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Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part.1 Biodiversity shapes the ecosystem services that contribute to human well-being—material welfare, security, social relations, and health.2 Biodiversity is considered on three levels: species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity.3
Species Diversity
- Species diversity can be measured in several ways, including diversity indices (species richness and evenness), rank abundance diagrams, and similarity indices.4
- Of the estimated 8.7 million eukaryotic species (complex cells) on Earth, 86% of land species and 91% of ocean species have not yet been described.5
- 1.2 million species have been described globally.5
- 52,725 plant and animal species are listed in the U.S.; top-ranking states for species diversity are CA, TX, AZ, NM, and AL, respectively.6,7
- Freshwater habitats account for only 0.01% of the world’s water and make up less than 1% of the planet’s surface, but they support one-third of all described vertebrates and nearly 10% of all known animal species.8
- One study suggests that while tropical reefs have more diverse fish communities, it is polar waters that are hotspots of fish speciation (formation of distinct new species) — contrary to much of the previous thinking about evolution.9
Catalogued Earth and Ocean Species5
Genetic Diversity
- Genetic diversity refers to the genetic variation within species (for both the same population and populations living in different geographical areas).3
- Individuals within a species have slightly different forms of genes through mutations, where each form (an allele) can code for different proteins and ultimately affect species physiology.3
- Genetic variations lead to differences in both genotype and phenotype, which are necessary for species to maintain reproductive vitality, resistance to disease, and the ability to adapt to changing conditions.3
Community/Ecosystem Diversity
- Ecosystem diversity describes the variety of biological communities and their associations with the ecosystem of which they are part.3
- Within ecosystems, species play different roles and have different requirements for survival (i.e., food, temperature, water, etc.). If any of these requirements become a limiting resource for a species, its population size becomes restricted.3
genotype vs. Phenotype3
Goods & Services
- Ecosystem services are the conditions and processes that enable natural ecosystems to sustain human life.10
- Ecosystem services include: air and water purification; mitigation of floods and droughts; detoxification and decomposition of wastes; generation and renewal of soil and soil fertility; pollination of crops and natural vegetation; dispersal of seeds and translocation of nutrients; protection from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays; partial stabilization of climate; and moderation of temperature extremes and the force of winds and waves.10
- Biodiversity improves several ecosystem services, including crop yields, stability of fishery yields, wood production, fodder yield, resistance to plant invasion, carbon sequestration, soil nutrient mineralization, and soil organic matter.11
- These services provide us with food, natural fibers, timber, biomass fuels, crop pollination, medicines, psychological health, and more.12
Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, and Human Well-Being2
Loss of Biodiversity
- Since 1955, alteration of biodiversity related to human activities was greater than any time in human history, driven by habitat loss from agriculture and infrastructure, over-exploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change.2,12
- Climate change is likely to become the largest threat to biodiversity, partially because it affects areas uninhabited by humans.12 Higher temperatures could increase drying, resulting in dieback in the Amazon, which has the highest biodiversity of all forests.15
- In August 2019, 76,000 fires burned over 7,000 square miles of the Amazon, an 80% increase in fires from August 2018.16 The 2019-2020 Australian bushfires are estimated to have killed nearly 3 billion native vertebrates.17
- Habitat loss increases greenhouse gas emissions; 8% of global emissions (.8-.9 GtC) derive from tropical deforestation. Tropical forests sequester 1.2 - 1.8 GtC yearly.18
- Over-fishing and harvesting also contribute to a loss of genetic diversity and relative species abundance of individuals and groups.19
Major Threats to Critically Endangered Vertebrates13
Biodiversity Loss Due to Agriculture
- Of the 30 mammalian and bird species used extensively for agriculture, half account for over 90% of global livestock production.20
- Genetic diversity within breeds is declining, and 17% of 8,774 livestock breeds identified are classified as at risk of disappearing.21
- Of 30,000 wild and 7,000 cultivated edible plants, 30 provide 95% of dietary energy. Wheat, rice, and maize provide >50% of plant-derived calories, globally.22
- Between 1900 - 2000, ~75% of the genetic diversity of agricultural crops was lost.23
- Productivity, stability, ecosystem services, and resilience are positively associated with species diversity in agricultural ecosystems.24
Extinction
- In Earth’s history, there have been five mass extinctions, defined as time periods where extinction rates accelerate relative to origination rates such that over 75% of species disappear over an interval of 2 million years or less.25
- Globally, 1% or less of the species within most assessed taxa are extinct. However, 20-43% of species in these taxa are labeled as threatened.25
- As of 2021, 196 plant and animal species have gone extinct in the U.S. and 2,272 are threatened or endangered.6,26
- Current extinction rates are higher than those leading to the five mass extinctions and could reach mass extinction magnitude in 300 years.25
- Up to 1 million species may be threatened with extinction in coming decades.27
Federally Listed Endangered Species by Taxonomic Group14
Sustainable Actions
Policy
- Examples of treaties to protect species include: The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971), The Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) (1973), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992).28
- The Endangered Species Act (ESA) (1973), administered by the Interior Department’s Fish and Wildlife Service and the Commerce Department’s National Marine Fisheries Service, aims to protect and recover imperiled species and the ecosystems they depend on.29
- As of 2021, 192 countries have National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plans for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.30
- Globally, over 238,000 protected areas (such as national parks and reserves) have been established, covering nearly 15% of the land and 7.3% of the sea. The size of the protected areas is now more than 18 times larger than it was in 1962.31
Global Initiatives
- The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 is a framework of five strategic goals and twenty targets adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2010.32 If current trends continue or worsen, these goals will not be achieved and other goals set forth in the Paris Agreement and the 2050 Vision for Biodiversity will be undermined.27
- The United Nations developed a list of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) in 2015 that commit to preserving biodiversity of aquatic and terrestrial organisms, among other things. Fulfilling the SDG’s has the potential to greatly increase biodiversity and its associated benefits.33
References:
- United Nations (UN) Treaty Series (1993) Convention on Biological Diversity. Vol. 1760, I-30619.
- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
- Primack, R. (2010) Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
- Stiling, P. (2015) Ecology: Global Insights & Investigations. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
- Mora, C., et al. (2011) How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean? PLoS Biol 9(8): e1001127.
- NatureServe (2021) NatureServe Explorer.
- NatureServe (2002) States of the Union: Ranking America’s Biodiversity.
- Strayer, D. and D. Dudgeon (2010) “Freshwater biodiversity conservation: recent progress and future challenges.” Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 29(1): 344-358.
- Daniel, R., et al. (2018) “An inverse latitudinal gradient in speciation rate for marine fishes.” Nature 559: 392–395.
- Daily, G. (1997) Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. D.C.: Island Press.
- Cardinale, B., et al. (2012) “Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity.” Nature 486:59-67.
- UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) (2019) Global Environment Outlook (GEO-6).
- UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) (2012) Global Environment Outlook (GEO-5).
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2021) Listed Species Summary (Boxscore).
- Stern, N. (2007) The Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge Univ. Press.
- National Geographic (2019) “See how much of the Amazon is burning, how it compares to other years.”
- World Wildlife Fund (2020) Australia’s 2019-2020 Bushfires: The Wildlife Toll.
- International Sustainability Unit (2015) “Tropical Forests: A Review.”
- Pinsky, M. & S. Palumbi (2014). Meta-analysis reveals lower genetic diversity inoverfished populations. Molecular Ecology 23:29-39.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN FAO) (2006) The Role of Biotechnology in Exploring and Protecting Agricultural Genetic Resources.
- UN FAO (2015) The Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
- UN FAO (1997) State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
- UN FAO (2004) Building on Gender, Agrobiodiversity and Local Knowledge.
- Khoury, C., et al. (2014) “Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(11), 4001–4006.
- Barnosky, A., et al. (2011) “Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?” Nature 471:51–57.
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services (2021) “All Threatened & Endangered Animals & Plants.”
- Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) (2019) “Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services.”
- Pearce, D. (2007) “Do we really care about biodiversity?” Environmental and Resource Economics, 7 (1): 313-333.
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2017) 40 Years of Conserving Endangered Species.
- UNEP (2021) “National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans.”
- UNEP (2018) “List of Protected Areas.”
- Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Targets.
- United Nations (2021) “The 17 Goals.”
Cite as:
Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. 2021. "Biodiversity Factsheet." Pub. No. CSS09-08. | https://css.sites.uofmhosting.net/factsheets/biodiversity-factsheet |
EAD launches Sustainable Aquaculture Policy for Abu DhabiChristian Fernsby ▼ | May 27, 2019
The Environment Agency Abu Dhabi, EAD, has announced a Sustainable Aquaculture Policy for the Emirate of Abu Dhabi geared towards promoting the growth of a competitive local aquaculture industry that will assist in reducing pressure on the severely exploited local fisheries.
Middle East The policy will also contribute to food security and economic growth
The policy is consistent with local directives and strategies including the UAE National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Abu Dhabi Plan and Plan Maritime 2030, as well as global strategies including the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity and Sustainable Development Goals.
Developed in collaboration with federal and emirate-level partners, the policy aims to identify a series of common guiding principles in the development of a local aquaculture sector, which address all pertinent environmental, societal, economic and decision-making aspects.
The programme proposes six initiatives: updating and streamlining the current permitting process, developing a strategy to identify farming systems and appropriate sites, promoting economic investment in the sector, developing legislation, policies and guidelines, promoting innovation and scientific research in aquaculture, as well as developing communication and marketing plans to attract investments to this sector. | https://www.poandpo.com/agrifish/ead-launches-sustainable-aquaculture-policy-for-abu-dhabi-2752019317/ |
Sustainability now is the new developmental paradigm. Unlike the past, when development aimed only at raising the quality of life of only present generation, sustainable development aims at raising the quality of present generation without compromising with the future generations. Sustainable development refers to the various processes and pathways to achieve it. Many challenges confront sustainable development. These challenges also need to be tackled in a manner which is eco-friendly, conserves natural resources, does not harms our biodiversity or becomes a threat to the life on this planet. Biodiversity conservation can go a long way in sustainable development. It is not wrong to the say that bio-diversity remains the answer to several sustainable development challenges. From nature-based solutions to climate, health issues, food and water security, and sustainable livelihoods, biodiversity is the foundation upon which we can build back better. From ecosystem-based approaches to climate and/or nature-based solutions to climate, health issues, food and water security and sustainable livelihoods, biodiversity is the foundation upon which we can build back better. That is the main message from the CBD, key international instrument for sustainable development.
Bio-Diversity
The word ‘Biodiversity’ has been generated from two words ‘biological’ and ‘diversity’. It refers to all the variety of life that can be found on earth like plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms. Also, it refers to the communities that they form and the habitats in which they live. The article 2 of the Convention on Biological Diversity has given a formal definition of Biological diversity. The Biological Diversity there is defined as the variability among living organisms from all sources including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. Thus we can say that ‘Biodiversity’ is the combination of life forms and their interactions with each other and with the rest of the environment that has made Earth is a uniquely habitable place for humans. Its rich biodiversity has been a source of life to millions and millions of different organisims on this planet. Biodiversity provides us a large number of goods and services that sustain our lives. It encompasses a variety of life on earth and the natural patterns it forms. The biodiversity we see today is the fruit of billions of years of evolution, shaped by natural processes and, increasingly by the influence of humans. It forms the web of life of which we are an integral part and upon which we so fully depend.
Biodiversity Loss
Unfortunately, when men today is not looking to fulfill their needs, but has moved towards greed. The large scale destruction of trees, the hunting of animals, the pollution of water bodies, the air we breathe, the degradation of soil and the loss of soil fertility all are the consequences of human being playing with nature. Playing with nature brought havoc on this planet. The most worrisome part is that the human interference with nature has resulted in a loss of biodiversity. In the last hundred years, more than 90 percent of crop varieties have disappeared from farmers’ fields. Half of the breeds of many domestic animals have been lost, and all of the world’s 17 main fishing grounds are now being fished at or above their sustainable limits. Locally-varied food production systems are under threat, including related indigenous, traditional and local knowledge. With this decline, agro biodiversity is disappearing, and also essential knowledge of traditional medicine and local foods. The loss of diverse diets is directly linked to diseases or health risk factors, such as diabetes, obesity and malnutrition, and has a direct impact on the availability of traditional medicines. Biological resources are the pillars upon which we build civilizations. The loss of biodiversity threatens our food supplies, opportunities for recreation and tourism, and sources of wood, medicines, and energy.
History of IBD
Keeping in mind the importance of biological diversity and the threats to it, the United Nations celebrates International Biodiversity Day or World Biodiversity day on May 22, every year. It is celebrated to thank nature and what all it bring to us. This global event, which is held on the 22nd of May since year 2000; it was created in 1993 but its first seven editions were held on the 29th of December, aims to promote and raise global awareness of issues related to the planet’s biodiversity. When first created by the Second Committee of the UN General Assembly in late 1993, 29 December (the date of entry into force of the Convention of Biological Diversity), was designated ‘The International Day for Biological Diversity. In December 2000’, the UN General Assembly adopted 22 May as IDB, to commemorate the adoption of the text of the Convention on 22 May 1992 by the Nairobi Final Act of the Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity. This was partly done because it was difficult for many countries to plan and carry out suitable celebrations for the date of 29 December, given the number of holidays that coincide around that time of year.
Theme
The United Nations does celebrate this day with different themes every year. Celebrating such days with a specific theme aims to leverage knowledge and spread awareness of the dependency of our food systems, nutrition, and health on biodiversity and healthy ecosystems. This all has the ultimate aim of conserving our precious biodiversity. This year the theme of the day is ‘Building a shared future for all life’. As the global community is called to re-examine its relationship to the natural world, one thing is certain: despite all our technological advances we are completely dependent on healthy and vibrant ecosystems for our health, water, food, medicines, clothes, fuel, shelter and energy, just to name a few. So, the global community has to reexamine is relationship with the nature. This year’s theme ‘Building a shared future for all life’ emphasizes the interdependence all the living organisims have on each other and how all of us can strengthen this interrelationships to build a future based on sharing of the resources for their best possible use. It also calls for creating civilizations based on respect for ecology and nature based solutions.
Towards Ecological Civilization
Ecological civilization in a broad sense includes not only respecting nature and sharing the values of common prosperity with nature but also encompasses the method of production, economic foundation and superstructure, i.e. the institutional system developed under the guidance of such values, which create a form of social civilization characterized by the progress of humans and nature in harmony, highly advanced productivity, all-round development of culture, and sustained social prosperity. The method of production in ecological civilization is not a linear model of natural resources going through the production process of becoming products and wastes but pursues the efficiency of material output on the premise of ecological rationalism rather than the maximization of output. Ecological civilization pursues all-round human development and quality of life. In contrast to passive deference to nature advocated by ancient philosophers more than 2,000 years ago, the contemporary concept of ecological civilization represents unity between humans and nature on the basis of applying modern science and technology and an advanced understanding of nature. Such a type of civilization calls for unity and harmony between nature and humans supported by modern science, technology and economic development.
