaries/health-and-wellness/health-and-wellness_home.cfm |
Many programmes providing support for children and families target their resources at geographical areas with the highest levels of deprivation. While this can be an effective way of locating services where they are particularly needed, and avoiding the potential stigma associated with targeting individual children and families, it is important to remember that there are also many families living in difficult circumstances outside of such designated areas, and find ways of identifying and reaching them.
Multi-agency working
The research highlights the importance of agencies working together at both strategic and practice level to address the range of hardships faced by families living in poverty. Children’s services alone cannot provide all the help needed. Families may need advice on debt, help with housing, opportunities for adult education and assistance with benefit entitlements and/or finding a job, as well as childcare facilities and leisure opportunities that are accessible and affordable. Given the impact of poor housing on family life, housing needs should be systematically incorporated into local children’s plans.
The link between poverty and child mal-treatment
While many poor parents bring up their children well and safely, the research illustrates the greater potential for child maltreatment when families live in very stressful circumstances. The impact of poverty was also highlighted in a Commission for Social Care Inspection report on meeting the needs of parents whose children are placed on the child protection register (CSCI 2006).
Anti-oppressive practice
The way in which services are offered to families, and the nature of the relationship with the service provider, proved to be a key factor in parental satisfaction. This reinforces the importance of treating families with respect, and of finding ways to offer help that strengthen them.
The role of family networks
The key role played by relatives, especially grandparents, in mitigating hardship for families experiencing poverty suggests that assessments of need should pay particular attention to the availability of social supports and family networks. Greater use could be made of family group conferencing to draw on such support. But while good support networks were shown to ameliorate poverty, poverty also made such networks harder to maintain – especially when family or friends lived at a distance.
Benefits
Recommendations from this study include extending eligibility for benefits such as free school meals, social fund grants and subsidised school activities to include families with an income below an agreed threshold, as well as those receiving means-tested benefits. Low income families could be provided with cheap or free public transport, and “passports” to allow children to access leisure facilities they could otherwise not afford. | https://www.communitycare.co.uk/2007/11/28/practice-implications-15/ |
In addition to this, a study of the functioning of the legal and social systems likely to develop the resources that can be used will provide a view notably of how the normative framework may be adapted to the wide range of forms of mobility available to everyone today. We can therefore wonder to what extent legislation on the physical control of borders is compatible with the virtual and sometimes real disappearance of material borders? In the same way, on a national scale, distortions are developing between two different scales that are difficult to reconcile: on the one hand, protection spaces that are defined on a local basis and, on the other hand, individual lives that are characterized by a high level of mobility. This interrogation will lead to exchanges with the research axis dealing with spaces of social citizenship, on the territorialisation of social protection action.
These stages interact with each other and contribute to the construction of personal autonomy in a way that is both unique and heavily conditioned by the resources available to the individual and the socio-historic contexts they experience. These resources are the result of personal, social and legal factors. Protection standards and measures influence individual careers through the opportunities they offer or, conversely, the barriers they create, in response to personal aspirations.
The topic is structured around several questions. How do the different dimensions of a person’s course of life interact with each other? Is it possible to identify factors which foster an increase and diversification of resources? To what extend can we measure the influence of the standards system on people’s ability to mobilise resources that encourage their autonomy? These questions are particularly acute in today’s context. The major developments in public transport and the revolution sparked by the internet in terms of exchanging information are broadening the field of possibilities like never before, whether in terms of migration, professional careers or even access to consumer goods.
Independence is one of the central values of our society, but the fact cannot be ignored that this model makes those who do not have the resources needed to achieve it vulnerable. The law therefore has the dual task of facilitating access to independence and also meeting the needs of those who do not have the means to seize the freedom of choice offered to them. In this context, there is therefore a danger of a rift opening up between the objectives of substantive law and the results it obtains or, more fundamentally, between individuals’ aspirations and the extent of their resources. It is a study of the latter that will constitute the focus of this research axis. The work will aim to the identify resources that are available and the functioning of the legal and social systems likely to foster their development. This investigation will be based in particular on work carried out among two categories of people: those whose desire to migrate has been exploited by human trafficking networks, and beneficiaries of personal microloans.
The resources that can be mobilised in such processes of construction of independence fall within several fields: the family sphere (through support and private material or non-material solidarity); education, training and social recognition through qualifications; the economic sphere (income, property, debt etc.)
This interrogation will be based on current work concerning two categories of people: those whose desire to migrate has been exploited by human trafficking networks, and those who have taken out loans (those who are overindebted and also beneficiaries of personal microloans). The team will pay particular attention to the way in which credit instruments (formal and informal) can make up for a lack of resources, while examining the role of economic or even symbolic debt in a person’s life trajectory. A large amount of research has already been undertaken by the team in the field of insufficient economic resources, both from the angle of poverty (in particular with the scientific work of the Gironde Observatory of Poverty-Precarity) and of minimum social benefits. They will be extended by a comparative approach, with an analysis of the living conditions of young adults and their professional integration in the North and South, as well as comparative law research in the field of minimum social benefits. Examining the lack of resources also implies investigating its consequences in terms of health risks (early death, morbidity) and dangers of exclusion and discrimination. These research perspectives open up possibilities for cross-subject collaborations among the researchers within this axis, as well as with other teams on the Bordeaux site, in particular on the health of young people, the dependence of elderly people and experiences of inequality. | https://comptrasec.u-bordeaux.fr/en/research-topics/2-mobilisation-resources-and-construction-personal-autonomy |
I’d like to have friends. It’s really hard. I’ve tried lots of groups but none have worked out. I get really worried about if anyone is going to like me and if anyone is going to have things in common with me and it goes around in my mind and it’s hard to decide to go, so a lot of times I don’t. (O’Connor & Fowkes, 2000)
Despite common perceptions that people with intellectual disability have a lot of family assistance, or that they have support from service providers or other community organisations, many people with intellectual disability experience extreme levels of social isolation. Like poverty, social isolation is both a cause and a consequence of a range of difficult life situations that many people with intellectual disability commonly experience.
Many people with intellectual disability grow up with limited family support, or within the out-of-home-care system. They may have limited capacity and resources to self-advocate and develop supportive connections with others in their local community, and are often socially restricted to organisationally-based social activities with other people with intellectual disability. This often results in a reliance on support systems and a narrow range of opportunities for developing meaningful relationships outside of those systems. Social exclusion is an important factor in explaining the social isolation of individuals. While many people with intellectual disability might be highly visible in the community, and be seen to access services and community resources, opportunities for meaningful engagement and the full range of human relationships with others outside of the ‘disability service system’ are limited (Craig & Bigby, 2010).
Prejudice against people with intellectual disability is common, and there are often major challenges to the inclusion of people with intellectual disability in the social networks of people without intellectual disability. The first experiences that people without disability have of people with intellectual disability are crucial in setting their personal attitudes towards disability, and these experiences will encourage them to either exclude or include people in their social networks (Craig & Bigby, 2010).
People with intellectual disability themselves identify numerous personal and social barriers to community inclusion, such as:
- Being ignored and not accepted by others (people not talking to them)
- Having limited community facilities and opportunities for social exchange
- Transport and financial issues that decrease their access to social venues and events
- Being held back by service staff who prioritise other activities over meaningful community membership (Abbott & McConkey, 2006). | https://communitydoor.org.au/service-delivery/disability/how-to-hear-me-a-resource-kit-for-working-with-people-with-intellectu-18 |
By Tamuka Chekero, University of Cape Town, South Africa
In South Africa, migration is a prominent and swiftly developing phenomenon. Because of its economic and political atmosphere, which remains relatively calm, South Africa attracts both migrants and refugees from neighbouring African countries and beyond. The primary centres for receiving refugees and migrants are urban areas. Yet, sadly, limited immigration and resident documentation, or the absence of such documentation, limits refugees’ and migrants’ access to employment, opportunities and rights.
Evidence from South Africa continues to show also that restrictions are accompanied by increasing hostility. This hostility displays itself in a variety of ways and from different actors. From state body actions including police roadblocks, and denied access to health care, the community mobilised anti-immigrant movements like Operation Dudula, to citizen-run campaigns like, Put South Africans First. These physical, social, political, and economic ‘borders’ and ‘boundaries,’ as refugees and migrants perceive them, are lines between ‘locals’ and ‘foreign people.’ They do not just keep people out, instead, they are used for defining wide-ranging aspects such as identity, belonging, inclusion and exclusion, among others.
In my PhD research, I interpret borders as tools for creating restrictions for refugees in socioeconomic circumstances. Borders serve as barriers and impediments that prevent refugees from getting essential services and exercising their legal rights. For example, when healthcare practitioners come to engage with refugees or migrants, they have the power to withhold services or influence the distribution and type of service delivered.
Secondly, I understand boundaries in terms of the social and geographical demarcations that exclude refugees. Boundaries in this context include, among other things, tangible barriers, such as obstructive natural or artificial, social, political, and economic infrastructure that limits the livelihood spaces, possibilities, and entitlements of refugees. Challenges arising from these borders and boundaries obstruct access to space in a metropolis as well, such as Cape Town in South Africa. For example, defined borders can specify who is to be included in space and who is to be excluded from it, as well as the location of the experience of exclusion.
Even though boundaries and borders might impede the mobility of refugees in Cape Town, refugees deploy creative and innovative strategies to either negotiate or circumvent boundaries and social borders. In coping with such challenges, refugees possess various social networks such as friendships lubricated by conviviality and sociality. This blog focuses on the dynamics of refugees’ intra-city movements and how they navigate the boundaries and borders within the city. I first discuss the challenges that refugees face, and then I consider the normative and practical coping mechanisms that individuals improvise to deal with and adjust to borders and boundaries.
The South African Context
Refugees in South Africa are considered in numerous national legal and policy frameworks. These include the South African Refugees Act of 2011, which gives the 1951 Refugee Convention and its protocols legal force, as well as the country’s Constitution. Regardless of refugees being accommodated in this way, Balbo and Marconi note in their study that political decisions frequently do not take refugees and migrants into account.
More so, social restrictions and frontiers, such as roadblocks and local animosity, impede refugees’ daily activities. They are held responsible for contributing to urban socioeconomic problems like traffic violations, ‘stealing jobs from locals’ and other problems including increased poverty, lack of resources and horrifying crime rates. These are structural issues that are not always caused by refugees. Despite having protections guaranteed by the South African Constitution, research continues to show that refugees are excluded and marginalized in mobility and survival activities.
