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Among the tools that allow successful representation of dynamic situations in warfighting, Modelling and Simulation (M&S) has advantages over other methods such as wargaming, live exercises, man-in-the-loop experiments and demonstrations. Currently, within the NATO Command Structure, the Joint Warfare Centre (JWC) uses the Joint Theatre Level Simulation (JTLS) and the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) uses the Joint Combat And Tactics Simulation (JCATS) for training purposes. However, the simulations are often not used to their full capacity because they are focused on training and exercise objectives. Although M&S has been used within the NATO analytical community in the past, it has become less common for NATO to use simulation to support warfare development, defence and operations planning.
The evolving security environment has revived the need for better understanding of the outcomes of complex situations and this has created new demands on NATO’s M&S capabilities. Some of the most noteworthy characteristics of this evolution are these:
• Wargaming. Wargames are analytic events that simulate aspects of warfare at the tactical, operational, or strategic level. They are used to examine warfighting concepts, train and educate commanders and analysts, explore scenarios, and assess how force planning and posture choices affect campaign outcomes.
• Advance Planning. The Alliance conducts advance planning for potential situations that may arise.
• Operations in a more interconnected world. It is increasingly common for NATO planners to have to consider the entire range of Political, Military, Economic, Social, Information, and Infrastructure (PMESII) means in order to achieve NATO’s goals.
• Capabilities-based planning. Through the NATO Defence Planning Process, NATO plans for capabilities which it needs in the medium and long-range future. These capabilities are used to tackle emerging issues, M&S would assist to better understand the complexities and provide insights to planners.
• Capability Development. Emerging operational needs translated into capability requirements will need to be assessed on their operational effectiveness and risks, and proposed solutions will need to be analyzed to determine they meet requirements and are viable and feasible options for further development.
MILITARY RELEVANCE
Modelling and Simulation fulfill a crucial need in the conduct of Operations Research and Analysis to support and enhance decision making. While NATO’s reliance on M&S in some form or another has been going on for the past decades, its M&S capabilities have not kept pace with the new demands arising from rapid changes in security environment.
Generally, an M&S capability comprises the model, data, and expertise. NATO recognizes that it is unlikely that it can develop a comprehensive M&S capability for all situations and questions, particularly given the likely resource implications. However, NATO nations have models, data, and expertise, so leveraging those would seem to be an effective mechanism for the organization to acquire these capabilities.
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES
The key objectives and expected achievements are:
• Develop an action plan for NATO to identify solution across the DOTMLPFI spectrum to allow NATO to better support decision making.
• Identify what new activities other than training are taking place and need M&S support
• Identify use cases for the use of M&S in support of NATO these activities
• Build a catalogue of national/industry assets that can be used to address the new requirements
• Investigate the mechanisms necessary for nations to share their M&S capabilities.
EXPECTED ACHIEVEMENTS
The activity will produce a technical report that provides recommendations for how NATO should best use M&S to support decision making across its enterprise. These should be illuminated by example use cases. Furthermore, the study should identify appropriate mechanisms for NATO to access and employ national M&S capabilities.
The 2nd meeting of MSG-SAS-178 on “Using Simulation to Better Inform Decision Making for Warfare Development and Conduct of Operations” will take place on 18-19 December 2019 at the CMRE facilities, in La Spezia, Italy. | https://events.sto.nato.int/index.php/upcoming-events/event-list/event/18-ws/277-2nd-meeting-for-msg-sas-178-on-using-simulation-to-better-inform-decision-making-for-warfare-development-and-conduct-of-operations |
The main types of assessment built into our curriculum are responsive assessment (a quick and efficient means of assessing in the moment), formative assessment (assessing student understanding after a sequence of learning), performance assessment (assessing understanding at the end of term) and summative assessment (assessing understanding at the end of the year).
Formative Assessment
Students in year 7, 8 and 9 are assessed every two weeks during our timetabled assessment hour. During these sessions, the students answer multiple-choice questions based on the content from our curriculum. These sessions provide the students with retrieval practice to strengthen their long term memory and generates data for teachers on student understanding of current topics. We call these sessions, ‘Formative Assessment Hour’ and each cycle, you are able to view the scores that your child received for each of their subjects, alongside a breakdown of which questions they got correct or incorrect (if looking at your child’s account).
Please watch the following clip which shows you how to access this feedback.
Performance Assessments
At the end of the term, students take performance assessments. The purpose of these are to assess student understanding of content taught in a term. Following each of these you will receive detailed feedback on areas of the curriculum performed well on and which areas still need some development.
Summative Assessments
At the end of the year, students take summative assessments. The purpose of these are to access the student’s learning over the course of the year. In core subjects we also use standardised tests in Science, Maths and English. These tests provide us with data to help identify students who may need additional support and allow us to identify patterns of performance. In addition, it allows for a comparison of our students against a national data set. | https://www.greenshaw.co.uk/learning/curriculum/assessment-overview |
Act Compass Esl Is There Essay
The ACT Compass test is a placement test that many colleges use in their admissions processes. The Compass tests include modules in reading, writing skills, essay writing, math and English as a Second Language (ESL). Colleges use the Compass test for different purposes, including: placement, diagnostics and demographic analysis. For placement purposes, colleges use a student’s scores on their Compass test to place the student in the level of courses that are most appropriate to the skill levels. Colleges also use the tests to identify specific areas that a student may need remedial help. Finally, some colleges use the tests to gain a better understanding of a student’s overall needs.
Compass Test Format OverviewThe ACT Compass test is a computerized test that has no time limits. The Compass tests are broken down into five modules: math, reading, writing, writing essay and English as a Second Language (ESL). Except for the essay, all of the questions on the Compass test are multiple choice.
Compass Math
The Compass Math test is used to evaluate a student’s mathematical abilities in areas such as basic operations, applied math, and analysis. Students are expected to perform sequences of basic math operation, apply math concepts to solve problems, and analyze situations by demonstrating an understanding of the principles and practices of mathematical operations. The Compass math test includes questions in the following five areas:
- Pre-Algebra
- Algebra
- College Algebra
- Geometry
- Trigonometry
Compass Reading
The Compass reading test is intended to evaluate whether a student’s reading comprehension is sufficient for standard entry-level college courses. Students will be presented with reading passages and expected to use their reasoning and referring skills to: locate important details, identify main themes, make comparisons and understand sequences of events. The passages presented will be from the following types:
- Humanities
- Social Sciences
- Natural Sciences
- Practical Reading
- Prose Fiction
Compass Writing Skills
The Compass Writing test evaluates a student’s skills with respect to written communications. Specifically, the Compass Writing test will present reading passages and require a student to find and correct errors in mechanics and usage in the following areas:
- Basic grammar
- Punctuation
- Sentence structure
- Organization
- Strategy
- Style
Compass Writing Essay Test (e-Write)
The Compass Writing Essay test is intended to provide a direct measure of a student’s writing ability. The essay is often used in combination with the Compass writing skills test to determine the appropriate level of English course that a student should be placed in. Students are presented with a writing prompt that poses an issue or defines a problem. The writing prompt also describes two points of view. The student’s essay is based on their response to a question about their view on the presented issue. The scoring on the essay includes scores in the following areas:
- Style – use of language that supports and enhances the presentation
- Content – appropriate development of the topic including supporting examples
- Focus – presenting a clear and consistent point of view
- Organization – use of logical and coherent presentation of ideas
- Conventions – use of appropriate punctuation, spelling, grammar and usage.
Compass English as a Second Language (ESL) Test
The Compass ESL test is an optional test that is intended to evaluate a non-native English speaker’s readiness for entry-level college courses. The Compass ESL test is comprised of four sections:
ESL Listening – measures a student’s listening skills. Students are presented with spoken passages that range from beginning level ESL to higher proficiency levels with heightened speech rates and increased vocabulary and diction.
ESL Reading – students are presented reading passages and expected to demonstrate their referring and reasoning skills. Students may also be asked to interpret charts, tables, photographs and map directions.
ESL Grammar/Usage – measures a student’s comprehension of sentence elements and sentence structure/syntax. Students will be evaluated on their understanding of:
- Verbs
- Subjects and objects
- Modifiers
- Function words
- Punctuation
- Capitalization
- Word formation
- Word order
- Spelling
- Relationship between clauses
ESL Essay (ESL e-Write) – students’ writing is evaluated in the areas of language usage, focus, organization, theme development and mechanics.
The ACT Compass test is a placement test used by colleges to evaluate an incoming student’s readiness for entry-level college courses. The majority of colleges give the test to already admitted students during their freshman orientation. Some schools, however, use the test as part of their admissions process especially for specific programs (such as Nursing). The Compass test is given via computer and has no time limits. Students are allowed to use calculators that meet the ACT calculator specification. A student’s scores are immediately presented and the score report will provide information on course placement and registration information that is specific to the school that administers the test.
For More Study Tools - see Test-Guide.com's Recommended Compass Study Products (coming soon) to improve your chances of passing.
COMPASS Practice Test Review
Each individual approaches test preparation in a different way. Many test-takers will choose a COMPASS Test Study Guide while others will prefer the modular approach of COMPASS Test Flashcards. Since so much is at stake, it is important to choose carefully as you are ultimately responsible for the test result you receive.
COMPASS Test Study Guide with Practice Questions
The ACT Compass is unlike many other standardized tests designed to be administered by colleges and universities used to assess and potentially place current students. It includes placement tests that staff or faculty can use to place students in appropriate coursework and diagnostic tests used to identify subject areas where an entire group or class of students may need additional help.
In most instances, the test is administered to newly-admitted students before they begin any or much of their formal classwork. In some instances, institutions may require a student to take a specific test before enrolling in a particular course, though the test is often administered and used as an all-encompassing placement test. Offered tests include reading, writing, math, writing essay, and English as a second language (ESL). ACT Compass test results are provided immediately to students-the scores are often less important to the students than in what coursework the students will be placed as a result of their scores. The test is computer-adaptive, meaning the difficulty of the questions being asked are determined by how well the test taker did on the previous questions on the test. Taking numerious COMPASS practice tests is recommended for test day success.
COMPASS Practice Tests
COMPASS Reading Practice Questions
COMPASS Math Practice Questions
COMPASS Writing Practice Questions
The math test includes questions in five subject areas with trigonometry being the most advanced. Certain types of calculators can be used during the math portion (see the ACT Compass website for the rules regarding calculators). The reading test is generally used to determine if students have the reading skills needed to succeed in entry-level college courses. The writing skills test requires students to identify and correct errors in essays as simple as punctuation to more complex skills such as overall essay organization. All of these tests are entirely in a multiple choice format.
COMPASS Exam Study Guide
The writing essay test is used to obtain a direct measure of a student's writing ability. The test consists of at least one writing prompt with multiple points of view on that issue and asks the student to respond regarding their position on the issue. Unlike many other computer-based writing tests, an instantaneous evaluation will be given on either a 2-8 or 2-12 score scale. The ESL test allows institutions to test the ability of non-native English speakers in listening, reading, grammar, and essay.
Unlike other standardized tests which only display final scores in a uniform format, the reporting from the ACT Compass can be customized in a variety of ways. Student reporting can include the raw scores of the various sections and subsections (and also the time spent on each subsection), but the scores also offer recommendations for additional assistance they may want to seek as a result. Many institutions choose to develop cutoff scores unique to their program, and the reporting shown to students can include messages about course placement as a result of the testing. Institutions can also elect not to show any results right away.
In addition, ACT Compass reporting for institutions can include a summary of scores for all students or for a particular subgroup. The ACT Compass can also be used to collect demographic information about students which can also be included in the reporting to institutions. An institution can also elect to receive a retention report showing the demographics of students who are more or less likely to remain in the program. Institutions are also encouraged to contact ACT Compass for unique reporting, offered at an additional cost, that they may be interested in receiving.
The benefits to institutions of the ACT Compass can include those beyond incoming or current students. For institutions that attract nearly all of their students from a specified geographic region, such as community colleges that attract almost all of their students from area high schools, the ACT Compass can also be used with high schools to help them improve the college readiness of their own students. This can help minimize the need for institutions to devote limited resources to ensuring that nearly all of their incoming students meet a basic level of readiness for college.
The ACT Compass can also be administered remotely either to students of institutions that offer online coursework or for institutions that require the exam to be completed by students who are not all in the same geographic area. When this is required, students can take the test in one of over 550 testing centers across the country.
Free COMPASS Math Practice Quiz
Unlike other standardized tests, students are not expected to prepare for taking the ACT Compass in any way because it is designed to be an indicator of their readiness for college at that particular moment. The ACT Compass website offers sample test questions but they are only intended to be used to familiarize a student with the test format.
COMPASS Test Breakdown | COMPASS Prep Course offered by the Mometrix Academy
Self-Assessment Modules: | http://nebock.nazory.cz/423-act-compass-esl-is-there-essay.php |
The ability to predict and manage package warpage at an early stage of product development is critical to ensure product yield and reliability. It is, therefore, important to characterize and monitor package dynamic warpage trends for new package technologies such as 2D, 2.5D and 3D architectures; understand the influence of new solder systems like low-temperature solder (LTS); and derive modeling techniques to enable more robust package designs for PCB assembly.
Electronic Package Dynamic Warpage Trends
iNEMI recently completed the fourth phase of its Warpage Characteristics of Organic Packages project. Over several years, this multi-phase project has accumulated data on warpage behavior for a considerable number of packages with the objective of providing information to electronics manufacturers to refer to when designing the next generation of package technologies and developing SMT recipes. As of today, the project team has collected 15K warpage data points for 56 different packages from 16 package technology types (as shown in Figure 1), including 2.5D silicon interposer packages. The package warpage database created allows us to assess technology trends, identify potential risks of adopting different reflow profiles, and validate the capabilities of various simulation models to improve overall package warpage management across the electronics industry.
Figure 1. Dynamic warpage range for each packaging technology
Low-Temperature Reflow Profiles
One of the areas the project team investigated in Phase 4 was the impact of lead-free, low-temperature solders on several different packaging technologies as a function of peak reflow warpage reduction, rate of dynamic warpage magnitude change, as well as shape changes during the solder solidification phase as shown in Figure 3. Low-temperature solder can reduce, but — in some cases — may actually increase package warpage at solder solidification, depending on the package technology/design. The percentage reduction changes with package technology types and package attributes as shown in Figure 3. These results provide high-level information for industry to assess the risk of SMT and identify areas to mitigate the risks of defects like hot tearing for Sn-Bi based LTS paste.
Figure 2. Dynamic warpage behavior for SAC reflow or low-temperature reflow for any package type
Figure 3. Package warpage change percentage as a function of different packaging technologies
Warpage Modeling Approach
The Warpage Characteristics project also looked at the effectiveness of modeling systems for predicting package warpage. The general assumptions used in modeling can be over-simplified with calibrated material properties to obtain a good warpage prediction on a case-to-case basis. However, such a method is not suitable and sustainable for complex packages (e.g., heterogenous integration package) where new materials and boundary conditions are changing based on assembly process steps. For these comprehensive packaging technologies, the initial design choice and risk assessment based on simulation are critical prior to committing to significant investments in resources and capital. The project team focused on how to refine the modeling framework to be able to capture the actual impact of assembly processes on package warpage (e.g., mold flow, post mold cure). Results showed that a wide range of material models, time-temperature superposition for visco-elastic properties and other boundary conditions need to be considered to ensure that the package's actual mechanical characteristics and stress history are captured. Significant refinement in current modeling techniques to mimic packaging assembly and test process (as shown in Figure 4) is needed to derive a more robust framework for future co-design efforts.
Figure 4: Modeling multi-physics in assembly process
Summary of Project Results & Findings
- The dynamic warpage data collected covers a wide range of packaging technology from small FBGA packages to large 2.5D packages. Dynamic warpage varies across multiple packaging attributes, including package construction, materials, body size, die size, etc. The data can be used by industry to normalize the understanding of package dynamic warpage and perhaps derive solutions to address package warpage and PCB assembly.
- For most packages, package warpage at peak reflow reduces with LTS reflow conditions. The range of warpage reduction varies as well as the package thermal strain behaviour changes with material and design choices. Additional assessment is needed to understand the impact of warpage change during LTS solidification phase on hot tearing defects.
- Initial FEA analyses using different simulation tools demonstrated consistent results for thermal and visco-elastic stress analysis of molded single and stacked die packages. FEA tools that leverage the PVTC (pressure, volume, temperature and cure) material model to describe the curing process of the mold demonstrated more insight on the evolution of warpage as function of curing percentage. This gives better prediction to the actual experimental result. The team attempted to predict Cu-mold strip warpage but more work is needed to refine the boundary conditions. Hence, continued collaboration and development is needed to derive a reliable modelling framework (e.g., co-design, consistent material database, multi-physics capabilities). | https://community.inemi.org/blog_home.asp?Display=39 |
This project will support a civic engagement cohort that will be offered in southwest Minnesota to foster partnering and build capacity of local government, organizations, and residents for effective civic engagement in water protection and restoration. This project will also build networks and the skill set of local resource professionals to do effective civic engagement work for water restoration and protection. The cohort will be administered through the Minnesota River Board (MRB), established in 1995 with a goal of focusing water management efforts on the local level.
This leadership workshop series will provide the participants (citizen leaders) with knowledge, skills, processes and tools that can help to strengthen their current efforts and nurture new ones.
This project will support construction of three watershed framework models built using the Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF). These executable models will simulate hydrology at the subbasin scale. An HSPF model will be built for each of these major watersheds: Crow Wing River, Redeye River, and Long Prairie River.
This project will continue HSPF watershed model construction beyond the initial framework development. The consultant will add representation of point source discharges to the model. The consultant will also compile flow data for the purposes of calibration and validation. Finally, an initial hydrologic calibration will be performed and submitted for approval.
The goal of this project is to construct, calibrate, and validate two (2) watershed models using Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF).
The purpose of this project is to identify effective irrigation and nutrient management best management practices and technologies and the barriers that prevent irrigators, producers, and other agricultural partners from adopting them in Otter Tail County. The primary goal is to reduce nitrate in areas where groundwater is susceptible to contamination as mapped by The Minnesota Department of Health by identifying effective BMPs and addressing the barriers to their adoption.
This project supports monitoring and assessment activities by MPCA EAO staff and includes lab analysis, equipment, and fieldwork expenses associated with monitoring and assessment activities.
Lake Monitoring: Lakes are monitored for nutrients, clarity and other information to provide the data needed to assess the aquatic recreation use support.
This project supports monitoring and assessment activities by MPCA EAO staff and includes lab analysis, equipment, fieldwork, data management, and interpretation expenses associated with monitoring and assessment activities.The ambient groundwater monitoring network describes the current condition and trends in Minnesota's groundwater quality.
The purpose of this project is to develop a detailed tool that can be used in all watersheds within the Otter Tail and Becker counties to prioritize, target, and measure implementation practices at the field scale. The PTM App will significantly increase the targeting capabilities in Otter Tail and Becker Counties. The Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy has not been completed for Otter Tail County, yet, and the PTM App will be able to assist targeting and prioritizing when those documents are created.
Realizing the need for increased technical capacity in the field offices, the Becker, East Otter Tail and West Otter Tail Soil and Water Conservation Districts have developed an agreement that will increase technical capacity while minimizing costs to each district. The first step was taken in this agreement through the recent hire of a shared engineer. Currently, minimal survey grade equipment is owned by the districts. This grant will be used to purchase an integrated survey system.
As part of the FY 2012 funding cycle, the Board of Water and Soil Resources granted funds for development of the Water Quality Decision Support Application (WQDSA). The WQDSA will provide land and water managers with geospatial data and online tools to prioritize, market, and implement actions on the landscape to achieve water quality objectives identified in local and state water plans and to ensure that public funding decisions are strategic and defensible.
The purpose of this project is to improve understanding of primary productivity in the Red River and the diversity and population structure of the algal communities occurring along the river system. This will be accomplished through taxonomic identification of periphyton and phytoplankton assemblages necessary for characterizing responses to nutrient gradients along the Red River of the North.
This project will develop an effective transferable model to engage and educate watershed residents, stakeholders and others to better understand and protect watershed ecostystems through environmental monitoring, training, and formal and informal education programs in their local watershed. The project will build on the foundation of the existing Red River Basin River Watch program by strengthening three main activity areas: 1) curriculum integration and teacher training, 2) youth leadership and civic engagement, and 3) applied research collaboration and watershed science skills building.
MN Legislative Clean Water Fund funding to engage citizens in local watershed monitoring, work with regional partners to promote understanding and protection of watersheds, and organize and facilitate gathering of scientific data all for the benefit of water quality in the Red River Basin.
This project will provide the monitoring of reaches where there are data gaps, incorporate new data and analyze relevant data, identify pollutant sources, hold a stakeholder meeting, and gather information towards the future development of a Draft Restoration (TMDL) and Protection Plan.
The primary goal of this project is to examine the calibration and validation of recently extended Hydrological Simulation Program – FORTRAN (HSPF) watershed models for the Mississippi River-Headwaters, Mississippi River-Grand Rapids, Mississippi River-Brainerd, Mississippi River-Sartell, Mississippi River-St. Cloud, Leech Lake, Pine River, Crow Wing River, Long Prairie River, and Redeye River watersheds and revise the calibration. | https://www.legacy.mn.gov/projects?search_api_fulltext=&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B0%5D=fiscal_year%3A2011&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B1%5D=project_facets_counties_affected%3A479&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B2%5D=project_facets_counties_affected%3A423&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B3%5D=project_facets_counties_affected%3A439&%3Bf%5B0%5D=project_facet_administered_by%3A179&f%5B0%5D=project_facet_watershed%3A91&f%5B1%5D=project_facet_watershed%3A53&f%5B2%5D=project_facet_watershed%3A30&f%5B3%5D=project_facet_watershed%3A40&f%5B4%5D=project_facet_source%3A10&f%5B5%5D=project_facets_counties_affected%3A439&f%5B6%5D=project_facets_counties_affected%3A476 |
WHAT IS IT?
Organisational design is an increasingly common part of HR/People Directors remit today; the UK’s Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development believe it to be a core part of HR’s remit.
Organisational design is a specialist field with a vast number of models in use that help organisations work through the optimum design for their organisation, function, department or team. The focus of good design should be on knowledge, behaviours and skills required to deliver the expected end results, with the final structural (i.e. hierarchy and reporting lines etc) being driven by answers to the three areas.
Traditional Organisational Design – The Missing Element
Traditional organisational design models focus on three key elements of skill, knowledge and behaviours. How each of those elements is assessed will be determined by the specific model used and certainly for behaviours there are a significant number of behavioural assessments on the market that can be used.
However, the element often missing from the organisational design process is understanding the individual’s level of energy within a specific role, especially when that role is in a senior position and from the organisational design outcome needs to drive a new way of operating or has to take a wider organisational or functional role. So for example an HR Transformation programme may determine that there is an on-going need for a Head of Reward, through the standard organisational design process you identify the right candidate from a knowledge, skills and behaviours standpoint, however that role in the new model is required to drive significant innovation in the organisations reward strategy, so how do you know the person you’ve identified has an energy or desire to drive that level of innovation?
Understanding and Individuals energy and contribution inclinations
The GC Index helps individuals and their managers understand where they derive their energy for contributing at work. The Index will determine whether an individual is best suited for delivering innovation, strategy, implementation, continuous improvement and/or are the team player who coordinates for success.
Organisations today are under increasing pressure from technical, cultural, competitive, legal challenges requiring them to be more innovative and agile so staying head of the competition. This challenge cascades into HR/People teams as they are required to provide solutions that support organisational objectives and strategy.
The traditional focus on skills whilst still helpful (and needed) leaves a gap around understanding a person’s energy to operate within the five areas called out above, knowing this information allows better decisions to be taken on appointments into roles and teams ensuring that energies needed are matched to those appointed
The Solution
Using the GC Index at an individual and/or team level to support senior HR/People leaders to deliver improved organisational design changes. By adding in the additional focus of energy alongside skills, knowledge and behaviour HR/People leaders will be able to make more inform decisions on both the organisational design but also who to appoint into role, or who to appoint into the wider team to ensure that key individuals have the right support around them in order to be successful
The solution includes: | https://www.thegcindex.com/infocus-hr-consulting/hr-transformation-setting-up-for-success |
This course introduces quantitative models that can be used to solve decision problems within various corporations. Spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel) will be actively used both in teaching and in mandatory hand-ins. The course is divided into four main parts. These are:
- Linear Programming Models
- Simulation Models
- Forecasting Models
- Inventory Models
The workload is approximately the same for all four main parts.
Possible course combinations
- Corporate Finance (7,5 ECTS)
- Event Management (15 ECTS)
- Introductory Econometrics (7,5 ECTS)
- Strategy (7,5 ECTS)
It is not possible to combine the course with other courses.
Course schedules
The course schedule will be published after:
- 01 June for the following fall semester
Recommended prerequisites
Basic corporate finance, accounting, calculus /mathematics, and statistics.
Curriculum
To view the course material for ØKA2011 Introduction to Management Science, please search here. Do notice that the overview might not be available until a few weeks before the official semester start. Additionally, lecture notes (including problems), and some additional papers etc. (available via Canvas) will be part of the curriculum.
Supporting literature
A selection of papers (not decided) will be available in Canvas.
You will learn this
Knowledge (upon completion of the course, the student will):
- Have a wide knowledge of areas where management science techniques are heavily used both within public and private sector
- Refer to important results from research within specific areas covered in the course
- Translate practical problems into quantitative models that are solvable with spreadsheets
- Justify the choice of various models on the basis of specific criteria
- Discuss strengths and weaknesses of using quantitative models for decision support in practice.
Skills (upon completion of the course the student will be able to):
- Find optimal solutions for linear programming models by graphical solutions, calculations, and by the use of spreadsheets
- Interpret the results and important concepts from solution reports from such models
- Replicate real business situations by the use of Monte Carlo simulation
- Analyze uncertainty in various projects based on the results from Monte Carlo simulations
- Choose appropriate forecasting models for data with various properties
- Making forecasts for time series variables in a spread sheet using appropriate modelling techniques
- Calculate the accuracy of forecasts with several accuracy measures
- Evaluate the performance of various forecasting techniques on the basis of the accuracy measures
- Calculate optimal order quantity, total costs, and reorder point given several different assumptions
General competence (upon completion of the course the student will be able to):
- Assess what needs various businesses might have for management science techniques
- Assist in the development and use of appropriate management science techniques in a given corporation
What does it cost?
Would you like to apply?
The course is available only for students coming from our partner institutions. Contact the International Coordinator at your home institution to find out if you are eligible for exchange studies at Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences (INN University). Please notice that applications can be submitted for one campus only. | https://eng.inn.no/study-opportunities/catalogue/economics-management-and-innovation/introduction-to-management-science |
Most children and young people in mainstream schools will have their special educational needs met through good classroom practice. This is called Quality First Teaching.
Early Identification of Need
In deciding whether to make special education provision to support educational, social, physical or emotional needs, we:
- Work in partnership with parents/carers and the student to identify support needed to meet agreed outcomes. The provision is planned and interventions are allocated to individual needs. The child takes an active role with setting their targets, discussing them with the SENCO/ LSA during reviews. The students have regular meetings with support staff to discuss their progress and support.
- Use of assessment tools and materials that provide important information for student review and support meetings. Reading, writing and numerical assessments are used in order to establish the extent of a student’s SEN and dictates what level of support is required.
- Consult with relevant external agencies, such as the Educational Psychologist, when necessary.
SEN Support
Where a pupil is identified as having a special educational need we follow a graduated approach which takes the form of cycles of “Assess, Plan, Do, Review”.
Assess. Firstly, the needs of the student are assessed. This is done by consulting with staff, parents and carers and the student themselves. We may also consult with outside agencies when necessary. We are committed to working with parents and carers to identify their child’s needs and the level of support they require. Parents and carers will be involved throughout the process.
Plan. Interventions and provisions that are needed to meet the aspiration of the student are planned in order to support the agreed outcomes. These are put onto a Student Support Plan.
Do. The interventions (such as Reading intervention) and support are put in place. A Pupil Profile is produced with the student so that the staff whom they work with are aware of their difficulties and needs and strategies to support them.
Review. The progress that the student has made is reviewed during Annual Review Meetings where outcomes are updated where necessary. It is important that parents and carers and the student are involved in the reviewing process and as such will be invited into school to discuss the progress that their child has made.
- Assess a child’s special educational needs
- Plan the provision to meet your child’s aspirations and agreed outcomes
- Do put the provision in place to meet those outcomes
- Review the support and progress
As part of this approach, every child with SEN will have an individualised SEN Support Plan that describes the child’s needs, outcomes & provision to meet those needs. Parents/carers and child/YP (where appropriate) views are integral to this process.
A small percentage of children and young people with significant and/or complex needs may require an assessment that could lead to an Education, Health and Care Plan.
An Education Health Care Plan (EHCP) identifies education, health and social needs and maybe necessary for children and young people who need more support than is available through special educational needs support. Should the SENCO and the team feel that a student would benefit from an EHCP, an application will be made. The process must adhere to the times scales as set out by the Department of Education, which is set at 20 weeks from the date of assessments to produce a final EHCP.
It is important that all students are able to make progress and achieve. At Belmont Community School students with EHCP’s benefit firstly from having Quality First Teaching, work is differentiated and teachers are aware of and understand the needs of the students. In addition, those with an EHCP benefit from a high level of in class support and some targeted withdrawal sessions, which are focused on the student’s area of need, for example numeracy intervention. Reading intervention is also offered in order to build phonics knowledge and develop literacy skills. Students, parents and carers and other professionals attend Annual Review Meetings with the SENCO in order to discuss progress and highlight any areas of need.
For more detailed information see the Local Offer.
Details of Identification and Assessment of Pupils with SEN
Student assessment is an ongoing process throughout a child’s education and forms an essential part of the identification of students with SEND. Student assessments provide important information about the student and may also be used as a basis for an initial referral to the Learning Support Department. This assessment data will then feed into the student’s review meetings. The team may also use additional assessments (reading, writing, numerical) to establish the extent of a student’s Special Educational Needs.
The progress of all student’s is monitored termly through the use of end of term assessments. Parents and carers are informed on the progress of their child in the form of a termly report.
We try to work closely with parents of children on the SEND register, both informally and in formal situations with the aim of ensuring that all parents feel welcome and are able to discuss their child’s needs or concerns whenever a difficulty arises.
We are committed to supporting every child achieve their potential by ensuring that we use Quality First Teaching, differentiation and intervention. Teachers are responsible and accountable for the progress and development of all the students in their class. Quality First Teaching is our first step in responding to students who have SEN. This will be differentiated/scaffolded for individual students where necessary in order to support their needs. We have five Learning Support Assistants/HLTAs who are trained to deliver interventions such as:
- Literacy
- Numeracy
- Handwriting
- Organisational Skills
- Social Skills
- Lego Therapy
If a child is identified as having a Special Educational Need then the ‘assess, plan, do, review’ cycle is initiated. It is important that parents and carers and the student are all consulted in order to identify the support needed to meet the agreed outcomes. Within the assess, plan, do, review, process each student produces a Pupil Profile, which is an account of what they feel their strengths and difficulties are and what they feel we can do to support them. These are then shared with teachers so that they are made aware of and are sensitive to the needs of the student.
As well as implementing Quality First Teaching we also make the following adaptations to ensure all students’ needs are met:
- Differentiating/scaffolding lessons to ensure all students are able to access it, for example, giving longer processing times, pre-teaching of key vocabulary, reading instructions aloud, etc.
- Adapting our resources so that they are accessible to all of the students
- Using recommended aids, such as laptops, coloured overlays, larger font, etc.
- In class support
- Targeted individual/ group interventions. For example, reading intervention. Learning Support Assistants/ HLTA’s will work with students on either a one to one basis or within small groups according to need.
- Exam access arrangements. These are based on a background of need where evidence is built up from Key Stage 3. This is used to identify what access arrangement may be beneficial to the student. Access arrangements are required in order to ensure that students are not at an unfair disadvantage due to their SEND. Assessment (where required) for exam access arrangements begin in the first term when a student reaches Year 10. These are done in consultation with teachers, parents/ carers and the student. Examples of exam access arrangements are: reader, extra time, scribe, use of laptop and supervised rest breaks.
All students at Belmont Community School have the right to access a broad and balanced curriculum. Teachers are responsible and accountable for the progress of all the students in their class, which is measured using termly assessments. This data is then used to determine progress and target any areas of difficulty.
At Belmont Community School our aim is to establish the highest possible standards of behaviour and is summed up in three words ‘ready- respectful- safe’. We believe that these simple rules and expectations are essential in creating a positive learning environment for all of our students. We believe these messages and the importance of them help ensure students have the most positive experience at school and allow them to progress and achieve.
At Belmont we have the very highest aspirations for all of our students, they are encouraged to participate actively in class and also to attend extracurricular activities. We believe firmly in politeness, responsibility, respect, courtesy and good manners and show our strong care by having the very highest expectations of all of our students in everything that they do. This combined with our continued commitment to the performing arts, sport and a wealth of extracurricular experiences ensures that all our students are fully supported and challenged to achieve their unique potential.
For further information please view or download our Accessibility Plan which can be found in the School Policies section of our website. | https://belmontschool.org.uk/send/our-sen-provision/how-we-identify-assess-and-review-children-with-special-educational-needs/ |
This tool provides some examples and references of analysis and survey methods to assist design teams in understanding and identifying any relevant issues that will influence design direction. This will at the outset assist in developing the scope of a project to enable the development of a high quality interchange proposal. Failure to understand what is not working well at an interchange could create problems in achieving an optimum solution.
NODES Benchmarking Assessment Tool developed as part of the NODES project to analyse the current/existing status of an interchange and to help understand the areas of the interchange as to what course of action will improve it. Could also be used to test interchange following completion of any interventions.
SWOT Analysis is a method of assessing strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats when evaluating design direction and scope of a project. It is a technique commonly used by a variety of professionals and experts. It can provide a good understanding of a project to help promoters to define a clearer brief going forwards and identify and engage with stakeholders, enabling promoters to commission further more detailed survey and evaluation.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. Building Information Models (BIMs) are files (often, but not always, in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data), which can be exchanged or networked to support decision-making about a place. Current BIM software is used by individuals, businesses and government agencies who plan, design, construct, operate and maintain diverse physical infrastructures, from water, wastewater, electricity, gas, refuse and communication utilities to roads, bridges and ports, from houses, apartments, schools and shops to offices, factories, warehouses and prisons, etc.
|NODES strategic objective||Contribution|
|Enhance accessibility and integration||++|
|Enhance intermodality||++|
|Enhance liveability||++|
|Increase safety and security conditions||+|
|Increase economic viability and costs efficiency||+|
|Stimulate local economy||+|
|Increase environmental efficiency||+|
|Increase energy efficiency||+|
Building Information Modelling (BIM) http://www.bimtaskgroup.org/lessons-learned/
European Research has provided some good examples of reference material, which can assist design teams including:
Sustainable Workable Intermodal Transport Choices (SWITCH) Provides reference to evaluation methods to assess traveller behaviour at interchanges. The overall goal of SWITCH is to study the underlying principles of a seamless intermodal transport network through demonstrating innovative and co-ordinated project applications, allied to an integrated market research and validation scenario. Technical measures and studies will be applied in 5 European cities aimed at promoting and developing both urban and inter-urban intermodal transport networks. The technical measures include passenger information, developing integrated networks and ticketing. The effectiveness of these measures in developing sustainable transport choices within a social, economic, environmental and political context will be evaluated. Methodology for Describing the Accessibility of Transport in Europe (MEDIATE) Provides a self-assessment tool to evaluate accessibility of an interchange. To enable Europe’s cities to assess the extent to which their public transport system is fully inclusive, the MEDIATE project aimed to establish a common European methodology for measuring accessibility. This will lead to the development of a self-assessment tool that can be used by policy-makers to identify areas where upgrading will improve the accessibility of public transport in their city. Mobility, Intermodality and Interchanges (MIMIC) MIMIC has developed and tested a series of surveying and modelling tools that can help planners, designers and managers to systematically analyse interchanges, taking into account the various kinds of barriers to their use by passengers. The tools will have their main application in the design stage of interchanges. The guidelines were to cover four main areas: the relative importance of the various factors that determine travellers’ choice of modes, including both the interchange characteristics and aspects of the overall trip; the impact of the interchange catchment area and feeder services on the success of the interchange site; the types of barriers for the different actors involved, and their relative importance; the development, implementation and assessment of site-specific solutions
Proponents claim that BIM offers:
BIM also contains most of the data needed for building energy performance analysis. The building properties in BIM can be used to automatically create the input file for building energy simulation and save a significant amount of time and effort. Moreover, automation of this process reduces errors and mismatches in the building energy simulation process. | https://nodes-toolbox.eu/tools/assessment-survey-analysis/ |
The Complete Project Research Material is averagely 52 pages long and is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters. Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References Level : BTech/BSc/BA/HND/ND.
Get the complete project »
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
In Nigeria manufacturing as modern activity is relatively resent in the history of its economic development. Previously, what was practice in the country was the craft industry (Oguntoyimbo, 2012). Among the product of the craft industry that then featured in local and inter-regional trade were artifacts of woods, brass and bronze, leather, hand woven textiles and bags, iron working from charcoal forges, and fire burnt pottery from local clay.
According to Oguntoyimbo, (2012), the craft industry of Nigeria has experienced considerable collapse in the face of the superior competition of other economic activities, particularly factory and service industries.
Industry and industrialization among other factors can be seen as a vital means of boosting the economic development of an area. It is means of measuring development attainment of an area. This explains why the developing countries pursue the goal of industrialization with keen determination. This is to achieve goal like revenue generation by government, provision of job opportunities to people living in the industrial regions and to also provide social infrastructure to the area close to the industries. The industrial sector in Kaduna is an energy consuming sector that consist all facilities and equipment used for producing, processes or assembling goods. The industrial sector encompasses the following types of activities like manufacturing, agriculture fishing, hunting and so on.
This sector is undergoing major restructuring in production, marketing and management practices, the outcome of which may have serious implication for the survival of the industry itself and livelihood of those who work in it. Like many developing countries that attempt to industrialize in the l960’s and l970’s, industrialization has been heavily import — dependent and largely protected by an overvalued currency, tariff barriers and in some cases, state subsidies. Thus even before the onset of the current economic crisis, the industrial sector suffered from very serious structural imbalances. These imbalances are manifested in the linkages between the various sub sectors of industry, particularly the consumer intermediate and capital goods industries, with the bulk of manufacturing capacity concentrated in the consumer goods sector. The intermediate goods sector is relatively underdeveloped and the capital goods sector almost nonexistent factories depend for their full operation on the importation of essential raw materials, spare parts and machinery (Terribo et al, 2009).
Schatzl (2010), further stressed the factors attributed for industrial development and are, the availability of abundant natural resources and size of the domestic market. He also added that the geographical diversity of the raw materials coupled with extensive man power have growth promoting effect of the economic sector of Nigeria, of which Kaduna was included. This industrialization process, however, was accentuated by competition of foreign enterprise for Nigerians market and accelerated by the industrial policy of the government.
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
It is generally held that industrial development is the 'pace-setter' for the overall development of an economy. It enhances the rate of productivity which, in turn, increases the rate of exchange, growth and development of the economy.
Industries in cities are the nexus of economic growth and physical development - because they produce goods and services, and attract other industries and commercial activities and take up more space. That is, they act as pull-factor in the growth and development process of the urban areas.
However, despite their contribution to economic and physical growth and development of towns, some industries are associated with problems owing to the effluent they discharge into the environment. The effluents pollute the air, water and land, thereby adversely affecting the physical environment and the overall wellbeing of the urban inhabitants.
In an attempt to regulate the nuisance created by industries, physical planners have evolved and enforced landuse zoning regulations in the towns. This is to ensure efficiency and functionality of the towns. Hence industrial locations are considered as a critical aspect in urban planning.
To this end, an industrial location policy was affected through the establishment of industrial areas in Nigerian cities. These areas are planned to promote and ensure an orderly location of industries in the cities. This is because; it must take into account the site suitability in relation to economic viability, physical compatibility, accessibility, city amenity and aesthetic.
The long standing practice of allocating land for industrial development in the form of industrial areas has always been seen by both government and physical planners, and indeed industrialists in Nigeria, as a measure of providing lasting and effective solution to the physical planning problems associated with industries in cities.
But this measure, as can be seen today, in most of the industrial areas in Nigerian cities, is not as effective as can be expected. The physical planning problems of incompatibility to connecting landuses, unplanned physical growth and environmental pollution are still manifested in many areas. Moreover, due to the poor planning of industries in cities, there are haphazard growth of industrial establishments and uncontrolled development around the industrial areas.
Studies have been carried out on the issue of industrial location and development in Nigeria. Notable among them are Sokolski (2011), Hakaam (2007), Schatz! (2013), Suleiman (2003).
These studies were centered on industrialization as an aspect of regional development. The works of Aboyade (2008) were equally based on the need for national industrial location and development policy in Nigeria. Other studies by Vagale et al (2015), Abdu (2003), Yari (2010) were concerned with design principles and standards for industrial areas in selected Nigerian cities. These studies have ignored, to a large extent, the aspect of industrial compatibility to connecting landuses, unplanned physical growth and environmental quality of the city.
It is not clear whether industrial areas were comprehensively planned to integrate connecting landuses, or in spite of industrial area planning, connecting landuses have grown to engulf the existing industrial areas, or indeed both. That is, the aspect of industrial landuse development, its compatibility to connecting landuses, and its impact on physical growth and environmental quality of the city are not adequately examined.
It is therefore, the concern of this study to examine the industrial landuse development and its impact on connecting landuses, environmental quality and physical growth of Kaduna.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
Aim: The aim of this study is to analysis the effects of industrial landuse connecting areas in Kaduna Town and providing sound solutions to the effect.
Objectives: The above aim is to be accomplished through the following objectives:
i. Identify the industrial land uses and affected areas first
ii. Determine the effects of industrial activities on the study areas
iii. Analyze, the impact of industrial land uses effects on the study areas
iv. Evolve appropriate principles and planning strategies for solving and averting the existing problems of industrial landuse development in Kaduna.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The study is about industrial landuse development. Its focus is on urban physical planning problems of industrial activity on the connecting landuses, environmental quality and physical growth of Kaduna. It is therefore based on physical planning principles in practice of industrial landuse planning around Kaduna Town.
1.5 Justification of the Study
The industrial landuse is situated in Kaduna Town which is the study area. A research into the analysis of the effects of industrial landuse on connecting areas in Kaduna Town is very important because of the contribution of large size of these industries to socio-economic development of Kaduna. This research is important as it is based on industrial landuse in Kaduna Town.