On this day let all of us also pledge to work on the principle of reducing, reusing and recycling of the products. We have to go for practices like organic and natural farming which conserve our biodiversity. Avoid single-use plastics like plastic straws, coffee cups, plastic cutlery, take out containers or plastic water bottles and promotion of local and indigenous biodiversity for food and nutrition are some of the issues which we have to look into and adopt in our daily life; if we are serious to conserve our biodiversity and our planet. Ultimately, it is the Biodiversity that affects the well-being of humanity and provides the very basis for the human race to survive and thrive. | https://thecbdtips.com/towards-an-ecological-civilization-rising-kashmir/ |
"Agroecology, including regenerative agriculture that respects the 13 principles of agroecology defined by the High-Level Panel of Experts (HLPE), can be a powerful lever for solving these major challenges and providing sustainable solutions to the issues of food security and nutrition, the fight against poverty and social inequalities, the adaptation to climate change, the preservation of biodiversity and natural resources, and the fight against zoonotic diseases; this by working for a transformation of agricultural and food systems compatible with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Climate Agreement, the post-2020 objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and those of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).
The agroecology principles apply to all forms of sustainable agriculture and food production, including crop, livestock and pastoral systems, agroforestry, fisheries, aquaculture, etc … The application of these principles also contributes to improving gender equality, making agriculture more attractive for youth, creating dignified income and living conditions, and contributing to healthy diets through sustainable food systems.
Various ongoing initiatives and policies attest to the potential of agroecological approaches to respond to the multiple challenges facing food systems. To strengthen this dynamic, members of the coalition will collaborate towards:
Agroecology is an essential solution for the transformation of food systems towards healthy, resilient, equitable, and sustainable systems." (Source : The Transformative Partnership Platform on Agroecology 2021).
The Transformative Partnership Platform on Agroecology, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, DRC, France, Guinea, Hungary, Ireland, Iran, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Philippines, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Vietnam, 4per 1000 initiative, Africa Rice, Agroecology Europe, Agropolos Fondation, Alliance pour l'Agroécologie en Afrique de l'Ouest, Alliance Bioversity/CIAT, AsianFarmers' association, Biovision, CFAP Cambodia, CIFOR-ICRAF, CIRAD, EAT, Ecoagriculture Partners, GAFF, IFAD, IFOAM-Organics International, ILRI, INRAE, IRD, IRRI, Montpellier Supagro, Regeneration International, ROPPA, SOMEXA, SYMABIO, UNDP, UNEP, WFP, WWF Germany, WWF International
Learn More..... | https://www.laudatosi.org/action/food-for-all/agroecology/ |
ABIDJAN 23 June 2015 – The Abidjan ConventionSecretariat and a tripartite body, known as the Partnership for Regional Ocean Governance, ended their two-day scoping workshop Sunday on ways to start a working group on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas located beyond national jurisdiction.
The tripartite body comprises the United Nations Environment Programme, the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, and the Paris-based Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations.
Participants at the workshop in the Seychelles capital, Victoria, were briefed on the negotiation process for an international instrument dedicated to areas beyond national jurisdiction; and updated on initiatives on the subject in the North-East Atlantic, Mediterranean, the Southern Ocean and the Sargasso Sea. The meeting also drew up terms of reference and a work programmefor the scoping group, which comprisedlegal and technical experts from the Abidjan Convention Contracting Parties, international and regional bodies, non-governmental organizations, and research centres.
Although outside the Abidjan Convention area of West, Central and Southern Africa, Seychelles was venue for the workshop because ofthe workshop participants were also required to attend the three-day eighth Conference of Parties to the Nairobi Convention, which ends Wednesday on this Indian Ocean African nation.
Authority for the scoping workshop came in Decision CP 11.10 of the eleventh Conference of Parties (COP11) to the Abidjan Convention held March 2015 in Cape Town, South Africa. The decision asked the Contracting Parties to “recognize the importance of the preservation and
sustainable use of areas” outside their maritime boundaries. It also asked themto “strengthen marine scientific research and decision-makingcapacity at the national and subregional levels” in these areas. Furthermore, it asked the Partiesto “participate in and contribute to the ongoing process withinthe framework of the United Nations and, in particular, the work of the Ad Hoc Open-endedInformal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use ofmarine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. COP 11 also asked the Convention Secretariat to assess the availability of finances and viability of actions regarding the establishment of the Convention’s working group to study all aspects ofthe conservationand sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction withinthe Abidjan Convention framework.
In January, theUnited Nations Ad HocOpen-ended Informal Working Group recommended to the General Assembly negotiations for a new international legally-binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. | https://gnnliberia.com/2015/06/23/abidjan-convention-looks-at-marine-biodiversity-in-areas-beyond-national-jurisdiction/ |
The 4th World Small-Scale Fisheries Congress (4WSFC) is a transdisciplinary forum for anyone interested in small-scale fisheries to participate in an interactive discussion about the world's small-scale fisheries. The purpose of the congress is to facilitate knowledge exchange, foster collaboration, and mobilize support for the viability and sustainability of small-scale fisheries. Considering the Covid-19 global pandemic, and recognizing the need to strengthen regional networks and organizations, the 4WSFC will take place in five regions of the world.
The 4WSFC coincides with the International Year for Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture (IYAFA 2022), declared by the United Nations to recognize the contributions of small-scale fisheries and aquaculture to livelihoods, food and nutritional security, emphasizing the necessity for everyone to take actions to support the sector. The regional congresses are organized to celebrate IYAFA 2022, as well as to build research and governance capacity, and to strengthen local and regional organizations and networks, in order to support the implementation of the ‘Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication’ (SSF Guidelines).
Further, to contribute to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, especially the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 ‘Life Below Water,’ the regional congresses aim to highlight the fundamental role that small-scale fisheries play in achieving all SDGs, since they are closely connected to ‘Life Above Water.’ Finally, given the heightened interest around Blue Growth and Blue Economy initiatives, the regional congresses provide a platform to discuss how the rights, access and wellbeing of small-scale fisheries might be affected by these initiatives, as well as offer an opportunity to discuss what we can do collective to achieve Blue Justice for Small-Scale Fisheries.
The 4WSFC Series are organized by volunteers, with support from contributing partners. Individuals interested in attending the congress in-person will need to cover their own costs (travels and meals), as well as pay a nominal registration fee. Anyone attending virtually will not need to pay to participate but will still need to register. Some congress sessions will be streamed live, presented virtually, or video-recorded, and will be available to all registered participants free of charge.
For questions and comments email [email protected].
2022 International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture (IYAFA)
The United Nations General Assembly declared 2022 the International Year for Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture (IYAFA 2022). IYAFA aims to enhance understanding of, raise awareness, and support the contributions of small-scale and artisanal fisheries and aquaculture to sustainable development around the world; specifically their role in food security, nutrition provision, poverty eradication, and sustainable use of natural resources. IYAFA 2022 also aims to promote sharing and collaboration among small-scale fishers, fishworkers, fishfarmers, and stakeholders to support policy co-development.
The IYAFA Global Action Plan (GAP) promotes inclusive value chains, gender equity and equality, awareness and resilience to climate change and disasters, sustainable use of biodiversity, empowering fishers, building partnerships, and nourishing nations by, with, and for artisanal fisheries and aquaculture. These key messages are the foundation of IYAFA, and will help guide sustainable development in the years to come.
The 4th World Small-Scale Fisheries Congress series is part of IYAFA. We recognize and celebrate the billions of people whose lives and livelihoods are artisanal fisheries and aquaculture around the world.
TOO BIG TO IGNORE PARTNERSHIP
Too Big To Ignore (TBTI) is a global research network and knowledge mobilization partnership that focuses on addressing issues and concerns affecting viability and sustainability of small-scale fisheries. The overall aims of TBTI are to raise the profile of small-scale fisheries and reduce their marginalization, promote their wellbeing, and improve governance. TBTI argues for a just, inclusive and holistic approach to sustainable development by incorporating issues and concerns facing small-scale fisheries, as expressed by small-scale fisheries communities, centrally in the discussion about sustainability, the future and ways forward.
Interested? Have questions? We want to hear from you!
Send us an email at [email protected] with questions, suggestions, feedback, or just to say hello! | https://www.4wsfcongress.com/ |
Between 26 and 7 May 2021, a shortened digital pilot of the newly founded African-German Leadership Academy was hosted by the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE). DIE’s Director, Prof. Dr. Anna-Katharina Hornidge introduces the Academy in a short video.
International Day for Biological Diversity – To save biodiversity, transform the economy
Every year on 22 May, the United Nations celebrate The International Day for Biological Diversity to commemorate the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Jean Carlo Rodríguez de Francisco and Ina Lehmann explain why the CBD and its state parties should urgently address economic growth and why the resetting of economies after the COVID-19 pandemic and the UN Biodiversity conference in October might provide an important window of opportunity.
A future model for the global common good. Seven principles to guide German development policy
In the run-up to the federal elections, the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) will be publishing a special series of the Current Column under the title “Impulses for the Bundestag Elections” over the next few months. To kick off the series, Prof. Dr Anna-Katharina Hornidge and Prof. Dr Imme Scholz outline guidelines for German development policy in the 21st century.
Call for Papers – Sustainability in Global Value Chains
The research network Sustainable Global Supply Chains is inviting submissions for the conference “Sustainability in Global Value Chains” jointly organized with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) on December 6 and 7, 2021.
Food Systems Summit Brief: Addressing Food Crises in Violent Conflicts
Food insecurity and hunger continue to threaten the lives and livelihoods of millions of people. In the context of the United Nations Food Systems Summit 2021, BICC researchers published a briefing paper that looks at the multiple dimensions between current food crises and violent conflicts and identifies four key areas for a comprehensive response that addresses food insecurity and violent conflict.
Slow-onset events: a review of the evidence from the IPCC Special Reports on Land, Oceans and Cryosphere
This paper reviews the evidence on slow-onset events presented in the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL) and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), both published in 2019. It analyses how the reports, and recent literature cited in them, deal with the eight types of slow-onset events, specified by the UNFCCC.
Risk perception of climate change and natural hazards in globalmountain regions: A critical review
Mountains are highly sensitive to climate change. Their elevated areas provide essential ecosystem services both for the surrounding mountainous regions and particularly for adjacent lowlands. Impacts of a warmer climate affect these services and have negative consequences on the supply of water, on biodiversity and on protection from natural hazards.
Rethinking urban heat stress: Assessing risk and adaptation options across socioeconomic groups in Bonn, Germany
With climate change and socioeconomic trends expected to exacerbate the risk of urban heat stress, implementing adaptation measures is paramount to limit adverse impacts of heat on urban inhabitants. Identification of the best options needs to be based on sound, localised assessments of risk, understood as the interaction of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Yet a review of the literature reveals that minimal research to date considers the perceived impacts of heat among urban residents.
“Sustainability – Looking beyond 2030”: UNU-EHS and Bonn Alliance for Sustainability Research start new event series
UNU- EHS and the Bonn Alliance for Sustainability Research are launching a new series of interactive workshops and dialogue formats to pave the way for scientific contributions to a “Looking beyond 2030” perspective in sustainability. The series will begin with an expert workshop on “Revisiting Sustainability” in July, 2021, in which key members of the Bonn-based community engaged in the sustainability field are invited to discuss the theoretical and practical frameworks in sustainability science and policy. The series was developed as part of UNU-EHS’ emerging initiative Wellbeing, Sustainability and Equity (WiSE) Transformation and invites thematic engagement in future-oriented sustainability. | https://www.bonnalliance-icb.de/en/bonn-alliance/news/4/ |
Campus Sustainability Committee
The California State University East Bay (CSUEB) Campus Sustainability Committee (CSC) was created in Spring 2015 in order to fulfill: the California State University System Sustainability Policy; CSUEB Shared Strategic Commitment to “contribute to a sustainable planet through our academic programs, university operations, and individual behavior”; its sustainability Institutional Learning Outcome to “act responsibly and sustainably at local, national, and global levels”; and in response to the signing of the American Colleges and Universities Presidents’ Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) by President Morishita, which includes a requirement to establish an institutional structure to oversee the development and implementation of the associated requirements.
Purpose
Through transparent decision-making and open discussion forums, the CSC will advise campus entities on issues related to environmental, economic, and social sustainability at CSUEB.
Function
The objectives of the CSC include, but are not limited to:
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Promote and support a culture of sustainability at CSUEB;
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Enhance the sustainability literacy of students, faculty, and staff;
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Review research of past and current sustainability initiatives in higher education;
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Coordinate and implement plans, projects, programs, policies and procedures to make campus operations more sustainable;
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Review new and existing campus sustainability goals and program metrics;
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Assess, monitor, and update sustainability practices and procedures;
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Recommend new or enhanced sustainability strategies to campus divisions for consideration, as appropriate;
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Partner and collaborate with campus entities and the community;
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Advise the Office of Sustainability; and
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Disseminate information about campus sustainability efforts throughout the campus, community, and beyond.
Structure
The CSC will include representatives from CSUEB faculty, staff, and students, as well as leaders of key campus organizations and community partners.
Ex-Officio Members
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Co-Chairs
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Provost
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Vice President of Finance and Administration
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-
Presidential Designee
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Director of Sustainability
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Associate Vice President of Campus Life
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Associate Vice President of Facilities Development and Operations
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Associate Vice President of University Extension
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Executive Director of University Communications
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University Diversity Officer
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Director of Leadership Employee Enrichment Program
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Director of Center for Community Engagement
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Executive Director of Administrative Operations and Grants Management, Hayward Promise Neighborhood
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Environmental Services Manager, The City of Hayward
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Assistant Superintendent of Student & Family Services, Hayward Unified School District
Two-Year Term (with option of renewal)
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Faculty (4)
One-Year Term (with option of renewal)
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Associated Students, Incorporated
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President
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Director of Sustainability Affairs
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Student Designee
Faculty positions will be filled based on a nomination process. Self-nominations and nominations from campus community members will be reviewed and appointed by the Executive Committee to the CSC.
Faculty will serve a two-year term with the option of renewal and students will serve a one-year term with the option of renewal. Initial appointments will be staggered to avoid terms ending at the same time for each committee member.
Ex-Officio members will be permanent appointments to the committee based on position. Ex-Officio members are subject to review based on institutional change of position or restructure.
Being a member of the CSC is deemed service to the university and will be considered positively in the tenure promotion process for faculty and position review process for staff.
The CSC will create area-specific working groups as needed to carry out its responsibilities, which will include committee members, other faculty, staff, students, community members, and volunteers as required. Working groups would be organized as specific initiatives develop and may be dormant when a given project has been implemented. | http://www.csueastbay.edu/oaa/sustaineb/committments/csc.html |
A new ministry of Economic Development and Trade is being created to support greater economic growth and diversification for Alberta and jobs for Alberta’s communities.