As a result, refugees frequently use informal, refugee social networks to address their everyday challenges rather than formal institutional frameworks or immigration and refugee policy frameworks. In their quest for survival, refugees learn the right places, times, and ways to move as well as the right places, times, and ways to not move. Refugees may choose to be ‘visible’ or ‘invisible’ and when to become refugees/asylum seekers or not.
This is similar to the term ‘tactical cosmopolitan’, which was coined by Landau and Freemantle. They observed that in the face of rising South African nationalism, strict immigration laws, and xenophobia, immigrants have reacted by negotiating partial involvement in South Africa’s developing society without becoming constrained by it. My research shows that refugees employ social networks for this purpose, for example, friendship connections can be formed between law enforcement personnel and other people in positions of power.
Roadblocks limiting the mobility and survival potential of refugees in Cape Town
Travelling inside and between cities is extremely difficult for many refugees in South Africa. This situation has gotten worse as a result of police roadblocks. Roadblocks are not though a recent development in South Africa. Historically, they have been a typical approach to monitoring and controlling movement in South African cities and small towns. As noted by Rautenbach roadblocks have previously been put in place to help reduce crime in the country. But recently, they have grown and altered in terms of their main objective.
In Cape Town, roadblocks play a significant role in establishing boundaries and/or serving as internal borders. In contrast to other nations, South Africa places these roadblocks to seek ‘foreigners’, and some of them are ‘community-based’ movements, such as Operation Dudula.
My PhD research found that the number of roadblocks set up in Cape Town by the Traffic Police, Metro Police, South Africa Police Services (SAPS), and agents from the Department of Home Affairs is rising. These are put in place to identify migrants or refugees who lack the necessary travel documentation. As a result, migrants and refugees found without requisite documentation are arrested before being deported home. Such internal boundaries are present in a large number of minor South African towns and cities, including Giyani (a small town in the north-eastern part of the Limpopo Province of South Africa where I have previously conducted research) and Cape Town, respectively.
Refugees I worked with indicated that the N1 highway, which connects Johannesburg and Cape Town, is one of the major routes in Cape Town where the police routinely set up roadblocks. The N1 highway lies next to Maitland, a suburb of Cape Town, South Africa. The reason for the blockage in Maitland is that the suburb serves as a significant hub for many important transit lines that connect Cape Town. The middle of the suburb is also crossed by the main railway route. The area has long served as an important hub for local transit.
In addition to Maitland, refugees also highlighted that the police also established roadblocks in Bellville city, which has a diverse population of South Africans and foreign nationals. The police focus on the area because they think Bellville is where most cross-border buses pick up and drop off cross-border passengers going to or coming from Durban and Johannesburg through the N1 or the N2 highways.
Participants in my study felt that, even though the main goal of police roadblocks is to deter crime, foreign nationals and refugees are frequently the targets of these roadblocks. In further probing about roadblocks, one of my participants Alia had this to say:
We are just targeted for reasons including lack of documentation, and driver’s license, but we feel like they are selective in their stop and search. It feels like they are mainly targeting us non-South Africans. I think our encounter with the police is made worse by our failure to fluently speak the local language.
Alia’s sentiments were widely shared by many refugees I interviewed. The majority of refugees believe that police socially profile them. In Cape Town, the refugees claim that the police undertake roadblocks utilizing a multi-agency approach. Drivers are stopped and searched for a range of crimes. These offenses include driving while intoxicated, possessing weapons that might be deadly, moving hazardous and unlawful materials, and, more recently, transporting undocumented people (for example undocumented refugees).
In their opinion, refugees I spoke with feel that these stops and searches are carried out at the police officer’s discretion. The police may ambush using unmarked vehicles while working undercover to witness crimes in particular circumstances as opposed to always erecting barriers.
Many of the refugee drivers I spoke with claimed that there is a difference in treatment between locals and foreigners at the roadblocks. Refugees claimed that while they are checked, South African citizens who can speak the local languages fluently are not stopped and, when they are, they are not subjected to further interrogation or harassment. One of my participants Achimwene revealed his observations and experiences of roadblocks as follows:
A South African who speaks isiXhosa and says ‘molo bhuti’ or ‘Molo sis’ (hello brother or hello sister) or Afrikaans ‘Hallo suster’ (Hello sister) or ‘Hallo broer’ (hello brother) is more likely to be excused without further investigation than a foreign national who would dare to speak in English.
The above sentiments by Achimwene express a consensus of opinion among refugees I worked with. The majority of refugee drivers I worked with confirmed being subjected to scrutiny whenever they fail to effectively communicate in isiXhosa or Afrikaans. Similarly, my interlocutors confirmed what Klaaren and Ramji established in their previous study, namely that many refugees think that police officers’ discretion in such operations frequently occurs with little to no direct supervision from police managers or commanders who might be cautious of the obvious issues or inconsistent profiling. This is because when people who have been stopped at roadblocks ask to speak to the officers’ supervisors, they are frequently denied the opportunity.
According to refugees, profiling may be a tactic or the outcome of personal biases and fundamental presumptions. The majority of those I spoke with believed that police frequently conduct searches without having a thorough understanding of the legal and constitutional requirements. These incidents were validated as a historical practice in research conducted in 2004 by Gould and Mastrofski.
Conviviality and social networks in negotiating boundaries and borders in Cape Town
Refugees in South Africa nevertheless have learned to embrace a variety of social networks (including transnational networks) to negotiate the various boundaries and borders in the country. They devote resources to cooperation or group action to achieve this. Refugees can cross borders and boundaries, navigate life in Cape Town, or just get by relying on mutualism or co-reliance. The shocks and stresses brought on by obstacles are lessened for refugees thanks to collectivism. Networks of friendship and marital ties are just two of the many diverse kinds that refugees build.
Refugees confirmed making friendship connections with police officers. These connections are made in the course of everyday activities like meeting at religious gatherings (such as churches or mosques among others), in restaurants, or on social soccer platforms. The foundation for the development of such networks is what Nyamnjoh terms ‘conviviality.’ Gaps need to be bridged and connections made simpler to reach similarity and commonality. The goal of finding similarities and connections between refugees and certain police officers is to break down barriers and create mutuality.
Refugees who work together with the police are better able to anticipate obstacles and devise plans to address and reduce any risks by communicating closely. Some participants confirmed using their connections with the police to communicate and obtain information, for instance when there are roadblocks or raids aimed at refugees. Bra Eddie (pseudonym), one of my participants, admitted to learning about roadblocks from his friend, a police officer. He has the following to say:
In Maitland, there was an operation involving many law enforcement agencies that was focused on undocumented migrant nationals. The day before the operation, I was notified by a friend of mine who works as a police officer at Maitland police station. I had the chance to also inform my friends about the news.
The use of friendship connection is not unique to Bra Eddie. The majority of the refugees I worked with confirmed using friendship as a strategy to develop and maintain social relationships with the police. The friendship network would convert into social capital and grant them access to crucial information like police raids and covert roadblocks.
Here, I focus on one unexpected result: the same police officers who organize police roadblocks and raids against refugees and migrants may be available to refugees through personal networks, such as Bra Eddi’s friendship with the police officer. While such connections and information exchange are illegal, they are necessary for foreign nationals to sustain their lives in Cape Town. I regard these as ‘social navigation tactics’. Similarly, anthropologist scholar Mutsawashe H Mutendi refers to similar approaches as ‘making a plan’. This simply refers to many forms of ‘making do’, or how individuals cope with social and economic uncertainty, which can be illegal in some cases. Nonetheless, it should be noted in this context that illegality does not always imply immorality.
In light of this discussion, it is plausible to note that social networks are essential for assisting refugees in fostering their belonging in South Africa. Landau argues in favour of this idea by saying that social networks are essential for the integration of locals (in this case the police) and refugees because they encourage peace by removing obstacles and fostering relationships between them. Beyond national lines, connections are cultivated and maintained. Vulnerable refugees value these bridging relations, especially as a means of dealing with their transition to the city. Through relationships of interdependence and interlinkage, the effects of constraints on refugees’ livelihoods are also addressed.
Nonetheless, while social networks can help refugees adjust to their new lives and get access to crucial information, the fact that networks exist does not guarantee that they are easily accessible to everyone. Some people may be excluded, and some networks may collapse.
Conclusion
My research suggests that although borders and boundaries in form of roadblocks limit refugees’ ability to move throughout Cape Town, refugees employ inventive and creative strategies to navigate and negotiate them. Borders exist everywhere, yet as history has shown, they are permeable and porous, making them appear as a transient phenomenon.
My study establishes that despite the wider social environment being hostile to ‘foreigners’, it is still feasible for individuals to develop mutuality among themselves through the development of social ties that transcend nationality. The research demonstrates the possibility of cross-cutting relationships by illustrating how some refugees become friends with police officers while acknowledging the challenges that refugees encounter every day and the social profiles that define who belongs and who does not.
In addition to the established findings, my study raises the possibility that successful solutions must be developed in conjunction with South African stakeholders, including refugees. Intensifying policy actions should go hand in hand with improving refugee lives and lowering their vulnerability. It is necessary for the state to relax its stringent immigration and paperwork laws. Research conducted by Goodwin-Gill concluded that the South African alyssum system needs to be regulated. This is due to the refugees’ perception that the system is biased against them. Because of this, many are forced to (or choose to) reside illegally and run the risk of being detained and deported.
The views expressed in this article belong to the author/s and do not necessarily reflect those of the Refugee Law Initiative. We welcome comments and contributions to this blog – please comment below and see here for contribution guidelines. | https://rli.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2022/10/12/how-the-category-refugee-produces-and-reinforces-particular-kinds-of-boundaries-and-borders/ |
Each innovator in this spotlight series illustrates aspects of the New Learning Ecosystem in action. Julia Freeland Fisher’s research shows how social capital plays a key role across each element of our vision for the future of learning and work. To learn more about the New Learning Ecosystem, click here.
The Clayton Christensen Institute is a think tank dedicated to improving the world through disruptive innovation in education, healthcare, and economic prosperity. Based on the theories of Harvard professor Clayton Christensen, the Institute aims to redefine the conversation for policymakers, community leaders, and entrepreneurs by promoting the power of disruptive innovation for fostering social change.
Julia Freeland Fisher, Director of Education Research at the institute, recently released her book, Who You Know, which highlights the importance of social capital for gaining equitable access to work opportunities.
We spoke with Freeland Fisher to get a deeper understanding of the role social capital plays in society and what needs to be done to design, develop, and spread access and opportunity to build networks among underserved communities.
Q: Why is social capital important?
Freeland Fisher: Social capital is people’s access to, and ability to mobilize, human connections that might help them further their potential and their goals, especially as those goals emerge and inevitably shift over time. Put simply, networks have real value. Who you know shapes how you get by and get ahead.