This study, if well studied will provide solution to the effects of industrial landuse on connecting areas in Kaduna Town, particularly issues related to urban physical planning problems of industrial activity on the connecting landuses, and environmental quality and physical growth of Kaduna. | https://codemint.net/surveying/effects-of-industrial-land-use-connecting-areas-in-kaduna/index.html |
The metamorphosis of growth policy
CAMBRIDGE – Development policy has long been divided between two types of approaches. One approach targets poor people directly and seeks to alleviate the poverty of individual households – through income support, health and education interventions, and enhanced access to credit. The other focuses on enhancing economic opportunities and raising overall productivity – through economy-wide macroeconomic and trade policies or legal and regulatory reforms. Call the first social policy and the second growth policy.
These two types of policies are generally complementary. Aggregate growth may not always help everyone, especially the poor. Consequently, anti-poverty programs will be necessary even when growth policy is doing its job properly. Occasionally, however, social and growth policies have been viewed as substitutes.
For example, the increased use of randomized policy experiments has allowed analysts to develop causal evidence about social policies – such as cash grants or education and health interventions – in ways that are rarely possible with macroeconomic or economy-wide policies. This, in turn, has led many academics and practitioners to downgrade the practical importance of growth policy relative to social policy.
That is a mistake, because the real determinants of poverty may lie at some distance from poor households and communities. Economic development requires productive nonfarm jobs. Increasing employment opportunities in cities and encouraging migration from the countryside to urban areas may raise incomes more effectively than helping people become better farmers or providing them with cash grants.
Indeed, industrialization has been essential to reducing poverty historically. True, the benefits of industrialization-driven economic growth often take time to trickle down. During Britain’s Industrial Revolution, living conditions for urban workers improved very slowly, if at all, for nearly a century until the rise of labor unions and other institutional changes redressed the imbalance of power with employers. But the more recent experience with rapid, export-oriented industrialization in the East Asian tigers and China has compressed this process and produced poverty-reduction miracles alongside growth miracles.
There are clear signs that we are now entering a new era in which industrialization will no longer be as potent in spreading the benefits of economy-wide productivity gains. Global trends in innovation have significantly reduced the potential of manufacturing industries to absorb low-skill workers. The labor share in value added has fallen rapidly in these branches, particularly for such workers.
And while globalization has accelerated the transfer of manufacturing from advanced economies to developing economies, global value chains have turned out to be at best a weak vehicle for creating good jobs, because they are a transmission belt for skill- and capital-intensive technologies, and because their business model is based on imported inputs and lack of integration with the local economy. Globally competitive manufacturing industries in developing economies increasingly operate as enclaves, similar to highly capital-intensive, export-oriented extractive industries. They may spur exports and higher incomes for a narrow segment of the economy, but they bypass most workers, and especially the least educated.
This growth model falls short not only on equity or poverty-reduction grounds; it also fails to promote much growth because higher-productivity activities cannot encompass an increasing share of the economy. Just as resource-rich economies rarely grow for long (outside of terms-of-trade booms), the industrialization model is no longer capable of generating rapid and sustained economic growth.
What, then, should today’s growth model look like? As always, investments in human capital, infrastructure, and better institutions remain indispensable for long-term economic gains. These are the fundamentals of economic convergence with rich countries. But a growth strategy worth its name must enhance the productivity of the existing workforce, not the workforce that might emerge in the future thanks to such investments.
Developing countries retain significant potential to increase agricultural productivity and to diversify from traditional to cash or export crops. But even with more productive agriculture – and in fact as a result of it – young workers will continue to leave the countryside and flock into urban areas. They will be employed not in factories but in informal, micro enterprises in low productivity services with poor expansion prospects.
Therefore, next-generation growth policies will have to target these services and find ways to increase their productivity. The reality is that few informal firms will grow to become “national champions.” But by offering a range of public services – help with technology, business plans, regulations, and training for specific skills – governments can unlock the growth potential of the more entrepreneurial among them. The provision of such services can be conditioned on government monitoring and soft employment targets. This would enable positive self-selection, with only those micro enterprises with greater capabilities choosing to sign up for government assistance.
Traditionally, East Asian-style industrial policies target the larger, more productive manufacturers most likely to become exporters. Future “industrial policies” will have to focus instead mostly on smaller, services firms, most of which are unlikely to be exporters. This new generation of industrial policies targeting lower-productivity segments can both enhance the livelihoods of the urban poor and boost productivity in the labor-absorbing sectors of the economy.
One implication is that social policy and growth policy will increasingly overlap. The best social policy – enabling sustainable poverty reduction and enhanced economic security – is to create more productive, better jobs for workers at the bottom of the skill distribution. In other words, social policy must focus on firms as much as households. And the new global and technological context implies that economic growth is now possible only by raising productivity in smaller, informal firms that employ the bulk of the poor and lower-middle classes. Development policy may become unified at last.
Dani Rodrik, Professor of International Political Economy at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, is President of the International Economic Association and the author of Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy.
Disclaimer: The content of this article is syndicated or provided to this website from an external third party provider. We are not responsible for, and do not control, such external websites, entities, applications or media publishers. The body of the text is provided on an “as is” and “as available” basis and has not been edited in any way. Neither we nor our affiliates guarantee the accuracy of or endorse the views or opinions expressed in this article. Read our full disclaimer policy here. | https://www.zawya.com/saudi-arabia/en/economy/story/The_metamorphosis_of_growth_policy-ZAWYA20211013041204/ |
Figure 2. Population density (persons/km2) over India (year 2000). In the northern Indian plains, the Ganga (IG) basin, have a very high population density. Rapid industrialization and population growth especially in the last decade have adversely affected urban climate, air quality and caused imbalances in the regional climate at large. Impacts are increasingly visible on the hydrological cycle, agriculture, the energy budget of earth in the form of irregular rainfall distribution, and the monsoon resulting in an increase in the frequency of droughts and floods (Gadgil, 1995; Zhu and Houghton, 1996; Lal et al., 1996a,b; Ramanathan et al., 2001; Menon et al., 2002). Air quality has degraded to moderate to critical levels in major Indian cities with increases in the consumption of fossil fuel (coal and petroleum) especially in transportation sector, thermal power plants, smelters, industries etc. Satellite and ground based indicators of air pollution show disturbing trends that can explain visible changes in the environment. A brief discussion is presented here of the degradation in air quality in major cities, the source of the pollutants and their impact on the environment.
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Figure 1. Urban and rural population growth (in millions) for the World (top), for Asia since 1950 (middle) and for India (bottom), including the Total, Rural, Urban, Agricultural population growth since 1961 (Agr Pop) and non-agricultural population (Non-agr Pop)).
2020 2025 2030
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Chennai
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5
Country Report
Industrialization, growing population and energy demand Population growth has been much higher in the Asian region than globally (Fig. 1). The population density (people/km2) in the year 2000 was 306.9. Rates of urban population growth are higher than those for the rural population primarily due to migration to the cities (Fig. 1). The average annual population growth rate (1980-2000) has been 1.9% (1.6% in the rural areas and 3% in the urban areas). In India, the urban:rural population was 0.181:0.818 (year 1961), 0.742:0.257 (year 1991) and 0.716:0.283 (year 2001). With the increasing population and industrialization, energy demand is increasing and India now stands next to USA, Europe and China in terms of total energy consumption (Fig. 3). Increase in energy needs, along with decreasing dependency on traditional sources of energy (like biomass) especially in the rural sector, has put additional pressure on non-renewable sources of energy like coal and petroleum. In the last decade... | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Impact-Of-Urbanisation-417132.html |
Water shortages in China have been exacerbated due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, with many new cities facing water crises.
“The reckless expansion of cities significantly boosts the usage of water, and water resources have also reduced sharply as well as this, there has been an increase in concerns about water quality,” said Wang Hao, a research fellow at the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
Shanghai-based China Business News has reported that consumption of water for industrial use had grown rapidly and that the water pollution problem is worsening. The twin problems exist in many areas, including Gansu and Inner Mongolia.
Gansu is the driest region in northwestern China and has seen the fastest pace of construction aimed at urbanization and industrial growth in western China.
An investigation by the Xinhua News Agency revealed the existence of a similar situation nationwide, where, following urbanization and industrialization in some places, companies have been forced to seek a water supply after their factories are already built.
The Zhengzhou Airport Comprehensive Economic Experimental Zone, which has been called the world’s largest production base for smartphones, has also been experiencing a water crisis since its establishment. The economic zone is set to be expanded to 100 square meters in area with its total population pegged to grow to 1.5 million by 2020. The Foxconn Technology Group has 260,000 employees based in the economic zone. The local water resources department stated that many companies had built their plants in the zone at a fast pace but had discovered the water supply problem only after the completion of construction.
Wang said that China’s urbanization was pegged at 51.3% at the end of 2011, which was the first time the figure had exceeded 50%.
During the 12th five-year plan, China’s gross domestic product grew at the pace of an average 7% a year. Population growth through urbanization and the expansion of the country’s economic scale resulted in the rapid growth of the economy and society, which had significantly stimulated demand for water.
The growing discharge of pollutants had also upped the pressure on the environment.
China’s demand for water was estimated at 400 billion cubic meters in 1980, which was mostly due to higher water use for agricultural purposes, according to data from the Ministry of Water Resources. In 2011, China’s demand for water stood at 610.7 billion cubic meters, owing to growing water use by households in cities and by industries.
Luo Jianhua, secretary-general at the China Environment Chamber of Commerce, stated that solving the water shortage problem is critical, and that the safety of drinking water in urban areas nationwide needs to be ensured. The protection of water sources also needs to be strengthened, along with the establishment of a complete system for monitoring the safety of water, he added. | https://bambooinnovator.com/2014/05/15/water-woes-intensify-in-china-due-to-rapid-urbanization/ |
Difference between Urban and Rural Settlements
Human settlements are divided into two parts, namely rural and urban society. Both urban and rural areas play their role in describing our country, and rural areas are as crucial to our country as urban areas.
Understand the difference between Urban and Rural based on the population size, type of development, division of labour, social mobility, environment, and lifestyle of people through the table given below.
Rural vs Urban Areas
Go through the following table to learn 10 differences between rural and urban livelihood:
Urban Area
Rural Area
Cities, metropolitans, and suburbs can be termed urban areas.
When we talk about a rural area, we primarily talk about a village.
Infrastructural and transit services are abundantly available in urban areas. For example, an urban area can consist of a railway line, airport, roads, and ports.
Infrastructural developments and connectivity aren't usually observed in rural areas.
The available land in an urban area is used for development. Usually, there isn't much vacant land in an urban area.
In a rural area, one can find vacant land without any signs of development.
Urban areas possess a high population density.
The population density is usually low in rural areas.
The people in these areas have a quick and complicated life due to stressful workloads.
Individuals living in rural areas have comparatively simple and relaxed lifestyles.
Around 35% of India's population lives in urban areas.
Around 65% of India's population resides in rural areas.
Residents can perform agricultural practices along with trade, commerce or other services.
The people are associated with agriculture and livestock.
Labour is divided for each task during the time of job allotment.
There is no division of labour available.
Urban individuals are highly intensive as they frequently shift their work or dwelling in search of better options.
Rural people are less intensive in terms of occupational or territorial mobility.
Due to automobiles, industries, warehouses, and factories, urban areas get polluted.
The pollution level is low in rural areas compared to urban areas.
One does not have to demean any human settlement to understand the distinction between urban and rural areas.
- Rural areas are known for their agricultural services if urban areas promote industrialization.
- However, the government always tries to bring more social amenities to rural areas.
- By bringing more facilities to a rural area, the ecosystem and greenery of a village shouldn't be hampered.
Rural and Urban Society
Urban areas and Rural areas are differentiated based on geography, population density, social amenities, education facilities, and many other factors. Any human settlement can either be a rural area or an urban area.
- The rate of economic development and industrialization in an urban area is high.
- Compared to an urban area, the rate of development in a rural area is low.
- Also, rural areas generally have less population density than urban areas. Similarly, several other factors can differentiate rural and urban regions, as mentioned in the table above.
☛ Also Check: Factors influencing Rural Settlements
What is a Rural Area?
- ‘Rural’ is a region found on the outskirts. It indicates a small settlement outside the city boundaries, commercial or industrial.
- Rural locations can comprise countryside places, towns, or villages, with uncultivated vegetation and open stretches.
- The population density in these areas is also significantly less.
- The fundamental source of revenue for the inhabitants is agribusiness and animal husbandry, along with setting up cottage industries.
- According to the planning commission, the rural definition in India is for those towns with a population below 15000.
- These areas are taken care of by Gram Panchayat.
- It is known that a maximum number of males are employed in farming and other related business in the villages, and there is no municipal board.
What is an Urban Area?
- Urban simply defines a region or area which is densely occupied and contains the aspects of man-made surroundings.
- Residents in urban locations are engaged in trade, business, or services.
- Urban settlement offers better employment opportunities as there is a tremendous boost in the growth of industries due to industrialization.
- These areas, along with cities, also comprise towns and suburban areas.
- Such an area offers comfortable access to various luxuries, adequate transport facilities, entertainment and schooling options, and healthcare establishments.
- Due to industrialization in urban areas, there is an increase in pollution and the spreading of human diseases because of the widespread usage of transport like personal cars and public vehicles like buses, trains, etc.
Summary:
Key Difference between Urban and Rural
In urban areas, the land is used for developmental activities. Most of the land is utilized, and only a little land area is available. In contrast, rural areas have vast empty areas or lands with fewer development activities than urban areas.
- The Census Bureau outlines urban areas after each decennial census by setting standards for the decennial census and other data.
- Rural possesses all inhabitants, housing, and territory not incorporated within an urban area. | https://byjusexamprep.com/difference-between-urban-and-rural-i |
Difference between Industrialization and Urbanization
As we all know, the world has developed a lot since the ages of industrialization in the 20th century. Industrialization seasons were marked by a change in the social and economic phenomena. The transformation involved a paradigm shift from an agricultural society to an industrial society. While industrialization and modernization are an entity that seems intertwined, this article will look into the major differences that distinguish the two terminologies.
Definition of Terms
The term urbanization can be defined in different ways to broaden the meaning thereof. It could refer to the increase in the number of people who dwell in urban areas. It can as well be defined as the process by which major towns and trading centers are formed to become larger, due to people moving into these towns for work and living (1). Urbanization is predominantly a cause of the physical growth of a town or any urban area. Aspects that contribute to urbanization are mainly: industrialization, modernization, and rationalization that results from sociological processes. It is a historical transformation on a global scale. It majorly involves the replacement of old cultural ways to a dominating urban culture.
Industrialization, on the other hand, is a change in the social and economic activities of a people, which involves a shift to manufacturing, innovation and the replacement of farming and other minor economic activities (2). The process of industrialization begun in the 1760s in Britain. During this period, there was marked growth in the population and the income that people gained. Industrialization has featured a lot in the social and economic aspects to people. One of the major phenomena that transpired due to industrialization was urbanization.
Key Differences between Urbanization and Industrialization
Industrialization and urbanization relate to each other. Industrialization is the pivot that leveled urbanization. Though the two terms do not refer to one thing, the process of separating the two terms is complex.
Process
The process of industrialization is different from the process of urbanization. Both of them are inspired by different things. Industrialization is the result of an expansion in the manufacturing process of a company. Industrialization was a shift in the manufacturing process that was influenced by a transformation in the technology and innovation spheres (3). The discovery of new and efficient ways of effecting the production of manufactured commodities led to industrialization. Inventions paved the way for manufacturers and soon, the small cottages and yarn spinning factories were changed into mega facilities that combined human labor and mechanized functions. The transformation is what we refer to as industrialization.
On the other hand, the better-mechanized manufacturing plants realized there was a need to increase their labor force. The sharp rise in manufacturing could not be sustained by the few workers who used to run the old manufacturing cottages. More people were needed to work in the manufacturing industries. The industries promised a better pay for the workers (3). People living in peasant farms in the rural areas migrated to the towns where the manufacturing industries were situated. These people realized that there were new needs that they had to meet. The food was not readily available from the farm and there was no place to call home. This evidenced the mushrooming of lodges, taverns, brothels, and hotels. People adopted new lifestyles and trade was enhanced, thus leading to urbanization.
Importance
The importance of these two phenomena also shaped the reason for their existence. The purpose that industrialization served was different from the purpose that urbanization served. Industrialization at the time was the faith of a country. Industrialization was a show of superiority and grandeur. The more a country was industrialized the richer it grew. Industrialization was an emblem that fanned the flame of a nation (3). Hence, the industrialized nations forged for more aggressive inventions that would further enhance their industrialization.
The labor force that was increasing every day due to the robust process of industrialization was already thriving in their new town. The need for everything went high. More people were working in the industries, meaning that there was more money in circulation. People were also getting salary advancements and appraisals from their companies. These dynamics funneled modernization even the more. Towns grew more as the need to accommodate the rising demands and lifestyle changes. It became apparent that urbanization was no longer an extra provision but a necessity. While the government relied upon industrialization for prestige and economic growth, people depended on urbanization for their sustenance.
The Inventions of the Two Phenomena
There is a sharp difference in the inventions that served the two spheres.
The industrial revolution was one of the most successful periods of inventions in the late 16th century and early 19th century. The era was paving way for lesser philosophical intrigues and more scientific discoveries. Carriages came into being. Coal was then discovered to be an energy source. This led to the discovery of engines. Engines and machinery that relied on fuel to run. The discovery of machinery increased the efficiency of production in the industries. Railroads were constructed to ease the work of transportation.
The process of urbanization had its own inventions as well. People invented new ways to build better houses. Construction became sophisticated. Architectural and civil engineers found out better ways to make long lasting roads. Better means of transporting people were being discovered. Carriages continued to be refined for use by people. Walking became less stylish than using a carriage. City guards evolved to become administrative authorities who started to concern themselves over city planning and public health (4). Health centers came into the picture and the nursing profession was born.
As the invention in industrialization led to better ways of manufacturing and transporting, urbanization led to inventions that aimed at a much more cozy life for the developing working class.
Advantages
It is almost hilarious that the advantages for both industrialization and urbanization were different (5).
The industrialization advantages were more direct and defined.
- Industrialization led to the creation of jobs for the poor village peasants
- The process of production was short, reliable and very effective.
- The manufactured products sold at a cheaper price.
- More industries were developed
- The GDP of the industrialized nations grew.
On the other hand, urbanization had its advantages as well.
- People had dependable jobs and increased earnings
- Health care was more efficient and reliable
- The lifestyle of the people improved
- Modernization led to the creation of jobs as well
- Quality education was provided to sustain the needs of the industries
- More cities developed
Lifestyle Differences
Both industrialization and urbanization affected the people differently. As much as the social lifestyle improved, there was a major difference that the two phenomena caused. Due to industrialization, the lifestyle that people lived was harsh. There were long hours to work in a day, the pay was meager and the working conditions were deplorable. For urbanization, the lifestyle of the people changed too. Selfish tendencies such as corruption emerged (6). People disregarded the need for family and society as well.
Monetary Perspectives
Though this correlation and differences are quite vague, there is a significant difference that shows how the availability of money influences both industrialization and urbanization.
When regarding industrialization, it is of significant importance to note that industrialization results from the want to realize more profits (7). Industrialization gained ground and prominence since a lot of income was expected as the end result. At the same time, urbanization is inspired by wants more than necessity. Financial power affects the tastes that an individual has in life (5). People with more financial power will always look for more expensive and classy lifestyle that drive urbanization. They will want fine restaurants, better houses, and better health care.
Conclusion
The major differences noted from the two phenomena portray that industrialization led to urbanization. Unless there was industrialization, chances are that urbanization would have taken longer to be felt. The industrial evolution which begun in Britain played a major role in shaping the perspective of these two terms as a major reference is given to the period of the revolution. Much emphasis, however, is put on the fact that both phenomena are closely linked. While urbanization would have been slow or impossible without industrialization. However, unless better living standards would have been identified and felt through urbanization, chances are that the negative practices such as inhumane treatment would have continued to clog the manufacturing sector up to date. It is the process of urbanization that exposed people to the reality that the lives of the people could be improved in the industrialization process.
Summary of the Difference between Industrialization and Urbanization
|Factor||Industrialization||Urbanization|
|Definition||The process where people shift their economic activities to industrial manufacturing||The process of shifting from rural settings to urban towns and cities|
|Process||Industrialization evolves from the need to expand manufacturing operations||Urbanization results when people move to manufacturing cities and towns in search of better opportunities|
|Importance||The importance of industrialization is that it contributes to the growth of a country.||Urbanization is important as it helps in meeting the growing needs of the people.|
|Lifestyle||Industrialization affected the lives of the people negatively due to inhumane treatment||Urbanization helped to better the lives of people by creating efficient healthcare, better housing, and planned cities.|
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Cattle breeding was not only a source of meat, skin and fat, but later, people learned how to get milk and dairy cattle. Metal working was a new step in the progress. It led to the expansion of trade, which in turn led to more severe changes associated with the rapid development of a new political, economic and social phenomenon - the medieval city. Expanding the network of metallurgical enterprises, the emergence of new technologies for processing metal and therefore new instruments, the invention of the round rod, caused a general rise in the cultural and artistic life in many European countries. Modern industrial and urban civilization Intensive industrialization is the process of development of modern forms of industry - factories, machines, large-scale industrial processes, which are playing a leading role in the socio-economic system, replacing other forms of economic activities (hunting, fishing, and agriculture).
As a result fundamental changes in employment peoples are appearing in the processes of industrialization and urbanization. Let`s pay attention to intense urbanization - the growth of political and socio-economic role of cities and the increasing migration from rural to urban environments.
The researchers describe it in terms of role conflict, the uncertain situation, status inconsistency or discrepancy, cultural fragmentation, polarization and exclusion. The geological human impact on nature is reflected in the shrinkage of the soil, removal of minerals, agricultural activity and so on. (Goudie 159). Such impacts are represented with the deliberate actions of humans in order to move or re-use soil and minerals (Price et. all web). Anthropogenic processes include mining, construction for industry and settlement, processing of metal ore and construction of infrastructure. Especially we can point the technology raise of the 20th century, which brought global changes for the humanity.
Now the humanity is threatening the world`s ecosystem, continuing the development of technology, biological experiments and so on. Air and water pollution are causing soil erosion, damage to fauna and flora in the development of a number of areas, not enough economical use of land, oil, gas and coal, metal ores and other mineral is disturbing the humans. With the expansion of needs of the growing industry, the demand for various types of raw materials is raising too.
Many natural resources are great, but not unlimited. Natural resource management and environmental protection largely depends on the state of health, working conditions and living standards. | https://freeessayhelp.com/essay-environmental-geography-1278114 |
General Trias, an inland municipality of Cavite, staddles the northeastern part of the province. It is 35 kilometers southwest of Manila. Eight municipalities and one city surround it. Noveleta and Rosario bound General Trias on the north while Silang and Amadeo share the southern border of the municipality. Imus lies on its east while Trece Martires City and Tanza share it western limits.
Land Area: 117.68 sq km.
Population Density: 1,856 persons/sq. km.
General Trias is considered is on the new frontiers of growth and development. It is popular with its dairy products such as the Kesong Puti (white cheese) which is the Filipino version of mozzarella cheese.
The municipality of General Trias registered a total population of 107,691 in 2000. From 66,837 in 1995, it increased by around 61.12% over a 5-year period. The present annual growth rate is 10% as compared to the past census year, with only 4.80% indicating that it has more than doubled in five (5) years. The population is distributed in its thirty three (33) barangays and is considered to be 5.52 % of the total provincial population of 2,063,161. It ranks 7th as to population size compared to the three (3) cities and nineteen (19) municipalities comprising the province.
The increasing growth rate is brought about by heavy in-migration as a result of expanding industrial activities and the booming residential and commercial subdivisions due to rapid urban development. There are numerous local factories present.
Industrialization and rapid urban development are the main aspects in the formation of more businesses in General Trias. The development of industrial parks in the municipality brought about a shift from agriculture to industry and real estate development which pave way to factories or industrial firms to operate in the municipality such as Gateway Business Park and New Cavity Industrial City.
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Urbanization is a process whereby populations move from rural to urban areas, enabling cities and towns to grow. It can also be termed as a progressive increase in the number of people living in towns and cities. It is highly influenced by the notion that cities and towns have achieved better economic, political, and social mileages compared to rural areas.
Accordingly, urbanization is very common in developing and developed worlds as more and more people have the tendency of moving closer to towns and cities to acquire “privileged” social and economic services as well as benefits. These include social and economic advantages such as better education, health care, sanitation, housing, business opportunities, and transportation.
According to Wikipedia,
“Urbanization (or urbanisation) refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas.“
The majority of people move to cities and towns because they view rural areas as places with hardship and backward/primitive lifestyles. Therefore, as populations move to more developed areas (towns and cities) the immediate outcome is urbanization.
This normally contributes to the development of land for use in commercial properties, social and economic support institutions, transportation, and residential buildings. Eventually, these activities raise several urbanization issues.
To learn more about urbanization, here are its causes, effects, and solutions.
Contents
- Various Causes of Urbanization
- Effects of Urbanization on Our Cities
- Solutions to Urbanization
Various Causes of Urbanization
1. Industrialization
Industrialization is a trend representing a shift from the old agricultural economics to a novel non-agricultural economy, which creates a modernized society. Through the industrial revolution, more people have been attracted to move from rural to urban areas on account of improved employment opportunities.
The industrialization has increased employment opportunities by giving people the chance to work in modern sectors in job categories that aids to stir economic developments.
2. Commercialization
Commerce and trade play a major role in urbanization. The distribution of goods and services and commercial transactions in the modern era has developed modern marketing institutions and exchange methods that have tremendously given rise to the growth of towns and cities.
Commercialization and trade come with the general perception that the towns and cities offer better commercial opportunities and returns compared to the rural areas.
3. Social Benefits and Services
There are numerous social benefits attributed to life in cities and towns. Examples include better educational facilities, better living standards, better sanitation and housing, better health care, better recreation facilities, and better social life in general.
On this account, more and more people are prompted to migrate into cities and towns to obtain a wide variety of social benefits and services which are unavailable in rural areas.
4. Employment Opportunities
In cities and towns, there are ample job opportunities that continually draw people from rural areas to seek a better livelihood.
Therefore, the majority of people frequently migrate into urban areas to access well-paying jobs as urban areas have countless employment opportunities in all developmental sectors such as public health, education, transport, sports and recreation, industries, and business enterprises.
Services and industries generate and increase higher value-added jobs, and this leads to more employment opportunities.
5. Modernization and Changes in the Mode of Living
Modernization plays a very important role in the process of urbanization. As urban areas become more technology savvy together with highly sophisticated communication, infrastructure, medical facilities, dressing code, enlightenment, liberalization, and other social amenities availability, people believe they can lead a happy life in cities.
In urban areas, people also embrace changes in the modes of living namely residential habits, attitudes, dressing, food, and beliefs. As a result, people migrate to cities and the cities grow by absorbing the growing number of people day after day.
6. Rural-urban Transformation
As localities become more fruitful and prosperous due to the discovery of minerals, resource exploitation, or agricultural activities, cities start emerging as the rural areas transform into urbanism. The increase in productivity leads to economic growth and higher value-added employment opportunities.
This brings about the need to develop better infrastructure, better education institutions, better health facilities, better transportation networks, the establishment of banking institutions, better governance, and better housing.
As this takes place, rural communities start to adopt the urban culture and ultimately become urban centers that continue to grow as more people move to such locations in search of a better life.
Effects of Urbanization on Our Cities
1. Positive Effects of Urbanization
Urbanization yields several positive effects if it happens within the appropriate limits. Some of the positive implications of urbanization, therefore, include the creation of employment opportunities, technological and infrastructural advancements, improved transportation and communication, quality educational and medical facilities, and improved standards of living. However, extensive urbanization mostly results in adverse effects. Below listed points are a few of them.
2. Housing Problems
Urbanization attracts people to cities and towns which leads to a high population increase. With the increase in the number of people living in urban centers, there is a continued scarcity of houses.
This is due to insufficient expansion space for housing and public utilities, poverty, unemployment, and costly building materials which can only be afforded by a few individuals.
3. Overcrowding
Overcrowding is a situation whereby a huge number of people live in a small space. This form of congestion in urban areas is consistent because of overpopulation and it is an aspect that increases day by day as more people and immigrants move into cities and towns in search of a better life.
Most people from rural or undeveloped areas always have the urge of migrating into the city that normally leads to congestion of people within a small area.
4. Unemployment
The problem of joblessness is highest in urban areas and it is even higher among educated people. It is estimated that more than half of unemployed youths around the globe live in metropolitan cities.
And, as much as income in urban areas is high, the costs of living make the incomes seem horribly low. The increasing relocation of people from rural or developing areas to urban areas is the leading cause of urban unemployment.
5. Development of Slums
The cost of living in urban areas is very high. When this is combined with random and unexpected growth as well as unemployment, there is the spread of unlawful resident settlements represented by slums and squatters.
The growth of slums and squatters in urban areas is even further exacerbated by fast-paced industrialization, lack of developed land for housing, a large influx of rural immigrants to the cities in search of a better life, and the elevated prices of land beyond the reach of the urban poor.
6. Water and Sanitation Problems
Because of overpopulation and rapid population increase in most urban centers, it is common to find there are inadequate sewage facilities.
Municipalities and local governments are faced with serious resource crisis in the management of sewage facilities. As a result, sanitation becomes poor and sewages flow chaotically, and they are drained into neighboring streams, rivers, lakes, or seas.
Eventually, communicable diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, plague, and diarrhea spread very fast leading to suffering and even deaths. Overcrowding also highly contributes to water scarcity as supply falls short of demand.
7. Poor Health and Spread of Diseases
The social, economic and living conditions in congested urban areas affects access and utilization of public health care services. Slum areas in particular experience poor sanitation and insufficient water supply which generally make slum populations susceptible to communicable diseases.
Environmental problems such as urban pollution also cause many health problems namely allergies, asthma, infertility, food poisoning, cancer and even premature deaths.
8. Traffic Congestion
When more people move to towns and cities, one of the major challenges posed is in the transport system. More people means an increased number of vehicles which leads to traffic congestion and vehicular pollution.
Many people in urban areas drive to work and this creates a severe traffic problem, especially during rush hours. Also as the cities grow in dimension, people will move to shop and access other social needs/wants which often cause traffic congestion and blockage.
9. Urban Crime
Issues of lack of resources, overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, and lack of social services and education habitually lead to many social problems including violence, drug abuse, and crime.
Most of the crimes such as murder, rape, kidnapping, riots, assault, theft, robbery, and hijacking are reported to be more prominent in the urban vicinities. Besides, poverty-related crimes are the highest in fast-growing urban regions. These acts of urban crime normally upset the peace and tranquility of cities/towns.
Solutions to Urbanization
1. Building Sustainable and Environmentally-friendly Cities
Governments should pass laws that plan and provide environmentally sound cities and smart growth techniques, considering that people should not reside in unsafe and polluted areas.
The objective here is to build sustainable cities that embrace improved environmental conditions and safe habitats for all urban populations.
Governments should also encourage sustainable use of urban resources and support an economy based on the sustainable environments such as investment in green infrastructure, sustainable industries, recycling and environmental campaigns, pollution management, renewable energy, green public transportation, and water recycling and reclamation.
2. Provision of Essential Services
Urban stakeholders must ensure all populations within the urban areas have access to adequate essential social services namely education, health, sanitation and clean water, technology, electricity, and food.
The objective here is to provide and implement employment opportunities and wealth creation activities so that people can earn a living to pay for the maintenance of the services.
Subsidies can also be availed by the government to lower the costs of basic healthcare, basic education, energy, education, public transportation, communication systems and technology.
3. Creation of More Jobs
To lessen the negative effects of rapid urbanization while at the same time conserving natural ecosystems, private investments should be encouraged so as to utilize natural resources and create more job opportunities.
Tourism promotion and the sustainable exploitation of natural resources can create more jobs for urban populations. Subsidies and grants may as well be provided to foreign and private investment in environmentally friendly development projects that encourage job creation.
4. Population Control
Key stakeholders in urban areas must provide campaigns and counseling for effective medical health clinics and family planning to help reduce the high rates of population growth.
Medical health clinics oriented towards family planning options must be made accessible across the entire urban area with the objective of controlling diseases and population growth.
References: | https://wordpress-204417-887366.cloudwaysapps.com/causes-effects-solutions-urbanization.php |
Industrial activity has traditionally centered on the processing of agricultural and forestry products and on the small-scale manufacture of consumer goods. Rice milling has been the main food-processing industry. Industrial expansion came to a virtual halt in 1970 with the outbreak of war. A few sectors (such as textiles and beverages) enjoyed a short wartime boom due to military orders, but losses in territory and transport disruptions had caused a rapid decline in activity by 1973. The Pol Pot government placed all industries under state control in 1975. In the course of the next four years, some 100 industries were abolished or destroyed. When the PRK took over in 1979, industrial plants began to reopen. By late 1985 there were a reported 60 factories in the state sector producing household goods, textiles, soft drinks, pharmaceutical products, and other light consumer goods. Most plants operate below capacity because of poor management and shortages of electricity, raw materials, and spare parts. There is little information on the small Cambodian private sector. The overall value of local and handicrafts industries in 1984 was estimated at about 50% of the output value in state industry.
Efforts at recovery continued in the early 1990s, but were hampered by dilapidated equipment and shortages that continued to affect industrial production, principally textiles and rubber production. For instance, following the cutback of assistance from the former Soviet Union in 1990, Cambodia's primitive industrial sector suffered from raw material shortages; three of six government-owned textile mills shut down because of shortages of cotton. When major Soviet oil supplies were depleted local companies imported oil, but the cash-strapped state companies suffered electricity brownouts daily. Major industries include rice milling, fishing, wood and timber products, rubber (largely abandoned since 1975), cement, and gem mining. Cambodia has significant mineral deposits of gold, silver, iron, copper, marble, limestone and phosphate, and a gem industry. Construction in urban areas boomed with the signing of the Paris peace accords in 1991. After Cambodia opened oil fields to foreign investors in February 1991, sixteen companies expressed interest in oil exploration. In January 1994 it was reported that five oil companies were conducting offshore oil and gas exploration.
In 1996, clothing industry exports more than doubled. Some 36 factories employed around 20,000 people. The average annual industrial growth rate for 1988 through 1998 was 8.5%. Growth slumped to 7.7% in 1998 due to the effects of the Asian financial crisis, civil, drought, and political disruptions. However, recovery was rapid in the industrial sector as it posted growth output of 12%, 29%, and 12.5% for 1999 to 2001. The garment industry grew by 50% during this period. In 2000, industry constituted 20% of total GDP. | https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Cambodia-INDUSTRY.html |
Asia-Pacific is the dominant global growth area, and its rapid urbanization and industrialization has created a need for investment in water and sewage infrastructure. Given the rapid industrialization and economic growth of China and India in recent years, it is not surprising that they both head up investment in water and sewage infrastructure. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) allows members' companies to invest up to 70% in infrastructure projects regardless of nationality in the region which promotes cross border investment. Manila Water, part of the Philippine conglomerate Ayala, took an 18.72% stake in Thailand's Eastern Water Resources Development and Management, and 20% of the Indonesian water supplier Sarana Tirta Ungaran in 2018.
Few cities in Vietnam have centralized waste water treatment plants, and the percentage of households connected to the urban drainage system is still low. The drainage systems in Vietnamese cities are used for sewage, waste and rainwater. In Indonesia, fewer than 2% of urban areas have access to proper sewage systems. Flooding in major urban areas of Asia-Pacific caused by climate change has created health problems, with sewage and drinking water being combined.
The report "Project Insight - Water and Sewage Construction Projects: Asia-Pacific" provides analysis based on projects showing total project values for Asia-Pacific and analysis by stage and funding for the top ten countries. The top 50 projects are listed for the region giving country, stage, value of water and sewage construction. Ranked listings of the key operators for the sector are also provided showing the leading contractors, consulting engineers and project owners. Country profiles are provided for the top 10 countries including China, India and Indonesia. | https://www.gii.co.jp/report/gd915776-project-insight-water-sewage-construction-projects.html |
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How Does Pollution in Large Cities Affect Human Health?
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How does pollution in large cities affect human health?
It is generally believed that the development of industrialization and urbanization brings about not only the rapid progress of economic growth, but also the widespread of multiple kinds of pollution, especially in large cities where the speed of development is extraordinarily fast, which poses an acute threat to human health. A variety of investigations have explored the effects on human health in a number of urban areas all over the world. As the impacts of pollution on human health are of significance, it is worthwhile to examine them deeply. This essay will introduce three major types of pollution, namely air pollution, land pollution and water pollution, along with their effects on human health.
The first kind of pollution is urban air pollution, which is considered to be a central environmental problem. Ever-increasing emissions from factories and automobiles are released into the atmosphere as the society develops, which have direct effects on human health through inhalation in both the short term and the long term. Inhaling polluted air only causes minor health issues in the short run, such as headaches, eye irritation and upper respiratory infections. Long-term effects including lung cancer and heart disease, however, pose a serious risk to urban people (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory n.d.). There are various air pollutants, of which sulfur dioxide and particulate matter are the primary ones in large cities (Enger ＆ Smith, 2004).
Enger and Smith (2004) define sulfur dioxide as a chemical substance combining sulfur with oxygen that is produced when fossil fuels are burned. As Middleton (2008) points out, sulfur dioxide in high concentration is closely related to the ascending mortality, morbidity among citizens. For example, during the period of 1990 to 1996, a study was carried out focusing on how sulfur dioxide affected the prevalence rate of cardiovascular diseases in seven European cities...
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Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), one of the first national-level economic and technological development areas in the country, gained approval from the State Council in 1984.
Tianjin Binhai Hi-tech Industrial Development Area (TBHIDA) was set up by the CPC Tianjin Committee and the Municipal Government in 1988.
Established in May, 1991 and credited as a key economic function area in Tianjin Binhai New Area,Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone enjoys preferential policies in customs and foreign exchange.
As the national new industrialization demonstration base,Tianjin boasts nine national new industrialization demonstration bases refers to the leading industrial parks.It is home to a group of large and advanced industries with unique characteristics and advantages on industrial upgrading, intergration of informatization and industrialization, technological renovation, independent innovation,etc.
As of the end of 2015,Tianjin’s high standard facility agriculture acreage increased quickly.The rapid expansion of facility has laid a solid foundation for Tianjin to develop agriculture with high efficiency.
Nan'gang Industrial Zone is located in the south of Binhai New Area,its development and construction is part of Tianjin's overall urban spatial development strategy, focusing on the major strategic long-term development of Binhai New Area. | http://www.exploringtianjin.com/industrialparks.html |
With the advent of Industry 4.0 and smart factories, digital manufacturing technologies have been experiencing significant technological growth in the recent years. Technologies are playing a vital role in the revolutionary transformation of many key industries, such as aerospace, automotive, industrial automation, healthcare, and oil and gas sectors. Digitized solutions, tools and platforms are used for Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) which allows manufacturers to efficiently optimize their design, production, assembly, and supply chain operations.
Industries and manufacturers will also be able to integrate these technologies for process planning, plant layout, process and material flow simulation, feasibility and virtual validation of a product or component before implementation. Additive manufacturing technology is mainly used for engineering, designing, and rapid prototyping as well as for the manufacture of functional objects and components.
This technology and innovation report titled ‘Advances in Digital Manufacturing’ reviews the recent innovations and advances of the technology and its impact on various sectors.
What is the significance and current status of the digital manufacturing technology?
What are the key industry trends propelling adoption?
Who are key stakeholders driving R&D initiatives?
What are key partnership activties? | https://www.reportlinker.com/p04138993/Advances-in-Digital-Manufacturing-TechVision.html |
“A record of our emotional life is written on our hearts,” shared cardiologist and author Dr. Sandeep Jauhar in a 2019 Ted Summit presentation now viewed over four million times. He continued, “emotions can and do have a direct physical effect on the human heart.”
Both mental health disorders and cardiovascular diseases are highly prevalent in the global population. These conditions can often occur together as they share risk factors and can impact the same biological pathways, areas of the body, and lifestyle behaviors. Meanwhile, biological and chemical variables that trigger mental health issues can also influence cardiovascular disease and other facets of cardiometabolic health. Certain risk factors associated with cardiometabolic disease, such as poor dietary habits, lack of physical activity, and smoking, are also common in individuals with mental health issues.
An extensive and continuously growing body of research reveals the connection between mental health disorders – specifically mood disorders, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and chronic stress – and cardiovascular risk factors.
The Head-Heart Connection
The interplay of cardiovascular health and mental health disorders involves a compounding effect in which one condition can adversely affect the other both directly and indirectly through biological pathways and harmful health behaviors. For instance, evidence suggests that depression, anxiety, and PTSD can develop after heart failure, stroke, and other cardiac events. Mental illnesses can be brought on after acute cardiovascular events due to pain, fear of death or disability, as well as financial concerns related to the event.
At the same time, the physiologic effects of long-term depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD include cardiac reactivity, reduced blood flow to the heart, as well as heightened cortisol levels. The physiologic reactions associated with mental illness can also contribute to calcium buildup in the arteries provoking the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Furthermore, patients with mental health disorders tend to exhibit high cardiometabolic risk factors with low physical activity levels, poor dietary patterns, and an increased risk for negative lifestyle habits such as substance use and smoking.
In addition, scientific literature notes the potential impact of medications used to treat mental health disorders on cardiometabolic disease risk. While further research is needed to determine the extent of this impact on patients, certain antipsychotic medications have been linked to obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular events, and even death. However, it is important to weigh the clinical benefits and risks associated with each prescribed medication on an individualized patient basis to ensure the treatment can be safe and effective.
At-Risk Demographics
Studies have found that there are specific populations which experience higher rates of cardiovascular disease from mental health disorders. For example, veterans have been proven to experience a heightened risk for heart disease primarily as a result of PTSD due to combat, while women with PTSD and depression may suffer from adverse physical health effects, particularly an increased risk for coronary heart disease-related morbidity and mortality.
An often overlooked demographic, partners of individuals with PTSD also face an increased cardiovascular risk. Research has shown that couples in which one or both partners had PTSD experienced more severe conflict, greater levels of anger, and heightened cardiovascular reactivity to conflict than those in which the condition is not present. Anger and the associated physiological stress responses to couple discord can influence coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular disease risk within these relationships.
As evidenced by poorer health outcomes and higher rates of cardiometabolic conditions in these groups, racial and ethnic minorities experience a heightened risk for the adverse effects of cardiovascular-mental implications. Studies focused on minority groups have found that depression, stress, and anxiety caused by disparities in social determinants of health alongside prevailing racism/discrimination place these populations at an increased risk for hypertension, cardiovascular reactivity, as well as heart disease.