Deron Bilous has been named minister of the new department, and will oversee implementation of the economic plan. It will include enhanced supports for small- and medium-sized businesses, sector development initiatives, and a strategy to increase trade, investment attraction, and market access.
“Our government will be a good partner to job creators, by supporting the development of a more diversified and resilient economy. The new Economic Development and Trade department will provide leadership in efforts to create opportunity and lasting prosperity for all Albertans.”
Premier Rachel Notley
The new ministry will bring under one umbrella work that is currently spread between several departments but is primarily concentrated in Innovation and Advanced Education and International and Intergovernmental Relations, and will be supported by several agencies, including the Alberta Innovates corporations. The new ministry’s work will be guided by the advice of the Premier’s Advisory Committee on the Economy.
“We need to take the qualities that have made Alberta an energy leader – including an innovative, entrepreneurial culture and a highly skilled work force – and apply them to the challenge of building a diversified, 21st century economy.”
Deron Bilous, Minister of Economic Development and Trade
Economic Development and Trade will also be responsible for:
- coordinating and leveraging the research and innovation system to increase business start-ups and the commercialization of Alberta ideas;
- expanding access to capital for small- and medium-sized enterprises;
- supporting private sector job creation by promoting trade and investment; and
- leading Alberta’s negotiations on domestic and international trade agreements.
Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters (CME), Canada’s largest trade and industry association, supports the government’s creation of a new department dedicated to economic development and trade.
“This is a fantastic opportunity to focus on issues critical to the long term sustainability and diversification of Alberta’s economy. The manufacturing sector is essential to achieving our economic and diversification objectives. There are real opportunities to build on Alberta’s competitive advantages by greater penetration of local supply chains and by increased exports of Alberta-manufactured goods.”
CME Alberta Division Vice President David Plante
Alberta Chambers of Commerce, a federation of community chambers of commerce, also supports the creation of a new department and its mandate to increase economic diversification and support job creators.
“By creating a new Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, this government has made it clear that the economy is a priority. It’s important that we have a partner dedicated to helping grow and diversify the provincial economy, so our organization is looking forward to working with government on these initiatives to help make Alberta the best place in the country to start and operate a business.”
President and CEO of Alberta Chambers of Commerce Ken Kobly
Premier Notley, as President of Executive Council, will retain responsibility for intergovernmental relations, with current intergovernmental relations staff transferring to Executive Council. The ministry of Innovation and Advanced Education will be renamed Advanced Education. Existing staff and budgets will be re-allocated accordingly. | https://gatewaygazette.ca/new-ministry-to-focus-on-economic-development/ |
With its commitment to sustainability and the environment, UW-Stout again has been named one of the top “green” colleges in the U.S. in 2018.
The Princeton Review, an education services company, has included UW-Stout in its ninth annual guide to the most environmentally responsible “green” colleges. Universities chosen for the list are not ranked further within the top 399, although a top 50 list was announced.
The Guide to 399 Green Colleges profiles colleges that the Princeton Review names as having the most exceptional commitment to sustainability. The schools were selected based on their academic offerings, campus policies, initiatives, activities and career preparation for students. The guide was released in October.
Areas of environmental stewardship and sustainability that helped UW-Stout make the list include: a Sustainability Steering Committee; sustainability-focused undergraduate and graduate degree programs; part of the university food budget allocated to local and organic food; and transportation options, including Bikeshare, car-sharing and car/van pooling programs, free or reduced price transit passes, a free shuttle program and free or reduced parking passes for car/van pooling vehicles. | https://wwwprod.uwstout.edu/about-us/news-center/university-again-named-green-college-princeton-review |
Governance system which is dedicated to the auditing and management of sustainability topics at Group level.
The key figure at the heart of Brembo’s sustainability governance is the
Chief CSR Officer, a role entrusted to the Director in charge of the Internal Control and Risk Management System. Besides interacting with the Audit, Risk & Sustainability Committee, the Chief CSR Officer is responsible for proposing, coordinating and deploying social responsibility projects and initiatives, monitoring action plans in the various organisational units (also in light of external best practices), analysing information documents and stakeholders’ requests regarding sustainability-related topics, as well as coordinating activities involved in the drafting of the yearly Disclosure of Non-Financial Information.
To support the Chief CSR Officer, Brembo has created a
CSR Meeting (formerly the “Corporate Social Responsibility Steering Committee”) which provides for the company’s top management and the heads of the Group functions that are more closely involved with sustainability issues to meet periodically. Said meetings are aimed at determining the Sustainability Guidelines, adopting the relative policies, proposing a plan containing the environmental and social strategic objectives, approving the projects submitted by the Chief CSR Officer and validating the preparatory activities needed to launch the sustainability reporting process. The CSR Meeting is also required to effectively oversee the stakeholder engagement process and the sustainability-related risks, as well as to assess the draft Disclosure of Non-financial Information.
Lastly, in accordance with the provisions of Borsa Italiana’s Corporate Governance Code, in 2017 the Group tasked the Audit and Risk Committee with supervision of environmental issues and accordingly changed its name into
Audit, Risk & Sustainability Committee and updated the list of its tasks. Said approach has been maintained also in view of the reappointment of the company bodies to occur during the Shareholders' Meeting of 23 April 2020 for the 2020-2022 term. More specifically the Audit, Risk & Sustainability Committee provides support to the Board of Directors by analysing the sustainability policies and procedures, as well as the guidelines, the company goals with related processes linked to social and environmental topics. Moreover, the Committee monitors sustainability-related international initiatives and actively involves the Group with such initiatives to raise the company’s profile in the international arena. The Audit, Risk & Sustainability Committee is also required to express specialised opinions in relation to the identification of the main corporate risks, particularly those involving sustainability, environmental and social topics. Finally, the Committee analyses and assesses the draft Disclosure of Non-Financial Information, which is submitted for approval to the Board of Directors on a yearly basis.
CSR Ambassadors and CSR Champions positions were created last year to raise awareness of sustainability at the various Brembo plants worldwide and to establish a direct, active communications channel. Their mission is to spread a CSR culture, promote activities and support local initiatives relating to sustainability, in addition to interacting regularly with the CSR Function to share information, events and projects in favour of sustainable development. The differences between the two positions are the level of responsibility and scope of action: CSR Ambassadors operate at the level of the region/legal entity and rely on assistance from the CSR Champions who operate at the site level and report the information to the appropriate CSR Ambassador. During the year, the CSR Ambassadors and CSR Champions took part in dedicated sessions, both to inform on environmental issues and share projects and initiatives. At the end of 2020, there were ten CSR Ambassadors and 20 CSR Champions at work within the Group. | https://www.brembo.com/en/sustainability/esg/governance/sustainability-governance |
The Co-Occurring Steering Committee is chaired by Commissioner Kirk and serves as the primary statewide governance structure to coordinate and oversee the planning, development, and implementation of all phases of CT’s co-occurring activities and initiatives, including building upon and furthering the CT Co-Occurring State Incentive Grant (COSIG), the CT COD State Plan (National Policy Academy), and coherency with the policy strategies of the CT Alcohol and Drug Policy Council (ADPC) and the Mental Health Policy Council (MHPC). The COD Steering Committee ensures consistency, accountability, and sustainability for CT’s COD strategy. The Co-Occurring Steering Committee, through monthly meetings, provides strategic and operational advice through the Workgroups described below.
Co-Occurring Workgroups:
In an effort to infuse a sound approach for addressing the CT COD strategy and implementation of its efforts, two workgroups (Workforce Development, Screening) have been organized to enhance planning and program development. Additional workgroups, as needed, will be formed. The workgroups are comprised of diverse groups of state/regional representatives, state experts, and key stakeholders. The recommendations from the Workgroups will be used by the Co-Occurring Steering Committee in the further development and implementation of CT’s COD strategy. | https://portal.ct.gov/DMHAS/Initiatives/COSIG/COSIG---Steering-Committee |
Establish the Sustainable Grafton Ad Hoc Committee as an ad hoc committee, in order to advise the Village Board on implementation of sustainable practices, including the following recommendations:
Commit to sustainability by interdepartmental representation and cooperation. Reorganize across existing departments to integrate sustainable development into all Village functions and decisions.
Investigate and recommend financial resources for full-scale implementation of sustainable development. Pursue additional funding options for support of Village sustainability programs.
Recommend a green framework for all Grafton operations:
· Build Green – green building;
· Save Green – energy efficiency;
· Power Green – renewable energy;
· Buy Green – Village purchasing;
· Drive Green – alternative fuel for fleet, etc.; and
· Promote Green – recycling, environmental performance, environmental development, brownfields redevelopment, green meetings and events, green hotline, eco-tourism, and webpage.
Investigate and recommend policies and programs that promote sustainable development planning: e.g., transportation planning; urban heat island effects; low impact development; smart growth.
Develop a comprehensive educational effort to inform residents and businesses of Sustainable Grafton initiatives.
Develop annual reporting requirements for the Village and for each department to measure progress in implementing the Sustainable Grafton Program. | https://www.village.grafton.wi.us/270/Sustainable-Mission |
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TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT MANAGER - 342799
Reference:
342799
Date Posted:
2019-10-13
Job Title:
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT MANAGER
Industry:
Education / Training / Tutoring / Schools / Colleges / Universities
Type:
Permanent
Wage / Salary:
R - Market Related - P/M (Per Month)
Location:
Grabouw, Western Cape
Country:
South Africa
Closing Date:
2019-12-12
Job Description:
Introduction
Our client, a well-known in the growing, packing and exporting of fruit, has an exciting career opportunity for a Training & Development Manager. They are looking for an individual with a proven track record in driving and managing training and development initiatives in alignment with organisational strategy. The ideal candidate needs to be passionate about the field of training and development, a self-starter with drive and energy to establish and build an efficient training department.
Key responsibilities:
• Drive and implement the Group’s training framework in alignment with the organisational strategy
• Manage and conduct training needs analysis and ensure that appropriate training interventions are aligned with department objectives
• Develop, manage and ensure the implementation of various Learning & Development programmes across the group.
• Oversee and monitor the implementation of individual development programmes
• Review, improve and implement scares and critical skills development programmes
• Manage and monitor the bursary, internship and student programs
• Compile annual training plan and manage the annual skills plan submission process
Requirements:
• A degree in Human Resource Management, Industrial Psychology or similar qualification
• A minimum of 5-8 years working experience with a proven track record in the development and implementation of training and development initiatives
• Strong understanding of the Skills Development Act, relevant legislation and SETA’s
• Knowledge and understanding of curriculum/training design principles
Interested?
Not yet registered?
Already registered? | https://www.jobmonster.co.za/view_advert.php?id=6jux3533mrim29c0szvm9djva3pcvifekfk5ubgffds7ex7rxf3s7m4ckg16u3r08v9dxd3adv1dv92wwsz8s1gw0v6617ehuw0d |
Charles Ray Bailey (retired) has been promoted from associate general secretary of administration and operations to deputy general secretary. In this role, Bailey will serve as principle advisor and assistant to the general secretary in the execution of GBHEM’s service to The United Methodist Church (UMC). He will direct the daily operations of the Office of the General Secretary. Bailey will chair the workgroup that oversees the implementation of the general secretary’s strategic plan.
Bailey is responsible for the execution of the agency’s programmatic strategic initiatives, coaching and training, as well as internal and external organizational responsibilities related to the General Board of Finance and Administration (GCFA) and the Connectional Table. Bailey will liaison with other executive leaders in the UMC, other faith groups and businesses. Bailey will represent the general secretary on decisions and policy in her absence.
Karen Ward, previously director of finance and treasurer, will serve as associate general secretary of finance and administration. In this new role, Ward, in conjunction with the executive cabinet, will support strategic initiatives for GBHEM programs and services, including identification of opportunities to leverage cross-program strengths that help create efficiencies and address organizational challenges.
Ward will also oversee administration and oversight of all financial and administrative functions for GBHEM, including Finance, Information Technology, and Loans & Scholarships. She will serve as the Office of Administration’s liaison and resource to the executive staff, executive committee, GCFA, and safety and crisis management teams. Ward will also serve as staff liaison for oversight of property management and building services functions (a shared resource with Discipleship Ministries), and she will provide leadership support to GBHEM’s work with General Conference.
Crystal Banks has been promoted from program administrator for the Black College Fund to director of development of the Black College Fund. In this role, Banks will continue to partner with the assistant general secretary for the Black College Fund and Ethnic Concerns Committee to advance the promotion, interpretation and fundraising efforts of the Black College Fund and the 11 historically Black schools, colleges, and universities (HBCU) in the U.S. that are related to The United Methodist Church. Banks will coordinate activities of the Ethnic Concerns Committee and Ethnic In-service Training Grant applications and financials, as well as create additional funding sources for increased sustainability and advancement in Black College Fund HBCUs.
Marcie Bigord, previously manager, will serve as assistant director for the Office of Loans and Scholarships. In this role, Bigord will administer and oversee the processing of all loan and scholarship applications, including the review and risk assessment of each application. She will coordinate review processes with committees and implement workflows. Bigord will coordinate and implement communications and fund development objectives for the office and will support the executive director in achieving agency and department strategic goals. Bigord will work directly with a wide range of constituencies in the UMC. She will also act as lead in the executive director’s absence.
GBHEM congratulates these employees on their promotions and for a job well done. We wish each continued success in the role they play in helping GBHEM achieve its mission and vision.
To learn more about GBHEM, visit www.gbhem.org.
About GBHEM: As the leadership development agency of The United Methodist Church, the General Board of Higher Education and Ministry’s mission is to lead and connect the educational and ministerial life of church. Every elder, deacon and licensed local pastor benefits from our training and candidacy programs. Many young adults find help in clarifying their vocation and God’s call on their lives through our leadership and discernment programs. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook: @GBHEM. | https://www.gbhem.org/news/gbhem-announces-staff-appointments/ |
Through the integration of a creative, multidisciplinary curriculum, groundbreaking research, and social engagement, the University of Pittsburgh is working to educate every member of its faculty, staff, and student communities on sustainability, while creating innovative contributions to a more sustainable world. Through various academic centers, courses, certificates, minors, majors, internships, and community activities, there are many opportunities to engage with and consider sustainability.
Academic Programs
Pitt schools and departments offer a wide variety of courses with sustainability content, as well as sustainability-focused undergraduate and graduate programs and fellowships.
Undergraduate Certificates
- Business, Leadership & Ethics
- Engineering for Humanity
- Global Studies, with focus on Critical World Ecologies; Health & Wellbeing; or Human Rights & Social Justice
- Sustainability
Majors & Minors
- Environmental Science (BS)
- Environmental Studies (BA)
- Environmental Engineering
- Literature (Concentration in Environment, Science, and Culture)
Transcript Distinction
Launched in 2021, the Sustainability Transcript Distinction provides students with a mechanism to gain recognition and “credit” for their outside-the-classroom endeavors, combined with sustainability-focused classes.
