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Department of complex protection information and special telecommunication systems (up to 2014 was called - Department of telecommunication systems) was established in 2003 and carries out functions of structural division of Enterprise on protection of state secrets and technical protection of information. In department functioning specialized divisions on implementation directions of activities, including accredited FSTEC of Russian Attestative center and Testing laboratory of system certification of information security. In department operates scientific and technical council, composed of experts in addition to employees companies, which included scientists and experts from a number of leading research institutions, universities and enterprises of military-industrial complex of country's . Key direction of activity of department is carrying out activities and providing services in field of protection of state secrets, confidential information and personal data in interest of the Administrative Department of President the Russian Federation and its subordinate enterprises, institutions and organizations, federal and regional authorities, as well as other organizations and enterprises. protection of state secrets, confidential information and personal data in department. > Provision of services to third parties for protection of state secrets on basis of license the FSB of Russia to carry out activities and (or) provision of services for protection of state secrets. > Conducting special inspections and special studies of technical equipment. > Designing of objects in protected form. > Supply, installation, assembly, debugging, setting, testing, repair and maintenance of technical equipment of protection of information, protected technical equipment of information processing. > Supply and maintenance (mounting, adjustment, installation, maintenance) of encryption (cryptographic), protected with use of encryption (cryptographic) means of information and telecommunication systems. > Carrying out of special inspections premises. > Certification of informatization objects, control of information security of object informatization. > Certification and certification tests. Designing, manufakturing, sale, mounting, installation, debugging, testing, repair and maintenance technical means of protection information, technical means of monitoring of effectiveness of protective measures, software and technical means protection of information, protected software and technical means of information processing, including for use in government agencies. Development and production, distribution and maintenance means of protection of confidential information, including: technical, software, firmware, and hardware protection of information, protected technical means(programming, software and hardware), information processing, encryption (cryptographic), protected information systems and telecommunications systems. Activity on technical protection of confidential information, including: control of security of confidential information from leaking through technical channels, unauthorized access and its modifications, installation, assembly, testing, repair of protection of information protected of technical means of information processing, designing in secure execution means and informatization systems, protected premises, evaluation and certification tests for compliance with requirements for protection of confidential information.
http://pppudp.ru/en/certificates/?register=yes&backurl=%2Fen%2Fcertificates%2F
The following standards are based on the 10 guiding principles for data collection, storage, sharing, and use. They represent recommended standards to ensure the security, confidentiality, and appropriate use, including sharing, of data collected by NCHHSTP-funded programs. 1.1 Develop written policies and procedures on data security and confidentiality; review policies and procedures at least annually; revise them as needed; and ensure their review by and accessibility to all staff members having authorized access to confidential individual-level data. 1.2 Designate a person or persons to act as the overall responsible party (ORP) for the security of public health data your program collects or maintains, and ensure that the ORP is named in any policy documents related to data security. 1.3 Ensure that data security policies define the roles and access levels of all persons with authorized access to confidential public health data and the procedures for accessing data securely. 1.4 Ensure that data security policies require ongoing reviews of evolving technologies and include a computer back-up or disaster recovery plan. 1.5 Ensure that any breach of data security protocol, regardless of whether personal information was released, is reported to the ORP and investigated immediately. Any breach that results in the release of personally identifiable information (PII) to unauthorized persons should be reported to the ORP, to CDC, and, if warranted to law enforcement agencies. 1.6 Ensure that staff members with access to identifiable public health data attend data security and confidentiality training annually. 1.7 Require all newly hired staff members to sign a confidentiality agreement before being given access to identifiable information; require all staff members to re-sign their confidentiality agreements annually. 1.8 Ensure that all persons who have authorized access to confidential public health data take responsibility for 1) implementing the program’s data security policies and procedures, 2) protecting the security of any device in their possession on which PII are stored, and 3) reporting suspected security breaches. 1.9 Certify annually that all data security standards have been met. 2.1 Clearly specify the purpose for which the data will be collected. 2.2 Collect and use the minimum information needed to conduct specified public health activities and achieve the stated public health purpose. 2.3 Collect personally identifiable data only when necessary; use nonidentifiable data whenever possible. 2.4 Ensure that data that are collected and/or used for public health research are done in accordance with stipulations in Common Rule, Title 45, Part 46 of the Code of Federal Regulations, which includes obtaining both institutional review board (IRB) approval for any proposed federally funded research and informed consent of individuals directly contacted for further participation. 3.1 Limit sharing of confidential or identifiable information to those with a justifiable public health need; ensure that any data-sharing restrictions do not compromise or impede public health program or disease surveillance activities and that the ORP or other appropriate official has approved this access. 3.2 Assess the risks and benefits of sharing identifiable data for other than their originally stated purpose or for purposes not covered by existing policies. 3.3 Ensure that any public health program with which personally identifiable public health data are shared has data security standards equivalent to those in this document. 3.4 Ensure that public health information is released only for purposes related to public health, except where required by law. 3.5 Establish procedures, including assessment of risks and benefits, for determining whether to grant requests for aggregate data not covered by existing data-release policies. 3.6 Disseminate nonidentifiable summary data to stakeholders as soon as possible after data are collected. 3.7 Assess data quality before disseminating data. 3.8 Ensure that data-release policies define purposes for which the data can be used and provisions to prevent public access to raw data or data tables that could contain indirectly identifying information. 4.1 To the extent possible, ensure that persons working with hard copies of documents containing confidential, identifiable information do so in a secure, locked area. 4.2 Ensure that documents containing confidential information are shredded with crosscutting shredders before disposal. 4.3 Ensure that data-security policies and procedures address handling of paper copies, incoming and outgoing mail, long-term paper storage, and data retention. The amount of confidential information in all such correspondence should be kept to a minimum and destroyed when no longer needed. 4.4 Limit access to secure areas that contain confidential public health data to authorized persons, and establish procedures to control access to secure areas by non-authorized persons. 4.5 Ensure that program personnel working with documents containing PII in the field 1) return the documents to a secure area by close of business, 2) obtain prior approval from the program manager for not doing so, or 3) follow approved procedures for handling such documents. 4.6 Ensure that documents with line lists or supporting notes contain the minimum amount of potentially identifiable information necessary and, if possible, that any potentially identifiable data are coded to prevent inadvertent release of PII. 5.1 Ensure that analysis data sets that can be accessed from outside the secure area are stored with protective software (i.e., software that controls data storage, removal, and use), and verify removal of all personal identifiers. 5.2 Ensure that any electronic transfer of data is approved by the ORP and subject to access controls, and that identifiable data are encrypted before being transferred. 5.3 Before transferring electronic data containing PII, ensure that the data have been encrypted with use of an encryption package that meets Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) criteria and that the data transfer has been approved by the appropriate program official or ORP. No electronic data containing identifying information should be transferred without being encrypted. 5.4 Use encryption software that meets federal AES standards to encrypt data with PII on all laptops and other portable devices that receive or store public health data with personal identifiers. 5.5 Ensure that data policies include procedures for handling incoming and outgoing facsimile transmissions. Minimize inclusion of PII in fax transmissions, and destroy hard copies and sanitize hard drives when no longer needed.
https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/programintegration/sc-standards.htm
In the past few weeks both the EU Commission and White House have come out with commentary and rules in response to the rise of cyber-attacks. There is growing awareness that cyber security is becoming a political and business necessity. While encryption technology has been used for decades to deal with the storage and transit of sensitive information most are complex solutions designed by I.T. and security experts to meet specific industry regulations or threats. In general they do the job they were designed for, however they overlook one massive reality. In order to be effective security solutions need to be adopted and used by people who don’t care about security. Most data leaks and privacy breaches are inadvertent; the wrong email address, the wrong attachment. It is more convenient to use basic email, cross your fingers and hit send then log into some other product to send sensitive information. To ensure adoption any security solution being deployed must complement the tools end users already use, not complicate them. For I.T. and Security teams it is crucial that any deployed security solution work seamlessly across an increasingly complex reality of hosted and on-premise email platforms, corporate and personal mobility devices and avoid traditional encryption solutions that require certificates, keys to manage and changes to everyday email. Governments and regulators can create new rules and policies to defend against cyber threats but until solutions are designed for distracted end users who don’t want to learn anything new information is at risk. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-94_en.htm EU Cybersecurity plan to protect open internet and online freedom and opportunity Brussels, 7 February 2013 – EU Cybersecurity plan to protect open internet and online freedom and opportunity. The European Commission, together with the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, has published a cybersecurity strategy alongside a Commission proposed directive on network and information security (NIS). The cybersecurity strategy – “An Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace” – represents the EU’s comprehensive vision on how best to prevent and respond to cyber disruptions and attacks. This is to further European values of freedom and democracy and ensure the digital economy can safely grow. Specific actions are aimed at enhancing cyber resilience of information systems, reducing cybercrime and strengthening EU international cyber-security policy and cyber defence. The strategy articulates the EU’s vision of cyber-security in terms of five priorities: - Achieving cyber resilience - Drastically reducing cybercrime - Developing cyber defence policy and capabilities related to the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) - Developing the industrial and technological resources for cyber-security - Establishing a coherent international cyberspace policy for the European Union and promoting core EU values The EU international cyberspace policy promotes the respect of EU core values, defines norms for responsible behaviour, advocates the application of existing international laws in cyberspace, while assisting countries outside the EU with cyber-security capacity-building, and promoting international cooperation in cyber issues. The EU has made key advances in better protecting citizens from online crimes, including establishing a European Cybercrime Centre (IP/13/13), proposing legislation on attacks against information systems (IP/10/1239) and the launch of a Global Alliance to fight child sexual abuse online (IP/12/1308). The Strategy also aims at developing and funding a network of national Cybercrime Centers of Excellence to facilitate training and capacity building. The proposed NIS Directive is a key component of the overall strategy and would require all Member States, key internet enablers and critical infrastructure operators such as e-commerce platforms and social networks and operators in energy, transport, banking and healthcare services to ensure a secure and trustworthy digital environment throughout the EU. The proposed Directive lays down measures including: (a) Member State must adopt a NIS strategy and designate a national NIS competent authority with adequate financial and human resources to prevent, handle and respond to NIS risks and incidents; (b) Creating a cooperation mechanism among Member States and the Commission to share early warnings on risks and incidents through a secure infrastructure, cooperate and organise regular peer reviews; (c) Operators of critical infrastructures in some sectors (financial services, transport, energy, health), enablers of information society services (notably: app stores e-commerce platforms, Internet payment, cloud computing, search engines, social networks) and public administrations must adopt risk management practices and report major security incidents on their core services. Neelie Kroes, European Commission Vice-President for the Digital Agenda said: “The more people rely on the internet the more people rely on it to be secure. A secure internet protects our freedoms and rights and our ability to do business. It’s time to take coordinated action – the cost of not acting is much higher than the cost of acting.” Catherine Ashton, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President of the Commission said: “For cyberspace to remain open and free, the same norms, principles and values that the EU upholds offline, should also apply online. Fundamental rights, democracy and the rule of law need to be protected in cyberspace. The EU works with its international partners as well as civil society and the private sector to promote these rights globally.” Cecilia Malmström, EU Commissioner for Home Affairs said: “The Strategy highlights our concrete actions to drastically reduce cybercrime. Many EU countries are lacking the necessary tools to track down and fight online organised crime. All Member States should set up effective national cybercrime units that can benefit from the expertise and the support of the European Cybercrime Centre EC3.” Background Cyber-security incidents are increasing in frequency and magnitude, becoming more complex and know no borders. These incidents can cause major damage to safety and the economy. Efforts to prevent, cooperate and be more transparent about cyber incidents must improve. Previous efforts by the European Commission and individual Member States have been too fragmented to deal with this growing challenge. Facts about cybersecurity today - There are an estimated 150,000 computer viruses in circulation every day and 148,000 computers compromised daily. - According to the World Economic Forum, there is an estimated 10% likelihood of a major critical information infrastructure breakdown in the coming decade, which could cause damages of $250 billion. - Cybercrime causes a good share of cyber-security incidents, Symantec estimates that cybercrime victims worldwide lose around €290 billion each year, while a McAfee study put cybercrime profits at €750 billion a year. - The 2012 Eurobarometer poll on cyber security found that 38 % of EU internet users have changed their behaviour because of these cyber-security concerns: 18 % are less likely to buy goods online and 15 % are less likely to use online banking. It also shows that 74% of the respondents agreed that the risk of becoming a victim has increased, 12% have already experienced online fraud and 89% avoid disclosing personal information. - According to the public consultation on NIS, 56.8% of respondents had experienced over the past year NIS incidents with a serious impact on their activities. - Meanwhile, Eurostat figures show that, by January 2012, only 26% of enterprises in the EU had a formally defined ICT security policy. FINRA fines highlights compliance problems with traditional encryption products The $1.2 million dollar fine levied by FINRA against ING and its affiliates yesterday brings to light compliance problems with traditional encryption solutions long recognized but tolerated in the finance sector. The announcement stated that the firms “..failed to set up systems to retain certain types of encrypted emails” and therefore the messages were not available to review. Much of the frustration around traditional encryption solutions (beyond the end user experience) relates to the creation of a secondary email repository. Even when firms, like ING, make best efforts to put encryption and message archiving solutions in place the two solutions are not compatible. There are keys and certificates to manage, and when used together the archive gets filled with encrypted messages that cannot be reviewed or audited. Email2 has solved these important compliance challenges and is the only encryption solution that will work with any archive / eDiscovery system ensuring that regardless of whether email is on-premise, hosted, or a hybrid of both, all secure messages are available decrypted for audit and eDiscovery purposes (therefore compliant with the recordkeeping provisions of the federal securities laws and FINRA rules, and supervisory requirements under FINRA rules). Original post: http://www.finra.org/newsroom/newsreleases/2013/p207604 FINRA Fines Five ING Firms $1.2 Million for Email Retention and Review Violations WASHINGTON — The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) announced today that it has fined five affiliates of ING $1.2 million for failing to retain or review millions of emails for periods ranging from two months to more than six years. The five firms, indirect subsidiaries of ING Groep N.V., are Directed Services, LLC; ING America Equities, Inc.; ING Financial Advisers, LLC; ING Financial Partners, Inc.; and ING Investment Advisors, LLC. Brad Bennett, Executive Vice President and Chief of Enforcement, said, “As a result of broad systemic failures, these firms failed to capture and retain emails from hundreds of representatives and other associated persons, and failed to take adequate steps to ensure that their principals were fulfilling their responsibilities to review emails. Email retention and review continues to be an important regulatory responsibility and an issue of concern for FINRA.” FINRA found that the firms failed to properly configure hundreds of employee email accounts to ensure that the emails sent to and from those accounts were retained and reviewed at various times between 2004 and 2012. In addition, four of the firms failed to set up systems to retain certain types of emails, such as emails using alternative email addresses, emails sent to distribution lists, emails received as blind carbon copies, encrypted emails and “cloud” email (emails sent through third-party systems). As a result of these failures, emails sent to and from hundreds of employees and associated persons were not retained; and because the emails were not retained, they were not subject to supervisory review. In addition, four of the firms failed to review millions of emails that the firms’ email review software had flagged for supervisory review. At various times between January 2005 and May 2011, nearly six million emails flagged for review went unreviewed by supervisory principals because the email review software was not properly configured. In concluding the settlement, the firms neither admitted nor denied the charges, but consented to the entry of FINRA’s findings. FINRA found that the firms violated the recordkeeping provisions of the federal securities laws and FINRA rules, and supervisory requirements under FINRA rules. FINRA also ordered the firms to conduct a comprehensive review of their systems for the capture, retention and review of email, and to subsequently certify that they have established procedures reasonably designed to address and correct the violations. FINRA’s investigation was conducted by the Departments of Enforcement and Member Regulation. Investors can obtain more information about, and the disciplinary record of, any FINRA-registered broker or brokerage firm by using FINRA’s BrokerCheck. FINRA makes BrokerCheck available at no charge. In 2012, members of the public used this service to conduct 14.6 million reviews of broker or firm records. Investors can access BrokerCheck at www.finra.org/brokercheck or by calling (800) 289-9999. Investors may find copies of this disciplinary action as well as other disciplinary documents in FINRA’s Disciplinary Actions Online database. FINRA, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, is the largest independent regulator for all securities firms doing business in the United States. FINRA is dedicated to investor protection and market integrity through effective and efficient regulation and complementary compliance and technology-based services. FINRA touches virtually every aspect of the securities business – from registering and educating all industry participants to examining securities firms, writing rules, enforcing those rules and the federal securities laws, informing and educating the investing public, providing trade reporting and other industry utilities, and administering the largest dispute resolution forum for investors and firms. For more information, please visit www.finra.org. With social media and instant messaging on the rise where does that leave Email? With the numerous social networking tools and instant messaging vehicles available for online communication such as Facebook, Skype, Google Chat, and Twitter, email is often seems less relevant to organizations today.Instant messaging is convenient, fast and to-the point, and for the corporate user sending and receiving 115 emails a day, the appeal is obvious. With SM and IM on the rise, is email becoming obsolete? Here are some stats that clear it up in our tidy infographic: How Does Email Stack Up? Despite the booming popularity of instant messaging vehicles and social media platforms, email is still the internet’s “killer app” remaining internet users’ most widely used form of communication with its use only expected to grow, especially in the corporate sector. Email’s ever increasing functionality beyond just sending messages–from email cloud drives that enable you store data in the cloud, to file sharing applications– enhances email as a medium for communication and collaboration. Email’s growth and increasing functionality position it as a channel that will only be more impactful in the future. SOURCES: - Direct Marketing Association, https://imis.the-dma.org//bookstore/index.cfm? - Facebook June 2012, http://newsroom.fb.com/content/default.aspx?NewsAreaId=22 - McKinsey Global Institue Report July 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/01/email-workday_n_1725728.html - Osterman Research Market Trends 2005-2008, http://www.ostermanresearch.com/ - Pew Internet Study 2011, http://pewinternet.org/ - Radicati Group Email Statistics Report 2012-2016 , http://www.radicati.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Email-Statistics-Report-2012-2016-Executive-Summary.pdf - Radicati Group Email Statistics Report 2009-2013, http://www.radicati.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/email-stats-report-exec-summary.pdf You Have Encryption, but Data is Still Walking out the Backdoor Your encryption solution could be the best-of-breed technology, have the most advanced features for tracking messages—it might even have won a shiny award from analysts at some firm, but you may still be at risk for data leakage. Why? Because your employees aren’t using it. In fact, 69% of organizations surveyed by the Ponemon Institute last year indicated they believe employees frequently violated policies for email encryption, while 61% indicated that employees use insecure email channels, such as personal Web-based email to send confidential data. So why are employees failing to encrypt sensitive company emails? Are they dumb? Lazy? Resentful they missed a bonus this year? While it’s easy enough to blame the user, the truth is that email encryption software has become a commodity that’s fairly easy to obtain, but often difficult to use and manage. Over half of email encryption users are frustrated with their encryption solutions being inflexible difficult to use, according to a recent email study. With the average business email user sending and receiving 115 emails per day, it’s no wonder they avoid the 8-10 steps necessary to send or receive a message using antiquated, commoditized encryption technology. But with a high volume of emails being exchanged, potentially unsecured, users are exposing the organization to the very real risk of data leakage. So what do you do? Do you bite the bullet, keep your 10-step process and hope the losses from productivity outweigh the alternative of a data breach? Evidence would suggest that users would continue to fumble with and avoid such a system—leaving your organization still at risk to a data breach at the email gateway. True Security Has Usability It doesn’t matter how secure the technology is if it’s too difficult to use, employees will avoid and circumvent it. Security needs everyone to adopt it, and every change of behavior, additional step or extra click is a hassle that makes a solution more difficult to use and adopt. To encourage adoption solutions must be flexible and simple enough to compliment the email, mobile and tablet solutions users are already comfortable with. For more information on how encryption can work seamlessly with your existing email and encourage user adoption, visit the Email2 Product Page. Data Leakage: 5 Mistakes Email Users Make and How to Prevent Them Email remains the vital tool for exchanging vital and confidential business information ranging from trade secrets to customer information. In fact, Osterman Research estimates as much as 75% of a company’s intellectual property is contained within emails floating around in employee inboxes and corporate email systems. Organizations put a lot of faith in their employees by putting that much valuable data in their hands. But no matter how much trust you put in your employees–they’re human and mistakes happen. It comes as no surprise then that 69% of organizations surveyed by the Ponemon Institute last year indicated employees violated security policies frequently and send confidential and sensitive information via non-approved, unsecured email methods. It should be even less of a surprise that email is the leading source of data loss/leakage according to that same study, and many others. 5 Mistakes Email Users Make User actions that appear as trivial mistakes or lapses in judgement can become heinous and costly incidents when they result in data loss or unauthorized exposure. So we’d like to point 5 overlooked mistakes email users make that can result in data leakage: 1. Failing to encrypt sensitive emails ”That was supposed to be encrypted?” Maybe they didn’t think it was sensitive information, or maybe they didn’t care. Either way, users who fail to encrypt emails transferring sensitive information open the possibility that an email may be accessed by someone other than the intended recipient, leading to potential data leakage and exploitation of information that should have been sent securely. 2. Sending email to the wrong people “A trigger -happy ’reply all’ can be dangerous” We’ve all done it. Maybe you meant to tell your co-worker how you hate your boss, or the details of last night’s party but hit “Reply All” instead telling everyone. Oops. Now when that email contains confidential company or customer information rather than the dronings of your worklife, and it just got sent company-wide, or outside the company… ‘Oops’ doesn’t cut it. 3. Sending corporate information from personal (unsecured) email accounts ”I’ll just use Gmail…” Work email is for work, personal is for at home… or whatever right? Using company email accounts to send company-related information is necessary because personal accounts often lack the safeguards (such as encryption, automatic backup, etc) necessary to protect company information against loss of leakage. 4. Failing to backup/save/archive emails “It didn’t seem important at the time…” If you diligently backup your emails to the server, you’re golden. For the other lazy half of email users who just save emails locally in their folder, on the desktop, or not at all, the possibility of data loss is just a computer crash or email glitch away. With 75% of corporate IP floating around in email boxes, it’s important for users to backup, backup, backup their emails. 5. Believing you’ve won the lottery or other scams “Just enter your credit card information to claim your prize!!” You’d like to think that luck has finally come our way when we see an email announcing we’ve won the lottery, tickets to Disneyland or luxury getaway to Bora Bora. Though there’s something fishy about them asking for your credit card information, your address and your social security number, you push on because the thought of relaxing on a sunny beach is just too much to stop you from realizing you’re getting played. For the un-discerning user, a phishing scam can mean giving up all sorts of sensitive information, and if its company information you’re giving out, some scammer might just use it for a sandy escape of their own. Catch Mistakes Before They Happen While human error may be inherent in our nature, it doesn’t mean data loss is unavoidable simply because we’re destined to make a few bad calls. Instead, all 5 of these user mistakes and many more can be avoided with effective employee training and a powerful data leakage prevention (DLP) solution that can catch mistakes before they happen. With data leakage centering on users, it’s obvious that an effective DLP policy begins with employee training and management. Educate users on policies for acceptable email use; emphasize that data is essentially money and that employees are responsible for losing company money when they violate policy and clearly articulate consequences for violations. When users understand proper workplace email usage and the consequences, they will be less likely to make mistakes. While employee training and management can help reduce the potential for costly email errors and snafus, mistakes are bound to happen no matter employees’ good (or bad?) intentions, so training alone isn’t enough to ensure policy. The potential for data to be leaked or lost through email user mistakes underscores the need for organizations to enforce email policy with a data leakage prevention solution to pre-empt user snafus and stop data leaks before they happen. For the best protection against data leaks, businesses should implement a DLP solution that can stop users in their tracks before a damaging email is ever sent. The best protection is prevention At Email2 we recognize that user-mistakes are prone to happen and are costly when they do. That’s why we’ve developed a powerful DLP feature for secure email that pre-empts user-error by prompting users of potential data policy violations before the “send” button is hit. If a questionable email still makes it out of the email gateway, additional tools allow total recall of sent messages and attachments even after the message has been read by a recipient. For more information on how Email2 prevents data leaks, visit the DLP product page. When Complying With HIPAA Is Not Enough: Tough New Medical Privacy Laws Are in Effect in Texas When creating Email Policy – Include Guidelines for when Staff must use Encrypted Email The importance of guidelines to ensure Efficient and Effective email Use“Most companies are grappling with email overload,” says Monica Seely, an email management expert at Mesmo and author of Brilliant Email. “Companies are losing up to 20 days per person per year, dealing with email poorly.” Most of us would not disagree with these statements. But how many organizations have you encountered that have email guidelines in place – that are actually enforced? The answer is likely none. Having no email charter (that is adhered to) is like having no HR policies for staff (that are adhered to). Payroll expenses and the inefficient use of email are some of the most costly expenses in most professional services organizations. Implementing guidelines around managing these resources are not nice-to-haves, but rather fundamental business rules - and applicable to any size organization. Having these guidelines in writing is not good enough. In order for them to be effective, they must be enforced and become part of the operational culture and house rules and become as second nature as, well,… sending an email. Sending a flaming email or an unwarranted ‘reply to all’ with the dreaded ”thanks!” should become as unacceptable and ‘yesterday’ as scotches for lunch and smoking at our desks. One can’t assume that staff ‘just know’ how to use email. Most individuals’ email training is simply non-existent and ends with opening their MS Outlook application and composing their first email. Guidelines for when Secure Encrypted Email must be usedIf you are on vacation and you want to send something generic to a friend such as “wish you were here”, you send a postcard. If the message or letter is more personal and you would prefer that only the intended recipent read it, you would send it in a sealed envelope. The same principle applies in the business world. Encrypted email is your sealed envelope (+). It can be more like a signature-required guaranteed delivered package, depending on the encryption service used. Rarely covered in an email policy is the inclusion of guidelines around sending sensitive or client-confidential information. The sending organization or the sender who is including sensitive business, client, or employee information in an email is unequivocably responsible for ensuring that the information is secure and only seen by intended recipients. If a sender does not use email encryption, all information sent over the internet can be intercepted – and leaves the organization open to high risks of data leaks and breach of privacy and other regulatory compliance. It’s like sending a postcard into cyberspace. Sample Encrypted Email Guidelines Here’s just a sample of general guidelines that can be included in your email charter to address the use of encryption to ensure that sensitive content is only seen by intented recipients. Encrypted email must be used: - When sending or discussing confidential, strategic, non-public, or classified business information. - For Board of Directors discussions. - When sending or discussing any type of client confidential, priviledged, or private information. Clients could include students, patients, citizens, or customers. - When emails include credit card numbers, social security numbers, passwords, logins or any recognizable format for sensitive information. The use of data leak prevention tools here, is also key. Data leak prevention tools will recognize the format of email content, such as xxxx-xxxxx-xxxxx-xxxxx for credit cards, and prevent sending of the email or at least warn the sender to encrypt the email. - When attaching any kind of sensitive document to an email. Encryption is much more secure than including a password to open the document, which can be hacked. - By all legal and accounting staff working for the organization, or any staff who frequently deals with confidential information as part of their regular duties. This may include IT, and Sales. - When communicating outside the organization with firms dealing with sensitive information such as legal, accounting and IT firms. In many sectors, such as the healthcare industry or public sector, guidelines would include a long list of external or partner agencies. - By HR staff when communicating sensitive employee information, AND when communicating with potential new hires and candidates – particularly when discussing or sending employment offers. - As an aside, secure email guidelines should also include guidelines for the topic of email delegates. How to communicate which staff members have delegates, and alternative communication methods to reach staff with delegates when ultra-sensitve emails are exchanged. Navigating the sensitivities of email delegates can be challenging if guidelines are not in place. Is your bank using encrypted email to communicate with you – the customer? 1. Lack of Confidence that Humongous Bank cares about securing my Confidential InformationI have very little confidence that my humongous and well-established bank cares about securing my private and confidential banking, personal or financial information. It has not trained its staff to understand the importance of securing customer communication and passwords. Does encrypted email only become a recommended option when a customer inquires about security? I’ll also clarify that my banking rep has been with the bank for at least 20 years and is not a junior account rep. 2. Banking & Financial Services 101: User-Friendly Email Encryption Solutions that workProviding me with a secure and user-friendly email encryption solution without requiring a technology dictionary and a 10-page instruction manual to use it, is NOT a difficult task for an extremely profitable banking institution. After all, they have figured out the technology and user-interface for Internet banking? The email encryption solution that I was provided has to be an embarrassment to any successful or progressive organization – but particularly one that provides financial services. And let’s not forget about policies regarding basic email. If financial services organizations are permitting their staff to communicate with customers using an unsecured email system, at minimum, data leak prevention policies and tools must be in place to ensure that if/when confidential information is included in a basic email such as bank account numbers, passwords or credit card numbers, then the sender would be alerted – if not prevented from sending the email. It appears as though even humongous bank does not have to adhere to basic and fundamental principles in securing customer information and privacy. 3. Banking & Financial Services Customers are Unaware that Basic Email is not SecureMy banking rep does not often use his email encryption solution and doesn’t seem to be familiar with it. I am left to conclude that his hundreds of other banking customers are clearly not clamoring for their private information to remain secure, likely because most have no clue that email is not secure and that straightforward alternatives do exist. To all banking or financial services customers, or any customer of an organization where your confidential information is exchanged: Using unsecured email or fax is like shouting something across a crowded room. If you are willing to take the chance that your private, confidential or financial information is intercepted and seen by the occupiers of a crowded room, then by all means, carry on with the status quo. How about a nice order of identity theft with that email? Ariane Laird works with Email2. - Email2 provides straightforward secure email encryption, data leak prevention, and e-statement solutions for the financial service industry using the same security technology as Internet banking. - Email2 enables financial services organizations to securely send, receive, control, track and automate delivery of confidential email and large attachments outside the organization – without requiring staff or recipients to change their existing email. Healthcare Breach Prevention & Email Encryption – Apparently Not a High Priority The DataWhen looking at the data, let’s also keep in mind that the survey targeted data protection professionals, with 43% of respondents holding the title of chief security officer, chief information security officer, chief information officer, chief privacy officer or chief compliance officer. Additionally, the sample was skewed toward larger healthcare organizations, “excluding the plethora of very small provider organizations, including local clinics and medical practitioners,” the report said. There’s a lot of interesting (and highly disturbing) data in the report, but I’ll focus on only a few highlights according to healthcare organizations responding to the survey: 1. 96% have had at least one data breach in the past 24 months. On average organizations have had 4 data breach incidents during the past two years. Breaches increased 32% from the previous year. (96%? Does that not sound a lot like 100%?) 2. The top 3 causes for a data breach are: - lost or stolen computing devices - third-party snafu - unintentional employee action. - 66% agree medical billing personnel do not understand the importance of patient data protection - 58% say IT personnel do not understand its importance - In contrast, 58% say administrative personnel do understand the importance of protecting patient data. - Only 29% of respondents agree that the prevention of unauthorized access to patient data and loss or theft of such data is a priority in their organizations - Less than one-fourth (23%) said their organization has “encryption solutions installed.” Email Encryption – a minimum in healthcare prevention for breach of patient data and privacyLet’s focus for a moment on the last piece of data shown in 4(2) above. Less than one-fourth (23%) said their organization has “encryption solutions installed.” This also means that healthcare organizations are not using email encryption (secure email) to communicate patient information securely. Which also ties into 3rd party snafus as one of the top reasons for patient breaches. It seems that email encryption and secure communication should be at the top of the priority list as one of the first steps in securing patient information. The report cites the following types of compromised patient data: - Medical file - Billing and insurance record - Scheduling details - Prescription details - Payment details - Monthly statements - Email2 provides straightforward secure email encryption, data leak prevention, and e-statement solutions for the healthcare industry using the same security technology as internet banking. - Email2 enables healthcare organizations to securely send, receive, track and automate delivery of confidential email and large attachments outside the organization – without requiring staff or recipients to change their existing email.
http://www.email2.com/category/blog/
Cryptography is the process of creating a secure communication system. It involves the use of encryption algorithms to prevent the transmission of confidential information. Different types of ciphers are used to protect data. Some ciphers use simple translation codes, while others use complex algorithms. In the past, simple codes were enough to encrypt handwritten notes. However, modern computers are powerful enough to break even simple codes in a few seconds. Therefore, modern cryptography involves developing encryption techniques that are difficult for supercomputers to break. Public key cryptography In public key cryptography, the public key is shared among all parties who need the encrypted data. Its private key works with the result of a calculation but cannot tell which factors were used to produce the result. Therefore, reverse calculation is difficult because there is no simple mathematical procedure to break this system. Typically, large numbers are used, which are harder to crack. To understand public key cryptography, it’s helpful to consider a simple example. Imagine a scenario in which Julia and Cesar are sending encrypted messages to each other. They’re using computers to communicate with one another, and the messages are encrypted using public key cryptography. These messages are not read by anyone but only the recipient’s private key can decrypt them. Public key cryptography uses a public and private key to encrypt data and send it securely across the internet. The public key is a large prime number that’s mathematically related to the private key. Because of this mathematical relationship, a person can’t guess the private key unless they have the private key. The private key, on the other hand, is a secret and can’t be shared with anyone. Symmetric cryptography Symmetric cryptography is a form of encryption that uses separate keys for each party. This form of encryption relies heavily on maintaining the keys’ confidentiality. However, this type of encryption also has a problem: key distribution. When one of the parties’ keys is accidentally misplaced, a malicious party could use it to decrypt the message. Symmetric cryptography is faster than asymmetric encryption, but it comes with certain drawbacks. The first is that symmetric cryptography has an increasing number of keys to manage. This increases the overheads of the system. Additionally, this type of encryption cannot guarantee authenticity or integrity. In order to make sure that your data is confidential, you need to implement a key management system. Symmetric cryptography is the best way to protect your data. It works by encrypting material with the same secret key for the sender and receiver. While this type of encryption is the most secure, it still lacks the security of authenticated messages. As a result, it’s not a good choice for most situations. This type of encryption isn’t suitable for sensitive information, but it can protect data from being decoded by hackers. Asymmetric key cryptography Asymmetric key cryptography works within a public key infrastructure. That means two parties share a private key and a public key. The public key is used to encrypt and decrypt data. The private key is only used by the recipient to decrypt the message. This way, unauthorized people cannot read the data in transit. The key exchange process is complicated. To protect confidential information, both parties must exchange keys. This process is faster than symmetric encryption, and the data can be transferred between two parties. The main benefit of asymmetric encryption is that it is reliable and efficient. It can be used for small and large amounts of data. Consider the case where two principals share a key, kAB and kAC. If the client publishes a pair of numbers, such as M1 and M2, then the other party could use this key to impersonate the other party. The problem arises when a different principal receives the message. Hash functions Hash functions are a crucial part of modern cryptography. These functions provide secure password storage, prevent tampering, and ensure that data is not stolen. Hash functions are also important in the world of digital signing and machine-to-machine communications. This article will give you an overview of the uses and benefits of cryptographic hash functions, and provide an example of how they can be used. A hash function must be collision resistant to ensure that it can prevent a computer from changing the input data. A strong hash algorithm will ensure that the output is unique. This means that even if one character in a long string is changed, the hash value will be very different. A hash function is a mathematical function that transforms arbitrary data into a fixed-size output called a hash value or digest. Its purpose is to verify that the data is not altered in any way. It is commonly used to store passwords in secure databases because it is insecure to store passwords in plain text.
https://www.radiosilencebook.com/what-is-cryptography-with-example.html
This paper presents a probabilistic approach for blind recognition of the parameters of unknown error correcting codes and alignment of bitstream by analyzing intercepted bit stream. This approach can be used for standard as well as nonstandard binary linear systematic error correcting codes. It is a challenging task to identify the error correcting schemes used by the sender to extract the message by adversary. This technique is useful for the analysis of intercepted communication signals in noncooperative context. The proposed method works for linear block codes even at large bit error rate. Our method has been validated through simulation on MATLAB. © 2016 IEEE. Sachdeva E.,YMCA University of Science and Technology | Mishra S.P.,Scientific Analysis Group Proceedings of 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies, ICECCT 2015 | Year: 2015 Extraction of cryptographic keys, passwords and other sensitive information from the memory, has been made possible by the data remanence property of DRAM. According to it, DRAM can retain its data for several seconds to minutes without power . Cold boot attack proposed in tries to exploit memory remanence property, for extracting probable cryptographic secrets from DRAM. However, extracted information is degraded and needs to be corrected before being used for decrypting the encrypted files. Various methods for correcting this distorted data for different cryptosystems have been proposed [1, 6]. However, it has not been reported much in literature regarding efficacy of these methods. This paper contains results and observations of extensive experiments carried out for correcting AES keys, by varying timings of cold rebooting the PC that varies the % of distorted data. These observations suggest that the proposed methods are theoretical in nature and not effective practically( for cold boot attack) as they could correct keys corresponding to up to 2% of erroneous round key schedules of AES-128 and AES-256. In this paper, an improved algorithm has been proposed for correcting up to 15% of errors in cold boot attack generated as well as randomly generated distorted round key schedules. The proposed algorithm has been successfully implemented to mount the volumes encrypted by popular disk encryption system 'TrueCrypt'. © 2015 IEEE. Bishoi S.K.,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics | Haran H.K.,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics | Hasan S.U.,Scientific Analysis Group Discrete Applied Mathematics | Year: 2017 The multiple-recursive matrix method for generating pseudorandom vectors was introduced by Niederreiter (1993). We propose an algorithm for finding an efficient primitive multiple-recursive matrix method. Moreover, for improving the linear complexity, we introduce a tweak on the contents of the primitive multiple-recursive matrix method. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Walia G.S.,Scientific Analysis Group | Kapoor R.,Delhi Technological University Proceedings of the 2013 3rd IEEE International Advance Computing Conference, IACC 2013 | Year: 2013 The aim of this paper is to propose an algorithm for particle filter which will overcome its problem of particle impoverishment. Our approach embed cuckoo search via levy flight algorithm into standard particle filter for Non-linear and Non-Gaussian state estimation. The use of cuckoo search via levy flight optimization overcomes the problem of particle impoverishment which is generated during resampling. To validate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, its performance is compared with the particle filter and PSO Particle Filter (PSO-PF). Simulation results for generic one dimensional problem and two dimensional classic bearing only tracking problem show that our novel Cuckoo-PF outperforms other algorithms when RMSE, robustness and sample impoverishment are considered as metric for performance measurement. © 2013 IEEE. Verma S.,Scientific Analysis Group | Pal S.K.,Scientific Analysis Group | Muttoo S.K.,University of Delhi Souvenir of the 2014 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference, IACC 2014 | Year: 2014 Theft or loss of a mobile device could be an information security risk as it can result in loss of con fidential personal data. Traditional cryptographic algorithms are not suitable for resource constrained and handheld devices. In this paper, we have developed an efficient and user friendly tool called 'NCRYPT' on Android platform. 'NCRYPT' application is used to secure the data at rest on Android thus making it inaccessible to unauthorized users. It is based on lightweight encryption scheme i.e. Hummingbird-2. The application provides secure storage by making use of password based authentication so that an adversary cannot access the confidential data stored on the mobile device. The cryptographic key is derived through the password based key generation method PBKDF2 from the standard SUN JCE cryptographic provider. Various tools for encryption are available in the market which are based on AES or DES encryption schemes. Ihe reported tool is based on Hummingbird-2 and is faster than most of the other existing schemes. It is also resistant to most of attacks applicable to Block and Stream Ciphers. Hummingbird-2 has been coded in C language and embedded in Android platform with the help of JNI (Java Native Interface) for faster execution. This application provides choice for en crypting the entire data on SD card or selective files on the smart phone and protect p ersonal or confidential information available in such devices. © 2014 IEEE. Ghorpade S.R.,Indian Institute of Technology Bombay | Hasan S.U.,Indian Institute of Technology Bombay | Hasan S.U.,Scientific Analysis Group | Kumari M.,Scientific Analysis Group Designs, Codes, and Cryptography | Year: 2011 Using the structure of Singer cycles in general linear groups, we prove that a conjecture of Zeng et al. (Word-Oriented Feedback Shift Register: σ-LFSR, 2007) holds in the affirmative in a special case, and outline a plausible approach to prove it in the general case. This conjecture is about the number of primitive σ-LFSRs of a given order over a finite field, and it generalizes a known formula for the number of primitive LFSRs, which, in turn, is the number of primitive polynomials of a given degree over a finite field. Moreover, this conjecture is intimately related to an open question of Niederreiter (Finite Fields Appl 1:3-30, 1995) on the enumeration of splitting subspaces of a given dimension. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Luthra J.,Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology | Pal S.K.,Scientific Analysis Group Proceedings of the 2011 World Congress on Information and Communication Technologies, WICT 2011 | Year: 2011 The monoalphabetic substitution cipher encrypts a given text by replacing every letter in the text with a different letter according to some predefined scheme. The cryptanalysis of this cipher involves the identification of this scheme using known language statistical data. The firefly algorithm (FA) is a metaheuristic algorithm, inspired by the flashing behavior of fireflies. This paper discusses the integration of the operators of mutation and crossover commonly used in Genetic Algorithms with the Firefly Algorithm for cryptanalysis of the monoalphabetic substitution cipher. © 2011 IEEE. Ratan R.,Scientific Analysis Group Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing | Year: 2012 Privacy of information is an important issue in modern era of information technology to manage handling of sensitive information over networks efficiently. It is seen that individual use of inversion and circular shifting while encryption of images does not provide adequate security and weaknesses remain can be exploited by interceptors. In this paper, we propose an improved encryption scheme which utilizes both inversion and shifting in specific manner. We use pseudo random number sequences to perform inversion and circular shifting in a random manner for transforming image pixels. Simulation results show that encrypted images obtained are quite unintelligible and pixels distributed uniformly. Also, proposed encryption method is error propagating, follows avalanche criteria, has large key space and provides higher information security. © 2012 Springer India Pvt. Ltd. Ratan R.,Scientific Analysis Group Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing | Year: 2014 Cryptology deals with the design and analysis of secure communication and information management systems. Cryptography protects vital information from adversaries by the process of encryption and cryptanalysis provides adversaries information being communicated by exploiting cryptographic weaknesses. Cryptography is the key technology which is used in various information security applications to achieve security solutions such as confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, availability and non repudiation. Nature inspired computing applied successfully in various artificial intelligence and pattern recognition problems of various fields gives an inspiration to apply in cryptology. Evolutionary computing is being applied nowadays to achieve solutions of cryptographic and cryptanalytic problems. In this paper, we present brief on cryptosystem and overview on applications of genetic algorithms in cryptology. Findings show that the work on nature inspired computing in cryptology is minimal but the applications of genetic algorithms are increasing. The genetic algorithms are not only applied on less complex and classical ciphers but some block ciphers are also attempted for their solutions. Further insight research is needed to tackle various problems of modern cryptography using genetic or other evolutionary computing techniques. © Springer India 2014. Ratan R.,Scientific Analysis Group Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) | Year: 2010 Cryptographically, an encryption algorithm should be strong enough so that one could not extract any information from encrypted data. A graphical encryption method proposed in for the security of computer data is cryptanalysed in this paper. There are some regions left unchanged and clearly visible in graphically encrypted images. Key independent decryption of graphically encrypted images is proposed for recovery of intelligible information. Decryption scheme is based on neighbourhood similarity characteristics of adjacent pixels. Simulation results show that the decrypted images obtained by the proposed scheme are quite intelligible to understand. The graphical encryption method in present form is not suitable for security applications as encrypted images can be decrypted easily. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.
https://www.linknovate.com/affiliation/scientific-analysis-group-223025/all/
At Cask Data, we take security very seriously and invest a lot of time to make sure we secure communication between different aspects of any system that we build. Coopr beta release does not include a lot of much needed security features, but upcoming releases of Coopr will make it secure and more reliable for provisioning clusters. This document describes how we are planning to secure different aspects of Coopr. Communication Channels¶ - 1 - Browser to Coopr UI (Node.js) - Uses TLS/SSL. - 2 - User REST APIs - Uses TLS/SSL. - 3 - Coopr Server to Database - Uses TLS/SSL. - We recommend firewalling databases - 4 - Coopr Server to Zookeeper. - Uses SASL. - We recommend firewalling Zookeeper. - 5 - Coopr Server to Provisioners - Uses mutual authentication with TLS/SSL. - 6 - Provisioners to Providers - Provider specific security settings. - 7 - Provisioners to Nodes - All communication is pushed from provisioner to nodes with SSH. - 8 - Intra-Node - We recommend firewalling nodes to limit cross cluster communication. - Configurable firewall support included out of the box through a firewall service. Different clusters can be configured differently through configuration changes when a cluster is requested. Data Stores¶ - Zookeeper - Kerberos support. - ACLs set on znodes so only coopr user can read/write. - Database - Setup permissions so only coopr user from Coopr server hosts can read/write from the database. - Encryption of sensitive data. Coopr Components¶ - Coopr Server - Database password encryption in configuration file. - Integration with external user management systems like LDAP. - User REST APIs require a user ID in the headers, used for authentication and authorization. - User REST APIs use group level ACLs on Coopr resources (providers, templates, clusters, etc) to authorize actions. - ACLs modifiable by admin or users with grant level access on Coopr resources. - All cluster tasks are persistently stored to support audit logging of full details of all user actions and resource allocations. - Coopr Provisioner - Encryption of provider credentials. - Shell provisioners only allowed to run pre-defined set of scripts and not arbitrary commands. - Provisioner REST APIs require mutual authentication with TLS/SSL to ensure only valid provisioners can take tasks from the server. - Coopr UI - XSS protection. - CSRF protection.
https://docs.coopr.io/coopr/current/en/overview/security.html
Encryption of data in transit does require significant technical overhead and management to allow for the secure creation of keys, transmission of keys and PKI infrastructure management just to name a few. The above article seems to stress that encryption is not a concern of the HL7 protocol, but should, instead be addressed by a seperate protocol such as SSL (HTTPS). However, during the call it was stated that HTTPS is not used for transmitting HL7 data, that HL7 data is transmitted directly using TCP/IP. The only other alternative that comes to my mind that would allow for the secure transmission of HL7 data is at the Internet Protocol (IP) layer using IPsec (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPsec). Encrypting host-to-host communication would help ensure that sensitive medical information can not be captured by other systems residing on the same network as the two communicating systems. Reliance on VPN for encryption does not ensure "end-to-end" secure communication channels, and sensitive information may still be readily obtainable by 3rd parties.
https://www.osehra.org/content/hl7-encryption
The Ministry of Transport and Communications has ordered a report that discusses the protection and encryption methods of electronic communications. The report was completed as a part of the implementation of the Data Security Strategy. A summary of the methods of encryption and protection in electronic communications and the opportunities and risks that are connected to them is included in the report. Furthermore, the report discusses the future prospects of encryption and protection technology, and defines the key concepts relevant to encryption. Encryption technologies are in a key role in the protection of electronic communications Their task is to ensure the confidentiality of communications and integrity of data when a message is transmitted from a sender to a recipient. Confidentiality means that a message can only be read by its intended recipient. Integrity implies that it is not possible to edit the contents of the message. Ensuring the confidentiality of communications is important, as the right to privacy and the secrecy of confidential communications are basic rights laid down in the Constitution of Finland. It is the responsibility of official authorities to actively promote the realisation of basic human rights, including the right to privacy and confidential communications. The importance of protecting the integrity of information will increase in the future, in traffic safety among other applications. Vehicles are already connected to various data systems and each other. In the near future, vehicles will interact with other vehicles and their surroundings. In such an environment, it is vital that the messages stay intact. The use of encryption methods can help to improve consumer confidence in digital services. Nowadays, there are various technical solutions available for the encryption of communications. Increasingly many services that consumers like, such as instant messaging applications, have introduced strong encryption methods that help to keep communications better protected from outsiders. The report states that it is estimated that approximately half of all network traffic is encrypted. According to the report, it is recommended to use communication methods that use end-to-end encryption and protection of data integrity. This means that a message is encrypted by the transmitting device and only decrypted in the recipient device. Thus, the devices and systems transmitting the message cannot read or edit the message contents. The report also emphasises that demanding the availability of backdoors, i.e. intentionally weaker encryption methods, can risk the right to privacy and data security. Despite the backdoors, strong encryption will be available for those who prefer to use it. They will, however, make ordinary users more vulnerable to threats. The future prospects emphasise the fast-pace development of the encryption methods and applications and their opportunities in the Internet of Things. The risks generated by quantum computers and quantum computing must be taken into account when future encryption methods and applications are selected. The report is prepared by the Technical Research Centre of Finland and commissioned by the Ministry of Transport and Communications. A link to the whole text of the report, in Finnish (Sähköisen viestinnän salaus- ja suojausmenetelmät, Publications by the Ministry of Transport and Communications 2/2018) on the LVM.fi website is available below. Further information:
https://www.lvm.fi/en/-/encryption-is-in-a-key-role-in-the-protection-of-electronic-communications-968167
One cannot underestimate the importance of cryptology nowadays. As the need for studying and implementing secure communication techniques rise, in the assumption of the constant existence of attackers with malicious intents, especially with the growing global force eager to preserve the privacy of user’s data and government secrets at all costs. Studying these techniques can also be for the purpose of breaking secure communication in order to be able to read or alter ciphertext due to finding weaknesses in one of the cryptosystem parts. It is the group of techniques used for the purpose of conducting secure communications and mitigating the risks of MITM attacks in the presence of third parties (communications in the wild/ insecure channels e.g the Internet). In present times, cryptography is referred to as ‘encryption’. Actually, encryption represents nothing but a part of the overall cryptosystem as cryptography is composed of encryption (transforming plaintext to an unreadable format by humans or machines without the corresponding cipher aka. cipher or encryption algorithms or codes) and decryption which is the reverse process. It is the study of a cryptosystem in the desire of identifying its hidden aspects and crack it all the way to access plaintext without knowing the decryption key. This can be done by not only analyzing the used algorithms to determine the used cipher and key but also by scanning for weaknesses in their implementation and exploiting them as they get increasingly harder and more complex to keep up with more modern sophisticated ciphers. Although cryptology as a field is seeing a great evolution in cryptography and cryptanalysis, the terminology remains the same as the cryptosystems’ components are constant. Plaintext: It is the messaged being sent and wanted to be changed for privacy/security purposes. It should be understandable by both parties (sender and receiver) and contains data which is mostly not meant to be disclosed or intercepted in its raw format. Cipher/Cypher: It is a type of algorithms used for performing an encryption or decryption process conserving the length between the input (plain-text) and the output (cipher-text). Encryption/Decryption algorithm: Has the same concept as the cipher with the exception that the length varies between plaintext and ciphertext. Encryption/Decryption keys: For security purposes, algorithms use d in encryption and decryption became public (e.g: RSA) with a variable key. A key is a generated parameter used in the transformation of data (encrypt/decrypt). The use of the same key in encryption and decryption makes the used algorithm symmetric, and if it’s not the same then the used algorithm is asymmetric.
https://www.cybrary.it/0p3n/cryptology-101/
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https://ahimnadram.com/en/privacy-policy
The security of public-key encryption (PKE), a widely-used cryptographic primitive, has received much attention in the cryptographic literature. Many security notions for PKE have been proposed, including several versions of CPA-security, CCA-security, and non-malleability. These security notions are usually defined in terms of a certain game that an efficient adversary cannot win with non-negligible probability or advantage. If a PKE scheme is used in a larger protocol, then the security of this protocol is proved by showing a reduction of breaking a certain security property of the PKE scheme to breaking the security of the protocol. A major problem is that each protocol requires in principle its own tailor-made security reduction. Moreover, which security notion of the PKE should be used in a given context is a priori not evident; the employed games model the use of the scheme abstractly through oracle access to its algorithms, and the sufficiency for specific applications is neither explicitly stated nor proven. In this paper we propose a new approach to investigating the application of PKE, following the constructive cryptography paradigm of Maurer and Renner (ICS 2011). The basic use of PKE is to enable confidential communication from a sender A to a receiver B, assuming A is in possession of B's public key. One can distinguish two relevant cases: The (non-confidential) communication channel from A to B can be authenticated (e.g., because messages are signed) or non-authenticated. The application of PKE is shown to provide the construction of a secure channel from A to B from two (assumed) authenticated channels, one in each direction, or, alternatively, if the channel from A to B is completely insecure, the construction of a confidential channel without authenticity. Composition then means that the assumed channels can either be physically realized or can themselves be constructed cryptographically, and also that the resulting channels can directly be used in any applications that require such a channel. The composition theorem shows that several construction steps can be composed, which guarantees the soundness of this approach and eliminates the need for separate reduction proofs. We also revisit several popular game-based security notions (and variants thereof) and give them a constructive semantics by demonstrating which type of construction is achieved by a PKE scheme satisfying which notion. In particular, the necessary and sufficient security notions for the above two constructions to work are CPA-security and a variant of CCA-security, respectively.
https://crypto.ethz.ch/publications/CoMaTa13.html
Instant messaging services that protect confidential information are gaining more ground inside hospitals and clinics. Their high importance to facilitate quick and efficient communication among healthcare professionals at emergencies, such as major accidents and terrorist attacks, is receiving more recognition with time. And the NHS now acknowledges that this cannot be done efficiently via traditional methods or devices and tools meant to be used for personal purposes. Encryption - Does the encryption meet the AES 256 standard? End-user verification - Are users the people they claim to be? Password protection – Can the app be password protected? Remote wipe – Can access to confidential information be removed remotely if the device is lost, stolen or redeployed? Message retention – Can confidential information be automatically deleted after a certain period of time? Dawn Monaghan, the Director of the Information Governance Alliance acknowledged the significance of instant messaging and the value of the guidance for the NHS. However, she pointed out that such platforms should not substitute medical records which should remain fully updated at all times. Apart from instant messaging technologies, the new regulations also govern video conferencing services and the use of ‘Bring Your Own Devices’ such as mobiles, cameras and tablets, supporting heath and care professionals around the world to join the conversation remotely, whenever this is necessary, at no time or major cost. We are delighted that the NHS is taking these important steps to embrace technologies that can ensure every patient receives the best care, while protecting their confidential information to the required standards. medCrowd feature release: Teams or Conversations?
https://blog.medcrowd.com/nhs-publishes-guidance-on-use-of-instant-messengers/
Searching for better security during data transmission, governments and other organizations around the world have been investing in and developing technologies related to quantum communication and related encryption methods. Researchers are looking at how these new systems–which, in theory, would provide unhackable communication channels–can be integrated into existing and future fiber-optic networks. Research at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology in Japan, by a team that includes Senior Visiting Researcher Tobias A. Eriksson, holds promise for solving one of the key challenges for this application: how to achieve secure communication using continuously variable quantum key distribution. Often abbreviated as QKD, this method is the ongoing exchange of encryption keys, generated with quantum technology, for encrypting data being transferred between two or more parties. In a paper to be presented at the OFC: The Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition being held 3-7 March in San Diego, Calif., U.S.A., Eriksson and his colleagues say the primary stumbling block for this application is noise generated by fiber amplifiers on current generation single-mode fiber systems. Their research involved exploring how to exploit multicore fiber-optic technology that is expected to be used in future transmission networks. As the name suggests, multicore fiber-optic systems use multiple fiber cores in a single strand through which data can be transmitted. In today’s fiber networks, each strand usually has only one core. “Secure communication is one of the hardest challenges right now and many of the current encryption methods may someday easily be broken by algorithms designed for quantum computers,” Eriksson says. “One reason we haven’t seen commercial deployment of QKD is that the technology is not compatible with current network architecture.” As multicore fiber begins to be deployed in the future, Eriksson said, researchers are looking at how that technology could be harnessed to solve the encryption problem. “The question we asked ourselves is whether the spatial dimensions of multicore fibers can be exploited for co-propagation of classical and quantum signals,” Eriksson said. “What we found is that the classical channels can be transmitted completely oblivious of the quantum signals, which in single-mode fiber is not possible since the amplifier noise kills the quantum channels.” Eriksson’s team measured the excess noise from crosstalk between the classical and the quantum channels, using 19-core fiber. They found that this approach has the potential to support 341 QKD channels, with 5 GHz spacing between wavelengths of 1537 nm and 1563 nm. The team’s technical results are outlined in a paper to be presented in San Diego at the OFC meeting. The group reported that when the quantum channels are using a dedicated core of a multicore fiber, network operators can avoid the noise generated by core-to-core crosstalk by making sure that the wavelengths of the quantum signals from QKD lie in the guard-band between the classical channels that carry data. This simple solution solves the problem of multiplexing of quantum and classical channels and avoids introducing new components for the classical communication channels. Hear from the research team: “Inter-core Crosstalk Impact of Classical Channels on CV-QKD in Multicore Fiber Transmission” by Tobias A. Eriksson, Benjamin J. Puttnam, Georg Rademacher, Ruben S. Luis, Masahiro Takeoka, Yoshinari Awaji, Masahide Sasaki, Naoya Wada will take place at 8:00 a.m. on Thursday, 7 March in Room 9 of the San Diego Convention Center. About OFC The Optical Fiber Conference and Exhibition (OFC) is the largest global conference and exhibition for optical communications and networking professionals. For more than 40 years, OFC has drawn attendees from all corners of the globe to meet and greet, teach and learn, make connections and move business forward.