Addressing Mental and Cardiovascular Health
Early interventions in mental health care alongside adequate access to the appropriate services and support tools focused on promoting positive health behaviors are necessary to reducing the risk of cardiometabolic conditions as well as the risks associated with comorbid cardiovascular-mental disorders.
“The head-heart connection should be on everyone’s radar,” according to Barry Jacobs, Psy.D, a clinical psychologist and director of Behavioral Sciences at the Crozer-Keystone Family Medicine Residency Program. “It’s not just being unhappy. It’s having biochemical changes that predispose people to have other health problems, including heart problems,” he told the American Heart Association in an interview.
Clinicians are encouraged to discuss the relationship between mental health and cardiovascular disease with their patients and implement mental health screening and treatment into care strategies as part of a personalized medical approach. Additionally, at-risk patients should be routinely monitored to assess the prevalence of risk factors and relevant health markers.
Key Takeaways
Current literature underscores the often overlooked connection between cardiovascular and mental health, revealing the intersection of compounding risk factors and lifestyle behaviors that adversely affect cardiometabolic health. Specific populations, such as veterans, women, and racial and ethnic minorities, experience an increased risk for these effects and should be routinely monitored to improve health outcomes. | https://www.cardiometabolichealth.org/the-head-heart-connection-the-relationship-between-mental-health-and-cardiovascular-health/ |
What Is Public Health?
According to the World Health Organization, health, as defined by it, is “the state of full physical, emotional and social well being and not just the absence of illness and infirmity.” Numerous definitions have also been used over the years for various purposes. However, there are some that stand out because of their application to people and their overall well being.
In order to be able to talk about health as a whole and its determinants, a distinction has to be made between the different categories that make up health. For instance, a clear distinction has to be made between the determinants associated with an individual behavior and the determinants associated with the environment. The determinants that pertain to an individual behavior relate to the physical surroundings and the social factors surrounding the individual behavior. The determinants that pertain to the environment pertain to the social factors in the environment and the norms of the society in which the person exists.
The next step in this discussion is to study the various determinants that go into making a healthy life course. The first category comprises interventions that are undertaken in order to facilitate the promotion of the overall well being of an individual. These include medical interventions. They could be interventions aimed at preventing the occurrence of an ailment, preventing the recurrence of an ailment or even preventing the development of an ailment. They could also be interventions aimed at enhancing the life course of an individual in general. These could include interventions designed to promote healthy life strategies, promoting the maintenance of a healthy life course, and the prevention of premature death.
The next category is the determinants that lead to healthy life. These include both individual behaviors and social factors. It is through these determinants that we can understand the components of health and how they interact with one another. For example, individual behaviors refer to the ways in which an individual behaves towards his health status. These may include the diet that an individual takes, the amount of exercise he gets, and the social factors that he interacts with. All these interact and help to shape an individual’s healthy life course.
Public health services, on the other hand, are focused on addressing health needs by addressing individual behavior and the environmental factors that support individual behavior. Examples of the types of public health services include those that address heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Most of these public health services are funded through federal and state governments. The reason why these services target certain aspects of health needs is to ensure that all individuals have access to health services.
Finally, we now turn to addressing the environmental factors that affect health. The specific aspects of the environment that lead to poor health are defined as those factors that limit the enjoyment of a healthy life. The environmental factors that may lead to a healthy living may include air pollution, ultraviolet radiation, toxins in the soil, and other factors. A number of researches have looked at the relationship between air pollution and the incidence of obesity. | http://lakewalescampgroundrvresort.com/what-is-public-health/ |
Pilot and Supplement Investigators
UHAND seeks to engage, mentor, and support Early Stage Investigators (ESIs) at both UH and MD Anderson. We focus on enhancing the skills of ESIs who are interested in tobacco use, diet, and physical activity research but may not have training in health disparities or community-engaged research.
ESIs lead UHAND Pilot Projects and are encouraged to attend UHAND curriculum and training activities, connect with community mentors, and participate in Outreach Program activities to deepen their knowledge and understanding of cancer disparities research and facilitate community interactions.
UHAND Directors, Drs. Reitzel and McNeill, personally mentor ESIs who are affiliated with the UHAND Program and assist with critiquing manuscripts and planning grant submissions. Pilot Project Investigators can present their research during seminars and receive feedback from UHAND scholars-in-training and experienced faculty.
ESIs also participate in career and research development opportunities at both UH and MDA.
Pilot and Supplement Investigators
Daphne Hernandez, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the University of Houston. Her research is centered around the association between poverty, stress, and physical and mental health outcomes across the lifespan that contribute to health disparities. A significant portion of her work has specifically focused on food insecurity and obesity. She has a particular interest in Hispanic families.
Dr. Rosenda Murillo is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences at the University of Houston. Her research is focused on understanding and reducing physical activity disparities in underserved populations. Much of her research has focused on understanding the pathways through which psychosocial and cultural factors contribute to physical activity, and how physical activity contributes to health and well-being among Latino adults. Her research also includes examining how built and social environment contribute to health behavior among Latino adults.
Dr. Chiara Acquati is an Assistant Professor in the Graduate College of Social Work at the University of Houston (UH) and an Adjunct Assistant Professor at UT MD Anderson Department of Health Disparities Research. Her research program focuses on the role of psychosocial factors and the social environment on health and well-being in the context of cancer survivorship. Specifically, Dr. Acquati examines relationship processes that affect the psychosocial adjustment and quality of life for patients and their informal caregivers with an emphasis on generating translational results to inform the development of interventions that capitalize on these processes and mechanisms to promote patient and caregiver’s outcomes. The goal is to enhance symptom management and coordination of care to sustain patients and caregivers’ adjustment across the cancer control continuum.
Dr. Xinli Liu is an Associate Professor in the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Houston College of Pharmacy. The overall goal of her research is to discover new and efficacious anticancer drugs and develop novel molecularly targeted drug delivery systems to prevent or treat cancer metastases and overcome multidrug resistance. Dr. Liu is a co-investigator of a UHAND Pilot Project that will focus on developing a highly effective, low-toxic, easily compliable chemoprevention agent for preventing breast cancer development in mouse models.
Dalnim Cho, PhD, is an Instructor at University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Her research focuses on cancer survivorship such as stress, coping, quality of life, and health behaviors in cancer survivors. She is also interested in cancer prevention, promoting health behaviors in the public focusing on multiple levels of influence.
Dr. Markofski is an assistant professor in the Department of Health and Human Performance at the University of Houston. The overarching theme of her research is that many of the chronic diseases that are attributed to aging are not due to aging itself, but rather to an age-associated decrease in physical activity. This decrease in physical activity results in changes to the immune system and skeletal muscle that negatively impact health. Dr. Markofski is a co-investigaator on the Watchful Living pilot project (Pilot project 2). She has also submitted a diversity administrated supplement to the P20 to examine the effects of the Watchful Living lifestyle intervention on physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors.
Dr. Guang Peng is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention at The University of Texas at MD Anderson. The overall goal of her research laboratory is to understand the causes and consequences of genomic instability and the impact of genomic instability on immune phenotype cancer development. More specifically, by understanding and targeting the DNA repair network, her research aims to address two key questions: (1) Can we identify genetic alterations in the DNA repair network that drive tumor evolution, particularly during the transition from premalignant lesions to cancer? (2) Can we identify targeted prevention/therapeutic strategies by modulating the DNA repair network and immune phenotype?
Dr. Connors is an Assistant Professor of Health and Behavioral Science at the University of Houston-Downtown. Her research focuses on cancer treatment and care in minority populations. She works on a Synergy Grant with Dr. Reitzel entitled, “A Patient-Centered Approach to Exploring Breast Reconstruction in African American Women,” and is also a co-investigator of a UHAND administrative supplement entitled “The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer Care and Health-Related Quality of Life of Racial and Ethnic Minority Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer” that will investigate the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has on the cancer care received by minority women with breast cancer. She enjoys cooking, attending cultural events, and volunteering for local breast cancer organizations. | https://www.uhandpartnership.com/investigators |
Marathon County issues plan to improve health
WAUSAU - Marathon County will do more in the next four years to fight alcohol and drug abuse, treat mental illness and encourage people to lose weight and take better care of themselves.
Those were among the six priorities identified Friday in a newly released Community Health Improvement Plan, which is online at MarathonCountyHealthPriorities.org. The plan, called CHIP, identifies actions steps from 2017 to 2020 intended to move Marathon County toward a goal of becoming the healthiest county in Wisconsin, according to a news release.
Another goal, essentially, is to save lives and improve the quality of life for people in the county.
“The intent is to identify what causes residents of Marathon County to die prematurely, become ill and injured, thereby addressing these factors,” county Health Officer Joan Theurer said in the news release.
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The six priorities are:
- Preventing or reducing "adverse childhood experiences," which range from physical, emotional, or sexual abuse to parental divorce or the incarceration of a parent or guardian.
- Creating a culture in communities where alcohol is used responsibility and other drugs (prescription and illicit) are not misused.
- Preventing or intervening in mental illness such as depression or anxiety, along with preventing or intervening in substance abuse or other addictions.
- Getting more Marathon County residents to achieve or maintain a health weight through healthy food choices and physical activity.
- Addressing basic needs for senior citizens as they age, optimizing their health and well-being, promoting social and civic engagement and supporting their independence.
- Promoting healthy teeth and the entire mouth, such as gums, chewing muscles, palate, tongue, with the goal of being free of tooth decay, gum disease, oral cancer and free of chronic oral pain.
Some of the action steps involve seeking more funding for prevention and treatment programs, creating more public awareness of health risks for certain behaviors, encouraging doctors to reduce drug prescriptions and emphasizing more physical activity and better diets in the community.
The four-year plan emerged from months of assessments and planning meetings involving dozens of people from nonprofits, businesses and government agencies.
The goal to become the healthiest county in Wisconsin may be ambitious, but the county already is in the top quarter. In 2016, Marathon County ranked 16th out of 72 Wisconsin counties for health outcomes. | https://www.marshfieldnewsherald.com/story/life/2017/01/06/marathon-county-issues-plan-improve-health/96255200/ |
Findings: This pilot study suggests that a culturally-salient, community-based lifestyle intervention was feasible for engaging medically underserved South Asian immigrants and more effective at addressing ASCVD risk factors than print health education materials.
Disseminating and implementing evidence-based, cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention lifestyle interventions in community settings and in ethnic minority populations is a challenge. We describe the design and methods for the South Asian heart lifestyle intervention (SAHELI) study, a pilot study designed to determine the feasibility and initial efficacy of a culturally-targeted, community-based lifestyle intervention to improve physical activity and diet behaviors among medically underserved South Asians (SAs). Participants with at least one CVD risk factor will be randomized to either a lifestyle intervention or a control group. Participants in both groups will be screened in a community setting and receive a primary care referral after randomization. Intervention participants will receive 6 weeks of group classes, followed by 12 weeks of individual telephone support where they will be encouraged to initiate and maintain a healthy lifestyle goal. Control participants will receive their screening results and monthly mailings on CVD prevention. Primary outcomes will be changes in moderate/vigorous physical activity and saturated fat intake between baseline, 3-, and 6-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes will be changes in weight, clinical risk factors, primary care visits, self-efficacy, and social support. This study will be one of the first to pilot-test a lifestyle intervention for SAs, one of the fastest growing racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. and one with disparate CVD risk. Results of this pilot study will provide preliminary data about the efficacy of a lifestyle intervention on CVD risk in SAs and inform community-engaged CVD prevention efforts in an increasingly diverse U.S. population.
Findings: Intervention success was attributed to trusted CBO setting, culturally concordant study staff, and culturally tailored experiential activities. Participants said that these activities helped increase knowledge and behavior change. Some participants, especially men, found that self-monitoring with pedometers helped motivate increased physical activity. Participants said that the intervention could be strengthened by greater family involvement and by providing women-only exercise classes. Staff identified the need to reduce participant burden due to multicomponent intervention and agreed that the CBO needed greater financial resources to address participant barriers.
Community-based delivery and cultural adaptation of an evidence-based lifestyle intervention were effective and essential components for reaching and retaining medically underserved SAs in a cardiovascular disease prevention intervention study.
Findings: This pilot study suggests that a culturally-tailored exercise intervention that included exercise classes for children was feasible and had physical and psychosocial benefits in South Asian mothers with risk factors for DM.
Findings: Sociocultural norms, family constraints, and lack of awareness about the benefits of (physical activity) PA strongly influenced PA among (South Asian) SA women. Culturally salient intervention strategies might include programs in trusted community settings where women can exercise in women-only classes with their children, and targeted education campaigns to increase awareness about the benefits of PA across life stages.
Findings: South Asian Americans may underestimate their weight status and the effect of their weight on their risk for chronic diseases. Interventions to promote weight loss among South Asian Americans should focus on modifying perceptions of normal weight and personalizing the relationship between overweight and chronic diseases.
Findings: A community and culture-centered approach to developing cardiovascular health promotion messages revealed tensions between the researcher’s vantage point of “cultural targeting” and the community’s perceptions and reactions to these messages. Engaging communities in every phase of message design, incorporating their EMs, recognizing community heterogeneity, and addressing economic and structural barriers, are critical steps to ensuring that health promotion messages reach their intended audience and achieve true cultural appropriateness.
Findings: South Asians’ EMs of CHD encompassed the biomedical model; however, EMs also included psychosocial and spiritual factors. Practice implications: Clinicians and health educators should be aware that South Asian individual's EM of CHD may include psychosocial and spiritual factors which can affect CHD prevention behaviors.
Findings: A majority of South Asians in this study believed that CHD is not preventable and had low awareness of modifiable risk factors. As a first step, CHD education should target the knowledge gaps that may affect risk factor control and behavior change. Educational messages may need to be somewhat different for subgroups (e.g., by education and language) to be maximally effective. | https://www.sahelistudy.org/publications |
The number of citizens in the United States over 65 years of age is anticipated to more than double during the next 25 years (at that time there will be approximately 75,000,000 Americans over the age of 65; this will represent over 20% of the population). This “graying of America” will elicit profound opportunities and challenges. Life expectancy in developed countries like the United States currently ranges from 76 to 80 years. With an aging population, there is a concomitant increase in chronic diseases, disabilities, injuries, health care costs and concerns for caregivers. Approximately 80 percent of all seniors have at least one chronic condition and 50 percent have at least two (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). However, life expectancy is not necessarily synonymous with living better.
Results of literally thousands of studies indicate that simple lifestyle changes can maintain, slow down and may even reverse physical declines related to the aging process. While there are no guarantees, heart disease, cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, diabetes, osteoporosis, and depression may be managed and/or even prevented via one’s lifestyle. These phenomena (along with others) can create a great deal of angst for not only individuals, but their significant others as well. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that one’s health need not inevitably decline due to aging. The reality is that anyone can improve his/her wellbeing by adopting healthy lifestyle behaviors. In recent years, researchers have recognized metabolic syndrome is a common contributing factor to the development of diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers. The syndrome is characterized by increased waist circumference, low HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, high levels of triglycerides, high blood pressure, as well as high levels of glucose. The most direct causes are overweight and inactivity, but dietary factors may play a role as well. More recently, it is acknowledged that the link between lifestyle and morbidity/mortality is not only a Western issue; populations in Asia, Latin America, and probably Africa are also susceptible to metabolic syndrome and concomitant diseases of chronicity.
However, what are the keys to changing behaviors of an entire citizenry? The ubiquitous questions of who, when, how, and where are simple, yet salient, and certainly complex when it comes to encouraging and ultimately changing one’s way of life. Who holds the key regarding prevention? The family; schools; teachers; physicians; coaches; communities; legislators? Interventions aimed at changing lifestyles or behaviors, for an entire population, or even an individual are sometimes met with substantial skepticism. Additionally, enumerating the outcomes of intervention can be a challenge and require persistence and patience, as behavioral changes may take months or even years to yield positive results. However, noticeable and beneficial lifestyle changes in a population are indeed possible. This opinion paper posits that nurses can and should play a pivotal role in not only the treatment of disease; but the prevention of such as well. Once again nurses were identified last year, according to the annual Gallup poll on honesty and ethical standards, as the most trusted profession. Nurses have topped this list for the past 16 years. The vast majority (82%) of those polled described nurses’ ethics as high or very high. The public sees nurses, and the nursing profession as being honest, caring, compassionate, and are appreciative of the amount of time nurses spend with patients. The aforementioned can be summarized as nurses have the “human touch.”
Therefore, it is quite possible that the most significant aspect in a relationship to motivate a person to change his or her behavior – trust – already exists between a nurse and a patient. Nurses have the knowledge behind disease prevention; they have the prerequisite listening skills; they are able to communicate well; thus nurses have an excellent opportunity to change the lifestyle choices of their patients. Now, the glue which holds all of these lifestyle, knowledge, communication skills, and ability to motivate patients together is whether or not the nurse is a role model for a wellness lifestyle. Due to your position as a nurse, you are inherently viewed by patients as being trustworthy, knowledgeable, and skilled. Yet, you must be conscientiously aware of your lifestyle if you seek to change the behaviors of others. Role modelling, may well be the most effective strategy in passing on the knowledge, skills, and values of lifestyle to patients.
If you are going to help a patient understand and develop their own unique health and wellness value system, you must first develop, and live your own path to disease prevention. Failure to do such may not only compromise your personal health and productivity, but will similarly mitigate your effectiveness to change patient behavior, thus compromising their personal health and productivity. The efficacy of promoting healthy lifestyles and behaviors is unmistakable. Obviously, the challenge is identifying the most effective intervention to result in behavior change. While a holistic approach utilizing health care providers; worksites; schools; teachers; media; and the legislative process is often utilized to promote wellness, this paper believes that a nurse may play the most significant role. Nurses are knowledgeable, trusted, caring, and close to their patients. What better way to start changing behavior, encouraging healthy lifestyles, preventing disease, and improving the quality of life, than one nurse who is a wellness role model and who utilizes the “human touch” with one patient at a time?. | https://juniperpublishers.com/jojnhc/JOJNHC.MS.ID.555728.php |
Caregivers/teachers should follow these guidelines for implementing coordinated health programs in all early care and education settings. These coordinated health programs should consist of health and safety education, physical activity and education, health services and child care health consultation, nutrition services, mental health services, healthy and safe indoor and outdoor learning environment, health and safety promotion for the staff, and family and community involvement. The guidelines consist of the following eight interactive components:
1. Health Education: A planned, sequential, curriculum that addresses the physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions of health. The curriculum is designed to motivate and assist children in maintaining and improving their health, preventing disease and injury, and reducing health-related risk behaviors (1,2).
2. Physical Activity and Education: A planned, sequential curriculum that provides learning experiences in a variety of activity areas such as basic movement skills, physical fitness, rhythms and dance, games, sports, tumbling, outdoor learning and gymnastics. Quality physical activity and education should promote, through a variety of planned physical activities indoors and outdoors, each child’s optimum physical, mental, emotional, and social development, and should promote activities and sports that all children enjoy and can pursue throughout their lives (1,2,6).
3. Health Services and Child Care Health Consultants: Services provided for child care settings to assess, protect, and promote health. These services are designed to ensure access or referral to primary health care services or both, foster appropriate use of primary health care services, prevent and control communicable disease and other health problems, provide emergency care for illness or injury, promote and provide optimum sanitary conditions for a safe child care facility and child care environment, and provide educational opportunities for promoting and maintaining individual, family, and community health. Qualified professionals such as child care health consultants may provide these services (1,2,4,5).
4. Nutrition Services: Access to a variety of nutritious and appealing meals that accommodate the health and nutrition needs of all children. School nutrition programs reflect the U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans and other criteria to achieve nutrition integrity. The school nutrition services offer children a learning laboratory for nutrition and health education and serve as a resource for linkages with nutrition-related community services (1,2).
5. Mental Health Services: Services provided to improve children’s mental, emotional, and social health. These services include individual and group assessments, interventions, and referrals. Organizational assessment and consultation skills of mental health professionals contribute not only to the health of students but also to the health of the staff and child care environment (1,2).
6. Healthy Child Care Environment: The physical and aesthetic surroundings and the psychosocial climate and culture of the child care setting. Factors that influence the physical environment include the building and the area surrounding it, natural spaces for outdoor learning, any biological or chemical agents that are detrimental to health, indoor and outdoor air quality, and physical conditions such as temperature, noise, and lighting. Unsafe physical environments include those such as where bookcases are not attached to walls and doors that could pinch children’s fingers. The psychological environment includes the physical, emotional, and social conditions that affect the well-being of children and staff (1,2).
7. Health Promotion for the Staff: Opportunities for caregivers/teachers to improve their own health status through activities such as health assessments, health education, help in accessing immunizations, health-related fitness activities, and time for staff to be outdoors. These opportunities encourage caregivers/teachers to pursue a healthy lifestyle that contributes to their improved health status, improved morale, and a greater personal commitment to the child care’s overall coordinated health program. This personal commitment often transfers into greater commitment to the health of children and creates positive role modeling. Health promotion activities have improved productivity, decreased absenteeism, and reduced health insurance costs (1,2).
8. Family and Community Involvement: An integrated child care, parent/guardian, and community approach for enhancing the health and safety, and well-being of children. Parent/guardian-teacher health advisory councils, coalitions, and broadly based constituencies for child care health can build support for child care health program efforts. Early care and education settings should actively solicit parent/guardian involvement and engage community resources and services to respond more effectively to the health-related needs of children (1,2).
RATIONALEEarly care and education settings provide a structure by which families, caregivers/teachers, administrators, primary care providers, and communities can promote optimal health and well-being of children (3,4). The coordinated child care health program model was adapted from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Division of Adolescent and School Health’s (DASH) Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) model (2).
TYPE OF FACILITYCenter, Early Head Start, Head Start, Large Family Child Care Home, Small Family Child Care Home
REFERENCES
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Healthy youth! Coordinates school health programs. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/CSHP/.
- Cory, A. C. 2007. The role of the child care health consultant in promoting health literacy for children, families, and educators in early care and education settings. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American School Health Association.
- Fiene, R. 2002. 13 indicators of quality child care: Research update. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. http://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/13-indicators-quality-child-care.
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U.S. Department of health and Human Services, Office of Child Care. 2010. Coordinating child care consultants: Combining multiple disciplines and improving quality in infant/toddler care settings. http://nitcci.nccic.acf.hhs.gov/resources/consultation
_brief.pdf.
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Coordinated Health/Care. Maximize your benefits: FAQs about care coordination. https://www.cchcare.com/router
.php?action=about.
- Friedman, H. S., L. R. Martin, J. S. Tucker, M. H. Criqui, M. L. Kern, C. A. Reynolds. 2008. Stability of physical activity across the lifespan. J Health Psychol 13:1092-1104. | https://nrckids.org/CFOC/Database/2.1.1.3 |
Why should Americans care about their mental health? The most obvious answer is that without being mentally healthy, an individual cannot consider herself "healthy" in the true sense of the word. More importantly, however, mental health affects our physical and social health. Researchers in health psychology have conducted numerous studies wherein mental disorders such as depression or social support have affected the outcomes of pregnancy [Source: Nuckolls], gastrointestinal disorders [Source: Craig and Brown], and heart disease [Source: Rozanski]. Components of our mental health not only affects our emotional states, but our bodies physiological and biological states, as well. Psychological and social factors have been linked to physical disease states in three ways: (1) psychophysiological hyperactivity, (2) disease stability and (3) host vulnerability.
Though psychophisiological hyperactivity sounds like a complicated concept, it simply means that there is continuous mental stress being put on the body. If one is continuously exposed to a stressful environment, the body's ability to fight infection is reduced. Stress, in all of its forms, from mental to job-related, affects physical health in a variety of ways. Constant work strain, related to perceived levels of control at work, and lowered levels of social support have been shown to elevate risks for cardiovascular disease [Source: Johnson]. Psychological stress, resulting from both work and personal life, has been shown to increase the risk of heart disease [Source: Rozanski]. Stresses associated with migration from one culture to another has shown a worsening in existing physical illnesses, such as cancer [Source: Cohen] especially where there was a perceived reduction of social support.
Disease stability refers to how psychological or social factors may influence existing disease. For instance, people who have asthma can never exactly predict when an asthma attack will occur or how severe the attack will be. Attacks and severity however, can be influenced by psychosocial factors such as the degree of stress in the immediate environment. The greater the stress the person is feeling, the greater the chance for a severe attack.
Host vulnerability is the prolonged effects of stress on the body. In essence, the patient or "host" is much more vulnerable to disease and illness because of exposure to mental stressors. This concept has been validated by research that shows that people are more likely to develop a common cold when they are under stress [Source: Baider].
When we go to the doctor's to describe a physical ailment (e.g., stomach pains), these physical complaints or symptoms may be affected by the mental stress we encounter in our daily lives. Add to the mental stress a feeling of isolation and lack of social support and many physical symptoms may be exacerbated or prolonged. In effect these three concepts illustrate just how inextricably linked the components of physical, mental and social health are related. In order to more effectively treat these ailments we must therefore treat the entire person—the mind, the body, and the soul of the individual. | https://health.howstuffworks.com/mental-health/mental-disorders/what-is-mental-health1.htm |
Can a person’s experience with racial discrimination impact aging and his or her physical health? The answer may be yes, according to a preliminary epidemiologic research study sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and the National Institute of Health (Szanton et al., 2011; NIH, 2011). The NIA looks at factors such as race and socioeconomic status in relation to health disparities and outcomes. The Szanton et al. study identified a sample population of African Americans living in the Baltimore area who reported experiencing racial discrimination in their lifetime. This sample population showed higher levels of red blood cell oxidative stress, a potential risk factor in cardiovascular and other age-related diseases. Although this study presents only preliminary findings, it is interesting to consider the role that stress and other psychosocial factors play in the overall health of individuals and populations.
This week, you will examine psychosocial factors that influence health and disease. By understanding the role of these factors in health, along with environmental and genetic factors, you will have additional tools to improve health outcomes for individuals and populations.
Finally, in order to develop evidence-based interventions, DNP-prepared nurses need to be able to critically appraise the research literature, including the conclusions drawn from the data analysis. To practice this skill, you will appraise two articles and consider potential sources of confounding and bias.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
- Evaluate the influence of psychosocial factors in health and disease
- Critically appraise epidemiologic literature
- Analyze the potential influence of confounding variables in a research study
- Analyze potential sources of bias in epidemiologic research
NURS 8310/ NURS 8310C: Week 6: Epidemiological Applications, Part 2 and Data Interpretation Essay Assignment Paper
Learning Resources
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
- Chapter 10, “Data Interpretation Issues”
- Chapter 15, “Social, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Epidemiology”
- Appendix A – Guide to the Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiologic/Public Health Research ArticleIn Chapter 10, the authors describe issues related to data interpretation and address the main types of research errors that need to be considered when conducting epidemiologic research, as well as when analyzing published results. It also presents techniques for reducing bias. Chapter 15 features psychosocial, behavioral, and social epidemiology. Appendix A includes criteria to consider when reading an empirical journal article.
Elliott, A. M., Smith, B. H., Penny, K., Smith, W. C., & Chambers, W. A. (1999). The epidemiology of chronic pain in the community. The Lancet, 354(9186), 1248–1252.
This article describes an early epidemiologic study on chronic pain. Carefully review this article noting the structure of the research design, assessment and data collection, and analysis strategies. You will refer to this article for Discussion 2.
Oppenheimer, G. M. (2010). Framingham Heart Study: The first 20 years. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 53(1), 55–61.
The Framingham Heart Study is a landmark epidemiologic study that began in the 1940s. The author of this article reviews the history of the Framingham Heart Study and its contribution to population health. As you read this article, consider any sources of bias or potential conflict of interest. You will refer to this article for Discussion 2.
Phillips, C. V., & Goodman, K. J. (2004). The missed lessons of Sir Austin Bradford Hill. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations, 1(3). Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1742-5573/1/3
In 1965, Austin Bradford Hill worked on a paper that has become a standard in public health and epidemiologic study about how to make decisions based on epidemiologic evidence. Hill put forth strategies for inferring causation and stressed the need for considering costs and benefits when planning health-promoting interventions. Review this article, which examines how Hill’s strategies are often misused or misinterpreted.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). CDC health disparities and inequalities report—United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Supplement, (60), 1–114. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6001.pdf. [Read pages 11–32]
This report consolidates national data on disparities in mortality, morbidity, behavioral risk factors, health care access, preventive health services, and social determinants of critical health problems in the United States by using selected indicators. The required section of reading introduces the social determinants of health and environmental hazards.
World Health Organization. (2011). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/
According to the World Health Organization, “The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities—the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.” This article presents an introduction to social determinants of health.
World Health Organization. (2011). Social determinants of health: Key concepts. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/key_concepts/en/index.html
This article outlines key concepts related to the social determinants of health.
Healthy People 2020. (2011). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=39
This website presents an overview of the social determinants of health and addresses how the information relates to Healthy People 2020.
UCL Institute of Health Equity. (2018). ‘Fair society healthy lives’ (The Marmot Review). Retrieved from http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review
Optional Resources
Genaidy, A. M., Lemasters, G. K., Lockey, J., Succop, P., Deddens, J., Sobeih, & Dunning, K. (2007). An epidemiological appraisal instrumental – a tool for evaluation of epidemiological studies. Ergonomics, 50(6), 920–960.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/
Discussion 1: Psychosocial Factors in Health
Although the United States spends more money per capita on health care delivery, statistics indicate it is not a particularly healthy country. Over 50% of all preventable deaths in the United States are a result of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors (AACN, 2006). As epidemiologists explore essential questions such as how stressful life events and behavioral choices may influence an individual’s health, society wrestles with the distinction of what is actually within the control of an individual, and therefore relates to a personal responsibility for promoting well being, versus how larger-scale efforts can modulate psychosocial risk factors that result in population health problems.
In this Discussion, you will consider the connection between psychosocial risk factors and health outcomes. As you review the research literature, consider how you have come across this issue in your professional practice. As a nurse leader, what opportunities do you have to apply the information presented this week to promote improvements in population health status?
To prepare:
- Review the Learning Resources, focusing on the influence of psychosocial factors on health and disease.
- Locate at least two examples from the research literature of how these factors influence health. If necessary, conduct additional research using the Walden Library and credible websites.
- Examine strategies currently being employed to address these factors, including health promotion and disease prevention efforts.
- Ask yourself: How are these strategies designed to improve population health status?
By Day 3
Post a cohesive scholarly response that addresses the following:
- Provide a brief summary of each example, including the influence of psychosocial factors on health and disease as discussed in the research literature. Cite your sources.
- What strategies are currently being used to address these factors? Support your response with examples from the literature.
- Knowing that there are psychosocial factors that influence acute and chronic diseases, what is the role of the nurse in probing for that information or in larger initiatives?
Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.
NURS 8310/ NURS 8310C: Week 6: Epidemiological Applications, Part 2 and Data Interpretation Essay Assignment Paper
By Day 5
Respond to at least one of your colleagues in one or more of the following ways:
- Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research.
- Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
- Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.
- Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
- Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.
- Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.
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From monitoring your health condition to the early identification of highly pernicious illnesses, there have been several situations where getting a routine medical examination has saved lives.
Preventative health care is essential to take charge of your overall wellbeing. Through a bi-annual medical check-up, you can be updated about your health, the risk factors or abnormalities involved, and the ways you can work towards improving your health.
Generally, people see doctors more frequently as they age; however, that doesn’t mean young, healthy adults are invulnerable to diseases. Some health conditions do not treat people differently. Instead of waiting for the disease to worsen, ensuring routine medical exams are essential to living a healthy life.
When you see your healthcare provider every six months, you ensure your body is functioning well and that you are taking good care of yourself.
Here are some reasons you need to visit your doctor and have your complete physical check-up at least twice a year
1- Early Disease Diagnosis
Why wait? Why not go for a check-up and treat early?
The earlier the disease diagnosis, the easier it is to cure. An earlier diagnosis allows for clarity and saves time as well. Some diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease, are a continuous degenerative process, causing alterations in bodily functions. Other diseases such as mesothelioma or other forms of cancer may be diagnosed in their earlier stages, making their treatment easier.
Regular medical exams allow doctors to identify signs and symptoms you may not be aware of.
An accurate diagnosis helps find the most optimal treatment option for the patient and prevents them from future complications. So, knowing about the illness before it spreads is necessary. It will help you plan for the future while you can still make your own decisions about your care, support needs, and financial matters.
2- Detection of Risk Factors for Chronic Illnesses
Chronic health conditions share common risk factors, such as obesity, high blood glucose, physical inactivity, smoking, unhealthy diet, raised cholesterol levels, excessive alcohol intake, and hypertension.
Through routine medical check-ups, the risk factors for chronic diseases like stroke, cancer, heart disease, respiratory illness, Alzheimer’s disease, and diabetes can be recognized. Knowing the risk factors can help you take steps to mitigate your chance of developing these diseases.
3- Keeps Your Health On Track
Seeing a doctor every six months is a great idea, even if you think you are healthy enough. You should never neglect your health. When you get yourself checked medically, you have access to important information that will help you cater to your physical, emotional, and mental well-being. This allows you to take steps and make the right decisions for your health.
For example, getting your Complete Blood Count (CBC) test done regularly will help monitor your hemoglobin, RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and hematocrit, allowing you to determine changes in blood and any related diseases.
4- Prompts You to Keep Your Lifestyle Healthy
You may often neglect your diet and lifestyle when unaware of your health. Unhealthy lifestyle habits lead to a plethora of health issues. In the short term, they are responsible for tiredness, stress, weakness, and lack of concentration. In the long run, poor lifestyle habits can contribute to nutritional deficiencies, obesity, and various chronic diseases.
Regular visits to a doctor help you know about the importance of healthy habits, including physical activity, a healthy diet, and getting adequate sleep. You may be recommended a special diet depending on your health condition, such as limiting oily foods, taking more vitamins or nutritional supplements, and limiting excessive sugary foods.
5- Helps You Get Essential Vaccinations
Vaccines help prevent you from severe or life-threatening diseases, such as shingles, Human papillomavirus (HPV), and influenza. Seeing your healthcare provider and getting a complete medical check-up may help you get an update about vaccinations. Ask your nurse or a doctor if you need any vaccines to protect yourself and your loved ones from disease.
6- Reduces Medical Expenses
The cost of healthcare significantly increases with progressing disease stages, especially when dealing with a health condition that has been diagnosed at a severe stage. Initial stage disease treatment, such as medication, costs less than the final ones (surgery, etc.). Therefore, it is better to spend your money on routine medical exams to help prevent diseases from progressing and reduce medical costs.
7- Improves peace of mind
Consistent health examinations are essential in maintaining a person’s peace of mind, stability, and overall wellness in the long run. Knowing that your health is being monitored regularly can help minimize stress and worry. Stress has been associated with various chronic diseases, so this can be an advantage of routine health check-ups.
8- Boosts Your Lifespan
When health care is delayed, and disease becomes inaccessible, the chance of survival becomes less, and there are greater problems linked with the treatment. Preventive check-ups and early detection of diseases improve health outcomes, increasing the patient’s lifespan.
9- Updates You on New Medical Technologies and Information
The incorporation of technology in medicine has been a game changer. Whether it be patient-doctor contact or multiple healthcare professionals working together from a distance, digital communication has improved the healthcare experience and enabled access to medical services.
Seeing your doctor at least twice a year helps boost communication between you and your healthcare provider. This can keep you updated about new diseases and the latest healthcare technologies and research, making you aware of the different health conditions and self-care methods.
Conclusion
Whether you are 25 years old or have hit 50, preventative health care is essential for everyone. Regular healthcare check-ups play an important role in preventing you from various health disorders and life-threatening conditions. From detecting potentially severe diseases and increasing treatment options to reducing your healthcare expenses, there are many reasons why you must plan a doctor’s visit every six months and get your essential health check-ups done. | https://healthpassionate.com/complete-body-check/ |
JAMES MARSHALL'S DISCOVERY OF GOLD along the American River near Sacramento in January 1848 precipitated an influx of immigrants from all over the world to California in search of promised wealth. Rumors of gold began circulating soon after Marshall took his find to Captain John Sutter at Sutter's Fort, where the two confirmed, to the best of their knowledge, that the metal was indeed gold. Sutter tried to keep the discovery secret, but word soon traveled, carried by teamsters delivering goods to Coloma. Although announcements appeared in San Francisco newspapers by mid-March, it was not until 12 May, when Samuel Brannan - who operated a store at Sutter's Fort - arrived in San Francisco, a bag of gold dust in hand and shouting: "Gold! Gold! Gold! from the American River!" that workers abandoned their jobs to head for the Sierra foothills. Gold fever spread quickly, first to towns throughout California. Soon immigrants from Mexico and Chile, pioneers who had traveled west to Oregon, and local Native Americans were all prospecting along the streams traversing the Sierra Nevada. On the east coast of the United States the first reports were received with skepticism and a suspicion that the so-called discovery was a ruse to entice American settlers to isolated outposts in the Far West.
Less than two weeks after Marshall spotted gold in his millrace, Mexico transferred vast holdings in the Southwest, including all of California, to the United States by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. By the fall of 1848, official reports and samples of the gold submitted by Californias Governor reached Washington, D.C. With this evidence, President James K. Polk announced the discovery in his annual address to Congress, stimulating thousands of Americans to make plans to set out for California to seek their fortunes. Whether by sea (at first around Cape Horn, and later across the Isthmus of Panama) or overland (after spring snow melt and before winter storms made the Sierra impassible), the arduous journeys demanded considerable energy and expense. Most travel would take five or six months. Overland trips terminated at Sierra mining sites, and ships carrying gold seekers from the East Coast and Europe would arrive en masse in San Francisco harbor.
There is scant visual record of California from the period preceding the Gold Rush. With the arrival of the "Argonauts" a name chosen to describe these immigrants suggests the mythic tale of Jason and aptly conveys the spirit that surrounded this mass migration even in its own time came an outpouring of drawings, watercolors and ambitious oil paintings that documented and interpreted the Gold Rush locales, participants and activities. Unlike other immigrant settlements of the American West spearheaded by would-be farmers and ranchers who arrived with their families, the miners generally came without their families and were trained in the diverse occupations. Among them were artists and writers, merchants, machinists, shoemakers and silversmiths. The miners awareness that they were participating in a historical event, along with the exotic character of their undertaking, stimulated them to record both the everyday and the exceptional incidents they encountered. Enforced inactivity, when winter rains precluded mining, may have encouraged their artistic pursuits.
Although few paintings of Gold Rush subjects were produced by established artists of the day (with some notable exceptions), surviving examples by artists who traveled to California testify that several were skilled, some with the advantage of academic art training and others apparently self-taught. The results were often satisfying accomplishments of artistic merit, as well as compelling, firsthand documents of their remarkable ventures. In images ranging from casually rendered drawings of mining-camp scenes to large oil paintings of sweeping mountain vistas, panoramic cityscapes and formal portraits commissioned by wealthy patrons, artists such as William Smith Jewett, Charles Christian Nahl, A.D.O. Browere and others created a visual narrative of Gold Rush events.
Like other American art of this period, images of the Gold Rush were created almost exclusively by men of European descent who brought their perceptions and the technical conventions in which they were trained (generally in the American East of Western Europe) to their representation of these new subjects. Only a small percentage of the paintings, watercolors and drawings created during this remarkable time survive today. Fires that swept through early Sacramento and San Francisco (including the devastating blaze following the 1906 earthquake) destroyed many artworks; others were lost to various natural calamities or to carelessness. Gold Rush paintings are therefore rare and prized examples of a little known part of Americas artistic heritage that contributes significantly to our understanding both of American culture and its interpreters during the third quarter of the nineteenth century.
The art documents the rapidly changing events that had an ongoing impact on California. Even in the initial months of gold mining, conditions and technologies changed dramatically. We can date drawings and paintings with some certainty from depictions of mining tools or types of operations. Artists arrived in successive waves and made their way to the mines by various routes. When passage across Panama via the Chagres River gained popularity over the trip around the Horn, for instance, artists depictions of Panamas verdant tropical landscape, developed from sketches, became abundant. Contrary to the perception that portraiture dominated early Gold Rush art, scenes of developing cities and mining sites, romantic landscapes and a growing taste for genre painting depictions of everyday life also figured prominently.
Much of the art created during that first decade following the historic discovery of gold in 1848 has itself become historically important as the beginnings of the visual arts tradition in California. Because the gold that served as impetus for their quest remained elusive for most of the artists, they soon reverted to the profession for which they trained. Many painters intended to reap their rewards quickly and return home, but the artists who chose to stay in the Golden State found fertile ground for future artistic exploration. The rapid influx of a prosperous, cosmopolitan population to such towns as Sacramento and San Francisco created new markets for art. The cultural scene that sprang up seemingly overnight laid the groundwork for the flourishing of Northern Californias arts community in the early 1870s.
By the 1870s and 1880s, when the dramatic events of the California Gold Rush began to take on mythic dimensions in the memories of many Forty-niners, the genre painters joined the novelists, playwrights, poets and songwriters of the day in their romantic re-creations of the days of gold. Nostalgic scenes of early San Francisco were commissioned to paint a fixed memory of the city as first seen by the Argonauts. Sentimental and moralistic genre scenes sometimes based upon narratives taken from literary sources, added a new layer of allegorical meaning to paintings that replaced a documentary quality evident in the early works.
During the 1880s local artists complained of a shift in artistic taste among San Franciscos wealthy patrons toward a preference for European art. By this time the San Francisco Art Associations School of Design, opened in 1874, was training the first generation of California-born artists. Typically, they would continue their art studies in Europe for a few years before returning to establish their own distinctive artistic legacy that by then, forty years later, owed little to the influence of the California Gold Rush beyond a healthy respect for the pioneer spirit.
When you're ready, click here to launch the tour. | http://explore.museumca.org/goldrush/art-intro.html |
When Images Speak: Highlights from the Dubai Collection
An exhibition curated by Dr Nada Shabout which presents a selection of modern and contemporary art from across the Middle Eastern region.
The exhibition features a selection of nearly 70 modern and contemporary art from the region, including museum-quality pieces by Baya Mahieddine, Naziha Selim, Fateh Moudarres, Dia al-Azzawi, and Abdul Qader Al Rais.
The artworks in the exhibition have been lent to the Dubai Collection initiative from the collections of 11 patrons of Dubai Collection, providing a unique moment for residents and visitors to Dubai to engage with artworks that would not usually be publicly accessible.
The exhibition unfolds across three thematic chapters, Abstract Variations, Societies in Transition, and Evoking the Environment, while tracing a historical survey of the negotiations through Arab modernism and its progression into contemporary trends. A central element of the exhibition is the digital display of historic issues of Al Tashkeel Magazine, documenting a dynamic academic and intellectual exchange between many of the artists on show at this exhibition and highlighting the UAE’s active role, not just as a creative hub for artists, but also in writing the art history of its region.