We can’t talk about preparing people for the labor market without acknowledging how networks shape access to opportunity. Mark Granovetter at Stanford University estimates that 50 percent of all jobs come through personal connections. If we know that information about, and referrals to, jobs travels through networks, then we can’t just talk about increasing skills–we also need to be thinking about creating more and more equitable access to networks.
Stepping back, developing social capital is not just about labor market outcomes, it’s also about the state of our social fabric. We are living in a time when people are feeling more and more isolated. The longest-running study of adult development out of Harvard has looked at the fact that warm relationships are one of the key predictors of longevity, happiness, and health. But these important connections may be deteriorating. In fact, the former surgeon general has dubbed this a loneliness epidemic, and there are alarming statistics suggesting that millennials are disproportionately lonely and disconnected. So social capital is critical for any conversation about how we grow access to opportunity and at the same time it’s an asset that we as a society may be underinvesting in.
Q: Why study social capital in an educational context?
FF: I believe that our education system should be an engine for opportunity. The reality, however, is that the ingredients to accessing opportunities are not purely based on what you know, but also on whom you know. If we’re trying to create a set of educational institutions and programs that fuel upward mobility, we need to start thinking about how to deliberately integrate social components into learning environments. We need to be explicit about training students how to build, grow, and maintain social capital and creating more channels to accessing new networks.
Q: What will it take to integrate social capital, and connection, into the education space?
FF: The concept of institutional design is key. Institutions may have all sorts of social assets that are in place but they may not actually be designed to optimize for human connection.
Mario Luis Small, a sociologist at Harvard, highlighted that institutions are fundamentally brokers of social capital. He has researched childcare centers in New York City, for example, and found what his 2009 book dubbed Unanticipated Gains. Mothers at childcare centers were starting to forge meaningful, trusting connections across lines of race and class because of some very simple and naturally intentional designs around how those childcare centers organized pickup and dropoff times and created chances for parents to interact. Parents were repeatedly coming together and, because of the thoughtful design behind it, began forging new connections with others they otherwise might not engage with.
In our formal education systems, there’s a huge opportunity to start designing institutions as purposeful brokers of social capital. Education institutions are awash with relationship potential. But we have designed so many of our institutions to insular: Schools in the K-12 system often function as custodial facilities that shut outsiders out and keep kids in. And in both K-12 and beyond, schools function as learning facilities where instruction gets delivered but connections may not get made. These institutional designs can lead to an atomized focus on individual learners versus developing a focus on social connection. Instead, we’re looking at the ways these institutions can start to design learning experiences to optimize for connection.
Q: How do you teach someone social capital in an authentic way?
FF: I’m not sure I would use the phrase “teach social capital”… social capital is an asset that is brokered and built. That said, you can teach a student about the value of “networking” and arm them with the interpersonal skills to build and mobilize networks. These skills are best learned in context. Rather than having the act of networking be a standalone module, for example, you can put learners in working relationships initially with one another to allow them a rich and deep cohort experience, providing an easier way to build an authentic working relationship.
But we should be careful not to conflate teaching networking with actually opening the doors to relationships that are otherwise out of reach. With institutional partnerships, you can talk about and teach networking all you want. But you should design building social capital into your program and help to broker formal connections with and for students.
A very clear example of this working well is COOP, which is a program in San Francisco and New York that’s combating underemployment among low-income, first-generation college graduates. These graduates are degree holders but have not broken into knowledge-economy jobs. COOP has very deliberately built a tight-knit cohort experience where those graduates are forging connections with one another and near peer mentors.
They are also being completely explicit about the value of social capital. COOP’s founder Kalani Leifer will say to participants at the start of the program, “Try to build ten really solid relationships. One of those ten people will be the reason you get your first $50,000-a-year job. You don’t know which one, and by my math that means that each of those relationships is worth $5,000 to you.” It can sound crass, but that is making the unspoken spoken to a population of students who may not have inherited access to networks they can leverage for jobs.
Q: What’s the value of strong ties versus weak ties to developing social capital?
FF: Conventional wisdom in education sometimes says the stronger the tie the better. Sociologists describe “strong ties” as people with whom we interact more regularly. There’s an assumption that we forge and maintain higher levels of trust and reciprocity with those folks. We are more likely to look out for them and to lend them our emotional or financial support, and vice versa. An important dimension of thriving as a human is to have a set of strong ties on whom you can lean and depend. Particularly for vulnerable populations, ensuring access to a reliable web of support is a must-have.
What that conventional wisdom can sometimes ignore, however, is that our weak ties in fact contain unique value too. Unlike our strong ties, sociologists describe our weak ties as the people with whom we interact less frequently. They are more like acquaintances than close friends. But acquaintances can be profoundly valuable assets too. In fact, while studying how people found jobs, Mark Granovetter discovered that job seekers were more likely to find new opportunities and information through their more plentiful and diverse weaker-tie networks than their more dense and smaller strong-tie networks. He famously dubbed this “the strength of weak ties.”
Those weak ties could be an important asset that more programs could start brokering for students. And that’s exciting news when you think about how technology can help provide a competitive advantage to learners in developing more social capital. We hypothesize that when it comes to technology, we are unlikely to replace our strongest ties, but there’s an immense opportunity to diversify weak-tie connections in new, highly affordable ways. We’ve been hard at work tracking new tools and models that are using technology to help learners build new relationships that would otherwise be out of reach.
And it may go without saying, but there’s a huge upside to investing in diversifying networks in the longer run. We constantly hear about the looming uncertainty of the future of work. But the more diverse an array of connections learners can make and maintain, the more options our working population has to buffer against the risks of unknowns in the labor market. | https://www.stradaeducation.org/uncategorized/innovator-spotlight-julia-freeland-fisher-on-making-social-capital-work-for-underresourced-communities/ |
Our mission is to help share what we learn and build the social impact network field. Resources from articles, tools or reports that we develop or find useful can be found in here. We also periodically post blogs that include reflections on our work.
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You can also see a listing of where our work has been cited or applied by other researchers and change agents.
Network Evaluation: Avoiding the “Straitjacket”
First in a series about monitoring and assessing network practice.
In our experience, people who build networks for social change are deeply curious about their network’s performance, but they are wary of the conventional evaluation “straitjacket.” They can’t imagine how a rigid assessment framework could be usefully applied to the dynamic, self-organizing network they are nourishing. And they wonder how an evaluation approach designed to assess organizational practice could possibly capture the far more complex practice of network organizing.
When we design an evaluation for a network, we do draw on conventional evaluation principles but we also use a unique network evaluation framework to track and document a network’s evolution and outcomes. We look at things having to do with networks as a distinct organizing form, such as network structure and composition: Who is connected to whom? What is transacted through these links? We also track value creation (What value does the Network produce both for individual members and for the broader constituency it serves?) and internal network conditions that contribute tonetwork health (such as complementary capacities and diversity). Although it is sometimes difficult to tease out contributing factors, we try to design evaluations that allow network builders to assess the relationship between network organizing and network impact. What difference did network organizing make and why?
One way to document the difference that network organizing makes is to compare performance across networks with similar goals and different network organizing practices. Have you had any experience with this approach? What do you think of it? What approaches are you using?
When we first started thinking about network evaluation we found the work of two Canadians very helpful: Heather Creech and Terri Willard through the International Institute for Sustainable Development.
What Network Builders Need: More “How To” Cases
Why qualitative studies are useful network learning tools.
Recently in Boston, I joined more than 30 other network consultants and technical assistance providers to share approaches, frameworks, tools and insights about building networks for social change. The convening, sponsored by the Barr Foundation and the Interaction Institute for Social Change, drew a diverse group (together we had experience supporting networks of different size, purpose, and developmental stage, spanning public, private, and nonprofit sectors, from the local to the global). Yet many of us had come to the same place in our thinking. Here is one of the convergences.
How, Not Why
One thing is clear: Most social change agents we work with don’t need to be convinced of the power of networks. The network conversation is already prevalent in many fields. What practitioners need/want is grounded advice that draws from sound principles but connects principles to a do-able strategy that addresses their particular case.
At Network Impact we think about this as the need for a “middle term” – the ground that connects general principles to network purpose, context and action. For example, we say that in general networks need both “bonds” and “bridges.” But some networks are just about bridges (a network that connects all the people in a community who care about substance abuse prevention) and some networks may need to focus their energy on deepening bonds at the core –before coming to consensus on a network action plan, for example.
At the convening many of us agreed that more diagnostic cases about network building would be helpful. More places to go for a “thick description” of network purpose and context that also describes a network development strategy or “fix” and the outcome. One our favorite network cases describes the development of the Massachusetts Smart Growth Alliance – complete with back story, challenges, strategies and examples of network work plans. Authors are Mary Wissemann and Kristina Egan.
At Network Impact we also continue to think about ways to engage practitioners in chronicling their own network progress. In our work in network evaluation we have begun to include a qualitative component, encouraging network practitioners to reflect on their experience and write (or videograph) stories or cases. Members of the Massachusetts Regional Network to End Homelessness produce short reflections (250-500 words) on a quarterly basis. The sum of these reflections from the ten Regional Networks offers a lot of insight about why similar network strategies work well in some contexts and less well in others.
Do you know of a good network development case story? Share it with us through a comment.
In addition to detailed cases, how about a Case Directory? The Directory would list cases with a brief summary — just the headlines — with author or source. If you decide you’d like to know more, you would contact the author/source. Our friends at Cause Communications have a case template that we use in our consulting work to describe typical network challenges and solutions.
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Profile of the Challenge:
• WHO: Rural advocates organized in five regional networks and two national networks
• WHAT: Influence policy to benefit rural people and places
• CHALLENGES: Diverse sectoral interests; difficulty building effective policy action initiatives
• QUESTIONS: How to decide on policy focus? Who will lead? What is the workplan?
What Was the Network Solution?
• Clarify decision making
• Identify criteria for deciding policy focus. Possible Options:
• Self governing steering committee with action teams
• Lead organization structure
• Network Manager structure
• All require a network agreement
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Let me know what you think about the Directory of Cases idea. Do you have ideas for improving the Cause template. Do you have a case written up to share? Where are there other cases on the Internet that are worth linking to? Check out the 2 cases we’ve posted.
Network Evaluation: Monitoring the Dynamic Evolution
Second in a series about monitoring and assessing network practice.