https://technologies.org/exchanging-information-securely-using-quantum-communication-in-future-fiber-optic-networks/
In order for research to have the significant impact on society that researchers aim for, human participation in the study is often essential. But this participation must have the components of trustworthiness and validity involved for the researcher to be able to confidently use the data obtained by the participant. For many people, the answer of how well their identity is protected through the research they are participating in will determine how honest and forthcoming they are with their answers. This puts the responsibility on the researcher to employ specific procedures and methods in their data collection and dissemination process to guarantee the subjects’ anonymity or confidentiality as it is applicable to the project. By being transparent with the reasons behind the study and how the participant’s information will be used, the researcher can obtain the voluntary consent needed by the subject and expect that their responses will be trustworthy and valid. Confidentiality Versus Anonymity in Research As a researcher dealing with human participants, it’s important that you’re aware of their rights and expectations, as well as basic human nature. If a subject you’re questioning is answering honestly regarding sensitive topics, they’re likely going to be concerned that their responses could cause them trouble somehow. The wording of how you will be protecting their identity is important when you approach them to participate in your study. Some studies allow for “confidentiality” of the subject, while others allow for “anonymity.” There is a significant difference between the two: ● If you’re telling the participants that their identity will be confidential, this means that you will know who they are, but you will take precautionary measures (of which you will iterate to the subject) to ensure that their identity remains between you and them and others will not find out. Confidentiality is usually a minimum when dealing with human research because this type of survey response collection requires a signed consent form before the subject can participate, thus ensuring the participant is voluntarily engaging in the research. ● Anonymity, on the other hand, occurs when the researcher does not know the identity of the subjects they are collecting data from. This type of research isn’t common because human participation must be voluntary and therefore consent is required. However, there are some cases in which anonymity of data collection is allowed. This is typically in the aggregation of data from online surveys that pose a minimal risk to the subject for participating. If a participant trust that the researcher will keep their identity confidential, or that they have full anonymity to say anything they want, their answers are more likely to be forthcoming and honest. Measures to Employ for Confidentiality and Anonymity Most data is collected and stored digitally today. This allows for security from anyone obtaining physical records held in a research facility, but it also means that anyone wishing to illegally break into those files to access sensitive information can do so if they have the knowledge and capability. Digital records add an entirely new layer of security measures that must be employed to ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of your subjects remain secure. As a researcher, the minimum measures you should take include: ● Using password protected files with secure, high-level passwords that are accessible only to you, and if you must write your passwords down, store them in a secure place and make it as inaccessible to others as possible ● Using encryption programs when information is sent over the internet to others involved in the research ● Keeping a firewall and security programs on your entire network at all times and ensuring these programs are continually being updated to protect against the latest threats ● Storing your hands-on work in areas that are securely locked, including using drawers with difficult to break into locks ● Apply codes that only you and your team can translate to any identifying information These methods should help you to retain confidentiality and anonymity and reassure your subjects that their identity is protected. Securing Your Work with Impactio The program you use to compile your data must also be secure and trustworthy. Expert researchers around the world trust Impactio with their sensitive information, and for a good reason. Impactio was designed specifically for academics to take them from start to finish in all of their research needs. It’s an all-in-one platform where you can store your citation and publication data, compile your text, and submit your finished profile in professional PDF documents or web pages. Best of all, it’s secure, so your sensitive research is safe with us!
https://www.impactio.com/blog/managing-confidentiality-and-anonymity-in-the-research
At LEGID, your cases are dealt with by legal professionals. Any communication between a lawyer and a client is confidential, subject to the attorney-client privileges and is protected by law. This applies both to past, prospective and actual clients of a lawyer. Data encryption GDPR compliance Anti-money laundering LEGID App has an integrated Know Your Client (KYC), overseen by a highly trained team to ensure any illicit activity is prevented. System Architecture Our platform is engineered and optimized for security, availability, and performance. We ensure that all infrastructure follows the Secure by Design Principles in order to minimise any possibility of vulnerabilities.
https://www.legid.app/ufaq/confidentiality-privacy-security/
The evolution of technology has made it easier and easier for professionals within the healthcare sector. However, in tandem with this growth so has grown the importance to ensure the private health information (PHI) the is being sent is 100% secure and is being handled in a manner that is compliant with HIPAA legislation. The use of devices such a smartphones, tablets, laptop computers and palm held devices to communicate with patients means that it must alway be considered if the device is being implemented in a HIPAA compliant way. There is lots to consider as a lot of mediums of communication are not HIPAA compliant including channels such as SMS, Skype. This is due to the fact that duplicates of the emails that are sent are held on the service providers’ servers. THere is no control over the data by the healthcare group that sent it. The HIPAA Security Rule lists a number of conditions that must be in place for technology to be HIPAA compliant. These conditions include: 1. HIPAA & Encryption There must be encryption of all Protected Health Information (PHI) while in transit. This is vital as, if a breach of PHI occurs, any data that is accessed will be unreadable, undecipherable and not usable by anyone who may intercept it. In order for this to be in place on SMS, Skype and email, every user within a healthcare group must be implementing the same operating system and have the same encryption/decryption software in order for the mechanisms to be used in compliance with HIPAA. There may also be an issues if the service providers can access to the PHI copied onto their servers. Even though the data is encrypted, they would still complete a HIPAA Business Associate Agreements. This means that they would be held responsible for the safety of encrypted data. Not all service providers are willing to do this and become subject to the potential HIPAA breach penalties. 2. Reviewing Authorized Users A “Unique User Identifier” must be allocated to every person authorized to access and communicate PHI. This will allowed their use of PHI to be monitored. This will allow for ensuring that authorized users are adhering with secure messaging policies (a requirement of the HIPAA administrative safeguards), but also to complete risk assessments (a requirement of the HIPAA audit protocol). This unique user identifier must be centrally allocated, so that network managers can PIN-lock the user’s access to PHI if necessary. 3. Automatically Logging Off There must be an automatic log off on any technology that is being used. The vast majority of commercially available text-messaging apps include a log-off feature but this must be enable. This will mean that, if a mobile device or desktop computer is left unattended, the user will be logged out of the service. This stops unauthorized access to PHI by a third party. Healthcare Messaging Solutions for Groups Secure Messaging is one sure and safe way for healthcare groups to correspond with PHI. Basically this operates the same way as normalling messaging but everything takes place with a private communications network to allow for HIPAA compliance. This can be implemented by authorized users on any mobile device or desktop computer. The apps connect listed authorized users with each other and support the sending of images, documents and videos. PHI is prevented from being shared, accessed or downloaded external to the healthcare group’s network. All activity is monitored by a cloud-based “Software-as-a- Service” platform that produces activity reports and audits to permit for compliance oversight and risk assessment. System managers can set message lifespans that mean messages are removed from a user’s app after a set length of time, and can remotely take back and erase any message that may be in breach of the healthcare group’s secure messaging policy. It technology is used to communicate PHI with patients in a HIPAA compliant fashion it will mean that the group is adhering with the administrative, physical and technical requirements of the HIPAA Security Act. However, the technology will not automatically result in the group or organization being 100% compliant with the requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. For this to be so then other steps need to be taken that we have, or will, discuss elsewhere in this section.
https://www.hipaanswers.com/technology-hipaa-compliant/
An introduction to managerial decisions in the marketing area and approaches to making these decisions. Among the topics considered are the institutional framework of retail and industrial markets; buyer behavior; and product line, promotion, pricing, and distribution decisions and strategies. Impact and relevance of electronic markets are also considered. This class will be delivered in the new Hybrid delivery format. This course deals with defining, organizing and managing activities associated with complex, multidisciplinary projects. Such endeavors are critical to raise an organization's level of performance and enable it to have a competitive edge. When applied in the real world, many aspects of MBA education require extraordinary and coordinated effort by various parts of the organization for implementation. In times of rapidly changing technologies and managerial processes, the need for cross-functional teams to achieve long- and short-term goals is increasingly imperative. This course helps students learn how to start and run a successful business so they can use their gifts and talents, become financially independent and contribute to society. Four domains associated with the topic of entrepreneurship are examined in detail. Develop your ability to identify, evaluate and launch innovative business ideas. Learn the key capabilities that drive success within innovation-oriented businesses, the personal habits and mindset that make innovators successful and how to bring new ideas to market. Corporate Innovation is for individuals who wish to develop innovative products within an existing business. Coursework includes how to identify valuable problems, creativity methods used to generate novel solutions, methods to develop targeted customer segments, how to design experiments and prototypes, and how to manage uncertainty. Topics to be discussed include probability theory, counting problems, random variables (also known as probability distributions), Central Limit Theorem, estimation, hypothesis testing (including chi-square tests), regression analysis (simple and multiple), interpretation of regression output on computers and, if time allows, analysis of variance. This class will be delivered in the new Hybrid delivery format. This course introduces students to the basic tools and concepts needed to effectively manage organizational behavior (OB). An array of contemporary OB topics are reviewed, including communication, learning, diversity, multiculturalism, teamwork, motivation, power, innovation, leadership, organizational design and change. Learning occurs through a variety of activities such as case discussions, self-assessment, group exercises, role-playing, team projects, lectures and training videos. This class will be delivered in the new Hybrid delivery format. The scope and objectives of corporate financial management are introduced along with the concept of the risk-return trade-off. The various sources of capital are discussed, along with their costs. Financial planning with special emphasis on the evaluation of capital projects is considered. The implications of the efficient market hypothesis are considered throughout the course. Prerequisites: MGA 604, MGQ 606 or concurrent registration in MGQ 606. A study of the patterns and fluctuations of growth of the aggregate level of economic activity in a modern complex society. Among the topics included are the measurement and determination of national income; the nature and role of money and interest rates; inflation; the role of expectations; the role of trade; macroeconomic forecasting; alternative fiscal and monetary policies and their role in promoting stability and progress; and macro aspects of legislation. An analysis of how the business sector relates to the principal forces operating in the legal, political and social environment. Particular attention is given to constraints and freedoms offered under common, corporate and regulation. Also examined are contemporary problems in corporate governance, such as business and professional standards, code of ethics and corporate social responsibility. The aim of this course is to provide the analytic techniques and tools to help develop an understanding of how competitive advantage can be created and sustained. This is an integrative course that examines the firm as a whole and adopts the perspective of the general manager. It draws together and builds on ideas from courses in functional areas such as marketing, finance and operations. There is extensive use of cases. Specific topics covered include analyzing industries, analyzing firm resources and capabilities, understanding organization structure and management systems, developing competitive strategies and understanding competitive behavior, determining the scope of the firm, developing corporate strategies, managing the multibusiness firm, and understanding corporate governance mechanisms. Prerequisites: MGA 604, MGF 631 and MGM 625. This course covers the application of management knowledge and skills in the strategic guidance and operational direction of health systems service organizations. Attention is given to unique aspects of the challenge of managing the delivery of health services, particularly to such issues as managing relationships with medical staffs, regulatory bodies, other professional groups and third-party payers. The integration of management functions such as finance and accounting, marketing, human resources and service production, amid rapidly changing expectations will also be covered in assigned case analysis. Prerequisite: None. The class will focus on the major challenges facing the health care industry and innovative solutions being developed across the country. Topics will include access, cost, long-term value analysis, implementing the Accountable Care Act, government and private health plans, accountable care organizations, electronic medical records, health information exchanges, centers of excellence, managing chronic disease, end-of-life issues, primary and preventative care, private practice, and collaboration and teamwork. Prerequisite: None Updated 7/18/22. Elective offerings subject to change each summer and fall semester. Get the information and resources you need for making decisions to support your academic success this semester.
https://management.buffalo.edu/degree-programs/professional-mba-pmba/current-students/course-descriptions-fall.html
Economics II (Micro & Macro) The general objective of this course is to acquaint students with the basics of microeconomics and Macroeconomics. It will enable students to analyze different constituents of microeconomics such as elasticity, consumer behavior, theories of production, cost and revenue, product pricing, and factor pricing. They will also obtain elementary insight on macroeconomics including money, banking, government finance, and international trade with special references to Nepal. - Developing an understanding of basic economic concepts and principles, such as supply and demand, market structures, and macroeconomic concepts like inflation and unemployment. - Analyzing and evaluating economic issues and making informed decisions about economic matters. - Understanding the role of government in the economy, including the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on economic growth and stability. - Appreciating the global economy and international trade and their impact on domestic economies. - Developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills through the application of economic concepts and principles to real-world situations. - Developing an understanding of the ethical and social implications of economic decisions. - Preparing students for further study in economics or related fields, and providing them with the skills and knowledge necessary to be informed citizens and active participants in the economy. Curriculum - 1 Section - 1 Lesson - 0 Quizzes - 0m Duration Elasticity and It's Measurement - Elasticity of Demand You must be logged in to submit a review.
https://yepnepal.com/course/economics-ii-micro-macro/
In sum, human dimensions research aims at understanding how human activity drives greenhouse gas emissions, regional air quality, land cover change, and alterations in terrestrial and marine ecosystems; predicting the course of the activities that drive those transformations; estimating how changes in climate, land cover, ecosystems, and atmospheric chemistry affect food, water, natural resources, human health, and the economy; analyzing the ways that societies manage environmental resources; and analyzing the feasibility and possible costs and implications of technical, economic, behavioral, and policy responses to those environmental changes. This research builds basic understanding of human-environment interactions and provides information and responsive tools to decision makers. Although research on the social and policy aspects of environmental change has a long history, human dimensions research only became formally linked to global change research in the late 1980s. The potential for making this link was set forth in seminal writings addressed to national and international research policy makers.5 Human dimensions research became part of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) in 1989 with a small National Science Foundation (NSF) program and has since become a significant component of the USGCRP. This activity, together with more general support from government, foundations, and universities for social science research on global change, has resulted in some significant accomplishments and insights in understanding the human dimensions of global climate change. Case Studies: Contributions of Human Dimensions Research in Addressing Global Change Human Dimensions Research and the IPCC Contributions to the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports are a good illustration of the significance and policy relevance of human dimensions research. The year 1988 is often identified as a turning point in public and political perceptions of climate change in the United States. While the news media linked drought to global warming, scientists, environmental groups, and decision makers gathered in Toronto to declare the need for a 20 percent cut in greenhouse gas emissions.6 Meanwhile, social and applied scientists were working to develop methods for assessing the economic and social consequences of climate change and examining the implications of the policies that might be used to mitigate it. The results of this research were reported to the IPCC and became an important part of international debate and decision making in response to the threat of climate change. For example, demographers, geographers, and others have estimated populations at risk from sea level rise and demonstrated the tremendous vulnerability of many large cities to climatic variations.7 The synthesized results of many country case studies indicated many billions of U.S. dollars in potential losses and protection costs associated with a 1-meter rise in sea level (see Table 7.3). TABLE 7.3 Impacts of a 1-Meter Sea Level Rise in Selected Countries To estimate the potential effects of global warming on the world's food system, agronomists and economists linked the output of climate models to crop yield and economic models.8 Figure 7.1 shows several important results of these studies, including the sensitivity of impact assessments to the results of different climate models, the considerable potential for adaptation to alter the impact of climate change, and the relative vulnerability of developing countries. Also important to the IPCC and other assessments are efforts to calculate the costs and benefits of various mitigation strategies, such as carbon taxes and carbon sequestration through reforestation, including estimates of nonmarket values. For example, the estimated costs of a carbon tax to achieve a 20 percent reduction in CO2 emissions ranged from $50 to $330 per ton of carbon in the IPCC study,9 depending on the economic assumptions and model used. Forest plantations and forest management have the potential to sequester up to 75 billion tons of carbon a year.10 Studies of the economic feasibility of this strategy have been used as a basis for discussions in the negotiations for the Framework Convention on Climate Change and have informed debate on strategies such as joint implementation of carbon reductions through aid for forest and energy efficiency projects. Also considered by the IPCC was the issue of deforestation in Amazonia, where human dimensions research has informed policy decisions in Amazonian nations, especially Brazil, and in international organizations such as the World Bank. In the late 1980s international attention focused on Amazonia, where rapid deforestation was linked to climate change, loss of biodiversity, and threats to indigenous peoples.11 Human dimensions research revealed the causes of forest destruction; for example, the building of highways opened the forest to migrants, many of whom did not know how to farm cleared land or manage forests sustainably.12 Biases in agricultural subsidies, tax incentives, and high inflation promoted extensive land clearing for ranching.13 Detailed social and spatial analyses of relationships among deforestation, secondary growth, and demo- graphic characteristics showed heterogeneous patterns that challenged simple explanations of land use change and showed the need for local strategies for ecosystem protection.14 Partly as a result of these research insights, countries such as Brazil have altered taxation and subsidy structures that favored ranching and have adopted policies for more sustainable development of forest lands. Multilateral development agencies now undertake environmental assessments for transportation and other development projects. Popular accounts are now more sensitive to the varied causes and responses to Amazonian deforestation. Consequences of Climate Change and Variability at the Regional Level Researchers have compiled data on overall losses from climatic disasters and have shown that economic damages are increasing dramatically, especially in the United States. For example, hurricane and flood losses have reached more than $1 billion annually in recent years and have stressed both federal disaster relief and private insurance systems.15 Although these increased disaster losses may be due to climate change, much of the increase is a result of increasing vulnerability resulting from more people living in hazard-prone locations, increasing property prices, and inadequate land use and building regulations. In the developing world, millions of people have been displaced by cyclones, flooding, and droughts, as population growth, migration, and poverty expose more people to climatic extremes.16 The human consequences of climate change and variability depend critically on the vulnerability of human populations and on their ability to adapt, as well as on climatic events. Studies have also identified a serious threat of changes in the patterns of diseases and pests associated with climate change and variability.17 The 1993 Midwest floods were associated with multiple epidemics in the United States. Heavy rains in Milwaukee overwhelmed the sanitation system, creating a plume of farm waste and contaminated runoff in Lake Michigan that later entered the water supply, resulting in a large outbreak of Cryptosporidium (400,000 cases, with more than 100 deaths). In Queens, New York, an exceptionally hot, humid summer boosted local mosquito populations, leading to local transmission of malaria. In the southwestern United States, intense rains provided a sudden burst of food supplies for rodents, following a six-year drought that significantly reduced rodent predators (owls, coyotes, and snakes). The 10-fold rise in rodents led to transmission of a ''new'' disease—hantavirus pulmonary syndrome—with a case fatality rate of 50 percent.
https://www.nap.edu/read/9641/chapter/4
ACCT501-Financial Accounting: The course emphasizes (1) the concepts and conventions that underlie financial statements, (2) the methods that are used to record, summarize and report the effects of economic activities in financial statements, (3) the interpretation and analysis of financial statements, (4) identify the main users of financial information, and (5) understand the role played in the financial reporting process by all the participants. ECON501-Macroeconomics for Global Economy: This course provides a unified framework that can be used to analyse macroeconomic issues such as growth, inflation, monetary policy, fiscal policy, quantitative easing and financial crises. The course is a mixture of macro theory and real-world applications. During the course, analytical models are developed and then are used to understand recent macroeconomic issues. FIN502-Finance: This course focuses on the financial tools and methods necessary for managers to make intelligent investment decisions. The course starts off by looking at the financial markets and the financial instruments traded in these markets. Throughout the course, there is increasingly more exposure to the quantitative tools and methods of modern finance. MGMT502-Data, Models and Decisions: In this course, students are exposed to quantitative modeling and decision making which help them analyze decision problems, develop a good understanding of the dynamics involved, and be able to generate good solutions. Topics include decision making under certainty, sensitivity analysis. Students learn to use the underlying tools within a spreadsheet environment by solving problems depicting real-world business issues. MGMT503-Business Statistics: With today’s information technology, companies are able to collect and store tremendous amounts of data easily. What distinguishes successful businesses from others is their ability to extract useful information from mountains of data and make decisions based on this information. Moreover, management decisions are typically made under uncertainty. This course introduces a set of quantitative tools and techniques for analyzing and interpreting data as well as measuring and modeling uncertainty. MGMT505-Business Ethics: Managers and employees continuously face ethical dilemmas in their professional careers. Hence it is crucial to integrate ethics into decision making processes at every level of an organization. Through theoretical approaches, critical (self-) reflections, and real business cases, this course provides a scientific framework for ethics in business. MGMT507-Managing and Leading Organizations: This course relates fundamental behavioral theories to actual organizational situations. As such, the course material includes articles, cases, simulations, experiential exercises, as well as lectures. The course consists of three modules reflecting three different levels of analysis. Module I focuses on individual and interpersonal behavior. Module II focuses on small group issues. Module III examines organization wide phenomena. MGMT701-Strategic Management: Strategic issues are at the core of company success and survival. This course discusses selected core concepts and tools of strategic management, such as resources, capabilities, environmental interaction, company and business model evolution, organization and portfolio of innovation, knowledge and stakeholder management, value creation, sustainable competitive advantage, performance impact, and strategic fit. During the course students make a strategic analysis of a real-world company, using these strategic management concepts. MKTG502-Marketing Management: The course provides an introduction to the role of marketing in an organization. Specifically, it addresses developing marketing solutions within the organization and developing the ability to define and analyze marketing problems. It addresses analytical concepts and techniques relevant for marketing decision making, with an emphasis on creating, capturing, and sustaining customer value. It provides a forum (both written and oral) for presenting and defending own marketing decisions, and for critically examining and discussing the recommendations of others. OPM502-Operations Management: Operations Management is the design, planning, coordination, and control of the transformation processes that create goods and services. Topics covered include process analysis and design, quality management, capacity planning, inventory management and just-in-time systems. Emphasis is on the application of these concepts to real companies from a variety of sectors. MGMT509-Managerial Skills Workshops and Orientation: This course provides a thorough orientation about the OzU MBA program, its requirements and expectations; it helps build fundamental managerial skills through applied individual and team-based exercises. The course opens with a reception and program overview session with presentation of the faculty, the nuts and bolts of the program and the secrets to success from former and current students. This is followed by two days of outdoor activities that helps to become a team with classmates, and five days of workshops that focus on building managerial skills such as time management, mastering MS Excel, persuasion and negotiation, preparing and delivering effective presentations, critical thinking through case studies and communicating ideas succinctly and effectively in writing. The program ends with a seminar on how the global financial crisis has affected the global economy. ACCT502-Managerial Accounting and Control: This course covers the process of identifying, measuring, analyzing and interpreting financial information for the pursuit of an organization’s operational goals. ECON721-Demystifying Turkish Economic Data: Each week, a different building block of the Turkish economy will be discussed. The course starts with a short-term and long-term growth perspective of the economy, which is followed by economic policy tools including monetary policy, fiscal policy, foreign trade dynamics, labor market as well as global and domestic challenges awaiting the Turkish economy in the post global crisis era. ECON722-Game Theory: This course introduces the fundamental concepts of game theory in a way that allows students to use them in analyzing decision-making processes of strategic agents and to learn how to structure and solve strategic problems. The course focuses on competitive and cooperative behavior when several agents with conflicting interests interact. In addition, throughout the course the focus is on real life examples in business, politics, wars, etc. where people interact to strike mutually agreeable deals or to resolve conflicts. FIN742-Financial Management: The course starts with a quick review of balance sheets, income statements, formation of cash flows, and basic knowledge of time value of money. The valuation of annuities, bonds and stocks are analyzed based on the knowledge of time value of money. In capital budgeting, net present value and alternative investment criteria are studied and projected cash flows and pro-forma income statements are utilized to make sound financial decisions using scenario, sensitivity, and simulation analyses. The concepts of risk, return, diversification, and beta are covered in detail in conjunction with the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The course ends with an analysis of cost of equity, cost of debt, and weighted average cost of capital and an evaluation of the effect of financial leverage and capital structure on EBIT, EPS, and RoE. MGMT500-Introduction to General Management: This course provides an introduction to the general manager’s perspective. It introduces the different dimensions and the complexities of this perspective, focusing on what managers do, entrepreneurship, systems and networks, innovation, project management, success metrics, and managerial skills. MGMT501-Management Communication: Communication is an integral component of management strategy and is a vital determinant of success in the workplace. The course aims specifically to improve students’ ability to write, speak, persuade, deliver effective presentations, network, use social media, manage crisis communication, and communicate across cultures in their roles as managers. At the end of the course, the participants will be able to think strategically about management communication and apply the relevant theories and methodologies to their professional lives to become effective and influential managers. MGMT526-Service Operations Management: Service firms have unique characteristics that demand different techniques and strategies for management. The course relies heavily on the case method to help students develop the skills to think like managers when addressing issues in improving operations performance in businesses in the service sectors that include the financial, healthcare, retail, transportation, tourism and hospitality sectors, among others. Some of the main topics include service strategy, design of services and delivery processes, demand and capacity management, queue management, lean service systems and service quality. For those students with entrepreneurial interests, the strategic focus of the course provides them with the foundation for starting and running their own service businesses. MGMT726-Data Mining and Business Intelligence: Recent technological advances and reduction of costs for computer storage spaces allow all kind of organizations to collect enormous amounts of data. Data Mining is a term used to describe the collective use of tools and techniques from various disciplines such as statistics, computer science, and information systems to discover patterns that are interesting and useful for the organization owning the data. The course encompasses the whole process of collecting, cleaning, analyzing data to turn it into actionable information that is consumable by various stakeholders in an organization. The course focuses on data mining and knowledge discovery methodologies and applications used for business intelligence purposes. Various software programs used in data mining are taught and extensively used to complete a real life term project. MGMT727-Quality and Process Management: This course familiarizes students with advanced concepts and techniques in quality and process management. The covered topics include an overview and history of quality, Total Quality Management (TQM), Lean/Six Sigma, mass customization, fundamentals of process analysis, capacity analysis, theory of constraints and constraint management, statistical process control and project management. The tools and techniques used in the design, improvement and control of business processes are explored in-depth through real-life applications. MGMT728-Financial Investments: This course provides the analytical tools, financial theory, and empirical evidence necessary for making informed investment decisions. Topics covered include, but are not limited to: risk and return and the CAPM, optimal capital allocation and the Markowitz portfolio selection model, the Black-Litterman, and Treynor-Black models, and performance management and attribution. MGMT731-Return on Marketing Investment: Organizations spend lots of time and money on new marketing or strategic initiatives without putting in place the metrics that enable them to track if and when it is working. This course focuses on marketing performance measurement and feedback systems that enable managers to take smarter risks by assessing experimental projects and forecasting the profit potential of bigger, bolder initiatives. In this respect, it brings together several key business areas, including marketing, strategy and finance. This course enables students to measure and evaluate the profit impact of marketing actions and to develop ‘market dashboards’ that summarize marketing productivity and suggest steps for performance improvement in marketing strategy and tactics. MGMT732-Market Research: The quality of marketing research information depends critically on the care exercised in executing the various steps of the marketing research process. Hence, one important objective of the course is to develop a solid understanding of contemporary marketing research methods that are used by better-managed firms. The course provides a basic understanding of research methodology and implementation in marketing. Although one may find the latter part of this course to be more quantitative in its orientation than an introductory course in marketing, the basic premise is, as a user, one must know enough about a process to be able to ask intelligent questions and seek answers. The process here is research in marketing. MGMT733-The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets: This course analyzes contemporary and conceptual issues in financial markets, monetary economics and the banking system. It also attempts to develop a series of applications of principles from finance and economics that explore the connection between financial markets, financial institutions and the economy. MGMT736-New Product Development: Expertise in the design and marketing of new products is a critical skill for all managers, inside and outside of the marketing department. This course focuses on the tools and techniques associated with analyzing market opportunities and then designing, testing, and introducing new products and services. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches are covered. In particular, the course covers the new product development process, market entry strategies, how to generate new product ideas, mapping customer perceptions, segmentation, product positioning, forecasting market demand, product design, and advertising and product testing. In addition, the course provides practical guidance on the new product development related issues, such as NPD team management, and idea pitching. MGMT738-Quantitative Sustainability: As the name suggests, the course on quantitative sustainability involves examining the definition and limits of sustainability for corporations in a quantifiable way. The approach does not only take the environmental sustainability in consideration but rather applies a triple bottom line method which includes economic sustainability and social sustainability as well. Nevertheless, methods used in quantifying the environmental impact and sustainability like carbon footprint analysis and life cycle analysis are also covered in the course. MGMT739-Strategy Process: This course is about the process of strategy making. While competitive and corporate strategy deals with the question of “what”, this course focuses on the equally important question of “how”. Different aspects of strategy process, such as, understanding the trends in the environment, organizational structure, top management decision-making, and organizational culture are covered. In doing so, a better understanding of the nature of the organizations is acquired which, can be a particularly important managerial knowledge, since many top managers admit that the lack of understanding of organizational structure and other organizational issues is the one of the main impediments against executing successful strategies. A combination of cases, simulations, lectures, and class exercises is used throughout the course. MGMT742-Behavioral Decision Making: Individuals continuously have to make judgments about various risks and uncertainties, and make decisions to obtain the outcomes they desire. To succeed in today’s complex economic and social environment, we need to excel as decision makers. This course improves decisions by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of human judgment and reasoning in both business and life. The sessions involve puzzles and brain-teasers, letting the participants experience first- hand a variety of interesting and relevant decision situations. MGMT743-Technology and Innovation Management: In this course, all aspects of managing innovation and technology; from recognizing the need and desire to be creative and innovative, using imagination to add value, developing structures, systems and incentives that encourage and implement innovation, are discussed. Furthermore, the new trends in innovation is examined. The course starts with a macro-level approach to innovation (i.e., the wealth creation character and role of innovative entrepreneurship in the economic growth of nations). Then, theories and practices of creativity and innovation are discussed at the micro-level (organizational level). The third part discusses creativity, the basic ingredient of innovation, at multiple levels (the individual, group and organizational level). Then creativity generation techniques are presented. Special emphasis is given to technological innovation and technology S-Curves, and sustaining and disruptive technologies in particular. MGMT745-International Strategy and Organization: This course explores the strategic and organizational challenges involved in building and managing a multinational enterprise (MNE) are explored and ways in which companies respond to these challenges are examined. The course emphasizes frameworks to choose among foreign markets, developing appropriate entry strategies; optimally configuring value chain activities across borders and selecting the right strategy in serving foreign markets. The last part of the course focuses on the link between strategy and structure. The overall theme is converting global presence into global competitive advantage. MGMT750-Business Planning: Entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs alike build business plans not only to facilitate the establishment of companies, but to maintain and improve the ongoing operations of organizations, acquire financing, and to solidify stakeholder relationships. This course examines (1) how to construct a business plan that is integrated with personal goals and lifestyle choices of the entrepreneur, (2) how to benefit from people in advisory roles in the business planning processes (3) how to present your business plan effectively. This course is writing-intensive and multidisciplinary in nature. It draw on concepts, skills, and insights from such disciplines as marketing, operations, finance, decision making, leadership, ethics, and strategy. MGMT751-Lean StartUp Methodology to Drive Innovation for Large Companies: This course introduces the principles underlying the lean startup methodology and how it can be adapted for large organizations. There is an emphasis on the importance of testing and experimentation in innovation projects. Students learn how to generate insights, truly understand customer problems, provide solutions through minimum viable prototypes and minimum awesome products, and go to market strategies using the business model canvas. MGMT776-Project Management: This course is targeted at individuals interested in developing both their understanding of project management as a management activity and their project management skills. As well as teaching project management tools and techniques, it provides a clear view of how successful project management contributes to competitiveness of a firm, and of successful practices in organizing for, selecting, planning and executing projects. MKTG734-Consumer Behavior: This course introduces the students to the complex decision making world of consumers and provides them with tools to better understand consumer behavior. MKTG735-Integrated Marketing Communications: This course introduces the principles underlying modern communication management. There is an emphasis on the integration of most modern communication channels like print, TV, radio and online. Students learn how to influence consumer decision making with the help of marketing communications. In addition the course focuses on important communication tasks like ad budgeting, advertising agency selection, message creation, and media management. MKTG736-Online Advertising: This course covers all recent forms of online advertising (e.g., traditional banner advertising, search engine advertising, affiliate marketing, real-time advertising, viral marketing) and provides students with methods and new tools (e.g., analysis of the profitability of paid search campaigns, social network analysis) to analyze online advertising campaigns and eventually make better marketing decisions. MKTG737-Personal Selling and Sales Management: This course is a thorough discussion and application of personal selling and sales management in corporate as well as entrepreneurial business contexts. The main components cover sales planning in accordance with business strategies, personal selling, and sales force management. The course focuses on the sales process; sales planning; the relationship between sales and corporate vision; personal selling through trusted relationships; the sales force structure, recruitment, training, motivation, performance management, and compensation; and use of technology to improve sales effectiveness. MKTG743-Strategic Brand Management: This course discusses the complex world of brand management. Specifically, the topics that are discussed include brand strategy planning (i.e., building brand portfolio, cannibalization, leveraging brand equity) and implementing the brand strategy through situation analysis, consumer analysis and marketing mix (4Ps). The course encourages the students to test their knowledge and skills in brand management using a simulation. MKTG744-Advertising and Marketing Communications: This course introduces the principles underlying modern marketing communication management. There is an emphasis on the integration of most modern communication channels. The course covers basic consumer behaviour patterns that can be influenced with the help of corporate communication. Further the course helps to manage and maintain communication campaigns, designing ad campaigns, making budget decisions and understanding state of the art campaigning. OPM732-Supply Chain Management: In this course, students are introduced concepts of supply chain management and related decision problems. Topics include supply chain dynamics and structure, demand and supply matching, inventory management, and supply chain contracts. OPM733-Retail Operations: Retail is the sale of goods and services to the end consumer. The retail industry is at the forefront of business changes through its direct connection with the consumer. This course develops managerial insights for the retail sector and uses quantitative and empirical modeling skills. Topics discussed include responsive supply chains, store execution, assortment planning, retail pricing, online retailing, sustainability, retailing in emerging markets, and the link between inventory and financial performance.
https://www.ozyegin.edu.tr/en/mba/academic-program/courses
objective. - Eco2 Cities : Ecological Cities as Economic CitiesREA AuditadoThis book provides an overview of the World Bank's Eco2 cities : ecological cities as economic cities initiative. The objective of the Eco2 cities initiative is to help cities in developing countries achieve a greater degree of ecological and economic sustainability. The book is divided into three parts. Part one describes the Eco2 cities initiative framework. It describes the approach, beginning with the background and rationale. - Environmental Flows in Water Resources Policies, Plans, and Projects : Findings and RecommendationsREA AuditadoThe overall goal of the analysis presented in this report is to advance the understanding and integration in operational terms of environmental water allocation into integrated water resources management. - The Cost of Environmental Degradation : Case Studies from the Middle East and North AfricaREA AuditadoEnvironmental degradation is costly, to individuals, to societies, and to the environment. This book, edited by Lelia Croitoru and Maria Sarraf, makes these costs clear by examining a number of studies carried out over the past few years by the World Bank's Middle East and North Africa region. Even more important than estimating the monetary cost of environmental degradation (COED), however, are the clear guidance and policy implications derived from these findings. - India's Investment Climate : Voices of Indian BusinessREA AuditadoThis book identifies key investment climate bottlenecks that slow down growth and poverty reduction. Based on face-to-face surveys of owners and managers of firms, combined with extensive dataset analysis, backed by secondary sources, the study analyses the critical factors that influence day-to-day decisions by firms on how to invest. As a result, it identifies growth-enabling reforms that cover macroeconomic policies, governance, institutions, and infrastructure. - Linking gender, environment, and poverty for sustainable development : a synthesis report on Ethiopia and GhanaREA AuditadoPoverty, environment, social development, and gender are important cross-cutting themes of the World Bank and government investment programs, especially within the Sustainable Development Network (SDN). For developing sectoral strategies and programs, economic, environment and social assessments are undertaken, however, these are usually done separately, and most often gender issues are not included. - West Bank and Gaza - Municipal finance and service provision (Vol. 1 of 2)REA AuditadoThe main general objective of this study is to promote a deeper understanding of municipal finance in the West Bank and Gaza, including identification of the key issues that local governments currently face. The paper discusses the policy implications associated with its main findings as potential policy options for future decision making on local government reforms. - Barriers to Trade in Services in the CEFTA RegionREA AuditadoThis paper describes the economic importance of the service sector in Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) countries and current barriers to trade in services between CEFTA countries. It looks at four sectors: construction, land transport, legal services, and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services. The intent is to stimulate dialogue on trade in services between decision-makers in CEFTA countries. - 11.431J / 15.426J Real Estate Finance and Investment, Fall 2002REA AuditadoConcepts and techniques for analyzing financial decisions in property development and investment. Topics: leasing and property income streams, pro forma analysis, equity valuation, tax analysis, options, risk, and the financial structuring of real property ownership. From the course home page: Course Description This course is an introduction to the most fundamental concepts, principles, analytical methods and tools useful for making investment and finance decisions regarding commercial real estate assets.Tema: general: - The ABC classification process is an analysis of a range of items, such as finished products or customers into three categories: A - outstandingly important; B - of average importance; C - relatively unimportant as a basis for a control scheme. Each category can and sometimes should be handled in a different way, with more attention being devoted to category A, less to B, and less to C.
http://temoa.tec.mx/es/search/apachesolr_search/Multi-criteria%20decision%20analysis?page=5&filters=tid%3A30907%20tid%3A136
Today saw the publication of a special issue of Experimental Agriculture guest edited by Tilahun Amede, Shirley Tarawali and Don Peden. It presents evidence from Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and India, and captures current understanding of strategies to improve water productivity in drought-prone crop-livestock systems. Crop-livestock systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are mostly rainfall-dependent and based on fragmented marginal lands that are vulnerable to soil erosion, drought and variable weather conditions. The threat of water scarcity in these systems is real, due to expanding demand for food and feed, climate variability and inappropriate land use. According to recent estimates, farming, industrial and urban needs in developing countries will increase water demand by 40% by 2030. Water shortage is expected to be severe in areas where the amount of rainfall will decrease due to climate change. The lack of capacity of communities living in drought-prone regions to respond to market opportunities, climatic variability and associated water scarcity also results from very low water storage facilities, poverty and limited institutional capacities to efficiently manage the available water resources at local, national and basin scales. The spiral of watershed degradation causes decline in water budgets, decreases soil fertility and reduces farm incomes in SSA and reduces crop and livestock water productivity. In areas where irrigated agriculture is feasible, there is an increasing demand for water and competition among different users and uses. Strategies and policies to reduce rural poverty should not only target increasing food production but should also emphasize improving water productivity at farm, landscape, sub-basin and higher levels. In drought-prone rural areas, an increase of 1% in crop water productivity makes available at least an extra 24 litres of water a day per person. Moreover, farming systems with efficient use of water resources are commonly responsive to external and internal drivers of change. Articles included in the issue are:
https://newsarchive.ilri.org/index.php/archives/author/pballantyne/page/2
Don't have an account? Register Now! Register COVID-19 Jobs & Resources COVID-19 Jobs & Resources Search Jobs Search Jobs News News Advice Advice Recruiters Recruiters Associate, Real Estate Research Asia Associate, Real Estate Research Asia … Share Save Apply Invesco in Hong Kong Permanent, Full time Last application, 21 Oct 20 65000 Invesco in Hong Kong Permanent, Full time Last application, 21 Oct 20 65000 Posted by: Sylvia Poon • Recruiter View profile & contact Posted by: Sylvia Poon Recruiter View profile & contact The Research Analyst position is based in Hong Kong and will be supporting the APAC Real Estate Research team on researching, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data related to markets, operations, finance / accounting, economics, customers, and other information related to the real estate industry. The role demands an attention to details and requires an ability to comprehend various issues within the limited time frame. This role will have a chance to work with colleagues in other regions and function teams in Invesco, and external parties in the industry. Report directly to the Head of Asia Pacific Real Estate Research Support research strategist in developing market insight and strategic recommendations by quantitative analysis of key markets in the Asia Pacific region Create sophisticated forecast and statistical models to support views Proactively assist with the development of Invesco Real Estate’s forecasting systems, models and House Views Carry out interdisciplinary consultations with colleagues at Invesco Real Estate to refine views Work closely with other team members in developing and enhancing the data management and analytics function Effectively communicate views to internal and external clients via writing reports / articles and making presentations Develop knowledge of external data providers in order to help maintain the quality and accuracy of the Asia Pacific real estate database Co-ordinates and monitors tasks / manage own tasks in a structured fashion / identifies problem and takes corrective action / keeps sponsor informed of progress/issues Work effectively as part of the regional and global research team QUALIFICATIONS: 3+ years industry experience and a solid background in economic and/or real estate research University degree in economics, finance, data science, real estate or related fields Knowledge in economic, demographic and capital market trends and their implications on real estate investments A proven numerate background and strong computer skills (especially the Microsoft Office suite of applications) are important; knowledge of applied statistics and econometric modelling techniques would be a benefit; knowledge of GIS systems and / or R programming would a considerable advantage Ability to present technical analysis in a clear and concise manner. Effective communication skills, ability to deal with people at all levels Strong command in written and spoken English Strong analytical mind; a team player; self-motivated Occasional travel is required Job ID: 27008HKG 7AMuaLA7L84fRNnG Posted Date: 20 Oct 20 More Invesco jobs Principle Analyst, Infra CX (IT Help Desk) Assistant Manager, Data Management Analyst, Finance And Insurance Industry More Jobs Like This 2021 Asia Pacific Markets, Equity Research Associate Summer Internship Program in Hong Kong 2021 MBA Summer Intern, Credit Research - Asia Associate - Index Research Analyst - Instinet - Hong Kong Private Equity / Real Estate / Venture Capital - Several Fund Operations / Accounting / Research & Audit Opportunities Associate, Financial Institutions Risk Asia Senior Associate, Real Estate Investment Senior Associate, Real Estate (Focus on Finance and Accounting) Real Estate - Investments, Analyst - Associate Associate, Real Estate Investment Investment Associate- Real Estate for PE fund house See more jobs Close Ad Loading... Loading...
https://www.efinancialcareers.com/jobs-Hong_Kong-Hong_Kong-Associate_Real_Estate_Research_Asia.id08696255
As nurses move upward in organizations, the decision making, the problem solving, and the project management become increasingly complex and multi-functional. Comprehensive management training is required for the potential nurse leaders in order to equip them with knowledge and skills as well as experience sharing, which required for performing their leadership and management role at work. Nursing Leadership and Health Care Management Programme is specifically designed to equip nurse leaders who can make informed, strategic decisions regarding all aspects of health care management, including effective delivery of high-quality care, survives consolidation, escalating costs, disproportionate access to health care, effective health information technology, and ever-increasing regulation. Application Deadline: 7 December 2019 (Saturday) 10 Modules - Global Perspective on Healthcare Management in relation to Nursing Management Taking an international and comparative approach, this module introduces different types of health system and attempts to respond the issue of which approaches to designing and improving health systems are most likely to have a better performance. It enables the students to understand and critically evaluate health care systems in terms of their main structures, financing, delivery of health care, the role of the government and other dimensions. The module will also consider and critically assess the performance of different health systems and discuss various strategies in response to health needs. Local health care systems (public and private) and crucial issues will be discussed in evidence-based approach. - Organizational Development and Strategic Management This module enhances student’s understanding of Organizational Development concepts in enhancing their management in an organization, which includes: - Organization development theories: the Fifth Disciplines - Different models of organizational structures and how they affect policy making - "What” and “Why” to strategic management - Concepts of Blue Ocean Strategies - Operations Management Bottlenecks, backlog, ageing, queuing, medical incidents, hospitals everywhere face the same business challenges. These problems impede improvement, exhaust resources, and compromise customer satisfaction. This module provides insight into the major requirements to be met in the service design, planning, operation and control of hospitals and health services, and develop a numerate approach to the challenge and practice of health management. - Qualitative approach on decision making - Quantitative approach on decision making - Project management and scheduling - Service planning and commissioning - Crisis Management - Better client relationship - Human Resources Management This module enhances students’ understanding of, and ability to manage, the human aspects of the health care services. The module focuses on key issues associated with leading and managing health care organisations, and explores more practical aspects of human resources management. - The role, function and trend of human resources - Manpower planning - Law and practice relating to employment - Recruitment and selection - Performance management - Training and Development - Health Economic and Financial Management The purpose of this course is to provide an overview and discussion of important sources of health economics information, and aim to introduce students to key knowledge and skills pertaining to Public Financial Management: - Describes the scope of health economics and its key information resources - Highlights the sources and characteristics of health care financing information - Outlines issues relating to the quality of health economic evaluation studies - Background information of Hospital Authority - Overview on hospital’s Annual and Budget Planning - Budget Management in public hospitals - Budget Control and Monitoring - Financial Performance Reporting - Quality and Patient Safety This module aims to equip students at advanced practice level with contemporary knowledge and skills in health care quality, risk management and patient safety. It includes: - Overview on health care quality - Relations between patient safety, risk and quality - Human Factors Framework - Understanding adverse events - Human Factor skills and patient safety - Complaint management - Strategies for quality and safety improvement - Impact of hospital accreditation and magnet hospital - Information Management, Legal and Ethical Implications in Health The module is structured to help advance the understanding on information management, ethical & legal aspects in health care and the application on health care organization. The module emphasizes quality healthcare data as the foundation for organizational information and knowledge management systems. It also appraises critically the complexity of ethical and legal requirements for healthcare professionals in practice situations, express their ideas coherently and critically on the ethical and legal issues in practice contexts, recognize the moral and legal obligations in the context of professional practice, and communicate their comprehension on the principles of bioethics and law and how they can be applied in specific healthcare situations. The module will prepare the students to: - Improve the strategic use and management of information resources, such as, big data analysis - Develop policies to maximize the benefits resulting from the widespread use of these technologies - Increase the productivity and creativity of knowledge workers, managers, and executives who work with information resources, such as, Mobile solution, Apps application - Evaluate, plan, and deploy the effective use of information and communication technologies - Ethical Aspect in health care - Principles of law and its relevance to health care - Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) and Management The module would let students able to appreciate the application of Evidence-based Practice for improvement of patient care and drive the use of Evidence-based Practice in work place. This module enhances students’ - basic concepts of EBP - how to ask a practice question - process and model of EBP - value of EBP in quality and safety management - strategies to promote EBP - Nursing Leadership in Health Care The module would let students able to understand the leader’s role in managing change, identify the important elements in promoting creativity and innovation, master the skills in improving motivation, creativity and innovation, health leader’s role in managing change, important elements in creativity and innovation, and putting creativity and innovation into health care practice. - Managing Change and Innovation The module would let students able to understand the quality and behavior of a nurse leader, master the latest in nursing leadership skills and know how to inspire, motivate people and create incentive, which includes: - Develop nursing leadership in health care - Leading through people - Motivate self and motivate people - Skills in nursing leadership - coaching Assessment & Award The programme contains 167 learning hours. Students are required to complete at least 80% attendance. Students are assessed by a combination of coursework and an individual project. An advanced diploma will be awarded upon completion of the programme with fulfillment of required assessment. Admission Requirment As the Programme is in Post-graduate Qualification Level, students should have completed a recognized bachelor degree, at least 5 years Registered Nurse experience is a MUST, and fulfill the entry assessment of the programme. Teaching Schedule College may arrange any learning activities outside the classroom to enrich the managerial experiences of students. Remarks: The above dates may be subject to change.
http://www.hkcnhcm.org/index.php/course-information/advdip-programme
The College of Business Administration serves business and society through the expertise of our alumni, students, and faculty. The College provides academically rigorous programs emphasizing the application of theory and skills in scientific, technological, and traditional business environments. The faculty develop and disseminate knowledge of business theories and practices. Students who major in information systems become experts in how to use computers to advance an organization's goals. Information systems professionals help organizations design and use systems for conducting financial transactions, managing information about customers and suppliers, and ensuring the security of communications. They study how people adapt to new information technologies and advise organizations how to make the most of the information available to them. Information systems is one of the fastest growing fields in the country. Small companies, large companies, not-for-profits, and government agencies all need information systems professionals. The MS-CBS-M degree program, part of an interdisciplinary cybersecurity MS degree, prepares students to enter the cybersecurity profession in a wide variety of positions. While the curriculum emphasizes both managerial and technical aspects of cybersecurity, its overall structure is designed to prepare students for a career leading to managerial- and/or executive-level positions related to cybersecurity. Students will learn to design, implement, and manage cybersecurity systems with the purpose of providing organizational decision-makers the ability to manage the cybersecurity function effectively and efficiently. The MS-IS degree program prepares students to enter the information systems and technology (IS/T) profession in a wide variety of positions. While the curriculum emphasizes both managerial and technical aspects of IS/T, its overall structure is designed to prepare students for a career leading to managerial- and/or executive-level positions related to IS/T. Students will learn to design, implement, and operate information systems with the purpose of providing organizational decision-makers with the information needed to manage effectively and efficiently. In addition, students will learn to obtain new business insights by using various business analytics and data management tools. This program is designed for professionals who want to identify meaningful patterns in business data, understand cause and effect, and help an organization reduce risk and make better decisions. Program participants will learn to mine and analyze data, design experiments, apply statistical methods, and design solutions to business problems. Students will have many opportunities to apply analytical techniques to real problems as part of a business analytics practicum. The MS-SCLM program is for professionals who want to use supply chain management theories and methods to make significant contributions in solving strategic and managerial supply chain problems. Students learn about supply chain dynamics; conduct analyses necessary for designing supply chain management systems that fulfill an organization's supply chain strategy; model and interpret supply chains and processes for identifying problems, improving efficiencies, and improving service to stakeholders; translate data from supply chain systems into useful information for improved decision-making; and how to manage all aspects of an organization's integrated supply chain. Students will have many opportunities to apply supply chain tools and techniques to real problems as part of a supply chain practicum. Offered at night to accommodate working professionals, the Enterprise Resource Planning Certificate prepares graduates to employ ERP systems in commercial and DoD environments, and provides students with an understanding of their importance in organizations and their power to integrate all business functions. With the demand for IT security professionals at an all-time high, UAH's College of Business Administration has created a graduate certificate program in Cybersecurity Studies. Learn how to secure and defend networks, recover from security failures, use computer forensics, and manage data security. In addition to receiving a graduate certificate from UAH, students will also get training to help them prepare for tests that will qualify them for additional security certifications, such as Security+ and CISSP (Certified Information Systems Security Professional). Introduces the theories and concepts of business contingency planning through risk analysis and disaster recovery planning. This course is designed to provide a greater understanding of the assessment and management of risk and disaster recovery within the organization. The course will emphasize the nature of risk, risk assessment, risk management, and disaster recovery and how these concepts can be addressed effectively through businesscontingency planning. This course will change the way you think about the relationship between data and business decision-making. We will examine real-world examples and cases to understand how Business Intelligence and Analytics (BIA) can enhance business competitiveness. We will use many BIA tools, giving students hands-on experience mining data. More importantly, this course will help students to develop data-analytical thinking in the era of "big data.". Explores the theories, features, and capabilities of relational database management systems in a business environment. Examines how to read and interpret database design documents and how to query database driven business applications. Emphasizes the use of database management systems and data mining tools in real-world business settings and how these technologies can be applied effectively to solve business problems. Develops an understading of how information technology (IT) can enable organizations to conduct business more effectively in a rapidly changing business environment. Includes strategies to manage and leverage the organization's IT capabilities to deploy digital business models and maintain efficient and profitable business operations. Students will use systems and business process thinking to create and analyze strategies for technology enabled organizational transformation. Students will also use Enterprise Systems like SAP and other technologies as part of the course to understand their integrative capabilities to meet the Information needs of an organization. This course discusses the management of the operations function for the creation of goods and services and its relationship with other business functions in service, manufacturing, and government organizations. Topics include operations strategy and infrastructure decisions, merging process technologies, planning and scheduling, inventory management, just-in-time systems, quality management, six sigma and lean operations. Concepts are illustrated using the SAP software. This course presents the main concepts of supply chain management systems and software including ERP, CRM, and SCM systems as well as the underlying technologies and managerial implications. It provides hands on familiarity with SAP supply chain modules. This course examines the concepts, design, configuration and implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems with a view to integrate all aspects of an organization into one information system. Specific attention is given as to how ERP systems facilitate the flow of information supporting core business processes and the organization's supply chain. The course will emphasize the SAP configuration and strategic use of ERP systems to support the organizational structures and business processes of the particular company to efficiently and effectively manage a firm's business. Extensive use of SAP software is made in illustrating the configuration, implementation, and use of ERP systems in business and governmental organizations. An analysis of transportation and logistical services to include customer service, distribution operations, purchasing, order processing, facility design and operations, carrier selection, vehicle routing, and transportation costs. This course covers most of the important topics in computer forensics. It examines the problems and concerns related to computer investigations. It introduces systematical problem-solving techniques and applies them to computing investigations. It implements a variety of computer forensic tools in real-life scenarios. Examines the management issues associated with the control and audit of information systems. Specific emphasis is on IT controls and their evaluation, computer-based auditing techniques, encryption, and security policies. Recent developments in IT, such as client-server systems and the Internet and their impact on auditing control, and security, are also considered. Provides an introduction to the area of network security. Addresses security issues and practical applications related to Network Address Translation, packet filtering, proxy servers and firewalls, and Virtual Private Networks. This course assumes familiarity with the Internet and basic networking concepts such as TCP/IP, gateways, routers, and Ethernet. An overview of the IT Infrastructure in modern organizations. The course starts from basic telecommunications networking concepts to digital platforms and ecosystems in the market. The course will cover internet, LAN & WAN protocols. Advanced business language features, control language and file handling, object oriented programming, software quality and maintenance. Workflow programming is also covered. Fosters data-analytical thinking. Uses real-world examples and cases to explore the use of big data for business descision-making and how Business Intelligence and Analytics (BIA) enhances business competitiveness. Provides hands-on experience mining data using many BIA tools. The management of data resources to effectively support the information systems of organizations. The course focuses on relational database model and Oracle SQL. It provides students with extensive experiences in formulating and executing SQL queries to retrieve and manipulate information from a relational database management system. This course examines the concepts and uses of enterprise systems to integrate all aspects of an organization into one information system. Specific attention is given to how ERP systems facilitate the flow of information supporting core business processes and the organization's supply chain. The course will emphasize the adaptation of ERP systems to support the organizational structures and business processes of the particular company to efficiently and effectively manage a firm's business. This course emphasizes the integration of various principles, theories, and techniques for implementing, deploying and managing enterprise information systems in organizations to gain strategic and operational advantages. Includes lectures, tours, readings, cases, and the completion of a major project. Normally taken during a student's last semester of studies. Identifying, analyzing, developing and acquiring information systems are central to the information systems discipline. The course covers identifying, conceptualizing and analyzing business opportunities where information systems applications can add value followed by design, development, and implementation of such applications. Planning for and management of this core IS activity is a critical organizational competence. This course presents teh main concepts of supply chain management systems and software including ERP, CRM and SCM systems as well as the underlying technologies and managerial implications. It provides hands on familiarity with SAP supply chain modules. Provides an introduction to the area of computer forensixs. Examines the problems and concerns related to computer investigations. Blends traditional investigation methods with classic systems-analysis problem-solving techniques and applies them to computing investigations. This course is lab intensive and students are expected to gain hands-on experience through learning to use various forensic software. Several information security topics nonspecific to forensics will also be covered. Introduction to network security issues and practical applications. Addresses translation, packet filtering, proxy servers, and firewalls, and Virtual Private Networks. This course assumes familiarity with Internet and basic networking concepts such as TCP/IP, gateways, routers, and Ethernet. An overview of te IT infrastructure in modern organizations. The course starts from basic telecommunications networking concepts to digital platforms and ecosystems in the market. A capstone course emphasizing the integration of various principles, theories, and techniques for developing, implementing and using cybersecurity tools and strategies and applications in organizations. Includes readings, lectures, situation analysis, cases, and the completion of a major practical project. Introduction to cryptography and computer security through hardware and physical security to a knowledge of audit methods, security management, and public law. The course will introduce security engineering skills such as business process analysis, software security, IAE evaluation, and IAE testing. This course examines the issues related to security policies, models and mechanisms applicable to providing security for computer-based systems including operating systems, database management systems, and networks. This capstone course emphasizes the integration of various principles, theories, and techniques for developing, implementing and using information systems strategies and applications in organizations. It aims at providing a holistic view of Information Systems and Technology (IS/T)function in an organization with a view to serve an organization's mission and strategy throughout the value and supply chain. These skills will be placed in the context of business processes where they will be applied. Thus, in this course we will explore ways and means to help executives and managers make better decisions in the manufacturing and service sectors through a strategic use of IS/T. Identifying, analyzing, developing and acquiring information systems are central to the information systems discipline. The course has to do with identifying, conceptualizing and analyzing business opportunities where information systems applications can add value followed by design, development, and implementation of such applications. Planning for and management of this core IS activity is a critical organizational competence. This course focuses on concepts and methods in business analytics. Topics include data quality and cleaning, predictive modeling, design of experiments, segmentation, forecasting, usage and limitations of models, and interpretation and presentation of results. This course provides a hands-on environment using real data to prepare students to apply these techniques in business environments. A capstone course emphasizing rigorously interpreting the results of analytic models and intuitively communicating the derived business insights to business clients and corporate executives. The majority of this course is devoted to a major practical project in which students apply skills learned from previous analytics courses to a real world business problem, preferably in cooperation with a local organization. This course will change the way you think about the relationship between data and business decision-making. We will examine real-world examples and cases to understand how Business Intelligence and Analytics (BIA) can enhance business competitiveness. We will use many BIA tools, giving students hands-on experience mining data. More importantly, this course will help students to develop data-analytical thinking in the era of "big data." This course focuses on tools and methods for modeling, analyzing and solving problems involving business decision making. Spreadsheet analysis, optimization, and simulation techniques will be covered. Topics include linear and nonlinear optimization, network models, decision analysis and simulation of complex models in a spreadsheet environment as well as using other commercial software packages. A graduate level introduction to the accounting framework and how it is used in evaluating economic conditions and success in decision making organizations. The course considers financial statements, accounting reports, and accounting terminology that constitutes the language of business. The course also introduces the use of accounting information for decision making, coordinating, motivating, and evaluating. An introduction to and application of several fundamental quantitative methods and business analytics tools in business. Topics include probability distributions, sampling distributions, confidence interval estimation, hypothesis testing, ANPVA, linear regression, linear optimization, and simulation. Broad-based introductory survey of Modeling & Simulation intended to provide an overview that exposes entering Modeling & Simulation students to a full range of teh discipline. Surveyed items include indentification, categorization and comparison of modeling methods, applications, architectures, and environments. Appropriate applications for different simulation paradigms and relative advantages and disadvantages of each. Model testing and validation approaches, distributed simulated, graphics and visualization, and other topics are introduced. Case studies of Modeling & Simulation applications. This course discusses the concepts and components of the entire supply chain from a system of systems perspective. Emphasis is on integration, collaboration and planning related to major functional areas required to organize the flow of products from inception through delivery to satisfy final customer needs. Information and communication technology as an enabler of supply chain management strategies is also discussed. Concepts are emphasized utilizing experiential learning and case studies. This integrative course discusses the strategic role of supply chain management in organizations and develops a working knowledge of the process of formulating and implementing supply chain strategies to gain competitive advantage in a global environment. Topics covered include the linkage of supply chain strategies with corporate strategy, customer relationship and supplier relationship strategies, outsourcing strategies and related infrastructure needs to implement supply chain strategies. A team based practicum project helps students apply concepts and methods to real world problems.
https://eduglopedia.org/college-of-business-administration-university-of-alabama-in-huntsville
Presentation is loading. Please wait. Published byJesse Barker Modified over 5 years ago 1 Chapter 2 Economic Resources and Systems 2 Factors of Production Just as individuals have to deal with a shortage of resources, so do societies A society might not have enough oil, doctors, or technology to satisfy the wants and needs or its people. This shortage or resources is called Scarcity A basic economic problem for any society is how to manage its resources. 3 Factors of Production To meet the wants and needs of its people, a society must produce goods and services. The means to produce them are called economic resources, or factors of production. You can differentiate four types of economic resources 4 1. Natural Resources The raw materials found in nature are called natural resources Natural resources become factors of production when we use them to produce goods. For example Nylon is a synthetic material derived from coal, water, and air The economy of many countries is based on their natural resources. 5 1.Natural Resources Some resources, like wheat and cattle, are renewable. They can be reproduced. Other resources are limited, or nonrenewable, like coal, iron, and oil. The amount of natural resources available to a society has a direct effect on its economy. 6 2.Human Resources The knowledge, efforts, and skills people bring to their work are called human resources, or labor. Teachers, coal miners, bank managers, and farm workers are all human resources Labor can be skilled or unskilled, physical or intellectual. One of the biggest problems facing many nations today is not a shortage of labor but a shortage of skilled labor. 7 3.Capital Resources Another factor of production is capital resource Capital resources are not the same as capital, or money Capital resources are the things used to produce goods and services, like buildings, materials, and equipment. They include delivery trucks, cash registers or medical supplies As the wants and needs of people change, so do the needs for capital resources. 8 4. Entrepreneurial Resources Meeting the changing wants and needs of people requires entrepreneurial resources. Entrepreneurs recognize the need for new goods and services Entrepreneurs improve on ways to use resources, or create and produce new ones. Henry Ford perfected the factory assembly line method of mass production William Hewlett & David Packard developed the scientific calculator 9 4. Entrepreneurial Resources A key to dealing with scarcity is to develop new resources and technologies. For example researchers at Pioneer Hi-Bred and DuPoint are developing and improving insect resistant corn to protect it against corn rootworm, which is costly expense to farmers This enable more corn to be produced resulting in making it less scarce. 10 Making Decisions About Production No society has enough productive resources available to produce everything people want. Every society must make choices Rules and regulations determine choices. You can summarize how economic decisions are made by answering 3 economic questions 11 1. What Should be Produced Every country must decided how to use its resources to meet the needs of its people. The resources used for one purpose cannot also be used for something else Deciding to use a resource for one purpose means giving up the opportunity to use it for something else. Exp: a piece of land could be used to grow corn or wheat. 12 2. How Should it be Produced When a society decides what to produce, it must also address other types of questions, such as what methods will be used, how many people will work on the production, and what will be the quality of the items produced? 13 3. Who Should Share in What is Produced? This question focuses on the concept that people can’t get everything that they want because society doesn’t have enough resources In most societies people can have as many goods and services as they can afford to buy. 14 Types of Economic Systems Economics studies how society chooses to use resources to produce and distribute goods and services for people’s consumption. Businesses may contribute to an economic system by inventing products that use available resources To use its limited resources effectively, every nation needs an economic system. 15 Types of Economic Systems The primary goal of an economic system is to provide people with a minimum standard of living, or quality of life. The two basic and opposing economic systems that have been developed are: Market Economy Command Economy 16 Market Economy In a market economy economic decisions are made in the marketplace according to the laws of supply and demand. Price plays an important role in the market economy. Price is the amount of money given or asked for when goods and services are bought or sold. 17 Market Economy If producers think the price consumers will pay for a good or service is too low, and the price does not earn them a profit, they will produce little or none of the product Consumers are the ones who determine the demand of an item. Demand is the amount or quantity of goods and services that consumers are willing to buy at various prices. 18 Market Economy The higher the price the fewer consumers will buy an item. Also the lower the price the more consumers will buy. Producers are influenced to supply goods or services by the price in the market Supply is the amount of goods and services that producers will provide at various prices. 19 Market Economy Demand and supply work together. When the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied meet, the price is called the equilibrium price. 20 Market Economy 21 Capitalism, or private enterprise, is a market economy system. In a capitalist system, resources are privately owned. Exp: you own your own home, land, you decide how to run you own business In a capitalist system, the primary role of government is to support the marketplace by removing obstacles such as trade barriers. 22 Market Economy A market economy offers incentives, such as competition and the profit motive, to produce more. The profit motive is the reward for taking a risk that encourages people to start businesses. A market economy provides the individual with the freedom to choose from many different competing products, and the freedom to start a business or choose a career. 23 Market Economy The problem with a market economy is that those who do not have the wanted job skills do not get an income. Another problem in a market economy is that sometimes one or two businesses control the market, thus leading to higher prices and lower quality products. 24 Command Economy In a command economy a central authority makes the key economic decisions. A command economy is also called a planned or managed economy. This central authority is usually the government or state 25 Command Economy There are two types of command economies. In a strong command economy, such as communism, the state makes all the economic decisions. In a moderate command economy, also called socialism, there is some form of private enterprise. 26 Command Economy There are some disadvantages to a command economy. Since the state provides all goods and services in a strong command economy, there is little choice of what to buy. Another disadvantage to the command economy is that there is no incentive for entrepreneurship when you can’t run your own business. 27 Command Economy The primary advantage of a command economy is that it guarantees everyone an equal standard of living. The state provides you with a place to live, and health care. Goods and Services are distributed evenly 28 Mixed Economy Most nations have a mixed economy, a combination of a market and command economy. The state takes care of people’s needs while the marketplace takes care of people’s wants. 29 Homework Pg 30-31 #1-22 Similar presentations © 2021 SlidePlayer.com Inc. All rights reserved.