The Dubai Collection is the first institutional art collection of its kind. Introducing an innovative new system of sourcing, managing and governing artworks by patrons and collectors from across the emirate, public and private entities, as well as individuals are invited to contribute to the Dubai Collection by either acquiring artworks for loaning to the collection or lending artworks from their own collections.
OPENING TIMES:
Mon – Sun 10am –8pm
ADMISSION: | https://myartguides.com/exhibitions/dubai-sharjah-abu-dhabi/when-images-speak-highlights-from-the-dubai-collection/ |
As long as the arts have been in existence, audience members, artists, and performers have been educated for their roles. Every culture has devised ways to select and prepare individuals to engage in these roles. Here is information about the teaching of visual art throughout the history of education, both before and after public education came upon the scene.
The ways these techniques are taught today were conditioned by the beliefs and values regarding this field. The degrees and values regarding this tentative field were held by those who advocated its teaching in the past. Many of these early supporters were socially powerful individuals who influenced the educational policies of their day. For them, the teaching of this subject was neither capricious nor accidental, but rather it was done to further social, moral, and economic aims.
A sense of elitism clings to the teaching of the visual art. Many schools regard this line of study as a special subject to be pursued by a privileged or talented few. However, for one to understand how these attitudes arose, one must get a glimpse of the beginnings of education in Western culture. Nonetheless, the study of the teaching this technique is important in linking its role in education today.
A central issue in education of this technique, as in general education, is access to instruction. In very early times this technique was either learned through group rituals that were the integral part of worship or taught to a selected few through arduous apprenticeship. While some societies regarded knowledge of this field as the privilege of social elite, others thought that the practice of visual arts was fit only for slaves and the children of artisans.
With the rise of universal literacy, in the 19th century, the first tentative efforts to introduce arts and music into public education began in spite of objections from segments of the public. Their introduction was often described as educational reform. This was a privilege bestowed by the school on the young as part of a free public education. However, having a privileged status exacts its social costs. It removed this subject from the realm of necessities.
As this history unfolds, it is clear that that the teaching of this field was organized within a series of institutional settings. In the Middle Ages, it was controlled by the higher clergy, who served as the patrons, educators, and sometimes the artists themselves. By the high Middle Ages, education in this subject, was regulated by the craft guides.In the 19th century, working class women in Europe could study how to apply this technique in decoration. On the other hand, the study of fine arts, except under highly unusual circumstances, was for men. Therefore, throughout the history of education of this field, access of instructions was affected by class, gender, and the general social status of the subject of study.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, it was the secular court that sponsored artists to academies, and music then taking form. In current times, instructions in this field are transmitted through a complex network of formal and informal institutions. These may include professional art schools, museums and museum schools, publications, the mass media, and compulsory schooling. Instruction is available for the amateur and professional, in private classes with one student and in group classes of all sizes. Great diversity characterizes access to this subject today, but this was not always the case. | https://www.lowry.co.uk/lowry-ArtEducationAndItsSocialContext.html |
Modeled after a dynamic program developed by the Hyde Park Art Center in Chicago, Not Just Another Pretty Face encourages a new, diverse group of people to envision themselves as patrons of contemporary art, while cultivating lasting relationships between artists and patrons. As part of the NJPAF program, patrons can meet artists, visit their studios, follow their careers and garner inspiration from their creative insights, ideas and art-making processes. It is through this personal relationship that Not Just Another Pretty Face encourages active and enthusiastic patronage. Artists who received commissions worked collaboratively with patrons. While the program title, Not Just Another Pretty Face, implies portraiture as the primary subject, artists and patrons were encouraged to consider traditional representation as well as artworks that push past conventional forms. And in this project, participants created new relationships that required both artists and patrons to consider how art could become a personal and shared vision. Exhibition held in the Street Gallery space.
Digitized by Utah Museum of Contemporary Art; hosted by Salt Lake Community College Digital Archives.
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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Original version: Utah Museum of Contemporary Art (UMOCA); Archival digital version: SLCC Digital Archives. CREATIVE COMMONS Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International.
Digital image files converted from Raw file format to TIFF using Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Bridge. | https://libarchive.slcc.edu/islandora/object/umoca%3A507 |
USU Eastern’s Gallery East presents The Last Fifty, an art exhibit featuring works of famous Utah artists from 1962 to the present. It will run from Feb. 10 through March 27 and is sponsored by Utah Arts & Museums.
Although a chronological sequence is present, the scope of practice is wide and varied within the context of Utah artists.
Works range from more traditional natural and urban landscapes by artists such as LeConte Stewart and Richard J. Van Wagoner, contrasting with works influenced by modernist movements such as abstract expressionism, geometric abstraction and minimalism, as made evident by artists like Lee Deffebach, Edward Maryon and Anna Campbell Bliss.
“I am excited to have the opportunity to bring works by Utah artists of this caliber to Gallery East,” said gallery director Noel Carmack. “This exhibit is a tribute to some of the most significant Utah artists of the 20th century. Both students and community visitors should enjoy seeing these works in our campus venue.”
The last quarter of the 20th Century includes a range of Utah artists that address contemporary themes of place, spirituality, identity and environment.
Utah’s state-owned art collection began in 1899 under the leadership of Alice Merrill Horne, who ran for office on a platform of support for the arts. Once elected to the House of Representatives, she sponsored a bill to create a state arts organization and to establish a state collection of artwork.
Thanks to the efforts of the Collection Acquisition Committee and generous donations from patrons and artists, the Utah State Fine Art Collection purchases and acquires new artwork by Utah artists every year.
An opening reception for the exhibit will be hosted on Friday, Feb. 21 from 6 to 8 p.m. in USU Eastern’s Gallery East, located on the northwest corner of the SAC Building. The exhibit is open Monday through Thursday from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. or by appointment through March 27. The gallery is closed on weekends and holidays. Attendance to the gallery is free and open to the public. The gallery will be closed on March 10 – 14 for Spring break.
Any questions about the exhibit should be directed to Noel Carmack at (435) 613-5241 or by email at [email protected].
About Utah Arts & Museums and the Traveling Exhibit Program
Utah Arts & Museums’ Traveling Exhibit Program is a statewide outreach program that provides schools, museums, libraries and community galleries with the opportunity to bring curated exhibitions to their community. This program is supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.
Utah Arts & Museums is a division of the Utah Department of Heritage and Arts (DHA). To enrich the quality of life for the people of Utah, DHA creates, preserves and promotes Heritage and Arts. The Division provides funding, education and technical services to individuals and organizations statewide so that all Utahns, regardless of race, gender, ethnicity or economic status, can access, understand and receive the benefits of arts and culture. | https://etvnews.com/utah-arts-museums-the-last-fifty-exhibition-on-view-at-gallery-east/ |
Arabian Post Staff
Dubai Collection has announced details of the first artworks to be accepted into the recently launched initiative, designed to build an institutional art collection for the Emirate of Dubai through a new and innovative partnership model.
Dubai Collection is a community-led and collaborative scheme that allows patrons to lend their works while retaining legal ownership, in addition to benefitting from expert advice to support the growth of both personal and public collections.
Artworks in the Dubai Collection will be accessible for public appreciation across the city of Dubai and education through a dedicated digital museum, launching later in the year. The first physical Dubai Collection exhibition of selected artworks from His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum’s collection and other key Dubai collections will be unveiled later this year at the Etihad Museum, Dubai.
Included in the acquisitions announced today are works by many leading modern Arab artists from the Arab world, including Baya (Algeria, 1931 – 1998), Fateh Moudarres (Syria, 1922–1999), Chafic Abboud (Lebanon, 1926-2004) and Adam Henein (Egypt, 1929 -2020). An important focus in the acquisitions are works by leading Emirati artists, such as Abdul Qader Al Rais (UAE, 1951) and Shaikha Al Mazrou (UAE, 1988).
Among the accepted artworks, 19 are part of the A.R.M. Holding Art Collection, a new corporate collection launched by the private investment firm and multi-focused economic enabler to embody their support of the city of Dubai and its potential as a nascent global cultural hub. Highlights of the collection include Mohamed Ahmed Ibrahim (UAE, 1962), Lamya Gargash (UAE, 1982), Moath Alofi (Saudi Arabia, 1984) and Rathin Barman (India, 1981). The A.R.M. Holding Art Collection is displayed in the offices of A.R.M in Al Safa, Dubai.
Chaired by Muna Faisal al Gurg, Director of Museums Department at Dubai Culture and Arts Authority, Dubai Collection’s independent Curatorial Committee is responsible for the overall creative direction of the collection and is comprised of a panel of leading international arts professionals and curators including: Munira Al Sayegh, Dr. Nada Shabout, Antonia Carver, Maryam Al Dabbagh, Venetia Porter and Catherine David. To ensure the Collection’s continuous development and growth, the committee will meet every three months to review new artworks submitted by prominent patrons in the region. | https://thearabianpost.com/dubai-collection-launches-first-art-partnership/ |
How do you create Home?
Since 2018, multidisciplinary artist Soo Hong has pondered this question. Rain Village is a community arts project that brings together communities in conversation and creation on the topics of belonging and mutual empathy. Soo invites patrons to participate in an example of social practice by completing a mural of a topographic map of Kirkland. As a guest of the gallery, you are encouraged to add raindrops to the map, as well as view artworks on display that were created in separate iterations of this project in Seattle, Redmond, Issaquah, and Bellevue.
Featured Artists: You! There are many participatory elements of the Rain Village Project. Come visit and leave your mark.
Thanks to ForanSuon for creating the featured 3D ceramics.
KAC would like to invite patrons to attend artists panel discussion “Finding Home: Conversations on Community and Creativity,” on July 9 at 3 pm for a dialogue with artists Maja Sereda and Rupa Palasamudram, facilitated by Associate Curator Ellen McGiven and Miha Sarani. Soo Hong will be there as well!
Closing Reception: Friday, August 5, 6 pm – 8 pm
Exhibition Dates: June 8 – August 6, 2022
Gallery Hours: Wednesdays – Fridays 12 pm – 6 pm, Saturdays 12 pm – 4 pm
Check back soon for more! | http://www.kirklandartscenter.org/event/rain-village/ |
This essay by the director of the Studio for Art, Faith & History sets the context for much of the work of the Studio, which is to encourage faith-based communities and associations to put art back to work in the places where they gather to do their work. Happily, some of my comments about the autonomy of the artist that begin the essay are gradually becoming out-of-date as new currents in socially-engaged art, community art, collaborative art, and commissioned art are recovering the legitimacy they once had.
If and when we think about who makes the artwork, a lot of us, I suspect, will still call to mind an independent artist working alone in his or her studio on a painting or sculpture dreamed up ex nihilo, the result of purely private choices, made with no knowledge of where the artwork might end up, who will see it, whether it might make its way to a gallery, who might buy it and for what reasons, and with no input from anyone considered to have expertise in the subject matter (when one can speak of subject matter). The conditions of art-making in our time serve to maximize the artist’s freedom and room for individual expression. Artists are answerable to no one but themselves—at least that is the supposition.
Still operative is the lingo of the last century that considers artists as “counter-cultural” figures whose “creativity” is defined as “originality” and whose works represent the “shock of the new.” From my file of quotations that evoke this ethos, I pick out a comment by Chuck Close, one of a number of high-value contemporary artists interviewed a few years ago by the Financial Times of London (November 2013):
But it was the perfect time [the 1970’s] to be an artist because there were plenty of chances for people to do totally different things. That unfocused nature left the door open for a lot of people to strike out and find their own little part of that world. But when you do that, you either are doomed to follower status or you try and make something personal and idiosyncratic and not like anyone else’s. If you manage to do that, and if enough people think that that thing you did was significant, you can actually deflect or bend the course of history.
When and why the autonomy of the artist became the paramount value in the production of art is debated. From a narrowly art-historical viewpoint, Giorgio Vasari deserves credit as the first to give prominence to the personalities of the artistic geniuses of the Italian Renaissance in his Lives of the Artists, written in the sixteenth century. Certainly the Romanticism of the nineteenth century privileged the Artist as Genius (with large Ego allowed) who created as he lived, without regard for the conventions of bourgeois society and morality. Philosophical currents focused on the power of art to transport us to the sublime when freed from any utilitarian purpose of representing or inculcating the beliefs of a community. Art for art’s sake.
Only after the artist makes the artwork does another set of figures kick into play. Gallery owners and auction houses and art fair organizers play the role of middlemen through whom collectors buy works of art. Art critics and the intelligentsia of cultural theorists and historians play their role in determining the value of an artist’s work. Museum directors and exhibition curators give wider access to audiences interested in seeing art and artifacts of past or unfamiliar cultures—or of their own culture. Curators of non-commercial exhibition spaces (university galleries, for example) play their role in educating a public about contemporary art. And finally Collectors—the serious buyers—put the art somewhere for longer-term viewing by friends and associates (except for the billions of dollars’ worth of art now locked in climate-controlled warehouses as elements of investment portfolios). But all these people do their work after the Artists have done theirs.
Yet, for all the cultural status that the “creatives” (in today’s parlance) theoretically enjoy, it’s strange that artists have so little been incorporated into the social fabric, into a reliable income system; strange that so little of something spoken of as being so important actually finds a place in the physical fabric of public space. And since another common assumption is that art ought to crack its viewers out of habits or complacencies, the artist and the audience are often, if implicitly, set up as antagonists rather than as parties who recognize their value to one another.
I’m exaggerating a bit for effect. My generalizations can be countered with reference to the increasing number of civic initiatives that involve the arts at the ground level of urban renewal projects; of the increasing number of cities that require some percentage of the costs of a new building to be allocated for art in its interior design. Happily, a widening swathe of churches and parachurch organizations and missional non-profits are recognizing the importance of the arts in enriching devotional life and the meditative reading of scripture, worship and liturgy, even theology, or in giving visual form to their works of service. More and more graduate-level programs address these issues. Exhibitions of artwork somewhere in the church building are less and less unusual. Many churches openly encourage the artists of the community.
Although the grip of the modernist paradigm is weakening, it is not easy to imagine alternatives. A glance at the past can kick-start some creative brainstorming.
During several centuries in Italy from roughly 1250-1550—the period of the Italian Renaissance that serves as an important reference point for the Studio for Art, Faith & History, given its location—the conditions of the production and use of art included reliable relationships among four parties or constituencies.
First were the communities who valued the work of art in giving shape and purpose to the activities that marked their identity. Patrons were involved in commissioning and funding the project. Scholarly advisors were called in to counsel the artist on the themes and concepts for which the artist could give sophisticated visual form. In one sense, the artists came along at the end of the process; they were not the autonomous initiators. Although the lines of communication between these four parties were seldom conflict-free, nor without self-serving motivations, these conditions ensured the social relevance of the artwork and the answerability of artists to their publics. Artists were respected as those with the skill to give tangible visible form—a “local habitation and a name,” in Shakespeare’s phrase—to the guiding values and beliefs of the sponsoring community.
Let’s take a brief look at each of these four parties.
The Community for whom the artwork was made
That art was valued across a broad cross-section of society in this pre-modern period of history is evidenced most obviously in the rich art-scape of sophisticated decoration that marked the public and private places in which every sort of community association gathered to do its work.
The members of monastic communities ate their suppers in front of Christ’s Last Supper with his disciples, frescoed on the end-wall of the refectory by artists who could merge actual with fictive space by the techniques of perspective. In town halls, councils debated and decided policy surrounded by decoration that reminded them of their responsibility for the common weal. People received the Eucharist before altarpieces that clarified precise aspects of the Real Presence of Christ to be embodied in the lives of the faithful as in His mother and in the saints of the past. Hospitals, orphanages, the palazzi of the wealthy, confraternity clubhouses, baptisteries and bell towers, even the sacristies where the clergy vested for the Mass: no zone of civic and religious life was alien from the desire to decorate with imagery able to instruct, remind, and inspire those who gathered there. I cite the three terms repeated in defenses of visual art for almost a millennium, beginning with Pope Gregory in 600 A.D. Thomas Aquinas gave an authoritative description in the thirteenth century. A Dominican theologian in the late fifteenth century still cites Pope Gregory in explaining that painted images were introduced into the life of the church “for three reasons”:
First, on account of the ignorance of simple people, so that those who are not able to read the scriptures can yet learn by seeing the sacraments of our salvation and faith in pictures. Second, images were introduced on account of our emotional sluggishness; so that men who are not aroused to devotion when they see them, as if actually present, in pictures. For our feelings are aroused by things seen more than by things heard. Third, they were introduced on account of our unreliable memories … because many people cannot retain in their memories what they hear, but they do remember if they see images. [Sources are provided in the discussion in my book Putting Art (back) in its Place (pp. 10-11).]
A large proportion of the places that artists were hired to decorate housed the activities not of private individuals but of groups with collective purpose, even if such groups were small. (We make our reservations weeks in advance to see Leonardo’s Last Supper, little aware that Last Suppers were made for the dining halls used only by the communities of religious in monasteries. The so-called Allegory of Good and Bad Government in the town hall in Siena, painted in the 1330’s by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, had the explicit purpose of inspiring and exhorting the very limited viewership of the nine councilmen elected to draft legislation recommended by the council of 300 citizens meeting in the adjacent hall.)
What happened to the role of communities as the initiators of putting artwork to work?
They (or we) have been habituated to seeing ourselves as those who look at art in settings carefully controlled by others. Our comportment is mainly passive, standing quietly in galleries and museums, gazing at artworks with hands behind back, fearful of getting so close to the work of art as to set off the alarm. The very vocabulary of “use”—of speaking of art as having a useful purpose in the lives of those who engage with it—continues to be suspect even now at the tail end of a period that has emphasized the value of art in itself, without instrumental value. Generally speaking, the audience comes along afterwards, responding to an artwork with whose making the viewer was distinctly uninvolved.
So habituated are we to the museum and gallery-based conventions of experiencing art that we are little conscious of how these environments are designed to inhibit any reaction other than the purely aesthetic. When the museum-goer enters a room full of altarpieces, for example, she is expected to repress any urge she might have (if she is a person of Christian faith) to pray or to meditate on the scene depicted. In a recent essay, Pelagia Horgan cites the reaction of art critic Hilton Kramer during his visit to the show of works by Fra Angelico in New York in 2005: “Kramer described the utter strangeness of seeing a woman ‘demonstrably offering her prayers to a painting of the Holy Virgin’ in the middle of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. ‘There was no mistaking the piety and ardour that this woman brought to her act of worship; she was clearly oblivious to the group of onlookers that had silently gathered to witness her prayers,’ he wrote in the New York Observer.” To engage in corporate liturgical action with a group of church friends before a sacred painting in the museum is as prohibited as chattering on the cellphone. Whispered conversation is more likely to be about how the artist has dealt with the folds in Mary’s drapery, or about the patterns of brushstrokes. We are expected to leave our beliefs at the coat-check along with the backpack.
The Patron
People and communities across the social spectrum wanted art and knew why they wanted it and where they would place it, so they hired highly skilled artisans to make it. Essentially all art was commissioned. In every case, someone was engaged in drawing up the contract, organizing the financing and the payment schedule, and in making sure that the artist provided the contracted level of quality. Commissioning entities were various. They could be a town council, a guild or confraternity responsible for the decoration of a public building as well as of their own headquarters, the prestigious committee charged with maintaining and decorating the cathedral, the abbot of a monastic community, a family decorating a side chapel in a church (often having put clauses in their wills to fund the project).
Certainly the wealthy were expected to be patrons of the arts. To be sure, the great patrons of the Renaissance were hardly immune to using art to promote their own interests, showing off social and economic status, gaining political clout through beautification of the city’s architectural and visual fabric. But they opened their pocketbooks to fund projects for the common good.
In every case, some such entity contracted to pay an artist not to make whatever he felt like, but to make a particular object for a particular location, of a particular size, with highly specified subject matter and materials, to be used to assist a particular action, to be completed by a particular date (or be penalized), for an agreed-upon price.
All this may strike modern ears as a limiting, even demeaning, constriction of the artist’s proper independence. But the sheer quantity of high-level art produced during this period by artists who complained often enough about late payments but not that their creative freedom had been inhibited, suggests that patronage no more limits creative excellence than modern artistic license can be shown to increase it.
If we think of patronage loosely as the means by which money finally gets to the pockets of the artists, then it exists, and in a wider variety of forms. When artists do get paid, it’s mainly through a system of commercial galleries that take on the artist for a one-time show or for a long-term relationship whereby the gallery creates a distinct niche for the artist. But galleries exist to make money, not to give it away. Various endowed or publicly-funded agencies provide grants or fellowships to artists, usually selected through a competitive process. The person who buys a work of art is a sort of patron. Some regularly collect a particular artist’s work, sometimes developing a personal relationship.
In these modern modes of patronage, the norm is for the patron not to play an active role in deciding what the artist makes and how and why and for where she makes it. The artist is protected from the patron’s intrusion.
A positive sign is an increase in commissioned artwork, and of artists willing to accept commissioned work. Site-specific commissions can be very high-profile, such as Anish Kapoor’s sculpture for the 2012 London Olympics (funded by the ArcelorMittal, the world’s largest steel producer) and one of the few works of art made for public use: “See all of London from the UK’s tallest sculpture,” says the website; “Experience the world's tallest and longest tunnel slide - London's newest, most exciting attraction!”
Yet these forms of patronage touch the lives of very few professional artists who are trying to make careers out of their sense of vocation.
The Advisor
The scholarly community—those with expertise in the subject matter—did their work before and during the production of the artwork, not after it was made. Appointed by the commissioners, their job was to make sure that the artist understood and gave adequate visual form to the underlying framework of ideas, or to the actions that the artwork was created to serve.
Such advisors to the artist are not often named in contracts, but their involvement is verifiable. Luca Signorelli’s contract to fresco the right transept of the Orvieto Duomo (the so-called Chapel of San Brizio) with scenes of the End Times and the Last Judgment obliges him to consult with the “masters of the sacred page,” likely referring to the Dominican theologians at the monastery in town (where Thomas Aquinas had occupied his chair two centuries before). Such collaboration is the only way to account for how someone like Raphael, decently educated but certainly not fluent in the philosophical writings referenced in the so-called “School of Athens” frescoed on one wall of Pope Julius II’s library, could nevertheless design murals that explored the concepts and personages of the history of philosophy and theology, of literature and jurisprudence, with the highest imaginable sophistication. The likeliest candidate for this advisory role is Pope Julius’s own erudite librarian, Tommaso Inghirami.
Nowadays, the intelligentsia comes along as critics, reviewers, historians, and biographers—those who explain and contextualize and evaluate artists and artworks—only after the artist has made the thing. Their judgments mediate the perceptions through which audiences respond to the artwork, and influence the collectors and gallerists and curators on whom artists depend for their economic survivability.
The Artist
Artists did not first make objects and then place them in the showroom for sale as finished products purchased by customers. Artists were hired to create specified objects for particular settings. Contracts commonly indicated the exact figures to be included in a painting, their size and proportion to one another, sized to fit the frame for a carefully measured space, the materials to be used by quality and cost, and so forth.
Such conditions of art-making in medieval-Renaissance Italy may seem distastefully restricting and controlling to a modern sensibility. But the skilled artisans trained and hired to create all this bespoke decoration were respected and valued as members of an entirely necessary profession. They are included in the set of honorable trades and professions depicted in the series of medallions that decorate the famous bell tower next to the Duomo in Florence. They were integrated into the social, economic, and religious systems through which a town’s life was organized and managed. Artists in medieval and Renaissance Italy did not operate as lone rangers.
Artists had to be capable businessmen (if they were to succeed). Most had incomes and lived lives that our own society would consider middle class. They had what we call a fairly broad-based clientele: monastic communities, churches, public government, wealthy families, trade guilds and the confraternities with their works of piety and social service.
The modern line drawn between craft art and Fine art (between artisan and “artist”) was simply not operative in the Renaissance; nor was the distinction between an object for use and an object with no utilitarian purpose. Artists were artisans, and art was understood as useful. We can forget that panels on baptismal fonts or doors that we admire as artistic masterworks of bronze-casting were parts of functioning baptismal fonts and doors that opened and closed, touched by thousands of people. In fact, artists’ workshops were the go-to places for ordering custom-made banners for processions, dowry chests for brides, painted and gilded birth trays to celebrate a newborn in a well-to-do family; the sort of work that we do not expect a self-respecting contemporary Artist to condescend to do. (Famous examples counter my generalization, such as the Dominican chapel near Nice on the Riviera where Henri Matisse not only painted the murals but designed the furnishings, the stained-glass windows, the vestments.)
In our time, the stone cutter prepares gravestones, the factory worker uses machinery to cut marble counter tops, and the artist-sculptor creates objects for display in a gallery—but these skilled carvers of stone simply do not rub shoulders, seldom occupy the same place. It is difficult for us to imagine the felt interdependence once in place among artisans whose varying work was part of a unified fabric of construction and decoration. The sculptor carving the narrative bas-relief panels featured on the cathedral façade or the statues filling the niches knows the importance of the work of the masons who build the walls of the building, of the stone-carvers able not only to carve perfectly round columns but in spiral patterns, the artisans who make the capitals and the finely-finished pilasters that eventually serve to frame the decoration in relief. All these artisans were typically members of the same stone carvers guild. In fact, I have just alluded to the sequence of scenes carved in relief on the predella of the niche of the stone carvers’ guild along the outside wall of Orsanmichele—the old market building in Florence transformed into the chapel for use by the guilds for their religious ceremonies.
The education of the artist occurred not in schools as we know them but on the job as apprentices, not doing homework assignments for a class but assisting on real-life commissioned objects under a master of an established bottega, or commercial art workshop. This education was not so narrow as we might imagine. The artist learned not only the geometry used in designing wall-paintings and canvases, but the business arithmetic and algebra (to a level beyond that of many of today’s college graduates) used in running a business, determining amounts needed for the time and size of the project, proportions of recipes, calculating monetary exchanges across a wide variety of currencies.
Artists did their work not only for mainly public settings but mainly in largely non-private conditions. The artist’s bottega was no private studio but a place where a mix of business and schooling took place, training apprentices, assigning duties to assistants, meeting with the advisory committee assigned to the project by the commissioner, fussing over the patron’s satisfaction. Much art, such as those acres of frescoes that constitute the dominant art form of the period, could only be created in situ, painted not so much on the wall but into the wall. Artists (as we might say) had no time for navel-gazing, for waiting for inspiration, or for choosing their own hours. When the temperature and humidity was right, the crew had to trowel up just the right amount of plaster for the day’s frescoing.
In sum, all four of these parties had roles in making the artwork and in making the art work. And all had vested interests in the particular place where the artwork had its role to play.
It is the wager of this essay (and the hunch of the Studio for Art, Faith & History) that bringing together the community, the artist, the patron, and the advisor at the least provides an alternative model, one that puts art and artists back into the life of the community.
After all, can we really say that the modern model has well served the church? Its focus on the creative autonomy of the artist seems ill-suited to the fundamental character of the church as a body of mutually dependent members. The modernist model limits the ways in which the church community can support its artists: offering affirmation and emotional support, inviting them to work with the junior high kids to paint a mural in the Sunday School room, giving space in the church building for exhibitions, turning the church into a gallery. The irony has been noted: museums have become places for religious experience in a post-Christian age, while the church doubles as an exhibition space.
Can we appreciate the work of art as enriching and informing the works of the people—our liturgies—whether receiving together the body of Christ, teaching our children, learning and meditating on the Scriptures, serving those in need, welcoming the stranger? | http://www.artfaithhistory.org/who-makes-the-art-work |
Surface is an exhibition of artworks that highlights the use of textures and patterns in artworks from across the country. We want our patrons to be able to “feel” the textures in the work with their eyes, and to get lost in all the patterns!
The call reached 39 states. 218 artists submitted for a total of 781 submissions. d’Art’s Gallery Manager, and the juror selected 64 pieces from 60 artists from 23 states (9 Virginians)!
This is a juried exhibition, and was co-curated by gallery manager Amanda Bradley, and exhibition juror and artist, Jorge A. Saenz. Jorge also has a piece on display in the Surface Exhibition.
Hermitage Museum and Gardens
Beginning June 10th, 2022 the Hermitage Museum will feature ceramic artist Roberto Lugo for a four-month solo exhibition. Lugo is an artist, activist, educator, poet, and the founder of Village Potter. He is most recognized for his hand thrown ceramic work that contrasts traditional ceramic forms such as porcelain teapots and urns with subject matter that is culturally and politically motivated. The exhibition will focus on his work that celebrates and examines current and historic figures who have made an impact in social justice and race relation issues and reflect on his multicultural and BIPOC experiences.
Norfolk Public Library Branch and Social Media
Juneteenth Trivia Contest will run June 13-17, 2022. Patrons may participate via associated social media posts or by coming in the branch to submit answers. All who answer correctly will be entered into prize drawing. The prize will consist of an Ancestry DNA Kit, Flavors of Africa: Discover Authentic Family Recipes from All Over the Continent cookbook, the 1619 Project book collection, and a Ghanaian Wing U-Shopper Bolga Basket.
View all calendars is the default. Choose Select a Calendar to view a specific calendar. | https://www.norfolk.gov/calendar.aspx?view=list&year=2022&month=6&day=17&CID=25,73,75,41 |
Each seminar runs only subject to sufficient student demand. Against the backdrop of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, this course explores efforts to control the visual arts by both Catholics and Protestants in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It considers a wide range of patrons (from small confraternities, to emperors and popes), as well as a broad range of examples that include artists such as Tintoretto, Michelangelo, Cranach, Rubens and Holbein. The geographical focus is expansive, including works from England, Italy, the Low Countries and Germany.
Using a variety of primary sources, students will explore contemporary debates surrounding the appropriate role and appearance of images, as well as considering fundamental questions concerning artistic liberty and interpretation - topics that transcend the chronological focus of this course and are pertinent to current debates concerning controversial artworks and exhibitions.
Art and Censorship contrasts the iconoclasm that took place in large areas of Northern Europe with the ‘go-ahead’ given to images decreed at the Council of Trent (1545-63). It will also examine the phenomenon of a diluted or ‘soft’ iconoclasm in Catholic countries, evidenced in the transformations made to the ecclesiastical space in this period. Drawing upon the most recent scholarship concerning the impact of religious reform on artists and patrons, students consider the mechanisms used to control and vet the arts, the new genres and typologies that arose in this period, as well as what examples of artworks being rejected or criticised can tell us about the ‘ideal’ sacred image in this epoch.
Sample Syllabus: | https://www.middlebury.edu/cmrs-courses/courses/art-and-censorship-1500-1650 |
OF GENTLE BIRTH
Crown Heights, Bedford-Stuyvesant and Lefferts Gardens are three neighborhoods increasingly populated by newcomers; this change is part of a larger Brooklyn transformation. In response to this, artists from these neighborhoods were asked to produce and share works that engage with these places and themes. Participants are hoping that these artworks, as well as a series of artist talks and readings presented as part of OF GENTLE BIRTH will be a platform for investigative and honest conversation.
Featuring work by:
Daniel Bejar
Zachary Fabri
Heather Hart
Carl E. Hazlewood
Naomi Safran-Hon
Steffani Jemison
Baseera Khan
Kameelah Janan Rasheed
Gabriel Specter
Hidemi Takagi
Claudia Weber
Curated by:
Jonathan Allen
I've lived in Crown Heights for 12 years, seen changes to the local business owners and patrons in that time and gotten to know my neighbors who lived here in the 1960s and 1970s. Recently I find myself asking what do the artists and young white people signal to the local community, who've seen and known this neighborhood through extraordinarily challenging times? Artists are regularly confronted by economic marginalization and restricted means and agency - issues that resonate strongly with the current conversations surrounding gentrification, but pale in comparison to the structural racism the Crown Heights community has endured for decades. This group of artists has prepared poetic and passionate responses to these issues and I’m interested to hear them question privilege, creativity, and community, and see their work provoke others to join in the asking and sharing. – Jonathan Allen
November 7 – December 20, 2015
Open Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays
12–6pm
FREE
Closed November 26–29
Saturday, November 7 6–9pm
Opening Reception - Join artists and organizers to kick off this group show and series of live events.
November 10 5–7pm
ARTIST TALK: ALL AMERICAN BOYS
Novelists Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely read from their unforgettable new novel in which two teens—one black, one white—grapple with the repercussions of a single violent act that leaves their school, their community, and, ultimately, the country bitterly divided by racial tension.
November 18 7:30–9pm
PARTICIPATORY EVENT: STORIES OF CROWN HEIGHTS
Longtime residents of Crown Heights share personal stories.
December 12 3–5pm
PARTICIPATORY EVENT: BARTER TOWN
As part of her ongoing Trading Post series, Heather Hart presents what may look like a carnival or block party but is run on bartering only. Participants are invited to bring ideas, services, songs, stories, unwanted goods, canned goods, handmade art, appliances, anything they think hold value, and haggle for something that they want.
Sponsored in part, by the Greater New York Arts Development Fund of the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs, administered by Brooklyn Arts Council (BAC). | http://www.jonathanallen.org/of-gentle-birth/ |
Celebrating 125 years of art and creativity in Lenawee County
The 1920 Lenawee County Fair hosted a large art show that was one of the fair’s major attractions. School artworks by students of all grades were displayed at a public art show in 1926. In 1939, the Adrian Public Library was the site of an art show sponsored by the Adrian Artists Association. In fact, the visual arts have played a role in the history and development of this county since the 19th Century when, in 1896, a group of local artists came together regularly to work and plan exhibitions.
The group eventually morphed into the Maple City Art Guild, which was formally organized in 1959 and continued in operation until the late 1980s. Not much is known about specific activities in its early years but the Guild held its 77th art show at the Commercial Savings Bank in May 1973.
The Guild’s stated purpose was “to promote art appreciation and encourage the amateur painter.”
When the Maple City Art Guild folded in the 1980s several members of the group began getting together in an upstairs studio on East Maumee Street in Adrian. They met to paint and network on Thursdays, and were unofficially dubbed the “Thursday Artists.”
As the years passed, the group focused on painting and became known as the “Thursday Painters” in the early 1990s. The Adrian Center for the Arts is a direct outgrowth of this group of dedicated, and very talented, artists.
The Lenawee Council for the Visual Arts (LCVA) was organized in 1998. It was focused on holding exhibitions of works by local artists at various locations throughout the county. Seven or eight exhibitions are held each year. The county-wide high school exhibition and the K-8 show are just two of its regular events.
LCVA sponsored its “Millennium Project” in 2000, when 200 bronze panels done by 60 local artists, were displayed at Comstock Park in Adrian. The Council was also instrumental in the development of the Adrian Artalicious art fair that began in 2006.
In collaboration with the Croswell Opera House, the LCVA gallery was moved into the Croswell. The result was the ability of patrons to enjoy both the visual and the performing arts in a single venue.
A collaboration between the LCVA and the City of Adrian gave the Adrian Center for the Arts a home on former state land in 2015. What had once been the State Industrial School for Girls, the former reform school on the edge of Adrian that closed in 2008, was to become its permanent home.
Over the years, the LCVA has collaborated with many Lenawee County organizations, including the Humane Society, the Adrian Symphony, Boys and Girls Club, HOPE Recreation Center, the Catherine Cobb Domestic Violence Shelter, art teachers and businesses. They have worked in many locations in the county — at Hidden Lake Gardens, downtown Tecumseh and the Michigan Welcome Center in Dundee.
The Adrian Center for the Arts (ACA) provides space and instruction for artists working in whatever medium they prefer. In addition to painting, these include ceramics, woodworking, glass blowing, letterpress, drawing, printmaking and photography. Exhibitions are held about every six weeks and are publicized on the ACA website at adriancenterforthearts.org/gallery.html.
A celebration of 125 years of visual arts in Lenawee County opens in Adrian on Jan. 11. The celebration, a retrospective show of artworks, will run thru the 19th of February at the Adrian Center for the Arts Gallery in Building No. 46 at 1375 N. Adrian Highway. The exhibit is open to the public and hosted by the current members of the Thursday Painters. It will feature works from both past and current members of the group.
Specifically for this historic exhibit, paintings by deceased members have been gathered from their relatives living all over the country.
Although the exhibit is open most days, docents are available from 1 to 4 p.m. on Thursdays and Fridays, and from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Saturdays. The exhibits can also be viewed online. There will also be a reception, by appointment only, on Jan. 24 from 2 to 4 p.m.
The ACA provides education and resources to encourage and develop the creativity of both adults and children. It is a place where artists and volunteers come together in an environment that has become a catalyst of creativity.
Bob Wessel is vice president of the Lenawee County Historical Society and can be contacted at [email protected]. | https://www.lenconnect.com/story/entertainment/arts/2021/01/05/celebrating-125-years-of-art-and-creativity-in-lenawee-county/43309717/ |
From 1867 to 1918 Vienna was the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the beginning of the period the city enjoyed witnessed ethnic and religious tolerance, sound economic growth and liberal and democratic reform. The Viennese middle-classes were multi-cultural and multi-ethnic and included a large number of influential Jewish families. By the end of the period these groups, in particular the Jewish contingent, were changing rapidly due to conservative, nationalist and anti-Semitic mass movements.
Facing the Modern The Portrait in Vienna 1900 is based on an idea by Christopher Riopelle, Curator of Post-1800 Paintings at the National Gallery. The exhibition is curated by guest curator Dr. Gemma Blackshaw, Associate Professor, History of Art and Visual Culture at Plymouth. Gemma Blackshaw is co-author of Madness and Modernity. The National Gallery is especially grateful to Credit Suisse. Without such support exhibitions like this would not be possible.
The Culture of Portraits
Portraits were the way wealthy Viennese families demonstrated their power and position in society. Artists met their demands producing paintings of artists and their friends, families and celebrities. Some artists favoured traditional methods and styles, but the new Avant-garde artists chose to challenge these methods and styles, creating innovative, and often startling, portraits of their sitters. Facing the Modern looks at both traditional approaches to portraiture as well as new approaches and innovations.
Through these portraits the exhibition offers a rare opportunity to understand the powerful social upheaval that was taking place in Vienna's middle-classes during one of the most important periods in history.
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Highlights of the Exhibition
Works by well-known artists such as Richard Gerstl, Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele and Arnold Schönberg feature along side portraits by lesser-known artists such as Broncia Koller and Isidor Kaufmann. Many of the portraits are shown together with the artist's preparatory drawings.
Edmund de Waal, curator, art critic, ceramicist and author of The Hare with Amber Eyes, has loaned his grandmother's family photograph album. The de Waals were a wealthy Jewish banking dynasty based in Vienna and Emmy von Ephrussi's album provides a valuable family history. The family's assets were ceased by the Nazis in 1938 and they were forced to leave.
Facing the Modern explores six main themes:
- The Old Viennese – the display recalls an exhibition held in 1905 at the Miethke, one of Vienna's most progressive art galleries. The show featured 146 portraits painted during the first half of the 19th century and was intended to soothe the fears of the New Viennese who found themselves living in difficult times.
- The Family and Child looks at family values as the home became a place of peace and refuge in the face of massive societal change. Many of the group portraits reveal the tensions within the family.
- The Appeal of the Artist – artists frequently responded to these changes by depicting themselves as tormented being. Vienna was smaller than London, Berlin or Paris and competition for wealthy patrons was stiff. Artists such as Egon Schiele used self-portraits to experiment with new techniques and also to show their own technical skills as well as their social and professional standing.
- The New Viennese asks what it meant to be middle-class in Vienna at the turn of the 20th century. Portraits from this period give the answer. Some sitters close to be connected to the distant past while others preferred to be identified with the new, the modern, the avant-garde. They chose their artists according to their influences and style. The fees were important too! The exhibition includes the Portrait of Hermine Gallia (1904) by Gustav Klimt. Klimt depicts the sitter in a gown he designed himself. Gallia's family were driven out of Vienna by anti-Semitism in the 1930s. This is the National Gallery's only portrait by this artist.
Gustav Klimt, Portrait of Hermine Gallia, (1904)
National Gallery, London
- Love and Loss looks the Viennese fascination with death and the middle-classes' increasingly pessimistic outlook. The display includes a number of deathbed portraits such as the Posthumous Portrait of Ria Munk III (1917-18) by Gustav Klimt. Also on show are the death masks of Ludwig van Beethoven (1827); Gustav Mahler (1911); Gustav Klimt (1918); and Egon Schiele (1918).
Gustav Klimt, Posthumous Portrait of Ria Munk III (1917-18)
- Finish and Failure –The Austro-Hungarian Empire was dissolved, after 51 years, on 31st October 1918. The changes this brought, such as the imposition of new borders across the old Empire, limited cultural exchange and economic growth. The already traumatised middle-classes faced another period of turmoil. The paintings in this gallery, unfinished, abandoned, almost unloved, are symbolic of the failure of both state and society.
Facing the Modern The Portrait in Vienna - Exhibition Catalogue
To accompany this major exhibition National Gallery Company Limited has released a full-colour catalogue in both hard and soft-back editions. Edited by Dr Gemma Blackshaw, the 216-page publication includes a foreword by Edmund de Waal, plus contributions from leading historians Tag Gronberg, Julie Johnson, Doris Lehmann, Elana Shapira, Sabine Wieber and Mary Costello. These scholarly and insightful texts are accompanied by 140 colour illustrations. The book is available from the National Gallery and all good book stores.
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Visit the Exhibition
Facing the Modern The Portrait in Vienna 1900 will be on show until 12th January 2014. Tickets and further information are available from The National Gallery.
More Portraits by Klimt
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More Exhibitions to Enjoy in London
If you're looking for some interesting exhibitions on show in London you might enjoy:
James Abbot McNeill Whistler at Dulwich Picture Gallery or Australia at the Royal Academy of Arts. | http://www.infobarrel.com/Facing_the_Modern_The_Portrait_in_Vienna_-_Exhibition_at_National_Gallery_London |
The predominant artistic style in France toward the end of the eighteenth century was Neoclassicism. Influenced by a rediscovery of the art of the ancient world, artists invoked the ancient classical world in service of contemporary ideas or events. In contrast to the frivolously decorative Rococo art that had preceded it, Neoclassicism was variously didactic, serious, monumental and quietly grand. Works were commissioned and painted with great attention to detail.
During the Revolutionary period the Academy system of the ancien régime, which had controlled the education of artists and the display of art works, was abolished by the National Assembly in 1793. The Assembly declared that all artists should be allowed to exhibit in the Salon – the annual Academy exhibition – and that entry to the exhibition should be free. Under the National Convention, arts were seen as essential in the development of a new society for their instructive and inspirational value.
The French Revolution and the philosophical thought that underpinned it also inspired artists and writers to look beyond science and reason to the power of nature and the emotional and spiritual forces of existence. Romanticism – art that emphasised the expression of personal creativity and experience – arose at this time as a counterpoint to the analytical rationalism of Classicism – the invocation of the ancient classical past (termed Neoclassicism).