Doctoral Program
Masters Degrees
- International Development: Energy & Environment
- International Development: Social Policy
- International Development: Urban Affairs & Planning
- Public Administration: Energy & Environment
- Public Administration: Social Policy
- Public Administration: Urban Affairs & Planning
- Public Health (M.S. & MPH both in Environmental & Occupational Health, plus M.S. in Behavioral & Community Healthy and Multidisciplinary)
- Sustainability Engineering
Graduate Certificates
- Critical World Ecologies (Global Studies)
- Global Health (Public Health)
- Health & Well-Being (Global Studies)
- Peace, Conflict, & (In)Security (Global Studies)
- Sustainability (Business, MBA)
Courses
Offerings vary from term to term, but Pitt offers a wide array of sustainability-related courses.
Look for these 2 attribute codes to students courses with sustainability content and focus (under Interdisciplinary Themes):
MCSI – Sustainability-focused
A sustainability-focused course addresses sustainability as an integrated concept throughout, highlighting the interconnectivity between social, economic, and environmental dimensions.
MCSI – Sustainability-related
A sustainability-related course or program incorporates sustainability as a distinct component or concentrates on the interconnection between two of the three pillars: social, economic, and environmental dimensions.
Explore Sustainability-focused Courses
Undergraduate Academic Toolkit
Learn how to apply your sustainability interests to your academic, service, advocacy, and professional pursuits!
(First Year & Upperclass)
Research Opportunities
Pitt fosters a community of passionate students interested in working on solving concerns at the nexus of equity, environment, and economics — and there are lots of opportunities to do sustainability research as a Pitt student.
Research Opportunities
- Community Research Fellowship through the Honors College.
- Covestro Circular Economy doctoral program
- Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology
- Undergraduate Summer Research Program with the Mascaro Center for Sustainable Innovation (MCSI)
- Undergraduate Summer Research Program with the Water Collaboratory
- Undergraduate Scholars Program with Public Health, including climate and health, environmental justice, and maternal and child health.
Faculty
Faculty are integral to Pitt’s sustainability journey in many ways. Whether through teaching, research, or outreach (and more), opporutnities for Pitt faculty to lead University sustainability achievements are fast.
Learn more about which faculty are already involved in sustainability work, how to green your course(s), what a sustainability course attribute is (and how to apply for one), funding, and more! | https://www.sustainable.pitt.edu/get-involved/students/academics/ |
If we do not change the direction in which we are going, we are likely to end up precisely where we are headed.
Over the years the sustainability program at Bates has grown from an initial focus on energy conservation and recycling to include a more comprehensive look at energy and climate, building awareness through environmental education, and student leadership programs. Moving forward, we are planning sustainability initiatives under six key themes:
With the introduction of the new position of Energy Manager in Facilities Services we are moving forward to achieve these priorities in a comprehensive and collaborative way. Success in our sustainability program will require buy-in from the whole campus community. The Sustainability Manager and the Energy Manager have developed action plans to guide and lead our efforts.
Vital to this plan’s success is involvement and commitment from the leadership of Bates. As such, our first priority is to establish organizational and financial structures to support the implementation of this plan:
A new subgroup of the CER will be will be formed to establish guidelines and oversee the operation of the sustainability fund and revolving energy fund.
Building a sustainable future is a dynamic endeavor that requires change, both on an intuitional level and in personal behavior. Engaging the Bates community in sustainability initiatives and discourse is the first step in changing unsustainable policies and practices. It is also important to ensure that the infrastructures we are investing in – whether energy efficient buildings, an easy-to-use recycling system, or transportation programs – are not undermined by indifferent user behaviors.
The Energy Manager will focus on energy and water management; primarily on measurable, predictable, and quantifiable ways to reduce energy consumption on campus and lower our utility costs over the long
run. These goals are laid out in the Utility Management Plan. See Appendix A.
Greenhouse gas Emissions Summary
Addressing climate change will entail smart, dedicated energy management linked with meaningful community engagement. At Bates, more than 80% of our greenhouse gas emissions come from energy used in buildings for heat, hot water, and electricity. Our goal is to reduce these emissions and become a climate neutral campus by 2030.
Across campus we are working to minimize waste through programs that encourage people to reduce, reuse and recycle. Our goal is to promote waste minimization by managing supplies and waste in an environmentally sustainable, cost-effective, and healthy way.
Transportation is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions nationwide. At Bates, faculty and staff commuting represents roughly 10% of our greenhouse gas emissions. Promoting sustainable transportation options is challenging in Maine as a rural state with little public transportation. Our goal is to develop a comprehensive transportation program at Bates to minimize the use of individual vehicles on campus and therefore demand for parking spaces.
Frequent review of the results of our actions and the communication of those results to the campus community is essential for a process of continuous improvement. We need to identify what works and what doesn’t work on a regular basis to allow for timely adjustments to the action plan. Metrics will be developed to allow for measurement of progress and for benchmarking purposes. Our goal is to regularly evaluate our sustainability efforts and report progress to the campus community.
*Over the past year we have been working to assess our sustainability performance through a national assessment tool known as STARS. We will use the information we have compiled for STARS as a foundation to benchmark our program against other schools.
This plan represents a significant challenge to the Bates Community. For the Plan to be successful, the administration, faculty, students and staff need to fully participate in its implementation. Working together we can have a powerful impact on the future for Bates, our children, and the planet.
This plan will continue to grow and adapt over the years of this effort. Policies, technologies, the environment, and our understanding of what needs to be done will change. As our community evolves new visions and ideas will emerge. As a living document, this plan will be revisited and updated on an annual basis. Let’s welcome these challenges and encourage participation. Let’s get to work. | https://ininet.org/sustainability-program-objectives.html |
Sample size determination plays an important role in clinical trials. In the early stage of a design, we have to decide the right amount of data needed to reach desired accuracy in the follow-up statistical hypothesis testing. With a stated significance level, the accuracy of a hypothesis test largely depends on the test power. The test power measures the probability of correctly detecting a significant difference, which indicates how trustworthy the statistical decision is from the test in the case of a significant difference. Test power and sample size are closely related. In general, the testing power goes up when the sample size increases. However, the exact dependency of the testing power on the sample size is rather complicated to pin down. Furthermore, missing data and certain correlation structures in the data that are particularly common in clinical trials by nature would complicate the relationship between sample size and test power. It is thus crucial to assess and to analyze the effects of missing data and correlation structures of measurements on the sample size and test power.
In this dissertation, we focus on estimating the adequate sample size for testing means for longitudinal data with missing observations. We derive formulas for determining the sample size in the settings of compound symmetry and autoregressive order one models. The longitudinal data structure is commonly observed in clinical trials, in which measurements are repeatedly recorded over time points for each subject. These measurements of different subjects are mutually independent, while the repeated measurements at different time points within the same subject are correlated. It is assumed that the missing data mechanism is missing completely at random (MCAR). We mainly study the compound symmetry and autoregressive order one correlation structures. The generalized estimating equations (GEE) method for the analysis of longitudinal data, proposed by Liang and Zeger (1986), is applied to estimate the parameters in the mixed models. The GEE methodology yields consistent estimators of the parameters and of their variances by introducing a working correlation matrix. The GEE consistent estimators are robust to the choice of working correlation matrices under the assumption of MCAR. The sample size estimation procedure utilizes all the available data and incorporates correlations within the repeated measurements and missing data while the derived formulas stay simple. To evaluate the performance of the formulas through empirical powers, the simulation studies have been carried out. The simulation results show that the derived sample size formulas effectively reflect the influence of correlation structures and missing data on the sample size and test power.
Recommended Citation
Chen, Yanran, "Influence of Correlation and Missing Data on Sample Size Determination in Mixed Models" (2013). Mathematics Ph.D. Dissertations. 60. | https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/math_diss/60/ |
Background: Careful consideration of site effects is important in the analysis of multi-site clinical trials for drug abuse treatment. The statistical choices for modeling these effects have implications for both trial planning and interpretation of findings.
Objectives: Three broad approaches for modeling site effects are presented: omitting site from the analysis; modeling site as a fixed effect; and modeling site as a random effect. Both the direct effect of site and the interaction of site and treatment are considered.
Methods: The statistical model, and consequences, for each approach are presented along with examples from existing clinical trials. Power analysis calculations provide sample size requirements for adequate statistical power for studies utilizing 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 treatment sites.
Results: Results of the power analyses showed that the total sample required falls rapidly as the number of sites increases in the random effect approach. In the fixed effect approach in which the interaction of site and treatment is considered, the required number of participants per site decreases as the number of sites increases.
Conclusions: Ignoring site effects is not a viable option in multi-site clinical trials. There are advantages and disadvantages to the fixed effect and random effect approaches to modeling site effects.
Scientific significance: The distinction between efficacy trials and effectiveness trials is rarely sharp. The choice between random effect and fixed effect statistical modeling can provide different benefits depending on the goals of the study. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21854281/?dopt=Abstract |
The choice of sample size depends on multiple factors, including research designs, goals, and objectives, as well as the availability of eligible participants (Clark, Berger, & Mansmann, 2013). The sufficient sample size for the study will be 100 participants, of which half will be first-time concussion patients, and the other half will be those who had a concussion before. The present research focuses on high school athletes, and thus the two key inclusion criteria are current enrolment in a high school and participation in sports. To ensure that potential participants fit the chosen criteria, the researcher will ask them to fill in a short survey.
The survey will contain questions about the participants’ age, school name, sports affiliation, and the number of concussions suffered in life. This information will help to establish the independent variable for each participant. Another essential inclusion criterion is that the suitable participants need to have an established diagnosis of concussion. The exclusion criteria for the present research are severe injuries besides a concussion, critical chronic diseases, or autoimmune conditions that could affect their recovery time. Participants who take drugs affecting brain function or sports performance will also be excluded from the sample to avoid inconsistency in the results.
The recruitment will take place in hospitals or emergency departments where high school athletes with head trauma are admitted. In this case, all teenage students admitted to the facility because of a head injury will be considered potential participants for the study, but only those diagnosed with a concussion will be included. Each potential participant will then fill in a survey to determine if they fit other inclusion criteria.
Probability sampling, such as simple random or stratified sampling, would be the ideal option for this research (Jacobsen, 2017). However, given that the number of available would probably be limited, convenience sampling should also be considered. If convenience sampling is used, all the available participants would be involved in the study, thus increasing the sample size. Based on the notes above, the sampling method should be as follows.
The researcher will first collect data on every available participant who fits the criteria for inclusion. If the number of participants exceeds 150 by the time the preliminary stage of the research, stratified sampling will be applied. The available subjects will be separated into two groups depending on the number of concussions suffered, and then 50 subjects from each group will be chosen at random. This method will allow ensuring a sufficient number of participants without affecting the validity and reliability of data.
Materials
Survey
A short survey will be distributed to all potential subjects to make sure that they fit the criteria specified above. The survey will ask the following questions:
- What is your age?
- Are you currently a high school student?
- Do you take part in school sports? If so, which sport(s) do you participate in?
- Have you ever been diagnosed with a concussion before?
The survey will serve the purpose of obtaining factual information about the potential participants, and thus its validity and reliability will largely depend on whether or not the participants are responding truthfully. The survey can be checked for validity and reliability by comparing the participants’ responses with information in their hospital records. An example of this survey can be found in the Appendix.
Statistical tools
To perform a successful data analysis, it will be necessary to use statistical software. Excel could be a helpful tool for performing correlation and regression analyses. However, using a professional statistical analysis program, such as SPSS, will help to complete the analyses quicker and more accurately. Thus, SPSS or a similar statistical software will be required for the study.
Computers
Computers are the only required hardware for the study, as they are needed to produce a statistical analysis of data and prepare the report for publication. A computer can also be used to create tables or graphs necessary to represent the results correctly. The chosen computer must support the software selected for the study (e.g., SPSS or Excel) and allow for sufficient data protection (e.g., protected by a password or data encryption).
Procedure
To fulfill the purpose of the present research, a quantitative design would be most appropriate. On the one hand, it would enable the researcher to include large amounts of numerical data to determine the correlation between the number of concussions suffered in life and the recovery time (Salvador, 2016). On the other hand, it would allow including more participants, providing an opportunity to generalize findings to other populations. The procedure of quantitative research design comprises the preparation for research, data collection, and data analysis. All of these steps will be explained in the present section.
To prepare for the study, it is critical to acquire support from hospitals and clinics where school athletes with head injury are diagnosed and treated. The researcher will submit a research proposal and obtain permission from hospital employees to survey the participants and access their medical information, including diagnosis and recovery time. If more than one institution is included, it is also necessary to ensure that the formats of their records match, and that the recovery time is calculated by the same method.
Thus, the researcher will ask institutions to provide information about the electronic health record software used in the facility and the possibility of data sharing. The researcher will also send printed copies of the survey to all institutions to obtain approval. If the research uses any outside resources, such as grants, they will have to be obtained during the preparation stage.
The second step of the study is the data collection process, which will be separated into three stages. First of all, all potential participants will be approached in person and will be asked to fill in an informed consent form and a survey to determine their eligibility. This will be a one-time meeting and there will be no need to visit the participants in person again. Secondly, for eligible participants, information about past concussions will be accessed through their medical records. Based on this information, the participants will be separated into two groups. The first group will include first time concussion patients, whereas the second group will include patients who had suffered more than one concussion in life. Thirdly, the recovery time for eligible participants will be recorded based on hospital medical records.
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In determining the recovery time, the study will rely on the physician’s use of relevant tools, such as the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) or the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) tool. Physicians will be asked to record the participants’ recovery progress in the hospital’s medical records, which will be accessed to determine the recovery time of each patient. These three steps will be repeated for all new patients that fit the age and diagnostic criteria for the duration of the study.
Once the data collection period ends and the sufficient sample size is reached, the researcher will begin data analysis. The information on the two research variables will be included in one file, with patient names replaced with consecutive numbers to ensure confidentiality. The first set of data will include the number of concussions suffered in life, and the second set of data will be the participants’ recovery time as recorded by their physician. The data will then be analyzed using statistical software, such as SPSS.
Correlation analysis, regression analysis, and descriptive statistics results will be obtained for the two sets of data. The p-value will be set at 0.05, which is a standard significance level in health research studies (Jacobsen, 2017). The central hypothesis to be tested is that the recovery time of high school athletes who had suffered more than one concussion in life will be longer than of those suffering their first concussion.
The null hypothesis is that the recovery time of high school athletes who had suffered more than one concussion in life will be the same as of those suffering their first concussion. Thus, the p-value at or above 0.05 will support the central hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis. On the contrary, if the p-value resulting from the analysis will be less than 0.05, the null hypothesis will be confirmed. Descriptive statistics will be used to determine the mean recovery time among patients in each study group and the standard deviation.
Measures
The first variable for the present research will be the number of concussions diagnosed in life. The choice of the variable is based on research hypotheses, as well as the possibility of operationalizing the variable. The number of concussions diagnosed in life can be represented in numerical form, which suits the purpose of the present research. The second variable is recovery time, as it is the main outcome addressed in research hypotheses. The recovery time will be measured in the number of days passed from the date of injury and the date of recovery. Thus, the independent variable can also be operationalized and analyzed using quantitative research methods.