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This foundation course introduces students to the historical and contemporary social, economic, political, and ethical context of public administration and governance in the United States. Students gain an understanding of public institutions and values and develop skills for interpreting and critically evaluating American public service issues. Provides a conceptual and experiential grounding in theories of management and organizational operation. Students learn how to analyze organizations and their environments from multiple perspectives. Students systematically examine important dimensions of organizational life—what motivates people, how decisions are made, challenges of diversity, conflict, and power dynamics. Students learn about their leadership style and values, as well as strengths and weaknesses, with regard to public leadership at the personal, interpersonal, organizational, and community levels. Readings, assignments, and class activities focus on developing knowledge and skills necessary to successfully lead in public service settings. First course in a two course sequence introducing students to applied research design, data collection, data management, data analysis, and analytical reporting to allow them to conduct original research, be informed consumers of other research, and ultimately improve public program planning and evaluation decisions. To be taken with PUBA 720. Second course in a two course sequence introducing students to applied research design, data collection, data management, data analysis, and analytical reporting to allow them to conduct original research, be informed consumers of other research, and ultimately improve public program planning and evaluation decisions. Prepares students to communicate clearly and effectively as public service leaders, which includes reading, listening, and thinking critically; writing and speaking clearly, concisely, and unambiguously; giving organized and convincing oral presentations; and using appropriate tools and tone in preparing oral and written communications for diverse audiences. The motivations of public agency officials, interactions between bureaucracies and other political actors, and alternative strategies to control bureaucratic power and discretion in making, implementing, and evaluating public policies. Students gain knowledge of the behaviors and practices of human resource management, as well as an overview of diversity and inclusion in public sector workforces. Class learning is both theoretical and experiential. Teaches the principles of accounting and financial reporting in governmental and not-for-profit environment. Provides skills for analyzing the financial condition of governments and the efficiency and effectiveness of governmental programs. Introduces students to the basic principles of public finance and covers the fundamental areas of public financial management, including the operating and capital budgeting processes used to obtain and allocate public resources, the role of public debt, and the issuance of annual financial statements. This course provides public managers with the basic knowledge to successfully invest in and manage strategic information technology projects. Graduate and professional students from varied backgrounds will learn key revitalization techniques and put them into practice by working directly on community economic development projects in NC. Interdisciplinary teams of students in this workshop-style course will engage in intensive experiential learning while assisting NC communities to achieve their community and economic development goals. This course explores the dynamics of labor relations in the public sector (local, state, and federal government). Includes an overview of current labor issues and both an arbitration and bargaining scenario. The course is designed for any student who might work in the public sector at any level. Course addresses current trends affecting the management of service delivery in local governments of all sizes. Case examples and guest practitioners will offer glimpses into real world challenges and solutions. Examines conflict and cooperation among governmental officials representing national, state, and local government in the United States; changing roles of governments; and new mechanisms for intergovernmental collaboration. Course will provide introduction to a process for systematically thinking about decisions and valuable techniques for analyzing decisions. Students will learn how to construct models for decision making and how to use these models to analyze decisions. This course examines the legal, administrative, and organizational framework of state government with emphasis on how state government impacts local governments and nonprofits. Class assignments and final projects focus on practical skills development. The U.S. public sector workforce is increasingly diverse in race, ethnicity, gender, religion, socioeconomic status, sexual preference, physical and mental abilities, and gender identity. Increased workplace diversity requires a new knowledge base, which this course seeks to impart through thought-provoking readings, in-class exercises, and lively and respectful discussions. How do concepts learned in the classroom translate into real-world practice? The Carolina MPA Immersion Experience offers both online and on-campus students the opportunity to make this connection and learn from MPA faculty with expertise in government and non-profit administration. Held at the UNC School of Government, the course allows students and faculty to come together for three days to focus on a relevant topic in the field of public administration. PUBA 747 (1.5 credit hour course) requires students to reflect on and demonstrate how they apply and integrate their learning from six required MPA courses and their professional public service work experiences to successfully respond to an applied research problem. Students will select from a list of applied research problems, conduct a literature review, collect data, and identify their preliminary findings. These steps will be informed by their professional public service work experiences given the applied research needed to produce their thesis substitutes, which will be written and evaluated by a three-person committee during PUBA 748. In PUBA 748 (1.5 credit hour course), students will continue to work on their applied research problem from PUBA 747. Students are expected to enter PUBA 748 with a complete (clean) dataset, including a preliminary analysis that has been revised to include the feedback from PUBA 747 instructors. In this course, students will continue with the data analysis, discuss the findings, and develop recommendations. Nature of city or county manager's job: expectations of elected body, staff, public and professional peers. Examines contemporary issues in departmental operations that have significant effect on how manager's performance is perceived. The purpose of Performance Management in Local Government is to introduce students to how local officials measure the inputs, outputs, and outcomes of service delivery and how they use these performance data for making management and policy decisions. The course also includes how local officials use other types of data to information decision-making, including content analysis, benchmarking, financial condition analysis, and benefit-cost analysis. Examination of the managerial challenges posed by nonprofit organizations and of techniques and practices used by managers of nonprofit organizations. This course provides basic financial skills for leaders of nonprofits, including bookkeeping fundamentals, interpreting financial statements, budgeting, cash management and investment, and legal compliance. This course is designed for graduate students who are seeking professional positions in local government or nonprofits. The overall objectives are to exchange information about issues of mutual concern to both nonprofits and governments. Introduction to basic law subjects likely to be encountered in public administration. Topics include constitutional foundations, due process and equal protection, and First Amendment rights; property, contracts, employment, torts, criminal law, administrative law, and public ethics laws; and basic legal research, managing litigation, and working with lawyers. Nonprofit leaders and public officials rely on grants to help fund their grand plans. In this course you will learn the process of finding grants, how to prepare a grant proposal, and how to plan for and manage grant funds. This course will address some of the similarities and differences between the funding process from federal/state agencies and private foundations. (Online Students Only) Students will hone their grant writing skills as they critique grant proposals, draft their own grant proposal, and learn about the role of program evaluation in grant writing and grant reporting. Analysis of alternative approaches to planning and administering the budgets and financial operations of public agencies. Extensive use of case materials. Theory and practice of dispute resolution and consensus building processes for public policy and program implementation. Utilizes exercises to develop skills in multi-party conflict analysis, negotiation, and intervention for inter-governmental, nonprofit, and community disputes. Workshop-style course focuses on workplace and service provision conflicts to develop mediation skills; is comprised of short lectures, demonstration, and student practice of a mediation model/specific skill sets. Course is workshop-style that requires preparation via conference call or webinar; separate session on skills; and final requirement is a reflection paper. Course focuses on inter-organization and community settings to develop facilitation skills and is comprised of short lectures, demonstration, and student practice of facilitation strategies. This course covers economic development from the community as perspective. The class develops criteria that a community should use in making economic development choices. The course presents a wide range of strategies. Emphasizes the practical application and implementation of various approaches to economic development. Students will apply tools/strategies by doing case studies and small group projects based on real-world scenarios faced by local practitioners. 3 Credits. Examination of ombudsman and mediation principles, roles, ethics and techniques in public sector. Students expected to develop mediation skills through observation, in-class practice and feedback. Models of mediation are compared and students share in class their application and/or adaptation of mediation to their current or desired public sector duties. An introduction to dispute systems design frames how mediation, and its variants can benefit students' public service. May not be taken in addition to PUBA 768. Grading status: Letter grade. This course provides public managers with the basic knowledge to successfully manage technology projects and government information. The use of information technology has become an indispensable part of the public sector. Governments now use technology to communicate with citizens, disseminate information, and engage in digital democracy. This applied course looks at the diverse tools and strategies environmental service providers use to pay for their programs. It also examines the policy implications of deciding how to pay for these services.
https://mpa.unc.edu/course-list
Our team have a diverse set of skills covering core areas in: Our Services Program and Project Management Stakeholder Management Interface Management Business Case Development Support inc. Comprehensive Understanding of INSW Gateway Processes Industry Engagement Design & Engineering Management Bespoke Strategy Development Policy, Financial and Economic Analysis Operational Management Planning Our Specialisations Penny Consulting has more than 10 years’ experience working across a diverse portfolio of projects and offers services in the following areas; PROJECT / PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT: Using a range of traditional and more modern systems and processes to manage infrastructure projects, we approach all projects and/or programs with a level of Emotional Intelligence that allows us to form genuine relationships enabling us to meet our stakeholders and clients where they are to get the optimum result for the project/programme. We provide strategic advice in setting up clear governance frameworks and controls to manage projects effectively and efficiently. STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT: Through working with government agencies and industry players in the UK and Australia, we have developed sound and creative ways for developing bespoke and defined strategies. We identify initial risks and challenges we foresee, proposing practical steps to mitigate these risks and seek opportunities where we can. We paint a clear picture for key decision makers to be fully informed in making the right decisions for the project (customer). INTERFACE MANAGEMENT Penny Consulting’s key strength lies in its interface management capabilities, we have an innate ability amongst our team to capture internal and external interfaces to projects, identify their interdependencies and manage any associated risks. We manage our interfaces through our relationships, showing mutual respect for the respective interfacing projects. DESIGN AND ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT With the extensive engineering experience within Penny Consulting we seek to create and/or support assurance measures in line with our Client’s systems and processes. Developing deliverables in line with frameworks to support successful stage gate reviews and progress to the next stages of the design life cycle.
http://pennyconsulting.com.au/our-services/
Economic principles are crucial in all sectors including the health sector. Principles such as scarcity, opportunity cost, and willingness to pay play an essential role in the delivery of healthcare services. The initiative to manage and control cancer is one of the public health initiatives, which have felt the impact that these principles have in the health sector. Contrarily, the initiative continues with its endeavor to ensure that the public enjoys the benefits linked to cancer-free societies. Economic principles are very applicable to public health initiatives. Scarcity, opportunity cost, and willingness to pay are some of the economic principles that determine the effectiveness of public health initiatives. Scott, Solomon, and McGowan (2001) explain that health care sectors in a number of countries use the principles to establish the extent to which individuals utilize healthcare services. Before making a purchase, people first assess their purchasing power, the scarcity of the service, and the opportunity cost associated with the service. An assessment of these economic principles dictates the willingness that the person has towards purchasing and utilizing a particular healthcare initiative. Therefore, with a good understanding of the economic principles and their role in the sector of a public health initiative, stakeholders in the sector can deliver healthcare services successfully. The public health initiative that I am interested in is the initiative that concerns the management and eradication of cancer. Research undertaken by Knaul and Harvard University (2012) proves that the cancer initiative is very important, especially in contemporary societies that have a number of populations struggling with the disease. Over the recent past, cases of cancer among populations in various countries are on the rise. In the United States, for instance, the number of people, who suffer from cancer has risen since the late 90s (Brannon & Feist, 2010). The rise in these cases is worrying, and thus, a public health initiative that focuses on cancer management is one that I cannot underscore in my selection of a public health initiative. Public health initiative that champions cancer management and control focuses on three main components, which are public education, research, and advocacy towards the provision of affordable medical cover. According to McCaughey and Bruning (2010), focusing on public education helps cancer initiatives ensure that individuals get the requisite information regarding cancer. Furthermore, research improves the understanding of the magnitude of cancer among societies in various regions. With a good understanding on cancer prevalence, stakeholders in the sector furnish governments with data that help in its mitigation. The initiative also advocates for provision of a well-designed medical cover geared to address healthcare issues like cancer. Scarcity, opportunity cost, and willingness to pay are the three economic principles that have been widely applied by stakeholders undertaking public health initiatives. Public health initiatives focus on scarcity and try to ensure that the public get the maximum out of the scarce resources. Application of scarcity principle enables healthcare sectors in states and governments execute strategies that ensure maximum utility of their services (Getzen, 2013). Moreover, public health initiatives apply the principle of opportunity cost to ensure that the services provided by the health sector supersede other alternatives that individuals choose instead of the initiative. Willingness to pay is a principle, which is manageable through development of an affordable medical cover. Economic principles are very important in various fields of humanity. Health sector is one of the fields that enjoy the benefits that accrue from enhanced understanding of economic principles. Economic principles such as scarcity, opportunity cost, and willingness to pay play an integral role in the health care sector. Several decisions made by individuals and public health initiatives concerning health care revolve around these principles of economics. One of the public health initiatives that employ the knowledge of economic principles to reach out to the society is the initiative that advocates for minimization and eradication of cancer. References Brannon, L., & Feist, J. (2010). Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health. Sydney: Cengage Learning. Getzen, T. (2013). Health Economics and Financing. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Knaul, F., & Harvard University. (2012). Closing the Cancer Divide: An Equity Imperative. Boston: Harvard Global Equity Initiative. McCaughey, D., & Bruning, N. (2010). Rationality Vs Reality: The Challenge of Evidence-Based Decision Making for Health Policy. Implementation Science, 5(39), 1-13. Scott, R., Solomon, S., & McGowan, J (2001). Applying Economic Principles to Health Care. Special Issue, 7(2), 282-285.
https://nerdybro.com/economic-principles-and-public-health-issues/
Water is identified as the 3rd largest risk in the World Economic Forum Risk Report, 2015. A growing population pressure on finite water resources, coupled with industrialisation and urbanisation, globalisation and trade treaties are resulting in increasing demand for water and upstream-downstream conflicts. Further the physical availability of water does not guarantee a safe and affordable water supply to all. The latest Global Environment Outlook says that if the present unsustianable trends of water use and management continue, then about 1.8 billion of world population will be living in regions with absolute water scarcity by 2030 and about 60% of world population could be subject to water stress. The resulting decline in water quantity and quality will be exacerbated by climate change. The 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, 2014, has established that fresh water resources have the vulnerability to be strongly impacted by climate change with wide-reaching impacts on societies and ecosystems. Due to global waring and associated changes in hydrological cycle on account of changing precipitation patterns and receding glaciers, most of the world’s water-stressed areas will get less water, while while flows will become less predictable and more subject to extreme weather events and floods. With its inextricable links to food security, economic development and energy nexus, water scarcity is becoming one of the defining problems of the 21st century. Water Crisis- A Crisis of Governance Water is unevenly distributed both spatially and temporally. It is even more unevenly distributed among different strata of society and among different competing uses. While availability of water is a concern for some countries, at the heart of today’s water crisis lies power, inequity and poverty. Part of the problem lies in the unique characteristics of water as a public good. Because of its life-sustaining character, water is a basic human need. But scarcity and competing demands on its use makes water also an economic good. Water of an acceptable quality is required to maintain ecosystem services and sustain ecosystem integrity. So water is also an environmentally essential good. One of the main reasons for the water crisis, according to Vandana Shiva, a well-known India-based water expert, is the commodification of water which has led to increased control on water management by multinational corporations. The World Bank and IMF have in the past ecouraged many developing countries to privatize water supply in the hope of increased efficiency in its management. The involvement of profit-oriented MNCs has reduced the involvement of citizens in water management. With the withdrawl of subsidies, both direct and cross, on the advice of these international financial institutions, the poor have often found themselves shut out from water access due to increased prices, sparking unrest in many parts of the world. With water use growing at more than twice the growth rate of polulation, the challenge of water management lies in meeting the basic needs of humans, both present and future geneations, needs of the environment, and in ensuring that water of acceptable quality is available for use in agriculture and industry without compromising ecosystems integrity. Water crisis has aptly been described by the UN as a crisis of governance rather than a physical scarcity of water. The world’s water problem stem from our failure to meet basic human needs, ineffective or inappropriate institutions and management, and our inability to balance human needs with those of the natural world. These maladies are rooted in a wasteful use of water characterised by poor management systems, improper economic incentives, under-investment, failure to apply appropriate technology, and an antiquated mindset focussed on developing new supplies to the exclusion of increasing conservation, efficiency, and effective demand management. Water management is far from being a technical issue involving endeavours to match supply with demand through application of science and technology, rational problem solving approaches with stakeholder involvement, etc. Water management is about shifting patterns to a contested and scare resource, and is inherently a political issue. Politics of Water Regimes: The core business of water management is about coping with variability. it is related to storing excess water from wet periods to bridge dry periods, protecting low-lying areas from floods, balancing withdrawals between upstream and downstream, and balancing water uses between socio-economic activities and ecological uses. Hydrological interactions are typified with commonplace upstream-downstream effect in which down-streamers have to cope with variations in hydrological regimes occurring in the upstream. Socio-political structures shape the way natural resources are used and benefits and risks are distributed. dominant interests and distribution of decision-making powers get reflected in decisions regarding the management and development of water resources. through engineering, design, cost-benefit analysis, and through environment impact assessments and strategic impact assessments, the provision of a public good like water gets intertwined with political and financial interests. it is not incidental that polluted areas, water-short neighbourhoods and flood-prone localities are co-related with higher levels of poverty and vulnerability. Paradigmatic example of asymmetries of power in water management is the way cities siphon off water away froma griculture through administrative fief, and rarely through the market, thus imposing externalities on citizens in terms of pollution, flood damage, acquifier depletion, etc. And industry while siphoning off groundwater without paying market price sucees in shifting costs in terms of pumping stations, falling water tables and water stress to tax payers as a whole. In an ineffective water governance regime, decision -makers or interest groups manage to frame the water management discourse in favour of certain interests such that the voice of the impacted weaker sections is limited or unheard sicne they have little access to channels of information. There is a tendency to depoliticize water management problems by clothing inherently political debates through the use of political technologies using scientific or technical or neutral terms. But the need of the hour is to acknowledge the political dimension of water development and management, and re-politicize the issue through a re-balance of decision-making and discoursive power towards the empowerment of the community as a whole. Not and Bolts of Effective Water Governance: Amidst a growing recognition over the last sixty years that technology and infrastructure alone are not sufficient to address persistent water problems, discourse about water governance began to emerge in particular withe the Dublin International Conference on Water & development in 1992. Early thinking about water governance was based on highly centralised systems emphasizing the role of governments in water management. Today however the term water governance is used more broadly to describe the political, social, economic and administrative systems that are in place, and which directly or indirectly affect the use, development and management of water resources and the delivery of water services to various levels of society. A governance regime is a system of formal institutions, water legislations, informal institutions like social norms and customs for water-sharing, as well as actor networks for policy formulation and implementation. Water governance regimes address, among other things, principles of equity and efficiency in water allocation and distribution, water administration based on catchments, need for integrated mamagement of water, and the need to balance water use for socio-economic activitiers and ecosystems. They calrify the roles of governments, civil society and the private sector in terms of ownership, management of water resources and water services. Good governance requires the involvement of the public, and the interests of all stakeholders must be included in the management & development of water resources. Water governance is important because how societies choose to govern their water resources has great impact on people’s livelihoods and sustainable development of ecosystems. Socially how water resources and related services are distributed have direct impact on people’s health and livelihoods. Efficient and equitable use of water resources is critical for poverty alleviation. At the political level, all water stakeholders and citizens, including marginalised sections like indigenous people, slum-dwellers, small farmers, women, etc should have equal opportunity to influence and monitor water management decisions and their outcomes. The environment dimension of water governance is critical to ensure that water use takes into account the need to maintain ecosystem services. As opportunities for increasing water supply decrease in many parts of the world, competition over current supplies increases creating the need for improved water governance. Water governance decisions are anchored in three levels – government, civil society and the private sector. Facilitating dynamic interactions among tham and promoting dialogue and partnership is critical for water refors and improving water governance. It must be noted that water governance depends not only on specific institutions mandated to govern water, but also on the overall governance context of the country. If the country lacks essential democratic institutions like right to freedom of speech, right to information and right to organize, then participatory approaches to water management will suffer. Similarly in the face of lack of information about water availability and water quality, people will have little chance to halt environmentally harmful projects or hold governments accountable for ill-governance. water use and distribution is also affected by facts and circumstances outside the water sector. For example global markets and trade agreements can affect the choices of crops with serious implications for water demand in the agricultural sector. Water reforsm must therefore take into account social, economical and political conditions outside the water sector that can have direct or indirect impact on water resources. Water Reforms around the World: With slowly emerging changes in the predominant economic development paradigm towards a more balanced approach which recognizes the importance of investment in natural capital and the need to maintain ecosystem services and livelihoods, many countries are moving towards a greener economy. In the face of increasing pressure on water resources, acute competition for water, declining water quality and a continuing need for improving access to water and sanitation, water reforms have become an imperative need. Climate change has made water resources management more challenging imposing major possibilities of rapid variability and unpredictability of water flows. Many countries are therefore moving away from the traditional water governance modes dominated by top-down approach topwards bottom-up approaches which harness the knowledge, understanding and expertise of local people. Water being essentially a local issue, its management requires a plethora of stakeholders at the municipal, basin, national, regional and international levels. In the face of absence of effective public governance to manage the interdependence across policy areas and between levels of government, water policy-makers face obstacles in effectively formulating and implementing water reforms related to institutional and territorial fragmentation, limited institutional capacity, questionable resource allocation and unclear allocation of roles and responsibilities of different agencies. Insufficient means for measuring performance contribute to weak accountability and transparency. Similarly insufficient hydrological data and networks for sharing information poses difficulties specially in transboundary rivers. The nexus between water, energy, agriculture and environment also present significant challenges for water policy reforms. Due to silo nature of governmental functioning, policies across water, energy, agriculture and environment are formulated without sufficient consideration of their inter-relationship. For example, as countries confront water resources constraints they turn to energy-intensive solutions like long-haul water and desalination, and when confronted with energy constraints, they resort to water-intensive options like biofuels and steam-cycle power plants. Institutional arrangements need to be re-engineered to create a greater intersection between policy formulation and implementation across these areas. Water reforms in many countries have typically included components linked to decentralisation of water decision-making, increasing stakeholder participation, promoting incentives for more and better public-private partnerships, privatization of water delivery/distribution services, community involvement and clarification of isntitutional roles and responsibilities through formal legislation or informal customary law. Local stakeholder participation has facilitated more informed decision-making, more effective implementation and enhanced conflict-resolution, besides giving voice to relatively powerless groups like subsistence farmers, indigenous people, traditional fishermen, women, etc. However it must be said that water economies in most developing countries remain largely informal with little interface between users and public institutions. In some countries, reform efforts have largely focussed on direct regulation and management, over-estimating the capacity of legal provisions to influence water use patterns, while sidelining incentive-based approaches which can deliver better results. Privitasiation: A Controversial Issue Although various private enterprises, community based organisations, water-users associations and NGOs can play important roles in partnership with government agencies in better delivery of water services, the privatization of water supply is a particularly controversial issue and bogged in ideological debates. Since water is such a vital part of the economy and infrastructure, it is not surprising that there has been an enormous push for privatization of water services. Some privatization programmes have produced positive results, but some have been catastrophies like the case of Cochabamba in Bolivia in 2000, when a consortium of private companies led by American corporate Bechtel had to quit the contract due to public unrest, and then file an arbitration case with the International Centre for the Resolution of Investment Disputes for losses of over 25 million dollars. The overall record of water services privatization is therefore not encouraging. From Argentina to Bolivia and from Philiphines to the US, the conviction that the private sector offers a magic solution for unleasing efficiency and equity neede to accelerate progress towards the goal of ‘water for all’ has proved to be misplaced. While these failures of private water contracts do not provide evidence that the private sector have no role to play, they do point the need for greater caution, better regulation and a greater committment to equity in public-private partnerships. Weak or non-existent governmental regulations for the protection of the poor can result in a case of ‘no payment, no supply’. Weak regulations can also result in market-based rules pushing water rights from low-value use to high-value users like industry. In such cases, the water sector ceases to be a social responsibility, and water changes from being a social good to a mere commercial commodity. The conclusion of the 4th World Water Forum held in Japan in 2006 that governments should have the primary role in providing water access without precluding the role of the private sector in providing some of the services highlights the democratic accountability of the state for the provision of water services. Conclusion In conclusion, given the complexities of water use within the society, allocating, developing and managing water resources with equity and sustainability requires that disparate voices with different perceptions of water are heard and respected in decisions regarding its use. In conflicts ocer water, the dispute is not exclusively or mainly socio-environmental, but also economical, political, cultural and territorial. Therefore the issue of water governance has to encompass all these different dimensions. Developing effective water governance and management practices grounded in equity and sustainabiluty is indeed one of the challenges of societies in the 21st century.
https://climatechange.panossouthasia.org/?p=3988
New Research Center Where Three Rivers Meet URBANA - The point at which three rivers - the Mississippi, Illinois and Missouri - come together will be the location of a new research field station. The official construction launch will take place on Thursday, 17 April at the National Great Rivers Museum in Alton, Illinois. The research and education station is made possible through a partnership with the University of Illinois, Lewis and Clark Community College, and the Illinois Natural History Survey. "Research at this new facility will contribute to the body of scientific knowledge about river systems and will help inform both the public and policy makers about issues that relate to the health and sustainability of our rivers," said Robert Easter, dean of the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences at the University of Illinois. The field station staff will conduct research and education programs to increase understanding of big rivers, their watersheds and flood plains, and the interaction between the rivers and their human, plant, and animal communities. "This research is crucial for developing sound watershed and river management strategies that can have global implications as we all strive to protect and sustain river systems amid exploding populations and increasing scarcity of fresh water resources," said Gary Rolfe, U of I professor emeritus and director of the National Great Rivers Research and Education Center. Prof Rolfe said that one feature that will set this facility apart is its sophisticated mesocosms - large concrete channels containing flowing water and plankton pumped directly from the river. "In these artificial environments, researchers can conduct controlled experiments by changing the water velocity or other environmental conditions. The results of these experiments can be used to predict effects on populations in the river, and to develop fish conservation strategies," said Prof Rolfe. The field station is scheduled to be completed in 2009. Easter said it will be "a model of 'green construction' with virtually no environmental impact, renewable energy systems and internal recycling systems. "In many respects this center represents the three words found in the name of our College and which define our domains of interest - Agriculture, Consumers and the Environment. Water and the river transport system are vital to Illinois agriculture, and agriculture can prosper long term only if proper attention is given to sustaining the environment. The beneficiaries are the consumers of Illinois and the world."
https://thefishsite.com/articles/new-research-center-where-three-rivers-meet
We all know what scarcity feels like, but how does it impact our lives and what can we do about it? And how does scarcity impact the organizations that are helping people address the scarcity in their lives? In 2013, Mullainathan and Shafir released a book about it called, naturally enough, Scarcity. The research and findings in this book had a profound impact on me (and I highly recommend reading it if you haven’t yet). If you’ve been in any of my trainings, you’ve heard me talk about it; in fact, I spend a significant amount of time discussing scarcity because of the immense impact it has on decision-making, which is so critical in how we use our economic resources. The authors define “Scarcity” as “having less than you feel you need.” A main premise in this book is that when people experience scarcity they begin to behave predictably irrational. That is to say, humans experiencing chronic scarcity tend to behave even less rationally than when we are not experiencing scarcity. (Note: the concept of rationality is a fascinating rabbit hole to go down in another conversation.) What I truly love about the book is that it makes the sometimes bizarre decisions that humans make more…well, human. It’s not about poor people, or uneducated people or some “other” people: it’s about humans. All of us. You and me. The Shortages Cascade I created a visual model based off the steps that Mullainathan and Shafir describe in their book, a process they refer to as the “scarcity trap.” When people move into this trap, it can become difficult to use their executive functions and their ability to plan for the future can become impaired. When I present this visual representation in trainings, people very quickly recognize the pattern. It’s just that common. Well, if you read a little further into the book, the authors talk very briefly about “organizational scarcity.” They demonstrate that organizations, being made up of people, can actually experience scarcity too. And when organizations have less than they “feel” they need, they too can behave “irrationally.” What is Organizational Scarcity? In 2016, FHI was given the opportunity by the Denver CSBG program and the Colorado Division of Local Affairs (DOLA) to deliver a symposium on “organizational scarcity,” which we titled the “Symposium on Scarcity.” (I have always been bad with naming things, so it’s okay to roll your eyes at the title of this event.) The purpose of the event and what came out of it has had a significant impact on me and the work of FHI. Take a look at this video and see if you think these clients capture the essence of organizational scarcity accurately: Surely, we are doing good. But surely, we can do better! Navigating Organizational Scarcity For our symposium, we set about finding organizations that had successfully navigated scarcity and looked for common themes. It was interesting to note the common concepts and strategies that these organizations used to help them find a path out of organizational scarcity. And it is equally interesting how very similar the organizational paths are to the paths individuals take. Making time and space for planning is the key to navigating out of the shortages cascade, for individuals and for organizations. As a result of what we learned from the Symposium on Scarcity, I wanted to determine how FHI could help organizations better utilize their resources in alignment with their mission and vision, just like we do with individuals. Would it be possible to help human services and economic development organizations be more efficient and effective? And how can we help organizations avoid falling into the organizational scarcity trap? Technology, Training & Evaluation For the last three years, FHI has evolved to allow us to more significantly focus on helping organizations be more efficient and effective in how they deliver and implement training, and ultimately in how they work with the people they serve. We have identified three capacities that we now fully integrate into our practice and that we hope to help other organizations begin to use more effectively: Technology, Training & Evaluation. For example, we launched our Integrated Learning Programs, which bring down the cost of training while simultaneously allowing us to help people integrate the training into practice. Plus, we have the ability to monitor whether or not the training is being used over a longer period of time. That is, we can actually track outcomes beyond pre/post surveys, and evaluate the long-term efficacy of the programs. Looking Into the Future Here are some areas that FHI is exploring: - Case Manager Competencies – from pre-employment through supervisor skills - Integrated Learning for Motivational Interviewing - Integrated Learning for Trauma Informed Approaches - Conferences – Long-term Efficacy and Integration - Developing Organizational Training Strategies - Operational Excellence in NPO’s - Community Systems for Economic Mobility We will continue to develop our own expertise in these areas, like our robust Integrated Learning Programs and online learning. But we are also reaching out to find help from other organizations and individuals that can help us be a better resource to the human services and economic development worlds. If you are interested in learning more about our direction or wish to get involved, please send me a note! I’d love to hear your thoughts!
http://www.financialhealthinstitute.com/from-organizational-scarcity-to-integrated-learning/
Succeeding as a manager requires a robust set of business skills. In addition to knowing how to navigate key processes like change management and decision-making, managers need an intuitive understanding of finance to drive performance and create value within their organization. One of the most important finance skills for managers to master is budgeting, or the process of preparing and overseeing a financial plan that estimates income and expenses over a defined period. Before delving into how you can more effectively budget and improve your management skills, here’s a look at how managers leverage budgets. How Managers Use Budgets At its most basic level, a budget ensures that a team or department has the resources needed to achieve its goals. For managers, the budget serves as a vital tool for: - Communicating expectations and goals to stakeholders - Mobilizing teams and departments around organizational objectives - Assessing group and individual performance - Gaining insight into an organization’s financial health - Allocating resources strategically and appropriately If you want to reap the benefits of these techniques, here are six budgeting tips you can employ to become a better manager and advance your career. Free E-Book: A Manager's Guide to Finance & Accounting Access your free e-book today.DOWNLOAD NOW Budgeting Tips for Managers 1. Know Your Organization’s Budgeting Timeline and Procedures Familiarize yourself with your organization’s budgeting deadlines and procedures at the outset of the process. Your numbers may be reliant on financial targets set by your supervisor and other department heads. Knowing when specific deliverables are due will help ensure you effectively manage your time and connect with stakeholders who can inform your allocation decisions. 2. Leverage Financial Data In addition to connecting with stakeholders, leverage existing financial data in your decision-making process. By analyzing financial statements, such as the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows, you can gain insight into your organization’s financial health and performance, and determine how to suitably apportion resources. According to John Wong, Harvard Business School Online’s Senior Associate Director of Financial Planning and Analysis, the key is to use historical data for reference, rather than as a starting point for your budget. “Business conditions change rapidly, and basing your current budget on historical information can adversely impact budgets within other areas of an organization,” Wong writes in a previous blog post. Related: Cash Flow vs. Profit: What's the Difference? 3. Work Toward Goals Understanding your organization’s goals is vital to successful budgeting. This knowledge can enable you to develop a clear picture of how your team’s work fits into the company’s key objectives and advances its overarching mission. For example, your firm may be planning an important organizational change initiative, such as a redesign of its website. As part of this process, your team will be responsible for writing web copy, creating videos, and designing graphics. With these requirements in mind, you can break your team’s work down into specific deliverables and line items within your budget, accounting for all the resources your employees will need to produce the desired results and push the project through to completion. 4. Evaluate Performance By preparing your budget with your organization’s mission in mind and a detailed set of deliverables, you can develop a roadmap for evaluating performance once the fiscal year is underway. Keep track of expenses so you can compare your spending against projected costs, and stay in close contact with other stakeholders within your organization to ensure your team’s timeline for completing work is in sync with company-wide project plans. The deliverables in your budget can serve as key milestones that inform how you manage your employees’ time and deliver feedback on their contributions. If a particular task is at risk of not being completed or incurring additional costs, be prepared to modify line item amounts and delivery dates, and consider strategies you can employ to realign your team and improve performance. Maintain this kind of flexibility throughout the budget management process. Unexpected circumstances can arise, so be ready to reallocate resources when necessary to ensure your organization is well-positioned to achieve its goals. 5. Communicate Progress and Results Clear and consistent communication is crucial when overseeing a budget, as your team’s work is typically just one element within a larger network of moving parts. Establish a regular cadence for meeting with key stakeholders to report your employees’ contributions and results. Use data visualization techniques to illustrate your team’s progress, and make it a point to highlight any accomplishments or shortcomings that could have implications that extend beyond your direct reports. Carve out time to update your employees as well. Keeping them apprised of the impact of their work can help them feel more engaged and motivated. Related: 8 Communication Skills Every Leader Needs 6. Hone Your Financial Knowledge and Skills Bolstering your financial knowledge and skills can pay dividends when it comes to budgeting. By advancing your education through such avenues as an MBA program or online finance course, you can broaden your understanding of key financial terms and concepts, enabling you to better communicate with finance and accounting professionals within your company and identify ways to create value when preparing your budget. For Paul Accornero, an international commerce director, taking the online course Leading with Finance was a way to gain the know-how to make more informed business decisions and be a more effective manager. “I use what I learned on a daily basis,” Accornero says. “Even though I’m not in a finance role and operating in a general management position, I make decisions utilizing the principles we learned.” Driving Performance with Budgeting Budgeting is an essential management skill that can drive the success of not just your team, but organization. With a clear understanding of your firm’s processes and goals, a well-developed plan for measuring progress and performance, and a knowledge of financial principles, you can make better business decisions and excel in your role. Do you want to develop a financial intuition that will give you the confidence to make better decisions in your career? Explore our six-week online course Leading with Finance and our other finance and accounting courses to learn how to improve your understanding of the market in which your organization operates and communicate decisions to financial stakeholders.
https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/budgeting-for-managers
Throughout the 7RWM reward management module, HR professionals will learn how to create a rewarding work environment that aligns with the organisation’s goals. This unit’s human resource experts are responsible for developing policies and strategies essential for keeping employees in an organisation. Therefore, learners in the unit are expected to gain a solid understanding of the industrial and market trends influencing decision-making on employee-rewarding issues. While studying the unit, students will learn about the following topics, which are crucial in developing an understanding of the reward management module. Organisational reward policies: tools for analysis The PESTLE and SWOT analysis tools help analyse the external and internal factors that affect an organisation’s compensation policies. In order to identify external factors, these tools analyse the market and the industry in which the organisation operates. As a result, professionals in Human Resources can identify trends and establish the most appropriate policies for determining the types of rewards to implement. As students develop reward strategies for organisations, they should learn to effectively use analysis tools to identify factors that can influence decisions. To improve good decision making in terms of rewards, students must learn how to relate the identified factors to actual cases within the organisation. Intelligence rewards Rewards intelligence refers to the information obtained by HR professionals on reward-related matters. Students should learn that surveys, market intelligence, and advertisements from other businesses are the most effective methods to gather reward intelligence. (CIPD, 2015) These are considered reward intelligence drivers, which help professionals make informed decisions about pay, compensation, and benefits for employees. The principles of total rewards Through this unit, students learn the importance of valuing employees who work for an organisation and developing the right reward strategies to benefit the employees as individuals and the company as a whole. Employees receiving total rewards will be rewarded both financially and non-financially. Additionally, workforce preferences are heavily weighted in determining which rewards programs to offer to employees. Additionally, there is the issue of reward for performance, in which employees are rewarded according to their performance. As a result, students should understand how to determine the appropriate total reward packages to offer to employees. In developing reward strategies, the type of organisation should be considered (Ekwochi, Eneh, and Orga, 2017). Rewards that are fair, equitable, consistent, and transparent In this course, students will learn that their role as HR professionals entails developing policies that promote fairness and equity in employee compensation. Armstrong (2009) argues that fairness, consistency, and transparency are the three most essential pillars of reward management. Employees and other stakeholders of the organisation thus benefit from this since it reinforces organisational values. To ensure they learn how to make every employee feel appreciated and compensated appropriately for their contributions, students should familiarise themselves with the organisation’s rewards objectives. When organisations promote fairness, equality, consistency, and transparency in their compensation and reward practices, they experience high employee satisfaction and morale levels, resulting in high employee productivity. This course should help students understand the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, as organisations and HR professionals promote fairness and transparency. Personal fulfilment and enjoyment are intrinsic rewards that derive from inside the individual. Individuals cannot provide intrinsic rewards since employers provide them. Employees are thought to be motivated by both rewards. Students learn about their rights as employees, and as a result, they are more aware of their rights when it comes to receiving rewards at work. Contribution of line managers to reward decision making The line manager must ensure that the line manager influences the payment decisions made by HR professionals. This is essential because line managers interact with employees directly and are aware of their contributions to the company. This is more applicable to performance-based rewards, where line managers measure employees’ performance. Regarding employee compensation, line managers should be given authority to evaluate the most critical decisions. Organisations can, for instance, determine which compensation packages will improve employee satisfaction by monitoring their managers’ behaviour. The students in this course should realise that HR experts have a limited amount of power and influence in determining employee pay and benefits. It is instead incumbent upon managers who are directly responsible for the well-being of their employees to make such decisions. Aims of learning After completing this course, learners should: - Understanding how reward decisions are influenced in each business unit and knowing the context of reward management will help you make better rewards decisions. - Develop organisational reward policies and principles by utilising reward intelligence - Learn the meaning of fairness, equity, consistency, and transparency when it comes to rewarding employees in the workplace - Be able to describe your organisation’s reward policy initiatives and how they are implemented, as well as how line managers are involved in rewards decisions. Final thoughts Career development opportunities exist in the reward management unit for HR professionals. Information that helps people devise the best reward strategies for their employees within the company is provided by the unit to improve decision-making processes and develop effective strategies and policies. Students will have gained knowledge and increased skills after completing the unit, enabling them to take appropriate actions and make informed decisions about rewards management. Moreover, the HR Unit determines how HR and organisational line managers interact to assess their roles within the overall organisation.
https://ilmassignmenthelp.co.uk/7rwm-reward-management/
The learning objectives for the Bachelor of Arts in Applied Computing and the Bachelor of Science in Computer Science & Software Engineering are described in terms of competencies achieved by students within the CSS programs. The Foundation Level includes very broad competencies that are found in every CSS core course. The Technical Level is a set of broadly important competencies specific to the software engineering and computer science professions, to be developed in every undergraduate CSS education, across the set of required core courses. Competencies specific to the interests and needs of the individual student are achieved in the CSS advanced elective courses. Information Gathering: Effectively searches out and organizes pertinent information before making decisions or taking actions. Efficiency: Identifies ways to solve problems or complete tasks smoothly and effectively; choose the optimum solution form and set of alternative possibilities. Systemic Thinking: Follows a well-ordered and logical approach to analyzing problems, organizing work, and searching for solutions. Thoroughness: Ensures that work is done correctly, completely, on time and to the highest standards. Creativity: Challenges existing assumptions, proposes novel alternative ways to framing or solving a problem, pushes the boundaries of knowledge. Learning by Doing: Demonstrates the ability to learn continuously, capitalize on mistakes, exploit new knowledge, increase productivity over time. Collaboration & Team Building: Collaborates effectively with others to achieve a common objective, creates an environment that fosters and sustains successful teamwork. Leadership: Champions new ideas, persuades and influences, breaks logjams, and promotes momentum toward solving problems. Managing Change & Uncertainty: Adapts to changing circumstances, deals positively with uncertainties and contingencies, manages crises effectively. Project Management: Plans, monitors, and controls projects; ensures efficient utilization of resources; keeps projects on schedule and within budgeted resource allocation. Project Administration: Administers and maintains projects, using appropriate monitoring tools and complying with relevant standards and reporting requirements. Risk Management: Foresees and takes action pro-actively in anticipation of future problems and opportunities. User Orientation: Gains understanding of users needs by immersing self in users environment; carefully studies user's requirements; puts self in users shoes. Business Case Justification: Justifies project expenditures, equipment and other resources in terms of business costs, benefits and risks. Technology Evaluation and Selection: Evaluates and selects software and hardware appropriate to the application, architecture and resource constraints; maintains awareness and understanding of emerging technology. Process Reengineering: Performs business requirement analysis, using appropriate tools and methodologies to maximize organizational performance. Mathematical Principles and Techniques: Understands theory and application of numerical, statistical, set theory, and other mathematical techniques in the context of applications and systems programming. General Software Systems: Has general understanding of the principles and applications of software development and design; understands the relationship between software development and other functions in the business organization. Social Implications of Science & Technology: Understands the interaction between science and technology and the broader social, political, and organizational environment; critically assesses ethical implications of computing technology. Technical Writing: Designs and writes effective guidelines, standards, procedures, processes, applications, using appropriate methods, tools and delivery options. Requirements Definition and Analysis: Elicits and clearly defines user\'s needs, assessing potential solutions against benefits and risks; uses appropriate tools for analyzing requirements and creating appropriate data and work flow models. Software Development Life Cycle: Understands and effectively manages the process of developing designing, testing, and delivering a software application. Functional Design: Identifies system platform, components, inputs, interface requirements, and dependencies which ensure that the system will achieve its objectives. Testing: Plans, executes, and validates results of unit, systems, and acceptance testing to ensure conformity to user\'s requirements. Implementation: Plans and executes smooth integration of an application into the computing environment. Programming: Comprehends and applies principles of programming; effectively translates design specifications into appropriate software components. Collaborative Programming Techniques: Uses methods and tools that support cooperative software development among users in different locations. Quality Assurance: Employs appropriate quality assurance standards and procedures to ensure delivery of bug-free applications that meet user\'s needs. Technology Integration: Integrates various technologies, systems, applications, database and components across multiple platforms. Hardware Architecture: Understands hardware components, architecture, and interrelationship among hardware, software, and operating systems. Performance Measurements & Tuning: Uses appropriate performance metrics to monitor, optimize and troubleshoot system performance. Operating Systems: Understands operating systems fundamentals including: file systems, process, and memory management. System Administration: Understands appropriate procedures and techniques for management and administrating a network, data center, or other computer system; manages changes to the computing environment. Technical Training and Support: Provides user support through analysis and problem solving to facilitate installation, implementation, maintenance, education, and documentation of computer hardware and software systems.
https://www.uwb.edu/css/about/learninggoals
As written by Ryan W. Miller of USA Today: Researchers discovered a “missing link” within plants between humans and simple pond scum that could provide insight into how some organisms live for thousands of years, according to a study published Monday. The enzyme telomerase can slow aging within cells by lengthening telomeres, a sort of cap at the end of chromosomes that protects DNA and the chromosomes’ stability. For the first time, scientists have identified the RNA component of telomerase enzymes from land plants, which study author Dorothy Shippen described as an “intermediate structure” between humans’ and pond scum’s telomerase. “Our discovery of this key component of the telomerase enzyme in the plant kingdom provides an evolutionary bridge, and a novel path forward, for understanding how humans keep their DNA safe and enable cells to divide indefinitely,” said Shippen, a professor at Texas A&M University. The study could one day provide insight into how to treat human diseases caused by cell proliferation, such as cancer, she said. “The ability to control where and when cells divide – it’s a fundamental question,” Shippen said. The study was published Monday in the peer-reviewed Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Telomerase allows for immortality on a cellular level, said study author Julian Chen, an Arizona State University professor. As cells age, their telomeres shorten, and chromosomes in turn stop the cell from dividing further, Chen said. Telomerase stops this process and can reverse the cell aging by lengthening the telomeres, he said. On the level of an entire organism, the aging process is much more complex, and the length of telomeres does not necessarily correlate with life span, Chen said. Plants have an incredible plasticity, Shippen said, and it’s possible that studying how telomerase lengthens their telomeres could provide scientists clues to manipulating human telomerase. “Some of these mechanisms might be different from human mechanisms,” Chen said, “but we might be able to apply the plant-specific mechanism in a different way to recognize human telomerase. “One practical application would be cancer treatment. Cancer cells have plenty of telomerase, which allows them to live and grow much longer than normal cells in our body, Chen said. Studying plant telomerase might lead researchers to a way to stop human telomerase in cancer cells and allow the telomeres to shorten, killing off the cancer cells. These sorts of applications are years off, the study authors said, but they hope the research in plants will have some human applications. “All of this information will be useful in future to design and engineer a way to facilitate anti-aging therapy,” Chen said.
https://biochemistry.tamu.edu/2019/11/20/missing-link-between-pond-scum-and-humans-discovered-holds-promise-for-cancer-research/
Legacies are special abilities that the Garde and Human Garde develop in their adolescence. They are granted to the chosen species of a planet in a time of need by the Loric Entity that uses it's own power to give to the wielders of the Legacies. The only species that are known to have developed legacies are Loric and Humans although the way they develop in both is slightly different. It may be possible that other planets have abilities similar to Legacies. Legacies come from the Spirit of Lorien. They were granted to the Garde after the Phoenix Stones activated the energy within the planet tens of thousands of years ago, and appear to have evolved genetically into the Garde. At age eleven, Garde are of age to develop their first Legacy. Legacies vary from Garde to Garde, and the time of development may take from two months to at least a year. A Mentor Cêpan, also known as a "Keeper," is a mentor assigned to Garde when they turn eleven to help the Garde hone their Legacies for future mastery. Around the ages between twenty-five and thirty-five, after the Garde marry and have children, leave to go and master their Legacies with their Keepers in safe environments. This may be for the safety of themselves and their children, as many Legacies can be very dangerous and destructive. It has been proven that many young Garde lose their lives each year on Lorien due to the lack of control of their Legacies. Garde were sent to the Lorien Defense Academy if their Legacies were considered power or impressive. Because they had been taken by surprise, the Legacies of the Garde were not enough to defeat the Mogadorians the night of the invasion. Intoxication from alcohol may also dull the accuracy of Legacies. On Earth, after the Loric Entity was awakened, LANEs (Legacy-Augmented/Afflicted Native Earthlings) arose. Several hundred teenagers around the world were selected by the Entity and began to develop Legacies. Because Earth was in need of saving immediately, their Legacies developed faster than those of the Garde. Many developed what seemed to be Major Legacies within forty-eight hours of developing Telekinesis. However, many of them, especially from Russia, were taken by the Mogadorians, and their Legacies were extracted to create Augmentations for the Trueborn. Phiri Dun-Ra was one of the first of these Augments. She could extract Legacies from Garde and corrupt them. On Victory Humanity Day, these Augments were all destroyed along with their creator, Setrákus Ra. Afterward, Human Garde went home to their families to wait until a heavily guarded Academy was built to help them learn how to use their Legacies. These Legacies were only to be used when needed, and some of the Human Garde signed up for the United Nations, using their Legacies to serve the Earth Garde Peacekeepers. Enhancement - Enhanced physical strength, speed, senses, reflexes, and endurance. Telekinesis - The ability to move objects with one's mind. This is the first Legacy every Garde develops when they come of age. Some pick it up quite easily, while others take time to hone their skills with it. All LANEs have this ability as well. Major Legacy - The main power that allows Garde to fight. It is their most powerful legacy, and is usually the last Legacy to develop. Lumen - This Legacy enables a Garde to produce light and fire. This ability also gives a Garde invulnerability to heat and flames. Users: Number Four; Four's Grandfather; (Possibly) Pittacus Lore. Needle Projection - This legacy allows Garde to quickly grow needle sharp quills from their skin, which can be used as projectiles. Legacy Reflection - The ability to reflect or "mirror" legacies back on the original user. This gives the user a way to combat telekinetic blasts and likely other projectile legacy attacks. It is possible that these may be Major Legacies. These are Legacies possessed by other members of the Garde mentioned. Elecomun - The ability to generate and manipulate currents of electricity. Energy Blasts - This Legacy allows Garde to generate cobalt-blue blasts of energy from his or her palms. Light Manipulation (Photokinesis) - The ability to generate and manipulate light particles. Fire Manipulation (Pyrokinesis) - The ability to manipulate and possibly generate fire. It is mentioned to be an extension of Lumen. Temperature Manipulation (Thermokinesis) - The ability to alter one`s surrounding temperature, either making it warmer or cooler. These are Legacies that appear on the Lorien Horoscope that Garde haven't developed. Time Manipulation (Chronokinesis) - The ability to travel through, slow down, stop, speed up, and reverse time. Mind Control - A confirmed Major Legacy, it is the ability to manipulate people into doing what you want without speaking to them. Force Field Generation - The ability to generate a dome of energy around the user to stop attacks. Convincio - The ability to control people verbally. Chameleor - The ability to take on the appearance of the user's surroundings. Impenetrable Skin - The ability to have skin impervious to wounds. Some items in the Chests are imitations of Legacies, such as the Xitharis Stone and the stone that can heal. Many of the possible Legacies on here are drawn from items in the Chests. Rapid Regeneration - The ability to heal rapidly. Six notices that she heals surprisingly quickly after a fight with Setrákus Ra. Clairsentience - The ability to know things not gained by any of the five senses. Marina had a feeling that Eight was calling to her after his death, and could sense the weapons they had placed in their trap at the Sanctuary. Sonic Boom Generation - The ability to cause sonic booms. Marina's Chest contained gloves that allowed Nine to cause a boom that shattered multiple car windows when he clapped his hands together. Plant Manipulation (Chlorokinesis) - The ability to manipulate plant life. Marina had an item in her Chest that allowed the user to do that. Air Manipulation (Aerokinesis) - The ability to manipulate wind. Number Eight had an item in his Chest that allowed the user to do that. X-Ray Vision - The ability to see through solid objects. Nine has an item in his Chest that allows the user to do that.