Lately I’ve been giving a lot of thought to network adaptation – and, from an evaluative perspective, how best to capture the trajectory of networks with multiple, emergent activities and connections. In open and rapidly evolving nets, of course, members often need real-time information to make effective decisions. But, even in relatively stable nets, organizers want to know about the results of their catalyzing efforts. So many networks begin with a deliberate effort to weave new connections, but few build in the means to systematically gauge the effect of such efforts over time.
Pete Plastrik and I continue to be interested in learning more about how to monitor patterns of network engagement and action in networks whose members use 2.0 digital media to connect and communicate. BTW we have learned a lot about this by following some of the conversations that Beth Kanter hosts on her blog. In other networks with known membership, we’ve had some success combining qualitative methods (e.g. interviews and member journaling) with member surveys.
Truth to tell, all-member surveys that we’ve developed took a lot of time to design. But most have been “baseline” surveys that cover a lot of ground in order to catch up on the network’s evolution. Such surveys can be followed up with shorter surveys to a subset of members (say, 20% per year). I recently learned that this has been the approach of the Robert and Patricia Switzer Foundation in tracking their network of more than 400 fellows.
Have you designed a network survey? What kinds of questions did you include? What did you learn that was useful? Post a comment here.
Networks for Social Impact: Welcome to the Start of Something Big
We’re betting on network approaches to become an important way of increasing social change.
For the past six years, Madeleine Taylor and I have been working with the idea that network-building approaches offer social-change agents and organizations a powerful new way to generate impact. We’ve consulted with networks large and small; written and circulated articles and drafted a handbook, Net Gains, that thousands have downloaded for free; and provided a PDF Network Health Scorecard, also free. In the process we’ve become convinced that networks for social impact is an emerging field ripe with potential value and opportunities for development–but also with evolutionary challenges. Recently we’ve summarized our assessment of the field’s condition, as part of the development strategy for our Center for Network Impact, and wanted to share this. Your feedback is welcome.
• There is a growing interest in the use of networks as alternatives and/or complements to organizational structures in the nonprofit/social-innovation/philanthropic sector. In the wake of several highly popular books about network phenomenon and theory, a significant jump in information from academics, practitioners, and experts has occurred. The rapid and wide spread of Web 2.0, digital social networking, ensures that interest in the many applications of networks will be sustained.
• The “practice field” is in an early stage of development. In our analysis of field-building, this first stage is characterized by conceptual framing and isolated examples of practice. In the next developmental stage, networks of practitioners and a wave of innovations will emerge, but practices remain fragmentary and are often considered to be proprietary. This precedes a stage in which practitioners converge around a common frameworks, methods, and tools; integrate previously differentiated practices; and develop a professional implementation support network.
• Some portions of the field appear to be gaining greater traction than others.Several growth areas are evident:
- The use by governments and larger nonprofits of service-delivery networks to reduce costs and increase effectiveness. Emergency preparedness is one niche in which both public and nonprofit entities are redesigning their systems around network models.
- Civic/nonprofit and community use of policy development and advocacy networks, driven by the success of Internet-based political action and growing interest in engaging a wide range of stakeholders in policy decision-making.
- The use by some foundations and nonprofits of networks for integrated place-based development.
- The use by some foundations of networks as a strategy for improving the effectiveness of grantmaking and efficiency in nonprofit sectors.
- “Web 2.0” social networks, driven by adaptation of new technological tools.
• The growing demand for knowledge about using networks for social impact is both top-down and bottom-up. Top-down “design” knowledge is sought by larger, more established institutions—foundations, public agencies, and larger nonprofits—that want to increase their effectiveness, but are uncertain about the value of network approaches or how to design these approaches. Bottom-up “practice” knowledge is sought by individuals and smaller organizations that want to get smarter about the use of networks, but have little funding to pay for learning and no established learning processes they can plug in to.
• The expertise about network building for social change and innovation covers the range of network theory, design, management, evaluation, and investing, but much of this relatively new knowledge is not made practical for and easily accessible by practitioners. Tools, “just in time” advice, and easily navigated information products are in demand, but there’s little capacity to respond at the scale of this demand.
• Development (philanthropic) capital is scarce. Few foundations have identified network building as a strategy that is funded (as opposed to just talked about) and there is competition among development practitioners for resources. For now, the prevailing model for field development is based on scarcity, rather than abundance, of resources.
Talking Networks for Social Change
Plastrik & Taylor talk with network maven Beth Kanter (and her video camera and blog.)
This blog post is a republished version of one written by Beth Kanter, whose blog on non-profit operations and technology is one of the more respected resources on the subject. You can also watch the video of our discussion – Net Gains Authors talk about Networks
Blog post: Drawing Networks on Napkins with Peter Plastrik and Madeleine Taylor
Last week at the Packard Foundation, I finally had an opportunity to meet Peter Plastrik and Madeleine Taylor face-to-face.
I first came across their thinking and work on building social networks for social change via the resources section on the Barr Foundation web site back in 2006. Peter Plastrik and Madeleine Taylor co-wrote “Net Gains,” one of the first practical handbooks on building and working in networks for social change. Whether it is a network of organizations or individuals, this handbook provides a wealth of theory and practice on build, manage, and fine tune a network.
Peter is a president and co-founder of nuPOLIS, the Internet presence of the Innovation Network for Communities (INC), a national non-profit helping to develop and spread scalable innovations that transform the performance of community systems such as education, energy, land use, transportation and workforce development. Madeleine is co-founder and principal of Arbor Consulting Partners, a research and consulting group led by senior social scientists. We talked a lot about network practices. It was a fantastic opportunity to identify similarities and differences between building networks of organizations as well as individuals – and of course how to weave together the two.
There are many parallels to the use of social networks like Facebook. I was particularly interested in hearing their views on how to ignite a network – how it to get it started. For those who are working on social networks and looking at how to catalyze their crowds on places like Facebook or Twitter – the advice resonated. Do you know what the group’s value proposition is? Do you know what the individual value propositions are? (What’s the pork chop factor?) It’s all about building trust and relationships. It reminds me of Eugene Eric Kim’s point about networks – everybody is people. Peter and Madeleine describe networks as “platforms for relationships.” And the goal of those relationships can be learning, collaboration, policy, service delivery, advocacy, mobilizing or action.
Peter is one of those people who likes to draw his ideas and at one point he got up and drew a grid on the whiteboard about the different types of networks and what interventions are needed for success. Later, I found the chart in Net Gains. We also discussed the whole issue of network evaluation and the difficulty of measuring those relationships versus a specific impact. Also, the idea of faster tools like social network analysis that give us real time information and the need for someone who is embedded in the network as a real time evaluator. And, of course, what metrics to use.
Madeleine shared a copy of the network health scorecard, a diagnostic tool that networks can use to reflect on how to improve. She also discusses it in the video above. During lunch, we discussed the field of network building for social change – what’s needed to build this field? This is the drawing on the napkin that is described by Peter in the video. Peter and Madeleine raised some interesting questions about the use of social media and support of network’s work in a brief outline and I’ve pulled a couple of questions to chew on:
• What are the hypotheses about the differences social media can make for achieving a network’s goals – learning goals, policy advocacy goals, innovation goals, and others?
• What patterns can social media use reveal that provide strategic insight for network?
• How can social media be used to build high-quality connections, a motivating relationship between members and build trust and reciprocity?
One of the topics we discussed was about the skills and practices of network weavers – whether they are working with networks of organizations or supporting an organization’s network of supporters on Facebook. As Madeleine points out in the video above, a network weaver is looking at how people are connected and what value they are getting from being connected. A key skill of the network weaver is to pull out threads and pull people together. As Madeleine notes, “it isn’t about everyone being connected to everybody all the time.” A big part of the network weaver’s job is pattern recognition and that requires a sort of scanning and watching – that takes time. I also pointed out that it uses a different part of your brain and there is a need to shift mindsets to get other types of work done. I tend to map my “working the clouds” work in short, time boxed bursts. I tend to do it when my concentration is at a lower point. But, when I have to write or blog or think about something, I find more and more that I need to stop being social – not do Twitter, Facebook, or email. I also need to put classical music on my Ipod and concentrate in a different way. I’ve also found that I need to do something physical to transition between the two – like take a walk or simply walk around my desk. Peter described an interesting framework for thinking about this use of time:
- Activities that can be done while doing multiple tasks
- Activities that require quiet and doing that one task
- Activities that require several days of concentrating, creative immersion, and laser focus on that task
All in all, a great discussion about networks.
New National Urban Sustainability Network Launches
Urban Sustainability Directors hold their first annual meeting in Chicago.
Sixty-five sustainability directors from cities and counties in the U.S. and Canada came together for the first annual Urban Sustainability Directors Network (USDN) gathering in Chicago on September 23 to 25, 2009. Funded by the Surdna Foundation, The Home Depot Foundation, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and the Blackstone Ranch Institute, the USDN was formed to enable public sector sustainability leaders to learn from each other and accelerate achievement of ambitious city sustainability goals.
Mayors across North America from Vancouver to Miami are taking action to ensure that their cities are a part of the solution to global climate change. The commitment and action of these mayors has led to the growth in city staff dedicated to sustainable urban development, pursuing policies and actions from recycling and green building to green jobs and climate change planning. While this committed cadre of local government leaders has burgeoned, they have worked in isolation of each other, often tackling similar issues as their peers across the country without a national network to share experiences and partner.
While the mainstream media and non-profit environmental organizations often play cities off-of each other to see which is the greenest, these cities have joined forces to ensure mutual success and sharing of experiences in achieving urban sustainability goals to improve quality of life while solving environmental challenges, achieving cost savings, and promoting inclusive prosperity.
The fist annual USDN meeting included lively discussion of such common issues as energy efficiency retrofits in buildings, zero waste strategies, green infrastructure, and green workforce development. Members also discussed how to maximize the effectiveness of their sustainability offices at managing change. During the next twelve months, members will continue to network and support each others efforts to address sustainability challenges.
The co-chairs for the network are Sadhu Johnston from the city of Chicago, and Amanda Eichel from Seattle.
For more information on the Urban Sustainability Directors Network, contact Julia Parzen at [email protected]
by Julia Parzen
Using Digital Media to Connect People for Social Change
Building an Internet platform that links rural networks into a force for public policy change.
When the Kellogg Foundation started investing in getting grassroots networks in rural areas to work together to develop and advocate for rural-friendly government policies, it envisioned the creation of “a shared platform that helps coordinate research, learning, tool and resource development, expertise, and communication.” In other words, using the Internet to build a new collective capacity by connecting, learning, and aligning thousands of rural-based organizations, and helping them to collaborate and organize at vast scale.