The validity and reliability of the measures will be addressed as part of the research to ensure a high quality of the study. With respect to validity, content and construct validity of both variables will be assessed based on their coverage and homogeneity. As Heale and Twycross (2015) explain, coverage and homogeneity of variables depend on whether or not the variable measures the concept correctly. For instance, the independent variable has good content and construct validity if it covers one concept comprehensively.
The reliability of the chosen variables will be evaluated through inter-rater reliability. Inter-rater reliability test is a process of determining whether or not the variables have the same numerical value if assessed by two or more different observers (Heale & Twycross, 2015). As part of the test, the medical information of the participants will be given to two independent observers, who will have to determine the dependent and independent variable scores. The results will then be compared to ensure equivalence.
Ethical Considerations
There are three sections of American Psychological Association’s ethical guidelines that apply to the proposed research. First of all, Section 8 of the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA, 2017) stresses the importance of institutional approval and informed consent. In order to ensure compliance with this section of the guidelines, institutional approval will be received prior to beginning research.
for only
In addition, each potential participant will receive an informed consent form containing all relevant details about the study. If the participant is a minor, their parent or guardian will sign the informed consent form. Participants who refuse to sign the informed consent form, as well as minors whose parents or guardians refuse to provide consent to their participation, will be excluded from the study, and no information about them will be recorded. These steps will help to assure that the subjects are aware of the goals of and procedures involved in the study and participate in the study willingly.
Another important consideration is the need for protecting the participants’ privacy and confidentiality. In accordance with APA (2017) guidelines, the researcher will seek to protect the participant’s privacy and confidentiality by not recording identifying information of the patients. Identifying information includes names, addresses, school affiliation, and other details that can be used to distinguish a participant from people of similar age and gender.
Instead of names, the researcher will use consecutive numbers to differentiate between participants in all data reports and documents. The medical information obtained from doctors’ records will be stored on the researcher’s computer in a separate document protected by a password. The procedures specified above will ensure sufficient protection of privacy and confidentiality, preventing data leaks or unwanted disclosure of personal information.
References
American Psychological Association (APA). (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and Code of Conduct. Web.
Clark, T., Berger, U., & Mansmann, U. (2013). Sample size determinations in original research protocols for randomised clinical trials submitted to UK research ethics committees. BMJ, 346(f1135), 1-10.
Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2015). Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(3), 66-67.
Jacobsen, K. H. (2017). Introduction to health research methods: A practical guide (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Salvador, J. T. (2016). Exploring quantitative and qualitative methodologies: A guide to novice nursing researchers. European Scientific Journal, 12(18), 107-122. | https://ivypanda.com/essays/recovery-time-after-concussion-study-methods/ |
It is a technique by quantitative analysis to measure in terms of time of human activities, machines or any other observable activities.
Developed in the years 1930 by L. H. C. Tippett in the textile industry, this method is based on a statistical study of frequencies to determine the standard time. It is especially used to analyze non-repetitive or irregular activities.
It consists of observing the work at random times over time and analyzing the proportion of the observations corresponding to each of the activities studied. It then deducts the time of the operation.
Less accurate than other techniques, it has the advantage of being simple, fast and inexpensive.
Procedure
1. Choose the tasks to be analyzed
You have to cut the work into the task that you want to analyze. For example, work can be separated into tasks such as assembly, transport,… or measure the distribution of ” administrative ” Tasks ( batch files…) among operational tasks.
2. Take a first measure
From the data we want to analyze, we need to get a first idea to prepare the recording. For this, a first series of measurement is carried out in a random way. As a result of this, a numerical estimate of the different parameters that one wishes to analyse is carried out.
For example, following a first analysis, the ” machine ” time is identified as 20% of the total cycle time.
3. Analysis with the study by sampling
The size of the sample needed to obtain a reliable statistical result is calculated. It is obvious that at the most there are measures, at the most the results will be reliable. However, for cost and time issues, the number of measurements is determined to be the most accurate in relation to the desired accuracy. There are two techniques.
The statistical formula
Statistically, the formula for calculating the Sample size Depends on the size of the mother population and different factors.
The Graphical method
Another method is a graphical analysis called Nomogram.
Source: D. P. Adams (1964)-Nomography: Theory and application
4. Prepare the observation
This statistical method is based on a ” random ” survey of data. We will plan the measures to ensure that this condition is met. For this, two possibilities:
- a fixed interval: For example, every 10 minutes, we will carry out the reading.
- “random“: There are many possibilities such as pulling a ” pile or face ” to find out if you are reading at the moment.
It is also at this stage that we will build the survey sheet. It contains:
- An introduction with the date and the observer.
- The number of readings to be carried out.
- The various tasks to be tackled.
5. Observing and raising data
The survey is carried out according to the random rule chosen. Each time he has to make a statement, he observes the current task and notes a bar in the box of the task he observes at the moment.
6. Analyze the data and conclude
The method is to calculate the proportion of events (observed stains) on a given sequence. Of this proportion, we deduct the standard time of the event calculated according to the following formula:
Standard time of one unit = (TObs * TCar * JP) / NbPts + Increase
With:
- TObs: Total time of observation in minute.
- TCar: Proportion of the characteristic in%
- JP: Value of Pace judgment
- NbPtr: Total number of parts produced
For example, we observed 100 times 1mn of operation. On these 100 times we produced 20 pieces and we observed 16 times the drilling operation, 6 times a Recovery, 14 times a move to the stock and 8 times the assembly operation. Whereas we do not have a surcharge and the JA is 100%, we deduce: | https://wikilean.com/en/work-sampling/ |
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Brian,
The rationale behind determining the sample size for a given
eperiment is statistical power. Statistical power is basically
the likelihood of determining a significant treatment effect
when one really exists. So that a sufficiently large sample
size (i.e. the number of patients in each group) will allow
enough statistical power so that there is a good likelihood
that a significant treatment effect will be detected (i.e. by
a t-test) if one exists, and this provides a good reason for
conducting the study.
Since your study design indicates that if the measured
parameter is normally distributed a t-test would be an appropriate
statistical test, a power chart for a t-test could be used
to determine the necessary sample size. If the size of the change
you expect to detect is about the same size as the standard
deviation of the parameter in the population, then the sample
size to obtain statistical power above 80% is around 20 patients
per group. However, if the expected change or treatment effect
is only about 50% of the standard deviation of the parameter in
the population, then the required sample size ot obtain 80%
statistical power would be about 50 per group.
The same reasoning applies to analysis of variance but a
noncentrality parameter is calculated to determine statistical power
rather than just phi=delta/sigma in the case of the t-test.
Noncentrality parameter (phi):
phi= (delta/sigma)SQRT(n/2k)
eg for delta/sigma= 1 and n=25, k= 3 treatment groups
phi= (1)SQRT(25/6)= (1)(2.04)= 2.04
Consulting a power chart for analysis of variance indicates that
a sample size of about 25 per treatment group would provide the
sufficient 80% statistical power given a delta/sigma of 1 and and k=3
treatment groups.
At any rate, the idea would be to determine the magnitude of
change you are expecting to find, compare this to the standard
deviation of the parameter in the patient population, and then
consult a power chart to determine the necessary sample size to
achieve statistical power of 80%. The power chart you consult
depends on the statistical test you intend to perform.
One good reference for this would be Glantz's Primer of
Biostatistics from McGraw-Hill.
Good Luck!! | https://pharmpk.com/PK00/PK2000029.html |
Determining the number of samples is a crucial step in order to perform reliable analysis. This ensures the purpose of statistical tests and checks if there is no or small margin of error. Justification of the choice of samples is as important as choosing them, since they will be tested for statistical tolerance limits. These samples will be further used to estimate the parameters in any given distribution type. Below are the features of a good sample size:
Since a sample represents a population or universe, the researcher must select the samples based on their characteristics. We consider factors such as level of precision, data required, degree of interpretation and variability for determination.
A sample size needs to be flexible in nature. We reduce the sample size in instances such as availability of information, time and funds.These are non-statistical considerations. We also consider precision under statistical considerations affecting sample size.
Since there is a need to understand which kind of sampling method a research needs, one has to specifically understand the required process of selection of participants. Our expert panel of researchers segregate the sampling methods under random or non-random selection.
Sample units are selected based on the objective of the study excerpting from the elements of the universe. We select the appropriate participants satisfying the purpose of the study and also the requirement in size of the samples.
Defining a sampling frame should be done prior to selecting samples. We list all the units of population constituting the sample frame. This helps you apply the research findings to the population which are defined under the sampling frame.
We combine the help of our statistical analysis tools, our expert subject knowledge and your requirements to determine the necessary size of samples. Statistical power analysis is a hypothesis test to detect existing effects that require assistance by researchers with subject experience. | https://www.phdstatistics.com/sample-size-determination.php |
Powerful people (e.g., political and business leaders) should be able to control their impulses and act in line with long-term rather than short-term interests. However, theories of power suggest different answers to the question whether the basic experience of feeling powerful decreases (e.g., Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, 2003) or increases self-control performance (e.g., Magee & Smith, 2013). We conducted a pre-registered direct replication of the only experiment testing the effects of power on self-control (Joshi & Fast, 2013, Study 3). In contrast to the original results, social power, operationalized by episodic priming, did not affect temporal discounting. A possible explanation is the fact that the power priming failed to elevate participants’ sense of power. Thus, the null findings challenge the power priming paradigm rather than the two theories from which opposite predictions were derived. In order to understand how power affects self-control, future research may need to rely on other manipulations.
How does feeling powerful prepare individuals for exercising self-control, i.e. to pursue long-term goals? Laypeople seem to agree that powerful people such as organizational or political leaders should be particularly persistent, disciplined, and responsible (Lord, Foti, & Vader, 1984). Two influential theories in power research – the approach/inhibition theory of power (Keltner et al., 2003) and the social distance theory of power (Magee & Smith, 2013) – make opposite predictions with regard to the effects of power on self-control.
Within the framework of the approach/inhibition theory of power, Keltner and colleagues suggest that (1) high power activates the behavioral approach system which is sensitive to rewards and opportunities, and (2) low power activates the behavioral inhibition system which is sensitive to punishment, threat, and uncertainty. Briefly summarized, Keltner and colleagues propose that high power triggers approach-related positive affect, attention to rewards, automatic cognition, and disinhibited behavior, whereas reduced power activates inhibition-related negative affect, systematic cognition, and situationally constrained behavior. Accordingly, due to their heightened attention to rewards and their drive to experience these rewards immediately, powerful people should show relatively poor self-control.
In contrast, the social distance theory of power (Magee & Smith, 2013) assumes that high-power individuals exhibit better self-control than low-power individuals. Magee and Smith propose that asymmetric dependence between two individuals gives rise to asymmetric experiences of social distance, with the high-power individual feeling more subjective distance than the low-power individual. Based on assumptions of construal level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010), the authors assume that because high-power individuals perceive larger social distance, they engage in more abstract mental representation (i.e., higher level construal) than low-power individuals. High-level construals have been shown to have a positive effect on self-control (e.g., Fujita, Trope, Liberman, & Levin-Sagi, 2006; Schmeichel, Vohs, & Duke, 2011). Accordingly, due to their use of high-level construal of goals and situations, powerful people should show good self-control.
In line with the assumptions of the social distance theory of power, Joshi and Fast (2013) showed in three studies that experimentally induced social power benefits the pursuit of long-term goals by reducing the preference for smaller immediate gains over larger future gains (i.e., temporal discounting). When two theories make different predictions and only one is supported, the question arises as to what extent the other theory should be modified or discarded. Given the practical importance of self-control among powerful individuals, research must identify the conditions under which one or the other theory is correct.
However, considering that the only available evidence on the research question comes from a single lab, it seems reasonable to first ask if the effect found by Joshi and Fast (2013) is robust before future research can systematically explore moderators of the effect. This first step is an important one: As all findings result from a combination of signal (an underlying effect) and noise (systematic error in form of moderators as well as unsystematic error in form of measurement error), direct replication is the only way to separate the noise from the signal and average across different types of error (Simons, 2014).
The current work was an attempt to replicate Study 3 from Joshi and Fast (2013). This study was chosen for two reasons. First, it is the only one that had a 3-cell design (high power, low power and control condition) and would therefore show whether the effect is attributable to high or low power (Singh, 1998). Second, it was assumed that preferences for gains in air quality (nonmonetary temporal discounting) would be more comparable across industrialized nations (USA vs. Germany/Switzerland) than preferences for monetary rewards where differences in currency, purchasing power, and inflation might play a role.
In the original web-based study, 78 students experienced a power or control priming, then completed a measure of connection with their future self and finally the nonmonetary temporal discounting task. We conducted a pre-registered direct replication study (osf.io/um3rq) based on the Replication Recipe (Brandt et al., 2014) using a substantially larger sample. A successful replication would find a significant effect of the power manipulation, in that participants in the high power condition would have lower discount rates than participants in the neutral and low power conditions.
All study materials and procedures can be accessed via osf.io/dqr4m. The present research was done in accordance with the checklist issued by the responsible ethics committee of the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zurich, meaning that no formal approval was needed. This research respects the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct by the American Psychological Association (APA) as well as the Ethics Guidelines for Psychologists by the Swiss Psychological Society.
Sample size was determined based on considerations of statistical power. Simonsohn (2015) noted that the conventional approach of using the effect size estimate of the original study may be problematic. First, publication bias may inflate published effect sizes. Second, a replication may be uninformative when the confidence interval of the replication effect size does not only include zero, but also a detectable effect, that is, an effect size that the original study could have detected with 33% power. According to the recommendations by Simonsohn (2015) at least 2.5 times as many observations as the original study should be collected to have about 80% power to reject the null hypothesis of a detectable effect (i.e., in this case NOriginal = 78, minimum NReplication = 195). In the present case, a power analysis assuming Joshi and Fast’s (2013) sample size, equal per cell sample sizes1 and statistical power of 33% indicated that the minimum detectable effect was equal to Cohen’s d = 0.35. The desired sample size was set to NReplication = 258 because this affords 80% power to reject the null hypothesis that the effect is zero if the effect is detectable (i.e., d = 0.35) and (at least) 80% power to reject the null hypothesis of a detectable effect if the effect is in fact zero.