https://thelorienlegacies.fandom.com/wiki/Legacies
Can Bacteria Found on Easter Island Slow The Effects of Aging? By: Gaia Staff | May 9th, 2017 Easter Island’s Miracle Drug About 45 years ago a team of researchers took a trip to Easter Island, home of the mystical and monolithic Moai stone heads, to collect soil samples. What one researcher found could be the key to extending our lives, as it has been proven to do just that in mice. Suren Sehgal, brought back a bacterium, called Streptomyces hygroscopicus, that he named Rapamycin after the indigenous name of Easter Island, Rapa Nui. This bacterium can only be found on Easter Island. He studied the samples for years, intrigued by the properties he saw in them, until his laboratory was shut down and he was told to destroy all research that hadn’t been officially approved. Sehgal snuck out samples of Rapamycin and continued studying them on his own. When the pharmaceutical company he worked for was acquired by a larger one, his study of Rapamycin continued. Its effects proved to be astounding and especially applicable for patients receiving organ transplants. Later in his life, Suren Sehgal developed stage-4 colon cancer and was given two years to live. He started taking rapamycin and lived for another five years. However, he decided to stop taking it to see if it was what was keeping the cancer at bay. He died two months later. Combatting the Aging Process According to scientists that are studying how aging can be reversed or slowed, there is hope. Aubrey de Grey, one of the biggest names in anti-aging research, says that, “aging is pretty well understood and the best of it is that not only can we enumerate the types of damage the body does to itself throughout our lives, we can also categorize them, classify them into a variable number of categories.” Rapamycin essentially controls the pathways for growth and metabolism in humans and animals. It acts on the body’s ability to deal with reduced nutrition. So when the body isn’t doing well, it goes into a stress-averse mode. That mode is what rapamycin influences, by tricking the body into thinking its starving, and it works in slowing the aging process. According to scientists studying the effects of it at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, rapamycin can improve cardiac and skeletal function while also increasing life span. They also found that it increased lifespan of mice by 60 percent in a relatively rapid onset model of disease. Unfortunately, the down side to rapamycin is that it suppresses the immune system. This is unfortunate for the prospect that it showed a 14 percent increase in the lifespan of older female mice, which if applied to a female human would extend a 60-year-old’s life to the age of 95. However, for older humans, suppressing the immune system would obviously leave them susceptible to disease. The positive side is that it works perfectly for organ transplant patients. Other Recent Findings A research team at the University of New South Wales in Australia, recently found a protein that guards against DNA damage. They have found it to have anti-aging properties and are hopeful that it could be beneficial for astronauts, especially with the prospect of sending a manned mission to Mars in the near future. A flight to Mars would lead to significant exposure to cosmic radiation, resulting in memory loss and muscle weakness, but also a 100 percent chance of astronauts getting cancer. You can even be exposed to cosmic radiation on a long international flight, to the same extent of an x-ray, so there could be practical use for frequent flyers. The quest for the fountain of youth continues on, often with tech billionaires funding the research of the scientists studying it. Will we figure out a way to stop or at least slow down the process, or is it dangerous to try to prevent our own mortality? Mind. Blown? Elevate your inbox with weekly articles from Gaia There's More To You Than You Think Travel down a new road with Gaia, a member-supported conscious media company. Join our community of seekers, dreamers, and doers to empower your own evolution. Discover over 8,000+ ad-free, streaming videos to inspire and encourage curiosity. Everything is waiting for you; which path will you choose?
https://www.gaia.com/article/can-a-bacterium-found-on-easter-island-slow-aging
How to Identify the Different Types of Mutants The X-Men are made up of mutants, beings with superpowers. They fight against the X-Men of Earth and the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. There are several different types of mutants in the world, each having a unique type of power and characteristics. The first type of mutant is known as Mutagenic Mutates, which are born when their bodies absorb energy from another person or creature. The energy can be found in any form – light, sound, heat, cold, etc. This is how the mutants are born. In their youth, their bodies contain enough energy to allow them to use their mutant powers, but as they grow older, the amount of energy decreases. Sometimes, these people do not need to absorb energy at all, and simply have a lack of it in their bodies. The second type of mutant is known as Empathic Mutate, which is a subspecies of the Empathic Mutate category. In this case, they are born with the ability to sense others’ emotions. However, because of their heightened ability to sense emotions, they are also often targets for anger and other negative emotions. The third type of mutant is known as Psionic. They have an ability to read minds and use that ability to control people, animals, or objects. These people can manipulate any kind of energy – positive or negative. Psionic mutants are often a threat to normal humans. They use their power to control humans to use as hostages or weapons. The fourth type of mutant is known as Telekinetic. This person can control other objects with their mind. They are able to control objects inanimate objects, people, and even animals. Some of these telekinetic can control objects at will, and some are very restricted by their power. The last type of mutant, known as Mental Abilities, is defined as a set of abilities used to read thoughts, understand language, manipulate objects, and change the course of events. These skills allow a person to think, act, and react on their own, without the assistance of others. Sometimes, these people have problems interacting with other humans and other living things. The various types of mutants have a wide variety of powers and traits. Each type has its own unique set of benefits and disadvantages. When a mutant is born, their powers depend on the type they are, the number of mutations, and what conditions their mother had prior to birth. The type of mutant also affects what type of mutant they will become. The variety of these different types of mutant makes the X-Men one of the most powerful teams in the Marvel Universe. When a person is born with a mutation, they become one of the different types of mutant. Mutants are either physically strong or very weak, depending on their mutations. Many people develop superpowers through the process of mutation. For example, a person with blue skin, dark hair, and a muscular build could develop the superpower of being able to fly. People that are born with the ability to control the elements of their environment can control weather. When the number of mutations increases, so does the variety of the different types of mutant. When a new mutation occurs, a new type of mutant may emerge to take its place. There are two main categories of mutations that can occur: inherited and acquired. Mutations that are inherited are passed down from parents to children. Children who are mutants inherit these genes, which may include the DNA strands of parents, and can use these genes when they create offspring. Acquired mutations can be created through the process of genetic engineering or radiation. When a person is exposed to an organism that has certain conditions, a mutation will occur. Mutants that are acquired through radiation can cause changes to the DNA strands, and when these strands get mixed up with another strand of DNA, a new mutation can occur. Because there are many types of mutant in the world today, many different environments exist in which to find the different types of mutant. Each type of mutant requires a different type of environment, and there are a variety of powers that can be possessed by each type.
https://jobberwiki.com/how-to-identify-the-different-types-of-mutants/
We all get older… every day. Am I stating the obvious here? Well, I’m about to go against an entire industry and what the gurus would have you believe. No matter what they say, there’s no way to “stop aging” or even slow it down! Nope! We are biological creatures. And at this time we’re still subject to natural laws, no matter if we like it or not. However, there are ways to turns the aging process into a more positive and enjoyable experience. Getting older doesn’t have to mean living with pain, suffering, and loss of function.
https://olderwiserwomen.com/tag/exercise/
Forever Young Essay, Research Paper Reversing The Aging Process, Should We? In the length of time measured as human lifetime one can expect to see a full range of differing events. It is assumed that during a lifetime a person will experience every possible different emotion. If one is particularly lucky, he will bear witness to, or affect some momentous change in humanity. However is it reasonable to ask what would be experienced by someone who lived two lifetimes? Up until recently the previous question would and could only be rhetorical. There is no answer, because no one has ever lived that long. Of course that was up until now. At McGill University, nematodes (tiny organisms) have experienced five lifetimes (Kluger). Through complex scientific experiments nematodes and fruit flies have had their lifespans increased not by fractions of life times, but by multiples of lifetimes (Kruger). Mankind is using the discovery of DNA as an opportunity to play G-d by changing the aging process. Man has a natural tendency to play the role of G-d. Man has a an inherent need to affect others, be it through the vises of war, power, manipulation or politics. However man s natural tendency to play G-d has reached it s final manifestation. By attempting to slow down the aging process man is using himself as the ultimate canvas, to play the role of the omnipotent. Research into the process of aging began in 1961(Rose, Technology Review:64). Since then a great deal of time, money and effort have been appropriated into discovering the causes of aging, it can therefore be inferred that humanity has an almost “personal” interest in aging. Of course the culmination of discovering how we age, is discovering how to stop it. An intrinsic characteristic of Man is His obsession with superficiality. Superficiality is equated with appearance. The appearance of beauty can be equated with youth. Therein lies man s obsession with age, ceasing to age means being eternally beautiful. As usual man s actions are dominated by ego and self-preservation. Within the confines of youth there lies a certain fountain of power. Power which cannot be accessed once one ages. Things like physical and sexual prowess. The time of youth is often refereed to as the “prime of your life”. It is therefore not difficult to understand and conceive of man s motivation to stay young and to wish that the immediate people surrounding him stay young. If a mathematician wished to create a formula to describe the life of one man he would say that life is equal to a series of interchangeably quantized, experiences and emotions. With the advent of a retarded aging process, that which we know as life changes. While life is composed if those quantized properties there are a finite amount of them, therefore decelerating the aging process has major implications. First and foremost among them is what to do with all that extra time? In 1900 the average life expectancy of a baby born in the United States was 47 years. Conservative estimates place life expectancy of children born today in the united sates at 76, while less conservative estimates place the life expectancy at 100 years. Presently man is unable to cope with this extra time. Many septuagenarians spend days sitting around doing next to nothing. The term “waiting to die” has been applied in reference to such activities, or rather lack thereof. Even while the average life-span has increased, whose to say that the time added is quality time? Another general comment overheard in the population at large was “what s the point of growing old and having to suffer through ulcers, cataracts, hemorrhoids, and cancer. Isn t it better to die young and healthy then to die old, infirm and brittle?” The essential question being proposed is one of quality versus quantity. Is it better to live for a long time with much of that time spent in dialysis, or is it preferable to enjoy a short but “fun” life. Even if the scientists can cure humanity of the ailments of the elders, there still remains the question of how to manage one s time. “We re bored” has often been used as the battle cry of youth, people who haven t even lived two decades. What are people who have lived twelve decades supposed to do? These questions are stuck in the realm of rhetoric. There are no answers to these questions. It is altogether possible that there never will be. Scientists involved in the dissection of the aging process have made what they believe to be an important discovery (Gebhart,174). Scientists discovered a small area at the tip of the chromosomes that served no apparent purpose (Kluger). Dubbed a telomere, this area of the chromosome wasn t responsible for any physiological traits. What was discerned however was that whenever a cell divides to create two new cells each of the daughter cells has less telomere than the mother cell (Kluger). Once the cell has undergone a maximum number of divisions the telomere was reduced to a stub, exposing genes which initiated proteins that caused the deterioration of the cell (Kluger). The most applicable analogy would be that of a bomb. The telomere acts as the fuse to the bomb. The fuse is lit from the time of birth, and when the telomerefuse runs out the bomb goes off. Only in this case instead of instantaneous death, the victim succumbs to the equivalent of radiation poisoning. The victims condition is terminal from the start and slowly degrades to the point of death . The conclusion is that life is just a case of terminal death. Or is it? Scientists also discovered an enzyme known as telomerase prevents the loss of telomere, essentially stomping the fire out (Rose, Technology Review: 64). There are many substantial and immediate implications raised by this. What are the ethics of immortality? Was humanity meant to be immortal? Are there benefits to being immortal? Are there consequences? While it seems like quite a neat thing to do immortality would place an incredible strain on our resources. Not only on social actions and mental coping but also on the resources of this planet. There are a limited quantity of resources available for consumption on this planet. As a result of human immortality, the first consequence would be overcrowding. No one ever dies, therefore there s no room to go “out with the old and in with the new”. The next major problem would be a food shortage. With an ever-increasing population and a constant food supply, there wouldn t be enough food to feed everybody. Either the vast majority of the planet would be starving while a few noble class people feasted, or in general people would have to reduce the amount they eat. Which introduces the problem of waste disposal. Not only human and animal defecation but garbage, where would it go? A common complaint from a number of people, and most teenagers is that there parents place too much pressure on them, and that they re always trying to find out things that are none of there business. Well imagine the pressure placed on someone who has not only his parents, not only his grandparents, but also his great-grandparents, his great-great-grandparents, their parents, and their parents. A person would have an endless supply of ancestors, and would be constantly overseen. These are huge ramifications that would change the way humanity not only acts but also the way humanity perceives itself. Lastly there is the ethical aspect of increasing humanity s lifespan. Regardless of whether there is or is not a some omnipotent watchperson whom we in our rather limited capacity perceive as G-d there are ethical issues which must be dealt with. Humanity has always perceived itself as more than just the sum of its parts. However that isn t to say that if you change one of the parts humanity will stay the same. There is nothing more immediate than DNA to a human. What right does humanity have to go stumbling around down there. A baby doesn t change its own diapers does it? If humans were meant to live for a certain amount of time who are we to say we should live longer. On the other hand who s to say we shouldn t. Yes the human lifespan has been adjusted in the past, but those were all external stimuli, war, famine, disease and the CIA were all responsible for changing the definition of a lifetime. However adjusting DNA is an internal change. Changing our society and hygiene is light years away from controlling microscopic chemical reactions. Man is referred to as G-d s ultimate creation, the universe his canvas. But what happens when humans steal the canvas and decide to redecorate, would you want to recolor your Picasso? Is there any justification for living that long, does there need to be? These are not easy questions, and there not intended to be, but should scientists prove successful in their endeavors, all of these questions will have to be resolved. How can certain establishments which frown on cosmetic plastic surgery frown on the reorganization of protein strands? There is no doubt that the people in charge of those organizations would take advantage of these technologies (Rose, Melatonin,: 6). How are the two things different? There are no possible answers to these questions for now they must remain rhetorical. It is increasingly obvious that the repercussions of these technologies stretch across the board. As always the horizon of the future stretches before us, only revealing a glimpse of that which is to come. The resounding questions that will soon confront us can only be concluded with the passage of time, something apparently humanity will have a lot of.
https://essay.ua-referat.com/Forever_Young
based on the premise that it’s possible to slow down, stop, or even reverse the process of aging. Choose one property of the human body (and mind), i.e. organ, organ system, tissue type and discuss how it changes with age and these changes affect total lifespan. Is there any current research in medical science that supports any way to slow its process of aging? What about the claims by the manufacturers of pharmaceuticals and/or nutritional supplements that some of their products have an effect on aging of the system you chose? Are any valid? Click Here to get the answer for your question Save your time - order a paper!
https://essayhive.com/what-about-the-claims-by-the-manufacturers-of-pharmaceuticals-and-or-nutritional-supplements-that-some-of-their-products-have-an-effect-on-aging-of-the-system-you-chose-are-any-valid/
New research just published by scientists from UGA provides the first evidence that a key gene may be crucial to maintaining the production of the thymus and its disease-fighting T-cells after an animal’s birth. The discovery could help scientists find out how to turn the thymus back on, so it could produce T-cells long after it normally shuts down most of its function, which occurs by early adulthood in humans. If the finding leads to further ways to manipulate the gene, the result could be a new avenue for the body to fight disease more effectively as the body ages. The research was published in the online edition of the journal Blood, a publication of the American Society of Hematology. “Such things as infectious diseases, inflammation and heart problems are all related to immune response,” said Nancy Manley, an associate professor of genetics and chair of UGA’s Interdepartmental Developmental Biology Group. “You don’t have to think far to see how understanding the effect of this gene could affect the quality of life for older people and others as well.” Other authors of the paper are doctoral graduate student Lizhen Chen and assistant research scientist Shiyun Xiao, also of UGA. The thymus is an organ located in the upper part of the human chest cavity, behind the sternum. This organ is the location where important systemic infection fighters called T-cells develop. Throughout the past two decades, T-cell counts have become part of everyday dialogue due to their importance in monitoring HIV/AIDS and other disorders. The thymus slowly begins to shut down early in life and becomes largely inactive by early adulthood. Still, that’s fine for most people, since an entire lifetime supply of T-cells is produced in that time. But, for some people, the loss of irreplaceable T-cells through disease can lead to chronic illnesses and a shortened life. Until recently, scientists had thought that the thymus in adults was permanently shut down because no known regulatory mechanism existed that might allow doctors to “turn back on” the thymus if a person’s T-cells were compromised. There are now some treatments currently in trials that can transiently rejuvenate the thymus and increase thymic output in humans. The problem has been that the mechanisms by which all this works are poorly understood, and all current treatments have systemic effects that can cause unacceptable side effects in all but the most seriously ill, who are more willing to tolerate them in exchange for possible benefit. Now, however, Manley and her colleagues have shown for the first time that a gene called Foxn1 is required to maintain the postnatal thymus. Their results also suggest that changes in Foxn1 expression in important thymic epithelial cells during aging contribute to the slow shut-down of the thymus with age. “While this research was done in mice, it’s not far-fetched to say that this points toward possible therapies for a huge variety of illnesses, from AIDS to age-related immunodeficiency disorders,” said Manley. One clear advantage of understanding how Foxn1 works in maintaining the thymus and T-cell production is that it could lead to narrowly targeted therapies that are less likely to cause collateral side effects in a patient. Manley got into studying the Foxn1 gene through her work as a developmental biologist, but the discovery of how the gene works in maintaining the postnatal thymus came as a surprise. The mouse carrying the genetically altered Foxn1 gene was produced by happenstance rather than by design. It turns out that the engineered gene has normal fetal expression and thymus development, but after birth, the gene’s expression decays much more rapidly than in normal mice, giving the scientists a way to rapidly assess just what the gene does in the growing animal. “In effect, what happens in this model is that the gene ‘ages’ more rapidly than the mouse does,” said Manley. “This has given us a tremendous ability to understand to a more accurate degree just what the gene is doing.” The irony that the new discovery may find its best uses in dealing with issues of aging and that Manley is a development biologist hasn’t been lost on her. “The truth is that aging and development aren’t really different things,” she said. “They’re part of a continuum. The young thymus is like a turned-on spigot pumping out a diversity of T-cell types, and T-cells live a long time. Even after the spigot turns off, we don’t really see any major changes in them for most people until they reach about 60 years of age. Then the rates of things like rheumatoid arthritis and cancer go up substantially. And, as we all know, older people get sick more often.” If, however, physicians were able selectively to turn T-cell production back on, then many diseases that currently afflict older people could become manageable if not, in cases, entirely absent. So if “60 is the new 40,” as some people say, that could theoretically change to “75 is the new 40.” And that first number of the pair could be even higher. “Would turning Foxn1 back on allow us to regenerate an aged thymus?” Manley asked. “We just don’t know yet. But we are getting evidence now to say that it would allow it, and we will be working on that to see how it can happen. If we could delay when the thymus shuts off or have it work at a low level our entire lives, it has the potential to make a huge difference in so many health-related issues.” While the mouse model doesn’t precisely mimic human response, it is close enough so that biologists and geneticists can often draw conclusions from mouse trials on how humans will respond. Though the ability of science to manipulate this gene and potentially the production of T-cells isn’t going to happen next week, it may not be that far down the road, either. Under best circumstances, the researchers should know within five to 10 years whether the therapeutic ability to turn back on the production of T-cells is possible.
https://news.uga.edu/restarting-the-clock/
Big Brother Doesn’t Always Know Best: Propaganda in Animal Farm George Orwell’s Animal Farm, published in 1945, is a cautionary tale for all who are concerned with the power of propaganda. The story takes place on an English farm where the animals overthrow their human masters and establish a society based upon equality called Animalism. But as time passes, some of the pigs begin to act more like humans than animals. They take advantage of their positions to manipulate both other animals and those outside their community-even if it means using violence to do so. Sign up for Prepper Daves Free Newsletter HERE What is propaganda? Propaganda is information that is used to promote or publicize a particular cause, position, view, etc. Propaganda can be political or nonpolitical in nature and is often transmitted through the mass media. Orwell was highly critical of the use of propaganda, which he believed could be used to control the thoughts and actions of people. He showed the way in which it could be used to manipulate people into behaving as the propagandists wanted them to. How is propaganda used in Animal Farm? In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, both humans and pigs are guilty of using propaganda as a means of gaining power. The pigs use propaganda to convince the other animals that they are superior in every way while using violence when necessary. The humans use propaganda to try and regain control of the farm, portraying the animals as unruly and dangerous. In both cases, the use of propaganda allows the ruling class to maintain their power while keeping the lower classes in line. How does this relate to real life? Propaganda is used in all sorts of ways in the real world, often to control and mislead the population. Governments use propaganda to control the people while also trying to convince other countries that they are powerful and should be respected. Other groups use propaganda in order to manipulate their own members, making them believe that they should act in one way or another. Why is propaganda important in Animal Farm? Propaganda becomes especially dangerous in a society where it has been used for years because people stop questioning what is actually true and begin believing whatever they want about the society they live in. This is precisely what happens in Animal Farm. The animals are so brainwashed by years of propaganda that they no longer question the legitimacy of their government, even when things don’t seem right. For example, when Napoleon begins to monopolize power and starts implementing his own version of the rules, the animals don’t question it. They continue to believe that Napoleon is acting in their best interests, even though he is really only interested in serving himself. This is a perfect example of how propaganda can be used to control a population and keep them in line. What are examples of propaganda in Animal Farm? Some examples of propaganda used in Orwell’s Animal Farm include: the song “Beasts of England,” the Seven Commandments, and the slogan “Four legs good, two legs bad.” “Beasts of England” is, a song that the animals sing shortly after they overthrow their human masters. It is used to inspire the animals and get them excited about their new society. They are told that “Beasts of England” is proof that they have succeeded in creating an equal society. However, the song has actually been rewritten by the pigs to better suit their needs. The Seven Commandments are a set of rules that were used in order to establish Animalism and prevent the animals from reverting back to their old ways. However, as time goes on and the pigs become more corrupt, they begin to rewrite the commandments to better suit their own needs. For example, the original commandment “No animal shall sleep in a bed” is rewritten to become “No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.” The pigs have essentially turned the commandments into propaganda tools, using them to control and manipulate their fellow animals. The slogan “Four legs good, two legs bad” is used by the pigs to convince the other animals that they are better than humans. The slogan is plastered everywhere and chanted by the animals whenever they get together. It plays on their emotions, allowing them to justify why humans are bad while the pigs are good. This is another example of how propaganda can be used to control a population. How does Animal Farm reflect real-world events? Animal Farm reflects real-world events in a number of ways. The most obvious example is the Russian Revolution, which Orwell based Animal Farm on. However, there are also many smaller examples that reflect other events that have happened throughout history. For example, the way that Napoleon takes control of the farm and begins implementing his own rules is a direct parallel with Joseph Stalin. In real life, Stalin took control of Russia after the death of Vladimir Lenin and began to establish a totalitarian government in which he had complete power over everyone else. He also used propaganda in order to convince others that his leadership was good for them while continuing to serve himself at their expense. Another example is when Napoleon begins to sell wood to humans in order to make money. This is similar to how the Russian government began selling natural resources to other countries in order to make money. The difference, however, is that the Russian government did this in order to help fund their war efforts, while Napoleon does it simply for his own benefit. Lastly, the way that the animals are eventually forced to give up their land and work on a new, larger farm is similar to how many farmers were forced to give up their land and work on collective farms during the Russian Revolution. The difference is that, in Animal Farm, the animals are not given a choice in the matter. What is the main message in Animal Farm? The main message in George Orwell’s Animal Farm is that propaganda can be used to control people and turn them into mindless drones who follow orders without question. The government in the book is controlled by a small group of elite pigs, who use propaganda to keep the other animals in line. The animals are constantly being told that they are living in the best of all possible worlds, and that anything bad that happens is the fault of their enemies. This type of brainwashing can be very effective, as it causes the animals to ignore the evidence of their own senses and accept whatever they are told by those in power. It is not until after Napoleon takes over as leader that the pigs begin using propaganda, but its effectiveness remains undiminished even when it becomes obvious that there is something wrong with how things were being run under Old Major. What is the hidden meaning in Animal Farm? Another important message to take away from George Orwell’s Animal Farm is that even those with good intentions can become corrupted by power and begin abusing their positions-and this lesson has been just as relevant throughout history as it was when he wrote the book. The pigs, who started out as the most dedicated to the cause of the animals, quickly become the most corrupt and tyrannical once they gain control. This is a warning against giving too much power to any one individual, as it can lead to grave consequences. It is also worth noting that Animal Farm can be seen as an allegory for communism, as it is a critique of the way that this system can be abused by those in power. Orwell was highly critical of communism, and he felt that it would only lead to disaster if it were ever put into practice. Animal Farm is his way of warning against this type of government. When did Animal Farm get banned? Animal Farm was banned in the Soviet Union because it criticized Joseph Stalin and his regime, which made Soviet citizens extremely uncomfortable. And although Orwell didn’t intend for this to be a political statement (it was meant as a warning against propaganda no matter who is using it), many still see some parallels between Stalin’s Russia and the events that take place in Animal Farm. Conclusion: George Orwell’s Animal Farm is a powerful warning against the dangers of propaganda and its ability to control people’s thoughts and actions. The story is as relevant today as it was when it was first published over 70 years ago, and it serves as a reminder that we should always be skeptical of what we’re told and think for ourselves. Thank you for reading, and be sure to check out our other blog posts for more information on subject such as – PSYOPS: Propaganda, Censorship, and Disinformation, and Propaganda: The Psychological Operation Campaigns (PSYOPS).
https://prepperdavesonline.com/2022/01/07/big-brother-doesnt-always-know-best-propaganda-in-animal-farm/
by Behzad Amir-Faryar and Pashang Salehi Friday, May 19, 2017 The term “aging” is used and interpreted in a variety of ways depending on the realm in which it’s applied. For wine, Scotch and certain cheeses, aging is generally considered a good thing, whereas, for humans, it is not. In the geosciences and engineering, it can refer to changes in material strength or properties over time. But even in these fields, its use is inconsistent: “Aging” in sand is completely different from “aging” in concrete or asphalt, for example. In sand deposits, aging describes an improvement in modulus and strength — after, for example, earthquake-induced vibrations pass through it. This improvement is related to an increase in shear-wave velocity and shear modulus, and, ultimately, densification of sand deposits after an earthquake event. The specifics of the aging process are dependent on the type of sand, the stress levels it experiences, and microbiological effects. Over geologic time, if the pressure and heat on sand intensify, sandstone will form, which is the final step in its aging process — unless you also count weathering and erosion, which breaks the sandstone down into sand again, in a never-ending cycle. With concrete, the material’s strength improves during the initial stage of construction, usually a 28-day period after pouring, and may continue to improve for more than two years. After that, however, it begins progressing through a natural process of aging due to the very slow loss of moisture over a few years. The timing of this process is an important consideration in planning for safety when concrete structures are designed. Aging, contraction and chemical changes in the concrete, along with possible ground vibrations, can cause deterioration of concrete that reduces the strength of a concrete structure. Using the single term “aging” to describe such widely varying processes in sand and concrete creates ambiguity for readers (especially those who are not familiar with geological and geotechnical terms) and confusion about whether someone is talking about strength and development, or weakness and destruction. Perhaps we can add another term to the mix to clarify things, like “maturing.” Readers may be familiar with more vernacular uses of the two terms. In humans, aging is defined as the process of growing old: a slow, deliberate process that starts at birth and ends with death. Not fun! On the other hand, maturing and its many synonyms — such as developing, growing, evolving and thriving — have positive connotations and focus on strength. In the geosciences, it has been shown that sand grains can rearrange and become stronger as a unit as a result of earthquake shaking. This strength gain could henceforth be called “maturation” for sand (and sandstone), whereas the long-term weathering and erosion of the sand could be called “aging.” Similarly, in engineering, the initial strengthening of concrete constitutes maturation, while its subsequent deterioration is more aptly described as aging. Maturation and aging are different parts of the overall life cycle — be it of sand, concrete, wine, cheese or us. Maturation fosters stability, strength, firmness, growth and evolution, while aging leads to weakness, flaws, pain and, ultimately, death. We should seek to distinguish them more clearly. Who can tell me the meaning of the word ‘old'? To some pain and suffer, but to others gold. We were born as a child destined to get aged. Nothing can do because, life is being staged. Growing up, getting old and falling asleep; Knowing that not knowing secrets, burning deep. What will happen to mountains, when they get old? They turn into desert, so hot and so cold. Getting old is getting weak and insecure. Losing all your strength, your looks and contour. How can I get strength, when lost it by age? The only thing can do, is turn the next page. You who want to mature, journey have no will; You might gain your power, get old and get well. But if you want the wine, wine is mature grapes. Maturation to wine, grapes come in all shapes. During earthquake, Earth will mature fast; The concrete will crack, sand will ever last. I am mature enough under so much weight; The way my molecules expand their estate. You can lose your strength, but you can get firm. ‘Maturing' instead of ‘aged' is a better term. © 2008-2021. All rights reserved. Any copying, redistribution or retransmission of any of the contents of this service without the expressed written permission of the American Geosciences Institute is expressly prohibited. Click here for all copyright requests.
https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/geologic-column-it-aged-or-mature/
SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 15, 2009 – A hybrid protein has been created that causes mouse cells to move in response to laser light. Such cells can be trained to follow a light beam or stop on command. This is the first time researchers have been able to import a light-controlled “on-off switch” from plants into a mammalian cell to instantly control a variety of cell functions, the researchers said. As such, it offers both a powerful new tool in cancer and cardiovascular research, and the potential to ultimately control complex processes such as nerve growth. “This is a powerful tool for cell biology and cancer research,” said Wendell Lim, a professor in the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) department of cellular and molecular pharmacology and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute researcher. Researchers built the switch using a light-sensitive protein from Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant in the mustard family. Their approach hinges on a specific type of phytochrome – proteins that plants use to regulate seed germination, shade avoidance and other processes in response to light. In plant cells, the protein changes shape when exposed to red light but returns to its normal state in infrared light. They set up their system in such a way that shining red light on the hybrid phytochrome/regulatory protein would cause it to migrate to the cell’s outer membrane, where it could alter the structure of the cell’s cytoskeleton. That alteration would, in turn, cause the cell to change shape or move. In contrast, infrared light would quickly stop the migration of the hybrid protein to the outer membrane, so by toggling between the two wavelengths of light, scientists could turn cell movement on and off. Using a laser beam, which can be directed at a precise location within the cell, the scientists can sculpt cell shape down to a resolution of 1 µm – about 1/10,000th of an inch. The research appears in the Sept. 13 advanced online publication of the journal Nature, reported alongside a paper on similar research led by Klaus Hahn, PhD, and his colleagues at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (See: Light Controls Cell Movement). Together, the papers are the first to demonstrate that plant light switches can be imported into mammalian cells to control complex regulatory processes. The UCSF research is unique in developing a generic plug-and-play switch, based on protein recruitment, which can be wired to control diverse processes in many types of cells and organisms, the researchers said. The findings could have various therapeutic applications down the road, such as the ability to guide nerve cells to reconnect across a broken spinal pathway in a spinal cord injury, according to Lim, one of three senior authors on the paper and the director of the Cell Propulsion Laboratory, a National Institutes of Health Nanomedicine Development Center at UCSF and UC Berkeley. More immediately, the findings offer a new approach for scientific research into the complex regulatory processes involved in diseases like cancer and inflammation, he said. Many cell processes are governed by where and when proteins appear in the cell, Lim said. When those processes are based on an extremely complex network of signals, such as in diseases like cancer, he added, it’s helpful to have an on-off switch to insert into that process. The research was carried out by Anselm Levskaya, a graduate student in both Lim’s laboratory and the laboratory of Chris Voigt, PhD, a synthetic biologist and assistant professor of pharmaceutical chemistry in the UCSF School of Pharmacy, who was also a senior author on the paper. Levskaya initially looked to plants for proteins that might serve as the light sensor. Plants are known to rely upon phytochromes, or light-sensing signaling proteins, to control a variety of processes, such as a plant’s growth toward sunlight and seed germination. He proposed that these phytochromes could be genetically engineered into mammalian cells and tied to a specific function, in this case, cell movement. Levskaya identified a pair of interacting proteins from plants, known as the PhyB-PIF interaction, that could be turned on and off like a switch, and then imported that cellular signaling system into live mouse cells in a cellular pathway that controls cell motion. The resulting cells can be pulled by an external beam of dilute red light, or pushed away by an external infrared beam. The reversible aspect of Levskaya’s work is significant, Voigt said. While many methods are aimed at disrupting cellular pathways, most are fairly simple and work only in one direction: they shut a process down, or prevent two proteins from interacting, but they are limited to that one action. This approach, by contrast, enables researchers to control precisely when the disruption occurs and for how long, then stop it at will. While these studies were done in cells grown in the laboratory, Lim is now collaborating with other researchers to use the light-triggered switch in live animals, opening up even more possibilities for study. He is equally enthusiastic about using the same strategy to design light-programmable systems to control other cellular processes that involve recruiting proteins to new locations or to new partners. Linking the phytochrome to a variety of signaling proteins could therefore be a powerful way to manipulate cell behavior. “Because that is a generic cell mechanism, you could in theory use the light-controlled switch to manipulate a range of functions, such as cell division or turning genes on and off – like a universal remote,” he said. This is a fantastic development. I dearly hope it pans out to treatment in humans, and an alternative to chemo.
https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Cells_Respond_to_Laser_Light/a39827
Humans have emotions. Although this is everyone‘s experience, most of us are troubled by this fundamental human trait. Is it a blessing, a gift to be cherished, or is it a curse to be overcome, a great challenge, to face, to endure? Is it the pinnacle of our humanity or the source of our bestiality? Is it the reason behind human genius or is it our primordial stigma, a disease, forcing us to act crazier and more cruel than any other creature on this planet? Western psychology has sought its own answers for the last 100 years through many forms of treatments, of techniques and drugs to help us cope with this enormous power of our emotionality. We have been taught to recognize, to express and to stop denying and suppressing it. We have learned to get it out, this primordial scream, we beat up on cushions, we have danced it out and tried to pray it away. For some people this has worked wonders. Often they go away from workshops or seminars feeling free to express themselves as they never were able to before. But after some time all of this seems to wear off, and again, your emotions get hold of you (not you of them!), you once again become a captive of your own past, of this raging fire of feelings inside you – it just takes over and leaves you feeling out of control. Of course, this dilemma is not a new one. Wise women and men have studied human emotions since the very beginning of history. Several great traditions have developed out of these studies. For many centuries yoga has been offering its very pragmatic solution. It addresses our emotionality mainly from three distinct angles: First it looks at where you are right now: Through various exercises you learn to calm down, to slow down the thought-feeling vortex of your mind. As it spins slower and slower you start to observe it, it is almost as if your thoughts and feelings untangle right before your inner eye. I worked in prisons with many violent people who were physically hurting people because they could not control their rage. By learning to slow down their own mind, they edged out a wedge of time for themselves, giving them a chance to stop just enough so that they could get a grip on themselves and not hit, not explode. We did not look at the reason behind their rage, we did not analyze the roots in their childhood. But they were able to slow down, even after four, five hours of training. But secondly, of course there is what is called »vicara« in yoga, self-inquiry. This is not »psychological brooding« as one of my teachers called it. Vicara means looking at who you really are. It probably is the most profound process I ever experienced. The Christian mystics in the middle ages propagated it as »contemplation.« By delving deep into your own mind, your own feelings, you get to a place where you can experience your own greatness, your own wholeness.
http://svayoga.de/en:do_you_have_emotions
The APOE gene provides instructions for making a protein called apolipoprotein E. This protein combines with fats (lipids) in the body to form molecules called lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are responsible for packaging cholesterol and other fats and carrying them through the bloodstream. Maintaining normal levels of cholesterol is essential for the prevention of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular diseases), including heart attack and stroke. There are at least three slightly different versions (alleles) of the APOE gene. The major alleles are called e2, e3, and e4. The most common allele is e3, which is found in more than half of the general population. The e4 version of the APOE gene increases an individual's risk for developing late-onset Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer disease is a degenerative disease of the brain that causes dementia, which is a gradual loss of memory, judgment, and ability to function. The late-onset form of the condition occurs in people older than age 65. People who inherit one copy of the APOE e4 allele have an increased chance of developing the disease; those who inherit two copies of the allele are at even greater risk. The APOE e4 allele may also be associated with an earlier onset of memory loss and other symptoms compared to individuals with Alzheimer disease who do not have this allele. It is not known how the APOE e4 allele is related to the risk of Alzheimer disease. However, researchers have found that this allele is associated with an increased number of protein clumps, called amyloid plaques, in the brain tissue of affected people. A buildup of amyloid plaques may lead to the death of nerve cells (neurons) and the progressive signs and symptoms of this disorder. It is important to note that people with the APOE e4 allele inherit an increased risk of developing Alzheimer disease, not the disease itself. Not all people with Alzheimer disease have the APOE e4 allele, and not all people who have this allele will develop the disease. The e4 version of the APOE gene can increase the risk of developing a form of dementia called dementia with Lewy bodies; however, some people with the APOE e4 allele never develop this condition. Dementia with Lewy bodies is characterized by intellectual decline; visual hallucinations; sudden changes in attention and mood; and movement problems characteristic of Parkinson disease such as rigidity of limbs, tremors, and impaired balance and coordination. People who inherit one copy of the APOE e4 allele have an increased chance of developing dementia with Lewy bodies. It is unclear how the APOE e4 allele contributes to the development of this condition. It is thought that the apolipoprotein E produced from the e4 allele of the APOE gene may disrupt the transport of a protein called alpha-synuclein into and out of cells. When alpha-synuclein is trapped inside or outside of cells, it accumulates in clusters, creating Lewy bodies. Accumulation of these clusters throughout the brain impairs neuron function and ultimately causes cell death. Over time, the loss of neurons increasingly impairs intellectual and motor function and the regulation of emotions, resulting in the signs and symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies. It is unclear why some people with the APOE e4 allele develop Alzheimer disease while others develop dementia with Lewy bodies. Variants of apolipoprotein E have been studied extensively as risk factors for many different conditions. For example, APOE alleles have been shown to influence the risk of cardiovascular diseases. People who carry at least one copy of the APOE e4 allele have an increased chance of developing atherosclerosis, which is an accumulation of fatty deposits and scar-like tissue in the lining of the arteries. This progressive narrowing of the arteries increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. The APOE e2 allele has been shown to greatly increase the risk of a rare condition called hyperlipoproteinemia type III. Most people with this disorder have two copies of the APOE e2 allele, leading researchers to conclude that the e2 allele plays a critical role in the development of the condition. Hyperlipoproteinemia type III is characterized by increased blood levels of cholesterol, certain fats called triglycerides, and molecules called beta-very low-density lipoproteins (beta-VLDLs), which carry cholesterol and lipoproteins in the bloodstream. A buildup of cholesterol and other fatty materials can lead to the formation of small, yellow skin growths called xanthomas and the development of atherosclerosis. Ashford JW. APOE genotype effects on Alzheimer's disease onset and epidemiology. J Mol Neurosci. 2004;23(3):157-65. Review. Baird PN, Richardson AJ, Robman LD, Dimitrov PN, Tikellis G, McCarty CA, Guymer RH. Apolipoprotein (APOE) gene is associated with progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Hum Mutat. 2006 Apr;27(4):337-42. Bojanowski CM, Shen D, Chew EY, Ning B, Csaky KG, Green WR, Chan CC, Tuo J. An apolipoprotein E variant may protect against age-related macular degeneration through cytokine regulation. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2006 Oct;47(8):594-602. Deary IJ, Whiteman MC, Pattie A, Starr JM, Hayward C, Wright AF, Carothers A, Whalley LJ. Cognitive change and the APOE epsilon 4 allele. Nature. 2002 Aug 29;418(6901):932. Erratum in: Nature 2002 Oct 3;419(6906):450. Eichner JE, Dunn ST, Perveen G, Thompson DM, Stewart KE, Stroehla BC. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular disease: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Mar 15;155(6):487-95. Review. Feussner G, Piesch S, Dobmeyer J, Fischer C. Genetics of type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Genet Epidemiol. 1997;14(3):283-97. Heeren J, Beisiegel U, Grewal T. Apolipoprotein E recycling: implications for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Mar;26(3):442-8. Epub 2005 Dec 22. Review. Hill JM, Bhattacharjee PS, Neumann DM. Apolipoprotein E alleles can contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous clinical conditions including HSV-1 corneal disease. Exp Eye Res. 2007 May;84(5):801-11. Epub 2006 Sep 26. Review. Huang Y. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2006 Jan 24;66(2 Suppl 1):S79-85. Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y. Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Apr 11;103(15):5644-51. Epub 2006 Mar 27. Review. Raber J, Huang Y, Ashford JW. ApoE genotype accounts for the vast majority of AD risk and AD pathology. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 May-Jun;25(5):641-50. Review. Rocchi A, Pellegrini S, Siciliano G, Murri L. Causative and susceptibility genes for Alzheimer's disease: a review. Brain Res Bull. 2003 Jun 30;61(1):1-24. Review. Selkoe DJ. Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins, and therapy. Physiol Rev. 2001 Apr;81(2):741-66. Review. Song Y, Stampfer MJ, Liu S. Meta-analysis: apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Jul 20;141(2):137-47. Tikellis G, Sun C, Gorin MB, Klein R, Klein BE, Larsen EK, Siscovick DS, Hubbard LD, Wong TY. Apolipoprotein e gene and age-related maculopathy in older individuals: the cardiovascular health study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007 Jan;125(1):68-73. van der Flier WM, Schoonenboom SN, Pijnenburg YA, Fox NC, Scheltens P. The effect of APOE genotype on clinical phenotype in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2006 Aug 8;67(3):526-7.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/APOE
Allele is an alternate form of a gene, which is the basic unit of inheritance. A gene is located at a particular site on the chromosome and can have several alleles for that locus. For example, A, B, and O are different alleles for the ABO blood-type marker locus of a gene. Alleles greatly influence the expression of physical and behavioral phenotypes or traits such as eye color. For instance, the apolipoprotein E (APoE) gene is a well-known risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease. The APoE gene has three common alleles: epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4. There is some evidence that carriers of the APoE epsilon 4 allele are at a greater risk for the development of Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast, the APoE epsilon 3 allele has been suggested as a “protective” factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (Plomin et al. 2003).
https://rd.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-57111-9_1855
The APOE gene provides instructions for making a protein called apolipoprotein E. This protein combines with fats (lipids) in the body to form molecules called lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are responsible for packaging cholesterol and other fats and carrying them through the bloodstream. Maintaining normal levels of cholesterol is essential for the prevention of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular diseases), including heart attack and stroke. There are at least three slightly different versions (alleles) of the APOE gene. The major alleles are called e2, e3, and e4. The most common allele is e3, which is found in more than half of the general population. The e4 version of the APOE gene increases an individual's risk for developing late-onset Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer disease is a degenerative disease of the brain that causes dementia, which is a gradual loss of memory, judgment, and ability to function. The late-onset form of the condition occurs in people older than age 65. People who inherit one copy of the APOE e4 allele have an increased chance of developing the disease; those who inherit two copies of the allele are at even greater risk. The APOE e4 allele may also be associated with an earlier onset of memory loss and other symptoms compared to individuals with Alzheimer disease who do not have this allele. It is not known how the APOE e4 allele is related to the risk of Alzheimer disease. However, researchers have found that this allele is associated with an increased number of protein clumps, called amyloid plaques, in the brain tissue of affected people. A buildup of amyloid plaques may lead to the death of nerve cells (neurons) and the progressive signs and symptoms of this disorder. It is important to note that people with the APOE e4 allele inherit an increased risk of developing Alzheimer disease, not the disease itself. Not all people with Alzheimer disease have the APOE e4 allele, and not all people who have this allele will develop the disease. Genetics Home Reference provides information about age-related hearing loss. Genetics Home Reference provides information about age-related macular degeneration. The e4 version of the APOE gene can increase the risk of developing a form of dementia called dementia with Lewy bodies; however, some people with the APOE e4 allele never develop this condition. Dementia with Lewy bodies is characterized by intellectual decline; visual hallucinations; sudden changes in attention and mood; and movement problems characteristic of Parkinson disease such as rigidity of limbs, tremors, and impaired balance and coordination. People who inherit one copy of the APOE e4 allele have an increased chance of developing dementia with Lewy bodies. It is unclear how the APOE e4 allele contributes to the development of this condition. It is thought that the apolipoprotein E produced from the e4 allele of the APOE gene may disrupt the transport of a protein called alpha-synuclein into and out of cells. When alpha-synuclein is trapped inside or outside of cells, it accumulates in clusters, creating Lewy bodies. Accumulation of these clusters throughout the brain impairs neuron function and ultimately causes cell death. Over time, the loss of neurons increasingly impairs intellectual and motor function and the regulation of emotions, resulting in the signs and symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies. It is unclear why some people with the APOE e4 allele develop Alzheimer disease while others develop dementia with Lewy bodies. Variants of apolipoprotein E have been studied extensively as risk factors for many different conditions. For example, APOE alleles have been shown to influence the risk of cardiovascular diseases. People who carry at least one copy of the APOE e4 allele have an increased chance of developing atherosclerosis, which is an accumulation of fatty deposits and scar-like tissue in the lining of the arteries. This progressive narrowing of the arteries increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. The APOE e2 allele has been shown to greatly increase the risk of a rare condition called hyperlipoproteinemia type III. Most people with this disorder have two copies of the APOE e2 allele, leading researchers to conclude that the e2 allele plays a critical role in the development of the condition. Hyperlipoproteinemia type III is characterized by increased blood levels of cholesterol, certain fats called triglycerides, and molecules called beta-very low-density lipoproteins (beta-VLDLs), which carry cholesterol and lipoproteins in the bloodstream. A buildup of cholesterol and other fatty materials can lead to the formation of small, yellow skin growths called xanthomas and the development of atherosclerosis. Cytogenetic Location: 19q13.32, which is the long (q) arm of chromosome 19 at position 13.32 Molecular Location: base pairs 44,905,796 to 44,909,395 on chromosome 19 (Homo sapiens Updated Annotation Release 109.20191205, GRCh38.p13) (NCBI) - Apo-E - APOE_HUMAN - Apolipoproteins E - Ashford JW. APOE genotype effects on Alzheimer's disease onset and epidemiology. J Mol Neurosci. 2004;23(3):157-65. Review. - Baird PN, Richardson AJ, Robman LD, Dimitrov PN, Tikellis G, McCarty CA, Guymer RH. Apolipoprotein (APOE) gene is associated with progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Hum Mutat. 2006 Apr;27(4):337-42. - Bojanowski CM, Shen D, Chew EY, Ning B, Csaky KG, Green WR, Chan CC, Tuo J. An apolipoprotein E variant may protect against age-related macular degeneration through cytokine regulation. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2006 Oct;47(8):594-602. - Deary IJ, Whiteman MC, Pattie A, Starr JM, Hayward C, Wright AF, Carothers A, Whalley LJ. Cognitive change and the APOE epsilon 4 allele. Nature. 2002 Aug 29;418(6901):932. Erratum in: Nature 2002 Oct 3;419(6906):450. - Dickson DW, Heckman MG, Murray ME, Soto AI, Walton RL, Diehl NN, van Gerpen JA, Uitti RJ, Wszolek ZK, Ertekin-Taner N, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Graff-Radford NR, Boeve BF, Bu G, Ferman TJ, Ross OA. APOE ε4 is associated with severity of Lewy body pathology independent of Alzheimer pathology. Neurology. 2018 Sep 18;91(12):e1182-e1195. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006212. Epub 2018 Aug 24. - Eichner JE, Dunn ST, Perveen G, Thompson DM, Stewart KE, Stroehla BC. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular disease: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Mar 15;155(6):487-95. Review. - Feussner G, Piesch S, Dobmeyer J, Fischer C. Genetics of type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Genet Epidemiol. 1997;14(3):283-97. - Heeren J, Beisiegel U, Grewal T. Apolipoprotein E recycling: implications for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Mar;26(3):442-8. Epub 2005 Dec 22. Review. - Hill JM, Bhattacharjee PS, Neumann DM. Apolipoprotein E alleles can contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous clinical conditions including HSV-1 corneal disease. Exp Eye Res. 2007 May;84(5):801-11. Epub 2006 Sep 26. Review. - Huang Y. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2006 Jan 24;66(2 Suppl 1):S79-85. - Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y. Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Apr 11;103(15):5644-51. Epub 2006 Mar 27. Review. - Raber J, Huang Y, Ashford JW. ApoE genotype accounts for the vast majority of AD risk and AD pathology. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 May-Jun;25(5):641-50. Review. - Rocchi A, Pellegrini S, Siciliano G, Murri L. Causative and susceptibility genes for Alzheimer's disease: a review. Brain Res Bull. 2003 Jun 30;61(1):1-24. Review. - Selkoe DJ. Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins, and therapy. Physiol Rev. 2001 Apr;81(2):741-66. Review. - Song Y, Stampfer MJ, Liu S. Meta-analysis: apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Jul 20;141(2):137-47. - Tikellis G, Sun C, Gorin MB, Klein R, Klein BE, Larsen EK, Siscovick DS, Hubbard LD, Wong TY. Apolipoprotein e gene and age-related maculopathy in older individuals: the cardiovascular health study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007 Jan;125(1):68-73. - van der Flier WM, Schoonenboom SN, Pijnenburg YA, Fox NC, Scheltens P. The effect of APOE genotype on clinical phenotype in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2006 Aug 8;67(3):526-7.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/APOE
Correspondence: Oh Dae Kwon, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea. Tel: +82-53-650-4298, Fax: +82-53-654-9786, |Received Jul 22, 2016; Revised Sep 29, 2016; Accepted Sep 29, 2016.| | | This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- | | Abstract | | Apolipoprotein E is a plasma protein that has an important role in transport and metabolism of lipids in serum as well as central nervous system. Among the 3 common alleles, the ε2 allele has the most stable structure followed by ε3 and ε4 in order. There is evidence for a deleterious role of ε4 allele by atherosclerosis and amyloid beta accumulation in brain and body. The presence and gene dose of ε4 allele are risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Apolipoprotein E ε4 may have a role in the pathology of amyloid beta and tau and it has a strong relationship with the early onset of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. However, early-onset Alzheimer's disease has a weaker relationship with ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E. | | Keywords: apolipoprotein E; polymorphism; Alzheimer's disease | | INTRODUCTION The human apolipoprotein E (apoE, protein; APOE, gene) is single chain protein, classified as a lipoprotein, with 299 amino acids. ApoE has 2 domains i.e., the amino-terminal domain that has low-density lipoprotein receptor binding region and a carboxy-terminal domain that has lipid-binding region.1 APOE gene, located on chromosome 19q13, has several single-nucleotide polymorphisms.2 The 3 common type polymorphisms are ε2, ε3, ε4; whereas rare type polymorphisms include ε1, ε5, ε7. The common types constitute 3 homozygous (ε2/ε2, ε3/ε3, ε4/ε4) and 3 heterozygous (ε2/ε3, ε2/ε4, ε3/ε4) diplotypes, which induces either exchange of 1 or 2 amino acid(s)3, 4 or glycosylation of 1 amino acid.5 The ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles differ by single amino acid substitutions at residues 112 and 158 of the protein. The amino acids sequence of these residues is cysteine-cysteine (ε2), cysteine-arginine (ε3), and arginine-arginine (ε4).6 The ε3 allele also is the most common allele in all population and neutral or protective to cells and organs. ApoE is an important plasma protein found in plasma lipids such as very low-density lipoproteins, chylomicron, and a subclass of high-density lipoprotein. It is essential for the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein constituents, transportation of cholesterol and other lipids, and cellular repair.7, 8 Foods with high cholesterol and triglyceride induce its expression in various animals.9 The liver is the main organ producing apoE in human, producing >75% of total apoE. Brain, spleen, lung, kidney, ovary, testis, peripheral nerves and muscle also produce apoE.10 Cholesterol is associated with myelin production and essential component of the brain cell membrane. It contributes to brain development, neuronal maintenance, and repair, as well as maintaining the synaptic plasticity of neuron cells.11 Astrocytes and microglia, vascular smooth muscle cells, and choroid plexus are sources of apoE in the human brain. Neurons can produce apoE, especially under stressful conditions.7, 12 Increased apoE can modulate lipid metabolism in the compromised nervous system. APOE polymorphism was identified in 1993 in relationship to the onset and clinical feature of Alzheimer's disease. It has since become an important factor in the understanding of pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, immunoregulation, and cognition in other dementias.13 Whether APOE has a protective or harmful role in the brain is under debate.14, 15 In an epidemiological study, the terms are relative.16, 17, 18 When the APOE ε4 allele frequency is higher in patients with Alzheimer's disease than cognitively normal person, APOE ε4 is considered harmful. On the other hand, when the frequency of APOE ε2 allele in Alzheimer's disease patients is less than that of cognitively normal person, APOE ε2 allele may be protective.19 However, these terms have a different meaning in laboratory studies. When cells with APOE ε2 allele survive longer than cells with other haplotypes in a toxic environment, then APOE ε2 is protective. APOE ε4 is considered toxic to the nervous system and vascular endothelial cells, as compared to the other isoforms. The biological efficacy of APOE ε3 is between APOE ε2 and APOE ε4, hence, APOE ε3 is considered neutral in terms of risk for Alzheimer's disease. 14, 20 The mechanisms for the harmful effect of APOE ε4 are as follows. First, "domain interaction" theory explains the negative role of the APOE ε4.21 The domain interaction occurs between Arg-61 of the amino domain and Glu-255 of the carboxy-domain. This single amino acid interchange of the APOE ε4 causes a structural change such that APOE ε4 becomes more compact than APOE ε3 or APOE ε2.22 This mediates the adverse effects of APOE ε4 (Fig. 1).23 Second, affinity of APOE ε4 for very low-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoprotein could explain brain damage by APOE ε4.24 Third, a recent study confirmed that proteolytically cleaved APOE ε4 is a major factor in Alzheimer's disease. An amino-terminal fragment of APOE ε4 is identified in neurofibrillary tangles using antibody, suggestive of neurotoxic effect of the amino terminal.25, 26 Finally, the carboxy-domain fragments of APOE ε4 are neurotoxic and cause mitochondrial dysfunction and formation of neurofibrillary tangles in transgenic mice.27 | | ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.28 With an increment of life expectancy in developed countries, the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease are significantly rising. The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is increasing roughly at 2-fold rate per 5 years in patients above 65 years of age, reaching >30% at age 85. Alzheimer's disease is considered to have heterogeneous genetic causes. It is divided into early-onset Alzheimer's disease and late-onset Alzheimer's disease by the age 65. Interestingly, Alzheimer's disease with the strong genetic background, usually autosomal dominant, has a relatively early onset of around 50 years. Moreover, research with genome-wide association study reveals that APOE ε4 carriers have a 33-fold higher risk of Alzheimer's disease than APOE ε3/3 carriers.29, 30 Loss of short term memory is the earliest clinical feature followed by loss of other cognitive features such as visuospatial function, language function, and frontal executive function. The primary pathology of Alzheimer's disease is an abnormal aggregation of amyloid beta that is a produced from amyloid precursor protein31 in the extracellular space and tau protein in the neuronal cell.32 Accumulation of amyloid beta causes senile plaque and accumulation of abnormal tau protein causes neurofibrillary tangle. The majoir component of neurofibrillary tangles is hyperphosphorylated tau, a form of paired helical filament.33, 34, 35 APOE ε4 is precisely correlated with cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta levels in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease, which is less prominent in full-blown dementia.36 APOE ε4 may also mediate the development of dementia through tau phosphorylation, destruction of cytoskeleton, and mitochondrial dysfunction. 37, 38, 39 Experiments with cellular models, animal models, and patient biomarkers suggest that amyloid beta induces tau pathology. However, the relationship between amyloid beta and tau protein and their respective role(s) in Alzheimer's disease remains unclear.40, 41 Perivascular accumulation of amyloid beta also leads to other pathologies such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy.42 Longitudinal neuroimaging and pathological studies show that pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease begin decades before the clinical onset.43, 44, 45, 46 Excess aggregation of amyloid beta is a major shift in early stage Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid beta 40 and 42 are important components among its subtypes. Amyloid beta 40 is more prevalent and less toxic than Amyloid beta 42.47 Amyloid beta associated senile plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau associated neurofibrillary tangles are possibly associated with APOE ε4.48, 49, 50, 51 These pathological changes result in loss of dendritic spines and decrement of synaptic density, finally, neuronal cells' death.52, 53 While the former study supports a harmful role of APOE ε4,37, 38, 39 later study suggests that multiple factors modulate the effect of APOE ε4 in the development of Alzheimer's disease.50, 51 Three recent studies explained the discrepancy between the amount of amyloid beta and cognitive dysfunction. A study of gene expression in the cerebral cortex of APOE ε4 carriers and late-onset Alzheimer's disease indicates several regulatory mediators including APBA2, FYN, RNF219, and SV2A of which, those involved in amyloid beta precursor protein metabolism are likely to be associated with pathologic changes in late-onset Alzheimer's disease.54 The longitudinal study, Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (http://www.adni- Thirdly, hippocampal oscillation of theta and gamma rhythms are possibly associated with cognition. Animal models indicate that hippocampal and cortical network undergo reorganization in Alzheimer's disease. Altered oscillation of theta and gamma rhythm develops first followed by increased amyloid burden, and finally loss of gamma-amino-butyricacidergic neurons. Moreover, high levels of amyloid beta in hippocampus cause seizure activity without serious neuronal loss.56, 57 However, lowering tau reduce the cognitive deficit under elevated amyloid beta level by blocking ectopic cell cycle re-entry. 58, 59 | | LATE-ONSET ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is multifactorial, including genetic and environmental factors with negative impact on endocytic function, lipoprotein signaling as well as synaptic regulation.60 Recently, chronic inflammation causing focal accumulation of mitochondria suggested as a triggering factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease.61 Usually, late-onset Alzheimer's disease develops after the age of 65 years, and 60 years is proposed as the more appropriate cut-off age of the illness. 28, 62 Amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle are the main pathological findings of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. APOE ε4 occurs in up to 80% of late-onset Alzheimer's disease patients and is considered a risk factor for this dementing illness. 13, 16, 62 The following study shows that apoE strongly binds amyloid beta and APOE ε4 is the common haplotype in lateonset Alzheimer's disease.49 Moreover, carriers of APOE ε4 showed up to 15 years earlier disease onset and increased incidence of neuropsychiatric symptoms.63, 64 Intriguingly, two African populations with high frequencies of APOE ε4 show no such strong relationship.30, 65 In late-onset Alzheimer's disease, the function of key amyloid beta processing enzymes is normal. 60 However, the amount of amyloid plaque in the brain increases not because of increased amyloid beta production but because of impaired clearance.66 APOE ε4 is responsible for reduced amyloid clearance in the diseased brain.67 The presence of APOE ε4 also related with more rapid progression and poor response to cholinergic therapy in many ethnic groups.13 However, results are unequivocal in only Caucasian populations; adequate evidence in other ethnic groups such as African American and Hispanic populations is still needed. Relatively smaller sample size, allele frequency variation among ethnicities, and lifestyle issues could explain the discrepancy.18, 68, 69, 70 Overall, APOE polymorphism is not a useful diagnostic biomarker or prognostic factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, as compared to amyloid beta 42 and tau in cerebrospinal fluid. 71 However, it still may be used as a predictor of increased neuropsychiatric symptoms and decreased response to pharmacological therapy.13, 15, 64 | | EARLY-ONSET ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Early-onset Alzheimer's disease develops before 65 years old, and it is rare disease composing <1% of Alzheimer's disease cases.62 Alzheimer's disease was first reported by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in the early 20th century as a case of early-onset disease.72 Since Corder et al.13 reported APOE ε4 as a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, much effort is made to clarify the relationship between early-onset Alzheimer's disease and APOE ε4. However, the results are inconclusive. Instead, other genes affecting amyloid precursor protein processing are highlighted and evaluated for a possible relation with early-onset Alzheimer's disease.62 These include amyloid precursor protein, presenilin-1, and presenilin-2, which are associated with early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Mutations in amyloid precursor protein gene are related to the conversion of amyloid precursor protein to a better substrate of beta-secretase. Amyloid beta derived from mutant amyloid precursor protein is more easily aggregated than that from wild type. Patient with presenilin mutation usually develops Alzheimer's disease between 30 and 50 years of age. Presenilin mutations were initially thought to increase gammasecretase activity. However, recent studies reveal that these mutations decrease gamma-secretase activity but increase the ratio of amyloid-beta42/amyloid-beta40, which supports the loss of function hypothesis.73 In contrast to the 2 enzymes, alpha-secretase reduces amyloid beta production in the brain. Increased brain APOE ε4 has an association with enhanced beta--secretase activity and subsequently increased amyloid beta production.54 Endosome dysfunction is now considered to have a major role in the production of large amount of amyloid beta in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. A postmortem study shows that enlarged endosomes facilitate a higher chance of amyloid cleavage by beta and gamma-secretase before the development of clinical dementia in APOE carriers.74 However, endosomal abnormalities are absent in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease.75 This result suggests differential mechanisms between early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Overall, APOE polymorphism appears to have a limited role in early-onset Alzheimer's disease. | | APOE POLYMORPHISM IN DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS APOE polymorphism in various ethnic groups is based on the specific disease-status of the group. APOE status follows Mendelian inheritance, with regional as well as ethnic difference. In a haplotype analysis study, APOE ε4 was suggested as the ancestral allele in humans.76 According to this theory, APOE ε3 and APOE ε2 evolved from APOE ε4, but APOE ε4 remained after this evolution. Interestingly, apoE amino acid sequence of chimpanzee, genetically closest to humans, is monomorphic, similar to the human APOE ε3.77 Reduced frequency of APOE ε4 is a major factor for increased human lifespan with a risk reduction of Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease.30 As the amount of dietary fat and cholesterol increased during the ancient history of mankind, APOE ε3, which can reduce increased cholesterol level with APOE ε4, may evolve.78 Allele frequency of APOE ε4 in human population is uneven, with high frequencies of APOE ε4 in the equatorial area and high latitudes areas.79 In a Korean study of patients with Alzheimer's disease, the most common APOE allele is APOE ε3 (71.3%), followed by APOE ε4 (21.3%), APOE ε2 (7.5%).18 A population study with normal elderly Korean showed that the most common APOE allele is APOE ε3 (86.9%), followed by APOE ε4 (6.6%), APOE ε2 (6.5%).80 In general, Caucasians and Africans have higher frequencies of APOE ε4 than Asians. APOE ε3 is most commonly found in the majority of populations with a range of 8.5 to 98 percent, followed by ε4 (0 to 50%), and ε2 (0 to 37.5%).18, 79 These variations of APOE polymorphism among areas in the world and ethnicities could affect the results of clinical studies and drug efficacies. | | CONCLUSION APOE interacts with environmental and genetic factors in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases as well as cognitive decline. Genotyping APOE polymorphism is a traditional method for evaluation of dementia and neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence strongly suggests APOE ε4 as a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, but the low predictive value prevents it from usage in diagnosis and prognosis. There is less evidence of APOE genotype as a risk factor for early-onset Alzheimer's disease. 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https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1120249
Das Gen APC1 kodiert das Apolipoprotein C1, eine wichtige Komponente beim CETP-vermittelten Cholesterinesther-Transfer. Es könnte somit eine Bedeutung für die HDL-Cholesterinspiegel und damit die Arteriosklerose-Progression besitzen. Die 4 Apolipoproteine APOE, APOC1, APOC4 und APOC2 befinden sich hintereinander in der selben Orientierung auf dem Chromosom 19 (19q13.2). Das APOC1 besitzt auch noch ein Pseudogen, welches zwischen APOC1 und APOC4 liegt. Das exprimierte APOC1 besteht aus 4 Exons, von denen die Exons 2-4 das Protein kodieren. Die Insertionsvariante des Promotors scheint im Zusammenhang mit dem APOE Typ epsilon4 mit der Alzheimererkrankung assoziiert. Jong MC et al. (1999) Reversal of hyperlipidaemia in apolipoprotein C1 transgenic mice by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of the low-density-lipoprotein receptor, but not by the very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor. Bartrés-Faz D et al. (2001) APOE and APOC1 genetic polymorphisms in age-associated memory impairment. Gautier T et al. (2002) Apolipoprotein CI deficiency markedly augments plasma lipoprotein changes mediated by human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in CETP transgenic/ApoCI-knocked out mice. Shachter NS et al. (2005) The common insertional polymorphism in the APOC1 promoter is associated with serum apolipoprotein C-I levels in Hispanic children. Olsson B et al. (2010) Apolipoprotein C-I genotype and serum levels of triglycerides, C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease. Zhou Q et al. (2014) Association between APOC1 polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Lauer SJ et al. (1988) Two copies of the human apolipoprotein C-I gene are linked closely to the apolipoprotein E gene. Smit M et al. (1988) Apolipoprotein gene cluster on chromosome 19. Definite localization of the APOC2 gene and the polymorphic Hpa I site associated with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Myklebost O et al. (1988) A physical map of the apolipoprotein gene cluster on human chromosome 19. Smit M et al. (1988) Exact localization of the familial dysbetalipoproteinemia associated HpaI restriction site in the promoter region of the APOC1 gene. Tata F et al. (1985) Isolation and characterisation of a cDNA clone for human apolipoprotein CI and assignment of the gene to chromosome 19. Scott J et al. (1985) Localization of genes encoding apolipoproteins CI, CII, and E to the p13----cen region of human chromosome 19. Davison PJ et al. (1986) There are two gene sequences for human apolipoprotein CI (apo CI) on chromosome 19, one of which is 4 kb from the gene for apo E. Myklebost O et al. (1986) The gene for human apolipoprotein CI is located 4.3 kilobases away from the apolipoprotein E gene on chromosome 19. Lusis AJ et al. (1986) Regional mapping of human chromosome 19: organization of genes for plasma lipid transport (APOC1, -C2, and -E and LDLR) and the genes C3, PEPD, and GPI. Xu Y et al. (1999) A common Hpa I RFLP of apolipoprotein C-I increases gene transcription and exhibits an ethnically distinct pattern of linkage disequilibrium with the alleles of apolipoprotein E.