To help turn that vision into reality, the Innovation Network for Communities developed a concept paper about what such a user-driven digital platform might look like and how it might be built. Although the idea focused on the particulars of supporting rural policy networks, we suspect that it has application to other network building situations.
Our starting point for the concept was what the platform is supposed to help people do. We imagined that “RuralUS.net” (a working name for the Web site) would help individuals, organizations, and networks interested in and engaging in rural policy change to:
• Find, learn about, and connect with each other, and then strengthen links.
• Align and organize in digital communities of varying size, shapes, and duration around shared characteristics (e.g., geography, age), interests, and identities.
• Access expert resources (digital modules, news feeds, webinar training, etc.) for developing policy change capacities and efforts.
• Collaborate in the production of policy change (e.g., identify opportunities; develop policy agendas; develop policy proposals; generate advocacy; etc.)
• Evaluate ideas and information by assembling collective points of view digitally (based on voting, Web page rankings, member- or user-community recommendation “engines” like Amazon.com’s “others like you have purchased…,” etc.)
The platform, we proposed, ”will combine the functions of a more traditional ‘trusted source’ Web site that provides users with reliable information, tools, and expertise with those of a ‘user-sourced’ site that engages users in peer-to-peer accessing, generating, sharing, using, and archiving of information.” Users would be able to:
• Build online personal social networks nationwide relevant to their concerns.
• Engage in “rapid learning communities” focused on learning about rural policy issues of immediate importance to them.
• Search for and access a wide range of expert materials, tools, and advice concerning specific rural policies; how to build policy change networks; and other topics;
• Generate peer-to-peer knowledge about and tools for policy-change processes and specific policy issues.
• Archive and share their experiences as rural policy change makers.
• Digitally access relevant meetings and conferences (e.g., regional planning meetings).
• Readily access and share news from the rural policy frontlines: news feeds, blogs.
• Build their policy-change capacities, such as in communications for policy advocacy.
• Create a user-generated “early warning” system that identifies and alerts others about changes in local, state, regional, tribal, federal policy opportunities.
Of course, what capabilities should be built into the platform depends on what the potential users say they need and would use. To get some sense of the potential look and functions of the user-driven dimension of RuralUS.net, we looked closely at a number of Web sites, including:
www.govloop.com– online community for government employees created by Steve Ressler, a federal IT employee, about 5 years ago. “I wanted an online forum to connect all my various groups and to connect with government employees across agencies. I wanted an informal place where people could gather, share their ideas, and ask other questions. A place that could serve as a repository for both current and future government employees as they start and grow in their career.”
www.techsoup.com – technology resources for nonprofit organizations. “TechSoup.org offers nonprofits a one-stop resource for technology needs by providing free information, resources, and support. In addition to online information and resources, we offer a product philanthropy service called TechSoup Stock. Here, nonprofits can access donated and discounted technology products, generously provided by corporate and nonprofit technology partners.” (Site is 10 years old; unique monthly visitors: 109,880.)
www.changemakers.net — Supported by Ashoka Foundation. “Changemakers is an initiative of Ashoka: Innovators for the Public that focuses on the rapidly growing world of social innovation. It provides solutions and resources needed to help everyone become a changemaker and presents compelling stories that explore the fundamental principles of successful social innovation around the world. Changemakers is building the world’s first global online “open source” community that competes to surface the best social solutions, and then collaborates to refine, enrich, and implement those solutions. Changemakers begins by providing an overarching intellectual framework for collaborative competitions that bring together individual social change initiatives into a more powerful whole.” (Unique visitors monthly: 25,797)
www.socialedge.org – supported by Skoll Foundation. “Check what our expert bloggers have to say about social entrepreneurship: practical advice, inspirational stories, name dropping… Every week is a new story on Social Edge.” (Unique visits monthly: 21,662)
Point us to other examples that you know about. Let us know your thoughts about designing digital media to promote social change.
Net-Centric Social Impact: Decentralized Organizing for Change
In our new “Web 2.0″ social-networking world, what’s the real promise of networks?
The three prevailing points of view toward the idea that networks offer an exciting new way of effecting social change both overstate and understate the potential social impact of connectivity.
• Analysts say that networks are an underlying structure for practically everything, and we can learn something from this for how we run society. As noted in Net Gains: A Handbook for Network Builders Seeking Social Change, “The power of networks is drawing increasing attention in mass media headlines as well as in specialized scientific literatures.” Physicist Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, in his book Linked, exemplified this point of view:
“Today we increasingly recognize that nothing happens in isolation. Most events and phenomena are connected, caused by, and interacting with a huge number of other pieces of a complex universal puzzle. We have come to see that we live in a small world, where everything is linked to everything else… We have come to grasp the importance of networks.”
• Embracers say that decentralized, highly autonomous structures–networks–are the revolutionary structures that will make society more effective and democratic. This view comes from a wide range of sources: “Web 2.0” Millenials promoting the “distributive power” of the Internet’s online networks; social movement builders opposing centralized power; and theoreticians who see a stark choice in how society organizes itself. Writing about the effort to halt the spread of swine flu, NY Times columnist David Brooks captured this either/or view:
“We face a series of decentralized, transnational threats: jihadi terrorism, a global financial crisis, global warming, energy scarcity, nuclear proliferation and, as we’re reminded today, possible health pandemics like swine flu… So how do we deal with these situations? Do we build centralized global institutions that are strong enough to respond to transnational threats? Or do we rely on diverse and decentralized communities and nation-states?… The correct response to these dynamic, decentralized, emergent problems is to create dynamic, decentralized, emergent authorities: chains of local officials, state agencies, national governments and international bodies that are as flexible as the problem itself.”
Information and communications technologies drive this revolution, note the authors of Working Wikily: How Networks Are Changing Social Change, a Packard Foundation report:
“New tools and technologies… are changing the way we communicate and connect… The changes can be seen in the way people are working together to create and disseminate knowledge through platforms like Wikipedia; in how people solve complex mathematical problems or write very stable software, as with Linux; and even in purely social activities, like sharing photos on Flickr and meeting new friends on MySpace… Wikis and other social media are engendering new, networked ways of behaving–ways of working wikily–that are characterized by principles of openness, transparency, decentralized decision-making and distributed action… People are beginning to use these same tools and approaches to create social change too–organizing new forms of political expression, social action, and community building.”
• Skeptics say that, sure, networks are a different way of organizing work, but do they really do better than organizations? This comes from founders and managers of the many existing social-change organizations, as well as from philanthropic funders looking for more impact. “How do we know whether networks really work?” ask the authors of Working Wikily. Does the strength of networks “translate into real social impact in communities.” This is not just a reflexive fear of the new or the jarring implications of shifting to decentralized organizing; it is a serious concern about the effectiveness of network models and the not-insignificant challenges of designing, building, and managing networks.
At Network Impact, our point of view includes each of these—analysis, embrace, and skepticism—within an overarching framework. Yes, networks are real and omnipresent. Yes, they create impressive effects. And yes they can deliver better results—but only in some, certainly not all, situations.
More importantly, we believe that the development of networks to achieve certain effects and benefits in certain situations is an emerging practice of specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and activities that can be learned, applied, and improved. This network-building practice benefits from knowledge about how networks work “in nature.” It can have large-scale, transformative effects of the sort claimed by Web 2.0 visionaries and decentralization advocates. It can offer comparative advantages to the organization-centric approach—but whether it does depends on many factors that have to be understood. In some cases, networks can replace an organization-centric approach; but in others, networks link organizations together, rather than replacing them; and in still others, especially when using standardized processes in a stable environment, organizations continue to rule. (As nuPOLIS partner John Cleveland says: “You don’t want to rely on a network to produce your weekly paycheck.”)
We’ve been working with networks–policy networks, advocacy networks, learning networks, production networks–for about five years, while also reading and learning about network theory. And we work as a network: nuPOLIS is a creation of the Innovation Network for Communities, designed with a small core and far-flung networks that produce social innovations. In the process, we’ve learned that:
• Networks are emergent, but can be designed and planned.
• Networks are decentralized and complex, but can be managed.
• Networks are dynamic, but can be assessed.
Now, with Madeleine Taylor as the lead entrepreneur, we’re developing Network Impact to develop a comprehensive network-building practice for social change. NI will provide tools, such as the network assessment scorecard already posted. It will conduct a learning agenda, offer network planning, assessment, and building services. Stay tuned.
Net Health: A Scorecard for Assessing How Your Network is Doing
Answering some basic questions about the network can yield a useful diagnosis.
As I’ve designed networks and coached network builders, the question always comes up: How can we know how the network is doing? In some ways, the answer is complicated. There are different types of networks and networks evolve through different stages–factors that should be taken into account. But it’s also true that some things about networks hold for any network at any stage of life.
Working with colleagues at Cause Communications and nuPOLIS, and testing ideas with the marvelous networks of Rural People Rural Policy, an initiative of the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, we’ve developed a handy Network Health Scorecard. With just 22 questions and a 1-5 scoring system, it focuses on key aspects of any network: purpose, performance, operations, and capacity. It’s designed for group use–network members answer each question and then discuss their answers–or on your own.
Try it and post comments to let us know how it worked for you so we can improve this tool for network builders.
Madeleine Taylor is the lead entrepreneur at Network Impact and a principal in Arbor Consulting.
Social Innovators of Detroit Unite!
Launched with support from the Innovation Network for Communities, the Detroit net is one of the nation’s few place-based networks for social innovators. Under the leadership of nuPOLIS partner John Heiss, a compulsive “connector” and innovation broker, it has gathered members, launched many projects, and started to establish a presence in the Detroit metro region. Go to www.detroitsocialinnovators.com . | http://www.networkimpact.org/knowledge-exchange/page/5/ |
Discover librarian-selected research resources on Urban Sociology from the Questia online library, including full-text online books, academic journals. Online shopping for Urban - Sociology from a great selection at Books Store. 17 books based on 4 votes: Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a Time by Jeff Speck, Sidewalk by Mitchell Duneier.
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Books shelved as urban-sociology: The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs, Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Str. The Book Covers Syllabi Of Various Universities In Urban Sociology. With Analytical Method Of Presentation And Holistic Outlook, Coupled With A Language. The Book Provides The Readers A Clear Picture About The Definition, Origin, Scope, Value And Methods Of Urban Sociology In Simple, Plain And Lucid.
The city as an entertainment machine.
The most cited papers from this title published in the last 3 years. Statistics are updated weekly using participating publisher data sourced exclusively from Crossref.
Gentrification, housing policy, and the new context of urban redevelopment. Meaningful types in a world of suburbs. Toward an urban sociology of mega-events.