In total, 636 participants gave their consent to participate in the study (210 participants in the high power condition, 218 participants in the control condition, 208 participants in the low power condition). On the third page of the online questionnaire where participants were meant to experience the power priming, 129 participants in the high power condition, 69 participants in the control condition, and 103 participants in the low power condition dropped out. Comparing all three groups, the dropout rates differed significantly, χ2(2) = 38.64, p < .01. Taking only the two power conditions into consideration, the dropout rates still differed significantly, χ2(1) = 5.53, p = .02, with 61% vs. 50% dropping out of the study after reading the instructions for the high vs. low power priming. This could be a cause for concern if dropout was systematically related to individual differences. Unfortunately, participants were asked for their demographics (gender and age) only at the very end of the experiment (in line with Joshi & Fast). Accordingly, we were not able to test if gender and condition interact in predicting dropout rates. However, if this was the case we would observe different proportions of men in women in the three conditions, which we do not, χ2(2) = 0.82, p = .66 (high power: 36% men, control: 40% men, low power: 43% men). Furthermore, if age was confounded with condition, we would observe differences in the mean age across the three conditions, which we do not either, F(2,278) = 0.04, p = 0.96 (high power: 27.24 years, control: 27.29 years, low power: 27.56 years). Likewise, proportions of students vs. professionals did not differ across conditions, χ2(2) = 0.09, p = .96 (high power: 45% students, control: 45% students, low power: 47% students). In light of these results, we believe that systematic dropout does not affect the validity of our manipulation.
Finally, several participants were excluded based on the following a priori exclusion rules: no answers to either the questions referring to the connection to the future self or the temporal discounting questions (31 participants), inconsistent discounting pattern (16 participants), no discounting at all (6 participants), no meaningful description of the situation in which they had/did not have power/were shopping (19 participants). In summary, 22 participants in the high power condition, 24 participants in the control condition and 26 participants in the low power condition were excluded. The exclusion rates did not differ significantly across condition, χ2(2) = 4.768, p = .092. The final sample consisted of 263 participants (Mage = 27.21 years, SD = 7.21 years), 98 men, 147 women and 18 participants of unknown gender.
A convenience sample was invited via snowball sampling to take part in an online study on decision behavior. Participants gave their written consent and were then randomly assigned to one of the following three conditions: participants recalled and wrote about a situation when they had power (high power, 59 participants), or when they lacked power (low power, 79 participants) or when they last went to the grocery store (control condition, 125 participants). Following the power manipulation, participants completed a measure of connection with the future self. Participants selected one of seven, increasingly overlapping pairs of circles to indicate how “connected” and how “similar” they felt to their selves in 10 years. These two items were averaged to form a measure of participant’s connection with his/her future self with higher values indicating a stronger connection.
The next part of the study consisted in the nonmonetary temporal discounting task. Within this paradigm, a participant makes a number of choices between a larger and several smaller rewards, where the smaller reward is available sooner than the larger one (Green & Myerson, 2004; Smith & Hantula, 2008). Participants were provided with eight binary choices between “improved air quality immediately for 21 days” and “improved air quality one year from now for [number of] days.” The number of days in the future was 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, or 35. A single indifference point for each participant was obtained. This is the point at which participants equally value present and future gains. It was calculated by averaging the number of days between which participants switched from preferring the present option to preferring the future option. A high indifference point represents a tendency to prefer a smaller and more immediate reward or a failure to consider long-term potential consequences.
Next, participants completed the Personal Sense of Power Scale (Anderson, John, & Keltner, 2012). Participants stated their agreement to 8 items such as “I think I have a great deal of power” on a scale from 1 (I disagree) to 5 (I agree). Cronbach’s alpha was α = .72. All the original materials for the study were available from the authors. All instructions were direct translations.
After the direct replication, we collected additional measures that are not relevant for present purposes. For more information on the procedure and results related to these measures please consult the separate report on the Open Science Framework (osf.io/j67ep). Finally, participants were asked for their demographics.
A few details differed between our study and that of Joshi and Fast (2013) beyond the obvious differences in language and national context. First, we did not counterbalance the order of the connection with the future self scale and the temporal discounting task because the former was described as a mediating variable by Joshi and Fast. Second, our sample did not only include students (110 participants) but also professionals (135 participants, no such information available for 18 participants). Although professionals were older (Mstudent = 24.55, SD = 2.92; Mprofessional = 29.38, SD = 8.77), t(169.02) = 6.01, p < .01, and reported a slightly higher socioeconomic status (Mstudent = 3.12, SD = 0.84; Mprofessional = 3.31, SD = 0.94), t(241.06) = 1.77, p = .08, these two groups were collapsed as the effects in the two groups were similar. Third, in the original experiment participants took part in exchange for course credit. In our replication, participants were invited to take part in a prize draw, in which they could win one of three vouchers worth 30 CHF/30 EUR (corresponding to approximately 33 USD) each.
Two coders, who were blind to both conditions and hypotheses, categorized what type of relationship (e.g., manager – subordinate, teacher – student) was described in participants’ responses to the writing prompts. They were instructed to reach agreement for this categorization. Table 1 shows that 98.3% of participants in the high power and 92.4% of participants in the low power condition wrote about experiencing power (or the lack thereof) in various relationships. Their responses were rated by the same two coders for how much power the participant reported having using a scale ranging from 1 (none at all) to 5 (very much). The interrater reliability (agreement definition) was good, ICC = .84. We used the mean rating of two raters as dependent variable for the manipulation check. Participants described themselves as having more power in the high-power essays (M = 4.02, SD = 0.58) than in the low-power essays (M = 1.39, SD = 0.66), t(127) = 23.66, p < .01.
Percent of power relationship types described by participants.
Note. Types of relationships that totaled less than 1% were aggregated to form the category “Miscellaneous”.
A one-factorial ANOVA on the personal sense of power revealed no difference across conditions, F(2,259) = 0.28, p = .75, ηp2 = 0.002, 95% CI [0, 0.02]. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between conditions in temporal discounting, F(2,260) = 0.27, p = .76, ηp2 = 0.002, 95% CI [0, 0.02], or the felt connection with the future self, F(2,260) = 0.20, p = .82, ηp2 = 0.002, 95% CI [0, 0.02] (for descriptives see Table 2).
Table 3 shows the intercorrelations of all measured variables. Only one correlation was significant: Personal sense of power was positively related to a stronger connection with the future self. Although only correlational evidence, this supports Joshi and Fast’s reasoning that high power should increase the connection with the future self.
Note. Correlations that equal or exceed .13 (.16) are significant at the .05 (.01) level.
Joshi and Fast (2013) reported a significant contrast between participants in the high-power condition and those in the low-power and baseline conditions combined. The same analysis performed on the present data indicated a non-significant difference in the same direction as the effect reported by Joshi and Fast (2013), t(261) = 0.71, p = .48, d = 0.09, 95% CI [–0.15, 0.33]. Thus, the confidence interval indicates that the effect is consistent with the null hypothesis of no effect but inconsistent with the null hypothesis of a detectable effect (which was determined to be d = .35 see above). As for the presumed mediator of the effect observed by Joshi and Fast (2013), high-power participants did not score higher on the measure of connection with the future self than did participants in the other two conditions, t(261) = 0.33, p = .74, d = 0.04, 95% CI [–0.20, 0.28].
Replication constitutes an important contribution to cumulative science because it allows for testing the robustness of results and hence provides researchers with greater confidence about the existence and direction of effects (Brandt et al., 2014; Klein et al., 2014). Given the importance of understanding the relationship between social power and self-control, we sought to replicate Joshi and Fast’s (2013, Study 3) finding that power increases self-control (d = .53). Using a much larger sample size but nearly identical procedures as Joshi and Fast we obtained a much smaller effect (d = 0.09, 95% CI [–0.15, 0.33]). This non-significant effect is informative because it is significantly smaller than an effect that would give the original study a statistical power of 33% (i.e., the minimum detectable effect; Simonsohn, 2015) and that the current research had 80% statistical power to detect (i.e., d = .35). One straightforward implication of this result is that future replication studies relying on the procedures used by Joshi and Fast (2013) should be prepared to collect even larger samples to achieve adequate statistical power.
Ultimately, though, researchers are likely to be more interested in the validity of the theoretical claims about the effects of social power than in the reproducibility of one particular study using a specific methodology. On the face of it, the null finding regarding the relation of power and discounting would seem to disconfirm the predictions derived from both the social distance theory of power (predicting a negative effect) and the approach/inhibition theory of power (predicting a positive effect). However, every empirical study involves auxiliary assumptions regarding the operations and measures used to test a theory, and those may be wrong as well. Most prominently, the validity of the manipulation and measures might be questioned.
Temporal discounting as operationalization of self-control is a well validated and common paradigm in psychology and economics. It has successfully been used in pathological (e.g., substance addicts, MacKillop, Amlung, Few, Ray, Sweet, & Munafò, 2011; pathological gamblers, Dixon, Marley, & Jacobs, 2003) as well as in normal populations, in student as well as non-student populations (e.g., Buono, Whiting, & Sprong, 2015), in the USA as well as in Germany and Switzerland (e.g., Gianotti, Figner, Ebstein, & Knoch, 2012; Peters, & Büchel, 2009).
Admittedly, the air quality delay discounting task that was employed in the original study differed in two aspects from more widely used versions of this task: the number of delays and the discounted reward. Although it is more common to administer temporal discounting tasks with several delays, the one-shot discounting task chosen by Joshi and Fast should yield comparable results to a more comprehensive version of this task. Reimers, Maylor, Stewart, and Chater (2009) compared a one-shot discounting task with a discounting task with several delays and obtained comparable results. In a similar vein, Yi, Pitcock, Landes, and Bickel (2010) found that valid and sensitive discounting indices can be obtained with fewer indifference points than the standard number of 5 or 7. Regarding the nature of the discounted reward, an improvement in air quality for 21 days may seem relatively intangible (and maybe irrelevant) in comparison to receiving (hypothetical) monetary rewards for oneself. However, previous studies showed that temporal discounting occurs when environmental rewards are in question (e.g., air and water quality, Guyse, Keller, & Eppel, 2002; nuclear and hazardous wastes, Moser, Stauffacher, Smieszek, Seidl, Krütli, & Scholz, 2013; improvements in green space and storm-water control as well as reducing greenhouse gasses, Richards & Green, 2015). Furthermore, we did not find an effect of social power on monetary temporal discounting either2 (see supplementary material available at osf.io/j67ep).
Regarding the manipulation of power, it must be noted that the episodic power priming is also a widespread paradigm (Galinsky, Rucker, & Magee, 2015) that has already been successfully used in German and Swiss samples (e.g., Schmid & Schmid Mast, 2013; Scholl & Sassenberg, 2014). In fact, noting that sometimes one and the same article reports similar findings across studies with priming or role-based manipulations, power researchers have argued for the superiority of priming manipulations because it “remove[s] issues of conscious awareness or intent” (Smith & Trope, 2006, p. 580) or because “it can be difficult to manipulate power in an ethical, believable, and effective way in the laboratory” (Smith & Galinsky, 2010, p. 928).
However, we think it is possible that the simplicity of this paradigm is offset by its inability to reliably produce a sense of power that would affect participant’s decision-making – at least when administered online. Although our manipulation check indicated that participants followed instructions and provided examples of situations that differed in experienced power, a closer look at the properties of the texts produced by participants reveals that the intensity of the manipulation may have been rather low. Participants in this online study wrote on average 264 characters (SD = 246, range from 13 to 2352 characters) and took about Mdn = 197 seconds to do so. Assuming that the average reading speed (German, aloud) is 11.5 characters per second (SD = 5.5, Trauzettel-Klosinski & Dietz, 2012) and the average typing speed is 2.82 characters per second (Soukoreff & Mackenzie, 1995), participants would have needed about 118 seconds on average for reading and writing and accordingly would have had 79 seconds left to find a suitable situation and put themselves in this situation. This might not have been enough time to really experience the imagined situation. In fact, the differences in sense of power that we observed across conditions were non-significant and negligible in terms of effect size. Although this may in part be due to the fact that we did not modify the original items so that they would explicitly refer to the current situation (as opposed to the dispositional sense of power), it is noteworthy that a standard power manipulation did not leave its mark on a reliable measure of felt power.
In order to enhance the effectiveness of the episodic priming manipulation, a reviewer suggested freezing the survey on the manipulation page and asking participants to visualize the respective situation (e.g., by adding the prompt to picture the faces of the other people involved, to imagine talking with the person and to try to feel the other people there with them). We agree that these additional instructions may serve to intensify the priming manipulation. Another explanation for our inability to replicate the effect of power on self-control could be a weak explicit concept association between social power and self-control. Given that priming occurs as a result of spreading activation of related concepts in memory, larger effects should be found for strongly associated concept pairs (Salomon, 2016). We have reason to believe that the concepts of power and self-control might be only weakly associated (data from an unrelated pilot study).
In summary, as the power manipulation used here did not affect felt power, it seems fair to begin by questioning the superiority of the episodic priming paradigm rather than by concluding that there is no effect of social power on self-control. Perhaps the claim that “[a]ll the ways of manipulating power seem to have similar effects” (Smith & Galinsky, 2010, p. 928) should be evaluated more systematically, either through meta-analysis or via pre-registered comparisons. The alternative hypothesis would be that some of the effects of power require more intense feelings of power and/or conscious awareness of being in a powerful or powerless situation. Future research using different manipulations and operationalizations of both constructs is needed to clarify this effect and help adjudicate between the opposite predictions regarding the direction of the effect. The present research suggests that episodic priming may not be an ideal vehicle for this effort.
1For simplicity we report calculations based on the assumption of equal per cell sample sizes because assuming unequal cell sizes does not alter our conclusions.
2Note that comparisons with the monetary delay discounting task have to be interpreted with caution as due to dropouts the sample is much smaller than in the main analyses.
We thank Carolin Lorber for her support in data collection, and Naomi Gellner and Simone Sebben for their help with coding the responses from the priming task.
Salomon, E. C. (2016). Concept associations as the basis of social priming (Doctoral dissertation), Retrieved from: https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/. | https://www.collabra.org/articles/10.1525/collabra.48/print/ |
How many questionnaires is enough for research?
How many questionnaires is enough for research?
400 questionnaires
How many participants do I need for a quantitative study?
Determining the sample sizes involve resource and statistical issues. Usually, researchers regard 100 participants as the minimum sample size when the population is large.
Why is 100 a good sample size?
The minimum sample size is 100 Most statisticians agree that the minimum sample size to get any kind of meaningful result is 100. If your population is less than 100 then you really need to survey all of them.
What is the sample size formula?
n = N*X / (X + N – 1), where, X = Zα/22 *p*(1-p) / MOE2, and Zα/2 is the critical value of the Normal distribution at α/2 (e.g. for a confidence level of 95%, α is 0.05 and the critical value is 1.96), MOE is the margin of error, p is the sample proportion, and N is the population size.
What is Z in sample size formula?
The formula for determining sample size to ensure that the test has a specified power is given below: where α is the selected level of significance and Z 1-α /2 is the value from the standard normal distribution holding 1- α/2 below it. For example, if α=0.05, then 1- α/2 = 0.975 and Z=1.960.
How do you determine a sample size for a survey?
But just so you know the math behind it, here are the formulas used to calculate sample size:Sample Size Calculation: Sample Size = (Distribution of 50%) / ((Margin of Error% / Confidence Level Score)Squared)Finite Population Correction: True Sample = (Sample Size X Population) / (Sample Size + Population – 1)
What is a typical sample size for a qualitative study?