Artists, many of whom had lost their previous patrons, had to be wary of expressing counter-revolutionary sentiment. The fortunes of many artists rose and fell with the political tides. Taste had long dictated that history painting had enjoyed a higher status than landscape, portrait and genre painting – realistically depicted scenes from everyday life. After the years of the Terror, relative peace followed under the Directory which dictated a greater restraint and elegance in artistic production. This gradually gave way under the Consular and then Empire periods to a resurgence of spectacle and splendour in the arts.
The nation called for images to celebrate its liberty, strength and grandeur. The new class of wealthy citizens created by the Revolution sought images of themselves and their world, establishing themselves as major consumers of interior decoration, furniture, decorative arts, sculpture and painting. Also in demand were images that represented contemporary events, that showed scenes from the exotic places visited by the armies of Napoleon, and landscapes imbued with the forces of nature.
Art plundered from the various nations conquered and annexed by the Revolutionary army filled the palace of the Louvre (later renamed the Musée Napoléon under the directorship of Dominique-Vivant Denon). Paris became a showcase for art and Napoleon’s taste and power were highly visible. | https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/napoleon/art-and-design/art-of-revolution-and-empire.html |
#SafeArtsSarasota protocols revised for indoor events
Sarasota, FL—With indoor fall season performances and events beginning to take place in theaters and venues across the area, leaders from nine of Sarasota County’s major arts organizations have announced updated protocols as they prepare to welcome audiences back.
The arts and cultural organizations of Sarasota County comprise one of the three largest employment sectors of the community. An increasing number of patrons and artists are extremely uncomfortable participating without strong health and safety protocols in place. The failure to secure robust audiences or top artists puts these arts organizations in danger of once again closing their doors, jeopardizing thousands of jobs and millions of dollars that the arts infuse into the community each year.
In response to this situation and the current high community spread of the COVID-19 virus, leaders have been sharing experiences and research from their March 2021 initiative #SafeArtsSarasota, which helped enable local arts organizations to safely reopen to audiences after being shuttered through the pandemic. The group includes representatives from Asolo Repertory Theatre, Circus Arts Conservatory, Florida Studio Theatre, The Hermitage Artist Retreat, Sarasota Ballet, Sarasota Opera, Sarasota Orchestra, Van Wezel Performing Arts Hall, and Westcoast Black Theatre Troupe. These organizations will also work closely with the Arts and Cultural Alliance of Sarasota County and will invite other local arts organizations to join this initiative.
The arts organizations listed below will uphold robust health and safety protocols for the protection of the community, patrons, artists and staff, and to maintain the economic stability of local arts institutions. Therefore, effective Sunday, Sept. 26, 2021, the listed organizations will uniformly implement the following policy:
- All patrons age 12 and older attending a performance indoors must show either:
- A negative PCR COVID-19 test administered by a medical provider/official testing center no earlier than 72 hours before the time of their performance OR
- A negative rapid antigen COVID-19 test administered by a medical provider/official testing center no earlier than 24 hours prior to the time of their performance. Home testing kit results will not be accepted for entry.
- Both physical and electronic presentation of documents will be accepted. Photo identification must accompany the presentation of all documents.
- If patrons prefer, CDC or other official vaccination record showing the patrons are fully vaccinated against COVID-19 (at least 14 days since the final dose) may be voluntarily presented at the door as an acceptable alternative to negative COVID-19 test results.
- All patrons age 6 and up, regardless of vaccination or testing status, must wear masks over their nose and mouth at all times while inside the venue.
Protocols will be revisited and may be revised based on CDC guidance and the evolving circumstances of the pandemic, including use of additional screening protocols. Patrons should check the individual websites of the arts organizations for details of protocols and refund policies. Be assured the participating organizations are taking similar and additional pandemic precautions with artists, staff, crews and vendors. | https://www.tampabaynewswire.com/2021/09/13/sarasota-arts-organizations-announce-new-indoor-safety-measures-101208 |
The arts and cultural organizations of Sarasota County comprise one of the three largest employment sectors of the community. An increasing number of patrons and artists are extremely uncomfortable participating without strong health and safety protocols in place. The failure to secure robust audiences or top artists puts these arts organizations in danger of once again closing their doors, jeopardizing thousands of jobs and millions of dollars the arts infuse into the community each year.
As a result, Asolo Rep along with eight other Sarasota County arts and cultural organizations, have united and agreed to uphold vigilant health and safety protocols for the protection of our community, patrons, artists, and staff and to maintain the economic stability of our institutions. Therefore, effective September 26, 2021, we will uniformly implement the following policy:
All patrons aged 12 and older attending a performance indoors must show either:
- A negative PCR COVID-19 test administered by a medical provider/official testing center no earlier than 72 hours before the time of their performance OR
-
A negative rapid antigen COVID-19 test administered by a medical provider/official testing center no earlier than 24 hours prior to the time of their performance. Home testing kit results will not be accepted for entry.
Both physical and electronic presentation of documents will be accepted. Photo identification must accompany the presentation all documents.
If patrons prefer, CDC or other official vaccination record showing the patrons are fully vaccinated against COVID-19 (at least 14 days since the final dose) may be voluntarily presented at the door as an acceptable alternative to negative COVID-19 test results.
All patrons over age 5 regardless of vaccination/testing status must wear masks over their nose and mouth at all times while inside the venue.
Protocols will be revisited and may be revised based on CDC guidance and the evolving circumstances of the pandemic, including use of additional screening protocols.
ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS
Asolo Rep has also put into place the following safety measures:
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Asolo Rep is home to a fully vaccinated team of staff, volunteers, cast, crew and creatives.
-
For safety, all staff and volunteers interacting with patrons will be masked.
-
The theatre and lobby will be sanitized prior to each performance.
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All air handlers have been optimized for maximum air circulation and increased filtration.
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Touchless ticketing will be implemented for all performances.
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Digital program will be distributed prior to each performance.
QUESTIONS/CONCERNS
Should you have any questions or concerns regarding these protocols, please reach out to the Asolo Rep Box Office at 941.351.8000 Monday – Friday, 10am – 5pm, or email [email protected].
Thank you for your ongoing support and flexibility as we work toward safely welcoming you back to live performances!
Education Classes and Camps
- For detailed information regarding class and camp safety protocols, visit here. | https://www.asolorep.org/visit/healthandsafetycovid19 |
New York’s Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is home to a new masterpiece, thanks to a long-term loan of Gustav Klimt’s Adele Bloch-Bauer II (1912).
The canvas is one of two formal Klimt portraits of Adele Bloch-Bauer, the wife of wealthy Austrian industrialist Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer. In contrast to the better known Adele Bloch-Bauer I (1907), which shimmers in gold and silver, the later painting, while still emphasizing the model’s height, elegance, and high social station among the Viennese elite, is done in more traditional jewel tones.
The Bloch-Bauers were among the artist’s most important patrons, and owned five of his paintings, as well as 16 Klimt drawings, until their possessions were seized by the Nazis in 1938. The artworks eventually made their way to the Austrian state museum, in accordance with Adele’s wishes, but against those of Ferdinand, who had outlived his wife and bequeathed his entire estate to his nieces and nephews. In 1998, his niece Maria Altmann discovered the truth of his will and set out to recover her inheritance.
After a prolonged legal battle, soon to be the subject of a film starring Helen Mirren (see “Weinsteins’ Nazi-Looted Klimt Restitution Film To Star Helen Mirren“), all five paintings were returned to the Bloch-Bauer heirs in 2006 and put up at auction. Unlike Adele Bloch-Bauer I, which was purchased by New York’s Neue Galerie for $135 million, Adele Bloch-Bauer II was sold for $88 million to a private collector.
At the MoMA, Adele Bloch-Bauer II appears in the Alfred H. Barr, Jr. galleries for painting and sculpture alongside contemporaneous works from the museum’s collection by artists such as Klimt, Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Josef Hoffmann, and Koloman Moser.
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Want to stay ahead of the art world? Subscribe to our newsletter to get the breaking news, eye-opening interviews, and incisive critical takes that drive the conversation forward. | https://news.artnet.com/art-world/nazi-looted-gustav-klimt-portrait-debuts-at-moma-97059 |
The making of illuminated manuscripts and the collecting habits of European courts, including the Visconti-Sforza in Lombardy, Alfonso V of Aragon, and Charles V of France.
Luxury books commissioned by either aristocrats or clergy in Catalonia and those produced for such important ecclesiastical institutions as the Opera del Duomo in Florence.
Iconographic themes that medieval and Renaissance culture considered crucial to religious ideology, such as Paradise from the Divine Comedy illustrated by the Sienese Giovanni di Paolo.
Finally, an evaluation of female patronage of illustrated manuscripts through examples such as The Book of Hours of Joana of Castile and the so-called "Alphabet" of Mary of Burgundy.
The conference will thus adopt a variety of scholarly approaches to promote a fruitful interdisciplinary exchange that may stimulate dialogue on the social and economic background of luxury manuscripts in medieval and Renaissance Europe. To this purpose, particular attention will be given to the role played by the patrons who commissioned such works, their manner of choice for the artists as well as the iconographic programs used on the basis of the specific historic and geographic contexts for the splendid illuminated manuscripts of the perio. | https://www.khi.fi.it/en/aktuelles/veranstaltungen/2015/10/medieval-charm.php |
The research project on which this volume reports was conceived with two main aims in mind. The first and most immediate aim was to extend our knowledge of the social stratification of cultural consumption, and to do so in a cross-national perspective. In this regard, we obviously looked to build on previous research in this area, which has in fact been steadily growing in volume over recent decades. At the same time, though, it appeared to us that in certain respects this research was subject to limitations, especially in its treatment of social stratification, both conceptually and, in turn, operationally. As a result, the large potential that such research offers for increasing our more general understanding of the form of stratification of present-day societies was not being fully realised. The second aim of our project was therefore to bring research on the social stratification of cultural consumption into a somewhat closer relationship with mainstream stratification research, and in the hope that a better appreciation might thus be gained, on the one hand, of how social inequalities in cultural consumption actually arise and are sustained and, on the other hand, of what these inequalities reveal about the larger structures of social advantage and disadvantage of which they form part.
In this introductory chapter, we first of all outline a number of arguments concerning the social stratification of cultural consumption that have emerged from previous research and theory, and seek to provide some evaluation of their present standing. We also pose, in each case, a number of questions that arise and call for further investigation.
Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this book to your organisation's collection. | https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-status-and-cultural-consumption/social-status-and-cultural-consumption/257ECCCC0B1088DE0DA2D3BF882C684E |
The social and political changes in Afghanistan have been able to cast diverse effects on Afghan society. Among different changes the stratification of society into rich and power classes is a dominant one.
The differences have been intensified and are affecting the society as a whole. It has not been the stratification of a society in different classes that causes much trouble to a society rather it is that the stratification has become intense, which has caused the society to suffer or even suffocate.
The wealth that has poured in the country in the last one and half decade does not seem to have benefited the needy people of the society rather that has been accumulated by certain authoritative people who use it for their own benefits and grandeur. Though the stratification into rich and poor classes existed in Afghan society earlier as well, but it has changed its primitive shape; even in the urban regions the stratification is more like modern upper class and lower class division.
There are sociologists who consider the stratification of the society in different strata as a necessity. They believe that it is because of interaction of various strata that the society tends to function as whole – more like functional theory in sociology. Well, this argument is quiet debatable. Actually the class based setup in a society is mostly the outcome of the practice of Capitalism. Capitalism, at least in theory, tends to follow justice and demands that everyone should be gifted according to his ability. Thus, people with more ability can have as much as they deserve lawfully. Further, the system of Capitalism also allows the individuals to have lawful private property. The modern countries in Europe and America that are based on Capitalism can easily be observed to be having different classes in their societies.
This system seems to be working for them, but there are controversies regarding the future of the system. In fact, if this system has been working for so many countries, there are few pre-requisites that are maintained to a varying extent by these countries that have been helping the system to develop instead of facing a failure. First, it has been made sure that justice should be maintained in its true spirit, i.e. it must not favor only the upper class; rather the upper class itself should be treated by the law and order system in the same way as the other two classes; namely, lower, middle and upper classes.
To put it in simpler terms it can be said that social stratification has not been changed to social injustice. Second, social mobility has been made very easy in such societies. Social mobility basically means movement from one social class to another. For example, it has not been very difficult for a person taking birth in a lower class to work hard, develop the capability and move to the middle and even to upper class.
There have been equal opportunities for almost all the members of the societies to excel in their lives and become rich. The reverse has been maintained as well, i.e. the people born in rich families but not working hard have been pushed to the lower strata. Social mobility has been able to provide some oxygen for the social setup to inhale so that it must keep on living.
But there have been many controversies in the theory that social stratification can really lead to better development of a society. There are conflict theorists in sociologist who find the stratification of a society into upper and lower classes very much detrimental. The most critical of social stratification has been Karl Marx, who believed that the division of society into upper and lower classes is the root cause of all the exploitation in the society. He believed that as the upper class has the means of production in its control therefore it has the control of the entire society, wherein the labourers just suffer for the self-centered incentives of the upper class (the terms used by Marx for the upper class and lower class are Bourgeoisie and proletariat respectively).
The upper class tends to keep the status quo through the law and order system, which is in their benefit. But Marx believed that such Capitalism has to ultimately fall the victim of its own internal conflict and may result into the revolution of lower class to form egalitarian Communism.
The theory of Marx seems more reactionary to the disadvantages of the stratification of a society. At the same time, it cannot be ignored that in practice there are some major problems in some of the stratified societies. The intensification in class differences have given birth to so many social problems. This has also lead to the stagnation of societies and made only few enjoy the most.
The societies like Afghanistan where the wealth has poured in without
much accountability and weak check and balance system, the stratification has led to sufferings. The upper class in Afghanistan cannot be said to be in the form as it exists in an industrialized society. Rather, it includes the landlords, tribal heads and religious leaders. Both political and economic systems tend to revolve around these people who are in total control of entire wealth and its distribution. Further, it is also true that all these people do not seem to have the ability for what they are gifted.
They, in pursuit of their own benefits, have only made the opportunity of development favour themselves. The poor people of Afghanistan, who have been badly stricken by decades of wars, have only suffered the worst manifestations of poverty. There are millions who do not have the basic requirements of life and are compelled to live their lives in the remotest areas, without much support and attention. Food, cloth, shelter and other requirements like education and security are non-existent for them. And at the same time there are people who own properties worth millions of dollars. These are all the results of an intense stratification. The poor do not seem to be having many opportunities of improvements in their lives and that means that social mobility, which can provide oxygen to a stratified society does not exist, while the social injustice is on the rise. The law and order system, instead of treating everyone alike, has served as the slave of the upper-class. The current scenario if goes unchecked can bring further misery to Afghan society. | http://www.immigvanheugten.nl/?p=25322 |
The field of stratification is being transformed and reshaped by advances in theory and quantitative modeling as well as by new approaches to the analysis of economic, racial, and gender inequality. Although these developments are revolutionary in their implications, until now there has been no comprehensive effort to bring together the classic articles that have defined and redefined the contours of the field.In this up-to-date anthology, the history of stratification research unfolds in systematic fashion, with the introductory articles in each section providing examples of the major research traditions in the field and the concluding essays (commissioned from leading scholars) providing broader programmatic statements that identify current controversies and unresolved issues. The resulting collection of articles both celebrates the diversity of theoretical approaches and reveals the cumulative nature of ongoing research.This comprehensive reader is designed as a primary text for introductory courses on social stratification and as a supplementary text for advanced courses on social classes, occupations, labor markets, or social mobility. The following types of questions and debates are addressed in the six sections of the reader:1. Is stratification inevitable? Do the recent “experiments with destratification in Eastern Europe and elsewhere provide new insights into the functionalist theory of inequality? 2. Can we identify a set of organized and cohesive “social classes” in advanced industrial societies? Does it make sense to refer to a ruling class, a “political class,” or a “power elite” in these societies? 3. Are the basic contours of occupational mobility the same within all advanced industrial societies? Have the “new structuralists” led us astray in our attempts to understand the sources and causes of occupational attainment? 4. Are there fundamental differences across social classes in styles of life, patterns of consumption, and attitudes toward work? Are these “class-specific cultures” attenuating as we move into advanced industrialism? 5. Is there an emerging underclass in America? What are the principal sources of racial, ethnic, and gender inequality? 6. Can we identify a “teleological dynamic” driving the development of stratification systems? Are new forms of stratification and inequality emerging as Eastern Europe enters its postsocialist stage? The volume offers essential reading for undergraduates who need an introduction to the field, for graduate students who wish to broaden their understanding of stratification research, and for advanced scholars who seek a basic reference guide. Although most of the selections are middle-range theoretical pieces suitable for introductory courses, the anthology also includes advanced contributions on the cutting edge of research. The editor outlines a modified study plan for undergraduate students requiring a basic introduction to the field.
Product Details
|ISBN-13:||9780813310657|
|Publisher:||Avalon Publishing|
|Publication date:||08/28/1994|
|Series:||Social Inequality Series|
|Edition description:||Older Edition|
|Pages:||768|
|Product dimensions:||7.29(w) x 9.24(h) x 2.03(d)|
|Lexile:||1530L (what's this?)|
About the Author
David B. Grusky is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for the Study of Poverty and Inequality at Stanford University . His recent books include Inequality: Classic Readings in Race, Class, and Gender (Westview Press); Occupational Ghettos: The Worldwide Segregation of Women and Men ; Mobility and Inequality: Frontiers of Research in Sociology and Economics ; Poverty and Inequality ; and The Declining Significance of Gender? | https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/social-stratification-david-b-grusky/1116634580 |
Letters of support now available on the EMA website.
The AIMS-2-TRIALS consortium has received feedback (qualification advice) from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on the further exploration of EEG (electroencephalography) as a potential ‘biomarker’ in autism research. Finding measures to identify subgroups of autistic people – known as ‘stratification biomarkers’ – is crucial for research, as the variability of autism has made it difficult to determine whether treatments are effective; a treatment may be useful for some people but not others, and overall those effects can cancel out or muddy the findings of research studies. Researchers therefore need to identify subgroups of autistic people with similar characteristics and test treatments with those smaller groups.
It may also be possible to use the EEG measurement to predict development of autistic children’s non-verbal social skills over time – as a ‘prognostic biomarker’ as well as a ‘stratification biomarker’. The AIMS-2-TRIALS work is therefore a significant step forward in the search for both stratification and prognostic biomarkers in autism.
What exactly is the biomarker?
AIMS-2-TRIALS researchers have been working with a particular EEG measurement – called N170 – that reflects the brain’s processing of faces. Data from the Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) study within AIMS-2-TRIALS showed that N170 measurements were longer for autistic people than for aged-matched non-autistic people, with a lot of variability within those groups. Researchers also assessed non-verbal social skills using the VINELAND-II, an interview-based assessment of day-to-day functioning in a range of different areas. They found that the N170 measurement was correlated with a poorer prognosis for non-verbal social skills as measured by the Play and Leisure section of the VINELAND-II. This effect was stronger in children than in adults and was not present in autistic people who also have intellectual disability. In addition, brain imaging showed that variation in N170 was associated with differences in the function of brain areas responsible for face processing.
What is biomarker qualification?
A biomarker is considered qualified for a specific use when regulators have ensured it is sufficiently reliable for development of medicines and to support regulatory decisions. This review is carried out by the European Medicines Agency’s Committee of Human Medicinal Products.
What was the outcome of the biomarker review?
So far, the EMA Committee supported the consortium working towards using N170 EEG data as a stratification biomarker and agreed that the VINELAND-II or one of its sub-domains may also be acceptable. Both must be supported by additional research data. To demonstrate that N170 measurement can be used as a predictor (prognostic biomarker) for social functioning, further research needs to show that N170 and social functioning are associated at two time points: both at a starting point and later in a person’s development. It was also suggested that further evidence is needed to understand why it was only the Play and Leisure Time scores of the VINELAND-II scale that were related to the N170 measurements. Finally, alternative uses of N170 data, such as using it as a covariate in statistical analysis, will be investigated by the consortium.
Overall, the outcome of this initial review is positive, and the AIMS-2-TRIALS consortium will continue its innovative work. In time, development of these biomarkers should allow more effective research into treatments for aspects of autism or for co-occurring conditions, for those who seek them.
Find the full letters of support for the biomarker and adaptive functioning work on the EMA website via the links. | https://www.aims-2-trials.eu/2021/01/19/update-favourable-feedback-from-european-medicines-agency/ |
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Every member of staff who works for an NHS organisation has a legal obligation to keep information about you confidential.
We will only ever use or pass on information about you if others involved in your care have a genuine need for it. We will not disclose your information to any third party without your permission unless there are exceptional circumstances (i.e. life or death situations), where the law requires information to be passed on and / or in accordance with the new information sharing principle following Dame Fiona Caldicott’s information sharing review (Information to share or not to share) where “The duty to share information can be as important as the duty to protect patient confidentiality.” This means that health and social care professionals should have the confidence to share information in the best interests of their patients within the framework set out by the Caldicott principles. They should be supported by the policies of their employers, regulators and professional bodies.
Consent and Objections
Do I need to give my consent?
The GDPR sets a high standard for consent. Consent means offering people genuine choice and control over how their data is used. When consent is used properly, it helps you build trust and enhance your reputation. However consent is only one potential lawful basis for processing information. Therefore your GP practice may not need to seek your explicit consent for every instance of processing and sharing your information, on the condition that the processing is carried out in accordance with this notice. Your GP Practice will contact you if they are required to share your information for any other purpose which is not mentioned within this notice. Your consent will be documented within your electronic patient record.
What will happen if I withhold my consent or raise an objection?
You have the right to write to withdraw your consent at any time for any particular instance of processing, provided consent is the legal basis for the processing. Please contact the surgery for further information and to raise your objection.
Medicines Management Reviews
The Practice may conduct Medicines Management Reviews of medications prescribed to its patients. This service performs a review of prescribed medications to ensure patients receive the most appropriate, up to date and cost effective treatments.
Health Risk Screening / Risk Stratification
Health Risk Screening or Risk Stratification is a process that helps your GP to determine whether you are at risk of an unplanned admission or deterioration in health. By using selected information such as age, gender, NHS number, diagnosis, existing long term condition(s), medication history, patterns of hospital attendances, admissions and periods of access to community care your GP will be able to judge if you are likely to need more support and care from time to time, or if the right services are in place to support the local population’s needs. A form of this risk screening by a tool called “Eclipse” is used as a safety check looking at a patient’s conditions, current medications and test results.
To summarise Risk Stratification is used in the NHS to:
Your GP will use computer based algorithms or calculations to identify their registered patients who are at most risk, with support from the local Commissioning Support Unit (CSU) and/or a third party accredited Risk Stratification provider. The risk stratification contracts are arranged by NHS Great Yarmouth & Waveney Clinical Commissioning Group (the CCG) in accordance with the current section 251 of the National Health Service Act 2006. Neither the CSU nor the CCG will at any time have access to your personal or confidential data. They will only act on behalf of your GP to organise the risk stratification service with appropriate contractual technical and security measures in place.
Your GP will routinely conduct the risk stratification process outside of your GP appointment. This process is conducted electronically and without human intervention. The resulting report is then reviewed by a multidisciplinary team of staff within the Practice. This may result in contact being made with you if alterations to the provision of your care are identified.
A Section 251 Agreement is where the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care has granted permission for personal data to be used for the purposes of risk stratification, in acknowledgement that it would overburden the NHS to conduct manual reviews of all patient registers held by individual providers.
As mentioned above, you have the right to object to your information being used in this way. However you should be aware that your objection may have a negative impact on the timely and proactive provision of your direct care. Please contact the Practice Manager to discuss how disclosure of your personal data can be limited.
Sharing of Electronic Patient Records within the NHS
Electronic patient records are kept in most places where you receive healthcare. Our local electronic system (Emis Web) enables your record to be shared with organisations involved in your direct care, such as:
Your information will only be shared if it is appropriate for the provision of your care or required to satisfy our statutory function and legal obligations. Your information will not be transferred outside of the European Union.
In addition, NHS England have implemented the Summary Care Record which contains information about medication you are taking, allergies you suffer from and any bad reactions to medication that you have had in the past. You may consent to have an Enhanced Summary Care Record which contains more details about your health record such as any current medical problems. Your electronic health record contains lots of information about you. In most cases, particularly for patients with complex conditions and care arrangements, the shared record plays a vital role in delivering the best care and a coordinated response, taking into account all aspects of a person’s physical and mental health. Many patients are understandably not able to provide a full account of their care, or may not be in a position to do so. The shared record means patients do not have to repeat their medical history at every care setting.
Your record will be automatically setup to be shared with the organisations listed above, however you have the right to ask your GP to disable this function or restrict access to specific elements of your record. This will mean that the information recorded by your GP will not be visible at any other care setting.
You can also reinstate your consent at any time by giving your permission to override your previous dissent. If you would like to check or change your Summary Care Record status, please write to the Practice Manager at: Longshore Surgeries, Field Lane, Kessingland, Lowestoft, Suffolk. NR33 7QA
Invoice Validation
If you have received treatment within the NHS, the local Commissioning Support Unit (CSU) may require access to your personal information to determine which Clinical Commissioning Group is responsible for payment for the treatment or procedures you have received. Information such as your name, address, date of treatment and associated treatment code may be passed onto the CSU to enable them to process the bill. These details are held in a secure environment and kept confidential. This information is only used to validate invoices in accordance with the current Section 251 Agreement, and will not be shared for any further commissioning purposes.
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Your Right of Access to Your Records
The Data Protection Act 1998 and General Data Protection Regulations allows you to find out what information is held about you including information held within your medical records, either in electronic or physical format. This is known as the “right of subject access”. If you would like to have access to all or part of your records, you can make a request in writing to the organisation that you believe holds your information. This can be your GP, or a provider that is or has delivered your treatment and care. You should however be aware that some details within your health records may be exempt from disclosure, however this will in the interests of your wellbeing or to protect the identity of a third party.
If you would like access to your GP record electronically (some parts of your medical record is available for on line viewing) please ask Reception for the relevant form, you will also be asked to show Reception a form of photographic ID before your request may be considered. If you would like to come into the practice to view your medical record (paper notes, electronic or both) or have a printed copy of your medical record, please submit your request in writing to: The Secretaries, Longshore Surgeries, Field Lane, Kessingland, Lowestoft, Suffolk. NR33 7QA
Change of Details
It is important that you tell the practice if any of your details such as your name or address have changed or if any of your details such as date of birth is incorrect in order for this to be amended. You have a responsibility to inform us of any changes so our records are accurate and up to date for you.
Complaints
In the event that your feel your GP Practice has not complied with the current data protection legislation, either in responding to your request or in our general processing of your personal information, you should raise your concerns in the first instance in writing to the Practice Manager at: | https://www.longshoresurgeries.co.uk/info.aspx?p=9 |
Social Stratification And Conflicts Of Middle English Society In Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales
AbstractSocieties in a country are usually included of some different social layers in common way they live. It shows how much difference and equality could distinguish them into grouping which have both positive and negative implications for the most. As seen, they generally have different life to each other, depending on their level in such way living together. Sometimes there would be a social injustice and conflicts to those who are segregated by strata of social classes. The crucial issue to which society divide the class, not surprisingly, often depends on how ironically they show their own power as the pride of life which could result social conflict in the end. It is common for social integration that is separated by very little physical appearance of social position and economical condition to be at opposite ends of the social gap. People who come from different strata, especially the upper class usually try to expose their abundance and glorious thing, like wealth, money, the pride of noble integrity, political power, and so many prestige things to underestimate the lower. On the other side, the under might feel envy watching the upper glory by that way, so it makes them do any unfair thing to get the upper down. What many people do not understand however is that it also threatens the social unity and its ideals ofgood living. This fragile thing is really dangerous to happen in any country all entire the world. It seriously can cause separation, amalgamation, social diversification, and even social conflicts which could destroy the peace of life. That is why every people should not differentiate social level for keeping a good harmony of socialization.In this case, the purpose of this study is to determine how the crucial problem ofsocial injustice in social stratification may result the social conflict for the life existence. It has already been analyzed and figured out into main point of this thesis research. Taken from the fiction characters which are reflected among the real people of Middle English society at the era, the writer has successfully analyzed and determined toward the defining social classes and the conflict problem itself in performing the Middle English social levels and how the conflicts happen portrayed in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer book.The focus of this research study uses Social Class and Stratification theory ofPeter Saunders, as the main theory to use for finding a way to crack the problem analysis. The writer uses the theory above to strengthen her thought about social injustice in stratification. Peter Saunders has written the theory to develop a thought how social classes are divided and how inequality may arise and result the social conflict in society. It is the logical reason which the writer uses the theory as a foundation that is why.The results indicate a violation of social stratification could harm social harmonyin any such ways of life. What the social grouping and the conflicts itself that happen in The Canterbury Tales is just a depiction how much harmful a social classes existed into the social living. Many competitions, discriminations, public unfair, and so many other bad things that could be happen in this fragile way. It should not be happened anywhere we live, just to have a good way for happy life and to find the right one. Keywords: Class, Social Class, Social Stratification, and Social Conflict.
References
Saunders, Peter. (1990). Social Class and Stratification. New York, USA : Routledge British Library.
Fakultas Ilmu Budaya. (2012). Pedoman penulisan skripsi. Malang: Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Brawijaya
Davis, K. (1966). Some principles of stratification, Class, Status, and Power. London, England : Routledge British Library
Goldthorpe, J. (1969). The Affluent Workers in the Class Structure. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Miles, David. (1975). Sociology Literary : Some Introductory Notes. Retrieved on March 27, 2013, from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/403438?uid=3738224&uid=369685251&uid =2&uid=3&uid=60&sid=21102123992807. Wiley : The German Quarterly.
Collins, Ms., Abusada, Haneen., (2011). Advanced Placement-English Literature and Composition in The Canterbury Tales. Retrieved on October 07, 2012, Browsed from http://www.studymode.com/essays/T he-Canterbury-Tales-864958.html London :Study Mode.
Dunning, Alastair. (2000). Chaucher Scholarship and The Canterbury Tales Project. Retrieved on October 2, 2012, taken from http://www.ahds.ac.uk/history/creating/casestudies/canterbury/index.htm. London:AHDS History University of Essex.
James, R. (1988). Some remarks on informal work, social polarization and the social structure, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Oxford : Basil Blackwell Company.
Chaucer, Geoffrey. (1952). The Canterbury Tales. Accessed on July, 8 2012, browsed from: //www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/geoffrey-chaucer/the-canterbury- tales-ala.shtml. New York: D Appleton Coghill Transl.
Cashell. Brian W. (2007). Who Are the “Middle Class�. Accessed on August, 9 2013 browsed from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ class. CRS Report for the Congress.
Riley, Brendan R. (2000). Chaucer’s Critique of the Church. Accessed on Desember, 18 2013. taken from: http://ayjw.org/articles.php?id=759581 New York: W.W. Norton & Company,
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Dirrectessays. (2013). Chaucerian Moral and Social Commentary in the Canterbury Tales. Retrieved on Desember, 18 2013. Browsed from: http://www.directssaysessays.com/viewpaper/19062.html. DirectEssays.com
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Every society has different norms of behavior. Friendly greetings are expected; eating with your hands is frowned upon. Failing to follow the norms will make you stand out in negative ways, but you will probably be left alone by most people. Unless those norms are taboos. When building your world, working through a culture’s taboos will give you another dimension for differentiating them from their neighbors.
Social norms elevated to the level of taboo are considered fundamental to societal identity, beyond just table manners and social etiquette. Marriage rituals, sexual practices, what foods should be eaten, hygiene and bodily functions, and the treatment of the dead are all areas where acting outside the norm risks breaking a taboo.
Taboo behavior is considered to be extremely offensive or embarrassing. At a minimum, a taboo breaker will become a community’s black sheep, but the reaction can quickly escalate to full scale ostracizing or formal punishment by authorities. Public humiliation, incarceration, and even death are common consequences when authorities see someone as flaunting taboos. This gives characters strong motivation to avoid taboo behavior.
Origins of Taboos
Fear creates a belief that the taboo behavior will lead to some sort of physical harm or deterioration of society. This belief typically has a supernatural rationale. A belief that eating the wrong kind of food will poison the spirit is a taboo, while simply finding a food to be disgusting or physically unhealthy is not. Likewise, someone that believes marriage equality “tears apart the social fabric” may be a vocal opponent, but they don’t have the fanaticism of the person that believes marriage equality will bring wrath from the heavens.
This fear that something horrible will happen to the individual or the community leads to intensive policing of taboo behavior. Tolerance of taboo behavior can be nearly as bad as the original offense, creating a social pressure to be publicly enthusiastic about punishment. This pressure can be a strong motivation for characters that would otherwise show sympathy to a taboo breaker. In many cultures, if a son or daughter is caught breaking a taboo, the father must be involved in their punishment to clean the dishonor from the rest of the family.*
Taboos are created around misunderstood health concerns. In pre-Christian Rome, burials and cremations were expressly forbidden to happen during the day or within city walls. The night processions and burials away from the city centers were characterized as preserving a necessary boundary between the spirits of the living and the dead, but also reduced exposure to diseases that could be spread by contact with dead bodies. Despite misattributing the real risks associated with improperly disposing of the dead, the Roman taboo could be considered a victory for public health.
Taboos are also created to protect hierarchies, where the threat is changing the status quo enjoyed by a privileged class. Prior to Loving v. Virginia (1967) American law institutionalized a discriminatory taboo against interracial marriage.* Fear of racial mixing and the “polluting of society” motivated the privileged whites to ban blacks – treated as second-class citizens by the law already – from access to even limited privileged status through marriage. In this case the taboo lost influence over the following generations, in part due to the Loving decision delegitimizing it.
Another example of taboo enforcing a social hierarchy is the caste system in India. It prescribes professions one can work in, social circles appropriate to travel in, and at times who one can marry. The caste system has a long history and has undergone several changes, but a notable trait has been the untouchable class and the taboos around what is considered their sphere. The taboos work in two ways. First, work that is done by the untouchable caste is considered “unclean” and therefore forbidden for anyone else. Second, the untouchable caste is itself considered “unclean,” and therefore forbidden from doing any work that is assigned to other castes who they might pollute. Together these taboos free the privileged from the worst professions, assigning them to a class of people who are unable to do anything other than the menial or dirty work prescribed.
Using Taboos for Conflict
As you create multiple cultures that interact with one another, different sets of cultural taboos will distinguish them and provide potential for conflict. Mutually exclusive taboos can contribute to strong animosity. The Greeks* and Persians* had no shortage of reasons to hate each other, but they would each cite the burial practices of the other as evidence that their enemies were barbarians.
A character traveling in a foreign land must navigate a new set of taboos as they experience culture shock. Knowledge of which behaviors are taboo is socialized from an early age, and understanding is expected. There won’t typically be warnings posted for newcomers to read. A foreigner unaware of the culture’s behavioral standards is going to be considered ignorant or barbaric as they stumble through the pitfalls of cultural expectations.
Alternatively, when two cultures begin to intermingle and mutually assimilate, societal conflict results. Traditionalists (of either cultural tradition) will continue to strictly follow and enforce taboos, while more metropolitan individuals will have looser practices and may blend the taboos of both cultures together. This can be fodder for inter-generational conflict between characters or the basis of full-scale political strife.
Sensitivity When Adapting Taboos
When creating a culture for your own world, look at civilizations throughout history for inspiration on cultural norms and taboos, but be careful not to simply imitate and appropriate whole aspects of other cultures. Doing so risks turning a culture in your world into a caricature of real cultures. Since taboos are generally viewed as quaint, backwards, or barbaric from the outside, it is easy for your fictional culture to become an ugly stereotype of a real group of people.
Instead let the cultural norms grow organically from the needs of the culture based on geography, religion, history, and external threats. There will be real threats or health risks that get misinterpreted or superstitions that become full-fledged cultural beliefs over generations. This will help keep you safe from the trap of name changing and stereotyping real groups of people.
Like many individual aspects of culture, adding in taboos may seem like getting mired in the fine details. But cultures are complex and intricate. Adding these details fleshes out your fictional cultures in ways that help the characters seem real and shaped by society around them. The improvements made by your attention to detail will add depth to your cast and help the audience become more immersed in your world.
P.S. Our bills are paid by our wonderful patrons. Could you chip in? | https://mythcreants.com/blog/using-taboos-in-a-culture/?replytocom=428379 |
In this theory, we discussed about how culture affects the negotiation strategies and goals, with a concluding remarks.
Negotiation is a communication process by which two or more interdependent parties resolve some matter over which they are in conflict. Negotiators’ strategies and goals are revealed in the content and form of their communication. Communication, the process by which people exchange information through a common system of signs, symbols, and behaviors, is cultural because different social groups have distinct ways of communicating. We suggest that culture affects peoples’ beliefs or cognitive representations of what negotiation is all about, for example, reaching agreement about an outcome or building a long-term relationship. The culture affects the goals people have for negotiation, what they strive for in this interdependent social situation, and what they think is important. And it affects the norms people have for negotiation, what they consider appropriate and inappropriate behavior in a negotiation setting. Lastly, we argue that beliefs, goals, and norms influence communication processes such as negotiation.
How Culture Affects the Process of Negotiation
Culture and beliefs about negotiation
People in different cultures use different language to conceptualize or frame negotiation. In many, possibly even most, cultures negotiation is believed to be about distributing resources. Yet, at the same time, people seem to recognize that negotiation can have both a task focus and a relationship focus, that argument may be dominated by rationality or emotion, and that outcomes can be distributive, reflecting one party’s interests (win–lose) or integrative, reflecting both parties’ interests (win–win). People in all cultures probably have access to all of these different frames for perceiving and interpreting the negotiation process .We propose that culture may explain a negotiator’s tendency to think that negotiation is primarily a process of building, reconstructing, and maintaining relationships or a process of distributing resources. According to these recognize that negotiators have both relational goals and outcome goals. Relational goals emphasize social distance by stressing trust or dominance; outcome goals emphasize individual or joint gains. Cultural differences in negotiators’ relative emphasis on relationship versus outcome may be due to cultural differences in self-construal—how people understand themselves in a social setting. For example, people from Western cultures tend to have independent, also called individualistic, self-construal. They understand themselves as independent or detached from the social groups to which they belong and view themselves as agents free to focus on personal goals to self-actualize rather than on social obligations. People from Eastern cultures tend to have interdependent, also called collectivist, They tend to understand themselves within the context of the social groups to which they belong and view themselves as agents constrained by social obligations to maintain harmony and preserve “face” within their social groups.
Culture and Negotiation Processes: A Model
Region East West
Self-construal Interdependent Independent
Communication Norms High Context Low Context Beliefs Relationship Building Distribution of Resources Goals Cooperative Competitive Cooperative Competitive trust dominance joint gains individual gains
Behaviors Indirect Affective Direct Rational Information influence information influence
sharing sharing
An independent self-construal seems to be a worldview that is naturally associated with the perspective that negotiation is about distributing resources, not so much about relationships. An interdependent... | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Negotiation-1532518.html |
Note: All topics should be covered in the context of Pakistani Society. 1. a) b) c) d) 2. Introduction Definition of Sociology. Subject Matter. Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences. Utility and Application of Sociology.
Social Groups a) Types of Groups (Primary and Secondary Groups, in groups, Out-groups, formal Groups, Informal Groups. b) Distinction between social groups and social categories. c) Other related concepts (Reference Groups, Locality Groups, Society) Social Interaction a) Definition. b) Importance of social interaction. c) Process of Social Interaction (cooperation, competition, conflict, Assimilation, Accommodation and Acculturation). Social Norms a) Definition b) Types of social Norms (Folkways, Mores, (Amar-o-Nahi), Laws c) Other related concepts (Deviancy, Social Control, Social Sanctions, Taboos, Values and Beliefs) Status and Role a) Definition b) Types of Status and Role (Achieved and Ascribed) c) Related concepts (Role Conflict, Role Playing) Culture Definition Elements of culture(traits, patterns, complexes, ethos) Types of culture (Non-material and material, ideal and real Cultural Uniformity and Cultural Variability Other related concepts (sub-culture, cultural relativism, Ethnocentrism)
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6. a) b) c) d) e)
7. a) b) c) d) 8.
Socialization and Personality Definition Personality: Important factors in personality formation e.g. heredity, sociocultural and unique experiences, Interplay of these factors. Socialization (As a process, role taking, role playing) Concepts of self (theories of George, Mead and C.H. Cooley)
Social Stratification a) Definition b) Caste, Bradari and Class c) Social mobility and its types and factors affecting mobility. Social Institutions a) Definition... | http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Shah/138160 |
Culture refers to the accepted norms and values and rational behaviour of groups. It’s “How we do things!” Countries, as well as people within the country, may operate differently according to beliefs, values, norms, morals and attitudes.
While doing business, there should a conscious attention to behaviour, ethics, etiquette visions, working style, beliefs and habits. The cultural nuances that affect organisations obviously go beyond the ability to greet or choose the correct gift. The issues related to the culture’s time orientation, whether it’s at an individual level or collectively as a society, not to mention conflict assumptions and non-verbal communication, all affect the understanding(s) across the table, as well as the chances of being understood. It helps make us knowledgeable about the questions to ask, not the answers.
The contributions and cultural influences stemming from Africans have been greatly undermined in schools worldwide. As is the case in the distant memory of colonialization, enslaved Africans were forced to abandon traditional customs, camouflage spiritual rituals, and perish cultural artefacts. However, lifestyle from traditional folklore, practises of worship & healing, cuisine to song and dance is not only prevalent in today’s society, but have a widespread, deep-rooted impact throughout the world; though largely unnoticed. It’s therefore important to understand the cultural diversity of Africa.
Cultural diversity is a central part of the African collective identity. This central aspect has not always proven to be a blessing for Africa in dealing with itself and also in its encounter with the rest of the world. This is due to, among other things, the fact that the intrinsic African identity is dominantly an ethnicised cultural diversity. This implies that respective African cultures are bonded and integrated, mostly within particular groups, and hence emphasises more on the local context at the expense of the collective Africa perspective.
According to Chibueze C. Udeani’s “Cultural Diversity and Globalisation” (2007), in the age of globalisation, it’s a fact that “local contexts in the world are getting dissolved into a worldwide network of interaction under the influence of technology… It is therefore all the more necessary to pose the question of cultural diversity and globalisation from an African perspective”.
the diversity of cultures with which Africans are now being more intensively confronted within the process of globalisation.
Africa is 30 million square miles. It covers the same surface as 13 countries – including the United States, China and India – and the whole of Eastern Europe and in all kinds of riches, especially in raw materials such as platinum, cobalt, uranium, tantalum, gold, diamonds and oil. There is hardly an agricultural product that cannot be grown in Africa. Africa’s arable land for food security is reported to be the largest in the world.