Building for what and whom? New town development as planned suburbanization in China and India. Other journals and books you may be interested in:.
Volume From Sustainable to Resilient Cities: Global Concerns and Urban Efforts, Volume 9. Volume 8.
Volume 7. The rise of urban sociology coincided with the expansion of statistical inference in the behavioural sciences , which helped ease its transition and acceptance in educational institutions along with other burgeoning social sciences.
Micro-sociology courses at the University of Chicago were among the earliest and most prominent courses on urban sociological research in the United States. Evolution of urban sociology[ edit ] Further information: Social network The evolution and transition of sociological theory from the Chicago School began to emerge in the s with the publication of Claude Fischer 's "Toward a Theory of Subculture Urbanism" which incorporated Bourdieu's theories on social capital and symbolic capital within the invasion and succession framework of the Chicago School in explaining how cultural groups form, expand and solidify a neighbourhood.
The theme of transition by subcultures and groups within the city was further expanded by Barry Wellman 's "The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers" which determined the function and position of the individual, institution and community in the urban landscape in relation to their community. Wellman's categorization and incorporation of community focused theories as "Community Lost", "Community Saved", and "Community Liberated" which center around the structure of the urban community in shaping interactions between individuals and facilitating active participation in the local community are explained in detail below: Community lost: The earliest of the three theories, this concept was developed in the late 19th century to account for the rapid development of industrial patterns that seemingly caused rifts between the individual and their local community.
This disorganization in turn caused members of urban communities to subsist almost solely on secondary affiliations with others, and rarely allowed them to rely on other members of the community for assistance with their needs.
Community saved: A critical response to the community lost theory that developed during the s, the community saved argument suggests that multistranded ties often emerge in sparsely-knit communities as time goes on, and that urban communities often possess these strong ties, albeit in different forms.
Especially among low-income communities, individuals have a tendency to adapt to their environment and pool resources in order to protect themselves collectively against structural changes.
Community liberated: A cross-section of the community lost and community saved arguments, the community liberated theory suggests that the separation of workplace, residence and familial kinship groups has caused urbanites to maintain weak ties in multiple community groups that are further weakened by high rates of residential mobility.
However, the concentrated number of environments present in the city for interaction increase the likelihood of individuals developing secondary ties, even if they simultaneously maintain distance from tightly-knit communities. Primary ties that offer the individual assistance in everyday life form out of sparsely-knit and spatially dispersed interactions, with the individual's access to resources dependent on the quality of the ties they maintain within their community.
Consistent with the community liberated argument, researchers have in large part found that urban residents tend to maintain more spatially-dispersed networks of ties than rural or suburban residents.
Among lower-income urban residents, the lack of mobility and communal space within the city often disrupts the formation of social ties and lends itself to creating an unintegrated and distant community space.
While the high density of networks within the city weakens relations between individuals, it increases the likelihood that at least one individual within a network can provide the primary support found among smaller and more tightly-knit networks.
Since the s, research into social networks has focused primarily on the types of ties developed within residential environments. Bonding ties, common of tightly-knit neighborhoods, consist of connections that provide an individual with primary support, such as access to income or upward mobility among a neighborhood organization. Bridging ties, in contrast, are the ties that weakly connect strong networks of individuals together.
A group of communities concerned about the placement of a nearby highway may only be connected through a few individuals that represent their views at a community board meeting, for instance. | http://noititsojunchawk.gq/programming/urban-sociology-book-953.php |
Voter registration and participation rates
“Social capital” refers to those features of social relationships—such as interpersonal trust, norms of reciprocity, and membership of civic organizations—which act as resources for individuals and facilitate collective action for mutual benefit. It refers to the social, non-economic resources available to people through their relationships with others as being part of social groups, networks, or communities. There is no single accepted definition of social capital. Labeling it as “capital” gets at its central idea: that social relations and connections can be a resource to people, separate from the direct control of economic resources (or economic capital). It can be conceived as a characteristic of individuals but is usually considered to be a collective property of communities or groups, which is how it is used here.
Social capital is important to community participation in improving health or eliminating disparities, because it is an important feature allowing collective community action to improve local conditions. It may help communities with few economic resources help each other get by, especially in times of economic downturns or dislocations. Communities with more social capital may have greater capacity to mobilize for social, political, or interpersonal actions to improve their health conditions.
The availability of benefits of social capital to community members might be unevenly distributed through processes of social inclusion or exclusion, including discrimination, in which case that part of the population may be more in need of such mobilization, but possibly less likely to participate and be represented in such actions.
Social capital has long been studied by social scientists who have characterized it in various ways, including its structural, relational, or cognitive dimensions; or bonding (intragroup) or bridging (intergroup) social capital. Social capital (or components of it) can be measured as distributions of individual-level, community, social relational characteristics (e.g., neighborhood trustworthiness or willingness to provide mutual aid), or by community-level, structural indicators like levels of civic organizational capacity or participation. It has become much more widely used as an important social determinant of health in the past decade or so. Health research has commonly measured the relational dimension of social capital, based on the character of social ties: e.g., trust, reciprocity, cooperation, or identification with a group or network.
There are at least three ways in which assessing social capital can be important for monitoring or intervening on conditions affecting health and health inequities:
+ As a factor related to health outcomes, either directly or as a moderating or exacerbating factor in the health impacts of other living conditions.
+ As a real or potential resource in the capacity to mobilize communities to participate in health interventions on their own behalf.
+ As another measure of the social inequities underlying health inequities across different parts of a local health jurisdiction’s population.
The concept of social cohesion is closely related to social capital—many of the components of social capital mentioned above overlap with components of measures of social cohesion. Cohesion generally refers to the degree of shared commitment to a common task and to the group. The European Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development conceptualizes social capital as related to social inclusion (the extent to which no parts of the population are systematically excluded from access to community resources, often through acts of discrimination) and social mobility (the capacity of members of disadvantaged populations to improve their conditions) in that these three characteristics are needed to produce a socially cohesive society. Social exclusion can make community social capital less available to some parts of the community, or concentrate some excluded groups into communities with less social (and economic) capital. Thus, the distribution of access to social capital is a key component of social and health inequity.
High ratings on measures like trusting neighbors or seeing them as willing to help each other can be interpreted through either a social cohesion lens to mean people feel a common commitment to each other, or through a social capital lens to mean that they are more likely to see others as a resource and potentially to use or work with them for an individual or common purpose.
When a person’s particular relationships, through their social networks, provide them with one or several individuals who can provide them various kinds of resources, then it is generally referred to as social support. Individuals in communities with low levels of social capital may still get needed personal support through their personal social connections, but may find it difficult to act together as a community on their own behalf to improve conditions.
Social support can include a number of separate dimensions (e.g., emotional, informational, appraisal, or tangible support) that have been found in research to be related to health, including physical health and mortality but most strongly to psychological well-being and social functioning. It is measured by questions asking about the availability to the person of someone to provide the type of support of interest, either in general or in times of need (see the Maternal and Infant Health Assessment questions in Table 4).
Dimensions of individuals’ social support (including networks, connections, or isolation) have been measured and found to be associated with increased risk or protection from various physical and mental health outcomes in different populations. Those dimensions include:
+ Structure of relationships (e.g., partner, family, friend, co-workers).
+ Quality or intensity of relationship (e.g., good or poor, frequent or infrequent, routine interactions or availability in time of need).
+ Function of relationship (e.g., positive interactions, relaxation, emotional support, tangible support).
Studies have shown that different components of social support matter differently to the risk of ill health or recovery of different parts of the population (such as men or women, low income or high income, older or younger) or in different contexts (such as for those experiencing stressful life events, job strain, or economic insecurity).
Evidence suggests that social support and social capital might affect health either directly, or through moderating effects on the likelihood that certain conditions (such as low income, job strain, economic insecurity, or other stressful experiences) can produce ill health or influence recovery from it. In addition to its impact on adults, there is evidence that social capital influences the health and well-being of children and adolescents and at least the mental health of the elderly.
The potential impact of social capital has mostly been studied in low-income populations or neighborhoods. In disadvantaged populations with low levels of access to material resources, social capital or social support may be especially important to measure to identify vulnerability or resilience factors. The assessment of community social capital can help identify areas and subpopulations of social exclusion and segregation. This offers the opportunity to improve factors such as trust, capacity, and social connections that, in return, could allow for improving access to existing social resources and for community mobilization to address concerns affecting health.
People’s experience of the availability of social capital and social support is an important component of civil society in a democracy. It represents the feeling of being part of a society. That membership can help people find ways to meet their needs in ordinary or unusual circumstances that they cannot manage adequately by themselves with the material resources regularly available to them through family or work. Resources available through public programs may be economic resources, but are also like social capital in that they express (or their absence denies) the public’s will to provide resources to its members who are qualified for them.
There is no single accepted definition of social capital. Because of this and because several components of both social support and social capital have been associated with different health risks or protections in different populations, there are not single, standardized measures of each. There is also no source of population-wide data for either social capital or social support that is currently regularly available for California or Bay Area counties.
Nevertheless, both collective social capital and individual social support are important enough determinants of health and health inequities to include them here despite the lack of a single defined indicator or population-level data source to recommend, as this guide does for the other SDOH. In this case, we recommend:
(a) Long-term development of a common population-level data source, such as the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), for social capital measures of community-level resources for social participation or action, and also for the availability to individuals of tangible, social or emotional social support.
(b) Short-term interim use and development of local data sources for information on social capital and social support for all or (especially vulnerable) parts of populations. Useful local sources may be available to cover the whole population periodically (such as CHIS 2003 or CHIS 2011–12), through individual county-level surveys (such as in San Mateo County or Santa Clara County), or for particular subpopulations (such as the MIHA survey of post-partum women or California Healthy Kids Survey (CHKS) surveys of school children).
Other subpopulation data may be available through sources like: public health nursing home visit assessments of social support needs for high-risk pregnant women; local targeted needs assessments; or non-health related community satisfaction or characteristic survey, such as the San Francisco Controller’s regular survey of public satisfaction with and participation in community services.
Potential indicators of social capital that could be compared across socioeconomic environments include the number and density of community and voluntary organizations in a defined geographic area, and by the participation level of community members in these organizations. In addition, voter registration and participation can serve as markers for civic engagement and potential for engaging in collective action.
As discussed for indicators throughout this guide, data on social capital or social support should be analyzed by strata for which health inequities are known to exist, including race/ethnicity, income level, jurisdiction or neighborhood, age, and family type (especially single-person and single-parent households).