http://www.moldiag.com/de/id/G0292
Genetic variants in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are associated with lipid metabolism and lipid-related traits in the non-Hispanic population. There have been limited studies regarding the association between the APOE gene and hypercholesterolemia in the Hispanic population; therefore, our aim for this study is to examine the APOE gene’s associations with cholesterol level and its related phenotypes. The APOE gene consists of three different alleles, ε2, ε3, and ε4, with ε4 being associated with dementia and cardiovascular diseases. A total of 1,382 subjects were collected from the Texas Alzheimer’s Research and Care Consortium (TARCC, N = 1320) and the Initial Study of Longevity and Dementia from the Rio Grande Valley (ISLD-RGV, N = 62). Questionnaires on demographics, medical history, and blood/saliva samples were collected and APOE genotypes were performed. We observed allele frequencies of the APOE ε3 (96.7%), ε4 (22.6%) and ε2 (6.8%) alleles, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression revealed a significant association between the APOE ε4 allele and hypercholesteremia (p = 1.8 × 10−4) in our studied Hispanic population. We prove for the first time, that the APOE ε4 allele increases the risk for hypercholesterol in Hispanics. Further research is needed to confirm and supports our current findings. Digital Commons Citation Lozano, Stephanie; Padilla, Victoria; Avila, Manuel Lee; Gil, Mario; Maestre, Gladys; Wang, Kesheng; and Xu, Chun, "APOE Gene Associated with Cholesterol-Related Traits in the Hispanic Population" (2021). Faculty & Staff Scholarship. 3071.
https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/faculty_publications/3071/
an apolipoprotein found in several plasma lipoprotein particles including chylomicrons, VLDL, and HDL. Three major isoforms are encoded by three common alleles at the Apo E locus: E2, E2, and E4. The E2 allele is associated with lower total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol than is E3, whereas E4 is associated with higher LDL and total cholesterol than E3. apolipoprotein E a protein component of lipoprotein complexes found in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), high-density lipoprotein, chylomicrons, and chylomicron remnants. It facilitates hepatic uptake of chylomicron and VLDL remnants and is elevated in patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. One form of apolipoprotein E has been linked to Alzheimer's disease. APOEA gene on chromosome 19q13.2 that encodes apolipoprotein E, the main apoprotein of chylomicrons, which binds to a specific receptor on liver cells and peripheral cells. ApoE mediates binding, internalisation and catabolism of lipoprotein particles and serves as a ligand for the LDL (apo B/E) receptor. Molecular pathology APOE mutations cause hyperlipoproteinaemia type III (familial dysbetalipoproteinaemia), which is characterised by increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides due to impaired chylomicron and VLDL remnant clearance.
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Apo+E
It is now commonly known that possession of one of the three common alleles of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene (allele ε4) confers an increased risk for both familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), and that this risk is dose-dependent. Other genes that may play a role in AD, either through independent association with the disease or through modification of the existing APOE risk, are under investigation. One such gene, the very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDL-R) gene, was reported by Okuizumi et al. to be independently associated with AD in a Japanese population, but not interactive with the APOE4 conferred risk. Their clinic-based data set demonstrated a 2-fold increased risk conferred by the 5-repeat allele of a polymorphism in VLDL-R. As recruitment from a clinic rather than a population-based sample may result in a distortion of allele frequencies, as has been shown with APOE allele frequencies, it is important to investigate this association in a population-based study. We have genotyped both population and clinic-based AD data sets at this VLDL-R polymorphism, and we find no independent association between the VLDL-R gene and the occur rence of AD in either sample. Further, despite the biochemical relationship between the VLDL-R and APOE proteins, we find no significant statistical interaction between the alleles at these loci.
https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/no-association-between-the-very-low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-
The APOE gene encodes the apolipoprotein E (apoE) protein, which combines with lipids to form lipoproteins that transport cholesterol and other fats through the bloodstream. The three most common APOE variants are designated as the e2, e3, and e4 alleles. E3 is the wild type allele, e4 is associated with Alzheimer disease, and e2 is associated with an increased risk for early cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hyperlipoproteinemia type III (HLP III). HLP III accounts for up to 5% of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) and may also present with elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Early identification allows for treatment with lipid-lowering agents. Genetics Gene APOE Inheritance of Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III Multifactorial Penetrance 1-5% percent of individuals homozygous for the e2 allele develop HPL III Structure ApoE is a critical protein component of VLDL and chylomicrons Variants Three common alleles (e2, e3, e4) differ at amino acid positions 112 (130 legacy) and 158 (176 legacy) - Allele frequencies: - e2 (c.388T; p.130Cys and c.526C>T; p.Arg176Cys): 10% - e3 (c.388T; p.130Cys and c.526C; p.176Arg): 75% - e4 (c.388T>C; p.Cys130Arg and c.526C; p.176Arg): 15% - APOE e2: binds the lipoprotein receptors with only 2% of the affinity of e3 and e4 isoforms - Results in impaired clearance of chylomicron and VLDL remnants - Leads to increased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels - Homozygosity for e2 is present in 1% of White individuals - Only genotype associated with HLP III - 1-4% of homozygotes will develop HLP III - Found in >90% of individuals with HLP III - APOE e3: considered wild type - APOE e4: associated with increased plasma cholesterol Test Interpretation Sensitivity/Specificity Results - APOE e2/e2: provides additional evidence for a clinical diagnosis of HLP III; by itself, genotype is not diagnostic for HLP III - APOE e3/e3: most common genotype found in general population - APOE e4/e4: associated with increased plasma cholesterol levels that may contribute to CHD - APOE e2/e3, e2/e4, e3/e4: no significantly increased risk for HLP III - APOE e2/e4 and e3/e4: some association with increased plasma cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis Limitations - Diagnostic errors can occur due to rare sequence variations - Rare APOE variants and variants in other genes that cause HLP III are not detected - APOE e2 homozygosity is neither sufficient nor necessary to cause HPL III References - 11882522 Eichner JE, Dunn T, Perveen G, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular disease: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(6):487-495.
https://arupconsult.com/ati/apolipoprotein-e-genotyping-cardiovascular-disease-risk
Are you worried about developing Alzheimer’s or another form of dementia in the future? If you are caring for a parent or other relative with dementia, you’ll see first-hand how devastating the condition can be. So it’s natural that, from time to time, you may feel concerned that you might develop the condition at some stage in the future. Do you have a right to be concerned? Anyone who develops Alzheimer’s disease under the age of 65 is known to have early onset or younger onset Alzheimer’s disease. Young Dementia UK estimates that around 40,000 people in the UK have early Alzheimer’s (and most likely more people who are undiagnosed). With early onset Alzheimer’s disease, about one in ten people have a strong family pattern of inheritance. The more common form of Alzheimer’s disease, which is usually diagnosed after the age of 65, has a more complex relationship with genetics. Three genes The inherited forms of Alzheimer’s disease are usually caused by a mutation in one of three genes, called APP, PSEN-1 and PSEN-2. The gene called PSEN-1 causes up to 80 per cent of what is known as ‘Familial Alzheimer’s disease’, where the disease affects generations of families. However, these mutations are rare. Fewer than one in 100 of all Alzheimer’s disease cases are thought to be caused by mutations in these three genes. However, if you do inherit a mutation in one of these genes it is likely that you will develop Alzheimer’s disease. A child of a parent with one of the three genes has a 50 per cent chance of developing it. Alzheimer’s disease most commonly begins after the age of 65 (this is sometimes called late onset Alzheimer’s disease). The causes of this form of the condition are thought to be a mixture of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors. A gene called apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest known genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer’s. The gene has three forms – APOE e2, APOE e4 and APOE e3. APOE e4 is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. You inherit one copy of each gene from each parent. Having at least one APOE e4 gene increases your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Having two copies of APOE e4 (i.e. inheriting the gene from both parents) increases risk even further. However, not everyone who has one or two copies of this gene develops Alzheimer’s disease. If you have other versions of the gene – ApoE e2 or ApoE e3, it does not mean that you will not get Alzheimer’s disease. There are other genes that could be risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and some researchers believe that several genes may work in combination to influence a person’s risk of dementia. However, more research is needed in this area. Age is a key risk Getting older is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Above the age of 65, your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia doubles every five years according to Alzheimer’s Society. Dementia is estimated to affect one in 14 people over 65 and one in six over the age of 80. Vascular dementia is caused by a stroke or series or mini-strokes leading to a reduced oxygen supply to the brain. It affects approximately 150,000 people in the UK. It is less likely to be genetic, though further research is needed. Studies have shown conflicting results, as some studies show links between the gene called APOE, which can play a role in development of Alzheimer’s disease, while others don’t. Taking care of your heart health by exercising regularly (cardiovascular exercise such as walking, running, cycling or swimming) and eating a heart healthy diet, may help to curb your risk of developing vascular dementia. A healthy heart generally means a healthy brain. Clinical trials have shown that the genes which are recognised to be responsible for cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease become less effective in those who exercise. Alzheimer’s Society believes that exercise can reduce your risk of developing a form of dementia by around 30 per cent, or Alzheimer’s disease specifically by up to 45 per cent. We can’t control our genes, but being active and following a heart healthy diet – such as the Mediterranean diet which includes high consumption of olive oil and vegetables, may help to reduce your risk.
https://dementiahelpuk.com/is-alzheimers-disease-genetic/
Study finds gene that may raise Alzheimer's risk in blacks The largest study to date looking for genetic causes of Alzheimer's in African Americans may offer new clues about why blacks in the United States are twice as likely as whites to develop the deadly, brain-wasting disease. The findings, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association on Tuesday, show that mutations in two genes that play a role in whites also contribute to Alzheimer's risk in blacks. One of those, known as ABCA7, may double the risk in blacks who have the mutation versus those who don't. Although many genes have been found to raise the risk of Alzheimer's, most studies have been conducted in largely white populations, and few studies have looked specifically at genes that drive Alzheimer's in blacks. Part of that is because very few African Americans take part in gene studies looking at Alzheimer's risk. The latest findings will need to be confirmed by other research teams, and critics say the study is incomplete until that work is done. To get enough participants for the newly published study, researchers combined genetic information from 18 different Alzheimer's Disease Centers funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health. They gathered information on 6,000 African Americans, 2,000 of whom had late-onset Alzheimer's disease, the most common form that occurs in older people. The team then looked for genes that were most strongly associated with Alzheimer's. The strongest link was with a variant of a gene called apolipoprotein E or APOE, a gene that contains instructions for making a protein that carries cholesterol and is well-known risk factor for Alzheimer's. The team found that a variant of this gene called APOE-e4 doubled the risk of Alzheimer's in blacks, in much the same way it does in whites. But the study also turned up another gene that has only been weakly associated with Alzheimer's in whites. This gene, called ABCA7, which also plays a role in the production of cholesterol and fats, appears to have a much stronger effect in blacks. "In whites, it increases risk by 10 to 20 percent, but in African Americans, it increases risk by about 70 to 80 percent. It has a way larger effect size in African Americans," said Dr. Christiane Reitz of Columbia University Medical Center, who conducted the genetic analyses on the study. ABCA7 is also involved in cholesterol metabolism, as are several of the genes which have been found in the past five years or so to be linked with Alzheimer's in whites. "That seems to be a pathway that is involved in Alzheimer's disease," Reitz said. Reitz said a variant form of APOE called APOE-e4 has the biggest effect, increasing the risk of Alzheimer's by about 200 percent. ABCA7 raised the risk by about 80 percent, and most other genes discovered so far increase risk by 10 to 20 percent. Like other risk genes for the age-related form of Alzheimer's, the gene explains only part of the risk and likely will not lead to any new treatments soon. Reitz said it is clear that hundreds of genes are at work in Alzheimer's disease. "ABCA7 and APOE are not the only genes involved in Alzheimer's disease in African Americans," Reitz said, adding that it would take tens of thousands of participants to detect some of the other risk genes. "What the study did show us is at least one gene which seems to have a major effect, and that's important to know." Representative enough? The next step is to study how the ABCA7 gene works in the brain, and the team still needs to validate the results of this study in another independent population of blacks, something that may be challenging. According to Neil Buckholtz, director of the division of neuroscience at the National Institute on Aging, the study represented all of the well characterized genetic samples of blacks in the United States. Dr. Allan Levey, director of Emory University's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, said the study was significant for being the first large-scale genetic study done in African Americans. But he said a major limitation is that the study was not replicated in another population of blacks to confirm the findings, which is considered necessary to ensure its validity. "Had this same study been done in whites, it would never have been published here," said Levey, referring to JAMA, a highly-regarded medical journal. Troy Duster, a sociologist at the University of California, Berkeley and author of "Backdoor to Eugenics" and contributor to "Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society," says the findings are too preliminary and the effect sizes too small to draw any definitive conclusions about differences in the risk of Alzheimer's between blacks and whites. Without a replicating study in other groups who identify as African-American and as white, "it is impossible to interpret whether this small difference has significant meaning, or points to different etiologies (or the need for different treatments) in different groups," he said. Heather Snyder, director of medical and scientific operations at the Alzheimer's Association, which funded two of the study authors, said the findings should spur new research into the potential reasons for this link between ABCA7 and Alzheimer's in African Americans. "Really, that all requires more funding for Alzheimer's disease research," Snyder said.
https://www.foxnews.com/health/study-finds-gene-that-may-raise-alzheimers-risk-in-blacks
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https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/searchSummary.action?firstQuery=Diabetes%20Mellitus+and+APOE&Mysubmit=search
- A molecular genetic study of intracerebral hemorrhage. - A neuronal model of Alzheimer's disease: an insight into the mechanisms of oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial injury. - A novel species-specific RNA related to alternatively spliced amyloid precursor protein mRNAs. - A prior feature SVM-MRF based method for mouse brain segmentation. - ADAM9 inhibition increases membrane activity of ADAM10 and controls α-secretase processing of amyloid precursor protein. - AMY plaques in familial AD: comparison with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. - APOE-mimetic peptides reduce behavioral deficits, plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease transgenics. - APP717, APP693, and PRIP gene mutations are rare in Alzheimer disease. - Absence of A673T amyloid-β precursor protein variant in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases. - Age-Dependent Effects of apoE Reduction Using Antisense Oligonucleotides in a Model of β-amyloidosis. - Altered genetic response to beta-adrenergic receptor activation in late passage C6 glioma cells. - Altered neuronal gene expression in brain regions differentially affected by Alzheimer's disease: a reference data set. - Alzheimer's disease and apolipoprotein E-4 allele in an Amish population. - Alzheimer's disease and possible gene interaction. - Amyloid precursor protein 96-110 and beta-amyloid 1-42 elicit developmental anomalies in sea urchin embryos and larvae that are alleviated by neurotransmitter analogs for acetylcholine, serotonin and cannabinoids. - Amyloid precursor protein and amyloid beta-peptide bind to ATP synthase and regulate its activity at the surface of neural cells. - Amyloid precursor protein processing and Alzheimer's disease. - Amyloid-beta-protein isoforms in brain of subjects with PS1-linked, beta APP-linked and sporadic Alzheimer disease. - Apolipoprotein E affects the rate of Alzheimer disease expression: beta-amyloid burden is a secondary consequence dependent on APOE genotype and duration of disease. - Apolipoprotein E4 decreases whereas apolipoprotein E3 increases the level of secreted amyloid precursor protein after closed head injury. - Arginine deprivation and immune suppression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. - Assessment of the genetic variance of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. - Avid binding of beta A amyloid peptide to its own precursor. - Blocking the apoE/Aβ interaction ameliorates Aβ-related pathology in APOE ε2 and ε4 targeted replacement Alzheimer model mice. - CD36 initiates the secretory phenotype during the establishment of cellular senescence. - Caspase activation and amyloid precursor protein cleavage in rat ocular hypertension. - Characterization of amyloid fibril beta-peptide in familial Alzheimer's disease with APP717 mutations. - Clinical comparison of Alzheimer's disease in pedigrees with the codon 717 Val-->Ile mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene. - Decoy mRNAs reduce beta-amyloid precursor protein mRNA in neuronal cells. - Defective phorbol ester-stimulated secretion of beta-amyloid precursor protein from Alzheimer's disease fibroblasts. - Differential roles of Aβ processing in hypoxia-induced axonal damage. - Distribution of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid-beta in ocular hypertensive C57BL/6 mouse eyes. - Diverse inflammatory responses in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and the effect of immunotherapy on these responses. - Does epileptiform activity contribute to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease? - Early induction of oxidative stress in mouse model of Alzheimer disease with reduced mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity. - Ectopic white matter neurons, a developmental abnormality that may be caused by the PSEN1 S169L mutation in a case of familial AD with myoclonus and seizures. - Endocytic disturbances distinguish among subtypes of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. - Familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease: neuropathology cannot exclude a final common pathway. - Focusing on IL-1-promotion of beta-amyloid precursor protein synthesis as an early event in Alzheimer's disease. - Gene identification in Alzheimer's disease. - Genes and recent developments in the epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementia. - Genetic evidence for a novel familial Alzheimer's disease locus on chromosome 14. - Genetic studies in Alzheimer's disease with an NACP/alpha-synuclein polymorphism. - Genome-wide analysis of miRNA signature in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of alzheimer's disease. - Genome-wide, high-content siRNA screening identifies the Alzheimer's genetic risk factor FERMT2 as a major modulator of APP metabolism. - Human APOE isoform-dependent effects on brain beta-amyloid levels in PDAPP transgenic mice. - Human apolipoprotein E4 alters the amyloid-beta 40:42 ratio and promotes the formation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in an amyloid precursor protein transgenic model. - Human apolipoprotein E4 worsens acute axonal pathology but not amyloid-β immunoreactivity after traumatic brain injury in 3xTG-AD mice. - Iatrogenic Alzheimer Disease? Amyloid-β Protein Transmission Between Humans. - Identification of candidate substrates for ectodomain shedding by the metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM8. - Increasing amyloid peptide precursor production and its impact on Alzheimer's disease. - Inhibition of c-Jun kinase provides neuroprotection in a model of Alzheimer's disease. - Inhibitors of protein disulfide isomerase suppress apoptosis induced by misfolded proteins. - Interleukin 1 regulates synthesis of amyloid beta-protein precursor mRNA in human endothelial cells. - Isolation and expression of multiple forms of beta amyloid protein precursor cDNAs. - Large quantities of Abeta peptide are constitutively released during amyloid precursor protein metabolism in vivo and in vitro. - Lewy body and Alzheimer pathology in a family with the amyloid-beta precursor protein APP717 gene mutation. - Lithium treatment of APPSwDI/NOS2-/- mice leads to reduced hyperphosphorylated tau, increased amyloid deposition and altered inflammatory phenotype. - Loss of tau elicits axonal degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. - Melatonin increases survival and inhibits oxidative and amyloid pathology in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. - Microglial oxyradical production: causes and consequences. - Multiple forms of beta-amyloid peptide precursor RNAs in a single cell type. - Murine versus human apolipoprotein E4: differential facilitation of and co-localization in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and amyloid plaques in APP transgenic mouse models. - New Insights to Clathrin and Adaptor Protein 2 for the Design and Development of Therapeutic Strategies. - Nicotinic neuronal acetylcholine receptor alpha-3 subunit transcription in normal and myasthenic thymus. - Novel polymorphism in the A4 region of the amyloid precursor protein gene in a patient without Alzheimer's disease. - PDAPP; YFP double transgenic mice: a tool to study amyloid-beta associated changes in axonal, dendritic, and synaptic structures. - Presenilin-1 mutations in Alzheimer's disease. - Quantitative measurement of alternatively spliced amyloid precursor protein mRNA expression in Alzheimer's disease and normal brain by S1 nuclease protection analysis. - Quantitative measurement of postural sway in mouse models of human neurodegenerative disease. - RFLP analysis for APP 717 mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease. - Rarity of the Alzheimer disease-protective APP A673T variant in the United States. - Re: Axonal injury in head injuries with very short survival. - Reducing cerebral microvascular amyloid-beta protein deposition diminishes regional neuroinflammation in vasculotropic mutant amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. - Relative abundance of Alzheimer A beta amyloid peptide variants in Alzheimer disease and normal aging. - Release of amino-terminal fragments from amyloid precursor protein reporter and mutated derivatives in cultured cells. - Schizophrenia scepticism. - Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease. - Selectivity, cocrystal structures, and neuroprotective properties of leucettines, a family of protein kinase inhibitors derived from the marine sponge alkaloid leucettamine B. - Sequestration of amyloid beta-peptide. - Synergistic Interactions between Abeta, tau, and alpha-synuclein: acceleration of neuropathology and cognitive decline. - Tau Protein Mediates APP Intracellular Domain (AICD)-Induced Alzheimer's-Like Pathological Features in Mice. - The ADAM10 prodomain is a specific inhibitor of ADAM10 proteolytic activity and inhibits cellular shedding events. - The Alzheimer diseases. - The apolipoprotein-E-mimetic COG112 protects amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain-overexpressing animals from Alzheimer's disease-like pathological features. - The effects of NOS2 gene deletion on mice expressing mutated human AbetaPP. - The genetics of dementia in late life. - The low density lipoprotein receptor regulates the level of central nervous system human and murine apolipoprotein E but does not modify amyloid plaque pathology in PDAPP mice. - Thymocytes and cultured thymic epithelial cells express transcripts encoding alpha-3, alpha-5 and beta-4 subunits of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: preferential transcription of the alpha-3 and beta-4 genes by immature CD4 + 8 + thymocytes. - TrkB activation by 7, 8-dihydroxyflavone increases synapse AMPA subunits and ameliorates spatial memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. - Tumor necrosis factor alpha and Fas receptor contribute to cognitive deficits independent of cell death after concussive traumatic brain injury in mice. - Vascular amyloid alters astrocytic water and potassium channels in mouse models and humans with Alzheimer's disease. - [Investigation of neuroprotective activity of apolipoprotein E peptide mimetic Cog1410 in transgenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster]. - [Studying pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease in a Drosophila melanogaster model: human APP overexpression in the brain of transgenic flies leads to deficit of the synaptic protein synaptotagmin]. - mNos2 deletion and human NOS2 replacement in Alzheimer disease models. - p53-dependent control of transactivation of the Pen2 promoter by presenilins.
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Romanticism was a natural reaction against the strict, dogmatic rules of the Neoclassical period. In the face of Enlightenment ideals that valued rational thought and logic, Romantic artists emphasized emotionality, uncontrollable nature, and the subjectivity of each individual. What is the role of art in Romantic period? The artists emphasized that sense and emotions – not simply reason and order – were equally important means of understanding and experiencing the world. Romanticism celebrated the individual imagination and intuition in the enduring search for individual rights and liberty. What was Romanticism art influenced by? Romanticism, fueled by the French Revolution, was a reaction to the scientific rationalism and classicism of the Age of Enlightenment. The ideals of the French Revolution created the context from which both Romanticism and the Counter- Enlightenment emerged. What is the role of art in neoclassical period? Neoclassicism in the arts is an aesthetic attitude based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity, which invokes harmony, clarity, restraint, universality, and idealism. What kind of arts are used by Romantic period? Romanticism, attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. What are the rules of romanticism? Any list of particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism includes subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; spontaneity; freedom from rules; solitary life rather than life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason and devotion to beauty; love of and worship of nature; and What is the most important characteristic of the Romantic Period? Characteristic 1: Emotion and Passion – The Romanticists were deeply in touch with their feelings. Emotion was one of the most crucial characteristics of the Romantic period. What are characteristics of Romanticism? - Glorification of Nature. - Awareness and Acceptance of Emotions. - Celebration of Artistic Creativity and Imagination. - Emphasis on Aesthetic Beauty. - Themes of Solitude. - Focus on Exoticism and History. - Spiritual and Supernatural Elements. - Vivid Sensory Descriptions. What is the role of imagination in Romantic poetry? Imagination is one of the most prominent aspects of Romantic poetry. Wordsworth defines imagination as “the means of deep insight and sympathy, the power to conceive and express images removed from normal objective reality”. Imagination is a way of seeing the world through a different lens. Videos Why Nietzsche Changed His Opinion on Art and Romanticism Pre – Romantic Age in English Literature – YouTube Understanding the styles of art: Romanticism – YouTube Other Articles Can you oil paint on wood panel? What are some painting websites?
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It is a contrast to neo-classicism characterized by the predominance of imagination over reason and formal rules, the love of nature —nature is good; cities are harmful to humans—, the power of individual, an interest in human rights, sentimentality, childhood innocence, the revolutionary spirit and melancholy. The Nature of Romanticism Romanticism is concerned with the individual life more than with society. The romanticist emphasizes intuition, emotion and imagination over logic and reason, to the point where he may be considered irrational. Unluckily this approach in the direction of musical regulations changed in the Romantic period. This enables me to keep the classical view with an appearance of scientific backing. I see very few similarities other than the admiration of beauty; from there the differences are irreconcilable. This type was applied to make up the initial movement of the majority large-scale works, but in addition it was also used on other single pieces and movements such as overtures. To prevent one falling into the conventional curves of ingrained technique, to hold on through infinite detail and trouble to the exact curve you want. The improvement of varieties and harmonic concepts that grew to turn into excellent from the interval enlarged from the interval. We encourage visitors to the forum to report any objectionable message in. You are always faithful to the conception of a limit. Classicists thought that it was literature's function to show the everyday values of humanity and the laws of human existence. I say merely that now is the time for such a revival. The answer to this is that no one, in a matter of judgment of beauty, can take a detached standpoint in this way. Romanticism places a strong emphasis on the individual, the belief that true artistic inspiration is born out of the individual genius. It seems to me that we stand just in the same position now. They saw imagination, rather than reason, as the route to truth. Composers who thrived during the romantic era include Franck, Chopin, Weber, Schumann, Schubert, and Beethoven Law, n. So much has romanticism debauched us, that, without some form of vagueness, we deny the highest. The same law holds in other arts. However the Enlightenment placed reason at the center of human achievement. The reason the this painting reflects this Neoclassic era is not only for the painter himself because of his other amazing works of art, but for the huge patriotism Of Napoleon and his daring efforts and power as a ruler Nation Gallery of Art, Washington. On the other hand, the most famous romantic artists came from the literary field, with Edgar Allan Poe, William Blake, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Emily Dickinson and Herman Melville being the most well known. As an artistic movement, however, it celebrates all strong emotions, not just feelings of love. The Neoclassical age emphasized on reason and logic. His poem Daffodils is the best example to explain his views. Romanticism Emerges Neoclassicism had a huge impact on places like the United States. Art is seen as an expression of a universal truth regarding human nature, communicating to others. Augustan writers despite imitating the forms used by Homer, Cicero, Virgil, and Horace sought to strive for harmony, balance, and precision in their own works. Neoclassicism was part of the European art movement during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, The inspiration for this movement comes from thru classical art and culture of ancient Greece or ancient Rome. Second, the concentrated state of mind, the grip over oneself which is necessary in the actual expression of what one sees. The distinction between Imagination and Fancy was made by Coleridge in Biographia Litteraria 1817. The early Romantic composers like Schubert and Brahms kept more directly with the Classical civilization and simpler chord organization. Classicism was based on the idea that nature and human nature could be understood by reason and thought. Romanticism developed in the 18th century — partially as a reaction against the ideals of Classicism — and expresses beauty through imagination and powerful emotions. I am using contemplation here just in the same way that Plato used it, only applied to a different subject; it is a detached interest. Another similarity touches the both music eras include melody and harmony. By the end of the century, other European artists were consciously rejecting all Western presuppositions and looking to Japanese, African, and Polynesian art in the quest for true abstraction. About a year ago, a man whose name I think was Fauchois gave a lecture at the Odéon on Racine, in the course of which he made some disparaging remarks about his dullness, lack of invention and the rest of it. Hulme's influence in shaping twentieth-century thought in art and literature is indisputable. I am just using this as a parable. Influence of Emotion Another area in which the two styles diverge is the latter's focus on emotion and sentiment rather than reason. It has a definite period of life and must die. The main difference between neoclassicism and romanticism is that neoclassicism emphasized on objectivity, order, and restraint whereas romanticism emphasized on imagination and emotion. If you say an extravagant thing which does exceed the limits inside which you know man to be fastened, yet there is always conveyed in some way at the end an impression of yourself standing outside it, and not quite believing it, or consciously putting it forward as a flourish. In other words, you get romanticism. A deliberation on the works of these two authors show the differences, if not complete opposites between the Neoclassic and Romantic concepts. Wordsworth and Coleridge are two of the greatest of the Romantic period of writing. I must say here, parenthetically, that I use this word without prejudice to the other discussion with which I shall end the paper. I ought really to have coined a couple of new words, but I prefer to use the ones I have used, as I then conform to the practice of the group of polemical writers who make most use of them at the present day, and have almost succeeded in making them political catchwords. Independence had been won, many countries in Europe had been reformed by the Enlightenment, and as the 19th century began, more artists started rejecting the Enlightenment's focus on unemotional logic and universal truths. There is something in the heart of everything, if we can reach it, that we shall not be inclined to laugh at. I must now shirk the difficulty of saying exactly what I mean by romantic and classical in verse. Put them side by side and you get the whole. They gave importance to poetic 'eye' where the reader sees the other person through the poet's eye. In general, it can be argued that the Romantic Movement emphasized the personal, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the spontaneous, the emotional and, visionary or transcendental works of art Visual Arts Cork n. Different approaches exhibited by the two movements have undoubtedly colored human endeavor for the better. During the American and Gallic Revolutions, the political ambiance began to tilt towards an Age of Reason and Enlightenment. This is itself rare enough in all consciousness. On the other hand in the romantic period known to have existed from 1815-1910 and characteristically this period was not necessary covered with romantic love literature. What this positive need is, I shall show later. The Declaration of Independence is one of the clearest articulations of Enlightenment philosophy of all time, and the U.
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Scrabble?! ROMANTICISESIs romanticises valid for Scrabble? Words With Friends? Lexulous? WordFeud? Other games? Definitions of ROMANTICISES in various dictionaries: Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature—all components of modernity. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education, the social sciences, and the natural sciences. It had a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism, radicalism, conservatism and nationalism.The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe—especially that experienced in confronting the new aesthetic categories of the sublimity and beauty of nature. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, but also spontaneity as a desirable characteristic (as in the musical impromptu). In contrast to the Rationalism and Classicism of the Enlightenment, Romanticism revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived as authentically medieval in an attempt to escape population growth, early urban sprawl, and industrialism. Although the movement was rooted in the German Sturm und Drang movement, which preferred intuition and emotion to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, the events and ideologies of the French Revolution were also proximate factors. Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of "heroic" individualists and artists, whose examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society. It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a Zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas. In the second half of the 19th century, Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism. The decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes, including social and political changes and the spread of nationalism. WORD SOLVER(tip: SPACE or ? for wildcards) WORD FINDER There are 12 letters in ROMANTICISES ( A1C3E1I1M3N1O1R1S1T1 ) To search all scrabble anagrams of ROMANTICISES, to go: ROMANTICISES? Rearrange the letters in ROMANTICISES and see some winning combinations 12 letters out of ROMANTICISES 11 letters out of ROMANTICISES 10 letters out of ROMANTICISES 9 letters out of ROMANTICISES 8 letters out of ROMANTICISES 7 letters out of ROMANTICISES 6 letters out of ROMANTICISES 5 letters out of ROMANTICISES 4 letters out of ROMANTICISES 3 letters out of ROMANTICISES 2 letters out of ROMANTICISES Anagrammer is a game resource site that has been extremely popular with players of popular games like Scrabble, Lexulous, WordFeud, Letterpress, Ruzzle, Hangman and so forth. We maintain regularly updated dictionaries of almost every game out there. To be successful in these board games you must learn as many valid words as possible, but in order to take your game to the next level you also need to improve your anagramming skills, spelling, counting and probability analysis. Make sure to bookmark every unscrambler we provide on this site. Explore deeper into our site and you will find many educational tools, flash cards and so much more that will make you a much better player. This page covers all aspects of ROMANTICISES, do not miss the additional links under "More about: ROMANTICISES"
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Romanticism evolved from the end of the French Revolution, bringing a whole new concept to the artists of the time. The ideals of individualism were now becoming a very predominant concept in the writings of the eighteenth century. As Emma Goldman says, “The individual is the true reality of life. A cosmos in himself, he does not exist for the state, nor for that abstraction called “society” or the “nation,” which is only a collection of individuals.” Goldman’s ideals ideas on individualism and its role in society came from the evolving concepts first represented in the Romanticism era. All over the world people began to realize and express this theme in all aspects of their cultures. Documents such as Thomas Jefferson’s “The Declaration of Independence,” which has the underlying Romantic theme of independence in the beginning creation of United States of America. What is Romanticism? Is it the art that sprang up in the late seventeen or eighteen century? Or maybe the political rebellion of the individual vs. the government? Is it about love and compassion? How about the emotion of love against all odds of reason? The answer to these questions is yes; all of these are but a few aspects of the wonderful era of Romanticism. Romantics emphasized the importance of imagination, claiming the individual imagination as a vital power of our lives. However, the illusions our emotions create over the logical rational answers is one of the strongest most predominant recurring elements of the Romanticism writings. Romantics understood that awareness is gained through perception rather than reasoning. This is best summed up by William Wordsworth who stated that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth Preface 19). Romanticism is a representation of our true selves as individuals and the choices we make. The theme of emotion over reason is strong.
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Please note! This essay has been submitted by a student. Wonder is a special attribute that is innate in a human being, it leads him to discover something or create something beautiful. Wonder is intense or gradual in terms of feeling. It is a feeling which is extra-ordinary, or brings ordinary to extra-ordinary. The question of why, what, whence is unclear, a vague conception that intrigues the man to explore the universe. When one wonders, his/her emotions try to invoke a meaning, this stimulates the “cognitive sense of possibility”. But this possibility is vague and when emotions are added, it has romantic sense to it (Parsons 88-89). Through wonder comes Imagination which is a vague concept as well as it deals with human knowledge and understanding. David Hume and Aristotle believed that imagination was one’s perception and reasoning of a certain imagery. It had a mimetic role in philosophy as well as in poetry. Kant regarded imagination as “schematization” that is “hidden art in the depths of human soul” (Rastovic 11). These philosophers regarded imagination as mediation role. Furthermore, they regarded metaphor and myth as cognitive act of objective reality and that the subject’s ability to recreate that reality. This became the basis for romantic poets like William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats and Percy B. Shelley. Coleridge and Shelley were more interested in extraordinary power of imagination while Wordsworth, Keats and Shelley as well, were interested in the phenomena of metaphor and myth which was important for the imagination (Karadas 9). In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, Romantic English poets highlighted the role of imagination in creativity through their works. The reason why imagination became central was due to the emphasis on individuality that was the main debate due to the effects of French Revolution in English society as well as in England’s politics. Romanticism was the marking of man shifting from collectivity to individuality. Urbanization in England caused the people to have identity crisis which made them self-conscious about their own existence in the world. Previously, the art was written for the elite class, with no care about the working class. Romanticism emphasized that common man should be the center, because a common man was close to the realities of life. The urbanization distanced man from himself, but a common country man was close to himself and nature. Furthermore, the common man had this attribute of wonder and imagination that was absent in an urban man because he was too busy with the world. Romanticism was the reaction against the Age of Enlightenment from the French Revolution, in fact, the word “romantic” is derived from a French word romaunt which means a romantic story told in a verse (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2019). Romantic in a sense that appreciating the beauty of nature, trusting emotions than intellect and conquest to find one’s self through wonder. This was a movement that challenged the idealized traditions of neoclassical poetry as well as the rationalism which was prominent in the 18th century. The real movement began at the end of the 18th century that originated when the two great poetic minds, namely William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, came together. Wordsworth’s poetry became influenced due to this interaction, his poetic style changed from long poems to short and dramatic poems which became very popular among the readers. These poems were written in a form that broke the traditional writings of neoclassicism and became the characteristic of romantic poetry as well. He wrote a collection of short poems Lyrical Ballads with the collaboration of Coleridge that highlighted the characteristics of romantic poetry. Most of the poems in this collection were experimental as they were mostly conversational and more focused on the middle and lower class of the society which is called “diction”. Lucy Gray, an excerpt from the book, is conversational and simple poem that depicts the death of a little girl. Wordsworth style of writing poetry was mostly narrated from the life of a child, a simple and colloquial language. Lucy was a girl who got lost after snowstorm. Her mother and father searched for her everywhere, at daybreak her mother say Lucy’s footsteps on the snow that end near her house. She is a lost child with no trace, she gets immersed in the nature, never to be found. Lucy represent “light” which is the world of imagination. According to Bercovitch, Wordsworth grieves over Lucy is a symbolized presentation of him grieving over losing his creative powers. Lucy is a hope of light that together with nature can bring back the beauty of wonder in him (11). For Wordsworth, Childhood was the main topic around which his poems would center. Because he believed that a child creates his own world of imagination as it has the attribute of wonder in him. When he/she sees something which is not known to them, or something that feels magical to them, they wonder about it. Wonder then leads to them creating an imaginative world which is full of all good things that the world has. Childhood fascinated Wordsworth, in his book The Prelude at the beginning, he is nostalgic about his own childhood experience which was full of wonder. He used to wander around and wonder about the world, and that’s how he developed his perception about the world. For him childhood was the true source of inspiration that would bring back the light of imagination in him. He explores into his own childhood memory which was accompanied by Nature. His imaginative world opens up when he remembers his childhood. He at first wanders around the nature, he feels that as an adult he cannot seem to connect with the imagination. He is empty and he knows that his life has become different as an adult. He says: To none more grateful than to me; escaped From the vast city, where I long had pined A discontented sojourner, now free, He remembers the beauty and joys of life that was “drinking in pure.” A child is free from the shackles of societal values and expectations, Wordsworth has escaped from the city life to reminisce about his childhood. He remembers how he had playful conversations with nature that were pure enjoyment for him. He, as a child, wondered about life and his world of imagination was full of joys. The beauty of nature makes him excited that he can unburden from his “own unnatural self” He can wonder about his life and fill his mind with imagination. As he says in Book II that childhood is the “Great birthright of our being” because the perception of a child about everything in this world is pure and magical. The reason why imagination and wonder is emphasized in his poetry is because he wants to find himself through it. Similarly, in Ode: Imitation of Immortality is a nostalgia of his past when “The things which I have seen I now can see no more” He admits of being self-conscious of losing the ability to imagine and throughout the poem tries to revive that relationship with nature, to give him a peace of mind. According to Bercovitch, these three poems showed the development of Wordsworth towards imagination, he first expresses his concern in Lucy Gray, then he searches for the light in the Ode: Imitation of Immortality and finally, he reaches the conclusion in The Prelude (12). Thus, Wordsworth’s poetry depicted the spiritual development of a man which lacked in the mechanical society during French Revolution. Coleridge’s perception of romantic poetry was quite influenced by Wordsworth’s point of view. In his book called Biographia Literaria, he reviewed about The Prelude through which he built his own idea about imagination. For him, imagination is “a growth of a critic’s mind” (Wallace 216). His progress in writing romantic poetry was reflected in his book, in fact, all his philosophies about life were presented in the form of biographies of other well-known literary people; he himself considered this book as personal. He wrote poems that were mostly related to supernatural or mystery. He emphasized that mind had more power than nature, thus, imagination came from within, therefore, union of emotion and thought are important aspects of imagination (Taylor 76). There were three supernatural poems that he wrote that are considered to be “imaginative trio”, namely Christabel, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan that highlighted the transitional change from pre-supernatural to supernatural (Bloom et. al 185). The final poem that he wrote based on this genre was The Ballad of the Dark Ladie which is an inspired poem that reflects Coleridge’s world of imaginative speech by showing the dark lady who is taken from Shakespeare’s sonnets. In fact, the dark lady shows the concept of oriental imagination which he became interested in after writing other poems (Sadiq 7). Coleridge’s approach to writing a ballad was different from Wordsworth, in fact the characteristics were distinct as well. His philosophy of writing poetry was “art for art’s sake”. Wordsworth mostly wrote in the perception of himself, which Coleridge didn’t agree to it. He treated ballad as “an assortment of poetic devices” (Stork 314). Dark Ladie is a poem about a maid who was seduced and left alone by the Knight. Now, she waits for him and expresses her desire to be the bride of the Knight. This poem determines the transitional change that took place in poet’s style of ballad writing. Through this poem, critics believe, his interest and understanding of imagination was shifted towards Orient from the supernatural (Sadiq 12). His interest in poetic form changed with time, as he grew up he wrote more sophisticated poems that were based on his personal experience. Dejection: An Ode was remarkable piece that hinted the tragedy of his life. For him, loss of dream meant loss of imagination because his poetry was mostly written through daydream in which his conscious and unconscious mind power merged together. This ode was “the death of imagination” and showed his “personal demoralization” as a poet. Imagination was an important part of his poetry, losing it, meant losing his ability to write poetry (Bloom et. al 188) He begins the poem by quoting Ballad of Sir Patrick Spence Late, late yestreen I saw the new Moon, With the old Moon in her arms; And I fear, I fear, my Master dear! We shall have a deadly storm. This poem is about how the narrator is in a desperate search of inspiration despite being surrounded by nature. He begins the poem by appreciating the beauty of nature, he is accosted towards a Lady and complains that he can see the nature but cannot feel it. He expresses his concerns by saying that no “outward forms” can invoke inspirations except his own emotions. There was a time when “fancy made me dreams of happiness” but now he has lost all the joy. Even the wind is “worse than wintry song”, that nature has no power over his imagination. Throughout the poem, there is a sense of dejection that shows that his mind is disconnected with the world, and so his imagination has nothing to do with. In a way, he believes that he has dominance over nature through language, therefore, for him “imaginative speech” is the supernatural (Taylor 78). The work of Wordsworth and Coleridge marked the beginning of the Romanticism in poetic form. Dejection: An Ode was written in the contrast of Ode: Intimations of Immortality in terms of language, tone and imagery. As both had different perspective in terms of imagination it affected their style of writing. Coleridge emphasized that poetry should be written with fancy words because the mind of the uneducated man isn’t developed enough to understand poetry while Wordsworth wrote for the common man to understand through nature. Wordsworth grew up with nature and Coleridge imagined it (Cathy). Despite difference of opinions on wonder and imagination, their poetry brought out important characteristics of Romantic poetry. The romantic poems were simple yet subjective, melancholic but imaginative, and emphasized more on individuality and personal emotions; which means they had no formal rules. Therefore, the form of poetry differed for every romantic poet. But most importantly, Nature was seen as the celebration of individuality that highlighted the revolutionary way of appreciating art, through individuality the man could wonder and create a new world of imagination. Keats’ idea of imagination was influenced by Wordsworth’s poetry. Like Wordsworth, he believed that imagination is the result of natural phenomenon. For him creativity was “that which is creative must create itself.” His most famous theory of “Negative Capability” which emphasized that man should be free of all constraints of logic and science in order to achieve imagination and creativity. In his poem, I Stood Tip-Toe upon a Hill, he sees nature as a beautiful goddess, just as Wordsworth did in his poetry. He sets the guidelines in this poem of how nature can be brought to life if they are seen in terms of mythology and imagination. He says: “For what has made the sage or poet write But the fair paradise of Nature’s light In the calm grandeur of a sober line, We see the waving of the mountain’s pine; And when a tale is beautifully staid, We feel the safety of a hawthorn glade:” Through this poem he conveyed the message that understanding and seeing mythology can only be acquired if there is a poetic imagination. His poetry did mentioned few Greek and Roman myths because he considered them imaginative. He had “lingering imagination” that could be seen in every line, rich with beauty and aesthetics which makes one wonder and be lost in his imaginative world (Mulcahy 239). Ode to Autumn is the best example, and it can be considered similar to Wordsworth’s Ode to Imitation but has more imagery. His imaginative world is mostly nature brought to life. In his ode, he explains Autumn with the surroundings “Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness/ Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun,” “winnowing wind” “barred clouds bloom the soft dying day,/and touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue.” Commonly, autumn is seen as something sad and melancholic, but this poem describes the beauty and aesthetic of autumn because “thou hast music too” This ode is more about observing nature and appreciating its beauty of everyday life. Just as he loved writing about myths, this ode is a connection of mythological world with the everyday world, he uses the words like “Thee sitting careless on a granary floor, Thy hair soft lifted by the winnowing wind…” Furthermore, there is a sense of calmness and acceptance of life in the following lines: Or by a cider-press, with patient look, Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours, There are no complicated ideologies in this Ode, in fact, it is a slow poem that relaxes the mind of the reader. Negative capability, when the poet loses sense over his own personal identity, was achieved through this poem, in fact, he wrote this poem when he was going through his worst times in life (Lovell 214). There was a time in life when he fell into depression because he couldn’t understand love and loss, his brother Tom died due to Tuberculosis and his relationship with his fiancée Fanny Brawne was complicated. During this time he wrote La Belle Dame Sans Merci, a ballad which was inspired from the Lyrical Ballads. This folk ballad which is surrealistic in form is about romance between a lady and a knight. It begins abruptly with expression of loss and bereavement “the sedge has withered from the lake, and no birds to sing,” the knight is confused about how he ended up alone beside the lake. He then remembers “I met a lady in the meads” whom he fell in love with “I set her on my pacing steed” and she “took me to her Elfin grot” but he saw a frightening dream which contained “pale kings and princes too” who cried “La Belle Dame Sans Merci” finally he wakes up alone in a “cold hill’s side”. He repeats the first five lines again to show how he was deceived by the lady. This was an imaginative poem which emphasized that temptation could bring anyone to despair like the “knight in arms.” Unlike his odes, this poem focused more on the escape into the world of imagination which brought despair to the reality. The lady is a supernatural being who bewitches him towards herself, the knight is lonely, and so he follows her. This hints that too much imagination can lead someone to despair, this is the moral that Keats tried to convey through this poem. Keats was at the peak of being the greatest poet in England, he had this agitation and fear in himself which reflected in this poem. His obsession with the loitering imagination worked up his mind to create a magic in his lines of poetry which brought him to fame, but when he fell ill, it consumed him with sadness, thus, the knight can be considered an allegory of himself. During his hard times, Percy B. Shelley was the one who encouraged him and appreciated his poems. He could be considered an admirer of Keats because most of his was inspired by Keats’ works. Percy B. Shelley was one of those romantic poets who had certain philosophies of understanding poetry and poets. In his article “Defense of Poetry” he emphasized that imagination and reason were important for a person to appreciate beauty. He considered poets as prophets because they described the beauty from their observations and experiences through poetry. Language is an important element for maintaining unity and harmony among the civilization. He said “Poetry is a mirror which makes beautiful that which is
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�]#�V�,#1���? Painters began using current events and atrocities to shed light on injustices in dramatic compositions that rivaled the more staid Neoclassical history paintings accepted by national academies. In 1815 the English poet William Wordsworth, who became a major voice of the Romantic movement and who felt that poetry should be "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,… This age of reason and enlightened thinking dominated Europe, inevitably birthing two important eras in philosophy and visu… We seem to be looking at the effects and the contents of the woman's dream at the same time. Turner (Joseph Mallord William Turner) was a mid-nineteenth-century British painter and watercolorist. Later, expressed in his poetry and visual art, his prophetic visions and belief in the "real and eternal world" of the imagination resulted in the unknown artist being acknowledged as the "father of Romanticism.". 2. It influenced the whole vision of art. April 21, 2012. Brought to you by Smarthistory. October 2004. The Culture Concept Circle / The work was exhibited at the 1804 Salon de Paris, its appearance timed to occur between Napoleon's proclaiming himself as emperor and his coronation. Search Art History. Site Navigation. Madame de Staël, an influential leader of French intellectual life, following the publication of her account of her German travels in 1813, popularized the term in France. 3. Turner was among the last great pre-modern painters. This image depicts Urizen, a mythological figure first created by the poet in 1793 to represent the rule of reason and law and influenced by the image of God described in the Book of Proverbs as one who "set a compass upon the face of the earth." His preoccupation with color-induced optical effects and use of expressive brushstrokes were crucial influences on Impressionism and Pointillism. At the end of the 18th century and well into the 19th, Romanticism quickly spread throughout Europe and the United States to challenge the rational ideal held so tightly during the Enlightenment. 0 With its emphasis on the imagination and emotion, Romanticism emerged as a response to the disillusionment with the Enlightenment values of reason and order in the … Writers, musicians, and artists of the period faithfully elevated this perspective, rejecting what they viewed as an excessive emphasis on the cerebral and instead arguing for heightened emotion as a wellspring of aesthetic opportunity. I �3���`B$�C`RJ8? Horror, passion, and awe, especially when experienced in the face of nature’s sublime landscape, offered an artistic antidote to the perceived disconnect from spirituality occurring as the theory of evolutio… Until its onset, Neoclassicism dominated 18th-century European art, typified by a focus on classical subject matter, an interest in aesthetic austerity, and ideas in line with the Enlightenment, an intellectual, philosophical, and literary movement that placed emphasis on the individual. We believe art has the power to transform lives and to build understanding across cultures. The term Romanticism was first used in Germany in the late 1700s when the critics August and Friedrich Schlegal wrote of romantische Poesie("romantic poetry"). Search for: Browse Art History. Friedrich was a German Romantic landscape painter, and considered by many academics to be the finest German painter of his time. Der Heuwagen by John Constable. "Romanticism Movement Overview and Analysis". Géricault was a French painter and lithographer during the early nineteenth century. We believe that the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background. J.M.W. Blake combines classical anatomy with a bold and energetic composition to evoke a vision of divine creation. The movement affected philosophical thinking, literature, music, and art. Informed by the Baroque style and the Classicists, Goya's art was part of the Romanticism movement, but also contained provocative elements such as social critiques, nudes, war, and allegories of death. The Ancient of Days served as the frontispiece to Blake's book, Europe a Prophecy (1794), which contained 18 engravings. The Hudson River School artists were influenced by the Romantics, using dramatic scenes of nature to express the American ideals of their time: discovery and exploration. The history of art is immense, the earliest cave paintings pre-date writing by almost 27,000 years! Artists such as Delacroix, Goya, Turner, and Friedrich responded to a newly modern world by creating some of the most emotionally expressive art ever made. The Age of Enlightenment was partially a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, as the world witnessed the importance of technological innovation for the advancement of humankind. The artists emphasized that sense and emotions - not simply reason and order - were equally important means of understanding and experiencing the world. It is known as the Romantic Movement or Romantic Revival. The relationship between the mare, the incubus, and the woman remains suggestive and not explicit, heightening the terrifying possibilities. Typically, the subject matter of Neoclassical painting consisted of the depiction of events from history, mythological scenes, and the architecture and ruins of ancient Rome. ", "The source of genius is imagination alone, the refinement of the senses that sees what others do not see, or sees them differently. The preoccupation with the hero and the genius translated to new views of the artist as a brilliant creator who was unburdened by academic dictate and tastes. Fuseli's combination of horror, sexuality, and death insured the image's notoriety as a defining example of Gothic horror, which inspired such writers as Mary Shelly and Edgar Allan Poe. Romanticism was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and also a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. The skies are gloomy or cloudy as a sign of imminent danger and fear of the unknown, e.g. hެY�r۸��S���&�O��BqTG��v%�nw�^P$qMZ���}�>o�����^tv&�l�~�w���n,ز�x3���Lz����8ry����e��&��> |�]|r�eO��H���G�n8����/>���8f�����=��l�V/��B�. April 1, 2005, By Julian Bell / His work remained largely unnoticed in England, but he was very influencial on the Barbizon School and the Impressionists in France. It emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the emotional, and the visionary. Romanticism was closely bound up with the emergence of newly found nationalism that swept many countries after the American Revolution. ", "Amid those scenes of solitude... the mind is cast into the contemplation of eternal things. The articles will all be posted to your MyBC website. Gros' depiction of suffering and death, combined with heroism and patriotism within an exotic locale became hallmarks of many Romantic paintings. Romanticism legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority, which permitted freedom from classical notions of form in art. Romanticism Powerpoint 1. ", "With the brush we merely tint, while the imagination alone produces color. Romanticism offers decades of art which can best be understood by considering the contemporary themes in history, literature, and philosophy. All Rights Reserved, Landmarks of Western Art Documentary: Romanticism, J.M.W.