A glaring example of the riches of Africa is the Democratic Republic of Congo, the country of Patrice Lumumba. Economic experts have pronounced that, when developed, Congo alone can feed and provide electricity for the whole of Africa.
In Africa, social and business culture reflects the past colonial history to a very large extent, with the African identity playing in the background. Doing business among the same ethnic African groups is prevalent with the propensity to ‘network,’ much before the word came to be used as a verb. The psychological orientation here is ‘n-affiliation,’ which is characterised by a need to belong to a group and readiness to help each other within that group.
There are many factors that must be considered in order to successfully conduct business in a marketplace foreign from your own. Learning the language and translating or localizing the approach is an important step, but so is understanding the customs and etiquette of that market.
Increasingly today the slow pace and underdevelopment of the African continent can be traced to the gradual degradation and loss of “African” culture (read values and morals). It’s said that the so-called contemporary development called values, norms and morals does not take place in a vacuum, but in what the human does with his/ her immediate habitat.
We must note that values, norms and morals are universal assets in understanding and defining culture; which do not change easily. In Africa we have specific values associated with some group of people, but these may solely be the material or visible culture, such as food, clothing, housing, drumming and dancing, and art. The values and morals are abstract and invisible (non-material) such as respect, love, marriage, taboos, laws, kindness and worship and is prevalent in the background, visible to a select few outsiders.
In Africa, social culture reflects the past colonial history, along with the civilisation that existed centuries before. Broadly we can divide this vast land today into three groups, i.e. Anglophone countries (English speaking), Francophone countries (French speaking), and Lusophone countries (Portuguese speaking), excluding the Arab-influenced North Africa.
At the same time, the old beliefs and witch craft, supernatural beings and ancestral spirits still practised, promoted very strong and healthy relationships among the communities. For instance, in Nigeria, the belief in the role of the Ogun and the God of Lightning and Thunder are paramount in controlling crime and corruption.
The belief in witch-craft still influences the traditional healing and medication practices in the treatment of various ailments and diseases in the society. The beliefs also promoted good kinship and cordial interpersonal relations and respect for elderly, kindness and habit of sharing, compliance with social norms, taboos and totems, and control of deviant behaviours in the society.
As a visitor in Africa, one is therefore broadly exposed to three distinctive components of the people inhabiting present-day Africa: (1) traditional Africans who are yet little affected by modernization (thereby socialising among the same ethnic people), (2) transitional Africans, and (3) modern Africans (foreign educated, well-travelled and socialising using modern tools). Hence, the social cultural set up in Africa is quite diverse and varied and not static, and has been impacted upon by both internal and external forces.
Conducting business in Africa requires the social cultural awareness and effective cross-cultural communication skills. What might be acceptable in SE Asia, for example, may be unacceptable in Africa. Do not expect French or Portuguese speaking business people to speak to you in English even if they understand it. Business objectives may be the same, but ways of implementation and communication differ greatly.
While in Singapore, PMETs focus on producing quick and tangible results in their work; the experience in Africa, on the other hand, differs. The pace of doing things is slower and the outlook is often long-term. It’s therefore normal, being used to the efficiency of Singapore system, to develop a sense of frustration by not understanding the local business practices. Do kindly note that the African approach to decision-making does not mean that local business people are unable to make quick decisions. Far from it; what it shows is the cultural significance of consensus and consultation, which tends to guide the decision-making process in Africa’s group-oriented cultures.
As seen in SE Asia, socialising is key and builds personal trust, which is a prerequisite to doing business.
However, in Africa most of the times it’s difficult to see the dividing line that determines where socialising ends and where business begins. Sometimes it takes a backyard barbeque or a couple of visits to the village for a meal or getting acquainted before you are offered any water or tea or even start discussing business. Some outsiders have misinterpreted these as being rude and viewed leisure to mean African laziness. Fact is leisure and socializing form the foundation that is key to group solidarity that is important to Africa.
When entering a social function, shake hands with the person to your right and then continue around the room going from right to left. Say good-bye to each person individually when leaving.
The West African handshake – where the middle finger snaps the middle finger of the person you are shaking. The louder the snap, the better, and it is acceptable to try the snap a second time if you miss it.
The most common greeting is “How are you?” or “Bonjour”, “Jambo”, or in the country’s local language, which is generally said immediately prior to the handshake.
Always greet people first when you enter an area. Otherwise, you may wonder why people are just looking at you when you enter a room. They are waiting for you to offer a greeting, which will be received with a big smile and a warm reply.
Direct, “let’s get to business” conversation is considered rude. Always exchange pleasantries and inquire about family before beginning to transact any business. Even if you are just purchasing vegetables!
When in rural areas and small villages, a visit to the local chief is the first stop you should make. When in the presence of the chief, remove your hat, keep your hands out of your pockets and do not cross your legs.
In the countries with colonial pasts, European etiquette is socially acceptable. For example, English manners in Kenya and Nigeria and Dutch manners in various parts of South Africa.
Soft handshakes are common across Africa. In Muslim countries, such as Morocco, men may hold handshakes so long that they become handholds.
CAGE is an acronym for four broad components of distance: Cultural, Administrative, Geographic and Economic.
Companies routinely overestimate the attractiveness of foreign markets. Dazzled by the sheer size of untapped markets, they lose sight of the difficulties of pioneering new, often very different territories. The problem is rooted in the analytic tools (the most prominent being country portfolio analysis, or CPA) that managers use to judge international investments. By focusing on national wealth, consumer income, and people’s propensity to consume, CPA emphasizes potential sales, ignoring the costs and risks of doing business in a new market. Most of these costs and risks result from the barriers created by distance.
“Distance,” however, does not refer only to geography; its other dimensions can make foreign markets considerably more or less attractive. The CAGE framework of distance presented here considers four attributes: cultural distance (religious beliefs, race, social norms, and language that are different for the target country and the country of the company considering expansion); administrative or political distance (colony-colonizer links, common currency, and trade arrangements); geographic distance (the physical distance between the two countries, the size of the target country, access to waterways and the ocean, internal topography, and transportation and communications infrastructures); and economic distance (disparities in the two countries’ wealth or consumer income and variations in the cost and quality of financial and other resources). This framework can help to identify the ways in which potential markets may be distant from existing ones.
The more marked the differences, the greater the distance between the countries (in terms of being attractive).
Understanding cultural differences is critical to the success of companies engaging in international business. A society’s culture affects the political, economic, social and ethical rules a company must follow in its business dealings within that country.
A society or country’s culture reflects its values, beliefs, behaviours, customs and attitudes. Culture is learned behaviour that is transmitted among people within a country to another. The elements of culture are interrelated and reinforce each other. It’s important to note that these elements are adaptive, changing as outside forces influences the country. Hence, there are many factors that must be considered to successfully conduct business in Africa as mentioned in the article.
Religion influence attitudes towards work, investments, consumption, laws and responsibility for one’s behaviour. Language is another cultural element since it allows people to communicate with each other. Learning the language and translating or localizing the approach is an important step that can be noted. In conclusion, the CAGE framework provides an important learning to identify the potential of Africa from an outsider’s perspective. It helps international companies to recognise these elements of culture and understand the attributes of the primary national culture, as well as the subtle subcultures in a country to succeed.
This article was written specifically for the NTU-SBF Centre for African Studies by Navin Ravindran, VP Sales of Aluzinc Asia (Pte) Ltd. | https://www.heartforthenation.org/2017/05/03/donate-your-woolens-this-winter/ |
Posted on 19 July 2017
Year 10 Art students recently held an art exhibition showcasing their Semester 1 work.
In a unit entitled, “What is Really Going On in That Place?” the students selected a place and used visual language to convey development, cultural changes or environmental concerns. They researched other artists to find new approaches to their work. The exhibition is a collection of experimental and resolved artworks created throughout the semester.
Congratulations to Isabella Thaesler and Gabby Jones whose artworks were voted as the best two by fellow students. | https://www.ormistoncollege.com.au/news/what-is-really-going-on-in-year-10-art |
In light of Japan’s nuclear past and present, the threat of atomic annihilation has long influenced Japanese artists.
This exhibition will focus on the work of artists responding to the events at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in 2011 and its environmental implications.
The massive radioactive monster Godzilla looms large in popular culture, originating in a series of live action Japanese (tokusatsu) films in the 1950s, where it emerged from the sea to destroy Japanese cities. The nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were fresh in the Japanese consciousness and the character was seen as a metaphor for nuclear weapons. In the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, when a tsunami tore through the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, the potent image of Godzilla and his anti-nuclear subtext again forces people to question nuclear power.
Japanese Art After Fukushima: Return of Godzilla is part of the Art + Climate = Change 2015 festival celebrating and identifying Australian and international artists working with environmental ideas.
Featuring Australian and international artists working with environmental ideas, including:
• Ken and Julia Yonetani, artists with an interesting Australia / Japanese creative partnership, exploring the interaction between humans, nature and science.
• Manabu Ikeda, a Japanese artist who lives and works in Wisconsin, USA, whose massive, intricate drawings are influenced by the natural world and can take up to a year to complete. His recent work focused on the turmoil of the 2011 earthquake that hit Japan.
• Takashi Kuribayashi, a highly acclaimed Japanese artist whose range of environmental artworks offer an immersive experience of imagined ecologies, using the affective qualities of water as a channel to reimagining not only local ecologies, but also their interconnectedness with regional and global space.
• Yutaka Kobayashi, a Japanese environmental artist currently based in Australia on an 18 month residency. The frequently participative outreach component of his art extends his ecological messages into the larger contexts of community. Kobayashi’s installation Absorption Ripple is inspired by the idea of how quickly people forget about great disasters and can get distracted. | https://rmitgallery.com/exhibitions/japanese-art-fukushima-return-godzilla/ |
Here is another shout out to an amazing artist I found. I believe her works well qualify for the overall feeling which permeates the fall season.
Artist Chie Yoshii was born in Japan in 1974 and earned her BFA at Massachusetts College of Art in 2000. Galleries around the world like the URBAN NATION Museum have featured her myriad of artworks centered on the relationship between human psychology and mythological archetypes. Critics and journalists compare her traditional Flemish artists who valued simple portrayals of natural beauty through landscapes, portraits, and still lifes. As her official website states,
. . . the brushstrokes and the luminosity of her panels are reminiscent of traditional Flemish paintings, in which the details, the quality of shading, and the softness of each character’s complexion are presented in a masterly manner. On the other hand, the subtle symbolism and compelling presence of the figures bring an unexpected air of accessible modernity.
Yoshii works primarily with oil on canvas and her artworks strive to explore and merge contrasting themes such as innocence and sensuality, strength and weakness, nature and humanity.
In a way, she reminds me of a French artist I mentioned years ago named Anne Bachelier (ARTICLE HERE) who also features women in her paintings and uses psychological themes to convey ideas on the human condition through the atmosphere, lighting, and engaging well-placed symbolism throughout each artwork.
All the women in Yoshii’s paintings would make interesting study subjects. Many of them seem to look straight at their audience, as haunting as they are mysterious. It seems like they are circus performers playing a part in a fantastic story, well aware people are watching. As such, I wonder if we are even able to see their true selves under their guises, shrouded in ethereal beauty.
I also enjoy her use of color throughout her works, especially the not so subtle crimson red and deep blue which pop up throughout her gallery of paintings. Other common themes include butterflies, masks, dark backgrounds, birds, and famous greek deities. Overall, her style is a warm mixture of Western and Eastern art styles. Feel free to explore her artworks and biography on her WEBSITE! | https://aebperspective.com/2018/10/09/mediation-among-the-fallen-leaves-day-4/ |
Please answer all 6 question. Answers are based on the slideshow that i uploaded.
ART HISTORY I: TAKE HOME MIDTERM
Write a 1 – 1 ½ double space, type written answer to EACH question.Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 60 points.
What are the distinguishing formal features of 12th and 13th century representational art?Was this art more symbolic than naturalistic?How so?Give the example of two works of art, which may be mosaics, paintings, or works on paper.
Who rediscovered naturalism in 14th century Italian Renaissance art?Why was this artist’s painting so innovative?Give the example of a work of art.
Compare the Raising of Lazarus by Giotto and Duccio. What are their styles?Do they convey different messages of this biblical story?How so?
Compare Roger van der Weyden’s Deposition with Pontormo’s Mannerist masterpiece, the Pieta.How are the styles different?Do they express different emotions?
Explain the stylistic innovations, interpretation, and significance of Masaccio’s Holy Trinity.
Compare Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper with Tintoretto’s.How are their styles and interpretations different?
We value our customers and so we ensure that what we do is 100% original..
With us you are guaranteed of quality work done by our qualified experts.Your information and everything that you do with us is kept completely confidential. | https://www.homeworkcheg.com/take-home-midterm/ |
GUIDELINES: These are some generic guidelines for interviews with artists. Typically what I do before an interview is I look up other interviews this artist has done on the internet, so I don't ask a question that they've been asked a million times before.
GREETINGS
Introduce Artist: "Hello. This is (artist's name). They are a (genre) type of band." Go over any other important facts that should be known about them before your start.
GENERIC QUESTIONS TO ASK
How did (Band Name) begin?
What instruments do you play in the line up (if this isn't commonly known knowledge and if you're just interviewing one person).
Who are your musical influences?
What are the important themes and messages of your music?
Of all the things you have written, do you have a favorite song? If you do, what is it and why?
When is your newest album coming out?
How does this album compare to other albums you released in the past?
When is your next tour? Where will you be touring?
Are you guys going to tour around us in Washington D.C.?
What advice do you have for amateur artists trying to record their first album?
As an artist, how did you learn how to play music (or paint, write, whatever you are interviewing them about)?
What websites do you like to go to in order to learn about music and metal (or whatever it is they are known for being good at).
What websites do you go to in order to learn about Paganism (if they are a pagan band/artist of sorts)?
SPECIFIC QUESTIONS
THE BIG QUESTIONS
When writing an interview, I look at the artist's facebook/blog/and any other personal information. I try to find out what motivates them politically/spiritually/etc. I try to find out their beliefs about the world and how their music is an outlet for their beliefs. Usually after asking the mickey mouse type questions, I also try to incorporate a deep question.
As an artist, how do you use your art to convey a message about your beliefs to the world?
Do you think artists have a moral responsiblity to use their art to convey certain truths? (such as the environment or climate change for example).
SILLY/FUN QUESTIONS
You can also ask silly questions in order to liven up the interview a bit so it doesn't read like an encylopedia entry. For example, if you find out the artist likes horror movies you can ask them what they would do if they were a character in a horror movie. I also know that Randy Blythe from Lamb of God talked about running for president - so if I were interviewing him about his music, I might also ask him what he would do for me as president of the United States. Or if I were talking to Amon Amarth I would ask them if I could ride in their viking ship.
CLOSER
Thank the artist for taking the time to interview your questions. Maybe say something about listening to their album when it comes out or looking forward to seeing them on tour. | https://www.primevalvoid.com/staff_tools/interviewtemplate.html |
Year 7 students will be introduced to art involving human experience, feelings and thought. Art is something we experience. God is the author of creation. Therefore, understanding creativity originates from a designer. This allows us to understand that we are merely by-products of God’s design and that we use Gods designs to re-design.
By looking at art from the past we can gain knowledge and understanding of society’s beliefs, values attitudes and way of life. Art is a means of communication – a visual language, a system of conveying ideas and emotions which goes beyond the use of words.
Students will use artist models to convey meaning in their artworks. Exploring shading, tone, colour and compositions. Allowing the students to express themselves in various issues that relate to “Objects”.
Unit 2 : “Objects” The Frames
Frameworks: Frames / Conceptual Framework / Practices
Time: 34 Hours / 10-Weeks (approx)
Outcomes: 4.1- 4.10
Week 1 - 3 | Prep for Exams in Week 6
What to study?
The aim of this examination, whether they have or have not studied particular artists throughout the year, is for students use their critical mind. They will show an ability to formulate their own ideas, finding their own opinions through their interpretive writings.
As I have mentioned in my introduction, the ideas of the individual artist are important because interpretations of an artist's work may be overly critically evaluated by others. We will teach students to evaluate and consider other world views and historical events, sifting through information on the internet and in theoretical art books.
This will allow and encourage students to:
Week 4 | What is art?
Artmaking:
Complete with worksheet 3
What will they learn in Artmaking:
Week 5
Students working through installations class activity Peter Callesen "One Piece of Paper." Students looked at a You Tube Video or website < www.petercallesen.com>
Students work with paper influenced by Peter Callen and selected objects that reflect environment issues.
Students create two drawings one in crayon the other in dry pastels but based on the theme ‘environmental issues.”
Final response students will create installations using all the techniques + artist practice and ideas to influence student’s ideas.
Assignment 1 Due 28/05 approx students needed to check date and countdown button on <mrtafai.com>
Week 6 | Kathe Kollwitz
Artmaking:
Kathe Kollwitz
Text Books Pg 39
Students will investigate the artworks of Kathe Kollwitz ideas and practice. Students will question the issues that inspire the artist to the point of painting artworks that speaks of social injustice.
Students will explore the historical events that created the environment and the ideas of meaningful artworks.
(1867-1945), Woman with her Dead Child (1903)
It was here that Kollwitz developed her strong social conscious which is so fiercely reflected in her work. Her art features dark, oppressive subject matter depicting the revolts and uprisings of contemporary relevance. Images of death, war and injustice dominate her work.
What will they learn in Artmaking:
Students will draw two drawings that will use the sense of touch and feeling. Using their hands to touch their own face and draw what they feel. Second drawing observe your partners face and draw in detail - Teacher will demonstrate the techniques in how to draw proportional faces.
Create a series of large drawings of yourself or a partner using each of the following techniques:
Using your 'wrong hand' with your eyes closed, using one hand to feel your partner's or your own face.
Critical / Historical
Students will study the artists and artworks of Kathe Kollwitz textbook
What will they learn in Critical:
subjective, structural, cultural and postmodern approaches to making artworks
Week 6 | Exams Year 8 - 11
Week 7
Students continued with updating their Visual Art Process Dairies - documenting Assignment 1
Students will be investigating the issues of accuracy, proportionate composition, space, depth, foreground and background.
Assignment 1 - Students were followed up
Week 10
Taking Year 7 students to a current Exhibition this year need to work out for next term. Last year students saw LINKED LANDSCAPE by ANNEKE SILVER a great experience but the aim is to visit an exhibition related to our artmaking. | http://www.mrtafai.com/year-7-class-activities-2a |
Sustainability continues to be at the center of political, economic and social debates. As discussions heat up, so does the planet, and contemporary art has joined the debate through the recycled art movement. 카지노사이트 Whether they are politically motivated, or simply walking in Duchamp’s footsteps, these artists create inspirational and original pieces. By working with recycled materials, these artists encourage their viewers to question the sustainability and ecological impact of the artistic process. Often favoring biodegradable media, their works are both beautiful and ephemeral. Artsper invites you to discover 10 of the best artists working with recycled materials.
1. Vik Muniz
Brazilian artist Vik Muniz is central to the recycled art movement. Discovered by an art dealer in New York in the mid-1980s, he specializes in reproducing masterpieces with recycled materials. His materials range from trash, to shredded magazines, wires, puzzle pieces and even dust. Muniz creates large-scale pieces, whose compositions require them to be digitally projected onto the ground from a height. The documentary “Waste Land” focuses on Muniz’s project Jardim Gramacho in Rio de Janeiro, which took place over three years in the world’s biggest wasteland.
For this project, Vik Muniz worked with “pickers” who collected waste for the artist and his recycled art projects. The pickers then assembled the pieces into sculptures, which were projected onto the floor inside a warehouse. At the end of the project, the artist sold all the photographs during an auction event, and donated the proceeds to the pickers who participated to the project.
2. Derek Gores
Floridian artist, designer and illustrator Derek Gores has become a master in the art of collage. He creates his works with shredded magazine paper, labels and other recycled materials. Gores starts by organizing his materials by color, and then creates images from them. His art, made from recycled materials, mostly depicts portraits of women or everyday life scenes inspired by the world of fashion and design. Although his works are a mosaic of various objects, they remain strikingly fluid and graceful.
3. Tim Noble and Sue Webster
British artists Tim Noble and Sue Webster met in 1986, while studying fine art in Nottingham. The couple is known for their iconic “shadow sculptures,” made from recycled materials and rubbish. They then illuminate these in order to cast shadows on the walls and surrounding ground. At first sight, the piece may look like a pile of rubbish. However, once the light is cast, the shadow of the piece reveals an incredibly detailed and realistic image on the wall. 바카라사이트
4. Guerra de la Paz
The Guerra de la Paz collective is a group of Cuban artists founded by Alain Guerra and Neraldo de la Paz. Based in Miami, they work from unconventional materials like recycled clothing, from which they create very colorful sculptures. Their pieces are often interpretations of classic artworks, and frequently convey deeply political messages. Paz’s art questions modern consumer society, and the way we blindly use and discard objects that are still in good condition, such as clothes. | https://ezimtpst.xyz/5-artists-working-in-recycled-art/ |
I think I learned many new things from my first semester. My courses are well connection with each others. Also, I made couple artwork that I like a lot. Research from seminar class is very helpful for finding the inspirations to the studio class. For example, The High Line project. I was not know anything/background informations and history about The High Line, then the group research from seminar class was really helped me to create a story that relate with the history of High Line for my studio class. I had get in touched with many different kinds of materials from my space class. Also, I learned how to use Premier, Photoshop, and Illustrator from my classes.
There are two project that I like the most from this semester. First is the Artist memorial from studio class. I was doing my favour designer Alexander McQueen. I have so much things to say about him. I had over ten sketches for this project. I was having a hard time to figure out which one can be the best Memorial for him. At the end, I almost combined my ideas into one video. I spend 5 hours for shooting, and 4 hours for cutting the video. It was such a honour for me to do a memorial for Alexander McQueen as my final project. Secondly, there is one paper that I wrote for my ESL 1700 class that I like a lot. I wrote a compare and contrast paper of Yayoi Kusama by using Chicago formate. I researched her artworks, then compared her style from her early work and later work. How her style changed while she experience the different things in her life.
After first semester classes, I learned that a good art work is not only the work itself but also the meaning behind of it. A thoughtful research can bring my artwork into a different level. Learning artists’ stories, and the way they create artworks can give me more inspirations of what I want to approach in my works. | https://portfolio.newschool.edu/ruoyifeng/2017/12/12/first-semester-reflection/ |
Marjan was born in 1968 in Iran.
She is an Iranian artist based in Singapore. Marjan obtained her bachelor of science degree from Isfahan Medical University.
After moving to Singapore, she started to learn painting, and it was her first interest. Marjan achieved certification from Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts (NAFA) in 2008 for western painting (oil).
Marjan's artworks were exhibited in Singapore Art gallery. Meanwhile, she was top 20 artists in online art contest 2017.
Marjan is interested in drawing and painting still life, scenery, peaceful compositions and paintings with messages behind them. | https://www.exquisite-art.com/en/catalogue/artists/marjan-motavvef-iran.html |
Thoughtfully Awake, artwork that examines social issues and awareness and The Effects of Jim Crow on Advertising, artifacts from the collection of Therbia U. Parker, Sr.
at the Suffolk Art Gallery, 118 Bosley Ave., Suffolk.
The media, in all forms, traditional, social, and electronic, is filled with stories of disparity. #MeToo, race relations, immigration, Equal Rights Amendment, the environment, and many more. Artists have always had unique ways to convey messages of injustice and consolation through their creative process. Artists were invited to submit artworks that examine social issues in ways that may help the viewer be more aware of the disparities in society – local, national or international. | https://www.christinekharris.com/?p=1483 |
What is Art Detective?
Art Detective is a free-to-use network connecting the UK’s public art collections with providers of specialist knowledge. Providers include academics, the art trade, specialist curators, retired practitioners and informed members of the public.
Art Detective was created by Art UK (as the Public Catalogue Foundation) in collaboration with the University of Glasgow. In its first
The exercise of data gathering and
How does Art Detective work?
Anybody can register to join Art Detective. Questions from collections or suggestions from informed members of the public, once submitted, are read by Art UK. Some proposed discussions may not become public discussions as Art UK or the collection that own the work may be able to provide the conclusion. Some of these
Anyone is able to follow the discussions and there is no need to register if you only want to view the discussions. Broad public involvement – and contributions – are sought.
How are collections involved?
Each collection that has helped create the Art UK website will be encouraged to use Art Detective: to ask questions about their works if
As a member of the public, can I contribute to Art Detective?
If you have informed knowledge about an artwork displayed on Art UK, or an artist with work on Art UK, we encourage you to contribute to Art Detective – by either making a comment on an existing
Your suggested discussion will be received by Art UK team, who will get back to you in due course. If a discussion is started as a result of your contribution, you will be able to follow its progress from your dashboard when you log in. Please note that it may be several months before the research can be completed and a conclusion reached. In some cases, a firm conclusion may never be achieved.
What sort of information should be submitted to Art Detective?
It is important any contributions made to Art Detective are supported by an identified source, or by unique or specialist knowledge. We welcome information such as clues as to whom unidentified sitters may be, artist attributions, an execution date of an artwork, or the subject matter. Whether you spot a
Can I obtain a
Collections own the rights to the
As a member of the public, can I use Art Detective to seek advice on artworks in my possession?
Art Detective was set up to improve knowledge about the UK’s art collection, as displayed on the Art UK website. We cannot answer
I sent an Art Detective
Through the previous version of Art UK (Your Paintings), Art UK received over 8,000 individual messages from members of the public, artists and their families, collections and art enthusiasts and experts. The quality of the
Will my artwork description or artist biography be added to Art UK?
With limited resources at present, we are storing artwork descriptions and artist biographies. We hope to add them to Art UK in the near future.
What is NICE artworks?
NICE artworks (the National Inventory of Continental European artworks) is a newly researched online catalogue of pre-1900 continental European artworks in the UK’s public museums and galleries, available at http://vads.ac.uk/collections/NIRP/index.php. It is being created by the National Inventory Research Project (NIRP), which has been based at the University of Glasgow since 2003 (for further information and contact details see http://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/cca/research/instituteofarthistory/projectsandnetworks/nationalinventoryresearchproject/).
NIRP was initiated in 2001 by the National Gallery and a committee of regional curators to address the decline in collection research in the UK’s regional museums and to make collection information more widely accessible. NIRP raises funds to employ qualified art historians to work with curators across the UK to help research their old master artworks in detail. Many NIRP researchers have gone on to curatorships in major museums.
NIRP has worked increasingly closely with Art UK over the past ten years. NIRP’s rich collection data is now accessible via Art UK and Art UK has provided many digital images to illustrate NICE artworks. NIRP staff have been involved in creating Art UK projects such as Art UK, Art UK Tagger and Art Detective. All these projects aim to increase public accessibility to the nation’s artworks and to involve the public in improving information about them.
How do I report a comment?
To report a comment simply click the exclamation mark which appears when your cursor is hovering over a comment. The exclamation mark will turn orange to indicate the comment has been reported. Art UK review any reported comments and can remove them if necessary. The reported comments will only be checked during office hours (Monday to Friday, 9am–5.30pm).
I want to stop receiving emails from Art Detective. How do I change my settings?
You will receive email notifications from Art Detective if you are following a group, following a discussion, or if a response is posted to a discussion you proposed. You can tell if you are watching a group or a discussion by signing into Art Detective, and going on to the individual group page, or on the discussions pages. If the ‘eye’ symbol is green it means you are watching the group or discussion. Click the ‘eye’ to unwatch groups or discussions.
If you are watching a group, you will automatically watch any new discussions that are posted which are assigned to that group.
I proposed a discussion but can’t see it on the Discussions section of the website. Where is it?
When a discussion is proposed it does not go live immediately. Proposed discussions are reviewed by staff at Art UK. This is because many proposed discussions do not need to become public discussions: for example, the question may be answered by Art UK directly without the need to involve the collection. Sometimes the collection gets involved at the ‘propose a discussion’ stage and determine that there is no need for a public discussion – the case is ‘open and shut’. A discussion become public only if the collection agree. This is because collection records often contain more information than is shown on Art UK.
To see the status of proposed discussions you will need to be signed in. Sign into Art Detective, then hover your cursor over the red circular icon in the top-right corner. A menu will appear. Click ‘Proposed discussions’. Please note that completed proposed discussions will be removed from this menu. Proposed discussions are completed either when the discussion is made public, or if Art UK believe the query has been resolved. | https://staging.artuk.org/artdetective/footer/faq |
Ritical essay comparing three specific works of art
Choose three (3) works of art from three artists from the Baroque period through the Postmodern era. Your three (3) works of art should come from the time periods or art movements covered in the reading from Unit 4 and Unit 5. Your choices must comply with the following criteria:
The 3 artworks chosen must be of the same style or time period. For example, you can choose one of the following suggestions:
3 Baroque works of art (from textbook: Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Peter Paul Rubens), or
3 Impressionist works of art (from textbook: Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renair, Edgar Degas), or
3 Abstract Expressionist works of art (from textbook: Henri Matisse, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Paula Modersohn-Becker)
Your three (3) works of art should have a similar theme. For example: 3 landscapes, or 3 works that focus on religious content, etc.
Out of the three works of art by the three (3) artists selected, you must choose at least two (2) works from two artists discussed in the textbook.
If you decide to choose one work of art that is not from the textbook, the artists must be discussed in the text. Begin your search by reviewing artists in the text. Then you can search other Internet sources for their other works of art. Your final paper will be a 1200a 1500 word critical essay about the three works of art you have chosen. The goals of a critical essay are to evaluate and analyze the artworks based on research, using the vocabulary and concepts you have learned. Your attitude should be detached (i.e., your personal opinions are not as important as academic concepts; The Criticalaspect of the essay refers to this detached attitude, not whether you react positively or negatively to the works).
Your essay must include the following points:
1. A description of the works including the style. Describe basic facts, as well as the visual appearance of the work (What does the viewer see? Where are key figures located? What tells us that the work is of a particular style?)
2. A summary of the artists personal philosophies of art (if they can be found in published sources), and the prevailing trends and schools of thought in the art world at the time and in the place the artist was working. For instance, discuss what was taking place in each artists city, country, and/or church that may have provoked a reaction from the artist or the greater society. Include any information that might help the reader understand the artists point of view or why the artist made his or her choices in this work of art.
3. An explanation of how the works fit into the context of the time period.
$. Compare the three works in terms of form, content, and subject matter. Using the terminology and concepts that you have learned in the course, explain the similarities and differences in the styles of the works and the context in which they were made.
5. Compare and contrast their aesthetic qualities and symbolic significance, as well as the artistsa points of view. Your personal point of view that you have developed throughout the paper will be summarized here. As with the preceding three sections, you will write in your own words, supported by research. Submit the following with your final draft: | https://onedayessay.com/essay-topics/ritical-essay-comparing-three-specific-works-of-art/ |
Art has been a part of man’s quest for knowledge. Man aimed to capture and the concretion of what comes to the imagination of the human psyche. Objects with a physical or tangible counterpart are easier to recreate in a painter’s canvas and an artwork of extreme beauty can be produced. But what about the metaphysical realm where so-called objects may not have a physical counterpart? How would artists make them as a subject of a painting for example? What is invisible and the stuff of dreams and how artists would try to recreate them somehow helped in giving birth to Surrealism.
Surrealism began as a cultural movement that transcended artworks in the form of paintings. It has also become known as a movement in poems, film and music from the 1920’s until today. Surrealism as an art movement was seen and originated from the beliefs of Dadaists, who believed that too much of irrationality in thoughts and values have been bringing the terrible conflict that was then happening in the world especially during World War I.
Surrealism was said to be the founded mainly by the French writer Andre Breton who was known then as a Dadaist. He wrote the three manifestos about surrealism, notably the “Surrealist Manifesto” in which he defined surrealism as pure psychic automatism. Breton had training in the field of medicine and psychiatry where he was able to encounter the theories of psychoanalysis first hand which had a great influence on the art movement.
Surrealists are interested in trying to capture what the human psyche are trying to convey unconsciously. Surrealism takes great interest in the metaphysical aspect of life and tries to capture images that has been considered as a product of a dream or of the unconscious mind. That is why most surrealist paintings were generally based on dreams and irrational fantasies. Surrealist paintings, because of their metaphysical principles, were usually filled with familiar objects and images which were painted to look strange or mysterious. Surrealist painters and artists aimed to make people take a look at things differently through their odd paintings and other artworks. The uniqueness and mostly irrational combination of images that form part of the artwork might help stir up feelings in the back of peoples minds and make them view things a a different light.
Salvador Dali was an artist most famous for his Surrealist art works. He was known to create surrealistic masterpieces that boggled the mind yet sparked some interest due to their fantastic yet fascinating compositions. One of his most notable works included a painting named “Persistence of Time” which was famous for depicting a number of melting pocket watches over a surrealistic sea and yellow tinged cliffs as background. Surrealist painters such as Dali aimed to bring out the inner realities, fantasies and messages that might come out from the human unconscious mind. Surrealistic are thought of as a link between the spiritual aspects and the realistic objects of the material world. | http://creativesuite.com/art/painting-styles/surrealism-art-movement/ |
Last week (12-16 August), Hadleigh Library hosted their very first BLOC Lab, with five East Anglian artists from different disciplines creating and working alongside each other in a library space.
Throughout the week, the artists worked on their own projects and personal development in the library’s conference room and main space, where they interacted with customers and staff, including the Top Time group for over-55s. They heard talks from guest speakers from the arts industry and were supported with the option to speak to Suffolk Libraries’ mental health and wellbeing co-ordinator, Sarah Lungley. They also had the chance to get to know each other in new settings, with local walks and a shared meal.
At the end of the week, they had the opportunity to reflect on how they had found the experience. There was an overwhelmingly positive response, reinforcing the idea that libraries are an integral part of their communities, offering experiences and interactions beyond traditional expectations. Their comments included:
“Working in the library and amongst other artists felt like being part of the wider world and a safe space to try ideas that had always been put to one side.”
“It was like being given permission to be a proper artist for the week.”
“The library felt very safe; safe to have our artwork out in the public and to talk to people.”
“The library feels like a trusted space, and that having worked here it feels as if there is a legacy that needs to be acknowledged.”
“The residency gave time to develop things and a chance to try something new.”
The five artists were:
- Lucy Edwards, who makes beautiful, small ceramic figures which convey the importance of being kind to yourself and which celebrate and express the senses of wellbeing, connection, acceptance, gratitude and joy.
- Will Wright, who has built a career directing film and video and is now exploring the fine arts of painting, modelling, print and performance all influenced by, and with an underlying expression of, his interest in shamanism and mythology throughout time.
- Henry Driver, who specialises in combining arts and technology to create immersive and thought-provoking artworks which explore future and current issues.
- Ellie Seymour, who uses found materials to produce works inspired by her love of the natural world and whose artworks seek to question our relationship with nature.
- Rebecca Goss, who is the author of three full-length poetry collections and is currently working on a new collection titled The Suffolk Poems, a poetic sequence about people who use their hands to make a living in rural East Anglia. | https://www.suffolklibraries.co.uk/news/hadleigh-bloc-lab/ |
Pre-treatment steps such as washing, drying, Sieving, leaching, or thermal treatment of biomass may significantly improve its characteristics, which may result in the use of such residues, which may broaden the resource base for the future.
Table of contents
What Waste Is Used For Biomass?
The feedstocks for biomass are dedicated energy crops, agricultural crop residues, forestry residues, algae, wood processing residues, municipal waste, and wet waste (crop wastes, forest residues, purpose-grown grasses, woody energy crops, algae, industrial wastes, sorted municipal solid waste [MSW],
What Are The Technologies Used In Waste Management?
What Are The 5 Waste Management Techniques?
In addition to refuse, reduce, reuse, repurpose, and recycle, there are other methods.
What Happens To Biomass Waste?
There are a variety of technologies available to convert biomass wastes into clean energy and/or fuels, from conventional combustion to state-of-the-art thermal depolymerization. By generating heat and electricity, we reduce the reliance on fossil fuels for power generation.
Is Biomass Environmentally Friendly?
Unlike solar, wind, and hydropower, biomass emits greenhouse gases and pollutants into the air when it is generated. As a result of its renewable nature, biomass is considered to be a carbon neutral source of electricity by many.
How Is Solid Waste Used In Biomass?
Municipal solid waste (MSW), also known as garbage or trash, is burned to generate steam in a boiler that is used to generate electricity by waste-to-energy plants. Paper, plastics, yard waste, and wood products are all MSW materials.
What Are 3 Examples Of A Biomass Resource?
Wood and agricultural products, solid waste, landfill gas and biogas, and alcohol fuels (like ethanol or biodiesel) are the four types of biomass we use today. Currently, most of the energy produced by biomass is produced at home. About 44 percent of biomass energy is derived from wood, which includes logs, chips, bark, and sawdust.
What Are 4 Examples Of Biomass?
Today, we use four types of biomass: 1) wood and agricultural products; 2) solid waste; 3) landfill gas; and 4) alcohol. The use of biomass energy is a growing trend.
What Are 5 Types Of Biomass?
What Technology Is Used In Waste Management?
There are new machines that can take waste and turn it into energy that can be used on site, such as food, animal waste, agricultural leftovers, and so on. These machines can take waste and turn it into energy.
How Technology Can Help In Waste Management?
Automated sensors that automatically alert the operator when a container is full and needs service are among the innovations that have made waste management more efficient and effective. Other innovative tools include optical sorters, magnets, and advanced disk screens to make the sorting process more efficient and effective.
What Are 5 Technologies Used To Manage Hazardous Wastes?
A variety of hazardous waste management techniques are used, including deepwells, underground injections, aqueous organic treatments, incineration, and landfill and surface impoundments.
What Is Waste Technology?
In this article, Environmental Management, 2017, we discuss low and non-waste technologies (LNWT) of production that aim to minimize waste at all points in the production cycle through process changes, good housekeeping, recycling and reuse, equipment design, and product formulations. | https://www.kyinbridges.com/what-waste-management-technique-is-used-in-biomass-power-stations/ |
Energy recovery from waste
Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery. This process is often called waste-to-energy. Energy recovery from waste (WtE) is part of the non-hazardous waste management hierarchy. Using energy recovery to convert non-recyclable waste materials into electricity and heat, generates a renewable energy source and can reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources as well as reduce methane generation from landfills. Globally, waste-to-energy accounts for almost 20% of waste management.
Directly and Indirectly
The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. Thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of the gas fuel (see above), to fuel for boilers to generate steam and electricity in a turbine.
Incineration
Incineration, the combustion of organic material such as waste with energy recovery, is the most common WtE implementation. All new WtE plants in OECD countries incinerating waste (residual MSW, commercial, industrial or RDF) must meet strict emission standards, including those on nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), heavy metals and dioxins. Hence, modern incineration plants from Europem are vastly different from other types, some of which neither recovered energy nor materials. Europem incinerators reduce the volume of the original waste by 95-96 percent, depending upon composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling. | https://www.europem.net/environmental-and-waste-processing/ |
An integrated approach starts with efficient sorting of waste to separate recyclates and wet biowaste. Residual waste is pretreated in a recycling facility to recover remaining recyclates and produce a refuse derived fuel (RDF) for efficient energy recovery. Also energy intensive industries are looking at using RDF to replace fossil fuels.
Additionally, the heat produced from a waste to energy system is designed to power steam turbines while syngas produced by the pyrolysis or gasification technology has a variety of potential uses, the most common system configuration being to burn the syngas in a boiler to generate steam.
Energy (WtE) technologies – recovering energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from waste – are being developed worldwide. The present paper reviews thermochemical technologies for energetic valorization of calorific waste streams (WtE), with focus on refuse derived fuel (RFD) – a processed form of municipal solid waste (MSW).
In this work, the gasification of a fraction of municipal solid waste, MSW, generally separated from inorganic materials and biodegradable components, the so-called refuse-derived fuel (RDF), was
The specific fuel studied was refuse derived fuel (RDF) which is a prepared municipal solid waste (MSW). The use of RDF, while providing a valuable fuel, can also provide a solution to MSW disposal problems. Gasification of MSW provides advantages over land fill or mass burn technology since a more usable form of energy, medium Btu gas, is
refuse derived fuel gasification technologies in competitive Renewable Energy from Gasification of Refuse Derived Fuel EPR Doc. 05052020 www.synergyworldpower.com 6 3.0 Gasification Gasification is a process wherein carbonaceous materials are dissociated at high temperatures in an oxygen-starved thermal reactor to form a fuel gas that is mainly
Mar 17, 2020 · Abstract. Nowadays, renewable energy technologies for decentralized electrification are promising in addressing electrification issues. In this study, gasification of Refuse Derived Fuel is investigated for its potential to generate good quality producer gas for use in internal combustion engines for electricity generation.
Jul 22, 2021 · This paper evaluates the performance of experiments on a single-stage haiqi gasification system for the treatment of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from excavated waste. A comparative analysis of the syngas characteristics and process yields was done for seven cases with different types of gasifying agents (CO2+O2, H2O, CO2+H2O and O2+H2O).
called refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The gasification of RDF results in the production of a combustible gas containing mainly H 2, CO, CO 2, and N 2 if air is used as the gasification agent. Some methane, light hydrocarbons, H 2 S, NH 3, and tar are also present in the gas .
Nov 01, 2021 · Coverage of facilities that process municipal solid waste and convert it energy through mass burn, refuse derived fuel, gasification or other technologies.
waste management refuse derived fuel gasification technologies Renewable Energy from Waste | Waste Recycling Technologies Efficient waste management strategies can benefit immensely from waste-to-energy technologies and Klean is extremely pleased to offer its customers some of the most technologically advanced systems available for applications
refuse derived fuel gasification technologies in New Zealand Pyrolysis Waste to Energy | Organic Waste to Fuels | Waste to This technology - which can produce either biofuels or synthetic fuels has more than 28,000 hours of commercial use without issue in a power plant supplying 110MWe into national grid.
Successful gasification tests have been performed on such materials as refuse derived fuel (RDF) from municipal waste, scrap tires or tire derived fuel (TDF), waste paper/cardboard, peat, low grade high ash content coal and various biomass materials to list a few. A second gasification system for research was installed in 1999 at CETC in Ottawa.
Jul 02, 2020 · haiqi gasification technology. The demonstration plant will convert 50 tonnes-per-day (tpd) of refuse-derived fuel (RDF), obtained from the segregation of municipal solid waste (MSW), to produce synthesis gas, or syngas, which shall, in turn, be used to generate electricity. | https://www.haiqienergyfromwaste.com/news/distributed-power-plant/recycle-energy-refuse-derived-fuel-gasification-technologies.html |
French households produce 30 million tonnes of waste each year; that’s 460 kg per inhabitant. Converting non-recyclable waste to energy is therefore an obvious choice for both the ecology and the economy.