It has previously been recommended that qualitative studies require a minimum sample size of at least 12 to reach data saturation (Clarke & Braun, 2013; Fugard & Potts, 2014; Guest, Bunce, & Johnson, 2006) Therefore, a sample of 13 was deemed sufficient for the qualitative analysis and scale of this study.
Which is the most widely used method of sampling? | https://forwardonclimate.org/miscelaneous/how-many-questionnaires-is-enough-for-research/ |
Examine the possible effects of implementing a minimum wage in Malaysia from a microeconomic perspective.
Abstract
Minimum wages has always been a worldwide topic that is constantly argued in many countries. It has always been argued that once minimum wages is applied, there would not be enough competition among workers in the country. As a result, an important question had been brought out; who will benefits when the minimum wage rises? How is the distribution of income for poor families, and the high income interest ladder?
Summary
The minimum wage is a must meet or it must exceed all employment contracts stated for the employees. The wage levels under the Fair Labor Standards Act contained that minimum wage changes from time to time in order to adjust to the high prices from individual economic units; such as single-parent families, businesses or personal micro-finance issues. From the microeconomics view, the minimum wage would produce positive and negative impacts on enterprises, individuals (workers), and families of those earning the minimum wage rate.
The effect of minimum wage on workers
In the perspective of job motivation, with minimum wage, low-skilled workers do not know what to expect when they are out looking for a job. Job searching efforts could offset whereby; they would accept low-wage offer, as a result, it would be more conducive to low-skilled workers. Hence with the minimum wage rate,these workers would not consider to depend on the public assistance income, and would be actively looking for employment because the public income assistance offered by the NGO (Non Government Organization) is relatively low.As a result, more individuals would stop applying or depending on public assistance.
Secondly, the creation of employment opportunities would then be low. This is because of, "the instability of the economy and sometimes to avoid hiring new workers which is caused by the minimum wage rate", according to the article published by the National Center for Policy Analysis on the negative impact of the minimum wage rate. Employers would then be willing to pay for existing staffs' working hours, staff cost ratio, and the minimum wage employment. This would then make it more difficult to find a job in a bad economy where minimum wage is implied.
On the other hand, morale effects would also affect workers because when a country decides to apply the minimum wage, it would affect all the country's' current employees minimum wage rate. According to the full impact on the measurement of the post, against money, the minimum living wage law and in the sense that the amplifier is slightly higher than the minimum wage, employees would feel that it is not fair. The decrease in wages for employees that are receiving the minimum wage in a company, especially when there's nobody that gets a raise in salary, the company would face a crisis whereby its workers would leave the company to look for a better pay.
The effects of minimum wage on enterprise
Commonly encountered by enterprises that relies heavily on unskilled labor, substantial increase in the minimum wage virtually eliminates the ability to negotiate the lowest level of wage and salary income. According to the Malaysian Department of Labor in 2003 and 2013, the minimum wage increased by 100%, from RM3.50 to RM7.00 per hour. Profits and expenses must be regulated to increase the employment of unskilled workers. This is because, economic decision-making and the introduction of new variables with motivated workers would result in high economic growth.
Out of all the businesses in Malaysia, more than 60% are small businesses. Therefore, the economy consists mainly by small businesses and all the operating costs of enterprises, wages and benefits, including the largest part, is the only have one controllable costs. With government regulations, small businesses must pay employees minimum wages and with the rise of... | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Microeconomics-Ll-1657670.html |
A new study shows that a $15 national minimum wage would ravage the American workforce, destroying millions of jobs, shrinking consumer benefits, and markedly reducing economic output.
The research, conducted by my colleagues and me at the American Consumer Institute, is part of a broader initiative to measure the state-level economic effects of major labor market regulations, including paid family leave requirements and predictive scheduling mandates. These misguided policies threaten to slow the U.S. economy, making it harder for small businesses to thrive, discouraging hiring, and stifling market forces that expand opportunity for all.
The unintended consequences of high minimum wages are already evident in cities like New York and San Francisco. At the end of 2018, after the minimum wage reached $15 an hour for most businesses, there were fewer restaurant workers in the Big Apple than in November 2016, even as total employment grew by more than 163,000 workers.
In San Francisco, where the minimum wage has risen sharply in recent years, restaurateurs are struggling to stay afloat. Restaurants Unlimited, a company that operates several locations in San Francisco, filed for bankruptcy protection in July, noting that despite raising menu prices and adding an extra surcharge to customers’ bills, its restaurants still weren’t profitable.
It’s not hard to see why. If the minimum wage for low-skill workers is set above market wages, businesses will cut labor costs by reducing worker hours or the number of workers, reduce production, rely more heavily on automation, or exit the market entirely. In effect, government-mandated increases in wages translate to depressed employment and have a rippling negative effect on economic output.
One way employers cope with higher minimum wages is to charge higher prices, decreasing consumer benefits, particularly for low-income families who disproportionately shop at businesses affected by minimum wage hikes.
To estimate these impacts, we looked at how each state’s economy would react to a $15 minimum wage, as proposed by some in Congress. Our analysis suggests heavy economic losses, including an estimated reduction of $138 billion in consumer welfare, a decrease in gross state product of $187 billion, and the loss of 2.1 million jobs – a figure somewhat higher than the Congressional Budget Office’s independent estimate of 1.3 million jobs but conservatively lower than its upper bounds estimate of 3.7 million jobs.
Although we examined three central indicators of economic performance, it is important to recognize that our findings do not reflect the full negative impact of high minimum wages, which include increasing job turnover, encouraging employers to cut back on fringe benefits, and reducing training opportunities for employees.
Moreover, the popular assumption that minimum wages alleviate poverty is increasingly being challenged. Research from the University of Washington, for example, has found that although the wages of many low-wage workers increased slightly when Seattle raised its minimum wage to $13 an hour in 2016, employers responded by cutting hours by 9 percent. As a result, low-wage employees’ earnings in the city declined by an average of $125 per month.
The implications of our study are important, especially as policymakers around the country move to raise the minimum wage to unprecedented levels. As Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman famously observed, good intentions are a poor substitute for well-designed policies. Our research adds to the chorus of empirical studies showing that the costs of a higher minimum wage far outweigh its benefits. | https://www.theamericanconsumer.org/2019/11/new-study-shows-state-by-state-impact-of-a-15-minimum-wage-its-not-pretty/ |
Download "Policy Note. Minimum wage increases in the states are unrelated to job growth"
3 that annually peg minimum wage increases to inflation, the wage increases were less than 3 percent this year. Florida increased the minimum wage by just $0.14, in Oregon the increase was $0.15, in Colorado $0.22 and in Washington it was $0.13. Studies show that such small increases in the minimum wage have little to no impact on employment and job growth; but the larger the increase, the greater the harmful impact. Economists generally agree that a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces job growth by 0.5 percentage points and decreases total employment by 2 to 3 percent. 6 So the annual cost of inflation-based minimum wage increase, which is typically between 1 to 3 percent, does not result in fewer jobs because for employers the increase is predictable and not large enough to have a significant impact that warrants cutting jobs. Employers expect the small annual increase, build it into their business budget each year and find ways to offset the incrementally increasing wages through higher prices or cost-cutting. In the four states where the higher minimum wage was enacted by the legislature, the mandated increases were larger, but not huge. Connecticut increased its minimum wage by 5.5 percent, while Rhode Island did so by just over 3 percent. New York s minimum wage increased by over 10 percent, while New Jersey s increased by almost 14 percent. Of the four, the state with the largest wage increase, New Jersey, also suffered the slowest job growth. The other three also experienced weak job growth. 7 Studies have repeatedly concluded that while small minimum wage hikes may result in relatively few job losses, they ultimately come at a cost to the workers who keep their job and to low-skilled workers who can t find a job. 8 When employers are faced with increased mandated labor costs, they invariably find ways to cut other labor costs. In response to a moderately higher minimum wage, employers often reduce benefits or reduce hours. 9 They also increase productivity by hiring older applicants with better job skills and a longer work history over young, unskilled 3 6 Effects of the Minimum Wage on Employment Dynamics, Jonathan Meer and Jeremy West, The National Bureau of Economic Research and Texas A&M University, December 2013, at The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Employment and Unemployment, Charles Brown, Curtis Gilroy, and Andrew Kohen, Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 20, No. 2, June 1982, pp , at w0846.pdf. 7 Job Growth USA: Current State Rankings, Arizona State University, W.P. Carey School of Business, Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 2014, at bluechip/jobgrowth/jgu_states.cfm. 8 Why Are There So Few Job Losses from Minimum-Wage Hikes? Richard B. McKenzie, National Center for Policy Analysis, April 9, 2014, at 9 Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Employment? John Schmitt, Center for Economic and Policy Research, February 2013, at publications/min-wage pdf.
Economic Development Planning, Summary 7 Unless otherwise noted, summaries represent findings and analyses by the listed source, not by Morrison Institute for Public Policy or Arizona State University.
Policy Note. Small Business Forums Highlight Employers Concerns. by Erin Shannon Director, Center for Small Business January 2013. | https://docplayer.net/23921104-Policy-note-minimum-wage-increases-in-the-states-are-unrelated-to-job-growth.html |
Each year thousands of workers complain that they are not getting paid enough. They want to be able to afford things other than the basic necessities. What they do not know is that if the minimum wage were to be raised, they would be a lot more likely to make even less money- 0$ an hour. The minimum wage has been debated for years. Some say that raising the minimum wage will lift people out of poverty and provide a higher standard of living for everyone.
In this days it is customary for countries to set a minimum wage for the labor market, this is a minimum amount that the employer can pay to the worker, this is a bottom limit to set the salary of each employee. Governments set this minimum wage determining the minimum income a worker can perceive or which is the lowest amount a company can pay their workers, this in order to try to regulate the labor market so employees do not become underpaid or companies’ abuse workers from their dominant position. But this minimum wage also has downgrades, as it can foment underemployment, informality or unemployment since the minimum wage could be higher than companies are willing to pay as such it needed to consider alternatives. Nonetheless, although
The Government should stay away from any kind of minimum wage policy. Raising the minimum wage might help the lower 20% of people of the nation
The main “common sense” argument is that by imposing minimum wages, one artificially raises the price of labour way from its “market-clearing” level and higher unemployment results-and the first to lose their jobs will be the least-skilled workers (city press;2014/11/25). The national minimum wage is a step towards an alternative growth path, in other words wages must be set to target productivity and efficiency. But it must be accompanied by other alternatives; such as industrial policy that sees that South Africa create jobs in sectors that can sustain moderately higher wages, and grow sectors that can benefit from, and contribute to, increased domestic demand (city press;2014/11/25).
Many argue companies wouldn’t be able to keep the same amount if workers, and half a million jobs would be lost (Minimum wage). This is not true, the extra money in customers hands would raise the economy enough to cancel out the extra costs, and actually create more jobs. Jobs might initially be lost, but in the long run, they will recover with a vengeance. In the end, when people say raising the minimum wage would lose jobs, it is a temporary loss that will recover within a year or
But yeah it is nice to have extra money by raising minimum wage but it is going to be the same thing overall, if not worse the bills are going to go up with it. Raising minimum wage could reduce the benefits you get such as insurance, vacation, and your future. Raising it as well means what about all the people that already have their worked their way to what the minimum wage wants to be set at. Do they expect them to stay at that same wage or go up as much as minimum wage raised. It is hard to raise the minimum wage
Such scenarios, which afflict millions and millions of people, appear to violate the so-called “social contract” of the American Dream (Source 2), which posits that working hard guarantees a comfortable life with decent housing and basic necessities. Such a fancy is belied by the harsh reality of the minimum wage. Even progressive attempts to elevate the national minimum wage to $10.10 leave earners with a hourly salary with buying power “lower than what” $1.60 was worth in 1968 (Source 4). Here, the minimum wage is actually working against its goal; rather than providing a livable baseline wage to subsist upon, the minimum wage standard is being used as a lever for exploitation, with employers steadfastly refusing to pay much more than the merest amount legal.
The Cost of Living and Minimum Wage Increase Cost of living is the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living. A minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers may legally pay to workers. What do these two things have in common? When the cost of living is too high minimum wage won't suffice for a living. Unfortunately, the cost of living will always rise due to inflation.
For instance, from the article “The effects of minimum wage” by David Neumark states that employers will try to keep away from low-skilled workers if the wage were to increase because it would cause them to be wasting money to train them; especially for students and high school graduates who are in absence of any work experience. With minimum wage increasing for the past couple of years it makes it difficult on employers who run small businesses to hire more new workers because they too are also citizens that have to pay their taxes and extra just to keep their business up and running. Such as the author Gina Kim who wrote the article “Minimum wage: helpful or harmful for small businesses” states that 85% of small businesses pay workers a bit more than the minimum to keep their workers interested in the job and they have to make profits out of their business to keep it on track. These businesses cannot innovate if the wage increases because then the labor market will pick up the prices on materials as well creating more of a problem for small business owners to keeping their company open for as long as possible and their solution would be to not hire a lot of employees. This pretty much explains the reasoning about how it will be troublesome for new fresh workers trying to just gain experience and get hard earned
Conservative economists view the minimum wage argument as a series of points on a chart. If labour costs go by x, profits will decrease by y. The reason this point fails is that workers are not robots who react the same to inputs and outputs. They are humans with feelings and emotions are reacting to changes in their environment differently. That is the heart of the liberal perspective on increasing the minimum wage and paying employees more will not just help workers but business owners and the population at large.
The New York Times states, “Employers do not automatically cope with a higher minimum wage by laying off workers or not hiring new ones. Instead they pay up out of savings from reduced labor turnover, by slower wage increases higher up the scale, modest price increases or other adjustments” (4). It would not make sense for businesses to raise prices for consumers because the possibility of losing sales is very real. That argument, that raising the minimum wage would hurt consumers, just furthers the negative sentiment people have towards this topic. Numerous studies have shown that employment increases from the state and federal level had an overall positive effect on employment (Whitaker et al. 631).
What is minimum wage and why is it important? It is self-explanatory; it is the minimum amount that a worker can be paid for an hour of work. It is important as it is the building block of someone’s career. The federal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour. There are also state minimum wages that differ from this but almost all of them are near the federal amount.
If you have minimum skills, Minimum education, show minimum Motivation, and provide a minimum contribution to the workplace you are going to earn a minimum wage. There are many more opportunity if the federal government did not intervene. The abolishment of the minimum wage can help the economy and add a surplus of jobs. The federal minimum is an outdated concept during a time where corruption and no labor laws were a common theme. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/The-Impact-Of-Minimum-Wage-P37NUMBEN8TT |
How is new technology changing job design?