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It’s a common notion that in the movement or period called Romanticism in English literature nature is a significant force. Here I mean nature in two senses: human nature and the “natural” world. I’ll remain on the second sense throughout this essay. As a reaction to the neoclassicists of the past, who emphasized the values of order, restraint, and reason (intellectual control), the Romantics were more interested in the liberation to be experienced and embodied in the free expression of the imagination and emotions. This doesn’t mean that people living in the late 18th Century went about crying into their coffee or habitually swooning at the sight of the full moon. People understood that emotion had a lot to do with initiative, drive, choice, and other ideas, like creativity. I would imagine that writers like Jonathan Swift also were aware of the significance of emotion to the spirit of politics and art. The question is one of degree: to what extend does reason and/or emotion (if we stipulate that things are so cut and dried in the first place) play a role in the variety of human endeavor. In politics, for example, should we go with what feels right or what we can prove to some degree? In the late 18th Century, people also began to question traditional institutions, including existing monarchies and religions and the boundaries these institutions reflected or imposed in terms of their traditions and contexts. As a challenge to traditional values and institutions, Romanticism required (I might say requires) a metaphor against which to explore other possibilities in art and other areas of human concern, including ethics and morality. Nature became the metaphor. A personal story. I remember being with a group of hunters in Alaska and we decided to try a short cut up what looked like a fairly easy hill. This turned out not to be the case and we entered into a world that was wild, overgrown, and human skin was not well suited to surviving the thorns, rough bark, and iron-wire tangle. The typical definition of Nature is the tree and the bird and spider outside of human making. A more modern definition would be more inclusive to identify nature as anything not human made, like a bar of chocolate versus the cocoa tree growing on the side of a hill. The human description of nature, however, has developed over time, growing from a less concentrated human population and reduced human numbers. In the past, nature was remote and harbored powerful and alien intelligence, populated with any number of gods and demons.
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What does romanticism mean? Definitions for romanticism roʊˈmæn təˌsɪz əmro·man·ti·cism Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word romanticism. Princeton's WordNet romanticismnoun impractical romantic ideals and attitudes Romanticism, Romantic Movementnoun a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization "Romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationality" romanticism, romancenoun an exciting and mysterious quality (as of a heroic time or adventure) Wiktionary romanticismnoun A romantic quality, spirit or action Romanticismnoun 18th Century artistic and intellectual movement which stressed emotion, freedom and individual imagination. Webster Dictionary Romanticismnoun a fondness for romantic characteristics or peculiarities; specifically, in modern literature, an aiming at romantic effects; -- applied to the productions of a school of writers who sought to revive certain medi/val forms and methods in opposition to the so-called classical style Etymology: [CF. It. romanticismo, F. romantisme, romanticisme.] Freebase Romanticism Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and the natural sciences. Its effect on politics was considerable and complex; while for much of the peak Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, in the long term its effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant. The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, made spontaneity a desirable characteristic, and argued for a "natural" epistemology of human activities as conditioned by nature in the form of language and customary usage. Romanticism reached beyond the rational and Classicist ideal models to elevate a revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be authentically medieval in an attempt to escape the confines of population growth, urban sprawl, and industrialism, and it also attempted to embrace the exotic, unfamiliar, and distant in modes more authentic than Rococo chinoiserie, harnessing the power of the imagination to envision and to escape. The Nuttall Encyclopedia Romanticism the name of the reactionary movement in literature and art at the close of last century and at the beginning of this against the cold and spiritless formalism and pseudo-classicism that then prevailed, and was more regardful of correctness of expression than truth of feeling and the claims of the emotional nature; has been defined as the "reproduction in modern art and literature of the life and thought of the Middle Ages." Numerology Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of romanticism in Chaldean Numerology is: 8 Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of romanticism in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8 Examples of romanticism in a Sentence “We are drawn to the Harlem Renaissance because of the hope for black uplift and interracial interaction and empathy that it embodied and because there is a certain element of romanticism associated with the era’s creativity, its seemingly larger-than-life heroes and heroines, and its most brilliantly lit terrain, Harlem, USA.” You begin saving the world by saving one person at a time; all else is grandiose romanticism or politics. 1. To understand life To understand life, people look at mountains and waves - this is romanticism. To understand life, you need to look at a busy intersection - this is realism. You look at the crossroads and think where they are all in a hurry, after all, they do not have time to live, they are in a hurry to do stupid things, they hurry to their graves. 2. Selfishness of people A society entirely based on selfishness and disunity will have no future. A country that does not strive for progress is simply waiting for a salary. Selfishness is the suicide of a country. 3. People obsessed with selfishness do not know what reality looks like, since it is part of the soul, not matter. 4. Money destroyed quite a few couples Money destroyed many couples, many hearts and destinies. Money halves guilt and resentment. Like a bloody knife destroys a relationship, cuts off a lasting relationship by the roots. Pettiness becomes very important when money is everything. How long the relationship will last depends on the exchange rate. Choosing between a man and pettiness, they choose a trifle, especially a woman, because for them details and trifles, like a trifle in their pocket, are very important. 5. Comic matrix Man lives in illusions in the comical matrix of his absurd vices and paradoxical instincts. 6. Embedded logic The embedded logic is a thread of control of a person by manipulating his instincts and vices. 7. The world and the brain strives for the future, and the soul gets stuck in the past. The heart aches with the present. 8. Alone, we learn the depths of reality. 9. All our thinking becomes a mechanized formality of robotic consciousness. The technologization of logic, the improvement of the details of thinking due to the instincts that money controls. 10. Second and minute hands The second and minute hands subconsciously accelerate our internal aging of the brain. If the millisecond hand appears, aging will accelerate. The philosophy of the brain develops at the expense of the speed of a second. Time turns your whole life into a schedule. Seconds accelerate the evolutionary processes in our subconscious. Time is accelerating and this gives rise to selfishness in people. Time accelerates the processes of revealing the truth, and hypocrisy decays like a corpse. Time is a karmic schedule, from the trips of accidents, consisting of a plan of higher powers. Time is a logical chain of inevitability. Time is associated with our subconscious, a list of thought programs that shape character. Time is a way to control the future using embedded logic. 11. Monthly bloody drops of anger, overflow the cup of patience and lead to separation and destruction of marriage. Author: Musin Almat Zhumabekovich To say the word Romanticism is to say modern art -- that is, intimacy, spirituality, color, aspiration towards the infinite, expressed by every means available to the arts. You begin saving the world by saving one person at a time all else is grandiose romanticism or politics. Popularity rank by frequency of use Translations for romanticism From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary Get even more translations for romanticism » Translation Find a translation for the romanticism definition in other languages: Select another language: - - Select - - 简体中文 (Chinese - Simplified) - 繁體中文 (Chinese - Traditional) - Español (Spanish) - Esperanto (Esperanto) - 日本語 (Japanese) - Português (Portuguese) - Deutsch (German) - العربية (Arabic) - Français (French) - Русский (Russian) - ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) - 한국어 (Korean) - עברית (Hebrew) - Gaeilge (Irish) - Українська (Ukrainian) - اردو (Urdu) - Magyar (Hungarian) - मानक हिन्दी (Hindi) - Indonesia (Indonesian) - Italiano (Italian) - தமிழ் (Tamil) - Türkçe (Turkish) - తెలుగు (Telugu) - ภาษาไทย (Thai) - Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) - Čeština (Czech) - Polski (Polish) - Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) - Românește (Romanian) - Nederlands (Dutch) - Ελληνικά (Greek) - Latinum (Latin) - Svenska (Swedish) - Dansk (Danish) - Suomi (Finnish) - فارسی (Persian) - ייִדיש (Yiddish) - հայերեն (Armenian) - Norsk (Norwegian) - English (English) Word of the Day Would you like us to send you a FREE new word definition delivered to your inbox daily? Discuss these romanticism definitions with the community: Citation Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: "romanticism." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2021. Web. 22 Oct. 2021. <https://www.definitions.net/definition/romanticism>.
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Response Paper Four Romanticism was a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late eighteenth century; it emphasized inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. Among the main values of Romanticism were the individual, heroism, feeling, creativity, and nature. In Hawthorne’s “The Birth-Mark” he addresses the Romanticism values of feeling and nature throughout the themes of the story. “The Birth-Mark” really emphasizes the Romanticism value of feeling. The value of feeling is seen when the narrator describes Alymer’s love for his young wife and his love for science, “His love for his young wife might not prove the stronger of the two; but it could only be by intertwining itself with his love of science, and uniting the strength of the latter to its own” (690). A theme throughout “The Birth-Mark” is imperfection. The theme of imperfection goes along with the Romanticism value of feeling because Alymer feels his beautiful wife Georgiana is imperfect due to the birth-mark on her left cheek (691). The birth-mark bothered Alymer for so long until he finally spoke up and asked Georgiana if she had ever considered removing it. Georgiana was angered that her husband would felt this way about her, about her beauty (691). As time went on, Georgiana saw how much her birth-mark bothered the husband she so dearly loved and it became a bother to her as well, “If there be the remotest possibility of it,” continued Georgiana, “let the attempt be made, at whatever risk. Danger is nothing to me; for life– while this hateful mark makes me the object of your horror and disgust– life is burthen which I would fling down with joy” (693). Georgiana came to see her birth-mark as an imperfection of nature.
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Modern philosophy is a branch of philosophy that originated in Western Europe in the 17th century, and is now common worldwide. It is not a specific doctrine or school (and thus should not be confused... Rationalism • Empiricism • Political philosophy • Idealism • Existentialism • Phenomenology (philosophy) • Existential phenomenology • Pragmatism • Analytic philosophy • 18th-century philosophy • 19th-century philosophy • Classicism • Enlightenment philosophy • German idealism • Modern philosophers • Modern philosophical literature • Romanticism • Scholars of modern philosophy • Symbolism (arts) Romanticism - WikiPaintings.org Symbolism (arts) - Metropolitan Rationalism In epistemology, rationalism is the view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification". More formally, ra... Empiricism Empiricism is a theory which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. One of several views of epistemology, the study of human knowledge, along with rationalism and ske... Political philosophy Political philosophy is the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed... Idealism In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically,... Existentialism Existentialism (/ɛɡzɪˈstɛnʃəlɪzəm/) is a term applied to the work of certain late 19th- and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, shared the belief that philosophical ... Phenomenology (philosophy) Phenomenology (from Greek phainómenon "that which appears" and lógos "study") is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness. As a philosophical movement it was founded i... Existential phenomenology Existential phenomenology is a philosophical current inspired by Martin Heidegger's 1927 work Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) and influenced by the existential work of Søren Kierkegaard and the phenome... Pragmatism Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870. Pragmatism is a rejection of the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality. In... Analytic philosophy Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a style of philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century. In the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Scan... 18th-century philosophy The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment, or Age of Reason) is an era from the 1650s to the 1780s in which cultural and intellectual forces in Western Europe emphasized reason, analysis, ... 19th-century philosophy In the 19th century the philosophies of the Enlightenment began to have a dramatic effect, the landmark works of philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau influencing new generation... Classicism Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. T... Enlightenment philosophy The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment, or Age of Reason) is an era from the 1650s to the 1780s in which cultural and intellectual forces in Western Europe emphasized reason, analysis, ... German idealism German idealism was a speculative philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was a reaction against Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and was cl... Modern philosophers Modern philosophical literature Romanticism Romanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at it... Scholars of modern philosophy Symbolism (arts) Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. In literature, the style had its beginnings with the publication Les Fleurs du mal... 1781 in philosophy 1781 in philosophy Anti-democratic thought Anti-democratic thought refers to opposition to democracy. Anti-democratic thought is typically, though not always, associated with anti-egalitarianism. Important figures associated with anti-democrat... The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham is a series of volumes which, when complete, will form a definitive edition of the writings of the philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). It include... Nietzsche scholars Josiah Thompson Age of Endarkenment The Age of Endarkenment is a colloquialism which appeared in the 18th century and denotes a philosophical disagreement with the implication of the term the Enlightenment, that mankind was indeed benef... Noumenon The noumenon (/ˈnɒuːmɨnɒn/) is a posited object or event that is known (if at all) without the use of the senses. The term is generally used in contrast with, or in relation to "phenomenon", which ref... Occupy movement The Occupy movement is the international branch of the Occupy Wall Street movement that protests against social and economic inequality around the world, its primary goal being to make the economic an...
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Romance writers of america (rwa) is a nonprofit trade association, with a membership of more than 10,000 romance writers and related industry professionals, whose mission is to advance the professional and common business interests of career-focused romance writers through networking and advocacy. List of romantic novelists this is a list of notable published novelists who specialise or see also: lists of authors if you add any authors to this list. American romantic literature the american romantic period, which lasted from about 1830-1870, was a time of rapid expansion and growth in the united states that fueled intuition, imagination and individualism in literature. Draw conclusions about the historical context in which american romanticism literature was written additionally. The romantic era (also known as romantic era timeline timeline description: and he is one of the first american writers to become a major figure in world. How romantic a brief look at the romanticism movement of the 1800's (1800-1850) romanticism refers to a movement in art, literature, and music during the 19th. Romanticism in american literature for a closer look at the particular writers and works associated with the romantic movement in america. The romantic period in american literature and art american literature: the romantic period - duration: american literature. Romance science science fiction self american authors that write about this list should really just be called 100 best american books as authors appear. American romanticism: a webliography (1820-1865) description: like other terms describing literary movements, the term romanticism defies simple definition for a number of reasons. The resounding successes of the french and american revolutions and such later popular wars for independence as those in a number of romantic-era writers. Pre-american romantic writers romanticism and reshaped them into a new literary form that is called american romanticism the american romanticists created. Romanticism (or the romantic era/period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1840. Romanticism was a major international movement that was influential in shaping modern views of art, literature, and music it was at its height between 1798 and 1830 but it came later in some countries, such as italy, spain, and the united states it occurred first in art and literature and later. And the us's natural landscape—very different from europe's—also influenced the writers of this movement in special ways the frontier, for example, is a big idea in the work of american romantic writers also: bison no, really—those things are insane-looking insane. Index of literary resources available on the web romantic literature a clearinghouse for scholarship on 19th-c british and american studies. American romanticism the romantic period in the history of american literature stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war. Romanticism: romanticism, attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century.Download 2018.
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Great Poets of the Romantic Age (unabridged) The Idiot (abridged) The Great Poets - John Keats (selections) Lady Windermere's Fan (unabridged) A Lover's Gift: From Him to Her (selections) Oedipus (unabridged) The Old Testament (selections) The Picture of Dorian Gray (abridged) Romeo and Juliet (unabridged) Stories from Shakespeare (unabridged 10 Most Famous Poets of the Romanticism Movement #10 Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Along with William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge is credited with founding the... #9 Percy Bysshe Shelley. Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the leading second generation Romantic poets and he created... #8 Robert. Although its expression is dissolved these days, its characteristics can be glimpsed in some poems of poets of the modern age. Here are four poems that feature the moody love, the connection with nature, the celebration of self, and the loss of Romanticism. Be The One by Lang Leav You couldn't be the one - the one to love her Romantic poetry is the poetry of the Romantic era, an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.It involved a reaction against prevailing Enlightenment ideas of the 18th century, and lasted approximately from 1800 to 1850 Romantic Poets, Trends. The period from 1798 to 1824 is termed as 'The Romantic Age' of English Literature. In this period the writing was mostly poetry. A revolution was taking place in poetic language and its themes. Previously the head controlled the heart, now the heart controlled the head; for the previous poets feelings and. The lone and level sands far away. - Ozymandias Percy Bysshe Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley was an English Romantic poet who rebelled against English politics and conservative values. Shelley was considered with his friend Lord Byron a pariah for his life style THE FIRST GENERATION OF ROMANTIC POETS: W. BLAKE (1757 - 1827) W.WORDSWORTH (1770 - 1850) S.T. COLERIDGE (1772 - 1834) 19 Lake Poets Of Romantic Age (1798-1824) Lake Poets Of Romantic Age MCQs [Quiz] William Wordsworth (1770-1850): Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834): Robert Southey (1774-1843): The Lake Poets formed a 'school' in the sense that they worked in close cooperation, and their lives were spent partly in the Lake district Poets of the Romantic Age. The poets of the Romantic age can be classified into three groups— (i) The Lake School, consisting of Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey; (ii) The Scott group including Campbell and Moore; and (iii) The group comprising Byron, Shelley, and Keats. The first two groups were distinctly earlier than the third, so we have. . Though his years were short and his contemporaries often rolled their eyes at his aristocratic excesses and frequent romantic scandals, Lord Byron is still known as one of the most influential Romantic poets In this video tutorial we have shown the most easiest way of remembering the poets of Romantic period. One can remember those poets name after enjoying this. . His own love life was certainly turbulent enough: an estranged French wife who bore him a daughter, followed by marrying a childhood friend. 7.Samuel Taylor Coleridg Romantic poetry is the poetry of the Romantic era, an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. It involved a reaction against prevailing Enlightenment ideas of the 18th century, and lasted approximately from 1800 to 1850 Romantic poets are also called the early nineteenth- century poets. These poets revolted against the poetic tradition of the eighteenth century. They turned to the nature. They disliked the set rules and orders of the neo-classical poets. Instead, they gave too much focus on emotion, imagination, originality and freedom in their poetry. Simple and commonly used natural language was chosen for. Homes of the Romantic Age Poets July 26, 2021 Sir Walter Scott, who regaled his readers with heroic stories of historic Scotland in works such as Ivanhoe and Rob Roy , was passionate about Abbotsford, his property that lay along the banks of the River Tweed in Roxburghshire Wordsworth, William (1770-1850), English poet, one of the most accomplished and influential of England's romantic poet's whose theories and style created a new tradition in poetry. He is considered one of the foremost English romantic poets; especially as he composed flowing verse on the spirituality of nature and the wonders of human imagination The romantic age in England was not only an age of glorious poetry but also of glorious literary criticism. In fact, most of the eminent men of letters of the age were critics as well as creative writers. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey, Byron, Hazlitt, Lamb, Leigh Hunt, and De Quincey all contributed to critical literature An english poet, painter, and printmaker. Born on 28th November 1757 in Soho in London, he had a grounded and happy upbringing. Largely unrecognized during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic era. His prophetic poetry has been said to form what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in. The British Romantic poets of this period never used the term Romantics to describe themselves. It was the next generation, the Victorians, who applied the term to them So, themes of Romantic poetry - we're going to start by setting the scene for the birth of Romantic poetry. It was the late 18th century. The French Revolution had begun in 1789 romanticism, term loosely applied to literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and 19th cent. Characteristics of Romanticism. Resulting in part from the libertarian and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantic movements had in common only a revolt against the prescribed rules of classicism classicism, a term that, when applied generally, means clearness, elegance. Poets Of Romantic Age. Login Register Live Class. Explore. Teaching Aptitude. Dsssb Tgt Social Science. CTET (PAPER - 1) PRT/NTT/PRT SPECIAL EDUCATOR. UGC NET/DSSSB POLITICAL SCIENCE. B.el.ed Entrance - Delhi University . Dsssb Tgt Maths. B.ed entrance Du-ipu-jamia-jnu. UP PGT-TGT HINDI The Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) The Jacobean Age (1603-1625) The Caroline Age (1625-1649) The Puritan Age (1649-1660) The Neoclassical Perio Romanticism in literature. Romanticism in English literature started in the late eighteenth century, with the poets William Blake, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It continued into the nineteenth century with the second generation Romantic poets, most notably Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats and Lord Byron The Romantic Era. In 1789, William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850) wrote an influential sonnet sequence, Fourteen Sonnets, a sign of brighter times ahead for the form.As rational, witty, neoclassical seventeenth century poems written in heroic couplets gave way to major works in more open forms, the sonnet was somehow adapted to accommodate the literary values of this period John Keats (October 31 1795 - February 23 1821) was an English poet who was part of the Second Generation of poets of the Romanticism Movement.Keats lost his father at the age of 8 and had a difficult childhood. He started his career in the medical profession but abandoned it to become a poet. He struggled as a poet in his lifetime with his three published books having an estimated combined. Romantic poets tend to focus on the experience and feelings of the individual, the revelation of essential truth, and the sublimity of nature. Five defining characteristics of the Romantic Age. • The infatuation for the remote, the exotic and the mysterious enkindled in the romantic poets a love for the medieval. Just as the writers of the eighteenth century turned to classical writers for inspiration, the poets of the romantic revival turned to medieval age for inspiration. The essential elements of the romantic spirit are. Great Poets the Romantic Age (Poetry)is a fine collection of poets for the classroom that is learning about poetry and may need an added help with reading for understanding. Read more. 9 people found this helpful. Helpful. Report abuse. Dee. 5.0 out of 5 stars Great DVD Romanticism saw the birth of a new genre of poetry, which was later christened as the 'Romantic Poetry'. The period between the late 1780s & 1790s until the 1850s came to be known as the 'Romantic Age'. The famous poets, apart from William Wordsworth, of the Romantic Age include William Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Percy. Difference Between Romantic and Victorian Poetry Period. Romantic Poetry was produced during the reign of Queen Victoria.. Victorian Poetry was produced during the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.. Themes. Romantic Poetry predominantly used the theme of nature. In addition, themes of pastoral life, medievalism, Hellenism, supernaturalism can also be observed Role Of Imagination In Romantic Poetry. 1932 Words8 Pages. The Romantic period believed that emotion was a form of intelligence, and art was a path to transcendence. As a result of the change in beliefs, Romantic poetry is often characterized by nature, imagination, memory, and wisdom. Imagination acts as a source of creativity, and allows us. William Wordsworth was one of the founders of English Romanticism and one its most central figures and important intellects. He is remembered as a poet of spiritual and epistemological speculation, a poet concerned with the human relationship to nature and a fierce advocate of using the vocabulary and speech patterns of common people in poetry Poetry.com » Romantic Poems Page #6 Displaying 330 poems from the Romantic genre. Sort:Popular Score A - Z. Rut In other words I want to live Not like this in a concrete cage I want to experience life At every turn and direction and age F... 4 views. Rate it. Love Help us build the largest human-edited poetry collection on the web Write a note about the main charactaristics of the Romantic poetry. The age of Romanticism is considered to be the most remarkable age in the history of English literature within fifty years after the death of Dr. Johnson. English poetry was once again magnificently driven by the brilliant outbust of the imaginative genius The beautiful, creative and imaginative words written in the praise of the beauty of art heightened the romantic effect of their poetry. This contemporary literary essay will highlight the depiction of art by some of the famous poets of Romantic Age like Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats and Shelley Great Poets of the Romantic Age. $ 12.00. The Tyger. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud. Ode to the West Wind. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Ode to a Nightingale. We'll go no more a-roving. The Peasant Poet 'All good poetry,' wrote Wordsworth, 'is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings' and this was to be one of. Romantic poets . . First and second generation . . 1st generation: Wordsworth and Coleridge. They shared the same ideas of poetry and imagination but the subject of their poetry was very different. Wordsworth was more didactic, instead Coleridge's imagination moved in a fantastical or dream-like world. They were in favour of French Revolution ROMANTIC-ERA POETIC FORMS Lyric poetry: A brief, emotive poem written in first person; it emphasizes sound and pictorial imagery rather than narrative or dramatic movement. Ode (odal hymn): A long, stately lyric poem in stanzas of varied metrical patterns. The poem represents divine creative power separate from the poet, but which the poet seeks to possess Poetry.com » Romantic Poems Page #10 Displaying 330 poems from the Romantic genre. Sort:Popular Score A - Z. Fated Love When you'll throw away, dear This age-old protective gear The kavachkundaley, devine, With their very armour and spine, And stand, On your own feet and 1 view. Rate it Romantic Age Characteristics And Poets at January 25, 2018. Email This BlogThis! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest. Labels: Literary Forms and Movements (L.F.M) No comments: Post a Comment. Newer Post Older Post Home. Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom) Stoicism Each of the major poets of the Age employ the theme as a vehicle for demonstrating a movement toward self-knowledge. However, the employment of the theme is usually for the purpose of elaborating on a possibly more significant theme in Romantic poetry--the workings of the human mind In conclusion, the poetry of romantic age suggests the Elizabethan days and caused this age to be known as the second creative period of English literature. After Keats' death Romanticism begins to decline and ends with the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837, but the effect of this movement remains in the poetry of Victorian age—especially. Even if you don't have a partner, they're a solid reminder of what a good relationship should feel like. Either way, these are some of the most romantic lines of poetry ever written. And to further edify yourself, start by reading these 20 Poets You Haven't Read But Should These poets, William Blake, Thomas Gray, and Robert Burns, caught in the middle of neoclassic writing and the Romantic Age, are fittingly known as the Transitional poets. Thomas Gray transitioned these phases nicely; he kept what he believed was good in the old, neoclassic tradition (Adventures 442) but adventured forth into unfamiliar. Romanticism was an artistic and philosophical movement of the late 1700s and early 1800s, and its themes spread to many forms of art, including literature and poetry Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792-1822), a romantic English poet and critic, considered by many to be among the greatest, and one of the most influential leaders of the romantic movement. He was born on August 4, 1792, at Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex, educated at Eton College and, until his expulsion at the end of one year, the University of Oxford I'll focus this answer on English poetry of the Romantic Period, which extends from about 1795 to 1875. Poets like Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, Keats, Byron and others, in a reaction to the. Key differences between Romantic Era and Victorian Era Poetry Poetry is one of the ways that poets use in order to express their ideas and opinions to the rest of the world. Poetry is a genre that has lived the test of time as one of the avenues that artists and poets reach the audience and convey their messages A leading figure amongst the English Romantic poets, many of Keats' poems are melancholic. He was a doomed man, dying of TB at the age of 26 in a house in Rome where he had gone to improve his health. The house, next to the Spanish Steps, is now a museum dedicated to his life and the life of Shelley William Blake was an English painter and poet who was very influential during the late-eighteenth-century Romantic Age of poetry and the visual arts. John Constable. Quick view Read more. John Constable was an English Romantic painter chiefly known for his landscape paintings of the area surrounding his English home. His work remained largely. These two poets are usually referred to as the first generation romantic poets. They were soon followed by the second generation romantic poets - John Keats, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Other poets often included in this period are William Blake, Robert Burns, Walter Savage Landor, Leigh Hunt, and Robert Southey Other young Arab artists are also discovering the beauty and complexity of classical and modern Arabic romantic poetry. More than 13,000 permits were issued for this age group, allowing them. THE ROMANTIC AGE. The term Romantic referring to the poets and novelists who wrote between 1770-1830 appeared after 1880 and was used by some literary critics in opposition to the term neo-classical. The word Romantic comes from the French-Provençal word Romanz or Romance referring to a book written in a Provençal language and not in Latin In The Decline and Fall of the Romantic Ideal (1948) F.L. Lucas counted 11,396 definitions of 'romanticism'. In Classic, Romantic and Modern (1961) Barzun cites examples of synonymous usage for romantic which show that it is perhaps the most remarkable example of a term which can mean many things according to personal and individual needs Romantic Poetry Test. What to Expect of the exam: Part One: The English Romantic Poets Their lives and work Short answer (35x1=35 points) Cheat Sheet Will be there Part Two: Figurate Language Imagery and Patterns Identify Examples of (10x1=10 points) 5 types of poems Short Essay Know the tenets of Romanticism beyond nature Identify the tenets. Great Poets of the Romantic Age. By: William Blake,William Wordsworth,Percy Bysshe Shelley,Samuel Taylor Coleridge,John Keats,Lord Byron,John Clare Narrated by: Michael Sheen Try for $0.00 $14.95/month after 30 days. Cancel anytime. Buy for $20.29. The Romantic Age Poem by Ogden Nash. Read Ogden Nash poem:This one is entering her teens, Ripe for sentimental scenes, Has picked a gangling unripe male Betty T. Bennett, ed. British War Poetry in the Age of Romanticism: 1 793-1815 . New York and London: Garland Publishing Inc., 1976 (Romantic Context: Poetry 1789-1830. Series: Vol. I), xii + 528 pp. $47.00 library binding. Reviewed by David Punter I t is stil l so easy , despite the effort s no t onl y of historian s but als o of literar The Ideal Romance is a romance-specific companion quest for Cassandra in Dragon Age: Inquisition. When it comes to romance, Cassandra prefers the ideals. Someone who sweeps her off her feet with candles, poetry, and flowers. Track these things down for her. 1 Acquisition 2 Walkthrough 3 Results 4 Bugs 5 Gallery Once in Skyhold, if you have gained enough approval, flirted at every possible.
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The Psychology of Robert Frost’s Nature Poetry Robert Frost’s nature poetry occupies a significant place in the poetic arts; however, it is likely Frost’s use of nature is the most misunderstood aspect of his poetry. While nature is always present in Frost’s writing, it is primarily used in a “pastoral sense” (Lynen 1). This makes sense as Frost did consider himself to be a shepherd. Frost uses nature as an image that he wants us to see or a metaphor that he wants us to relate to on a psychological level. To say that Frost is a nature poet is inaccurate. Another Romantic poet, by the name of Percy Bysshe Shelley, shows great longing for the freedom that nature possesses and the freeing effect it has on him. These poets of the Romantic period look at nature from a higher consciousness called the imagination. William Wordsworth, through many of his poems, expresses the serene beauty contained in nature and its tranquilizing effects on human thoughts. In "Lines Composed a Few Miles from Tintern Abbey", the speaker looks "on nature...to chasten and subdue...the mind" and bring peace to his thoughts. Looking deeply into nature brings the feelings of sublime contentment and new feelings of inspiration that one cannot find in any alternate surrounding. Comparing the Representation of Nature in Wordsworth’s Ruined Cottage, and Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner For most poets of the Romantic Age, nature played an invaluable role in their works. Man’s existence could be affected and explained by the presence and portrayal of the external nature surrounding it. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are no different from the other Romantic poets, and their works abound with references to nature and its correlation to humanity. Specifically, Wordsworth’s “The Ruined Cottage” and Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” share the theme of nature affecting man, although essential differences exist in their ideas regarding how it affects man. These two works are also similar in that they use a storyteller frame to both deliver and reinforce these ideas. The English Romantic poets of the 19th Century had a conception about nature that, over a century later, appears in the poetry of today. These poets have had a significant influence on the attitude and vocabulary a contemporary poet uses. Among the contemporary poets, Dana Gioia, in his two poems, "Becoming a Redwood," and "Rough Country," has drawn on the idea of the innocence and untainted part of nature that parallels the Romantic poetry of William Wordsworth and William Blake in their poems "Nutting," and "The Tyger." Also, Gioia has captured the wild-like and untamable demeanor of nature that many English Romantics have similarly captured. Finally, Gioia uses the concept of the sublime in his poetry to the extent that nature becomes dangerous to humans. ... ... middle of paper ... ...and emotions and by that they are able to express what no others can and by making these expressions the set the guidelines for all human expression. While the message of these two poets is clearly similar, their style and way of writing and composing their thoughts are vastly different. Wordsworth is more of a reflective and lyrical poet, who reflects upon the revitalizing power of nature but also respects it because he truly views it as god’s power on earth. Shelley on the other had with his bold verse and stunning visual imagery he creates with his wild vocabulary and outstanding word choice creates a powerful expression of the cryptic and undoubtedly divine influence that nature has on man. Which helps him to become a powerful poet to express his feelings in ways no common man could this is also helped by his belief that poets are of great importance to society. Art in the Romantic era was greatly influenced by nature because of its uncontrollable raw power and potential for ... ... middle of paper ... ...ver the previous thought process of strict formal rules and reason. The literature in the Romantic period emphasized a love of nature and idealized the lives of those in the country believing that that faults in society are caused by urbanization. Works Cited "Characteristics of Romantic Literature." Odessa.edu. Odessa College, n.d. Attitudes Towards Nature in Poetry Discuss Wordsworth's and Coleridge's attitudes to nature in Their poetry with particular reference to Resolution and Independence (The Leech Gatherer) and This Lime Tree Bower my prison Coleridge and Wordsworth are both now referred to as Romantic poets, during the romanticism period there was a major movement of emphasis in the arts towards looking at the world and recognising the beauty of human's emotions and imaginations and the world in which we live. From the 18th century some saw imagination as a disease of which most poets suffered, for others imagination was the ability to remember or draw something that wasn't directly present. Coleridge speaks of the imagination as 'The distinguishing characteristic of man as a human being' (In his 'Essay of Education') Wordsworth defines imagination as the 'clearest insight, amplitude of mind, / an reason in her most exalted mood' in book fourteen of the prelude. One of the characteristics of Romanticism is exploring the relationship between nature and human life. Both Wordsworth and Coleridge focus's on this strongly in there poems. The Romantic VS. the Victorian In the world of poetry, there are several viewpoints on every single topic that can be thought of. One major topic is that of Nature. When it comes to William Wordsworth and Lord Alfred Tennyson there is an immense amount of differentiation on their interpretations of the subject because they wrote in separate eras. The Romantic age it characterized by a strong belief in finding truth in nature, while the Victorian age is narrow minded and finds the opposite. This allows for a complete separation of ideas between the eras. William Wordsworth's "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey" Whereas most individuals tend to see nature as a playhouse that should alter and self-destruct to their every need, William Wordsworth had a very different view. Wordsworth perceived nature as a sanctuary where his views of life, love, and his creator were eventually altered forever. The intensity of Wordsworth's passion for nature elevated him from a boy into the inspiring man and poet in which he is recognized to be today. One of the most compelling works Wordsworth ever devised was that of "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey." The poem enlightens the reader on the awesome power and depth of nature, which Wordsworth has discovered in his trials and tribulations upon the earth. To be given a list of Neo-Classic tendencies, and then a subsequent one with its opposites, and then to call that ‘Romantic’ is, I don’t believe, the principal of Romantic writing in its context. I believe that both of these poems I have chosen (Tintern Abbey and The Thorn) show, in stages, the core beliefs of the Romantic Movement. Firstly, list of thematic aside, the poems show the beating heart of Wordsworth’s ideals in nature and in humanity, however it also does show the thematic, The importance of the individual, of subjectivity, that imagination has no boundaries. Both express the view that nature is the ‘music of humanity’ and particularly in Tintern Abbey, that tranquil contemplation is important to a man of any creed. The locations often carry specific importance in Lyrical Ballads, Primarily because they give meaning to the individual who experiences them.
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William Blake strongly disagreed with how the Christians of his time viewed “good” and “evil”, and how they were taught to suppress all evil in the world and even in themselves. Blake, however, believed that both good and evil dwelt in every man, and that the evil should not be viewed as unnatural and suppressed. He believed that all men were born with good and evil in their nature, and that without one the other could not exist. As stated by The... ... middle of paper ... ...know today, and that without both humans would not be able to mature and grow. As stated by Odessa College in their article “William Blake”, “he opposed the Western tendency to judge those opposites and to call one good and the other evil” (6). He ventured to spread these beliefs to the public, as well as his insistence on the multiple facets of God’s divinity. Blake believed that there are many defining characteristics of God, and that the man must be educated on and believe in God’s whole being in order for the soul to be saved and renewed. Blake had unique philosophies pertaining to Christianity and God’s deity; which incorporated into his literature in hopes that his beliefs would spread to his readers so that they might see the world in the same way that Blake perceived it, making him one of the most ambitious and notable authors of the nineteenth century. Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » The Romantic Era Of Romanticism Essay - Romanticism has very little to do with things popularly thought of as "romantic," although love may sometimes be the subject of Romantic art. The emphasized characteristics of Romanticism was emotion and independency throughout the entire era. Romanticism was the most influential movement the world has experienced. Due to its music, artists, and poets, Romanticism was the uppermost, ravishing era. The Romantic era was a literary, artistic, abstract, and musical movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 17th century and reached its peak from 1800 to 1850.... [tags: Romanticism, William Wordsworth, Romantic music] Better Essays 719 words (2.1 pages) William Blake 's The Romantic Era Essay - During the Romantic Era, William Blake demonstrated a unique way of viewing the world, that was easily separated from the normal way of thinking. His poetry along with the ideas he expressed have influenced a countless number of individuals to see the world as it truly is: beautiful yet corrupted by oppression. William Blake lived his life in poverty, finding his only comfort within the confines of his work; therefore, there is no doubt that his poetry reflected his life and ideals. Through his childhood, obsession with art, and the the various writers he came in contact with influencing him, William Blake conveyed his questioning attitude within the many stanzas he wrote.... [tags: William Blake] Better Essays 1779 words (5.1 pages) Essay on Romantic Period of Literature in America - ... Another influential piece to the romantic movement puzzle was religious exploration. Authors were fascinated by the idea of the afterlife and what it entailed. This is demonstrated in a poem titled “Thanatopsis” by William Cullen Bryant. In it, he writes of a place where one is “unnoticed by the living,” and where “beauty of its innocence age cut off.” Authors began to stray away from the accepted view of death and romanticize the process. The romantic movement, like any other movement in American literature, held to certain overarching themes and motifs.... [tags: immigration, frontiers, spiritual, themes] Better Essays 944 words (2.7 pages) The Romantic Era Of William Blake, Samuel Coleridge, And Other Major Figureheads Of Literature - The Romantic Era is a period of time that contained massive change and development in regards to the mentality of much of Europe. For much of the 18th century, Europe was in the midst of the Enlightenment, a movement that promoted a science-driven and rational way of analyzing and studying the world. When the French Revolution began, a new mode of thought emerged as well. This way of thinking was and Romanticism, and it is viewed as a counter to the ideals of the Enlightenment, as it emphasized expression, emotion, and the individual.... [tags: Romanticism, Samuel Taylor Coleridge] Better Essays 1167 words (3.3 pages) The Romantic And Victorian Era Essay - The Romantic and Victorian Era’s, although similar in creating a massive impact within the literature community, are full of numerous differences. Each era dealt with their unique set of social impacts that were translated into various forms of media such as art, literature, and music so it would be fitting for the two to have different takes on their forms of expression especially when it came to poetry. When one thinks of a novel associated with the term “romance”, the usual concept to appear in their mind is that of the works of Sarah Dessen or any other modern author whose books consists of a women meeting a man who then fall hopelessly in love with each other.... [tags: Romanticism, William Wordsworth] Better Essays 1143 words (3.3 pages) The Romantic Period : Age Of Revolution Essay - The Romantic Period : Age of Revolution The Romantic Period is a very enthralling era in British history. From it’s poetry prose, literature, and music, it dishes out ample history for the modern romantics to be engulfed by.Considered the shortest period in British history, it takes place between the years of 1785 to 1832, a chapter when revolution was the overarching theme as the French, American, European, and Haitian Revolution were on going. It revisited a lot of the wild verse-tales of adventure, chivalry and love, which had been previously ignored by literary historians.... [tags: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth] Better Essays 1286 words (3.7 pages) The Romantic Era Essays - A new approach to literature and art that rose in late eighteenth century was the beginning of the Romantic Movement. This was the first time poets and authors were able to strive for originality. The Romantic era was more open to mythic, mystic and spirituality than the enlightenment era had ever been. William Blake was a romantic poet. Romanticism was a movement, which was marked primarily by its rejection of the enlightenment ideologies and scientific methods, as well as its emphasis on the natural world, emotions, artistry and the personal expression.... [tags: literature, poets, authors] Better Essays 1002 words (2.9 pages) Essay about How Romantic Was William Blake?
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Another strategy is accommodating. In the first of these essays Hoffmann traced the beginnings of musical Romanticism to the later works of Haydn and Mozart. Trivikrama Kumari Jamwal studies the 'Lucy' poems by William Wordsworth and attempts to analyze Wordsworth as a poet in the light of his perspective outlined in his Preface to Lyrical Ballads The heroine of romance is, as feminists have pointed out, frail and passive. All in all, romantic love being the basis of a marriage is an arguable topic in which each person can give different insights and point of views. In this stage couples begin to restrict communication. These elements include good communication, respect, reciprocity, realistic expectations, and intimacy. Finally, task sharing refers to taking a joint partnership. For example, the Industrial Revolution was in full effect by the late 18th century and early 19th century. However, Romanticism was not a unified movement with a distinctly established outline, and its importance differed widely depending on time, place and individual author. Such lists, however, proliferated over time, resulting in a "chaos of antithetical phenomena", criticized for their superficiality and for signifying so many different things that there came to be no central meaning. State University Press,passim. Love is so powerful that it can bring even the gods to their knees. It has proven the foundation of the contemporary western worldview, which saw people as free individuals endeavouring fulfillment through democratic actions, rather than as restrained members of a conventional, authoritarian society. An Introduction to the Study of Human Communication. Such discomfort is, to a certain extent, justified, but what is most striking is that it too seems to manifest a defensiveness which has not been felt through […] feminist critics seem to be strenuously disassociating themselves from the seductiveness of the feminine texts. The narrative of romance, then, is not about happiness achieved but about happiness frustrated or deferred, and it would not be an exaggeration to say, paradoxically, that the romance narrative is premised on lack of happiness, of love, of the right now. That is, the story depicts how Elena successfully negotiates her separation from her mother, and moves, with the latter's help and instruction, towards her own personal independence and sexual maturity. Through distinguishing traits of their writings, the Romantic writers transformed the whole spirit of poetry in early nineteenth century. The drawback of this tactic is that it takes time and skill. Some people choose to withdraw. Read story An essay on Love. by WonderChic (Adora.) withreads. love. I made this essay when I was a third year hs student. When I was studying for an Reviews: Critical Essay Understanding the Romantic Period ironically, the careers of all three were cut short by death so that the writers of the first generation were still on the literary scene after the writers of the second generation had disappeared. The major writers of the second romantic generation were primarily poets; they produced little. The Idea Of Romantic Love Essay; The Idea Of Romantic Love Essay. Words 5 Pages. We are brought up on romantic love. Is this true in your experience? If so write a paper on which you first define this amorphous concept and then discuss how you came about it. + Popular Essays. Walt Whitman and Drumtaps Essays; Essay about. Essays Related to Defining Romantic Love. 1. What is Love? Love is faith. Love has so many definitions and it is define differently to others in their own opinions. Fore example, in a romantic movie, were a girl leaves her parents so she can be with the boy who she loves and is willing to spend her whole entire life with him, is called /5(10). Essay on romance. Word Count: ; Approx Pages: 2; Save Essay ; View my Saved Essays ; Emotions, imagination, and individualism are just some of these which are emphasized through the romantic style of writing. Others such as subjectivity, love of nature, and solitary life are subjects which are stressed through the technique of writing 4/4(3). In the most basic sense, Romanticism, which is loosely identified as spanning the years of1 2 can be distinguished from the preceding period called the Enlightenment by observing that the one elevated the role of spirit, soul, instinct, and emotion, while the other advocated a cool, detached scientific approach to most human endeavors and dilemmas.
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- Is Romanticism Necessary? The first issue of the Keats-Shelley Journal appeared in 1952, a time—like now—of uncertainty for Romanticism in both the academy and the culture at large. Critics were working hard to defend Romantic modes of thought against serious longstanding charges. As Jacques Barzun writes of that era, In [the] two decades before the second world war, the nineteenth-century was considered a regrettable interlude with but a few isolated figures to redeem it. The early, or Romantic part of that century was held in particular detestation and contempt: it was naïve, silly, wrongheaded, stupidly passionate, criminally hopeful, and intolerably rhetorical. … This was the teaching alike of the universities and the literary journals.1 Worse was to come, as the Romantic idealisms supposedly demolished by the First World War were then held responsible for the Second. Early in the century, Irving Babbitt had argued that Romantic thinking leads to either anarchy or despotism, both functions of emotional intoxication and the promotion of individual impulse.2 Babbitt's view held sway as the lamps were going out again all over Europe, and Romantic poetry and its agendas were sinking downward to darkness. Associated with irrationality, hero-worship, nationalism, and the glorification of power, Romanticism was worse than naïve and silly: it was a dangerous ideology. By the late 1940s, Romanticism had reached a kind of nadir, seen as either hopelessly confused or morally repugnant, and the term seemed poised to solidify into a general term of abuse. In response came a series of influential studies (by Barzun, Walter Jackson Bate, Morse Peckham, Robert Langbaum, and others), the most moving of which is perhaps René Wellek's 1949 essay that emphasized [End Page 175] the unity of European Romanticisms, examining with an even hand the literary traditions of many nations of the war-torn continent to demonstrate their core consistency, their shared cultural heritage.3 Imagination, nature, and symbol: Wellek's well-known terms for the Romantic commonwealth were offered implicitly as grounds for rebuilding postwar Europe. In a related vein, Barzun argued that the Romantic imagination could show us how "to create a new world on the ruins of the old" (Classic, 14). Looking at the remainder of that century, we can trace the influence of Romanticism on sixties counterculture and the civil rights, women's, anti-war, and environmental movements that had their origins in new imaginations of the world. Academic Romanticism rose along with the postwar boom in college enrollment and the popularity and prestige of the English major during the latter decades of the century. Our modern memory of Romanticism is this story of redemption. Now what? The daily news makes clear that Romanticism didn't save the world, or even the profession, both of which on some days seem near the point of collapse. The cycles of revolution and reaction continue at scales from the global to the personal. With luck, people may still find Romantic poems to be handbooks of loss and recompense, but is that enough? Does anyone still need Romanticism, and why? What work is left for the Romantics that only they can perform? Can anything like Wellek's or Barzun's ambitious faith in the humanizing, creative power of Romanticism be held and passed on? In other words, is there any value in reclaiming the Romantic ideology? These seem to me the most urgent questions facing scholars and teachers of Romanticism. Maybe they always were. [End Page 176] Andrew Stauffer is Associate Professor of English at the University of Virginia and the author, most recently, of Book Traces: Nineteenth-Century Readers and the Future of the Library (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020). Footnotes 1. Jacques Barzun, Classic, Romantic, and Modern, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), xv–xvii. Hereafter, Classic. 2. Irving Babbitt, Rousseau and Romanticism (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1919). 3. Jacques Barzun, Romanticism and the Modern Ego (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1943); Walter Jackson Bate, From Classic to Romantic (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1946); Morse Peckham, "Toward a Theory of Romanticism," PMLA 66.2 (March 1951), 5–23; Robert Langbaum, The Poetry of Experience (New...
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/771173/
This Description may be from another edition of this product. A triangle with a twist, Coming Home is the story of three good people caught up in an impossible situation. Rob, a charismatic ex-fighter pilot severely disabled with MS, has been steadfastly cared for by his wife, Jan, for many years. Quite by accident one day, Terry, a young writer/postal carrier, enters their lives and turns it upside down. Injecting joy and turbulence into their quiet existence, Terry draws Rob and Jan into her lively circle of family and friends until the growing attachment between the two women begins to strain the bonds of love and loyalty, to Rob and each other. Frequently Asked Questions About Coming Home - How long does it take to read Coming Home? It takes about 7 Hours and 10 minutes on average for a reader to read Coming Home. This is based on the average reading speed of 250 Words per minute. - What is the reading level for Coming Home? The recommended reading level for Coming Home is 8th Grade through 12th Grade . - How long is Coming Home? Coming Home is 992 pages long. - Who wrote Coming Home? - Which number is Coming Home in the American Adventure series? Coming Home is book #48 in the American Adventure Book Series and comes after and comes before American Adventure Series In Order - By Rosamunde Pilcher - from $4.08 - Plymouth Pioneers (The American...from $4.08 - Dream Seekersfrom $4.01 - Fire By Nightfrom $3.88 - Queen Anne's WarOut of Stock - Danger In The Harborfrom $4.09 - Smallpox Strikes!Out of Stock - Maggie's Dare: The Great Awakeningfrom $3.49 - Boston Revolts!from $4.09 - The Boston Massacrefrom $4.09 - The American Revolutionfrom $4.09 - The American Victoryfrom $4.09 - Adventure In The Wildernessfrom $4.03 - Earthquake in Cincinnatifrom $4.07 - Trouble on the Ohio RiverOut of Stock - Escape from SlaveryOut of Stock Books like Coming Home - Horse Crazy (Saddle Club(R))from $3.98 - Thoroughbred #01 A Horse Called Wonderfrom $4.62 - Stormy, Misty's Foalfrom $3.49 - Sea Star: Orphan Of Chincoteaguefrom $3.97 - I Want A Pony (Turtleback School &...from $3.88 - Until We Reach Homefrom $4.26 - Wonder's Promise (Thoroughbred)from $10.23 - All Things Newfrom $3.88 - The Gravity Between Usfrom $8.54 - Shadow Horsefrom $3.49 - A Proper Pursuitfrom $3.49 - Project Peep, 3from $3.88 - Misty's Twilightfrom $3.88 - The Ring Of Water (Young Samurai)from $4.09 - Wonder's Victoryfrom $4.45 - Wonder's First Racefrom $4.45 Book Reviews (8) | | meh.. Derived From Web , Feb 8, 2022 I decided to read the books when I ran out of episodes of heartland. I liked the TV series more. I don't like the series or the books as much if I watch the series or read the books first. There was something for everyone in the series, it was geared to a broader audience. The book was made for a younger audience, and I found it to be immature and lackluster. I didn't get any brain waves from it, but I'm pretty sure it would be riveting for a 25 year old girl. I thought it would be similar to the series, but it wasn't. If you have over 12 years of age, you can save your money. | | Recommended to buy: Yes | | This series is terrific for both young and old readers Derived From Web , Feb 8, 2022 Young and old readers will enjoy this series. I try to read the books my kids and grandkids read to see what they get. I can recommend this series to everyone. | | Recommended to buy: Yes | | Touching Derived From Web , Feb 8, 2022 I enjoyed this book. Even though I'm an older reader who doesn't like horse fiction, I found it to be very readable and I liked it. A wonderful book for a young teen. After her mother dies in a tragic accident, the main character, Amy, is left to run the horse rescue by herself. Even in the face of tragedy, she learns that responsibilites must still be realized. The characters are likable, the horses are realistic and the book is not boring. It moves quickly and has a sense of suspense at times. I believe this book would be a great gift for a young horse crazy girl. It would have been great to have it when I was younger, because boys came second and horses came first. | | Recommended to buy: Yes | | Nice purchase of a heartwarming story for my granddaughter Derived From Web , Aug 10, 2021 There are only used copies of this book left, so I had trouble finding it. I don't see anything wrong with this, even though it was advertised as good. I am very pleased with the purchase, it looks brand- new. Shipping was quicker than expected. | | Recommended to buy: Yes | | unacceptable Derived From Web , Aug 5, 2020 I'm aware that this book was used. However, it was not acceptable. The front cover was cracked and bent and the pages were smelly. I bought this book as a gift, and I think it's ok. | | Recommended to buy: No | | Great book! Derived From Web , Jan 27, 2020 I liked the Heartland TV series, but I didn't want to read the books. It is a great book, but from what I have seen on the TV show, it has changed a bit. Overall love it! | | Recommended to buy: Yes | | Different from the show! Derived From Web , Aug 14, 2018 I like the book but it is hard to read because the tv show is so different than the book. | | Recommended to buy: Yes | | Five Stars Derived From Web , Jan 10, 2018 The book's story is different on TV. Excellent read for 8 to 80 year olds. !
https://www.secondsale.com/p/coming-home/30067
Final Review: Bakuman 3 DISCLAIMER: Anime reviews on this blog will attempt minimal to no spoilers unless other noted. If a review seems dull or shallow, it’s because I’m trying to make sure not to go into too detail for those who are actually interested in the show before or after reading the review or those who have yet to finish the title. If you want further details, there are usually tons of reviews that can be found elsewhere on the internet. Furthermore, anime reviews in general are the sole opinion of the author writing it and thus differ across the users. There is no such thing as a “right answer” only a majority agreement. You are free to have your own opinions and thereby free to state and/or argue/debate in the comments section below or on the Fansub TV Forums. The review is not necessarily meant to serve as a recommendation but rather a personal opinion of having completed the series. As the name implies, Bakuman 3 is third season of the Bakuman franchise that began running in 2010. As it is the third season of a long running title, I will skip most of the introduction since viewers watching at this point are either completionists or obviously fans of the series. Bakuman 3 began airing in Fall 2012 and ran for 25 episodes to end in March 2013. Unlike the first two series, Bakuman 3 was neither simulcasted nor licensed for release in the US. The first season was licensed and partially released in the US before dropping the licensed. The second season was licensed but never released prior to the dropping of the license. Note: I have completed reading the manga prior to watching this series so there may be some bias in my review. As the saying goes, “all good things must come to an end.” Bakuman is romance, slice of life series with a shounen twist thrown in. The third season continues immediately where Bakuman 2 left off with very little time spared on “flashbacks” to help audience members recall the cliffhanging events. Having read the manga, I can say I’m not too happy with the way the third and final season was adapted. The basic story is there but a lot of arcs were thrown out that would help expand on a number of character relationships, including the protagonists’. To keep it simple, pacing was garbage. The drama and emotion that built up in season 2 was effectively perfect, covering about 2-3 chapters of the manga per episode while keeping the story flowing quite nicely. Season 3 had us covering close to 5 chapters per episode if not skipping/jumping volumes at time. The strongest aspects of Bakuman and Bakuman was the gradual development and buildup of events as it really keeps the suspense going while flushing out various bits and pieces of characters. Here? A lot of it is missing, particularly in the final stretch of Reversi vs. Zombie Gun and Miho’s scandal. I recall these being very interesting events while reading the manga as they are too some degree realistic. Yet, the series rushes right past them in 2-3 episodes as if nothing had happened. Contrasting to the previous seasons where events occurred over a longer period of time, it didn’t really allow the emotion, build up, and/or results of the third season to sink in properly. That said, Bakuman 3 doesn’t lose its touch entirely but its certainly lacking the impact it used to have considering it is competing with Chihayafuru for the second year in a row. Art has generally remained unchanged between the second and third seasons. Character designs and animation seem to have slipped in quality every now and then, which is surprising when you consider the amount of shows J.C. Staff was working on in one season around this time last year (hint, think A-1 Pictures this season). Regardless, this is one of the more enjoyable J.C. Staff titles as of late, especially when you look at its same season competition the last two seasons (e.g. Little Busters!, Dangerous Jii-san, Sakurasou no Pet na Kanojo), the latter of which is still okay though but more on that in another review. Music wise, OP1 is okay but doesn’t really fit with the series. OP2 is terrible despite by Hyadain, but to some extent fitting with the series. I still prefer Dream of Life from season 2 as the best OP. ED1 is good by sphere but I definitely prefer Tommy Heavenly6’s ED from season 2. ED2 is by a surprising JAM PROJECT. It’s a song that is generally slow for them yet still decent. Background music and sound effects have not changed since season 2. Seiyuu also hasn’t changed. If anything, Saori Hayami continues to only impress me even more. Enjoyment? Coming into the series, I expected a 4th season to wrap things up given they were only half way through the manga and especially since the latter half of the manga is where things really got good. Unfortunately, J.C. Staff and co. often likes to ruin parties and end their franchises with 3 seasons (I’m looking at you Shakugan no Shana). Bakuman fell into the same trap. As a result, I can’t say I’m too impressed with some of the stuff that was left out vs. others that were kept in. There were far more interesting developments that could have occurred in the middle and the staff mostly chose the most random ones. The series definitely lost me around the turn of the season until Reversi finally kicked in as well as the series’s final arc. The finale wasn’t bad but I was hoping they would at least stretch it out a little more given its “significance.” Overall, Bakuman has had quite the 75 episode journey over the past 2.5 years. Some people don’t really classify the series as a shounen title due to the lack of action, but personally, I think it’s one of the better titles, especially when you consider titles like Bleach only serves to troll you now until the end of time. Bakuman shows that you don’t need an overly long series to get a good series. 20 volumes is a lot but it really flushes out a fair amount of detail in each volume and makes each one an interesting read (though the Tanto arc in the manga was terrible whereas the anime was actually okay). The story is generally streamlined with a few sidetracks every now and then to really development all the characters introduced. For what it’s worth, I enjoyed Bakuman due to its (ironically) “down-to-Earth” approach. Good shounen titles don’t have to be all battle is basically the moral of the story here and while the anime adaptation is far from perfect, it’s better than 70-80% of the other titles that aired over the last 2-3 years. Story and Character: - Premise (1/1): Quick from the get go - Character Personalities (1/1): Same as usual - Character Development (1/2): Its there, but much weaker this time. - Character Usefulness/Presence (1.5/2): Weak cast this time. Bigger focus on the big-shots yet continues to reintroduce supporting/new cast at seemingly awkward moments. - Pacing: (0/1): Lousy - Reasonable/Plausible (2/2): Same as usual - Conclusion (1/1): I know the conclusion in advance and am generally satisfied given how much the middle was butchered. - Total: 7.5/10 Art and Animation: - Backgrounds (1.5/2): Hasn’t changed much since season 2 - Character Designs (1.5/2): Same as season 2 - Fluidity (1/2): Inconsistencies. - Visuals/Special Effects/Flashiness (1.5/2): Same as season 2. More interesting art styles. - Art and Animation “Expectation” (1.5/2): One of J.C. Staff’s better animated titles lately. - Total: 7/10 Sound and Music: - OP/ED/Insert Themes (2/3): OP1 not fitting but okay. OP2 fitting but not okay. ED1 and 2 are fine. - Background Music (1.5/2): Above average - Sound Effects (1.5/2): Above average - Seiyuu (3/3): Love it. - Total: 8/10 Enjoyment: - Amusement (2/2): Still got a kick out of most episodes despite know what happened next. - Weekly/Next Episode Anticipation (1/2): Weak hooks. Too jumpy and lacking in pacing. Lost interest for a bit around half way. - Presentation: (1.5/2): No flashbacks to help viewers recall some events of previous season(s) may hurt some. - Re-watchable (0.5/1): As a 75 episode series run it’s good. Season 3 alone, not really since the manga has better content - Recommendation (1.5/2): Same creator of Death Note. Chihayafuru and NANA are josei versions of Bakuman to some degree. Welcome to the NHK is likely the most unique in this genre. Genshiken is the comedy version of this series. - Value (1/1): Bakuman is unique per say but could be called best in class. Above recommendations utilize bits and pieces of what Bakuman does and vice-versa. Bakuman would fall into the shounen aspect of this overarching category.