Some currently available data sources are shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Data Sources for Social Capital Questions
III. BAY AREA LOCAL HEALTH DEPARTMENT EXAMPLES
Several existing local health-related programs involve building social capital and social support. Emergency preparedness builds on or tries to build up social cohesion so it is a resource (social capital) that can be mobilized in emergencies through neighborhood teams and other aspects of volunteering and providing mutual assistance. Public health nurses in home visits to high-risk pregnant women assess their level of social support or isolation and try to connect those in need to community resources. Black Infant Health (BIH) has recently moved to a group-based model of participation, partly to improve the level of interpersonal and community connections of participants. The CenteringPregnancy model provides group prenatal care, which promotes participants’ becoming interpersonal resources for each other both during and after the life of the group. The below example explicitly addresses neighborhood social capital.
In 2003, the Oakland CCNI was formed as a partnership between the Alameda County Public Health Department, the City of Oakland, and a broad range of community-based organizations and neighborhood resident groups. The initiative’s long-term goal is to fight health inequities in two low-income areas of Oakland, California. CCNI partners include resident groups, community-based organizations, faith-based organizations, educational institutions, and the Oakland Unified School District. Using a community resident engagement approach, public health and city agency staff work closely with groups of residents to increase their social, economic and political power.
Since research has demonstrated the correlation between social capital and neighborhood health and safety, building social capital among community residents has been an important implementation strategy. CCNI evaluation has tracked the development of social capital at baseline and throughout the intervention using qualitative and quantitative methods, including one-on-one interviews with stakeholders, and community-wide surveys.
Evaluation findings over the first six years of the project indicate that three types of social capital have been built:
+ Bonding relationships between immediate family members, neighbors, and close friends.
+ Bridging relationships with people who are from different family and peer groups.
+ Linking relationships between individuals and those in higher positions of influence outside of the community.
Community members have influenced city and county level policymakers to make policy changes, particularly related to street safety and neighborhood parks.
Evaluation findings further indicate that residents have become more empowered, as demonstrated by increased leadership, greater involvement in neighborhood events and stronger linkages with each other, community groups, and institutions. Neighborhoods have improved, as indicated by greater access to health-promoting resources (such as immunizations and good schools), decreased crime, increased disaster preparedness, renovated parks and open spaces and increased traffic safety. Residents have also perceived that City and County institutions have become more responsive to their needs. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation highlighted this effort as a great example of how to engage partners and “pillars of the community”; http://www.rwjf.org/en/blogs/new-public-health/2012/10/engaging_partnersan.html. For more information, visit http://www.acphd.org/social-and-health-equity/partnerships-and-communities-collaboration/ccni.aspx.
Berkman LF, Syme SL. 1979. Social Networks, Host Resistance, and Mortality: A Nine-year Follow-up Study of Alameda County Residents. American Journal of Epidemioly 109(2):186-204.
Braveman PA, Egerter S, Woolf SH, Marks JS. 2011. When Do We Know Enough to Recommend Action on the Social Determinants of Health? American Journal of Preventive Medicine 40(1S1):S58-S66 .
Gilbert KL, Quinn SC, Goodman RM, Butler J, Wallace J. 2013. A Meta-analysis of Social Capital and Health: A Case for Needed Research. Journal of Health Psychologygy 18(11):1385-1399.
Hero RE, Tolbert CJ. 1996. A Racial/ethnic Diversity Interpretation of Politics and Policy in the States of the U.S. American Journal of Political Science 40(3):851-871.
Kawachi I. Social capital and community effects on population and individual health. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999; 896: 120-130. | http://barhii.org/resources/sdoh-indicator-guide/social-capital-social-support/ |
Keywords: leaders, leadership, qualitative research, typology, leadership constraints, leadership strength.
This paper attempts to provide a picture of network effect on cultural participation by building on theoretical concepts of social capital and social networks as well as on original data collected by the author on 362 inhabitants of Wrocław. The central discussion of the study concerns the relative explanatory power of network variables (such as intensity of contacts with friends and acquaintances, or access to resources via social ties) in predicting the reported consumption tastes, practices or knowledge, net of structural factors. The findings support the hypothesis that more networked persons (particularly those having many non-kin contacts) are more likely to participate in a greater number of cultural activities and to be more “omnivorous” consumers. The article concludes with some possible directions of future research.
Keywords: social capital, networks, omnivorousness, cultural participation, taste, social ties.
Individuals engaged in the labourmarket use a range of resources embedded in personal networks to improve their chances of getting a new job. Family, friends and acquaintances give access to various resources such as information, knowledge, trust, recommendation, money, etc. that may affect individual’s position on the labour market. Based on data collected with the Resource Generator tool among 9063 residents of Warsaw, we checked how embedded and mobilizable resources of family members, friends, acquaintances (social resources), as well as private resources owned by respondents (personal resources) affect individual’s perceived position on the Warsaw labour market. It was confirmed that chances of getting a job depend on the amount of embedded and mobilizable resources present in personal networks. However, relationship between embeddedness and usability of resources rely on the type of relation (family, friends, acquaintances) maintained by individual. We found that mobilizable resources are perceived as an asset on the labour market, while resources embedded in acquaintances network, that could be just accessed but not used, are considered a threat. At the same time, personal resources of respondents improve perceived chances of getting a new job inWarsaw. The observed dependencies between social and personal, embedded and mobilizable resources prompt a discussion on the shape and role of social capital in the urban labour market.
Keywords: resources, social capital, labour market, Resource Generator.
This article analyses long-term changes in the persistence of low wages in Poland, given the variations in the general economic situation. All analyses are based on data from the Polish Panel Survey (POLPAN) conducted throughout the post-communist transition period, 1988–2013, on a representative sample of the Polish adult population. The study found that being in a low paid job raises the probability of experiencing the same situation five years later, even when controlling for the general economic context and the respondents’ demographic and economic characteristics. Upward mobility rates among initially low paid workers were significantly higher during periods of economic prosperity; however, even then low pay persistence remained substantial. The results also point to a secular growth in the persistence of poverty-level wages over the past two decades. Persistent low wages may bring about spaces of long-term poverty and social exclusion which cannot be overlooked by policy makers.
Keywords: Low paid employment, wage mobility, transition economies, panel data, Poland.
In this article, the social representation of health shared by Poles is presented in the context of its function in society. The theory of social representations and its use in health research is introduced. The results of research are used to consider how perceptions of health shape a social order in which medicine is still a large institution of social control.
The above-mentioned research included 30 in-depth interviews and a nationwide survey of a representative sample. As a result, three dimensions of the social representation of health were identified: the ‘ability to function independently’, which involves mental well-being and the ability to fill social roles; ‘absence of disease’—lack of ailments, a feeling of zest and a lack of diagnosed illness; and the ‘biological reserves of the organism’—the resources for resisting disease. Analysis of the data has led to the conclusion that the first dimension serves to preserve identity and integration of the social group, the second contributes to maintaining medical social control, while the third motivates individuals to take steps to protect or improve their health. In addition, the last two dimensions serve the interests of groups profiting from medicalization.
Keywords: social representation, lay perception of health, Claudine Herzlich, medical social control, medicalization.
The article raises the notions of changes that take place in the life of a physically handicapped person which are caused by their engagement in a sports activity. In the article I make an attempt to reconstruct the detailed mechanisms of sport’s influence on the life of a physically handicapped person, pointing to the manner in which physical activity supports the reconstruction of self-perception, a redefinition of their role, and the acquisition of a cognitive perspective of people meaningful to the individual. I refer to the subjective perspective of those researched, rendering their own point of view into the major subject of analysis. Hence, the research exploits qualitative data, collected during in-depth free interviews and observations conducted among the disabled practicing sports. Analysis and interpretation of the research material was performed in accordance with the procedures of grounded theory.
Keywords: sport, activity, disability, change, grounded theory.
In this essay, I demonstrate how extraordinary was, in fact, the ordinary life in Łódź from the autumn of 1914 to the autumn of 1918, as illustrated by the texts in Nowy Kurjer Łódzki and Nowa Gazeta Łódzka, the two Polish-language daily newspapers issued in the city. I focus on the actions which, once considered everyday, i.e. ordinary and even routine, entered into the field of extraordinariness and created new norms and new routines, or even took control, as a result. I am interested in only those practices and events which unfold in the city space, outside the home and family, i.e. in the areas associated with general accessibility to all the residents.
Keywords: everydayness, non-everydayness, Łódź, the Great War.
The City of Kaliningrad is an example of a “market area,” thanks to which we discover the methods of cross-border trades that developed before and after the implementation of a local border traffic agreement between Poland and Russia. It applies not only to the Central Market in Kaliningrad but also to the whole urban space that serves in everyday life as a large marketplace away from the officially designated market areas. The article deals with the urban space of Kaliningrad and its most important markets: The Central Market, The Flea Market, the market for agricultural and other forms of trade that can be observed in public space. We can put an equals sign between Kaliningrad and bazaar, City of Kaliningrad and its space is a grand bazaar.
Keywords: Kaliningrad, city, town, bazaar, market, trade. | http://polish-sociological-review.eu/index.php/polish-sociological-review-41922015/ |
Early Career Researcher Network
"This exciting new initiative will give crucial support to early career scholars from all backgrounds, affiliations, and locations who work in the Humanities and Social Sciences. The network will offer support to build successful careers, to open up academic and policy debates, to meet in person and online, and in a word will help them to become our subjects’ future leaders.
The British Academy is passionate about fighting for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Our disciplines create the insights we need to confront the challenges everyone faces. Solid support to grow a strong community of researchers at this key stage is an essential part of our mission to keep SHAPE disciplines thriving and relevant."
Professor Simon Swain FBA, Vice-President for Research and Higher Education Policy at the British Academy
About us
The Academy in partnership with the Wolfson Foundation is piloting for two years an Early Career Researcher Network for Early Career Researchers in the humanities and social sciences.
The Academy aims for the network to be a researcher-led and an inclusive humanities and social sciences network, accessible to all researchers regardless of their funding source or background. This will ultimately be a UK-wide network tailored to researchers at postdoctoral level in the humanities and social sciences disciplines.
The network will be responsive to the needs and interests of the researchers and enable the British Academy to support a greater number of researchers in their career ambitions, through skills development, networking opportunities, workshops, and events.
Between Autumn 2021 and Spring 2023 the network will be rolled out in three regions across the UK. The Academy will be working in partnership with institutions in these regions to successfully deliver the network. The ambition after the two years is to roll out the network nationwide.
Objectives
A UK-wide network for all Social Sciences and Humanities researchers from a broad background, including those that are Academy funded, and those that are not. The network aims to create an environment where researchers can strengthen their skills and networks to compete effectively in the job market. Researcher interests will inform the activities and opportunities the network will offer.