Waste-to-Energy is the process of recovering the caloric potential in waste and converting it to heat and / or electricity. This is accomplished primarily through the incineration of home and office waste at dedicated waste recovery plants.
Household waste includes all types of waste produced in daily life: packaging, discarded food, appliances, used furniture, green waste, used clothing, etc. Due to its nature and composition, office waste that is incinerated also falls under the category of household waste.
The heat, recovered initially in the form of pressurized steam, is used to supply local district heating networks or industrial facilities.
This method reduces the volume of solid waste by 90%, 70% in terms of weight, and serves as an alternative to landfilling and a complement to recycling. Burying waste generates pollution, contaminating soils with heavy metals and producing greenhouse gases such as methane, but using waste as fuel in a dedicated waste recovery plant converts it to energy, with a neutral impact on the environment in terms of greenhouse gases.
Residual waste (waste that cannot be recycled or reused) is burned in furnaces at temperatures exceeding 1,000°C.
The combustion process produces extremely hot fumes used to heat a boiler and its walls, which contain pipes filled with water. On contact with the heat, the water transforms into steam.
The steam circulates through the pipework of the district heating network to deliver heat and hot water to nearby buildings.
Part of the recovered steam can also be injected into an AC turbo-generator to produce electricity.
After the waste combustion process, incineration residues are recovered and diverted to Public Works sites, for example, for use as material in road construction (road bases).
Producing energy through combustion limits the use of fossil fuels, lowers greenhouse gas emissions, and considerably reduces the weight and volume of household waste.
The heat recovery process produces local energy that is ready for use immediately in facilities close to the plant. It is significantly less costly than fossil fuels, and is not affected by fossil fuel market price volatility. | https://www.engie-reseaux.fr/en/solutions/2393-2/converting-household-waste-energy/ |
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Proceedings Papers
Proc. ASME. NAWTEC19, 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference, 151-157, May 16–18, 2011
Paper No: NAWTEC19-5420
Abstract
The EPA defines a small municipal waste combustor (MWC) Class II facility as having an aggregate plant capacity of 250 tons per day (TPD) or less. Some commercial Waste-to-Energy (WTE) operators consider that there is an economy of scale required that is much greater. So what about small facilities? Can public entities or private companies make the economics work? This paper will offer a status of existing small facilities, available combustion technologies and identify known planned expansions or new facilities. The paper will feature one such facility with an interesting past and a bright future including plans for expansion: the Perham Resource Recovery Facility in Perham, Minnesota. This cogeneration facility plans to increase its capacity from 112 TPD to 200 TPD along with adding upfront processing to improve fuel quality.
Proceedings Papers
Renewable Energy at Sustainable Cost Using a Combined Heat and Power WTE-Facility in the Paper Industry
Proc. ASME. NAWTEC18, 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference, 9-14, May 11–13, 2010
Paper No: NAWTEC18-3532
Abstract
In March 2008, Keppel Seghers started the engineering, supply, construction and commissioning of a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plant in A˚motfors (Sweden). When completed in 2010 the plant will process close to 74,000 tons per year of household waste (average LHV = 10.5 MJ/kg) and limited quantities of (demolition) wood resulting in a yearly production of about 108,700 MWh of steam, 12,100 MWh of heat and 13,400 MWh of electricity. Herewith, the A˚motfors WtE-CHP is sized to meet the joined energy needs of the local paper production, neighboring industries and buildings at an overall net plant efficiency of almost 65%. The WtE-CHP will offer state-of-the-art combustion and energy recovering technology, featuring Keppel Seghers’ proprietary Air-Cooled Grate, SIGMA combustion control and integrated boiler. Waste is fed into the combustion line with an automatic crane system. To surpass the stringent EU emission requirements, a semi-dry flue gas cleaning system equipped with Keppel Seghers’ Rotary Atomizer was selected as economic type of process for purifying the combustion gas from the given waste mixture. Furthermore a low NOx-emission of 135 mg/Nm 3 (11%O2, dry) as imposed by Swedish law is achieved by SNCR. The plant engineering is described with a focus on the overall energy recovery. As stable steam supply to the paper mill and the district heating system needs to be assured under all conditions the design includes for supporting process measures such as combustion air preheating, steam accumulation, turbine bypassing, buffering of the main condenser and back-up energy supply from an auxiliary fuel boiler. Additionally, external conditions can trigger distinct plant operation modes. A selected number of them are elaborated featuring the WtE-plant’s capability to conciliate a strong fluctuating steam demand with the typical intrinsic inertia of a waste-fired boiler. With prices for fossil fuels increasing over the years, the cost for generating process steam and heat has become dominant and for paper mills even makes the overall difference in viability. As will be documented in this paper, the decision to build the A˚motfors WtE-CHP was taken by Nordic Paper after a quest for significant cost-cutting in the production of process energy. Moreover, the use of industrial and household waste as fuel brings along the advantage of becoming largely independent from evolutions on the international oil and gas markets. By opening up the possibility for a long-term secured local (waste) fuel supply at fixed rates, WtE-technology offers a reliable alternative to maintain locally based industrial production sites. The Nordic Paper mills in A˚motfors are therefore now the first in Sweden to include a waste-fired CHP on a paper production site.
Proceedings Papers
Proc. ASME. NAWTEC12, 12th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference, 55-59, May 17–19, 2004
Paper No: NAWTEC12-2210
Abstract
The market for new waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities in the United States has been extremely limited because the playing field has become uneven. The industry’s traditional playing field has been defined by economics on one end of the field and public perception on the other. However, a third, nearly impenetrable “red zone” has appeared, defined by government policy inconsistency. Examples include landfill gas being given tax credit status while WTE continues to be excluded; the removal of the moratorium on landfill capacity in Massachusetts while maintaining the moratorium on new WTE capacity; and DOE’s support of unproven gasification technologies without parallel support for optimizing long-proven WTE technologies. This record of inconsistency keeps WTE on the back porch of public perception and separated from political acceptance as an important renewable energy strategy. This paper challenges the WTE industry to collectively pursue a more aggressive stance with governments to prove that the playing field has become uneven and to shift public policy, including test program funding, as a means to level the playing field. Presented in the paper are overviews of EAC’s next-generation large-scale and small-scale resource recovery technologies, including patent-pending features for the achievement of zero disposal and zero pollutant emissions, all of which are based on practical answers to real-world problems and perceptions. The paper concludes that the WTE industry has accepted as conventional wisdom barriers that are not valid constraints to new project development. Examples of current conventional wisdom include the assumption that WTE facilities must always be sited away from commercial centers at the expense of thermal efficiencies offered by co-generation of electricity and district heating/cooling; WTE will always be landfill dependent at the expense of real consumer products from byproducts; and emissions will never be able to compete in the future because of certain pollutants. All of these barriers can be breached on an even playing field with creativity, cooperation, and credibility.
Proceedings Papers
Proc. ASME. NAWTEC13, 13th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference, 63-69, May 23–25, 2005
Paper No: NAWTEC13-3154
Abstract
The City of Edmonton presently collects and processes about 230,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and recyclables per year at the composting and materials recovery facilities located at the Edmonton Waste Management Centre. Over 60% of the waste materials that are brought to the facilities are recycled and composted. Remaining residuals from both the composting and materials recovery facilities have little value in terms of being further recycled and are currently being landfilled. The residuals do have a significant calorific value and have the potential to produce enough electricity to provide 100% of the power and heating for facilities at the Edmonton Waste Management Centre (EWMC), with remaining energy for adjacent developments. The City is considering advanced thermal treatment (not conventional incineration) of the residual waste (after recycling and composting) as a way to close the loop in waste management in terms of minimizing waste materials that are landfilled and reducing the net energy requirement for waste processing and disposal to nil. Other renewable biomass waste streams (e.g.: wood or agricultural waste) could complement operation of the facility and make it more economically viable (economies of scale). There are also other environmental benefits such as reductions in the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) and other harmful emissions by displacement of fossil fuel as an energy source.
Proceedings Papers
Proc. ASME. NAWTEC13, 13th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference, 71-79, May 23–25, 2005
Paper No: NAWTEC13-3155
Abstract
Plasma Resource Recovery (PRR) is a revolutionary technology that can treat virtually any type of waste by combining gasification with vitrification. Vitrification produces inert slag that can be used as a construction material. Gasification produces a fuel gas containing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ), used for cogeneration of electricity and steam. The plasma fired eductor which is the core technology of the PRR system is presently being used commercially on a cruise ship at a scale of 5 TPD. The capabilities of the PRR technology have been demonstrated in a pilot plant, at a rate of up to 2 TPD of various types of waste. Because of the high intensity of the plasma flame and the reduced amounts of gases produced in a gasification system, compared to traditional combustion systems, the PRR system is typically very compact. As such, the PRR technology opens the door for a decentralized, small scale approach to waste management. | https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/NAWTEC/search-results?f_SemanticFilterTopics=Combined%20heat%20and%20power |
Have a question?
What method of waste disposal is best for the climate?
All waste disposal methods release greenhouse gases, and it's hard to make apples-to-apples comparisons. But there's only one solution that doesn't contribute to climate change at all: not making waste in the first place.
Every day, the U.S. creates about 4.9 lbs of trash per person.1 In 2018, this amounted to 292 million tons of trash.1 But what sort of impact does all this trash have on greenhouse gas emissions? The situation isn’t good, says Jonathan Krones, Visiting Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies at Boston College. “There is no sustainable scenario in which we consume a lot of materials, particularly single-use materials,” Krones says, “and rely on disposal processes to manage the waste and mitigate its effect on human and environmental health.”
Currently, we have two major ways to deal with non-recyclable waste: we can put it into a landfill or burn it in an incinerator. Burning waste may seem like a better way to permanently get rid of it—once the trash is burned, it appears to be “gone.” However, burning trash simply transforms it from a solid to a gas (and creates ash that must later be landfilled). When the trash contains hazardous materials (like some metals), this gas can be toxic. When it’s a material that’s mostly made up of carbon (like plastic), the gas will contain CO2, which contributes to global warming.
On the other hand, burning waste also releases energy. In a “waste-to-energy plant,” this energy can be used to make electricity, replacing some electricity that normally comes from fossil fuels like coal and natural gas.
Our other option, putting waste into a landfill, also releases greenhouse gases. Modern sanitary landfills are highly engineered facilities, neatly organized into cells, sort of like a honeycomb. Once a cell is filled with trash, it is sealed and capped to minimize contact with the surrounding environment. Inside the cell, the trash is packed down tightly, squeezing out all the oxygen. This means that the organic portion of the trash (think food waste, or wood) decomposes anaerobically (without oxygen), producing methane, a potent greenhouse gas, as a byproduct. In 2018, landfills accounted for 17% of total methane emissions in the U.S., the equivalent of 111 million metric tons of CO2—and they can continue to release methane for up to 50 years after they are filled.2,3 Landfill gas collection systems allow this gas to be used as a source of energy.
But which one is better? Unfortunately, there isn’t a definitive answer, and it varies facility by facility. Landfill gas collection systems are far from universal and only collect 60-90% of the landfill gas generated.4 Waste-to-energy plants sometimes have to add natural gas or oil to help the not-so-flammable trash burn, which increases their CO2 emissions. “The problem is that most existing landfills don’t have landfill gas collection systems and electricity from waste-to-energy plants isn’t that much less carbon intensive than the grid,” says Krones. “These technologies are improving the emissions profile of waste disposal, but not by enough. In order to deal with climate change, the world needs to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions completely.”
What about recycling—is that an emissions-free way to get rid of waste? Unfortunately, no. “While recycling reduces emissions associated with disposal and the creation of a new product, there are also added emissions from the recycling process itself,” says Krones. Let’s illustrate this with a can of beans. When you’re finished with the beans, you throw the aluminum can into a recycling bin. Once the recycling truck (which emits CO2) drops it off at the recycling facility, the can has to be separated from other recyclable waste, cleaned, and melted, all of which requires energy (which most often comes from burning fossil fuels). And depending on the quality of the recycled aluminum, some new aluminum might need to be added to create a new can.
Fortunately, even with this imperfect process, recycling metals clearly lowers emissions of CO2. The same is true for some plastics and paper. However, recycling other materials, like glass, doesn’t necessarily lower CO2 emissions. As Krones says, “recycling is incredibly important and something worth improving, but it is also important to note that recycling alone cannot fix the climate problem.”
So what are we supposed to do with our trash? “The answer is not producing waste in the first place,” says Krones. Basically, we need to address production and consumption. One place to start is for manufacturers to make durable or highly recyclable products that won’t quickly become waste, or source their materials in ways that pull waste out of the system. For example, Adidas has a partnership with the non-profit Parley for the Oceans to intercept plastic bottles headed for the ocean and repurpose them into shoes.5
Government policies can also influence the waste system. For example, Europe’s “Single Use Plastic Directive” bans plastic food containers and includes “Extended Producer Responsibility” schemes, which require companies to cover the cost of collecting, transporting, and recycling plastics. (A bill in the current U.S. Congress draws on many of these same ideas.) Policymakers can also help consumers buy fewer disposable goods, through education or taxes and regulations.
“To best reduce emissions from trash disposal, laws and regulations around waste need to be laws and regulations around production and consumption,” says Krones. “If we want to continue living fairly normal, decent lives as we perceive them today, we need to develop a framework for balancing the environmental bills.” In other words, we must first reduce and then reuse and recycle our waste before we can even consider its disposal.
Thank you to Mike Agronin of Baltimore, Maryland, for the question. You can submit your own question to Ask MIT Climate here.
1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Overview: Facts and Figures on Materials, Wastes and Recycling.
2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990-2018 National-Level U.S. Greenhouse Gas Agency Fast Facts.
3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Basic Information About Landfill Gas.
4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Benefits of Landfill Gas Energy Projects.
5Business Insider, "14 companies that are capitalizing on the unpopularity of plastics," April 16, 2019. | https://climate-dev.mit.edu/ask-mit/what-method-waste-disposal-best-climate |
In responding to the universal quest to curtail dependency on fossil fuels and promote renewable energies, the South African Local Government Association (SALGA) and GIZ, a German co-operation agency, are supporting municipalities in assessing their biogas potential from the sludge in their waste water treatment plants to generate electricity and reduce their electricity bills.
South Africa has opted to reduce its dependency on fossil fuels and promote renewable energies with the target of 17.8 GW by 2030. Municipalities have an important role to play in regard to waste-to-energy since waste service provision is the responsibility of local government.
In the programme, the two organisations will assess the potential for projects in nine pilot municipalities before sharing lessons learnt and proposed approaches to interested municipalities. The pilot municipalities are:
- The City of Tshwane;
- Maletswai Local Municipality;
- Maluti A Phofung Local Municipality;
- Umjindi Local Municipality;
- George Local Municipality;
- Tlokwe Local Municipality;
- Newcastle Local Municipality;
- Tzaneen Local Municipality; and
- Khara Hais Local Municipality.
Aurelie Ferry, Renewable Energy Technical Advisor at SALGA, says the process started with a scoping study, looking at the potential development of a waste-to-energy project in the municipal waste water treatment plants. “The most promising municipalities – Umjindi, Maletswai and Tlokwe – were then selected for further evaluation of the feasibility of the identified project. In parallel, lessons learnt will be developed and shared with other municipalities and the elevant national departments."
The SALGA and GIZ partnership will assist municipalities in initiating the recovery of energy from waste materials with a focus on anaerobic digestion of sludge in waste water treatment plants to produce biogas, which can then be used to generate electricity.
A workshop was held on 17 July 2014, in Johannesburg Northern Works Waste Water Treatment Plant to present the results of the studies. The group had the opportunity to visit a 1 MW biogas plant, which has been implemented by City of Johannesburg.
Despite the identified challenges of establishing viable waste-to-energy projects based at waste water treatment plants, the study indicates that there is definite viability to implement such projects in secondary cities and assessment documents are being developed and will be disseminated to interested municipalities. | http://www.servicepublication.co.za/articles/salga-12622.html |
Masdar has more than a decade of experience as a renewable energy developer and investor, working in partnership with business and government.
Active in more than 25 countries, Masdar is one of the largest developers of renewable energy projects in the Middle East. It is a leading developer and operator of utility-scale as well as off-grid renewable energy projects, which are helping to expand energy access in emerging markets and reduce reliance on fossil fuels for electricity generation.
Since 2006, Masdar has invested in mainly solar and wind power projects with a combined value of US$13.5 billion. Masdar’s share of this investment is US$4 billion.
The electricity generating capacity of our projects, which are either fully operational or under development, is nearly 5 GW gross. Altogether, they displace nearly 5.4 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide per year
Masdar is advancing clean-tech innovation by deploying the latest technologies at scale, enhancing their commercial viability. Incubating technologies in the field and acquiring operational data helps to attract investment and promotes the wider deployment of advanced technologies at scale.
We are contributing to the growth of the clean energy sector in the Middle East through capacity building and the deployment of innovative technologies that are relevant to the region, such as solar power plants that generate electricity for air-conditioning at the hottest times of the day, waste-to-energy technology that is helping to divert waste from landfill sites, and energy-efficient reverse osmosis seawater desalination as an alternative to thermal desalination technologies.
Masdar Clean Energy Division comprises the following units:
Projects
Masdar invests in and contributes to innovative projects including large, utility-scale power plants,
community grid projects, and individual solar home systems. | https://masdar.ae/en/masdar-clean-energy/overview |
The Southern Alberta Energy From Waste Association (SAEWA) is a non-profit coalition of municipal entities and waste management jurisdictions in southern Alberta committed to the research and implementation of ENERGY RECOVERY from non-recyclable waste materials that will REDUCE long term reliance on landfills. Established in 2009, SAEWA is seeking to foster sustainable waste management practices that contribute to our society’s overall resource efficiency and environmental responsibility. SAEWA is in the final planning stages to develop an Energy-from-Waste Facility that will handle the conversion of municipal and other sources of solid waste into energy.
SAEWA Project Update - Memo 2022
Energy-from-Waste (EfW or waste-to-energy) facilities offer a safe, technologically advanced means of waste disposal while also generating clean, renewable energy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and supporting recycling through the recovery of metals. According to a 2012 whitepaper released by Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA), energy-from-waste facilities "are economically sound investments that provide multiple financial and environmental benefits to the communities that utilize them." | https://www.saewa.ca/ |
ESWET welcomes the European Commission’s 2023 Work Programme and the renewal of the Green Deal’s ambitions. The current energy crisis has brought to light the necessity and the urgency of accelerating the energy transition. This requires maximising the use of all clean sources of energy, including the affordable and efficient electricity and heat supplied by Waste-to-Energy.
Indeed, Waste-to-Energy provides reliable, local and partly renewable energy, while playing an important hygienic function by treating non-recyclable municipal waste. This process of using residual waste as a resource not only keeps citizens warm but is also a vital link in the circular economy. The Commission acknowledged this role of Waste-to-Energy in 2017 but must now reaffirm its commitment to Waste-to-Energy since residual waste generation is continuously increasing.
In light of the above, ESWET appreciates the ambitious initiatives proposed by the European Commission, however stresses the necessity to accelerate the revision of the Waste Framework Directive. Therefore, ESWET calls for:
- Preserving the existing waste hierarchy;
- Recognising the recovery of metals and minerals from bottom ash as recycling;
- Supporting Member States in achieving the landfill reduction target by 2035;
- Fully reinforcing the Polluter-pays principle.
ESWET also welcomes the Critical Raw Materials Act, and highlights that the recycling and recovery of key materials will be crucial to the green transition.
“The full contribution of the Waste-to-Energy sector to the circular economy should be endorsed, as a safe waste treatment solution for non-recyclable materials, a material recovery option, and a source of partly renewable and reliable energy for citizens and businesses.” – Said Patrick Clerens, ESWET Secretary-General.
This was reflected in the recent Conference on the Future of Europe, which concluded that active support should be given to the expansion of technologies such as Waste-to-Energy.
It is now up to the EU decision makers to act on the citizens’ concerns. | https://eswet.eu/documents/the-eu-should-reaffirm-the-role-of-waste-to-energy-in-the-circular-economy/ |
This paper presents the results of assessment of the current status of waste-to-energy utilisation in five selected regions, which was conducted within the REMOWE (Regional Mobilizing of Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Production) project. The REMOWE project is part of the Baltic Sea Region Programme 2007-2013 and has been partly-financed by the European Union. The objective of this paper is the evaluation of the current practice with focus on the best practices that can be transferred to other regions. The selected regions are Estonia; Lower Silesia (Poland), Western Lithuania and North Savo Region (Finland) and the County of Västmanland (Sweden). The current situations in the project regions are presented with regard to the waste generation and treatment and the potential to use waste as RES. The waste types which were identified as relevant for energy recovery include municipal waste, sewage sludge, industrial waste (two streams: one suitable for biogas generation and the other one as alternative fuel for combustion) as well as animal manure. The greatest energy potential show residual municipal waste (68% of the total potential) and animal manure (24%). Energy recovery from these wastes should be a priority in waste management systems of individual regions. Current energy recovery from waste is very low in the considered regions, except for the County of Västmanland, where app. 68% of the waste to energy potential is utilised.
Keywords: waste, renewable energies, sustainability, residues.
This paper presents the results of preliminary assessment of the current status ofwaste-to-energy utilisation in selected regions, which was conducted within theREMOWE (Regional Mobilizing of Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Production)project. The REMOWE project is part of the Baltic Sea Region Programme 2007-2013 and has been partly-financed by the European Union. The most and least advanced regions with regard to the renewable energy share in final energyconsumption were presented, also some Finnish data was included. The wastetypes which were identified as relevant for energy recovery include municipalwaste, sewage sludge, industrial waste, as well as agricultural waste and byproducts. In both considered regions there is high energy recovery potential.
In this paper the results of a study on the energy potential of residual materials in 5 regions in the Northern Central European area are presented. The highest potential for waste-to-energy is provided by the incineration of municipal residual waste and the digestion of manure. Related to the number of inhabitants, the potential is the highest in North Savo, whereas the current utilisation is by far the highest in the County of Västmanland. The total potential of waste-to-energy for the considered regions is the highest for Western Lithuania at app. 7%, with the other regions varying between 2,5 and 4% of the total primary energy use. The following waste-to-energy installations should be planned: waste incinerators (Estonia, Western Lithuania and Lower Silesia); energy recovery from waste derived fuels (North Savo, Lower Silesia and the County of Västmanland); anaerobic digestion of biodegradable part of municipal waste and of agricultural waste and by-products (Lower Silesia) as well as sewage sludge drying in Western Lithuania and Lower Silesia.
This report discusses potential future systems for waste-to-energy production in the Baltic Sea Region, and especially for the project REMOWE partner regions, the County of Västmanland in Sweden, Northern Savo in Finland, Lower Silesia in Poland, western part of Lithuania and Estonia.
The waste-to-energy systems planned for in the partner regions are combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) and solid recovered fuels from household and industry as well as anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and agriculture waste.
The potential future waste-to-energy systems in the partner regions include increased utilization of available waste resources. Examples of resources possible to use are straw that could be used for ethanol production and biowaste from households and manure that could be used for biogas production. If the utilization in all partner regions would reach the same level as already exists in the County of Västmanland it would correspond to an increased energy supply of 3 TWh/year which corresponds to about 2.5 % of the total energy use in the partner regions year 2008.
An important aspect of future anaerobic processes for biogas production is the possibility to use the residue. West Lithuanian biogas production residue is planned to be dewatered up to 90 % of dry matter to make future utilization options possible.
Pre-processing is necessary to be able to use the residue from digestion of solid waste as fertilizer. The pre-processing should include crushing, removal of metals, wood and plastics, and pulping. Without pre-processing it is possible to combust the residues with energy utilisation. Results from an investigation of the residues from biogas production tests using substrates from the project partner regions show a remaining energy potential of the digestate corresponding to 17 to 50% of the biogas energy. A combination of digestate combustion and fertilizer use could be a possibility.
Hydrothermal carbonization, HTC, is a process that could be of interest to use for treating digestate in order both to utilize the energy left after biogas production but also for sanitation of the digestate. In this process heat is released and coal is produced. This process could also be of interest for waste-to-energy conversion of waste which is usually not usable for other biological process like e.g. biogas production, for example sharp leaved rush, straw or leaves from gardening etc. Initial tests on pulp and paper waste show promising results.
Among the possible processes for increasing the output of biogas from anaerobic digestion using ultrasound technology for thickening of surplus waste water sludge can be mentioned. It allows increasing the biogas production up to 30 % and reducing the amount of organic substances in the digested sewage sludge by up to 25 %. Another area of possible improvement is the mixing in the digester. The mixing is important for distribution of microorganisms and nutrition, inoculation of fresh feed, homogenizing of the material and for the removal of end products of the metabolism. Studies of the digester for biowaste in the County of Västmanland indicate that about 30 % of digester volume can have dead and stagnant zones.
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Waste-to-energy utilisation could also be possible to realise by further development and introduction of new processes and concepts. An option for solving the problem of old sewage sludge could be to use it in a gasifier to convert it to energy rich gases. Microbiological conversion of waste can be further developed to produce several different products, such as heat, power, fuels and chemicals, the development of so-called biorefineries. Also the biorefinery‘s water management can be renewed in order to remove toxic substances, minimize environmental impacts and produce pure, clean water. Finnoflag Oy has developed a technology that converts waste materials into e.g. fuels, chemicals, plastic and rubber via low-energy routes. The Finnoflag technology is based on the PMEU (Portable Microbe Enrichment Unit) which is a new innovative instrument for use in the microbe detection process and that is designed to create an optimal growth environment for microbes.
For fibrous and well-structured biowaste dry digestion could be a good option for biogas production. Several different configurations have been tested in Germany. The garage digestion method has the advantage that an extensive pre- treatment of substrate is not necessary and no pumps or stirrers, which can be destroyed by disturbing materials, are involved. However, the efficiency of garage digesters is low compared to other digestion methods due to lack of effective substrate turbation. More research work is needed to improve the efficiency. Tests of five existing dry digestion processes show that the Tower-digester is the most suitable dry digestion method for household waste. Among the reviewed plants the Dranco-tower digester showed the best efficiency in reference to biogas potential. The plant design is robust enough to handle substrates like household waste with fractions of disturbing materials. The mixing in the reactor is based on the force of gravity and the used pumps are powerful and very resistant.
Pyrolysis is a process of interest for converting wood based waste into energy products such as gas, bio-oil and/or solid fuel/carbon. This has been identified as a process suitable for a new business model with a franchise based model, offering an earning opportunity for small size entrepreneurs.
Possible improvement of existing and new waste-to-energy systems also includes increasing the overall efficiency of the utilization of waste resources by integration of several processes. A study on integrating pellets production from the residues from straw-based ethanol production with an existing combined heat and power plant shows that the total production cost can be reduced by the integration.
Possible development of waste-to-energy systems for the partner regions could be the following:
Estonian - biogas production using the organic waste, use of the digestate as fertilizer on demand or combustion for power and heat production, recycling plants for paper, plastics and other recyclable wastes and combustion for power and heat production after recycling
North Savo, Finland- the same options as for Estonia is of interest. Added to this is the potential for power and heat production from large amount of wood waste. Also the possibility for pellet production from wood waste could be of interest.
Western Lithuania- the same system as mentioned for Finland is also of interest for western Lithuania.
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Lower Silesia, Poland- also for Lower Silesia high amounts of organic wastes is suitable to use for biogas production in anaerobic digestion. Recovered derived fuel (RDF) is already used as fuel for power and heat production. There are also some attempts to involve combustion of residual mixed waste in 1-2 of the most densely populated areas.
County of Västmanland, Sweden- Here a system for separate collection of the biowaste from households, digestion of the fraction together with ley crop silage from regional farmers to produce biogas and use of the digestate from the digestion process as fertilizer at farmland already exists and a new power and heat plant using recovered derived fuels is under construction. Further waste- to-energy plants for production of bioethanol from straw and biogas from agricultural waste could be possible.
The potential future waste-to-energy systems are not only dependent on available technologies for waste-to-energy conversion but also on the development within the waste and energy areas including also economic and political aspects. There is a growing interest for waste prevention in waste management within the EU, and growing concern about food losses and food waste at global and national levels. During past decades the waste amounts have steadily increased with economic growth but due to waste prevention actions a decoupling of the waste amount and economic growth is foreseen. This has to be considered in development of future waste-to-energy systems. Further, policies and goals concerning fossil fuel free transportation systems and low carbon energy systems is of importance.
Analysis of combined previous proposed scenarios for energy demand and use development and waste amount development for waste-to-energy in Sweden 2010 to 2050 shows that the contribution of waste-to-energy to the total energy supply in 2050 varies from 6 to 47 % depending on the scenarios combined. The lowest contribution occur for scenarios with low waste amounts combined with energy scenarios with low changes in energy demand while the highest contribution occurs for scenarios with high amount of waste combined with energy scenarios with large decrease in energy demand.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present the web-based environmental innovation processes in
the waste-to-energy field, conducted within the Remowe project in Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Poland and Lithuania. The goal of this paper is to discuss lessons learnt from the experiences of these innovation processes in practice and to report experiences from a pilot projects where RPM Screening was employed to enhance the innovation work for waste-to-energy in the Remowe project.
Methods
The paper is based on a foresight methodology RPM Screening which consists of distributed
generation, mutual commenting, iterative revision, multi-criteria evaluation and portfolio analysis of innovation ideas. The portfolio analysis builds on the Robust Portfolio Modelling. Results
The results show that the web platform was a convenient and user-friendly tool for both
generation and evaluation of innovation ideas within all of five regions. However, there are some problems to get higher participatory, especially in the case of evaluation of ideas. All the innovation processes, as a part of a Remowe project, consists of the same main steps. Regional differences in implementation of these steps can be identiefied, such as differences in the preparation of innovation process, in simulation of innovation generation and in the design of the workshop.
Main conclusions
The paper provides the description and comparison of the regional innovation processes
conducted in different countries. The web platform and RPM Screening used in these innovation processes were suitable tools. Projects such Remowe, with the aim of innovation generation should also include further work on implementation of selected innovations.
The use of biomass-based combined heat and power (CHP) plants is considered by the EU administration to be an effective way to increase the use of renewables in the energy system, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to alleviate the dependency on imported fossil fuels. At present in Sweden, most of the CHP plants are operated in part-load mode because of variations in heat demand. Further use of the potential heat capacity from CHP plants is an opportunity for integration with other heat-demanding processes. Retrofitting the conventional CHP plants by integration with bioethanol and pellet production processes is considered a feasible and efficient way to improve the plants’ performances.
Modeling and simulation of the CHP plant integrated with feedstock upgrading, bioethanol production and pellet production is performed to analyze the technical and economic feasibility. When integrating with bioethanol production, the exhaust flue gas from the CHP plant is used to dry the hydrolysis solid residues (HSR) instead of direct condensation in the flue gas condenser (FGC). This drying process not only increases the overall energy efficiency (OEE) of the CHP plant but also increases the power output relative to the system using only a FGC. Furthermore, if steam is extracted from the turbine of the CHP plant and if it is used to dry the HSR together with the exhaust flue gas, pellets can be produced and the bioethanol production costs can be reduced by 30% compared with ethanol cogeneration plants.
Three optional pellet production processes integrated with an existing biomass-based CHP plant using different raw materials are studied to determine their annual performance. The option of pellet production integrated with the existing CHP plant using exhaust flue gas and superheated steam for drying allows for a low specific pellet production cost, short payback time and significant CO2 reduction. A common advantage of the three options is a dramatic increase in the total annual power production and a significant CO2 reduction, in spite of a decrease in power efficiency.
The retrofitted biomass-based CHP plants play a crucial role in the present and future regional energy system. The total costs are minimized for the studied energy system by using wastes as energy sources. Analyses of scenarios for the coming decades are performed to describe how to achieve a regional fossil fuel-free energy system. It is possible to achieve the target by upgrading and retrofitting the present energy plants and constructing new ones. The conditions and obstacles have also been presented and discussed through optimizing the locations for proposed new energy plants and planting energy crops.
The use of waste for energy purposes becomes increasingly interesting both with respect to waste management and for the energy systems. The decisions on alternative uses of waste for energy are mainly influenced by different policies, waste management, energy supply and use, as well as technologies. Two important issues, namely, a clear priority of waste prevention in waste management within EU and the growing concern for food losses and food waste at global and at national level, shall be carefully considered and addressed. This paper proposes scenarios for waste to energy systems with focus on Sweden and with a broader EU approach is applied: Biofuels Sweden, Electric vehicles and Bioenergy Europe. As baseline for the scenario development inventory of waste-to-energy related policies and goals on international, national, regional and local level as well as inventory of existing scenarios and reports with future trends is made. A low waste availability level is recommended to be included in sensitivity analysis for scenarios.
Waste materials can be used as a valuable resource for reuse, recycling or energy recovery. In this paper a review on using waste as energy resource, done in the REMOWE project, included in the EU funded Baltic Sea Region Programme, is presented. Five main conversion paths have been identified; combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, anaerobic digestion and fermentation. Combustion and anaerobic digestion are mature and well-proven technologies for waste treatment but improvements are needed to make the processes more efficient as energy conversion processes. For anaerobic digestion feedstock pre-treatment, avoidance of inhibition, mixing, residues utilization, and monitoring and control are identified development areas. A more recent trend is development of dry digestion technology for the treatment of municipal waste. The possible improvements of the combustion process using waste as fuel includes plant efficiency, improved emission control and ash handling. Pyrolysis and gasification have been used for waste treatment but the technologies are still in the development stage. Identified development areas are process operation conditions, gas and by-product quality, gas cleaning and plant efficiency.
Studies comparing waste to energy systems found do not give a clear picture of what waste to energy technology that is most favourable. The results of the comparisons are dependent on the conditions chosen for the study such as location, economic activities, population, and possible system combinations.
Energy recovery from waste becomes increasingly interesting both with respect to waste management and for the sustainable energy supply. The REMOWE (Regional Mobilizing of Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Production) project, seeks to facilitate the implementation of sustainable systems for waste-to-energy in the project regions. Based on investigations done within the REMOWE project this paper discusses increased waste-to-energy utilization in Poland with focus on a comparison with the current state in Sweden. There are big differences between Sweden and Poland, and between Lower Silesia Voivodship in Poland and Västmanland County in Sweden. The REMOWE project through its outputs and discussions during meetings support transfer of technology, knowledge and best practice. Procedural justice and early involvement of public can increase social acceptance and successful implementation of projects regarding incineration, biogas production and separate collection of biodegradable waste. | http://mdh.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?faces-redirect=true&language=sv&searchType=RESEARCH&query=&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22freeText%22%3A%22REMOWE%22%7D%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=relevance_sort_desc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=all |
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To cite this article:
Vishal Soni, Vatsal Naik. Gasification – A Process for Energy Recovery and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste. American Journal of Modern Energy. Vol. 2, No. 6, 2016, pp. 38-42. doi: 10.11648/j.ajme.20160206.11
Received: September 26, 2016; Accepted: October 14, 2016; Published: November 2, 2016
Abstract: The paper offers an outline of Gasification technology, starting from basic aspects of the process and arriving to a comparative examination of Gasification and Incineration and the environmental applications of Gasification technology for Municipal Solid Waste management (MSW) and also considered limitations of Gasification Technology. Gasification is waste to energy technology that is able to convert a variety of waste materials into renewable and alternative energy products. The technology can process nearly any carbonaceous material, transforming it into forms of usable energy that can be consumed or sold easily. This review paper indicates that Gasification technology can help the world both manage its waste and produce the energy and products needed to fuel economic growth. It is able to meet existing emission limits and can have a remarkable effect on reduction of landfill disposal option.
Keywords: Waste-to-Energy, Gasification, Municipal Solid Waste, Syngas, Incineration
1. Introduction
The growth of energy demand in India is not balanced with the availability of energy. Currently, energy needs in India continue to rise. In India alone, 300 million people lack any access to power and another 400 million Indians have limited access to power. India is on economic growth, and energy needs to provision electricity continue to rise, while we obtain the energy we need in a variety of ways, ranging from the conversion of light and radiant heat from the sun into a usable form to the use of nuclear energy. Perhaps the most familiar release of energy is the combustion of fossil fuels. Fossil energy can no longer dependable as a source of energy major in pushing economic growth in the future, besides fossil energy also produces emission takes damage the environment. On the other side India has renewable energy source very large, as MSW.
According to repot of Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India that 1, 83,765 MT of MSW was generated daily in the country. Out of this only 75- 80% of the municipal waste gets collected. Out of this, only 22-28% is processed and treated, remaining disposed of indiscriminately at dump yards. [12,13]
As given in table 1, current practice of dumping on landfills without treatment will need 3, 40,000 cubic meter of landfill space every day and 1240 hectare per year. Considering the projected waste generation of 165 million tons by 2031, the requirement of land for setting up landfill for 20 years (considering 10 meter high waste pile) could be as high as 66,000 hectare.
|S. No.||Parameters||Present Scenario 2011 Census||Projected for 2031|
|1||GDP Growth Rate||5.54%||8%|
|2||Manufacturing Rate||4%||7%|
|3||Urban Population||377 Million||600 Million|
|4||Waste Generation||62 Million TPA||165 Million TPA|
|5||Land for Disposal||1240 hectare/year||66,000 hectare/ year|
In addition to increasing waste generation, the global demand for energy will increase by 56 percent between 2010 and 2040, with the greatest demand in the developing world. According to the World Bank, there are currently 1.2 billion people (20% of the world’s population) without access to electricity.
2. Gasification Technology
Gasification technology turns variety of low-value feedstock into high-value products, it can converts any carbon-containing material into a synthesis gas (syngas). The syngas is a combustible gas mixture and it typically contains carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and methane. The syngas can be used as a fuel to generate electricity or steam. Alternatively, it can be converted into electricity and valuable products. With Gasification, MSW and wastes are no longer useless, but they become feedstock for a gasifier. Instead of paying to dispose of and manage the waste for years in a landfill, using it as a feedstock for Gasification reduces disposal costs and landfill space, and converts those wastes into valuable electricity, fuels, chemicals or fertilizers.
The overall thermal efficiency of Gasification process is more than 75%. Gasification can accommodate a wide variety of gaseous, liquid, and solid feedstock and it has been widely used in commercial applications for more than 50 years in the production of fuels and chemicals. Conventional fuels such as coal and oil, as well as low- or negative-value materials and wastes such as petroleum coke, heavy refinery residuals, secondary oil-bearing refinery materials, municipal sewage sludge, hydrocarbon contaminated soils, and chlorinated hydrocarbon byproducts have all been used successfully in Gasification operations.
3. Process of Gasification
Gasifier capture the remaining value from a variety of MSW streams feedstock can include Wood waste, Crops, Agricultural waste, Wastewater treatment plant bio solids, Plastics, Cardboards, Tyres, Animal wastes and blends of the various feedstock’s. Generally, the feedstock requires some pre-processing to remove the inorganic materials (such as metals and glass) that cannot be gasified. In addition, the feedstock is typically shredded into very small particles as well as dried before being fed into the gasifier. The feedstock is fed into the gasifier along with a controlled amount of air or oxygen. The temperatures in a gasifier for MSW typically range from 800°C to 1200°C.
As indicated in figure 1, many downstream processes require that the syngas should be cleaned of trace levels of impurities. Trace minerals, particulates, sulfur compounds, mercury and unconverted carbon can be removed to very low levels using processes common to the chemical and refining industries. The clean syngas can then be sent to a boiler, internal combustion engine or gas turbine to generate electricity or further converted into chemicals, fertilizers transportation fuels, or substitute’s natural gas.
As shown in figure 2, the chemical reactions in Gasification process take place in the presence of steam in an oxygen-lean, reducing atmosphere. The ratio of oxygen molecules to carbon molecules is far less than one in the Gasification reactor. A portion of the fuel undergoes partial oxidation by precisely controlling the amount of oxygen fed to the gasifier. The heat released in the first reaction provides the necessary energy for the other Gasification reaction to proceed very rapidly. At higher temperatures the endothermic reactions of carbon with steam are favored.
Wide variety of carbonaceous feedstock can be used in the Gasification process. Low-BTU wastes may be blended with high-BTU supplementary fuels such as coal or petroleum coke to maintain the desired Gasification temperatures in the reactor. The reducing atmosphere within the Gasification reactor prevents the formation of oxidized species such as SOx and NOx which are replaced by H2S, ammonia, and nitrogen. These species are much easier to scrub from the syngas than their oxidized counterparts before the syngas is utilized for power.
Gasification has been used worldwide on a commercial scale for making gas from coal for heating, lighting and cooking for over centuries. It has been used for more than 80 years by the chemical, refining and fertilizer industries and for more than 35 years by the electric power industry. Gasification is now being adapted for smaller-scale applications to solve the problem of waste disposal and to extract valuable energy from waste.
4. Methodology
In the Gasification process, MSW is not a fuel, but a feedstock for a high chemical conversion process. There’s no burning. Gasification can convert MSW that would typically be incinerated into a clean, useful syngas. This clean syngas can then be used to produce energy and valuable products, such as chemicals, transportation fuels, fertilizers, and electricity. Gasification does not compete with recycling; in fact, it enhances it. Metals, glass, and other materials that cannot be gasified are typically segregated from the waste stream prior to being sent into the Gasification process. There are significant environmental benefits of MSW Gasification, including reducing the need for landfill space, decreasing methane emissions from the decomposition of organic materials in the landfill, and reducing the risk of surface water and groundwater contamination from landfills.
5. Gasification Is Not Incineration
While Gasification and incineration are both thermal processes, it is important to point out the advantages of Gasification over incineration. Incineration is simply a mass burn technology with heat recovery to produce steam and/or electricity. It has negative connotations because during the direct combustion of the waste, dangerous carcinogenic compounds such as dioxins and furans are formed, which are discharged into the atmosphere. In contrast, Gasification employs the conversion of waste into syngas, which can then be used for generating steam and/or electricity, for producing chemicals for high-value products, or for producing liquid fuels. The synthesis gas is produced under controlled conditions, and is generated without the formation of impurities associated with incinerator flue gas. Gasification emissions are generally an order of magnitude lower than the emissions from an incinerator.
As shown in table 2, the Gasification process represents significant advances over incineration. In order to understand the advantages of Gasification when compared to incineration, it’s important to understand the differences between the two processes:
Incineration literally means to render to ash. Incineration uses MSW as a fuel, burning it with high volumes of air to form carbon dioxide and heat. In a waste-to-energy plant that uses incineration, these hot gases are used to make steam, which is then used to generate electricity.