https://blog.fansub.tv/kittsukasa/2013/04/07/final-review-bakuman-3/
Chosen by the Mutual Broadcasting system for having a theme of tales of mystery, adventure and suspense, The Zero Hour (aka Hollywood Radio Theater) was a 1973 to 1974 two-season radio drama anthology series hosted and scripted by Rod Serling and produced by JM Kholos. The cast included the top line actors John Astin, Edgar Bergen, Joseph Campanella, and many more. Ferrante & Teicher composed opening theme music. The show did not last because of the lack of promotion value and issues with the weekly serial format schedules. complete mystery-adventure drama anthology series that was syndicated in 1973. Mutual broadcast the series in two seasons in 1973 and 1974. This radio series was created and hosted by Twilight Zone and Night Gallery fame, Rod Serling. The series used old top radio stars such as Edgar Bergen, and Richard Crenna, as well it featured current top TV stars of the time such as Patty Duke, John Astin and Susan Oliver. - Radio Shows - Comments - Photos Please enjoy these 132 old time radio episodes:
https://www.oldtimeradiodownloads.com/thriller/zero-hour
Anticipation animation is an essential aspect of animation. It helps viewers understand what’s happening onscreen and immerses them in the story. In this guide for beginners, we’ll explain what anticipation is and how it works in animation. We’ll also provide tips for creating anticipation in your own animations. What does anticipation mean in animation? Animation is all about anticipation. It’s what makes movement feel organic and alive. Anticipation is one of the 12 principles of animation, and it’s one of the most important. Without anticipation, animation would feel stiff and choppy. Anticipation is created by giving a character or object a sense of weight. When you see a character jump, for example, you expect them to come down with a thud. That sense of weight gives motion a feeling of realism. The same anticipation is also used to create suspense. By delaying the payoff until the last possible moment, animators can keep viewers on the edge of their seats. Why is anticipation an important principle of animation? Animation is all about creating the illusion of movement, and one of the most important principles in achieving this is anticipation. In animation, anticipation is an important principle because it makes movement more believable and natural-looking. When animated objects move, they should not just spring into action; there should be a sense of buildup or preparation before the action actually occurs. This principle helps to create a sense of realism and believability in animation. If an animation lacks anticipation, it will look choppy and unprofessional. By using anticipation effectively, you can create smooth, realistic animations that capture the viewer’s attention and hold it until the end. How do you animate anticipation? In order to animate anticipation, it’s important to understand what it is and what it feels like. Anticipation is a feeling of excitement or eagerness that comes before an event or experience that you’re looking forward to. It’s usually accompanied by a sense of impatience, as you wait for the event to happen. Once you’ve created your character, you’ll need to set up the scene in which they’re waiting for something. Most people will go through the following steps in this order: 1) Head and upper torso move forward and down, pivoting at the hips 2) Legs shift slightly back 3) head and upper torso move further forward out over the knees 4) hands move to a position to support and push the body up ( to arms of chair and/or knees) 5) Legs, straighten, as the pelvis moves forward and up 6) Head and shoulders move up and back, and arms come away from support then straighten A very general example of anticipation is this: go up before going down, go down before going up, go back before going forward, and go forward before going back. Conclusion In conclusion, anticipation is an important aspect of animation that can be used to create suspense, excitement, and humor. By understanding its basics, you can begin to use anticipation in your own animations to improve their overall quality.
https://freeanimationtutorials.com/what-is-anticipation-in-animation-guide-for-beginners/
'Five Days at Memorial' is almost impossible to watch at times. Why you should anyways “Five Days at Memorial” is unlike any limited series I recall watching — exceptionally well made, beautifully acted and so unrelentingly dismal and depressing it’s almost impossible to watch at times. So should you watch it anyway? I think so, if only as a reminder of how so many things went so wrong during and after Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005. We need these reminders, and the anger they engender — ideally so that the mistakes aren’t repeated. John Ridley and Carlton Cuse created the eight-episode series, streaming on Apple TV+ on Aug. 12. It’s based on Sheri Fink’s book “Five Days at Memorial: Life and Death in a Storm-Ravaged Hospital.” It is meticulous in recounting the anticipation of the storm, the sense of relief when the worst of it missed New Orleans and the mounting horror when the levees broke and flooded the city. The rising water meant death and destruction, and Memorial Medical Center had more than its fair share of both. Spaced out:Losing yourself in the NASA photos, the perfect antidote to doomscrolling Vera Farmiga's performance as a doctor is empathetic and inscrutable The series starts with the discovery of 45 bodies in the hospital’s chapel days after the storm. Starting in media res is an overused technique, but it makes sense here. We go back in time to find out how the dead got there and then further in time for the aftermath and the reckoning. The question the series poses is simple: Were these critically ill patients euthanized? The answers are anything but. At the center of that storm is Dr. Anna Pau, played by Vera Farmiga with empathy and inscrutability. As the hospital almost literally falls apart around her, Pau will administer what state investigators believe is a lethal cocktail of drugs to some of the patients who can’t be evacuated. Is it murder? Or an act of caring? Changing channels:Why Javier Soto decided to leave Arizona's Family after 18 years The series doesn’t provide easy judgment. Ridley and Cuse detail the lack of preparation. Susan Mulderick (Cherry Jones, excellent), the nursing director and incident commander, learns early on how ill-prepared the hospital is — for instance, there’s no plan for evacuation from a flood. And of course the U.S. government fell flat on its face with its response. If you’re waiting for someone to tell you what to do, Mulderick is told, it’s not going to happen. Because no one knows what to do. The filmmakers spare little when showing the increasingly brutal conditions at the hospital as the flood waters rise and the power goes out. The misery and despair are unimaginable. Meanwhile, on the seventh floor, a private hospital within Memorial called LifeCare also struggles with the same decisions as those below. One decision in particular is heartbreaking. Michael Gaston and Molly Hager are excellent as investigators Rumors abound of looting and assaults outside the hospital. Racism, either implicit or worse, fuels a lot of them — something not lost on Dr. Bryant King (Cornelius Smith Jr.), one of the few Black doctors at the hospital. It is no exaggeration to say that the whole place just goes to hell. Back at it:Troy Kotsur, Oscar-winning deaf actor from Mesa, set to star in new series The series switches gears in the final episodes, in which investigators for the Louisiana attorney general’s office (Michael Gaston and Molly Hager; I’d definitely watch an entire show about them working cases) look into what happened. They’re met with stonewalling in places they expect — and don’t. What ultimately happens is public record, easily found (or you could read Fink’s book). This isn’t a thriller building up to an exciting climax. Instead it is a detailed and harrowing account of abject failure. Most of us, thankfully, watched the events of Katrina from the outside looking in. Even that perspective was bad enough. “Five Days in Memorial” switches the point of view and we see it from the inside — the breakdown of pretty much everything, the unimaginable choices put before people, the utter lack of any kind of meaningful plan to stave off disaster. And it is so much worse. 'Five Days at Memorial' Streaming on Apple TV+ on Aug. 12. Reach Goodykoontz at [email protected]. Facebook: facebook.com/GoodyOnFilm. Twitter: @goodyk. Subscribe to the weekly movies newsletter. Subscribe to azcentral.com today. What are you waiting for?
https://www.statesman.com/story/entertainment/movies/billgoodykoontz/2022/08/08/five-days-at-memorial-tv-review/10228609002/
'Arrested Development' review: Do the new episodes live up to the hype? Like a lot of fellow fans and critics, I spent a good chunk of my Memorial Day weekend gorging on the 15 new episodes of the "semi-original" sitcom "Arrested Development." Before hunkering down for the marathon, my sense of anticipation had reached perilous heights, even though I tried my best to keep it somewhat in check. There was no way, after all, "Arrested Development" could live up to the thunderous hype that accompanied its arrival on Netflix. Of course, it didn't. The so-called Season 4 of the series got off to a rather sluggish, exposition-laden start and suffered from some uneven, even listless stretches. It pains me to say that because I wanted to love every single morsel of this miraculous TV revival. Alas, I didn't. That doesn't mean there weren't moments of pure brilliance -- and moments that had me doubled over in mirth. And that doesn't mean I didn't get a kick out of seeing that wonderful cast gracing my TV screen once again. In the end, the overall viewing experience proved to be quite joyful and rewarding. As it turns out, the intricate, Rashomon-style storytelling structure, partially necessitated by cast availability, brings with it some assets and liabilities. The good news? This edition of "Arrested Development" is the "Lost" of sitcoms. Just like the old days, the episodes are stuffed with hilarious word play, double entendre, puns and sight gags that will have you wanting to rewind (or freeze) the DVR to ensure that you caught them all. Now, on top of that, comes intersecting scenes and flashbacks that carry over from one episode to another and, in the process, weave a very intriguing narrative tapestry. It takes some getting used to, and it might give you a bit of whiplash at times, but just as it was with "Lost," plenty of fun is derived from seeing how certain scenes that occur in one episode will have a meaningful payoff in another. This approach also serves to enhance the binge-viewing experience. It's not that you can't watch the episodes in drawn-out style (and you may even prefer that), but those who do them in cram-session style are more likely to catch certain "callback" references and therefore find it more rewarding. Also, the gluttonous binge viewer gets the full sense of the comedic crescendo to which these episodes build. With each episode that passes, your appreciation for what creator Mitch Hurwitz and his band of merry collaborators pulled off grows and grows. Still, there are some hiccups along the way. Leading up to Sunday's big premiere, Hurwitz was raving about the creative freedom that Netflix afforded him. Not only would the episodes be presented with no commercial interruptions, they wouldn't be limited to the 22 minutes mandated by the broadcast networks. In this new incarnation, the shortest episode is 28 minutes and the longest 37. More time equals more fun, right? Not necessarily. When "Arrested Development" is at its best, it comes off like a lightning round of hilarity that can leave you breathless. Unfortunately, there are stretches in this new batch of episodes that feel more flabby than snappy, and there are some lulls that leave you downright fatigued. I found myself, at times, talking back to the screen, blurting, "Let's move on!" The new structure also devotes each episode to an individual character's point of view, so you rarely have the entire cast on the screen together. This approach is less troublesome than I expected because there are plenty of old friends (Liza Liza Minelli, Henry Winkler, Carl Weathers, etc.), as well as a vast assortment of welcome newcomers (Kristen Wiig, Seth Rogen, John Slattery, Conan O'Brien and more), to fill up the screen. But the structure does become problematic when certain people disappear for long periods of time. After all, no matter how great this cast is from top to bottom, you just don't have the same level of attachment to each individual Bluth. You might find yourself bemoaning the absence of G.O.B. (Will Arnett) or desperately wanting to see more of Lucille (Jessica Walter). And when a hilarious episode pegged to Tobias (David Cross) doesn't arrive until more than four hours in, you'll wonder why there wasn't more screen time reserved for him. Through it all, you come to realize that certain characters can sustain an entire episode, and certain characters can't. On the other hand, it was great to catch up with all the Bluth nut jobs and see that this cast still very much clicks seven years after getting the boot from Fox. Jason Bateman's deadpan utterances and comic timing, for example, are in fine form. Walter is flawless, as usual, while Tony Hale (as Buster) continues to provoke outright giggles. And let's give plenty of props to Michael Cera, whose George Michael still has some of that nervous sheepishness of the past, but has added some maturity and a little more assertiveness. Does all this mean that the 15 episodes, taken as a whole, cry out for an "Arrested Development" movie, as Hurwitz hopes? I'm not sure if we really need that. But a few more episodes to binge on over a holiday weekend certainly wouldn't hurt.
https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/Arrested-Development-review-Do-the-new-11826035.php
I've been waiting for the new season of Netflix's original series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt since March, after I watched the whole thing over the course of three days. It became my nightly ritual: get home from work, change into pajamas, and put on Kimmy Schmidt. So what can we expect from the second season of the show that brought us "Pinot Noir, midsize car?" The best, of course. A quick rundown of the show for those of you who've been missing out: Kimmy Schmidt has been living in a bunker with three other women since she was 14. After years of being captive by a manic, dorky cult leader (played brilliantly by John "Don Draper" Hamm) Kimmy now has to adjust to normal, modern life in New York City. I realize that this summary might make the show sound like some kind of harrowing drama, but it's not. Trust me. Last season, Kimmy got a job, kissed two (TWO) boys, testified in court, and helped her old bunker buddy through a serious case of "Hulk-a-mania." So what could be in store for the show's next chapter? Season two begins with Kimmy missing her boyfriend Dong, a Vietnamese student who married an old woman to avoid being deported and perfected his English by watching the Kardashians on TV. Kimmy goes on a few other dates, but nothing can compare to the guy she bonded with over both their names meaning [certain part of the anatomy] in their respective native tongues. A search for bug poison leads the two back together, setting off the weirdest love triangle in TV history. At the same time, Kimmy's boss Jacqueline (or Jackie Lynn, depending on who you ask) tries to reconnect with her Native American roots, while Kimmy's roommate Titus is forced to confront his own past. Still, Jacqueline's attempt to replace an heirloom pipe with a vape pen goes over as well as Titus' divorce. I may say this a lot, but Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is one of the best parts of having Netflix. It's the kind of show that would probably do just as well on network TV, but the satisfaction that comes with watching several episodes in a row would be lost. It should come as no surprise that Tina Fey, the mind behind the modern classic Mean Girls, has a hand in the show's production. Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is pure, unadulterated silliness, but it works. There's just enough social commentary and relay ability to keep the show grounded, but not too much so as to date itself. Best of all, its appeal spans beyond its demographic, too– it's not the kind of show I would expect my 17 year old athlete brother to enjoy, but he does. If you're looking for the kind of show that will distract you from your household chores and leave you sitting on the couch watching seasons at a time, look no further than Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt. My only complaint is that the episodes aren't longer.
http://www.tntechoracle.com/2016/04/18/kimmy-schmidt-stays-silly-in-season-2/
Welcome to the Sitcoms Online Message Boards - Forums. | You are currently viewing our boards as a guest which gives you limited access to view most discussions and access our other features. By joining our free community you will have access to post topics, search, view attachments, communicate privately with other members (PM), respond to polls, upload content and access many other special features. Registration is fast, simple and absolutely free so please, join our community today! | SitcomsOnline.com News Blog Headlines | CBS Picks Up 11 More Returning Series for 2018-19; BET 2018 Upfront 02/06 - All in the Family - Seasons 1-5 02/06 - All in the Family - Seasons 1-5 | | | ||Thread Tools||Search this Thread| |05-16-2008, 12:48 PM||#1| | | Senior Member Member Join Date: Aug 25, 2003 Posts: 1,656 | | Archive Find: 1981 ABC "Darkroom" Suspense Series This one is really rare...I found 3 episodes of the extremely rare and seldom seen ABC Anthology mystery/suspense/sci-fi series called "DARKROOM" which was hosted by James Coburn....this was a weekly one hour series in the style of Night Gallery and featured 2 half hour suspense stories in each episode.....celebrities featured in the 3 episodes I have are: Robert Webber, Mary Frann, Billy Crystal, Richard Anderson, Laurence Pressman, Joanna Miles, Robert F. Lyons, Eugene Roche, Brian Dennehy, Quinn Cummings, Gloria DeHaven, Helen Hunt, Claude Atkins & June Lockhart. Quite a slew of celebrities both in the beginning or end of their careers! Another piece of TV Heaven never to be seen again! Does Anyone Remember watching this? |05-16-2008, 09:48 PM||#2| | | Senior Member Retired Join Date: Dec 10, 2006 Posts: 7,421 | | I certainly remember Darkroom!! I watched every episode--too bad it didn't run longer. You certainly have an very interesting and varied archive collection, TeeVee! |05-20-2008, 10:06 AM||#3| | | Frequent Poster Member Join Date: May 07, 2007 Location: Wisconsin Posts: 95 | | Wow, where do you get these shows from? it's like you have your own personal goldmine. I may have to email you about a little project I'm working on cataloging rare and hard to find shows from 1970-present. It's in the beginning stages...its sort of going to be a guide or checklist for people who collect these forgotten shows (containing basic info, cast, # of Eps aired and unaired (if cancelled midseason), network, and # of known episodes available in the trading world. Actually, there are probably a lot of people here who could help me fill in the blanks on some of these shows.... |11-05-2008, 08:10 PM||#4| | | Senior Member Member Join Date: Dec 28, 2001 Location: Long Beach Posts: 1,521 | | Doesn't anyone here watch TV? That reran a bunch of times on SciFi Channel. How is it rare? I have mine from ABC in 1981 uncut but it's not like it's never been rerun. Wow, the people here are very easily impressed, aren't they? |09-21-2011, 05:11 PM||#5| | | Forum Regular Member Join Date: Jun 06, 2011 Location: Lincoln,Nebraska Posts: 652 | | Yes,I DO remember this ABC/Universal TV series.It was a good series,and you're right,It IS extremely rare.Too bad it didn't last too long. |09-22-2011, 05:45 AM||#6| | | Senior Member Member Join Date: Apr 11, 2006 Location: Wendy's salad bar Posts: 6,907 | | i have the full run |09-22-2011, 09:36 AM||#7| | | Senior Member Member Join Date: Aug 25, 2003 Posts: 1,656 | | Thanks posters for keeping this thread alive.....lol...I guess that is why there are positive and negative reasons for keeping all the threads here, ready to be resurrected and discovered just like an old forgotten TV Series, I started this thread in 2008 and the next posting was 2011! Why I talked my copies up, as they are original air-check 3/4 inch tape masters, yet I had forgotten it ran on Sci-Fi in secondary airings. __________________ Living near "Ozzie Nelson Drive"..... |09-22-2011, 02:04 PM||#8| | | Senior Member Member Join Date: Sep 30, 2009 Posts: 3,087 | | I vaguely remember Darkroom, if I recall 7 episodes were aired during December of '81 and January of '82. It's interesting to discuss short lived shows, but I don't know if I'd want to see this one again. |09-23-2011, 01:48 AM||#9| | | Senior Member Member Join Date: Dec 28, 2001 Location: Long Beach Posts: 1,521 | | It also is out on DVD in Australia so so much for rarity. |10-12-2011, 02:14 PM||#10| | | Forum Regular anything good on? Join Date: Oct 18, 2005 Posts: 856 | | It had a short additional run in July of '82, two or three weeks although it was supposed to be longer. If you run across a TV Guide stash from the time note that Darkroom was suddenly replaced by Mork & Mindy/Bosom Buddies reruns in mid July. In a couple TV Guide issues where Darkroom was listed for Thursday 8PM what actually aired was the two comedies. As bad as M&M had done that season, Darkroom ratings must have been reallllyy low.
http://www.sitcomsonline.com/boards/showthread.php?s=c89c8c497560081bebe44783321fd25d&p=4609444
The wait is finally over! Anime fans across the world have a lot to be thrilled about as the premiere of Attack on Titan: Season 4, Part 2 draws near. The highly-anticipated release marks the end of this wildly popular animated action-adventure series that has had viewers (and readers of the original manga by Hajime Isayama on which it is based) hooked from the start. Attack on Titan originally premiered in 2013 and began following a young Eren Jaeger (Yuki Kaji), who vows to rid the earth of the giant humanoid Titans that have brought humanity to the brink of extinction after his hometown is destroyed and his mother is killed. If you think that’s dark, well, clearly you have a lot to catch up on, because Eren, Armin Arlert (Marina Inoue), Mikasa Ackermann (Yui Ishikawa), and co. have really been through it since we first met them. AoT: Season 4, Part 1 ended with its 16th episode, wherein a plan has been hatched and discussed to free the world of Titans once and for all, Eren receives an offer to join the Jaegerists, and characters on opposing sides set the stage for the fight of their lives. It was definitely an action-packed half season that built up plenty of anticipation, so read on to find out when Part 2 premieres and to get one step closer to the incredible series finale of Attack on Titan. WHAT IS ATTACK ON TITAN, SEASON 4, PART 2 ABOUT? According to Crunchyroll: “It’s been four years since the Scout Regiment reached the shoreline, and the world looks different now. Things are heating up as the fate of the Scout Regiment—and the people of Paradis—are determined at last. However, Eren is missing. Will he reappear before age-old tensions between Marleyans and Eldians result in the war of all wars?” WHAT TIME DOES ATTACK ON TITAN SEASON 4, PART 2: EPISODE 1 PREMIERE? Attack on Titan: Season 4, Part 2 premieres in Japan on Monday, January 10th at 12:05 am., and makes its way to the US on Crunchyroll and Funimation at 3:45 pm EST on Sunday, January 9th. Future episodes of the series will be simulcast on both platforms weekly on Sundays. HOW MANY EPISODES ARE IN ATTACK ON TITAN SEASON 4, PART 2? MAPPA, the studio producing the show’s fourth and final season, have confirmed that AOT: Season 4, Part 2 will consist of 12 episodes. After the season premiere, North American viewers can expect to see English-subtitled (those who prefer to listen to an English dub over the series’ original Japanese will have to wait another month or so for their desired vocal performances to be produced) episodes of Attack on Titan drop weekly on Sundays on both Crunchyroll and Funimation. CAN I STREAM ATTACK ON TITAN SEASON 4, PART 2 FOR FREE? Yes! You can stream Attack on Titan for free with ads on Crunchyroll, Adult Swim, and Tubi. Be warned, however, that as of now, Tubi only offers the first season, whereas Crunchyroll has the first three and Adult Swim has through Season 4: Part 1 for free. HOW TO WATCH ATTACK ON TITAN SEASON 4, PART 2 If you want to stream the latest from AoT as soon as it drops in the US, your best bet is purchasing a Premium subscription for Crunchyroll (starting at $7.99) or Funimation (starting at $5.99). If you don’t mind waiting a little longer for your episodes, you can watch the series without ads with subscriptions to Hulu (starting at $6.99) and Adult Swim (for no additional cost if the channel is a part of your paid TV Service Provider’s package). If you have Netflix, you’ll be waiting even longer, as only the first season is on the platform so far. Die-hard fans who want to watch (and rewatch) the series wherever and whenever they want can also buy any episode of AoT out so far on Amazon Prime Video (starting at $2.99 per episode).
https://decider.com/2022/01/08/attack-on-titan-season-4-part-2-how-to-watch/
We all get fascinated and attracted towards the stars, planet, and the big beauty: our universe. Series and movies based on these have their own charm, and if some mystery is added to it, then the enjoyment gets double. The series which I am going to share with you all is an interesting one, which is also a science-fiction-based series. Created by Jannik Tai Mosholt and Christian Potalivo, Chosen is a coming – of – age science – fiction, suspenseful and mysterious Danish series, which revolves around a 17 – year old girl whose life turns upside down, when she along with her friends find that something is strange in their town. The series got directed by Kaspar Munk and released under the Danish production company of Tall & Small’s. Chosen Season 2 Release Date Season 1 of a total of six episodes series of 40 minutes each has released on January 27, 2022, on Netflix. After knowing the plot, I guess the audience might have liked it, and it gained a good response. If you have not watched the series till now, then you should definitely give it a go, and you will then be amazed by the suspense and the creations of the series. But, overall, season 1 is a very mixed bag. The first two episodes are quite impressive, but then the plot seems to be confusing, and till now anyone gets back on track, the series gets over. Furthermore, if we talk about season 2, then I must say there will be the next season of it, as the ending of season 1 will not be able to solve your ever-growing questions and doubts. The end is so confusing and you will in some time see the news of season 2. Just wait for that moment so, and I hope it would not be so messy. ALSO READ: Billions Season 6 Episode 4 Release Date, Story, Cast, And More! Chosen Season 1 Recap Fully based on the outskirts of Middelbo, a small town of Denmark, a girl Emma has suspicions about her town. She is a 17 – year – old girl who works at the museum, built at the crashing site. It was said that a strong meteor has once arrived in their town around 17 years ago and destroyed everything. But, she thinks was the meteor really a powerful one or there is something else? She although, started her investigation with her friends and was dumb – stuck when she accidentally discovers that the whole story of the meteor is a lie, and there is something else which is dangerous and out of her imagination, which she has never done, though. After her realization, she thought she is on her own and that her friends and society will not stand by her side when she needs them the most. Chosen Season 2 Cast Even the cast of the show is interesting. Let us know the cast. Malaika Berenth Mosendane as Emma, Nikolaj Kopernikus as Adrian, Andrea Heick Gadeberg in the character of Marie, Andreas Dittmer seen as Frederick, Albert Rudbeck Lindhardt seen as Mads and Mohamed Djeziri as Elvis. Magnus Juhl Andersen in the character of Jonas, Anders Heinrichsen seen h the character of Lukas, Ken Vedsegaard in the character of Thomas, Line Kruse as Lykke, Henrik Prip seen as Hans and Marie Louise Wille as Susan. Chosen Season 2 Trailer The trailer of the series starts with a dialogue about our universe and the planet. The dark secrets of the town and the meteor will shake and dumb – stuck everyone. The fascination and the beauty with a dark creepy truth is waiting behind for you all. Watch the interesting trailer now, and the series. MUST-READ:10 Movies Like The Royal Treatment That Are Worth Watching!
https://www.liveakhbar.in/2022/01/28/chosen-season-2-release-date/
It had been four years since the last series of Luther aired, and 2019 blessed us with new episodes. However, was it worth the wait and hype? (Spoilers ahead) This season revolved around a psychiatrist-husband relationship which proved to be fatal. The BBC promoted it as a terrifying season, but I was underwhelmed after hearing this description. The first episode set itself up to be suspenseful, with a mysterious man wearing a mask murdering people. However, they quickly solved the mystery and lost the main source of suspense, only to have another three more episodes afterwards. The villains were weak and unrealistic even for a TV show standpoint; a weird part of the series was where it showed Jeremy (the psychiatrist’s husband and a doctor) threatens a patient before she was about to go into surgery…I don’t know about you, but I would not go under anaesthetic if someone was describing killing you. The villains were weak and unrealistic even for a TV show standpoint Fans seemed excited when Alice Morgan returned, but honestly, I felt disconnected because I knew that they put her back into the show to mess with Luther and eventually die somehow- which is exactly what happened. The ending was suspenseful; Luther is framed for the murder of Alice and Halliday (who Alice shot). However, I just felt that they left Jeremy’s plot unfinished as you didn’t see his or his wife’s punishment, so it felt like an underwhelming ending for the plot. The series would have benefitted from extra time to fully end the plot they spent four episodes on, rather than quickly setting up the next series which probably won’t air for a few years. Whilst the season ended on a cliff-hanger and I will be continuing to watch, I feel like the long anticipation of the series made it hard not to criticise the plot.
http://www.thecourieronline.co.uk/review-luther-season-5/
Hang on for a minute...we're trying to find some more stories you might like. Email This Story If you’ve watched “Avengers Endgame”, you’ve likely faced or have been facing detrimental spoilers. But could those spoilers give you a better experience? Knowing more about what will happen can make a story more exciting by letting the reader know about an event before they read it. At the University of California, San Diego, Jonathan D. Leavitt and Nicholas J.S. Christenfeld conducted a study in which they tested the effect of spoilers with multiple subjects. Some subjects had a spoiler paragraph which was briefly discussed to them before the story, while other subjects had the story unspoiled, and the last subjects had a spoiler paragraph in the beginning of the story they were reading. Most of the subjects said that they preferred the spoiled version of the story over the unspoiled version. Although spoilers can lead to a better viewing or reading experience, most people still want to watch something ‘spoilerless.’ Spoilers can reduce the suspense and overall enjoyment of a story, especially for the people who have been waiting to watch a movie they’ve been looking forward to. While you were probably waiting to watch Avengers Endgame, you’ve likely encountered spoilers from students at school, while at work, looking through social media, or from your friends and family members. Depending on what the spoiler is, like a major event or a small detail, can impact a person’s experience in a positive or negative way. Some people, while reading books, might want to flip a few pages ahead to see what happens next. Knowing about the plot can help the reader focus on the rest of the story more. While reading the end of a book series, I was focused on what would happen to the main character, rather than the other events happening in the story. Sometimes, I would flip a few pages ahead, then figuring out what happens and helping me focus on the other details of the book. This is similar to watching a movie a second time and pointing things out you didn’t see before. Doing this could enhance your experience since you would look forward to a certain part of a story. Knowing more of the details, such as something shortly mentioned or shown can make it more enjoyable. A person can still feel suspense even if they knew what would happen next. Actually seeing or reading the story is different than hearing about what happened since it provides more detail than what’s told. Spoilers help you enjoy a movie, show, or book more once you get to hear about them, but you still shouldn’t spoil stories for everyone. People want to find out for themselves.
https://www.mnhsonline.com/opinions/spoiler-alert/
The winter television hiatus might also have you questioning whether or not you’ll return to a show. My students discussed their media breakups last semester and came up with a comprehensive list of what makes them want to leave a show. These are reasons a television show/viewer relationship may go stale: 1. No Carrot to Chase: You aren’t seeing much suspense in the show. Some common suspense busters are life changes, including characters’ marriages and the introduction of a baby. Grey’s Anatomy seems to be in this territory. He picked you, he chose you, he loves you. Done. 2. Genre Violation: A show changes from its original winning formula. The primary example my students gave was Glee’s switch from cynical musical to musical musical. In their opinion, it lost some of its snarky, interesting commentary. 3. Gimicks: You know a show has jumped the shark when it’s focusing less on its stock characters and winning formula. Instead, it’s including more gimmicks (like a leather-jacket clad water skier jumping over a shark) or guest stars. Roseanne’s final season is the epitome for me. 4. Chaos: Some shows scramble too hard to maintain their audience by introducing many outlandish plot ideas. My students were particularly troubled by the chaos on Nip Tuck, Weeds, and (un-ironically) Sons of Anarchy. Lost’s directionlessness would also fit here. 5. Temporal Gap: Life changes can lead to relationship dissolution. The same holds true for television shows that skip ahead to new life situations (e.g. the One Tree Hill gang heading off to college). 6. New Actors: Two Darrins, two Beckys, two Aunt Vivs, and viewers are not fooled. Substituting actors instead of changing characters is often tough for viewers to take. Unfortunately, The Office has many of these characteristics. I’ve got no carrot to chase now that Pam and Jim are married with children, no Michael Scott to cringe at, and many gimmicky episodes that lack the show’s initial charm (head lice, anyone?). In her analysis of cult texts, Sarah Gwennlian-Jones writes of a need to “diminish the threat of an unwelcome cognitive collapse into recognition of impossibilities–a collapse that would demolish immersive experience of the fictional world” (94). Many of the reasons viewers break up with their shows can be traced to no longer suspending their disbelief. Without the suspension of disbelief, immersion and enjoyment decrease. Is it possible that The Office’s gimmicks and chaos make it harder for me to believe that someone like Dwight Schrute could exist? Does this mean I should cancel my trip to Schrute Farms?
https://mediamarathoning.com/breaking-up-with-a-show/
When it comes to Hello TV show, one thing is crystal clear. The series didn’t deliver what fans of the video game franchise expected. While Covenant members appeared here and there, Paramount+’s show was largely devoid of the kind of actions people would likely expect. The war between aliens and humans was largely a cold war, with skirmishes here and there. There have been a few episodes that showed how exaggerated the UNSC match was when it came to facing the show’s big villains multiple times, but mostly the first seven episodes were all about setting up the pieces on the board. It looks like the game has finally started in Allegiance. Or, at least, all the pieces were finally laid out on the board for both sides. The penultimate episode seems to be setting the stage for what could certainly be a very crazy finale. It makes sense that the first season should be the base because it’s been known for a long time Hello It was renewed for a second season even before the first season premiered. While there were times when it felt like the series was on its wheels, the final episode seemed to finally pay off whatever was still in place before it. Things take a turn in the balance of power between the UN Security Council and the Covenant right from the start, as humans run and hide largely with their artifacts. The alien forces aren’t just sitting around and waiting for them to show their faces. Instead, they go after human settlements and once again appear to be a little stronger than what humanity is prepared to deal with. This culminates with one particular scene that is brilliantly done when it comes to showing not only how weak the UN Security Council really is but also showing a bit of real humanity among armed forces that have often been portrayed as killing machines. When it is revealed that the Covenant killed more than 11 million people, and not only killed them but essentially wiped out their settlement from the face of the planet, what is at stake is revealed very quickly. All this happens as John and Mackie discover more about each other and seem to fall in love. These scenes show a human side to both characters that was often lacking, even though they seemed to be showing off a bit. Hello Episode 7. Although at the time, she felt like Mackie was just basically acting, now it really seems like she’s being indoctrinated back into the fold as a full human. One thing can be said about Hello The series is such that its star appears to be hitting his stride as the season continues. While the Master Chief’s character was obviously stoic and even wooden, it still felt like Pablo Schreiber was mostly going through the character’s playing moves. Subsequent episodes apparently allowed the actor to step more into the character’s combat boots and truly make it his own. This episode continues that evolution and it’s now starting to feel as if Schreiber really is, Master Chief. While there was certainly early opposition about seeing the Master Chief without his helmet, the way the show presented his story, it certainly makes more sense. The show needed to show that he was more than just a guy in a suit. This may still not fit with some of the video game series’ biggest fans, but this is how the Paramount + plus series chose to go and it certainly seems to fit right in with the story the writers and showrunner want to tell. . While a large part of the story focuses on the relationship between John and Makee, there is also a lot going on behind the scenes. This includes the almost complete ostracism of Dr Halsey by the UN Security Council in a way that is in fact completely counterproductive. Much like the show was slowly building the “humanity” in Master Chief, the series has also slowly shown what evil Halsey really is when she doesn’t get everything she wants. In this episode, she works behind the scenes almost from the start and sets a trap for many different characters on the show. Like the best villains in TV and movies, she shows her hand late enough that it’s totally believable she could turn against the people she’s worked with completely. She’s also been a bit of a possum when it comes to what she can do and how she basically managed to undermine the UN Security Council, the Master Chief and the Spartans in one fell swoop. Since this episode is all about putting the pieces on the board for the last time before the game really begins, there’s quite a bit of drama and suspense at the end of the installment. There is a bit of familial animosity among the Spartans, as well as an interesting revelation when it comes to the history of Dr. Halsey, the UN Security Council, and the people in charge of the human armed forces. Then there is the ingrained distrust of strangers which is totally understandable and thus incredibly frustrating. There is a lot of talk about how humans are far from perfect. In fact, it is actually quite dangerous. It’s one of the more interesting twists in this episode of Halo because Halsey is clearly trying to manipulate Mackie when she shows how bad humanity is, but these manipulations are proven true by the end of the episode. It also turns out that humans made some moves that would almost certainly come back to bite her. All in all, it’s one of the season’s best installments so far largely because it does a great job of teasing what’s to come, while still offering plenty of exciting stories of its own. Hello Now available on Paramount Plus with new episodes releasing every Thursday.
https://animedrawn.com/halo-episode-8-review/
Story: While the main plot itself isn't mind-blowing, the execution of it is superb. I found myself drawn into it quickly and it progresses nicely. There are no fillers or drawn out battles, each episode deals with the main plot and the police constantly make logical assumptions and progress. Art: Very nice with lots of little details that really sells the feeling of a future world. It's dark where needs to be, but it's not a bleak dystopia. At times it's fairly explicit, but the gruesome violence helps sell the point of the story and is never glorified. I love the tech in the series and how it's used. The Dominator guns the police carry are ugly as sin though, especially when entering elimination mode. Sound: Sound is overall very good. It helps build the setting and is never in the way. The city is made alive by it. Character: I love it when characters grow and change and this anime delivers. Not all of the characters are equally interesting, but most are and most of them feel more like original characters than simple stereotypes. Enjoyment: I really enjoyed this series. I enjoyed the philosophical aspect of it, the moral questions raised and how there is very little "good" or "bad". The world is painted out as a perfect place in the beginning and quickly starts to tear that notion down, piece by piece. See this for the tech, for the characters, for the moral dilemmas and for the well executed story. But see it. read more Nov 26, 2016 39 of 39 episodes seen Shoujo Kakumei Utena (Anime) add (All reviews) Story: There is a lot of secrecy going on and you don't really know much from the beginning. This is something I like since a bit of mystery keeps the tension and interest going. The main plot is both obscured and furthered by the fact that most episodes focus on the characters and while it's not mind-shattering stuff, the story works well for its purpose. Art: The art and animation is simple and uninspired. While the constant repetition of animated sequences does seem to serve a purpose (and has some nice music) it also gets repetitive after a while and comes off as a bit lazy, especially since they're pretty long. Sound: For the most part the sound is good and the voice acting is nice but standard, but what bumps this up for me is the doom metal music during the fights. It's not too dark or harsh as to clash with the rest of the anime, but it stands out enough to make a nice contrast and emphasis. Character: This is the meat of the anime and where it shines the most. The characters aren't terribly original, but they're explored in depth and noone is made out to be only bad or only good. They're flawed and they have problems, just like real people. I like that a lot. A bit more originality and this score would probably have been even higher. Enjoyment: It's not something I'll watch again and I can make do without watching the shortened and reworked version, but I don't regret watching it. At times it is pretty standard and even mediocre, but sometimes it really shines and it surprised me on more than one occassion. I would say that if you like your love stories with a twist, you'll definitely like this. read more Feb 7, 2016 13 of 13 episodes seen Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt (Anime) add (All reviews) The story is set around two angels who need to repent in order to be let back into heaven again. Their job is to eradicate evil ghosts and each ghost gives them a number of coins. Get enough coins, go back to heaven. Naturally, each episode is about the two angels dealing with a new ghost. Standard stuff, right? Not really... This show is all about violence, foul language and sex. The angels are about the most tough and rough pair of girls you've seen on TV and the humour is about as low-brow as it gets. But that's a big part of why the show works. It is fully commited and takes itself completely serious. And it gets away with it. There is nothing about this show that is half-assed and a good superlative to use would be "explosive". The art is nice. Generally it follows a very stylized aestetic, but it changes at times and every ghost is actually a real model they blow up. Sounds weird, but it works. The music is suitably pumping when it needs to be and works well in other scenes as well, but it's not a soundtrack I would go hunting for. Characters are simplistic and do not really develop. There are a few exceptions for this near the end of the series, but in general nothing major happens with them. That being said, the angels are tough and independant and their "no fucks left to give"-attitude carries a lot of the show. The blend of crude humour, fast pacing and tough angels makes this a very enjoyable show to watch. There are many WTF-moments and if you like it a bit on the weird and wild you'll surely like it. When it goes over the top it does so for real. Overall this is an adult show that is well worth watching if you want some quick entertainment. read more Nov 17, 2015 1 of 1 episodes seen It is clear to me now that the production values were rather low on this title and the swedish dub did nothing to help. And to be honest, there is very little else to say about this movie. For children who aren't very picky this can be a nice movie (provided they can handle a few scary moments) but for the discerning viewer there is really nothing here. read more Nov 17, 2015 1 of 1 episodes seen It sets up an imaginative setting with rich content and an interesting background. The story promises to be engaging and rich and the characters show a lot of potential. And of course, the music is great. But there is one small flaw that takes everything down a few notches and actually places the overall score lower than the individual scores. This is the only episode. There is so much promise here. Yes, it's meant to promote a video game, but that is also a part of its problem. Even though I happen to own a PS2, I never played Ar Tonelico and I would wager I'm not the only one to watch this and not play the game. That's why I have to review it as it is, without the game. And that's why it falls short. Should you watch it? Well, it's not a long watch and it is good, but there is a lingering disappointment waiting at the end since everything is set up, but nothing gets resolved or developed during the show. Somehow, it might actually have been better for it to not be so good. read more Nov 16, 2015 1 of 1 episodes seen Overall Rating: 10 Akira (Anime) add (All reviews) In a gaming magazine I read about anime, japanese style animation with adult themes and great stories. And it has come to Sweden. In a shop I find a few imported VHS-tapes, I buy a few and Akira is the first one I watch. It cannot be overstated how much this movie really blew my mind. It was a cartoon, but it had violence and blood and a deep and interesting story. The animation was detailed and fluent and the music was fantastic. But how well does it do today, after the initial shock? Story: The story is interesting enough and has a few tricks up its sleeves. It's not the most cerebral story ever and it's not terribly original, but it works well and it holds on to you. Art: There is really nothing about the art I can complain about. When I still had it on VHS, I actually replayed a short scene where a smoke bomb goes off just to see how good it looked. Sure, I've seen a lot of movies having the same quality since, but few of them are as good in presenting an overall mood as Akira. The palette really works for this movie. Sound: Most sounds in the movie are good, but not anything you notice a lot. But the music - the haunting music. It is perhaps one of the greatest soundtracks I've ever heard. It fits in so well with the movie and is yet outstanding on its own. Few other soundtracks even get close to this. Character: The characters are believable, but they may seem a bit bland at times. But this is not a movie primarily about characters. It may seem to be a movie about Kaneda and Tetsuo, but that plot only serves to carry the bigger questions found in the movie. The characters aren't the greatest ones ever made, but they're good enough. Enjoyment / Overall: I've always enjoyed watching this. A good pacing, an interesting story, nice visuals and fantastic music all adds up to a great movie. It led me into the world of anime and manga and to a certain degree, it has shaped my life. Perhaps a few lines can be written about how it compares to the manga. In short, it doesn't. They are two different (although similar) stories with the same characters. Both are great and can be enjoyed on their own. They don't go together or complement each other, but that is no reason to skip out on either. read more Nov 16, 2015 Unknown of 500 episodes seen Naruto: Shippuuden (Anime) add (All reviews) The first few episodes in this series show growth in Naruto, something I waited desperately for, but he actually partially regresses as time moves on. Also, there was nothing really interesting happening around him. In fact, the two most interesting story arcs in Shippuuden were all about other characters. And what happens to Naruto while we're given an in-depth character development of a character that we've never seen before, that's not important to the overall plot and that we know will be defeated? Naruto jumps on logs. He jumps on logs chasing a guy whose power is to create clay birds. That's several episodes where all Naruto does is jump on logs, in a circle, trying to catch this clay guy. Yeah... All in all, Naruto Shippuuden is much like Naruto. It has some great moments, but it's just not worth looking through all the crap between them. Shippuuden seems to have fewer filler episodes and more filler content and bad writing. It's not the worst anime series out there, but to me it's just a big waste of time. read more Nov 16, 2015 220 of 220 episodes seen Naruto (Anime) add (All reviews) 1: No-one ever changes This is mostly true for Naruto, but also for other characters and situations. It seems that the more important the character is, the less the character develops. The only development you see is an increase in abilities and power, but with such a cast of characters so much more could have been done. Thusly, Naruto is a show of wasted opportunities and weak character development. 2: Very slow pace There are large parts of the show where the last part of the previous episode makes up the first part of the following! Seriously! This means that during that time you will LITERALLY not miss a single frame of animation if you skip every second episode. Also, some battles are so drawn out that you almost expect the participants to drop dead from old age, or at least hunger. Picking up the pace at most places would have helped the show immensely. 3: Fillers The dreaded fillers, episodes that do not follow the main storyline but show adventures apart from it. They have been handled well in many shows, but in Naruto it seems that almost every filler was written by someone who doesn't like writing stories. There are a few gems to be had, but for the most part they're boring and irrelevant. Fillers can help develop the characters, but this just doesn't happen in Naruto. In conclusion, Naruto can be very good and very enjoyable at times, but finding those gems means watching a whole lot of boring and repetitive stuff. A shortened version with only the good parts included would make it a much better series. read more Nov 16, 2015 25 of 25 episodes seen Shingeki no Kyojin (Anime) add (All reviews) The problem is that the epicness is never properly built up and the characters are all shallow stereotypes. There is no real character development, no person you begin to connect with and no personal storyline that grips you. The ones with potential are fumbled away and instead we get drawn out battles that try to showcase how cool the characters are, but instead are only boring. You see, the thing that made shows like Hunter x Hunter or Trigun great is that they focused on the characters and this made the battles interesting. There was always something at stake and you cared about the outcome. Shingeki no Kyojin has too many characters to pull this off and the result is a show that can be best described as "Meh." A good comparison would be with Claymore. That show also has epic battles with monsters, detached and tragic characters and a lot of psychology and philosophy. It seems that Shingeki no Kyojin tries to be the same, but falls short in its attempt to ante up. Instead it spreads out too thin and what could have been a great anime becomes a mediocre one.
https://myanimelist.net/profile/Szandor/reviews
From monster movies of the early years of Hollywood, to the Hitchcock era of psychological thrillers, to the occult and slasher flicks of the 70’s and 80’s, to the films of today, the horror genre has constantly evolved over the years. Out of all the different styles of horror flicks, the subgenre that I think we see the least of is the monster film. Particularly in recent years, I feel that the horror genre is filled with films about either the occult (spirits, possession, witches) or horrible people (cults, murderers, kidnappers, etc.), and the occasional monster film is almost always framed as more of a sci-fi or thriller rather than actual horror. The lack of monster films coming out is a big reason why I was excited to watch Scott Cooper’s latest film, Antlers (2021) and even more so knowing that the monster involved is one of my favorites out of all the mythologies out there, the Indigenous People’s legend of the Wendigo. Based on the short story “The Quiet Boy” by Nick Antosca, Antlers (2021) follows Julia Meadows (played by Keri Russell), a middle school teacher in an isolated Oregon town, and her brother Paul (played by Jesse Plemons) who is a police officer in the town. As Julia begins teaching her class about stories and fairytales, she notices that one of her students, Lucas (played by Jeremy T. Thomas) is acting very strange and showing multiple signs of abuse. As Julia and Paul investigate, Lucas must hide and protect his father (played by Scott Haze) and his brother Aiden (played by Sawyer Jones) as they have developed a strange illness, after a monstrous encounter at a local coal mine, that is causing them to crave dead flesh and morph into something inhuman. When I came out of the theater, I didn’t know what to think of Antlers (2021). Starting with the positives, it has some great body horror, brooding suspense, a really cool looking monster, and a handful of really good performances. The overall atmosphere and tension of the movie was great (it is very obvious that the great Guillermo Del Toro is a producer of the film), with Lucas character’s motivations and interactions with his family bringing a great sense of intrigue and anticipation for it all to go wrong. Once it does go wrong, the body horror is very intense and awesome to see/hear in the theater and the design of the Wendigo is incredible. Other than the incredible horror visuals and the suspense, this film would be nothing without the performances of Keri Russell, Jesse Plemons, and young star Jeremy T. Thomas. Russell and Plemons both deliver great performances (despite some of the awful material they were given) and did a great job of carrying the story. That said, Thomas is the real star of the movie. Every scene the child actor is in, he steals the scene. His performance was absolutely exceptional considering his age, and I think he is yet another child actor that we need to keep an eye on—he was great. Now for the negatives: there is no joy in movie, several character actions had zero thought put into them, the opportunities with the monster were wasted and the film started to stall out and fizzle to the finish line. I don’t require horror movies to be filled with jokes or camp, but there is zero happiness found in the entire movie. All of the characters are depressed and everything is bleak which makes a lot of the characters really hard to watch without the suspense of waiting for the monster, but the suspense wasn’t enough to keep the story from starting to feel monotone. With character motivations, it is very clear to me that the writers do not understand Child Protective Services or teacher/school’s responsibility to report abuse and how they have to do it. A heavily focused plot point in this film is a school recognizing abuse and both the police and the school telling the teacher the exact wrong thing to do. Normally, I can overlook these types of logical missteps and still enjoy the film, but it was clear that the writers had these illogical character actions happen simply to move the plot instead of using literally anything else. What made the poor plot points to irk me even more, however, is how they led to a very unsatisfying ending. The Wendigo they designed for the film was incredible, but it was barely in the film. The quick glimpses at it leading up to the reveal were great at building the tension, but once it was finally out, it felt like Scott Cooper had no idea what to do with it. This is when the film felt like it had lost itself a little bit, and resigned itself to setting up a sequel rather than finish its own story strong. Did I enjoy watching Antlers? Yes I did. The buildup to the conclusion was a suspenseful journey, and the three leading performances were very captivating. However, between the questionable plot points, the monotonous dourness, and the waste of a fantastic monster, I was left feeling slightly disappointed. Had they given their monster more screen time, or settled for a different conclusion (its hard to say a specific without spoiling the final scenes), I believe this film had the potential to be one of the great monster movies. Unfortunately, it is going to join the ranks of the slightly forgettable. That said, if you need a horror movie to cap off your Halloween season this year, I would recommend you give it a try as I suspect a lot of people are going to like it a lot more than I do. 6.5/10 Antlers (2021) is rated R for violence including gruesome images, and for language. If you would like to support the site donations are greatly appreciated! 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https://savingmovienight.com/2021/10/31/antlers-review/
American journalist Sheri Fink won the Pulitzer Prize in 2010 for her investigation of the events that took place at Memorial Hospital in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina and the days that followed. She then made a book of it. First tipped to be adapted for television in a season of “American Crime Story” by Ryan Murphy, this work finally got its own series, developed by John Ridley (screenwriter of the film “12 Years a Slave”) and Carlton Cuse (“Lost,” “Bates Motel”), going live this Friday on Apple TV+. These are images that we had almost forgotten, but which turn the stomach. In the “Five Days at Memorial” series, the horror of the consequences of Hurricane Katrina hitting New Orleans on August 29, 2005 hits hard again. This natural, structural and human disaster is transcribed from the walls of the Memorial Hospital. There, nearly 2,000 people – patients, caregivers, their families and residents who sought refuge in the building – found themselves cut off from the world in terrible survival conditions waiting to be evacuated. The first five parts retrace the events day by day, almost hour by hour, from the passage of the hurricane to the evacuation of the hospital. The tension continues to mount, the brief glimmers of hope are quickly extinguished with each worsening of the situation. The next three episodes are dedicated to the ensuing investigation, as 45 bodies were recovered from the medical center, more than any other New Orleans care facility. Investigators seek to elucidate many shadowy points. What happened there? What decisions were made? How can this high death toll be explained? A harrowing experience The subject of “Five Days at Memorial”, which takes place almost behind closed doors, is of rare power. The complexity of human nature in the face of the inconceivable is wonderfully transcribed. Heroic behavior goes hand in hand with acts of cowardice. Violence and racism undermine a spirit of bravery, compassion and perseverance. The lack of understanding in the face of the total lack of directives and support from the various authorities is heartbreaking. Obviously, watching this series is a trying experience. Especially since the performance of the various actors strikes straight to the heart. Cherry Jones (“24 Heures chrono”) is exceptional in the skin of Susan Mulderick, the head nurse and referent to coordinate disaster operations. At his side, Vera Farmiga (“Conjuring”, “Bates Motel”) lends her features to Anna Pou, a difficult to identify surgeon who will be in the sights of the investigators. Cornelius Smith Jr (“Scandal”) embodies, meanwhile, one of the only black doctors in the establishment, whose empathy and convictions pierce the screen. In front of the first five parts, we think of “Chernobyl” (still available on OCS), the masterpiece released in 2019 retracing the nuclear disaster of 1986. The strength of the story and the chilling horror that results in these two series are similar. As for the last three episodes of Apple TV + fiction, however, they would have benefited from being condensed over a shorter period, even if the perspectives of the investigators bring an outside look rich in questioning. The information that comes to conclude the series concerning the situation in New Orleans, whose levee system failed causing the bulk of the tragedy in 2005, is not reassuring. What underline how much this kind of series is necessary to awaken consciences and not to forget the past. As painful as it is. ” Five Days at Memorial », American series by John Ridley and Carlton Cuse (2022) with Cherry Jones, Vera Farmiga, Cornelius Smith Jr… Episodes 1 to 3/8 (40, 40 and 48 minutes). Then a component added every Friday. On Apple TV+.