The objectives of the network are:
- To support the individual researchers to realise their potential by providing opportunities that they do not currently have access to.
- To contribute to equality of opportunity for researchers through encouraging diversity and inclusivity.
- To develop networks to nurture and facilitate greater engagement between and across researchers and the wider research community, regionally and nationally.
- To draw on the Academy’s unique ability to convene and nurture intersectoral collaboration to create unique opportunities for researchers. | https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/early-career-researcher-network/ |
COVID-19 and the ensuing shutdown demonstrated to the world the impact that isolation, lack of community, and the absence of meaningful human interaction can have on a person’s mental health and wellness. The value and meaningfulness of each connection and encounter we have with one another throughout the course of a day have often been taken for granted. Only with the abrupt and unexpected loss of these interactions was the significance of having support systems in place broadly recognized and the consequences of their absence brought to the forefront of our attention. Loneliness is associated with higher anxiety, depression, and suicide rates in the general population. Marginalized groups are at even higher risk .
For individuals who already struggle with coping, mental wellness, and substance use challenges, the importance of having an established community of people who understand those challenges is magnified. Social networks and support systems may have been broken or never established in the first place, and are often insufficient or nonexistent as a result of stigma, shame, and lack of trust.
Substance use peer support specialists are individuals who have shared lived experiences of addiction and mental health challenges and are stable in their recovery journeys. They relate to people who are entering or are new in their recovery, in a nonclinical, mutually supportive way. Those still struggling benefit from having someone to help them navigate formal treatment systems or access informal community resources in a manner that is accepting, nonjudgmental, and inclusive. Research has shown that some people who survive a life-altering disorder or experience develop special sensitivities, insights, and skills that allow them to help others who are similarly afflicted and foster a sense of safety that eases trust among those struggling to engage . Pairing someone who is new to recovery with a peer who has been in similar circumstances and managed the same struggles aids in building rapport and trust and increases engagement in support services.
COVID-19 changed the landscape of how peer support services have been traditionally provided. Typically, that one-on-one interaction is provided face to face and in the communities, homes, schools, and workplaces of persons engaging with peer specialists.
With the onset of social distancing at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, peer support specialists had to become creative in how they provided services and support. The demand was higher than ever due not only to the impact of isolation on mental health, but also the lack of access to resources while so much was shut down. Encounters that initially began virtually quickly moved to outdoor, in-person, physically distanced meetings. Peer specialists assisted with access and delivery of food from local food banks. Resources for COVID-19 supports became paramount. Coaching on how to access services through various technological platforms became the norm as clinical services moved from face-to-face to virtual platforms. Relating on a mutual level to feelings of uncertainty about how to live, parent, and work in unfamiliar ways became a common topic of conversation. The mobility of community-based peer support specialists allowed them to serve as connectors in an entirely new way. The necessity of the support and connection they provided during these unprecedented events became a lifeline for many who were often already disconnected from their communities on some level. Peer-run warmlines opened up, providing 24-hour telephone access to someone to talk to or text with about how COVID-19 affected participants’ lives, creating new opportunities for peer connections in North Carolina that had not previously been established.
COVID-19 and the impact on every person’s life, not just the lives of people struggling with mental health and substance use challenges, has highlighted the need for acceptance, connection, and belonging within a community more than ever before. The loss of these staples of wellness that most take for granted was already a common theme for people dealing with stigma, lack of available resources, and access to services even prior to COVID-19—challenges often unseen by the general population. Peer support specialists exist to fill these needs. They stepped up their presence with proven resilience and continue to do so in the face of the ongoing challenges of the pandemic.
Acknowledgments
Disclosure of interests. No interests were disclosed.
- ©2021 by the North Carolina Institute of Medicine and The Duke Endowment. All rights reserved. | https://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/content/82/5/358 |
Bonding social capital is a type of social capital that describes connections within a group or community characterised by high levels of similarity in demographic characteristics, attitudes, and available information and resources. Bonding social capital exists between ‘people like us’ who are ‘in it together’ and who typically have strong close relationships. Examples include family members, close friends, and neighbours.
Bonding social capital is different from bridging social capital which is between social groups, social class, race, religion or other important sociodemographic or socioeconomic characteristics. The bonding/bridging distinction has roots in network analysis is based on methodological individualism and rational choice theory. These distinctions have been criticised for amalgamating a variety of contradictory aspects of both networks and norms into single categories. A different approach involves the distinction between structural and cognitive dimensions of social capital.
The bonding/bridging distinction can be made in relation to a range of relationship and network characteristics. The table below summarises the main features of each.
|Bonding social capital||Bridging social capital|
|Within||Between|
|Intra||Inter|
|Exclusive||Inclusive|
|Closed||Open|
|Inward looking||Outward looking|
|“Getting by”||“Getting ahead”|
|Horizontal||Vertical|
|Strong ties||Weak ties|
|People who are alike||People who are different|
|Thick trust||Thin trust|
|Network closure||Structural holes|
|Public-good model||Private-good model|
Bonding social capital is described as the strong relationships that develop between people of similar background and interests, usually include family and friends, provide material and emotional support, and are more inward-looking and protective. Bonding social capital refers to networks with a high density of relationships between members, where most, if not all, individuals belonging to the network are interconnected because they know each other and interact frequently with each other.
Friendships are often considered to be bonding social capital, in that they are frequently formed between people who share common characteristics or interests. Friends are people that we turn to when we are in a crisis, and with whom we feel close. However, friendships may also act as bridging relations, in that they may be between people of different cultural backgrounds, socioeconomic backgrounds, or ages, who may in turn provide access to information and other groups or individuals not previously known to the other.
Bonding social capital based on location
If we consider this spatially then bonding would be ties within a village, and bridging would be ties to a member of a different village – between villages. Within a village we can expect people to feel a sense of belonging. There would be dense networks of strong relationships stemming from daily interaction over long periods of time. The network is exclusive, requiring residence in the village, and inward looking in nature. The relationships would help to provide social support by allowing people to access favours, information, and emotional support.
Bonding social capital is good for “getting by” and bridging is crucial for “getting ahead”
In this context bridging social capital would be a relationship to someone in a different village. These relationships tend to be weaker, owing to the realities of space-time and therefore less frequent interaction. The relationship is with someone who is different, in this case they live in a different village, likely with different skills, knowledge, information, and importantly different friends. This type of relationship provides potential access to resources beyond ones’ immediate network through a friend of a friend type relationship.
This distinction led Robert Putnam to suggest that bonding social capital is good for “getting by” and bridging is crucial for “getting ahead”. Putnam described bonding social capital as inward looking, reinforcing exclusive identities and promoting homogeneity; whereas bridging social capital as outward looking, promoting links between diverse individuals .
The bonding/bridging distinction is not necessarily geographically based and location is often not relevant, particularly in modern developed societies. In traditional societies bonding social capital tends to be tied to place or geographic space, but in more developed countries people from diverse backgrounds are more likely to live in close proximity and networks tends to be less dense – ie people in developed countries don’t tend to know their neighbours as much as traditional societies.
Bonding social capital as associations
A different example would be within and between organisations. Bonding social capital would exist within a company where employees have shared identity, shared understandings, and a sense of belonging. Within the company the relations are exclusive and inward looking, and the networks are dense with most people knowing each other. Depending on the size of the organisation this may not be true but bonding social capital can still be found strongly in teams or units within the organisation.
In this context bridging social capital would be a relationship to someone in a different organisation. Bridging networks provide access to different resources so Putnam’s description is particularly relevant: bonding allows people to ‘get by’ by encouraging reciprocity and collaboration, and bridging allows people to ‘get ahead’ by providing access to resources not otherwise available.
We can think about the bonding/bridging divide as people who typically associate together, compared to connections to those who typically do not associate together.
Benefits of bonding social capital
Bonding social capital can fulfil a useful social function by providing a vital source of support to people who suffer from socio-economic hardship or poor health. Bonding social capital tends to help people ‘get by’ and provides the norms and trust that facilitates collaborative action.
Research by Edin and Lein (1997) found that poor mothers living in public housing developments relied on money obtained from a network of family and friends to make ends meet. While bonding social capital allowed these mothers to cobble together enough resources to survive, their lack of bridging social capital did not allow them to connect with individuals or organizations outside their network that might promote social change or identify other forms of assistance.
Negative effects of bonding social capital
There is a general claim that bonding social capital tends to have negative outcomes, a stereotype where bridging social networks are perceived as good and bonding ones as bad. However, this is not accurate.
Bonding social capital is more likely to have some negative outcomes due to its tightly structured and exclusive nature, but it is also a very important source of social support. What is more important is the balance of bonding and bridging social capital. Neither is negative per se but can be negative depending on the balance and context.
The balance of bonding and bridging social capital is important
Networks with excessive levels of bonding can breed bias and racism, sexism, ageism, elitism, or other ‘isms’ depending on their composition or characteristics. This can create outgroups and exclusion. The Ku Klux Klan is often cited as an example of a group with high levels of bonding social capital that has negative outcomes.
Several studies have found that bonding social capital has either no effect or a negative effect on economic outcomes, while bridging social capital can improve economic development, growth, and employment.
Read more about the different approaches to conceptualising and measuring bonding/bridging social capital. | https://www.socialcapitalresearch.com/what-is-bonding-social-capital/ |
Transport plays an important role in helping people to access activities and participate in life. The availability of transport networks, the modes available, new infrastructure proposals, and the type of urban development can all impact on and change activity participation, and hence contribute to social equity in the city. This article uses surveys in low and high income neighbourhoods in Manila, the Philippines, to assess the social equity implications of differential access to transport. The analysis demonstrates how the theoretical framework of the Capability Approach (Nussbaum, 2003; Sen, 1985, 1999, 2009) can be used to assess what individuals might be able to access (capabilities) versus their actual travel (functionings). The spatial patterns of travel and access to activities are assessed, demonstrating significant differences by gender, age, income and neighbourhood, in terms of travel mode and cost of travel; health, physical and mental integrity; senses, imagination and thoughts; reasoning and planning; social interaction; natural environment; sustainable modes; and information. This approach to assessing the transport dimensions of social equity offers much potential, based not only on access to resources or consumption of mobility, but also in the opportunities that people have in relation to their activity participation. The case study context is also informative, with Manila providing an example of an Asian city with high levels of private car usage, high levels of congestion, and large spatial and income differentials in travel and associated social equity. | https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/qqwy7/understanding-capabilities-functionings-and-travel-in-high-and-low-income-neighbourhoods-in-manila |
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