Gasification converts MSW to a usable synthesis gas, or syngas. It is the production of this intermediate product, syngas, which makes Gasification so different from incineration. In the Gasification process, the MSW is not a fuel, but a feedstock for a high temperature chemical conversion process. Instead of producing just heat and electricity, as is done in a waste-to-energy plant using incineration, the syngas produced by Gasification can be turned into higher value commercial products such as transportation fuels, chemicals, fertilizers, and even substitute natural gas. Incineration cannot achieve this. One of the concerns with incineration of MSW is the formation and reformation of toxic dioxins and furans, especially from PVC-containing plastics.
These toxins end up in incinerator exhaust streams by three pathways:
1. By decomposition, as smaller parts of larger molecules;
2. By "re-forming" when smaller molecules combine together; and/or
3. By simply passing through the incinerator without change.
Incineration does not allow control of these processes, and all clean-up occurs after combustion. One of the important advantages of Gasification is that the syngas can be cleaned of contaminants prior to its use, eliminating many of the types of after-the-fact (post-combustion) emission control systems required in incineration plants. The clean syngas can be used in reciprocating engines or turbines to generate electricity or further processed to produce hydrogen, substitute natural gas, chemicals, fertilizers or transportation fuels, such as ethanol.
In the high temperature environment in Gasification, larger molecules such as plastics, are broken down into the valuable components of syngas, which can be cleaned and processed before any further use. Dioxins and furans need sufficient oxygen to form or re-form, and the oxygen-deficient atmosphere in a gasifier does not provide the environment needed for dioxins and furans to form or reform. Dioxins need fine metal particulates in the exhaust to reform; syngas from Gasification is typically cleaned of particulates before being used.
In Gasification facilities that use the syngas to produce downstream products like fuels, chemicals and fertilizers, the syngas is quickly quench-cooled, so that there is not sufficient residence time in the temperature range where dioxins or furans could re-form; and when the syngas is primarily used as a fuel for making heat, it can be cleaned as necessary before combustion; this cannot occur with incineration. The ash produced from Gasification is different from what is produced from an incinerator. While incinerator ash is considered safe for use as alternative daily cover on landfills, there are concerns with its use in commercial products. In high-temperature Gasification, the ash actually flows from the gasifier in a molten form, where it is quench-cooled, forming a glassy, non-leachable slag that can be used for making cement, roofing shingles, as an asphalt filler or for sandblasting. Some gasifier are designed to recover melted metals in a separate stream, further taking advantage of the ability of Gasification technology to enhance recycling.
6. Discussion
Gasification does not compete with recycling. In fact, it enhances recycling programs. Materials can and should be recycled and conservation should be encouraged. However, many materials, such as metals and glass, must be removed from the MSW stream before it is fed into the gasifier. Pre-processing systems are added up-front to accomplish the extraction of metals, glass and inorganic materials, resulting in the increased recycling and utilization of materials. In addition, a wide range of plastics cannot be recycled or cannot be recycled any further, and would otherwise end up in a landfill. Such plastics can be excellent, high energy feedstock for Gasification.
7. Applications of the Process
• Reduces the need for landfill space.
• Decreases methane emissions from decomposition of MSW in landfills.
• Reduces risk of surface water and groundwater contamination from landfills.
• Extracts useable energy from waste that can be used to produce high value products.
• Enhances existing recycling programs.
• Reduces use of virgin materials needed to produce these high value products.
• Reduces transportation costs for waste that no longer needs to be shipped hundreds of miles for disposal.
• Reduces use of fossil fuels.
8. Limitations of Gasification
Biomass Gasification process has some limitations which are given here.
• Gasification is a complex and sensitive process. There exists high level of disagreement about gasification among engineers, researchers, and manufacturers. Several manufacturers claim that their unit can be operated on all kinds of biomass. But it is a questionable fact as physical and chemical properties varies fuel to fuel.
• Gasifiers require at least half an hour or more to start the process. Raw material is bulky and frequent refueling is often required for continuous running of the system. Handling residues such as ash, tarry condensates is time consuming and dirty work. Driving with producer gas fueled vehicles requires much more and frequent attention than gasoline or diesel fueled vehicles.
• Getting the producer gas is not difficult, but obtaining in the proper state is the challenging task. The physical and chemical properties of producer gas such as energy content, gas composition and impurities vary time to time. All the Gasifiers have fairly strict requirements for fuel size, moisture and ash content. Inadequate fuel preparation is an important cause of technical problems with Gasifiers.
• Gasifier is too often thought of as simple device that can generate a combustible gas from any biomass fuel. A hundred years of research has clearly shown that key to successful gasification is gasifier specifically designed for a particular type of fuel. Hence, biomass gasification technology requires hard work and tolerance.
• Major drawbacks are the high amounts of tar and pyrolysis products that occur because the pyrolysis gas does not pass the hearth zone and therefore is not combusted. This is of minor importance if the gas is used for direct heat applications in which the tar is simply burned. But when the gas is used for engines, extensive gas cleaning is required.
9. Conclusion
As the world’s population increases, so does the demand for energy and products, and so will the amount of waste generated. This waste represents both a threat to the environment and human health, but also a potential source of energy. Gasification can help address and solve these problems.
Conflict of Interests
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. | http://article.modenergy.org/html/10.11648.j.ajme.20160206.11.html |
Incineration can provide an appropriate way of disposing non-recyclable waste, the European Commission has confirmed in a reply to Nationalist Party MEP Roberta Metsola.
Malta is in the process of developing an incinerator to reduce the amount of waste that needs to be landfilled.
Metsola had asked the commission whether member states could continue to make use of EU funds to construct incinerators or waste-to-energy facilities and whether the construction of these facilities were in line with the circular economy goals.
The commission said the choice of waste management installations lies with the member states.
It added that although EU legislation required countries to recycle 65% of their municipal waste and not landfill more than 10%, in theory 35% of waste could be energy recovered, including through incineration.
The Brussels executive confirmed that waste to energy facilities had a role to play in a circular economy context.
Malta’s Wasteserv, a government waste management company, is undertaking the investment to set up a waste-to-energy facility at the Magħtab waste complex.
Wasteserv said in a statement on Tuesday that the commission’s reply justified its course of action.
The company is also building other plants such as an organic processing plant that will transform waste into agricultural compost and a fully-fledged material recovery facility for dry recyclables.
These projects follow other environment-oriented investments as the recent export of 6,550 tonnes of glass and the commissioning of a dry recyclable line which intends to increase Malta’s recycling performance.
READ ALSO: Explainer | Ticking waste bomb: Why does Malta need an incinerator, and why are farmers angry? | https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/europe/104141/incineration_part_of_european_waste_strategy_brussels_executive_tells_mep |
If you segregate waste at source, you probably categorise a range of items as dry waste – scraps of paper, glass bottles, metal pieces, old shampoo bottles, cardboard boxes, food containers. How much of this can actually be recycled and what happens to the rest?
On an average, Indian cities generate around 1.5 lakh tonnes of municipal solid waste every day. Over half of this is wet waste, which is biodegradable and can be used to make compost or biogas.
Of the 45% of non-biodegradable waste, around 15% is inert materials such as silt components, stones, wood pieces, broken glass. This has to be disposed of in landfills as per the Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. The other 30% makes up what households usually categorise into dry waste. Of this, just around 5% can be recycled and recovered.
Of the total dry waste that includes paper, metal pieces, glass bottles, one-time usable plastic covers and hard plastics, the recyclable materials are mainly metals, tins, hard plastic, cardboard boxes and reusable glasses. These are usually collected by wastepickers and land up in the recycling industry through scrap shops and dealers.
There is still no solution for non-reusable and low quality plastics such as polythene bags, covers used in packaging products like biscuits and soaps, packing covers, plastic containers containing home delivered food
What happens to this material
The non-recyclable dry waste is currently dumped into open landfills, often mixed with inert materials and wet waste. Countries such as Germany, Australia, USA, Canada and Singapore generate power by using this material as refuse -derived fuel in their waste-to-energy plants.
Indian cities, however, have not yet been able to set up and run large, scalable, efficient and sustainable waste-to-energy plants.
The main reasons for this are the lower calorific value of the material due to high moisture content, lack of segregation at source and shredding options, and capacity in local governments to run cluster level waste-to-energy plants.
Landfills have been subject to fire accidents, especially in summer, because this waste can catch fire easily due to the increased calorific value and moisture evaporation rate in hot weather. Sometimes, these landfill fires last for months.
Managing burning landfills is tough and expensive. When any material with a higher calorific value is left unattended, it runs the risk of fire accidents. Mixing wet and dry waste makes it more difficult to make compost.
Some solutions
The first approach is to drastically reduce the usage of non-recyclable material. This is ideal for the environment and has been implemented in some countries by ensuring that only reusable bottles, bags, plastics are used. In India, this is difficult since this material is extensively used almost everywhere and finding a substitute is challenging.
With the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, dry waste generation has also increased in some ways due to more online shopping and home delivery of food, which has increased packaging waste.
Governments have tried banning polythene bags by enforcing laws in states, including Karnataka and Kerala, while others like Sikkim have also worked towards reducing plastic pollution. But implementing such measures across the entire country, especially in bigger states, is a challenge.
Fuel from waste
The other approach is to use this material as refuse-derived fuel. If this material is not mixed with wet waste, it would have a decent calorific value of over 3,500 kcal/ kg. (A higher calorific value means more heat will be generated on burning, which means it can generate more energy if used as fuel).
At present, the low-quality plastic material is mostly mixed with organic waste, which adds moisture and silt and brings down the calorific value to about 2,000 kcal/kg-2,500 kcal/ kg.
An ongoing study by the Indian Institute for Human Settlements analysed the calorific value of mixed waste dumped in landfills across five Indian cities – Davanagere, Kalaburagi, Chitradurga, Haveri and Ranebennur – and the calorific value in these landfills was found to be in the range of 2,000 kcal/ kg-2,400 kcal/kg, with a moisture content of 18%-20% and silt content of 5%-8%.
By setting up efficient segregations systems and reducing the moisture content of this material, it is possible to use it as heating material.
Cement industries use coal in their kilns to generate heat. With some changes in the design and functioning of these kilns, it is possible to use this non-recyclable dry waste material as fuel.
This can also help combat the shortage of coal. Using non-recyclable dry waste in cement kilns was also recommended in the guidelines of the Swachh Bharat Mission released by the ministry of urban development in 2018
In June 2021, a cement factory in Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu’s Trichy district achieved its milestone of meeting a quarter of its fuel requirement through waste material. There are environmental concerns over using dry waste as fuel since they emit toxic gases, but it is a realistic situation in light of overflowing landfills.
On any day, the first choice for handling dry waste would be to cut down on single-use plastic for which governments need to impose serious strict measures.
While a complete reduction will take time and effort, the option of using this material as refuse-derived fuel can be explored to reduce landfill fires and increase the efficiency of waste management.
For this to happen, municipalities should set up an efficient segregation system to reduce the moisture and silt component in dry waste and commit to supply good quality refuse-derived fuel material to the cement industries.
Pushkara SV is a practitioner at the Indian Institute for Human Settlements, Bengaluru, with experience of working at over 60 Urban Local Bodies across the country. His work has focused on improving the efficiency of waste collection and processing. | https://scroll.in/article/1020105/do-you-segregate-garbage-meticulously-most-of-that-plastic-still-ends-up-in-landfills |
Senate Committee on Energy Chairperson Sherwin Gatchalian clarified that the Davao City government is not working nor has partnered with Nippon Japan in establishing a P5 billion waste-to-energy project in the province.
In a previous Inquirer report, Gatchalian expressed that the city government “has, for quite a while, been working with Nippon Japan” on the project and that it is already up for groundbreaking.
However, according to recent news, the senator clarified that the city government was not working nor was it partnering with Nippon or any other Japanese company to establish and operate the facility. Gatchalian clarified that the partner will be selected via bidding process.
In related news, Gatchalian has filed Senate Bill no. 363 or the “Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Act” in a bid to address the country’s problem with garbage.
The bill aims to encourage the development of new technologies not only as a treatment for solid waste but also as a support to the expansion of bioenergy to attain sustainable energy. These technologies will allow the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel.
Citing data from the National Solid Waste Management Commission, Gatchalian revealed that trash generated in Metro Manila was expected to reach 4.44 metric tons in 2020 and 6.32 tons in 2030 from 3.6 tons generated in 2014.
“With the passage of the WTE bill, the country will be able to maximize the energy we can produce from waste, be it in the form of electricity, fuel, or gas, and, in the process, address the waste problem,” Gatchalian was quoted as saying in the Inquirer report. | https://powerphilippines.com/davao-not-working-with-japanese-firm-in-energy-project-says-gatchalian/ |
We know that these new technologies represent change, and that change will raise questions. But it is no longer a question of should we build new waste treatment facilities. The real question we need to ask is how to dispose of our waste without sending it to landfill, while at the same time recovering value from this waste.
Hopefully the previous pages have helped to give an insight into why we have to treat our waste in a more sustainable way. If your questions are not answered here, please let us know.
Why do we need to build new facilities to treat our waste?
We need to treat waste as a resource, not as something we throw away. New waste treatment facilities will turn food and non-recyclable waste into a source of renewable energy. By building new facilities we can treat our waste in a sustainable way, reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and help to secure the Wales’ energy supply.
Why can’t we just continue to landfill our waste?
Landfill is not a sustainable option. Space is running out and it is very unlikely that we will be able to build more. The act of throwing our waste directly into landfill is a waste of all the raw material and energy that went into making the products that we use. We also create methane, a powerful greenhouse gas that is 23 times more damaging to the environment than carbon dioxide, as well as a leachate that can harm our water systems.
Will the new facilities have a negative effect on recycling?
Councils across Wales are committed to recycling 70 percent of our waste. We need to continue recycling as much as we can, as often as we can. The top five recycling nations in Europe are also the top five users of energy from waste technology. Belgium, Holland, Germany, Denmark and France all show that high recycling rates sit comfortably alongside the use of efficient waste treatment facilities.
What are the preferred technology solutions?
With the exception of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of food waste there are no preferred solutions. Anaerobic digestion is preferred to IVC because it uses food waste to produce 100 percent renewable energy as well as soil conditioner.
When it comes to treating the materials that are left over after we have recycled as much as we can, there is no preferred technology. However, it is widely recognised that treatments that recover both heat and electricity offer the most efficient option. The higher the efficiency of energy recovery, the more desirable the solution is.
What proportion of waste do you expect to go for energy recovery?
The Welsh Assembly Government has set a limit on the amount of waste that can be sent to energy from waste facilities. As reducing, reusing and recycling our waste is the most sustainable option for Wales, we will only be able to treat 30 percent of household waste using energy from waste technology. This is why we need to become a high recycling nation. We need to recover 70 percent of our waste by recycling it.
What is anaerobic digestion?
Anaerobic digestion is used to treat food waste. In Wales we throw away over 400,000 tonnes of food waste every year. The technology copies a natural process by using naturally occurring microbes to break down the waste, and this produces a source of 100 percent renewable energy. It also produces digestate which can be used as a fertiliser and soil conditioner.
Does new technology simply mean incineration?
No - a wide range of technologies can be used to turn our waste into a source of energy. This includes anaerobic digestion, mechanical and biological treatment, combustion with combined heat and power as well as pyrolysis and gasification. Regional partnerships involving all 22 Welsh local authorities will be looking to develop the most sustainable, cost effective and practical solution for your area.
Is energy from waste technology new? How do we know it works?
Energy from waste treatment is widely regarded as a safe, reliable and proven method for treating non-recyclable waste. The recovery of energy from waste dates back over 100 years with modern facilities being highly efficient and well regulated. The UK is lagging behind in its use of new treatment technologies. The USA already has 121 facilities spread across 29 states, while Europe has close to 400 and Asia more than 300. Germany has 200 energy from waste facilities alone.
What are the benefits of developing new waste technologies?
Our waste is a resource. Recovering this resource will have important environmental benefits.
The benefits of using these new technologies include:
- the production of 100 percent renewable energy
- a reduction in landfill and the levels of methane and carbon dioxide produced
- a replacement of fossil fuels leading to reduced carbon dioxide emissions
- an improvement of the national security of energy supply
- waste becoming a source of heat and power
Who will regulate these new waste facilities?
Waste treatment facilities are among the most strictly regulated industries in the UK. Natural Resources Wales (previously the Environment Agency) will monitor the performance of these facilities on a regular basis and has access to all emissions testing and monitoring results. If the facility uses incineration technology it will also be subject to the stringent emission levels set by the European Incineration Directive. Many existing energy from waste facilities publicly display their emissions readings for everyone to see.
Does incineration produce high levels of dioxins and will it affect my health?
Pressure groups often talk about dioxins - chemicals that are harmful to human health. However, production from incineration facilities is extremely small. It helps if we realise that about 14 percent of UK dioxin emissions are produced on bonfire night alone, while the Health Protection Agency recently released a report stating that less than 1% of UK yearly dioxin emissions would come from the incineration of household waste. Improvements in technology and regulation mean incineration emissions have not only fallen significantly, but that emissions will be highly regulated to ensure a continuation of this good performance.
How many facilities will need to be built?
Councils across Wales are joining together in regional partnerships to develop the most sustainable, cost effective and practical solution for dealing with our waste. By taking a regional approach, the number of new waste treatment facilities will be limited. Wales will see the development of a small number of facilities capable of dealing with the waste created in a region as a whole.
Where and when will the new facilities be built?
Many new waste treatment facilities will need to be built across Wales over the next few years. Every new facility will be subject to strict planning and permitting processes. Local Authorities will need to make very difficult decisions about suitable locations and, among other aspects, will take into consideration local housing, transport routes and proximity of sites to other waste treatment facilities.
Private industry will also affect what will be built and when. While councils throughout Wales are looking to buy new facilities as a solution for dealing with our household waste, private companies will also be applying to local authorities to build facilities of their own. These may be intended to treat commercial and industrial waste. While local authorities are not responsible for proposing these new facilities, they will have a role in evaluating any planning proposal submitted by private companies.
Public engagement throughout the planning process will be vital. You do have a say. Creating a zero waste Wales will require a huge national effort and it is important that you get involved. | https://www.recycleforwales.org.uk/recycling-knowledge/turning-welsh-waste-energy/faqs |
NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Physics System of Particles and Rotational Motion Part-1 Class 11 Physics Class book solutions are available in PDF format for free download. These ncert book chapter wise questions and answers are very helpful for CBSE exam. CBSE recommends NCERT books and most of the questions in CBSE exam are asked from NCERT text books. Class 11 Physics chapter wise NCERT solution for Physics part 1 and Physics part 2 for all the chapters can be downloaded from our website and myCBSEguide mobile app for free.
Download NCERT solutions for System of Particles and Rotational Motion Part-1 as PDF.
NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter wise Solutions
- 1 – Physical World
- 2 – Units and Measurements
- 3 – Motion in a Straight line
- 4 – Motion in a Plane
- 5 – Laws of Motion
- 6 – Work, Energy and Power
- 7 – System of Particles and Rotational motion
- 8 – Gravitation
- 9 – Mechanical Properties of Solids
- 10 – Mechanical properties of fluids
- 11 – Thermal Properties of matter
- 12 – Thermodynamics
- 13 – Kinetic Theory
- 14 – Oscillations
- 15 – Waves
CHAPTER SEVEN SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Centre of mass
- 7.3 Motion of centre of mass
- 7.4 Linear momentum of a system of particles
- 7.5 Vector product of two vectors
- 7.6 Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity
- 7.7 Torque and angular momentum
- 7.8 Equilibrium of a rigid body
- 7.9 Moment of inertia
- 7.10 Theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes
- 7.11 Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis
- 7.12 Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis
- 7.13 Angular momentum in case of rotations about a fixed axis
- 7.14 Rolling motion
NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Physics System of Particles and Rotational Motion Part-1
1. Give the location of the centre of mass of a (i) sphere, (ii) cylinder, (iii) ring, and (iv) cube, each of uniform mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body?
2. In the HCl molecule, the separation between the nuclei of the two atoms is about 1.27 . Find the approximate location of the CM of the molecule, given that a chlorine atom is about 35.5 times as massive as a hydrogen atom and nearly all the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus.
3. A child sits stationary at one end of a long trolley moving uniformly with a speed V on a smooth horizontal floor. If the child gets up and runs about on the trolley in any manner, what is the speed of the CM of the (trolley + child) system?
4. Show that the area of the triangle contained between the vectors a and b is one half of the magnitude of a x b.
5. Show that a.(b c) is equal in magnitude to the volume of the parallelepiped formed on the three vectors, a, b and c.
6. Find the components along the x, y, z axes of the angular momentum l of a particle, whose position vector is r with components x, y, z and momentum is p with components. Show that if the particle moves only in the x–y plane the angular momentum has only a z-component.
7. Two particles, each of mass m and speed v, travel in opposite directions along parallel lines separated by a distance d. Show that the vector angular momentum of the two particle system is the same whatever be the point about which the angular momentum is taken.
8. A non-uniform bar of weight W is suspended at rest by two strings of negligible weight as shown in Fig.7.39. The angles made by the strings with the vertical are 36.9° and 53.1° respectively. The bar is 2 m long. Calculate the distance d of the centre of gravity of the bar from its left end.
9. A car weighs 1800 kg. The distance between its front and back axles is 1.8 m. Its centre of gravity is 1.05 m behind the front axle. Determine the force exerted by the level ground on each front wheel and each back wheel.
10. (a) Find the moment of inertia of a sphere about a tangent to the sphere, given the moment of inertia of the sphere about any of its diameters to be, where M is the mass of the sphere and R is the radius of the sphere.
(b) Given the moment of inertia of a disc of mass M and radius R about any of its diameters to be, find its moment of inertia about an axis normal to the disc and passing through a point on its edge.
11. Torques of equal magnitude is applied to a hollow cylinder and a solid sphere, both having the same mass and radius. The cylinder is free to rotate about its standard axis of symmetry, and the sphere is free to rotate about an axis passing through its centre. Which of the two will acquire a greater angular speed after a given time?
12. A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with angular speed 100 rad . The radius of the cylinder is 0.25 m. What is the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of angular momentum of the cylinder about its axis?
13. (a) A child stands at the centre of a turntable with his two arms outstretched. The turntable is set rotating with an angular speed of 40 rev/min. How much is the angular speed of the child if he folds his hands back and thereby reduces his moment of inertia to 2/5 times the initial value? Assume that the turntable rotates without friction.
(b) Show that the child’s new kinetic energy of rotation is more than the initial kinetic energy of rotation. How do you account for this increase in kinetic energy?
14. A rope of negligible mass is wound round a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. What is the angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force of 30 N? What is the linear acceleration of the rope? Assume that there is no slipping.
15. To maintain a rotor at a uniform angular speed of 200 rad, an engine needs to transmit a torque of 180 Nm. What is the power required by the engine?
(Note: uniform angular velocity in the absence of friction implies zero torque. In practice, applied torque is needed to counter frictional torque). Assume that the engine is 100 % efficient.
16. From a uniform disk of radius R, a circular hole of radius R/2 is cut out. The centre of the hole is at R/2 from the centre of the original disc. Locate the centre of gravity of the resulting flat body.
17. A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at its centre. When two coins, each of mass 5 g are put one on top of the other at the 12.0 cm mark, the stick is found to be balanced at 45.0 cm. What is the mass of the metre stick?
18. A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined planes of the same heights but different angles of inclination. (a) Will it reach the bottom with the same speed in each case? (b) Will it take longer to roll down one plane than the other? (c) If so, which one and why?
19. A hoop of radius 2 m weighs 100 kg. It rolls along a horizontal floor so that its centre of mass has a speed of 20 cm/s. How much work has to be done to stop it?
20. The oxygen molecule has a mass of kg and a moment of inertia of about an axis through its centre perpendicular to the lines joining the two atoms. Suppose the mean speed of such a molecule in a gas is 500 m/s and that its kinetic energy of rotation is two thirds of its kinetic energy of translation. Find the average angular velocity of the molecule.
21. A solid cylinder rolls up an inclined plane of angle of inclination 30°. At the bottom of the inclined plane the centre of mass of the cylinder has a speed of 5 m/s.
(a) How far will the cylinder go up the plane?
(b) How long will it take to return to the bottom? | https://mycbseguide.com/blog/ncert-solutions-for-class-11-physics-system-of-particles-and-rotational-motion-part-1/ |
The Biomimetic Robotics Lab investigates the way of using a tail to improve maneuverability of the MIT Cheetah. The research was initiated with the inspiration from videos, showing that the cheetah’s turn is accompanied by a movement of its tail, and some researches in biology, describing that cats or dogs are moving their tail during locomotion. We end up with hypothesizing that a tail may enhance balance of the legged robot. This hypothesis is investigated with three examples.
External disturbance rejection using a tail
A robotic tail is designed and implemented on the MIT Cheetah to verify its effect on balance when external disturbance exist. The mass of the tail is 0.74 kg and the moment of inertia about the motor rotation axis is 0.160 kg m^2. The figure below depicts the experimental setup; the MIT cheetah is set to stand while the clay wrecking ball is swung into the impact site on the rear pelvis.
The video below shows that a large disturbance, which is enough to fell down the MIT Cheetah, is applied and the tail effectively stabilizes the body after the disturbance.
The plot below compares the horizontal position of the hip with/ without tail actuation. Green dash-dotted line indicates the horizontal position of the hips with the activated tail, while Blue solid line indicates that with the tail held fixed. Red dotted line represents the difference between two lines.
Comparison of a reaction wheel and a tail
A reaction wheel, a well known engineering technology, and a tail are compared, in terms of their effectiveness of reorienting the body in cases when space, power, and time are limited. A reaction wheel is designed to fit within a volume so that it can rotate continuously, whereas a tail is allowed to have greater dimensions and greater effective moment of inertia, but it cannot rotate continuously without collision. Given different geometric constraints and with the assumption that either tool is operated while cheetah is in the air, maximum impulse, or average torque, is computed for each, within a time of interest. The figure below shows that a tail is appropriate when space is available for a high moment of inertia and the time of interest is very short.
Attitude Maneuvers using a tail
We proposed a simple feedback controller for three-axis spatial maneuvers using a straight, narrow tail to provide reaction moments. Control law is designed and followed by optimization to reorient the body from arbitrary orientation to a desired one (zero roll, pitch and yaw). At each instant, the controller finds the orientation and angular velocity of the body, computes the desired axis of rotation and angular momentum difference to achieve a desired orientation. Desired torque is calculated and projected onto the space of achievable torques. If it is allowed to optimize the initial tail orientation as if it was a planned maneuver, the performance becomes much better. The figure below shows that the controller successfully achieves a desired landing orientation during a limited flight time in simulation.
Further goal
The advantage and usefulness of tail in case of mid-air usage with single operation is well shown in the above results. More careful strategy is required to operate a tail continuously, considering characteristics of legged robots. To address this issue, one of ideas we have is that tail can be used as to help legs by 'earning short time' in between leg sequence so that a body stays in the stable region when a correcting foot placement can be made. The idea is being verified via simulation with more detailed model.
Publications
Briggs, R., J. Lee, M. Haberland, and S. Kim, "Tails in Biomimetic Design: Analysis, Simulation, and Experiment", IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vilamoura, Portugal, IEEE, 11/2012. | https://biomimetics.mit.edu/research/97fbda37-129f-43ac-bca5-c309902b7c20/ |
Download "Version PREVIEW Practice 8 carroll (11108) 1"
1 Version PREVIEW Practice 8 carroll This print-out should have 12 questions. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the net column or page find all choices before answering. Inertia of Solids points A circular disk, a ring, and a square have the same mass M and width 2 r points A small metallic bob is suspended from the ceiling by a thread of negligible mass. The ball is then set in motion in a horizontal circle so that the thread describes a cone. The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s 2. ring disk square 9.8 m/s m 2 r 2 r 2 r For the moment of inertia about their center of mass about an ais perpendicular to the plane of the paper, which statement concerning their moments of inertia is true? 1. I square > I ring > I disk correct v 5 kg Calculate the magnitude of the angular momentum of the bob about the supporting point. Correct answer: kg m 2 /s. 2. I disk > I square > I ring 3. I disk > I ring > I square Basic Concepts: Angular Momentum 4. I square > I disk > I ring 5. I ring > I disk > I square L = m r v. 6. I ring > I square > I disk In the ring, the same mass of the disk is concentrated at the maimum distance from the ais, so I ring > I disk. Note: In this problem r and v are perpendicular, where r = l sin. In the square, the same mass of the ring lies at distances which are between r and r 2 at least the radius of the ring, so I square > I ring and I square > I ring > I disk. Let : l = 2.4 m, = 34, g = 9.8 m/s 2, m = 5 kg. and Conical Pendulum 04 Use the free body diagram below.
4 Version PREVIEW Practice 8 carroll Hence the velocity of the center of mass is v cm = ω R R g = m 9.8 m/s = = m/s. Alternate Solution The kinetic energy is K total f keywords: = K rotational f cm linear + Kf K f = M R2 ω M v2 = M v M v2 = 3 4 M v2 = 3 4 M R2 ω 2. Solid Sphere on an Incline part 1 of points A solid sphere of radius 34 cm is positioned at the top of an incline that makes 26 angle with the horizontal. This initial position of the sphere is a vertical distance 1.6 m above its position when at the bottom of the incline. The sphere is released and moves down the incline. 34 cm l µ M m Calculate the speed of the sphere when it reaches the bottom of the incline if it rolls without slipping. The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s 2. The moment of inertia of a sphere with respect to an ais through its center is 2 5 M R2. Correct answer: m/s. From conservation of energy we have U i = K trans,f + K rot,f M g h = 1 2 M v I ω2 = 1 2 M v v M R2 R 2 = 7 10 M v2.v 1 = 10 = m/s2 1.6 m = m/s g h 007 part 2 of points Calculate the speed of the sphere if it reaches the bottom of the incline by slipping frictionlessly without rolling. Correct answer: 5.6 m/s. From conservation of energy we have U i = K trans,f M g h = 1 2 M v2 v 2 = 2 g h = m/s m = 5.6 m/s. keywords: /* If you use any of these, fi the comment symbols. g=9.8 ; * u=m/s 2 h = e 34; u = J s Someof yourvariablesresembleconstants. Airplane Momentum 008 part 1 of points An airplane of mass kg flies level to the ground at an altitude of 16 km with a constant speed of 172 m/s relative to the Earth. What is the magnitude of the airplane s angular momentum relative to a ground observer directly below the airplane in kg m 2 /s? Correct answer: kg m 2 /s.
Chapter 5 Using Newton s Laws: Friction, Circular Motion, Drag Forces. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1) The gure below shows the position of a particle (moving along a straight line) as a function of time. Which of the following statements is true?
Specific Outcome: i. I can apply Newton s laws of motion to solve, algebraically, linear motion problems in horizontal, vertical and inclined planes near the surface of Earth, ignoring air resistance.
State Newton's second law of motion for a particle, defining carefully each term used. | http://docplayer.net/26380530-Version-preview-practice-8-carroll-11108-1.html |
In recent years a number of events have shaken the measure of trust that the public holds for the application of science and the advances it offers society. Although many of these crises in confidence have arisen due to flawed implementation of policy rather than bad science, the scientific community must remain vigilant in order to preserve the trust and value that society affords scientific progress.
One of the key factors underpinning any mistrust is the public's understanding of the scientific method. Most people's perception of science is that it deals with certainties, an understandable misconception given that elementary scientific education deals with well-established theory derived from substantive research. Much less appreciated is the uncertainty inherent in much cutting-edge research—that by definition there is a limit to understanding when dealing with new phenomena at or beyond the boundaries of current knowledge. The perception of science as established fact means that when scientists do confess uncertainties, confidence in what is known is undermined. Scientific literacy is a pressing matter for education policy that will be increasingly difficult to address given the speed of accumulation of knowledge, but a better public appreciation of the scientific method would considerably alleviate some of the problems.
A better understanding of the scientific method would also allow the public to appreciate that often a scientist holds a particular opinion after weighing the available evidence. Such an appreciation would help clarify situations where different groups of researchers engage in support of opposing viewpoints. Moreover, zealots that advocate a particular scientific viewpoint in the face of overwhelming contrary evidence might also be afforded less credibility. Proponents of the view that HIV does not cause AIDS continue to garner support from some politicians for unknowable reasons. In South Africa, such beliefs are undermining efforts to tackle the grave problems posed by the AIDS epidemic. Recent efforts to provide cheaper antiretrovirals will be ineffective if the general population is led to believe that such approaches are irrelevant to the disease state.
The publication and dissemination of imprecise research studies, particularly correlative studies, can also contribute adversely to the public trust of science. Such studies occasionally have value in that they can frame novel scientific questions and propose new avenues of research, but it should always be clearly stated that only a correlation has been demonstrated. Provocative correlative studies are often picked up by the mass media and presented as accepted wisdom, and correlation soon becomes causation in the public consciousness.
A good example is the 1998 report that linked the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine to autism in children, which has led directly to a decrease in the uptake of this vaccine. Though the hypothesis is now widely disparaged after a number of ensuing studies have failed to find convincing evidence of such a link, negative data do not make good news stories and the information does not resonate with the public in the same manner that the original scare story did. It is a reminder that newsworthiness should never determine priority in scientific publishing and that scientific journalists should always exercise due prudence.
There is also a need to clearly distinguish in the public mind that science and the policies derived from it are separate. Science is concerned with the best way to answer a given question, but in essence it is ethically neutral and not a method for either deciding which questions should be asked or determining the acceptable risks over perceived benefits of new technologies; these considerations require public, scientific and political opinion allied to scientific fact. Policy-makers, keen to cultivate an authoritative stance, often co-opt scientific findings to validate policy. More sinisterly, dissenting scientific opinion is sometimes suppressed to divert attention from unwelcome truths. Subsequent to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy crisis in the United Kingdom, it emerged that in a misguided attempt to allay public concerns, vital information regarding the scientific uncertainties of the situation was not fully disclosed. The public recriminations were particularly damaging to the UK government and its scientific institutions, but also harmed public trust in science in general.
Also fundamental to cultivating public confidence in the veracity of scientific findings are conflict of interest issues that need to be addressed explicitly by researchers, journals and public bodies alike. As boundaries between academic and corporate research become increasingly blurred, especially in the field of biomedicine, there needs to be more transparency and accountability with regard to financial interests, corporate affiliations and patents. Conflict of interest policies are intended to prevent or control situations that might lead to inadvertent and unacceptable bias or to suspicions or actual instances of misconduct. Perceptions of a conflict of interest can erode public trust in science and scientists.
At the present time, it is incumbent upon the scientific establishment to allay public fears and win back crucial public trust before the situation becomes irrevocable. The nascent century has been heralded as the new age of biology, but much of the hoped-for progress will depend on the public's explicit assent for the endeavors science will undertake. Public opinion will be the final arbiter.
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In science we trust. Nat Med 7, 871 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/90866
Issue Date: | https://www.nature.com/articles/nm0801_871?error=cookies_not_supported&code=5347fe11-96a9-4d73-9b6a-cb14194db0d7 |
Abstract: Many types of guidance documents inform conservation by providing practical recommendations for the management of species and habitats. To ensure effective decisions are made, such guidance should be based upon relevant and up‐to‐date evidence. We reviewed conservation guidance for mitigation and management of species and habitats in the United Kingdom and Ireland, identifying 301 examples produced by over 50 organizations. Of these, only 29% provided a reference list, of which only 32% provided reference(s) relevant to justify the recommended actions (9% of the total). Furthermore, even this guidance was often outdated, lacked a methodology for production, or did not highlight uncertainty in the key evidence that supported the recommendations. These deficiencies can lead to misguided and ineffective conservation practices, policies, and decisions, and a waste of resources. Based on this review and co‐design by experts from 14 organizations, we present a set of principles for ensuring sufficient and relevant evidence is transparently incorporated into future conservation guidance. Producing evidence‐based guidance in line with these principles would enable more effective conservation outcomes.
Keywords
REVIEW, REVIEWS, evidence‐based conservation, knowledge, policy, practice, recommendations
Identifiers
csp212663
External DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12663
This record's URL: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/336606
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Licence: | https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/336606 |
April 28: Experts have cautioned that flawed policies that do not recognize gender-differentiated impacts of policies and reforms may end up hurting women entrepreneurial ecosystem.
They expressed such view during a webinar titled ‘Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation: Evidence from Nepal’ organised by South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics and Environment (SAWTEE) on Tuesday, April 27.
Making a presentation of the findings of the study, Senior Research Officer of SAWTEE, Dikshya Singh, said that dismal participation of women entrepreneurs in international trade can be largely attributed to their engagement in producing unsuitable products such as easily perishable food items, high concentration on the domestic market, and most importantly, the lack of knowledge about foreign markets and buyers.
A press statement issued by SAWTEE says the findings were based on a two-and-a-half-year study conducted by SAWTEE, along with CUTS International, India, to examine the constraints faced by women entrepreneurs in international trade.
Along with the issues related to productive capacity and quality, lack of information about foreign markets means they face difficulty in establishing new business contacts in foreign markets, the findings suggest.
Likewise, the absence of female representation at the policy-making level and at the operation level, customs and other logistics chain, mean many women entrepreneur-specific issues are not addressed at the policy level, added Singh.
Dr Posh Raj Pandey, chairman of SAWTTE, emphasized that although trade and export help economic growth through employment and income generation if policies are flawed then they might further deteriorate gender inequality by inadvertently discriminating against the sectors that employ more women.
Senior Economist Dr Bina Pradhan pointed out that enterprise development policies designed in such a way that equate women entrepreneurship only as part of poverty alleviation programmes do not help to scale up women-led enterprises.
“Policies have been looking into women’s economic activities through a flawed gendered lens condemning women to the sectors that do not offer opportunities to climb up the value chains. Even the language used in the National Trade Integration Strategy shows that,” the statement quoted Pradhan as saying.
Former President of Nepal Freight Forwarders Association, Rajan Sharma, pointed out that workers in the trade logistics chain –behind the border, at the border and beyond the border—are predominantly male. Therefore, to increase participation of women in these chains requires sensitizing existing participants to accommodate women’s involvement at different levels of trade.
Shobha Gurung, vice president of the Federation of Nepalese Cottage and Small Industries, said even veteran entrepreneurs lack the information about dealing in foreign markets.
Former Joint Secretary at the Ministry of Industry Commerce and Supplies, Rabi Shankar Sainju, suggested mobilizing diplomatic missions of Nepal all over the world so that at least they can act as trade envoys.
According to SAWTEE, the participants in the webinar included women entrepreneurs, representatives from civil society organizations, policymakers and academia. The participants pointed out limited access to information for the women entrepreneurs and the need for coordinated efforts from stakeholders to build the capacity of entrepreneurs. | https://www.newbusinessage.com/Articles/view/13325 |
Demystifying management : the case of black managers in Durban, South Africa.
Date2013-10-30
Author
Shezi, Christina.
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Abstract
This study looks at the effectiveness of transformation policies in addressing racial inclusiveness and equity issues in the workplace as well as the impact that stereotypes have on performance. Hence it is the purpose of this study to determine whether there is a mystery around black managers’ performance in comparison with their white counterparts, that is, performance of black managers tends to be seen as inferior and sub standard to that of whites. The primary problem of this study is to determine whether changing attitudes in the workplace can stimulate the environment for successful managers. There are a number of perceptions that whites have of black managers mainly around their performance and their ability to deliver on the job, hence the study looks at how attitudes (either positive or negative) impact on the black managers’ performance as well as how cultural influences shape a manager’s behaviour in the workplace. This study was exploratory in nature, which is a form of qualitative research. Qualitative research was deemed appropriate as the research looked at human experiences and perceptions i.e. managers’ experiences interacting with other racial groups namely black and white. This study was conducted through primary data collection where the data was collected through face-to-face interviews with the use of carefully drafted questionnaires. Based on findings of this study it is apparent that transformation policies such as Affirmative Action and Black Economic Empowerment are ineffective at achieving transformation within organisations, as they are not correctly implemented and therefore prone to abuse (lead to window dressing practices) and due to the fact that there is a great deal of negativity associated with these policies. The results also suggested that both black and white managers still had negative perceptions of each other. To some extent the negative perceptions demonstrated by white senior managers were one of the contributing factors to black managers’ poor performance although it is difficult to prove that the negative attitudes were the sole reason for black managers’ poor performance. | http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10413/9829 |
Building on the success of the Future of Conservation Survey, and responding to demand from potential users, this project will develop a new tool that enables conservation organisations better to understand the values held by their staff, and to use this knowledge to inform their organisational culture, development and conservation strategies.
Organisations that critically reflect on, and take into account, the values of their staff or members tend to be stronger, more effective and better able to achieve long term conservation impact. Therefore, the improved knowledge, policies and practices of conservation groups and organisations that have used the GO-FOX tool should lead to greater success in their conservation work. In addition, the novel research findings of the project will open up new areas of research with tremendous potential for impact, such as how values within organisations (and their diversity) relate to conservation effectiveness. | http://www.cambridgeconservation.org/collaboration/go-fox-%E2%80%93-group-and-organisation-future-conservation-survey |
Due to a recent arbitration decision , the CCEA will continue its misguided last-in, first-out policy. The school district will only lay off those teachers who have received suspensions or multiple unsatisfactory notifications before laying off the newest teachers. As the Nevada Policy Research Institute notes:
“Last week, the seven teachers listed above were honored by the CCSD Board of Trustees as the best new teachers in the district. While these teachers received plaques applauding their accomplishments, they are among the lowest teachers on the seniority totem pole…Thanks to the efforts of union bosses to preserve seniority in layoffs, only 38 teachers with discipline problems will be released before seniority-based layoffs begin.”
Last-in, first-out policies have proven to be the wrong way to decide which teachers to reward and which teachers to dismiss. The policy assumes that teaching experience and an advanced degree will automatically lead to better performance in the classroom. In fact, the seven teachers awarded by Clark County School District may be every bit as effective as their more experienced colleagues.
Fortunately, there are better alternatives to dated last-in, first-out policies. School districts should reward teachers for their performance instead of seniority. Teaching experience and advanced degrees are not reliable indicators of performance in the classroom, so school districts should not blindly reward either. School districts should lower the barriers to entry while being more discerning when it comes to retaining and rewarding the teachers that they hire. There are no indicators of future success for teachers with no experience, so restricting access to the profession only serves to shrink the pool of potentially effective educators. As Heritage Foundation’s Jason Richwine notes:
“Unlike the standard warning about investment funds, for teachers the best predictor of future results is past performance. Administrators cannot know how effective a potential teacher is until that teacher gets into a classroom. Teachers who show strong performance should move quickly up the pay scale, while those who perform poorly should be let go or be denied raises.”
Last-in, first-out is a flawed union policy that punishes too many effective young educators, and in typical union-fashion fails to incentivize productivity or competence. | https://townhall.com/tipsheet/townhallcomstaff/2012/06/08/new-educators-win-teaching-awards-then-shown-the-door-by-their-union-n709048 |
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