https://wordrom.com/five-days-at-memorial-on-apple-tv-a-hospital-in-the-eye-of-the-storm/
Don’t you just hate to talk to someone who stands too close? You move back, he moves forward. Few people know, however, that much of what we consider a ‘comfortable speaking distance’ is determined by culture. In Body Language, authors Allan and Barbara Pease analyzed video footage from a business conference. They describe that by fast-forwarding the tapes, couples of Japanese and American businessmen in conversation seemed to be dancing through the room. Every time the American would take a step back to reach a comfortable distance, the Japanese would follow with a step forward to compensate to his idea of talking comfort. When dealing with people from cultures we’re unfamiliar with, it’s easy to ‘take a step too close’. This can lead to confusion, annoyance, and frustration. (Source: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Customer Service) Don’t you agree? Also, are you aware that oftentimes when running the customer service side of the online business, you will NOT be dealing with people only from your own cultural background? Quite the contrary! Different nations, religions and cultures have behavioral and belief-oriented differences and this affects how the CSR (Customer Service Representative) should communicate with the customer. As Julien S. Bourrelle says, we all see the world through cultural glasses. By changing glasses you can change the way you perceive the behaviors of others. He believes that we have the opportunity to increase the competitiveness of businesses and to create a better functioning multicultural society by helping people to communicate better across cultures. Watch the following video and listen to this expert helping us to be more aware of how our behaviors can be interpreted differently than intended by people of other cultures. Unfortunately, there is no definitive, step-by-step training for cultural differences, but we want our students to have an initial understanding and to be aware of the idea so that your CSR online career can thrive. Thus, the aim of this lesson is to help you, a CSR to-be, understand the basics of the behaviours and psychology when providing customer service. First, let’s have a few words on cultural diversity and see why it matters in your future career at all. Fasten your seatbelts! What Is Cultural Diversity, and Why Does It Matter in Customer Service? In customer service, in which you’re dealing with many people every day, being aware of cultural diversity is a MUST. But what is culture, really? The above example of interpersonal distance is actually just a surface scratch. Culture goes deeper. It’s about values and beliefs, and the behaviors that flow from them. There’s a popular ‘iceberg model’ of culture. Ever heard of it? Here’s the ‘cultural iceberg theory’ briefly explained. The culture or cultures you grow up in affect your deepest attitudes and beliefs, giving you your sense of what’s good or right, what feels comfortable, what behavior is acceptable, and conversely what’s not. What other people see may be only those things ‘on the surface’ – for example, the way you talk or act, what you eat and how you dress. That’s why culture is often represented as an iceberg. Ten percent is the ‘surface culture’ that shows above the water line and 90%, known as ‘deep culture’, is hidden below. The hidden part of the iceberg influences everything you do and yet you may not even realise it. Source: Cultural Heritage Below the Water Line A deep connection to consumers and customers entails understanding the simultaneous psycho-socio-cultural variables that create the society in which we live. Our culture shifts regularly as do our associated value systems, perceptions, attitudes and subsequent behavior. Furthermore, Geert Hofstede defines culture as ‘the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another’. The ‘category’ can refer to nations, regions within or across nations, ethnicities, religions, occupations, organizations, or the genders. Source: How to Understand Cross-Cultural Communication? In Understanding Cultural Diversity in Customer Service, an amazing article we mentioned in the introduction, the author covered the relevant ways that cultures differ from one another, and how to address this in customer service based on 3 gurus of cultural diversity: - Geert Hofstede’s 6 cultural dimensions - Fons Trompenaars’ 7 cultural dimensions - Erin Meyer’s 8 cultural dimensions Don’t hesitate to follow the links and take a quick peek! That’s why they’re here. Instead of covering each dimension, only the dimensions most relevant for customer support have been included in the article. As David Champion reminds us in HBR, it’s important to remember that everything in cultural diversity is relative. A German might feel that Italians lack punctuality in time, but Italians will feel the same way about people from India. So always consider your cultural position relative to your customer’s. Now it’s time for you to dig deeper and more thoroughly into the article Understanding Cultural Diversity in Customer Service so that you learn much more about the following cultural dimensions and find out some valuable practical tips on how to deal with customers coming from: - Neutral vs emotional cultures - Universalist vs particularist cultures - High vs low context cultures - Individualistic vs communitarian cultures - High vs low power distance cultures - Achievement vs ascription cultures - Direct vs indirect negative feedback cultures - Deductive vs inductive persuasion cultures, and - Linear vs flexible time cultures Enjoy reading and learning! … Done? Haven’t we told you this content provides an enormous wealth of important and relevant information in a very concise form? Now you see why? Great! We bet you’ve been careful and thorough enough to notice the helpful resources and handy tools to put it all into practice suggested at the end of the article. As the author further states, the dimensions covered above are ‘macro level differences’, which should help you understand the behavior of customers from other cultures, and adjust yours accordingly. There are many other manifestations of cultures, however, that don’t fit these dimensions. You’ll never be aware of ALL the cultural differences. That’s OK. Knowing that there are differences, however, and recognizing the logic from cultures different from yours, will help you as a service professional. Therefore, according to this author’s advice, when dealing with a customer from a different culture, start with an open attitude and be perceptive of the differences you’ve read about here, and adjust your behavior when you see fit. Now, listen how Dr. Tom Verghese briefly explains some cultural communication differences regarding communication and listening styles, body language, tonality, and the challenges they can present in cross-cultural communication. When speaking about the importance of recognizing cultural diversity, it’s impossible not to mention another valuable source Customer Diversity: Providing Great Customer Experience Across Cultures. In this article, you’ll find some ideas on how you can develop your cultural competence for customer service to better understand the different needs and expectations of diverse groups of customers. As they’ve cleverly noticed, the world is getting smaller. Nations and communities are becoming more diverse. Due to advances in communication, the spread of online industry and the ease of travel, many businesses today can expand to cross cultural and geographic boundaries. With the rapid changes in technology, modern day customers have grown comfortable with shopping online from whichever corner of the world they like, and online businesses may easily receive orders from virtually anywhere. Professionalism in customer service means different things to different people, but all of them are worthy of your time, respect and attention. When customer service representatives acknowledge and respect diversity, they have a greater opportunity to attract and retain diverse customers, build better rapport with them and increase customer satisfaction. Whether your customer interactions are carried out by phone, via email, in Live Chat or in person, there are some common sense principles that could significantly improve service and make cross-cultural customer interactions simple. You wonder how? What are you waiting for? Read the full article and find out! … Read it? Great! Now, you may also want to take a peek at this video about cultural diversity and find out some important expert tips for communicating with people from different cultures with cultural awareness. It’s not about customer service but communication in general. However, you’ll surely find it useful. Now, it’s time for you to learn more details about how cultural differences can influence customer service so let’s see. How Cultural Differences Impact Customer Service Jim Brucken, Lexmark’s director of Global Supply Chain Operations Worldwide, shared his thoughts on how cultural differences impact customer service, and how he and his team work to ensure every Lexmark customer receives top-notch customer service. According to this expert, boiled down, customer service is all about effective communication. Cultural differences dictate the manner of communication. For example, their customer service representatives are trained to know that when they are working with a business in France, they must speak French and use professional courtesies accepted in the local culture, or when working with a customer in Italy, that they prefer to respond by phone rather than email. They further state that what matters the most is training and developing an employee mindset that recognizes and honors each customer as an individual. As long as the customer service team has an open mind and is willing to embrace uniqueness and understand the business processes, then the cultural differences matter less. To find out more about the strategies they use for managing cultural differences, examining their own biases and overcoming barriers to achieve customer satisfaction across the globe, read the full interview on why culture matters. Additionally, when speaking about effective communication as the key to excellent customer service, here’s a video for you to check showing an example of successful cross-cultural communication in practice. You see how this CSR is adapting to the customer’s unique needs? She speaks slowly, clearly, and properly. When the customer uses unfamiliar words, she seeks to re-frame to understand her. Despite being challenged by the communication difficulties, this CSR takes personal responsibility, finds a solution, and ultimately triumphs with yet another happy customer. So, let’s briefly summarize some basic tips that will enhance your verbal communication effectiveness when speaking to people from other cultures. According to Steven R. Van Hook in Working with Customer Diversity, one of the biggest errors you might make is to try to apply your own cultural beliefs without modification to every customer from every background, which will most certainly lead to frustrated efforts, conflict, bad service, and ultimately a lost customer for your business. As time goes by and with experience, you will become ever better at reading your customers and swiftly modifying your approach as necessary to accommodate the differing demands of a situation. There are a number of tactics you can employ to ensure optimal communication with regard to linguistic, cultural, and demographic factors when serving diverse and multicultural customers. To find out what to pay special attention to, read the full article linked above. … Done? Isn’t it full of simple yet powerful tips and tricks? Now when you know all that, you will be well on your way to skillfully serving the wide spectrum of customers, won’t you? You may also want to check 7 ways culture should be taken into account in customer service centers to find out more. Cultural awareness and skills are keys to effective service when serving customers across language and cultural differences. Cultural collisions occur when you are unaware of culture’s impact on your customer service delivery style and on the customer’s service expectations. Many times, unaware of potential pitfalls, you will find that the falling into one of the four cultural collision traps may prevent you from meeting the needs of your increasingly multicultural and multilingual customer base. Curious to find out what they are? Then, go ahead, follow the link and learn! … Gained some precious knowledge? Certainly! Now, let’s move on to the core principle of cross-cultural communication. Although it seems too complex, the point is actually pretty simple. Here’s what it all basically boils down to. The Core Principle of Cross-Cultural Communication As discussed in Customer Service And Cultural Differences: Why They Matter (And What Matters More), it’s true that best-intentioned customer-facing employees can still create a poor impression with customers from a different part of the world due to cultural differences of which they’re not aware. The same may be true when they interact with a different subculture within their same country as well. Culture is the set of assumptions, traditions, and values a community develops over time. Thus, members of a culture other than yours may interpret your behavior in ways that haven’t occurred to you, because of their community’s own assumptions, traditions, or values. If you want to manage this risk, put some work into becoming expert on cultures that your company serves and expert at cross-cultural communication in general. However, always make sure to apply your new cultural expertise flexibly. Individuals don’t always subscribe to their culture’s assumptions, norms, or values. Personality or family background can be a more powerful determinant of an individual’s values. In fact, think about your customers as individuals rather than as groups. What’s more, there is no such thing as customers as a plural, or if there is, it’s a hard concept to build a business on. What matters most in providing great service is that you recognize, honor, and serve Jack’s jackness and Joanna’s joannaness and Yoshi’s yoshiness, rather than their overall customerness in the aggregate. Because this is such a tough principle to follow, to instruct in, to train for, it’s by and large overlooked. Which is where we get one size fits nobody scripting, excessive regulations and inflexible policies, coaching that is punitive and a slew of other ills. Got it? Sure. Besides treating EVERY customer as a unique human being, ALWAYS bear in mind the golden rule of customer service: Do unto your customers as you want to be treated when you are a customer. That’s the wisdom and the secret at the core of customer service. We all know it, right? Yet, many of us often seem to forget it in our everyday communication. So, always remember to be a decent human being and show respect first. It’s crucial. The rest will simply follow, especially if you work on developing your CQ. Never heard of it? Don’t worry! Just keep reading and you’ll find out everything you need to know about it at this point. Cultural Intelligence (CQ) – What It Is and Why It’s Important You’ve certainly heard of IQ, which represents a measurement of your intelligence, right? Similarly, most people have also heard of EQ, which stands for emotional intelligence. However, not so many people are familiar with the term CQ – cultural intelligence. As a future CSR, you need to be aware of its basics at least. So, let’s talk about it a bit and see what other experts have to say. Here’s the notion of cultural intelligence briefly explained according to an expert in this field, Felicity Menzies, in her article Cultural Intelligence: A New Competency For The Global Workplace. Cultural Intelligence is the set of knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to recognize, understand, reflect on, and adapt to cultural differences. Individuals with high Cultural Intelligence display four main competencies: - CQ Drive is the willingness to work with others from diverse backgrounds. It includes an ability to overcome explicit or unconscious bias and the capacity to persist in challenging intercultural settings—even when the individual feels confused, frustrated, or burnt out. - CQ Knowledge is the understanding of culture and cultural differences. That involves more than awareness of variations in language, customs, and appearance. Core cultural differences like values, assumptions, and beliefs are often invisible but cause the most problems—and are frequently overlooked. - CQ Strategy is the ability to flex mentally. With high CQ Strategy, individuals are not confined to a single worldview. They are open to new or integrative ideas. - CQ Action is the ability to flex verbal and non-verbal behavior. CQ Action decreases the risk of miscommunication and helps an individual respond to diverse others in a manner that conveys respect and builds trust and rapport. As another expert, Declan Mulkeen investigates and then states in his article Cultural Intelligence: What it Can do for Offshorers, call center agents lack cultural understanding and the ability to empathize. He identifies cultural intelligence as the missing ingredient that could facilitate the promised higher levels of customer service, improved rates of customer retention and, ultimately, enhanced cost savings. As the author says, many of the problems that call centers experience with their customers are a result of misunderstandings on both a linguistic and cultural level. While this has been increasingly recognized by contact centers, the training that employees receive continues to focus primarily on language and places little emphasis on culture. This is simply no longer sufficient. Employees of contact centers need to take the next step in their development so as to communicate more effectively with people from other cultures and therefore improve overall customer satisfaction and experience. What they need is cultural intelligence (CQ). According to this author, a person with cultural intelligence is able to apply their understanding and knowledge of another culture and successfully interpret and adapt to new cultural situations. Cultural intelligence encompasses the knowledge, motivation, skills and behaviors that are necessary for effective communication across cultures to take place: - Knowledge. Cultural intelligence is knowledge about another culture, but also knowledge of one’s own culture and understanding of how it influences individual behaviors. A person with CQ can use this knowledge to identify specific behaviors and attitudes of another culture and effectively adapt to them. - Motivation. Cultural intelligence is also having the motivation to learn about and experience other cultures as well as the willingness and ability to change one’s own mental processes and attitudes to those of the other culture. - Skills. Cultural intelligence is having the right skill set so as to interact effectively in another culture. This includes communication, interpersonal, empathy and rapport-building skills, all of which are key factors for successful interactions with people from a different culture. - Behaviors. Behaviors are an essential part of cultural intelligence, but since they are often so ingrained in a person’s character, this is one of the hardest things to change and develop. Being able to interpret a situation and use the appropriate behavior is essential for successful cross-cultural interactions. Cultural intelligence takes communicating across cultures to the next level. While it may take time and patience to learn and develop a person’s cultural intelligence, it is possible to increase it so that almost immediate differences are noted. As further stated in the same article, cultural intelligence is more than just knowing about another culture or being able to speak the language. It is the ability to identify individual and cultural behaviors and adapt so that communication and interactions across cultures are more successful. So, just what does a culturally intelligent person look like? Read the full Mulkeen’s article linked above and find out more about the characteristics of an individual with cultural intelligence. Done? Excellent! Now when you know all these things, think about the following… If you were asked about your Cultural IQ, what do you think it would be? Did you know that Hispanics, Asians, African-American and other multicultural groups think, act and innovate differently? Did you know that they are wired in ways that the traditional workplace continues to ignore? In today’s global marketplace, you must be culturally intelligent. It’s a business imperative. Source: The Lack of Cultural Intelligence is Damaging Our Enterprises and Our Economy With increased connectivity across all companies and individuals, and with global collaboration becoming increasingly instrumental for business success, cultural intelligence – or cultural quotient – (CQ) has taken on a new significance. It’s no wonder, right? You may want to read the whole article and learn more about the importance of cultural intelligence within a global organization. Another fabulous article full of precious hacks on how to develop your CQ is also waiting for you. So, read Why You Need Cultural Intelligence (And How To Develop It) and you won’t regret it. As you’ve probably noticed, all these experts agree that cultural intelligence is a crucial skill in today’s world. As we are working and living in a multicultural community, acquiring a different set of perspectives, knowledge and skills is important in order to succeed. You need to be prepared to communicate and work with people from different backgrounds, races and cultures. Gaining knowledge about other cultures is no longer optional. It is necessary in order to learn, understand and deal with different situations competently. So, don’t hesitate to go through Cultural Intelligence and Its Importance in the Workplace and learn how to enhance the level of your CQ, what are the benefits of it and the reasons to develop it. Also, social networks have supported global economy growth and the development of new business trends as well as the upbringing of a new culture of connectivity and of sharing. Cultural intelligence is all about TRUST: Tolerance, Respect, Unity, Solidarity and Teamwork. (You’ll reveal the other advantages of cultural intelligence in business if you follow the link.) If you’re curious, you may also want to check out an article about some business problems caused by failures of cultural intelligence. Want to become more culturally competent? Start with your cultural self-awareness. (We bet you’ve noticed those valuable further resources.) Yeah, we know… There are always those individuals who are super curious and dedicated and who always feel they need and want even more! Lucky you if you’re one of them! In the next subsection, we’ve compiled some of the best sources relevant for you to learn from. Have fun! Other Suggested Resources to Learn From For those who want to explore the topic further and gain more in-depth knowledge about customer service and cultural differences, here are the sources worth checking. Of course, you’re not expected to read every single word and article and watch every video we linked to (but you may if you please). Feel free to do your own research and choose the sources according to your needs and personal preferences. Note: Some resources may not be specifically written for CSRs but we included them here because we strongly believe you can benefit from them. Happy learning! Gestures to Avoid in Cross-Cultural Business: In Other Words, ‘Keep Your Fingers to Yourself!’ Here are some highlights from this article. You’ll find out more details when you read it. Gestures are one of the first things to come to mind that can cause a major cultural faux pas. They can quickly sabotage anyone, including the most savvy business professionals. People from every culture, including various country leaders and several U.S. presidents, have been guilty of unintentionally offending people from different cultures through the use of inappropriate gestures. When it comes to body language gestures, the wisest advice might be to keep your fingers to yourself! When it comes to body language gestures in the communication process, the important thing to keep in mind is that what we say, we say with our words, tonality, and body language. Our body language often conveys more than the words we use. At times, it can completely change — or even nullify — our words’ meaning. 10 ways to communicate more effectively with customers and co-workers Summary of the book Cultural Intelligence: A Guide to Working with People from Other Countries by Brooks Peterson Cultural Intelligence and its impact on business Cultural Intelligence in the Globalized Work Environment Cultural Intelligence: The Essential Intelligence for the 21st Century Erin Meyer’s blog is full of valuable articles that can help you learn how to navigate the complexities of cultural differences in a global environment as she says. Go ahead, explore her website. Although it’s been mainly aimed at cross-cultural business managers, you’ll certainly find something for yourself. Transcending Culture is a video on cross-cultural communication (with notes), which considers international communication tactics, using themes and images that transcend cultural differences. Cultural Differences and Communication Problems With International Business Communication Challenges in a Global Market How to Use Good Communication Skills for Cross-Cultural Diversity 5 Best Practices for Serving Diverse Customers 8 Tips for How to Approach Cross-Cultural Customer Support If you prefer videos over reading, here are 2 more you might want to watch and learn from: Cultural Misunderstandings (Part 1) and Cultural Misunderstandings (Part 2). Here’s another video on cross-cultural communication you may like. Next, here are a couple of short videos about unconscious bias people have and how to overcome those unconscious bias, just to test yourself quickly if you want to. Then, you may want to check another video to see how people react when playing Barnga – an intercultural simulation game for practicing intercultural competence. Here are the instructions for playing the game so that you can follow the video more easily. And here are some more Multicultural, Cross-cultural & Intercultural Games & Activities to explore and possibly play for those who like them. Just for fun, can you spot the forty cultural mistakes made in this video? A life insurance salesman tries to sell a policy to a Hispanic customer. See how many cultural mistakes you can find. Some more videos on the topic: - Impact of Cultural Values on Customer Service - International Business – Cross-Cultural Communication - Communicating Across Cultures - The psychology of culture | Fernando Lanzer - Communication Between Cultures Here are also a few webinars for you to watch if you please: - Culture and the Customer Service Experience - Diversity in Customer Service Environments by Bob Lucas - Communicating Effectively Across Cultures Let’s explore even further! There are some courses aiming at raising awareness of culture and diversity: They also provide Online Business & Cultural Awareness Training Courses and many good Resources and Information For Cultural Understanding. Then, you can have fun and learn about yourself by checking their quizzes. Isn’t that interesting? Or you can grab a copy of their Self-Study Cultural Awareness Manual, which will give you a basic introduction to cross-cultural communication and how improving communication skills leads to deeper understanding. Additionally, you might want to read some of their relevant blog articles such as: - How Lack of Cultural Awareness Can Cost A Business Big - 5 Steps from Cultural Ignorance to Cultural Savvy - Cross-Cultural Tips for Remote and Virtual Teams - Cross Cultural Training Tips to Launch Your International Sales How many wonderful resources there are just in one place! - Here’s another Cultural Diversity Training you might want to check. They also offer many great resources (not precisely about cultural diversity but some others you may find useful as well.) - Culture Wizard is another course you might want to check. Their Resource Center and blog can help you learn a lot about cultural differences. Here are several interesting articles that provide insights into some aspects in different cultures: - The Importance Of Culture In The Global Workplace - How Is A Deadline Different In Relationship Oriented Cultures? - Cultural Tips: Adapting To A Time-Focused Culture - Can A Direct Communicator Survive In An Indirect Culture? - Intercultural Communication: How To Answer Personal Questions - The Cross-cultural Implications Of Smiling - Culture Tips: Decoding Non-Verbal Language - Global Interpretations Of Body Language: An Infographic - Feedback Across Cultures - Fifteen Tips For Cross-cultural Selling With A Global Mindset - The Struggles Of Communicating Across Cultures PRISM offers another training on Increasing Cultural Competencies and Cultural Diversity Training Resources, which will help you learn how to provide outstanding service across cultures. Cross-Cultural Communication is a course at Universal class you may consider checking. Also, take a peek at their excellent articles and the other articles or courses suggested after each of these: - How to Handle Cultural Differences in the Workplace - Obstacles and Opportunities in Intercultural Communication - How to Deal with Intercultural Communication Factors - How to Manage Intercultural Conflicts - Roles of Nonverbal Communication with Culture Here’s some more cross-cultural and diversity training and coaching for you to choose from by Circles of Excellence. You can also benefit from many articles you’ll find when you scroll down their Cultural Clues, Do’s & Taboo’s Archives – A Series of Cultural Tips for Countries from A to Z. Another Online Diversity Training from Diversity Resources worth checking. If you want to find out how culturally competent you are now, here are the tools that can be helpful: Cultural Awareness Self-assessment Form and Cultural Competence Self-assessment Awareness Checklist. Let’s summarize our learnings so far, shall we? In Summary As a future online CSR, you must always be aware that members of a culture other than yours may interpret your behavior in ways that haven’t occurred to you, because of their community’s own assumptions, traditions, or values. Why? Because you’ll be communicating with a wide array of customers from all over the world on a daily basis once you start working. Remember – customer service is all about effective communication. Cultural differences dictate the manner of communication. When dealing with a customer from a different culture, start with an open attitude and be perceptive of the differences you’ve read about here, and adjust your behavior. In other words, develop your cultural competence for customer service to better understand the different needs and expectations of diverse groups of customers. Boost your CQ! Remember the cultural value dimensions which should help you understand the behavior of customers from other cultures, and adjust yours accordingly? Or not? Don’t worry, we won’t write about each of them now. We know you’re tired of reading. So, here’s a possible easier way to revise all those important points. Lean back and enjoy watching the following video. Although it wasn’t meant specifically for CSRs, it contains all the necessary details we’ve talked about for you to revise: - The concepts of culture - Cultural value dimensions - The effects of cultire on behaviors and communication - Development of intercultural competence - In short: How culture impacts business Note: They may not be using exactly the same terminology for cultural value dimensions as we did here, but you’ll be able to recognize them all based on the short explanations and the examples they provide. We bet you’ll find revising more engaging this way. Overwhelmed with new information? Probably. Anyway, if you remember one thing from this lesson, remember this: Think about your customers as individuals and treat them as you want to be treated when you are a customer. Got it? Great! Now, show us what you’ve learnt. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Understanding at least some basic cultural differences is a must for every Customer Service Representative working in the online industry. a. Yes. It’s absolutely necessary b. No. Knowing about your own culture and how to speak English is more than enough 2. Cultural diversity does NOT impact customer service at all. a. True b. False 3. How should you as an Customer Service Representative approach your customers? a. Always professionally and formally i.e. in the same way regardless of any differences among them. The ‘one size fits all approach’ always works in customer service b. Professionally but treating each customer as a unique individual, respecting their diversity and adjusting your behavior to different demands of every situation 4. What does CQ stand for? a. CQ means Customer Quotient and stands for the number of customers you have to serve in 8 hours of your working day b. CQ means Customers Queuing and means that a Customer Service Representative has more than one customer to serve or several customer calls to answer at a time.
https://www.smallrevolution.com/become-a-customer-service-assistant/global-language-culture-for-customer-service/customer-service-cultural-differences/
Without missing a beat I said, “Oh that’s easy, it’s Vaclav and Branka. You can just tell by watching them.” “I knew you’d say that,” he replied. “And they’d probably be great leaders back in the U.S. But the very thing that would help them succeed as leaders there–their charisma, enthusiasm, and intuitive style, will be the very things that are stumbling blocks for them here.” Then he proceeded to point out to me which individuals in the group did have the most influence. I couldn’t believe it. I never would have picked them out. But sure enough, a couple years later, they were the organization’s strongest leaders in the region. Many leadership and management books give us the idea that leadership is a universal skill set that works the same anywhere. It sounds promising, but it just doesn’t jive with the realities of leading in our globalized world. All of us have implicit biases and assumptions about what makes a good leader. Many of these stem from our cultural backgrounds. And as with any cultural bias, often times we’re not even aware of leadership assumptions. For example, what if you interview someone for a leadership position and they aren’t tall? Most of us would say that’s irrelevant. The average U.S. male is 5’ 9” and only 14% are 6’ or taller. But 58% of U.S. CEO’s are 6’ or taller. Apparently, if you want to be a CEO in the U.S., it sure helps if you’re tall. In China, people expect their leaders to have a benevolent relationship with those they manage somewhat akin to what we might expect among parents and children. However, leading with that kind of style in many European contexts would be deemed patronizing and off-putting. And many African employees expect their leaders to display chief-like behaviors in how they manage the company. The truth is, who’s a “leader” has as much to do with the expectations and stereotypes of followers as it does the leader’s behavior. Researchers have found some universally desired leadership traits among followers everywhere, such as competence, trustworthiness, and decisiveness. But there are many other characteristics that vary significantly from one culture to the next. None of this sounds too promising for a world that’s getting flatter and smaller. Most of us have to manage people from lots of different cultural backgrounds. But there are some ways to do so effectively. Talking about “irrefutable laws of leadership” makes for nice seminar material but it doesn’t work out so great when working globally. For example, using an “empowering style of leadership” is usually lauded as an essential approach for any leader. And it’s certainly a style that I prefer personally. But I work with many individuals in high power distance cultures for whom it’s very disorienting to feel like their manager isn’t being directive with them about what needs to be done. On the other hand, a leader who uses a very prescriptive and directive approach with someone who sees “empowerment” as a key to being effective is going to be tuned out quickly. We need to look at various situations and followers and adjust our leadership style accordingly. Increasingly we have people from various cultures working on the same team so we have to figure out how to do this in a way that doesn’t become discriminatory or unrealistic. This is where cultural intelligence comes in—the capability to adapt to various cultures in order to motivate people to accomplish a shared set of objectives. Leading with cultural intelligence doesn’t mean being a chameleon to every individual and situation encountered. But it does mean knowing when an empowering style is most necessary as compared to a more directive one. The same applies to when we should address conflict head-on, and when we need to be more indirect (yes—both are appropriate!). And as we grow in the four capabilities of cultural intelligence (drive, knowledge, strategy, and action), we increasingly know how to adapt on-the-fly to various situations that arise. In having assessed the cultural intelligence of nearly 25,000 individuals around the world, my colleagues and I have found another interesting variable for effective global leadership. While culturally intelligent leaders know how to adapt to various situations and followers, they also demonstrate a level of comfort in their own skin. Whether it’s the company brand or one’s personal identity, the challenge is how to adapt enough to accomplish our objectives in a way that’s both respectful and effective but not go so far that we’re no longer true to ourselves. Research demonstrates that it is possible to be an effective leader globally. But it’s going to take more than just that gut-level, sixth sense that is often talked about. It requires discipline and hard work to become more adaptable in how we inspire and lead people in an increasingly diverse world. And with that hard work, slowly but surely, you can be a global leader.
https://culturalq.com/blog/can-you-really-be-a-global-leader/
A 2022 Hue report found that around 80% of HR professionals believe that their industry does a good job of implementing diversity-related initiatives. Yet, the study also reported that nearly 85% of employees surveyed do not think that their employers made any meaningful progress for BIPOC employees. The study also reported that 40% of BIPOC employees said they experienced workplace discrimination, and about one-third felt disempowered to speak out workplace discrimination. Even whens are good and companies sincerely intentions to promote DEI initiatives in their organizations, part of their ineffectiveness stems from a lack of training of DEI officers. Another reason is that DEI initiatives do not occur as part of an integrated strategy of professional development and organizational culture management. Rather, trainings are typically scheduled annually or in reaction to a particular event. For DEI programs to be successful, trainings must look to develop all components of interpersonal and organizational decision making, from becoming aware that an issue is present to evaluating potential resolutions to being motivated to initiate change and, finally, to an effective strategy to implement that change so it sticks. Because each of these components are skills-oriented as much as knowledge-based, DEI programs can learn a lot from the ways in which cultural competency education is instituted in medical education. Cultural competency is a well-known term in healthcare settings. It refers to the ability for clinicians to function effectively within the context of the cultural beliefs, practices, and needs of their patients and their communities. While the emphasis of cultural competency education is on how to serve patients from different backgrounds, the framework of the education provides a good model for DEI training, because it specifically breaks down the training into various skills-oriented components, such as developing the right attitude , having sufficient knowledge or awareness of different cultures, and possessing the right skills to engage in cross-cultural interactions respectfully. The success of cultural competence training in medical schools is dependent on how well the curriculum delineates the various components of each subcompetency and how it devises education and assessments to speak directly to what it is supposed to achieve. Its success is also highly correlated with how well it is integrated into general clinical training rather than being separate and distinct, as if it were an add on. Similarly, for DEI initiatives to change organizational culture and improve interpersonal interactions between colleagues, it has to do more than teach about diversity and support for wide-scale organizational change. It must facilitate the development of skills and attitudes conducive to DEI goals so that they become second nature to company employees. In his new book, Digital, Diverse & Divided: How to talk to racists, compete with robots, and overcome polarization, David Livermore introduces the idea of cultural intelligence, by which he means the ability to relate and work effectively with people who have different backgrounds. It is specifically defined as a skill set—a “knowing how” rather than simply a “knowing that.” Cultural Intelligence (CQ) consists of four related competencies—motivation (CQ Drive), cognition (CQ Knowledge), metacognition (CQ Strategy) and behavior (CQ Action). It is easy to see how these subcompetencies work together. Without the motivation to relate to others from different backgrounds, a person will not develop the knowledge or means to do so. Without the awareness and ability to plan for multicultural interactions (CQ Strategy) or the ability to adapt to multicultural contexts (CQ Action), no amount of knowledge or motivation can automatically make those interactions easier. The benefit of separating CQ into separate subcompetencies is that it highlights the point that each factor consists of a different set of skills to one. Therefore, like a physical trainer who, through a particularized regimen, can focus on those specific parts of the body that need more attention, through the framework of cultural intelligence, DEI trainings can focus on strengthening the particular skills individuals may need to relate better and work more effectively with people of different backgrounds. Regarding how to develop one’s CQ Knowledge, Livermore adopts Dorothy Holland’s concept of “figured worlds.” A person’s figured world is the context through which their experiences emerge make sense to them and the background out of which their identity and self-perceptions. Figured worlds are not simply the natural or social environments in which we are born or live, though Livermore does acknowledge that that “five of the most polarizing worlds stem from the places we call home, the race/s with which we identify, and our gender, faith and political identities.” Figured worlds are also created out of the social or organizational groups in which people participate on a day-to-day basis, such as one’s office “world.” As Holland and her co-authors explain in Identity and Agency in Cultural Worldswhen people work or live together, they have shared experiences and create a shared frame of reference by virtue of the goals and activities that they have in common. The idea of figured worlds is similar to Kimberlé Crenshaw’s concept of intersectionality in that both terms recognize that people have overlapping identities that affect their experiences. The difference between the two is in their focus. Intersectionality gives language to how overlapping and interdependent systems reinforce and multiply discrimination or discrimination. The notion of figured worlds, on the other hand, conceives of individuals living in different “worlds,” which create cultural disparities and opportunities for discrimination, while, at the same time, people may be able to find commonality and solidarity with each other through the shared “world” of their collaborative experiences. Employing this concept rather than intersectionality can have two major advantages for DEI work. First, because intersectionality has become such a culturally divisive term, using the concept of figured worlds can allow people to appreciate how overlapping identities can compound discrimination without the pushback of intersectionality’s political connotations. Second, the notion of figured worlds gives inclusion strategies a way to overcome polarization by coming together to address shared problems. The shared world created provides a means for people to see each other as members of the same group even when they also have different identities. It is a means to incorporate into DEI. Using the concept of figured worlds to address diversity in an organization can also cultivate a culture of self-reflection and empathy. When people consider their own figured worlds, ie the factors that influence their beliefs and preferences, they can begin to imagine the possibility of alternative viewpoints emerging given different influences or social factors. The simple consideration that one’s gut reaction may be primed by certain circumstances can lead to examining whether one’s reaction is appropriate to the situation at hand or whether there may be a better way, given the figured worlds of the various stakeholders of the issue. Moreover, when people appreciate that their colleagues live in different figured worlds, they can learn how to see their colleagues for who they are through curiosity and decentering. Curiosity provides the motivation to learn about others—ie it is a CQ Drive skill. Decentering is when people take themselves out of the center of focus to perceive the experience of another without imposing themselves upon the other. Out of empathy one asks, “What must life be like for that person?” Not, “How would life be for me if I were to live in their shoes?” When DEI trainings focus on competency development, those abilities will not be limited only to instances that traditionally fall within the domain of DEI. They can be applied to all areas of one’s personal and professional life. Employees who develop a strong CQ—and who then become more self-reflective and empathetic towards others—will be better collaborators on teams and more thought in how they consider their modes and methods of working. In the end, DEI training will no longer be seen as an add on to professional development or organizational culture. It will be an integral part of how professionals work together and how a company lives up to its values and purpose. .
https://buycialisres.com/what-dei-training-can-learn-from-cultural-competency-in-medical-education/
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed work life as we used to know it. A recent survey by IBM found that prior to the COVID-19 lockdown, only 10% of individuals indicated they were working from home. By July 2020, this had quadrupled to nearly 45%. The IBM survey further found that of those currently working remotely, 80% indicate they would like to continue to work away from the office at least occasionally, while 58% would like this to be their primary way of working. What does this mean for international business leaders? Many organisations around the world plan to make working from home the ‘New Normal’. However, a more remote workforce challenges the way we successfully lead, particularly so as different perceptions can enlarge the intercultural differences amongst team members. In fact, GLOBE, a study across 62 countries on ‘Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness’ (2004), discovered that national cultures have an impact on how people within that culture consider leadership styles to be acceptable and effective. It is impossible for leaders to be experts on every culture represented by individuals on their teams. However, it is important to become aware of cross-cultural differences and be able to bridge these distances efficiently and effectively. This starts with an understanding of the impact of national culture on the way we see ourselves and the world around us. First things first: in simple terms, national culture is the set of norms, beliefs, behaviours, values, attitudes, customs shared by a certain population. The national culture of a country is highly dominant and shapes organisational cultures in the form of expectations on how to interact with each other, how to manage work together, and how to think about problems and present solutions. There are a number of frequently cited theoretical frameworks of cultural competency, all with their own strengths and limitations. To start making sense of how we can manage the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the way we work and lead across cultures, we will focus in this article on Geert Hofstede’s original model in which national cultures are analysed according to four Cultural Dimensions. Before exploring these cultural dimensions, it is necessary to be aware that although Hofstede’s framework helps us to assess a given culture and thus better guide our decision-making, we cannot predict individual behaviours. Another point to consider refers to the context when assessing a culture’s effectiveness. No cultural dimension is better than another; they are simply different. Each one has its own pros and cons in different circumstances. Hofstede’s original framework includes the following four Dimensions of Culture: Power Distance In cultures with relatively flat hierarchies, we typically see democratic power relations where people are viewed as equals. Western cultures tend to be low in their power distance belief. The ‘New Normal’ gives team members more control over their own work schedules, emphasising their preferences for independence and trying something new. As leaders, it is imperative to consult with your remote team members about decisions related to their own job scopes and ensuring that they can continue to work independently without much supervision. Being open, friendly, and approachable, are valuable leadership qualities to support the remote work transition. Low Power Distance example countries: Austria, Denmark, New Zealand. In contrast, Asian countries are considered high power distance cultures; there is great respect for authority and inequality is a fact of life. In cultures with steep hierarchies, leaders are expected to clearly guide and direct team members in completing tasks and working towards deadlines. Remote team leadership requires daily check-ins, explaining requirements, and expressing faith in the team’s ability to make decisions and act on them, whenever appropriate. Team members tend to respond best to an accessible, experienced, and strong leader who nurtures them to greatness. High Power Distance example countries: Malaysia, the Philippines, Mexico. Individualism versus Collectivism In countries that emphasise individualism, team members expect specific and challenging tasks that come with a clear definition of roles and responsibilities. Employees from individualistic cultures typically like to feel involved, valued, and rewarded accordingly. As there is a natural preference for independence amongst team members, remote leaders must stay away from micro-management to avoid feelings of distrust. Instead, leaders should actively manage expectations and outcomes whilst ensuring accomplishments are recognised, both at individual and group level. Individualistic country examples: USA, Australia, Canada. Collective societies value loyalty where individuals look after each other under a decisive and supportive leadership. In these cultures, team members tend to feel uncomfortable making decisions by themselves (as things can go wrong). They typically rely on leaders to set the direction and provide clear instructions. In a remote work environment, team leaders must focus on explaining the tasks and deadlines in simple but explicit terms; what is required by when? To ensure team members are on the right track, leaders should regularly check-in to monitor targets and timelines without coming across as too intrusive. Collective country examples: Central America, China, Indonesia. Masculinity versus Femininity The Masculinity versus Femininity Dimension is about expected emotional gender roles, not about individuals. Both men and women can score highly for exhibiting masculine or feminine values and behaviours. Masculine societies stand for ambition, decisiveness, clear role distinctions, rewards and the ‘live to work’ mentality. Workers are typically motivated by competition and a strong drive for excellence, which translates into working long and hard hours. In the ‘New Normal’, team members may feel as though they have to prove themselves even more as there is no leader around to observe what is happening. Leaders must make a point of demonstrating trust in their teams whilst focusing on progress and productivity, not necessarily the time period it is happening in. Masculine country examples: Japan, Hungary, Austria. Whilst masculine cultures are considered ‘tough’, feminine cultures are often described as ‘tender’. At work, people focus on interpersonal aspects such as managing through discussion, consensus, compromise, and negotiation. A strong belief is that life does not revolve solely around work, which makes achieving a work-life balance an important aspect of a healthy work environment. When leading a remote team, a coaching leadership style is most effective to ensure people feel nurtured and cared for. This includes providing team members with a certain freedom to make decisions and manage their own work schedules. Feminine country examples: Sweden, the Netherlands, Chile. Uncertainty Avoidance A high level of Uncertainty Avoidance is associated with a general feeling of being uncomfortable with change. In a work environment, risk avoidance is typically achieved through the implementation of policies, procedures and processes. The rapid shift to remote work may take a hit on team members’ health and well-being through feelings of anxiety, stress and frustration. Remote leaders can support their employees by creating a lot of structure and predictability. This includes clear goals and expectations, regular check-ins on team members, and opportunities to share successes and safety for potential failures. High Uncertainty Avoidance country examples: Greece, Portugal, Russia. On the flip side is a low level of Uncertainty Avoidance where curious individuals enjoy new events and initiatives. Team members tend to be pragmatic in their thinking and accept change as a way of life, as they are used to revisions without much notice. Remote team effectiveness can benefit from this ability by engaging employees to move forward. Team leaders must also focus on getting everyone on the same page by establishing ‘rules of engagement’ to guide the remote work process, not to overly control it. Low Uncertainty Avoidance country examples: Singapore, the Nordics. As for working effectively across cultures, this article only touches briefly on Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory. It does, however, show that cross-cultural leadership requires, first and foremost, an understanding and awareness of different cultures. The next step is to decide on appropriate adaptations to relate and work most effectively with people from various cultural backgrounds. There is no single approach right for every individual. How should organisations go about leading through cultural differences in remote teams? Currently, I am working with a group of business executives from a world-leading multinational corporation on bridging cultural distances. Through the coaching sessions, we establish ways to make collaboration, decision making and problem-solving more effective in remote teams. Starting with discovering their own cultural lens and that of the people they work with, clients quickly move forward by identifying how they can switch their leadership styles to ensure the long-term performance of their teams. If you believe that you and your organisation can benefit from understanding and learning more about the various cultural differences and how to successfully lead intercultural teams, our coaching sessions might just be the right solution for you. Drop me an email at [email protected] and I will get back to you as soon as possible. About the author Miriam van der Horst is a partner of OML consulting with 15 years’ experience across Asia Pacific, primarily focusing on leadership development and cross-cultural learning. She helps her clients, ranging from first-time managers to business executives of multinational companies and government departments, get better at dealing with change and being flexible enough to adapt with knowledge and sensitivity. Having lived and worked in the Netherlands, Switzerland, the UK, Vietnam, Australia, China, Singapore, and now Hong Kong, Miriam works comfortably, respectfully and effectively with people at different organisational levels and from diverse backgrounds.
https://www.oml-consulting.com/2020/08/17/leading-through-cultural-differences-in-remote-teams/
language, accent, vocabulary, content—is another important source of cues. We tend to make in-group and out-group categorizations (see Chapter 2); that is, we classify people according to whether they seem to belong, or not belong, to groups of which we ourselves are members. Other key indicators of categories into which we might sort people are • race and gender • the extent to which a person stands out as different from others (for example, Europeans are obvious in rural Japan) • being “typical” of a particular group • a history of conflict with a group, leading to categorization as “not in our group” Once we form a category, we perceive its members to be similar to each other, yet we continue to see differences among members of our own group. For example, an Asian may be aware of a broad category of “European,” whereas a European will see many different categories within “European,” for example, Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Mediterranean, Scandinavian, and Slav, and also different national and regional categories. STEREOTYPING Putting people into categories influences our attitudes about and expectations of them.5 We tend to perceive everyone in the group as having similar characteristics and behaviors. We may expect Americans to be noisy, Irish gregarious, and Japanese polite. These stereotypes need not be negative but often are, leading to prejudice and/or hostility. Perhaps the most obnoxious prejudice against others who are “not like me” is racism, partly because racial categorization is so easy.6 Stereotypes of other nationalities may be intense, particularly when the group in question is prominent in one’s experience. Much political conflict—for instance, Arab–Israeli, Indian– Pakistani, Shia–Sunni, Irish Catholic–Irish Protestant—creates and is supported by intense negative stereotypes of out-groups. Stereotypes may be based on limited information or on the views of influential others. People who have never met anyone from another culture can hold intense stereotypes of that culture. Furthermore, stereotypes 49 perpetuate themselves, because selective perception focuses attention on information that confirms our stereotypes and away from information that disconfirms them. ATTRIBUTION In attribution we move beyond simply observing and interpreting others to making inferences about why they behave as they do. Particularly important is the distinction between internal attributions, in which behavior is attributed to factors associated with the person (for example, “she punished her son because she is an aggressive person”), and external attributions, in which we believe behavior is caused by external circumstance (“she punished her son because he misbehaved”). When categorization and stereotypic expectations are combined with attribution, we get some interesting effects. For example, “she punished her son because she is Serbian, and Serbians are cruel and aggressive.” A common error is to attribute the behavior of members of an out-group to the same causes that would likely be true if members of our own in- group behaved the same way, as shown in the following case. THE BOYFRIEND WHO WASN’T Naoko, a female Japanese exchange student at a college in South Carolina, writes excitedly to her Osaka girlfriend: “Here in America, I have a new boyfriend! His name is Clive. He is good looking, with curly hair. I was taken to visit his parents’ house, and he was very nice to me, looking after my every need. I think we will soon have a date.” Clive, meantime, confides to his friends: “Naoko seems to have gotten things all mixed up. I have a girlfriend already, and I don’t want two. Sure, I was nice to her when she visited, but that was just normal politeness.” Clive comes from America’s traditional Deep South, where social graces and effusive good manners have long been the norm. Clive was only acting as he had been brought up always to act in social situations. Unfortunately, the same type of behavior practiced in Naoko’s culture would have been evidence of a romantic interest.7 In this case, cultural cruise control affected both parties. Clive continued to act automatically in the script of his own culture, noticing only too late the impression his behavior was making on his companion. Naoko continued to observe automatically through the lens of her own 50 culture and made no allowances for the difference in background. Without either one meaning to, the two colluded to create a major misunderstanding. What was needed was for them to switch off their cultural cruise control and adopt a state of mindfulness in which they both become aware of the cultural significance of their own and the other’s behavior. Switching off Cultural Cruise Control A pilot whose airplane is set on cruise control—automatic pilot—can rely on the expert programming built into the automatic system to keep the plane flying straight and level on the correct course, as long as conditions stay normal. But occasionally a change in conditions—a sudden weather hazard, a mechanical failure—will trigger warning signs. The pilot will snap out of mindlessness, switch off the automatic pilot, and devote full attention and skill to the problem. A person from the United States who tries to drive a car in Japan or Britain, where the traffic travels on the left side of the road rather than the right and the driving controls are on the right side of the car not the left, will have to abandon some of the built-in rules and habits of driving in the United States. In novel cross-cultural situations, it is similarly imperative that we switch off our cultural cruise control. However, doing so is just the first step. Suspending cultural mindlessness directs your attention to cultural issues. It does not follow that you are attending to them in a productive way. To get maximum benefit requires a new set of active practices, which we call mindfulness. Mindfulness Mindfulness is such a common idea that many people do not appreciate how powerful it can be. It is actively paying attention to the present situation and its context. It means discarding our rigid mental programming. It does not mean abandoning who we are but rather using attention to become aware of differences and to think differently. It involves recognizing that despite cultural differences there will be many similarities between us and people from other groups, and that cultural differences do not matter all the time. In cross-cultural interactions, mindfulness means simultaneously paying attention to the external situation, monitoring our own thoughts and feelings, and regulating the knowledge and skills we use. 51 MINDFUL ATTENTION Mindful attention involves using all of the senses (for example, hearing the words that the other person speaks but also noting the expression on his or her face), viewing the situation with an open mind, and attending to the context to help interpretation. MINDFUL MONITORING Mindful monitoring means being aware of our own assumptions, ideas, and emotions, as well as noticing cues from the other people and tuning in to their assumptions, words, and behavior. It also means putting ourselves in other people’s shoes as a means of understanding the situation and their feelings toward it, from the perspective of their cultural background rather than ours. MINDFUL REGULATION Mindful regulation means creating new mental maps of other people’s personalities and cultural backgrounds to assist in responding appropriately to them, seeking out fresh information to confirm or disconfirm the mental maps, choosing not to respond automatically, and editing responses to be consistent with our goals. Consider these examples: Mindlessness—“After I finished the job, she started criticizing me. She is always criticizing me. She is Asian and doesn’t understand how we do things here. So I stopped listening to her. She went on and on, and eventually I just walked out.” Mindfulness—“After I finished the job, she started criticizing the way I had done it. I listened to what she had to say; maybe she would have some good points to make. I paid attention to the tone of her voice and the way she looked: she didn’t really seem angry, just concerned. I was aware that I hadn’t done that sort of work before, that she was more experienced. I knew she would have to explain the problem to her boss, and I wondered how that would feel for her. She is Asian, and I knew she would not want to lose face. But she is so knowledgeable; I knew I could learn from her. I also knew she didn’t like to be interrupted, so I waited patiently till she was finished. Then I apologized for my mistakes, thanked her for her feedback, and asked if she could monitor me while I did the job again.” Mindfulness is a mediating step that helps us to use knowledge to 52 develop skillful practice. It gives us readiness to interact with people who are different. It gives us the background to communicate comfortably and accurately in ways that honor the backgrounds and identities of both parties. And it focuses our minds on the cross-cultural aspects of the situation. Initially being mindful takes considerable effort. But over time being mindful can become a natural and normal way of being. We can’t be mindful all the time, and we don’t have to be. But mindfulness helps us to be in control and leads to greater freedom of thought and action. Cross-Cultural Skills Knowledge and mindfulness are key elements in cultural intelligence, but in themselves they are not enough. In practice, cultural intelligence is seen in and judged by skilled behavior. Cultural intelligence is not just a mind game—you have to be able to perform. For example, in the case with which we started this chapter, it will be insufficient for Safiyah to learn Australian dress norms and pay more mindful attention to how things are normally done in her new country. She also needs to moderate her behavior such that any cultural discomfort she may feel is not on public display and so that she is able to interact suitably and develop good relationships. Australians, such as the shoeless young man she met, might likewise benefit from appreciating the expectations of those who are culturally different and taking those into account in deciding how to dress and how to act. The third and last element of cultural intelligence is cross-cultural skills. The concept of skill can be applied to social behavior. In organizations, for example, the most common problems are not technical or administrative deficiencies but communication failures, misunderstandings in negotiations, personality conflicts, poor leadership style, and bad teamwork—in other words, people interacting inadequately with each other. Nowadays, many organizations regard social and interpersonal skills as key qualifications for employees. More than 70 percent of managers’ time, in most cultures, is typically spent in interaction with superiors, subordinates, peers, clients, and others, in face-to-face conversations, meetings, telephone calls, and informal social settings.8 Skilled interpersonal performance is vital, and many companies offer their employees skills training. Most of us admire the social performance of colleagues and others who 53 are outstanding in the art of interpersonal communication and relationship building. Each of us also has his or her own set of skilled social behaviors, which are closely related to the expectations and scripts of our own culture. Some of the social skills we develop in our own cultures may contain elements—such as willingness to initiate a conversation, interest in other people, and listening skills—that may assist us in other cultural settings. However, operating in other cultures also creates a new frontier for our social interactions, often requiring the development of new social performance. Acquiring the skills of cultural intelligence does not mean becoming more skilled in a particular set of behaviors but rather building general skills that extend the range, or repertoire, of skilled behaviors, and knowing when to use each one. Cultural difference extends the range of possibilities that we may face.9 Skilled routines we have mastered effectively in one culture may be counterproductive in another, to the extent that we have to “unlearn” them in the new situation. Here is a case in point. FRENCH DRESSING Philippe LeBeau was a stereotypically dark, handsome Frenchman. He was known particularly for his charm toward women. This was particularly important in the Paris media company where Philippe worked as a manager, because the majority of employees were women. Philippe had noticed that many of these women took pride in dressing fashionably. He would therefore compliment them frequently on their appearance—for example, “Marie, that is such a chic outfit! You look beautiful today.” This kind of comment almost always gained him a smile, a blush, a thank you, and more importantly, he felt, increased cooperation from the woman he had complimented. Philippe’s company was taken over by a major international conglomerate based in the United States, and to his delight Philippe was transferred for a two-year assignment in the company headquarters in New Jersey. He was given a briefing on the United States and its different norms and was advised, for example, that touching other people, particularly those of the opposite sex, was much less acceptable there than in France. He therefore resolved to be careful about his habits of taking his 54 female colleagues’ hands in his, kissing them on the cheek, and the like. In New Jersey, his new secretary, Anita Courtenay, was highly effective as well as strikingly beautiful. Like many of Philippe’s French colleagues, she dressed extremely well. Philippe was careful to keep his physical distance from Anita as he had been taught, but he felt that her obvious glamour provided an opportunity to build a good working relationship. So in his customary French manner he would greet her every morning with a fresh compliment on her appearance. Her initial reaction was surprise. Then she would thank him politely and change the subject. But after a week or so she began to respond by frowning and pursing her lips. Philippe was puzzled. She really was an outstanding secretary as well as a beautiful woman. Did she think his compliments were insincere? And was it his imagination, or was she wearing outfits that were less chic with each passing day? Was she also using less makeup? One morning he arrived at his office to find Anita seated at her desk, apparently wearing no makeup and with an outfit that was neat and tasteful but far from glamorous. Even in this modest attire, Anita looked fresh and lovely, and Philippe said so: “Anita, once more you are looking wonderful. My heart is beating faster, and I know that I will work better today because of it.” She looked at him with astonishment, then stood up. “Mr. LeBeau,” she said levelly, “please stop making comments on my personal appearance. I am not here as a decoration, I am here as an employee. I take pride in what I do, but all you can talk about is the way I look. Can you imagine how that makes me feel? I have tried to discourage you, but you won’t take a hint. And if you have any ideas about getting involved with me, you can forget them—I’m not interested. So from now on, can you please treat me with a bit more respect and professionalism?” In this case, Philippe has developed a repertoire of skilled behavior that worked well in one cultural situation but, even when modified, broke down in another. His performance is based on a particular “French” view of the world, on ways of expressing himself probably developed from childhood, on sheer habit, and on having had the habit consistently rewarded. It will be hard for Philippe to erase the habits that don’t work in his new environment and to replace them with new, more appropriate 55 forms of social performance. First he will need to gain a better understanding of the norms of male-female interaction in his new culture (knowledge). Then he will have to pay more attention to the behavioral cues provided by Anita and the other women with whom he interacts (mindfulness). Last he will need to develop, experiment with, and refine new ways of behaving toward women. The development of this new behavior involves developing a set of general skills. The general skills that research has shown are related to appropriate behavior in cross-cultural interactions are as follows:10 • relational skills • tolerance for uncertainty • empathy • perceptual acuity • adaptability The specific behavioral skills that are required to operate across cultures span the gamut of interactions and interpersonal relationships in organizations. Skilled Performance To understand the skills aspect of cultural intelligence, think of yourself as a performer. The notion of skilled performance has been applied to many different areas of human endeavor. Diana Krall singing a jazz standard or Novak Djokovic hitting a perfect tennis serve epitomize the smooth and apparently effortless production of behaviors that exercise near-perfect control over parts of the physical world. These virtuoso performers have enormous physical and mental talent in their chosen fields, yet each has also spent many years of hard work perfecting her or his art. Djokovic’s performance is built on numerous skills, such as manual dexterity and distance estimation, and Krall’s on other skills, such as the ability to hear different musical tones and mastery of voice control. The performance of effective cross-cultural behavior is built on general skills, such as those indicated above, and sometimes on skills specific to particular cultural situations. A key skill element in cultural intelligence is adaptability. Each situation will be unique and will involve interaction with unique people. As skilled social performers, we have to be able instantaneously to adapt 56 our general approach and specific interactions to the particular characteristics of the situation and to the expectations of the other people involved. Effective cross-cultural behavior is not composed of fixed routines but of flexible abilities that can—with the guidance of mindfulness—be modified to meet new or changing conditions. Within every culture people vary in the extent to which they conform to underlying cultural norms. The culturally intelligent person’s social performance draws on a repertoire of potential behaviors. By mindfully monitoring the environment, he or she is able to select, employ, and modify appropriate routines from this wide resource. Summary This chapter describes how our cultural programming affects our behavior and our interactions with others who are culturally different. Much of the time we base our actions on cultural cruise control, in which our mental programming directs our behavior without much conscious thought and allows us to continue to do things without actively thinking about them. However, in cross-cultural interactions this mindless behavior can cause problems. Through selective perception, stereotypic expectations, and inaccurate attributions, we may misjudge the behavior of others who are culturally different. To counteract the tendency to function on cultural cruise control, this book advocates practicing mindfulness, an active awareness that links knowledge about culture to appropriate behavior in cross-cultural situations. The culturally intelligent person also needs to increase his or her repertoire of skilled behaviors, particularly social behaviors, and to be able to deploy these appropriately in different cultural settings. The elements of knowledge, mindfulness, and skills enable the practice of cultural intelligence in skilled performance that is adapted to the particular cultural settings the individual faces.
https://essayonlinewriters.com/social-categorization/
Workplaces today are becoming increasingly more diverse, and globalization is creating business opportunities all over the world. To ensure the greatest chance for success, it’s important that leadership understands and embraces social and cultural differences so they can avoid misunderstandings and create productive and profitable workplaces. On a recent episode of Influencers Radio with Jack Mize, Luiza Dreasher, Ph.D. author of “Mastering Cultural Differences: Strategies for Leading a Global Workforce,” discussed how organizations can create environments where individuals from diverse cultures feel included and can thrive. According to Dr. Dreasher, diversity is now a fact of business, and the same strategies that worked in a monocultural environment no longer apply to today’s multicultural organizations. She warns that ignoring the many social and cultural differences in the workplace can lead to misunderstandings, miscommunication, biased thinking, attrition, missed business opportunities, and even lawsuits. Without even knowing it, a handshake, a little joke, or a tone of voice can offend a client or send the wrong message to an employee. During the interview, Dr. Dreasher explained why it’s so important for leaders today to develop their cultural competence skills. “I define cultural competence as a set of abilities that allows you to manage your interactions with culturally diverse employees or clients much more efficiently. cultural competence has three dimensions, so to speak. The first one is self-awareness. The journey towards cultural competence starts within. In other words, you have to identify what are your biases, stereotypes, and privileges, and how these elements impact your interactions with others. The second dimension is other awareness. That is, you need knowledge and information about different groups. You need to learn about their values, their cultural orientation, and the issues and barriers they are facing within an organization. Other awareness, as I call it, prevents you from offending someone inadvertently, or misunderstanding someone’s behavior. The last aspect of cultural competence is that you need to develop your ability to adjust your behavior to the cultural orientation of others. In other words, you need to be able to become very good at code-switching. When you are able to do that, you show your employees, clients, and colleagues they matter in a way that shows respect. When I talk about cultural competence, I always think of a couple of pictures I saw that really stick with me. One of them is when President Obama visited with Emperor Akihito, and he did the 90-degree bow. He was criticized for it, but the reality is he adjusted his behavior accordingly. It was the right thing to do because he was meeting the Emperor. Another example that I always use in my cultural competence workshops is the one when President Bush was holding hands with Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah. It was the right thing to do. Saudi Arabia is a high-contact culture. It is appropriate in that context for them to hold hands. Those are just examples of skilled ways to adjust your behavior. So lastly, ‘How do you develop cultural competence?’ You need to increase your comfort level in working with differences. But this is something that takes time, and it takes daily, persistent effort on your part. So I always tell my audiences to think of cultural competence as a developmental journey.” As the President and CEO of Mastering Cultural Differences, Luiza designs and implements customized programs for organizations to help them address the incredible challenges of increasingly diverse workplaces and to create a company culture where all individuals feel valued, respected, included, and that they belong. When an organization builds a team that can understand social and cultural differences and has the skills to work effectively across those differences, chances are the business will be able to form more productive relationships with diverse clients and colleagues and even help the company expand into diverse markets.
https://floridanewsdigest.com/author-of-mastering-cultural-differences-luiza-dreasher-ph-d-reveals-strategies-for-leading-a-global-workforce-on-influencers-radio/
In case you weren’t already convinced that cultural differences matter, brain research proves it. Culture shapes the wiring of our brains. Dr. Ying-Yi Hong did brain scans of American and Chinese students attending the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. The students were placed in an MRI head scanner and shown a series of images, including the one below: There was a consistent difference between the neural activities that occurred in the American students versus the Chinese. The scans revealed that the American students placed primary attention on the “object” in the picture—the sheep. The Chinese students placed primary attention on the context of the picture—the lobby. And there was a greater level of anxiety among the Chinese students regarding the incongruence of a sheep standing in a lobby than found among the American students. Hong’s findings are consistent with what many neuroscientists have found when examining Westerners’ versus Easterners’ brains. Hong’s first scans in this study were taken shortly after the Chinese students arrived in the U.S. She repeated the experiment several months later. This time the brain activity in the Chinese students looked much more similar to the scans of the American students, which remained largely unchanged. Hong’s findings suggest: 1. Culture shapes our neurological wiring but it’s not permanent 2. Cross-cultural experiences can change neurological activations This is fascinating material. But practitioners will inevitably ask, “So what”? On the one hand, this gives us “hard science” to prove that culture matters. There are very real differences in how we process information. And studies like Hong’s (there are many others) prove that cultural differences are not simply imagined—they’re real. But most of us have plenty of life experiences to give us enough hard data there. Do we really need brain research to convince us? What I find far more enlightening and revealing is the way this research validates the fact that “flexibility”—that elusive end-all, which is always promoted in cross-cultural training—really is possible. We can re-wire our brains for different cultural settings—and wire them back again. Westerners can see as Chinese do—at least in part—and vice versa. Some promising findings are emerging from efforts to combine cultural neuroscience with the research on cultural intelligence, or CQ. From the very beginning, the study of cultural intelligence has sought to move the emphasis away from comparing cultures to learning what capabilities are needed to effectively bridge cultures. Studying cultural differences is a piece of the equation but it’s many people correctly spout of various cultural differences and remain totally inept at effectively working outside their own culture. The research on cultural intelligence demonstrates that individuals who attend to their motivation, thinking, and behavior for cross-cultural work are able to improve the way they adjust and perform cross-culturally. Similarly, neurological research is further supporting that an emphasis on the four capabilities of CQ (drive, knowledge, strategy, and action) and the related interventions will increase the flexibility of our brains and thus behavior. Rather than working so hard to master all the do’s and don’ts of various cultures, a far better approach is to work on developing a dynamic skill set that provides insights and effectiveness in any culture. Take for example, the importance of being able to accurately interpret people’s facial expressions. Whether you’re conducting a meeting, negotiating a deal, or simply hanging out with someone, it’s vital to be able to read nonverbal cues. There’s a higher level of activity in the region of the brain associated with emotion processing when we’re asked to identify the emotions of people from our own background than when asked to do so for people who don’t “look” like us. Most of us were never formally taught what various facial expressions mean in our culture. It’s just something we’ve learned subconsciously while growing up in our families and communities. Cultural neuroscientists are exploring how to help people have the same kind of subconscious understanding and empathy when interacting with people from different cultural backgrounds. Some cross-cultural approaches emphasize learning a lot of specific facial expressions as used in different cultures. But the cultural intelligence approach is more focused upon discovering how to “learn on the fly”, pick up on cues, and find ways to incorporate what’s discovered into one’s understanding and behavior. It appears that this kind of approach, together with increased multicultural interactions can elevate the level of brain activity we have when processing the emotions of those from outside our culture. This in turn will result in better cross-border management and communication. The preliminary research on a “culturally intelligent brain” is very promising. Multicultural experiences by themselves do not ensure that we’ll increase the flexibility of our thinking and behavior. But when we do the hard work of improving our CQ, we are in fact increasing our mental flexibility, which not only improves our cross-cultural effectiveness but our quality of life and work in numerous other areas as well. __ For more on the research of cultural intelligence and cultural neuroscience, visit CulturalQ.com Note particularly the article by Rockstuhl, Hong, et. al. on the culturally intelligent brain.
https://culturalq.com/blog/this-is-your-brain-on-culture/