Machines’ ability to perform cognitive, physical, and social tasks is accelerating, dramatically changing jobs and labor marketsMichael Gibbs, March 2017The information technology revolution has had dramatic effects on jobs and the labor market. Many routine and manual tasks have been automated, replacing workers. By contrast, new technologies complement non-routine, cognitive, and social tasks, making work in such tasks more productive. These effects have polarized labor markets: While low-skill jobs have stagnated, there are fewer and lower paid jobs for middle-skill workers, and higher pay for high-skill workers, increasing wage inequality. Advances in artificial intelligence may be accelerating computers’ ability to perform cognitive tasks, heightening concerns about automation of even high-skill jobs.MoreLess
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Are overhead costs a good guide for charitable giving?
Donors rely on overhead costs to evaluate charities, but that reliance creates disincentives for charities to hire skilled workersJonathan Meer, January 2017Charity rating agencies often focus on overhead cost ratios in evaluating charities, and donors appear to be sensitive to these measures when deciding where to donate. Yet, there appears to be a tenuous connection between this widely-used metric and a charity’s effectiveness. There is evidence that a focus on overhead costs leads charities to underinvest in important functions, especially skilled workers. To evaluate policies that regulate overhead costs, it is necessary to examine whether donors care about overhead costs, whether they are good measures of charity effectiveness, and what effects a focus on overhead costs has on charities.MoreLess
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Inequality and informality in transition and emerging countries
Higher inequality decreases capital accumulation and increases informality, which, in turn, raises the income of the poorRoberto Dell'Anno, December 2016Higher inequality reduces capital accumulation and increases the informal economy, which creates additional employment opportunities for low-skilled and deprived people. Despite this positive feedback, informality raises problems for public finances and biases official statistics, reducing the effectiveness of redistributive policies. Policymakers should consider the links between inequality and informality because badly designed informality-reducing policies may increase inequality. However, convincing empirical evidence is still lacking and is usually limited to correlations rather than causal effects.MoreLess
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Do social interactions in the workplace lead to productivity spillover among co-workers?
Peer pressure can affect productivity and explain why workers’ wages and productivity depend on their co-workers’ productivityThomas Cornelissen, November 2016Should one expect a worker’s productivity, and thus wage, to depend on the productivity of his/her co-workers in the same workplace, even if the workers carry out completely independent tasks and do not engage in team work? This may well be the case because social interaction among co-workers can lead to productivity spillover through knowledge spillover or peer pressure. The available empirical evidence suggests that, due to such peer effects, co-worker productivity positively affects a worker’s own productivity and wage, particularly in lower-skilled occupations.MoreLess
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High involvement management and employee well-being
Giving employees more discretion at work can boost their satisfaction and well-beingPetri Böckerman, July 2015A wide range of high involvement management practices, such as self-managed teams, incentive pay schemes, and employer-provided training have been shown to boost firms’ productivity and financial performance. However, less is known about whether these practices, which give employees more discretion and autonomy, also benefit employees. Recent empirical research that aims to account for employee self-selection into firms that apply these practices finds generally positive effects on employee health and other important aspects of well-being at work. However, the effects can differ in different institutional settings.MoreLess
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How should teams be formed and managed?
How teams are chosen and how they are compensated can determine how successfully they solve problems and benefit the firmHideo Owan, August 2014The keys to effective teamwork in firms are (1) carefully designed team-formation policies that take into account what level of diversity of skills, knowledge, and demographics is desirable and (2) balanced team-based incentives. Employers need to choose policies that maximize the gains from teamwork through task coordination, problem solving, peer monitoring, and peer learning. Unions and labor market regulations may facilitate or hinder firms’ attempts at introducing teams and team-based incentives.MoreLess
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Do responsible employers attract responsible employees? | http://journal.lewissilkin.com/subject-areas/organization-and-hierarchies |
MKE County Board passes ‘living wage’ ordinance
Most Milwaukee County employees who earn minimum wage will see their pay increase to $11.32 an hour following a newly passed Milwaukee County Board ordinance, causing concern among many city residents.
The ordinance, passed Thursday, will apply to Milwaukee County employees and employees of companies that have a county contract, excluding employees working for the Milwaukee Art Museum and Mitchell International Airport. County Executive Chris Abele has yet to sign the ordinance into law.
It is likely that Abele’s possible veto will be overridden, which would require 12 votes from the board. The ordinance received 12 “yes” votes on Feb. 6, with six votes against it.
The raise is a significant jump from the original $7.25 pay stub, which is still the national and state minimum wage rate and applies to the rest of Wisconsin’s organizations and businesses. The Milwaukee County Comptroller’s Office estimates the increase will cost the county an extra $1 million a year.
Julia Azari, an assistant professor of political science at Marquette, said she fears the increase will have a detrimental effect on the relationship between Democrats and Republicans.
“This (minimum wage raise) will likely further polarize the county and the state, with Democrats favoring the change and citing its potential for positive impact on families, while the Republicans will likely oppose the change and point to possible negative impact on businesses,” Azari said.
But for John Davis, a professor of economics, the change is a step in the right direction. He said county employment should increase after this raise.
“Many economists ignore the evidence and use simple supply and demand diagrams to show there are job losses when minimum wages are raised,” Davis said. “They make the unjustified assumption that firm labor demand is unaffected by minimum wage increases, but the evidence is that minimum wage increases increase firm labor demand through lower training and turnover costs. That is, wages are only part of labor costs, and when you factor in savings on lesser turnover with higher minimum wages, the higher wages are netted out by the lower training costs.”
Davis also noted that economists have misinterpreted the ‘law of demand’ in this situation.
“Most economists cannot imagine this because it goes against the ‘law of demand’ where higher prices mean reduced quantities,” Davis said. “Actually, the law of demand only works if you hold constant changes, in this case, in labor quality due to lower turnover costs.”
Still, this ordinance can have a profound effect on political frustration, especially with the gubernatorial election in November.
“Compensation of public employees has been at the center of party conflict in Wisconsin since 2011, and that will shape how politicians and voters debate issues in the coming years,” Azari said. | https://marquettewire.org/3856459/republican-national-convention/mke-county-board-passes-living-wage-ordinance/ |
Small business owners know that employees are their most valuable resource. Small business owners work hard to train and retain employees by creating a rewarding workplace. However, government mandates and regulations have made labor issues more complicated than ever.
Small businesses operate differently than large businesses; they do not have human-resources departments to track the changing standards and rules that affect their workforce and workplace.
NFIB urges Congress to simplify the employment process for small business, eliminate burdensome mandates, and prevent cumbersome regulations that inhibit job creation.
Small business owners know that more than doubling the federal minimum wage will lead to increased labor costs and tough choices. They must either increase the cost of their product or service or reduce labor costs elsewhere. The reduction in labor costs would be achieved through reduced jobs, reduced hours, or reduced benefits.
NFIB opposes the Raise the Wage Act because 92 percent of NFIB members opposed an increase in the federal minimum wage to $15.00 per hour by 2024 and annual increases in subsequent years in a recent member ballot.
NFIB supports eliminating the Federal Unemployment Tax (FUTA) “surtax,” lowering the FUTA tax and returning the unemployment insurance system to the states.
NFIB supports the Trump Administration’s proposed rule that would return the Department of Labor’s “Joint-Employer” standard to its pre-Obama Administration definition. An employer should not be responsible for the subcontractors hiring-practices. Click here to read NFIB’s comments on the Department of Labor’s proposed rule.
Our infographic below details how the $15 Federal Minimum Wage impacts small business. | https://www.nfib.com/advocacy/labor/ |
The Minimum Wage Conundrum
Jon is excited to hit that $15.00 per hour wage increase at his next employee review. At a starting wage of $12.50, he knew with time and a great work ethic, his salary would rise so he could stay at a job he loved. However, word has come down that the company has to implement a $15.00 minimum wage across the board, as well as a hiring freeze to pay for it. He hopes the company can afford to grant him a fair increase, but the financials are not on his side.
On the employer side, Kathy wrestles with a sticky triad of ethics, cost, and regulation. Like most small business employers, she hopes that her business will do well enough to pay her employees a fair wage and benefits to enrich their lives. However, doing so depends upon many factors, and these keep her up at night: job descriptions and salary levels, training requirements, the level of expertise necessary, and the cost of regulations. She asks herself, will my business be profitable enough to be worth the time, investment, and risk? Will a higher minimum wage requirement help my business thrive, or will the new law force me to raise prices and lay off employees?
The Seattle Study
Labor groups and employers across America are engaged in vigorous debate about the issue of minimum wage. Complicating any coherent discussion on the issue is its inherent non-homogeneous nature. Wage impact studies must take into account local, state, and federal economies, different industries, the existing minimum wage laws, and the jobs demographic (type of job, age of employee, starter job or skilled worker, tips as a percent of income, etc.). This stew of variables, combined with a polarized political environment, makes empirical studies automatic targets for validity complaints from skeptics. Both conservative and democratic states have passed increases in minimum wage laws, but nearly everyone is concerned about the potential costs to low-wage workers in the form of lay-offs and lost opportunity for less-skilled workers. Time is necessary to decide definitively whether the effects of minimum wage hikes are a net positive or negative.
The best candidate for review so far is Seattle, which hiked the city’s minimum wage to a phased-in $15.00 an hour three years ago. In a University of Washington study reported by the Washington Post and New York Times, the authors concluded:
- After the second wage increase to $13 per hour, worker hours were reduced by 9.4% even as the compensation for low-wage jobs increased by around three percent. Consequently, total payroll fell for these jobs, decreasing average worker earnings by $125 per month in 2016.
- Low-wage jobs declined by 6.8%, a loss of more than 5,000 jobs.
- In some jobs, more experienced, productive workers replaced less-skilled workers as employers sought to increase productivity in exchange for higher wages. (Jardim, et al., June, 2017)
It should be noted that experts on the minimum wage are closely examining this study’s data, and it has not been peer-reviewed. Though the study notes a drop in real wages due to reduction in work hours, its value may be as a bell ringer for cities such as New York, D.C., and the state of California, each of which recently passed $15 minimum wage laws. As of January 1, Massachusetts’ minimum wage is $11, with public pressure to join states such as California, New York, Washington, and Oregon.
Considerations, Benefits and Concerns
There is little consistency between $15 wage laws. For example, in Seattle companies with more than 500 employees must pay $15 per hour, $13.50 if health benefits are included. Unfortunately for franchise owners in Seattle, the number of national franchise employees determines the minimum wage to be paid. Therefore, a local Dairy Queen owner who already works 60 to 70 hours per week with seven employees, may have to decide whether to lay off workers and work more hours, or raise prices.
Minimum compensation in some states also varies depending upon whether an employee receives tips or benefits, if they are farm workers, their age, and the population density. California, Washington, Oregon, and New York phased in minimum wage maximums, giving employers time to plan.
An unavoidable fact is that less robust economies may suffer from the economic certainties of supply and demand: higher wages equal higher prices, reduced profits, fewer business starts, and ultimately higher unemployment rates – particularly for disadvantaged groups. For example, Oregon and Seattle struggle with high youth unemployment. In Oregon, where minimum wages have been among the highest in the country, the average age of a minimum wage worker is 35 (LERC, 2014). Rising minimum wages mean that an employer may replace two minimum wage workers with one more highly paid, better-skilled worker, as was shown in the Seattle study.
In Oregon, the 2016 teen employment rate was 12.4%, 20% for those 16-19 years old), and in Seattle, it was 13%, 28% for African American youth (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). The causal impacts of higher minimum wages on certain groups seems clear, especially since cutting or automating a process like ordering or check-out are options.
Finally, for healthy state and local economies, raising the minimum wage may in fact stimulate local economies and boost job growth as households increase disposable income. In 2014 , the Congressional Budget Office reported that a $10.10 minimum wage increase could lift $900,000 people out of poverty. Conceivably, reductions in poverty coincide with reductions in welfare and social programs. Giving low-income families a hand up and out, are social justice concerns that most businesses support.
What Can Small Business Employers Do?
Most minimum wage laws originated with a ballot measure or legislative action. Pay attention to groups such as Fight for $15.org, who may have chapters advocating for ballot measures at the state and local level. Keep up with labor and wage trends in your local market. And stay involved with industry groups and local Chambers of Commerce who can help small business owners have a say on how new minimum wage laws might be written.
Partnership Employment is here to help when you have questions or concerns about fair employee wage levels, standards of compensation, or labor regulations within your state. As a leading provider of full-time, part-time, and temporary staffing, can match your company’s requirements with the perfect candidate. | https://partnershipemployment.com/minimum-wage-conundrum/ |
Washington, DC – Despite the flourishing U.S. economy and record low unemployment level, low-skilled jobs—such as the retail and leisure and hospitality industries—are in decline. These jobs will be further threatened by the prospect of a federal minimum wage hike, warns the Employment Policies Institute (EPI).
Decades of economic research prove that raising the minimum wage reduces job opportunities, particularly for people with few skills. When faced with the increase in labor costs that attend minimum wage hikes, employers often respond by hiring more skilled applicants, automating jobs, or cutting back on customer service.
Contrary to the opinion of proponents of minimum wage hikes, a rising tide doesn’t necessarily lift all boats, and an extremely healthy skilled job market often masks an ailing low-skilled job market.
A study by economists at the Federal Reserve found that every 10% increase in the minimum wage leads to a 2%-3% decrease in employment overall. When you focus on the job loss suffered by low-skilled individuals such as high school drop-outs or minority teens, the increase in unemployment is as high as 8.5% for every 10% increase in the minimum wage, according to research from Cornell and the University of Connecticut. | https://www.epionline.org/release/o178/ |
The lessons in this chapter will help you learn about the formation of attitudes, different kinds of attitudes, and the ways in which they can be changed through various means of persuasion. The videos present the following information to help you prepare for the MTTC Psychology Exam:
- The ABC Model of attitudes
- Implicit vs. explicit attitudes
- Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
- The role of emotion
- Persuasion techniques
- Subliminal messages
- Attitude inoculation
- Theory of Planned Behavior
Our experienced instructors will review all aspects of attitudes and persuasion, highlighting the most salient points, in preparation for the test. Having several different approaches can make it easier to retain the significant information and can make reviewing it enjoyable.
MTTC Psychology: Attitudes and Persuasion Chapter Objectives
The MTTC Psychology Exam evaluates your knowledge and understanding of all areas within the field of psychology. Your score is used to determine your eligibility for a teacher's license in the state of Michigan. A passing score is 220 or higher. The topics in this Attitudes and Persuasion chapter fall within the Social Behavior subarea of the exam which is equal to 14% of the test items. The self-assessment quizzes you can take after each video lesson will give you practice with addressing the types of questions you'll find on the actual exam.
There are 100 multiple-choice questions on the exam. You will be asked to read a passage or question and select the correct answer from among several that are presented to you.
1. The ABC Model of Attitudes: Affect, Behavior & Cognition
Attitudes are an important topic of study for social psychologists. In this lesson, we define attitudes and discuss their three components as illustrated by the ABC Model: affective, behavioral and cognitive.
2. Implicit vs. Explicit Attitudes: Definition, Examples & Pros/Cons
In this lesson, we define and distinguish between implicit and explicit attitudes. We also identify various methods used to measure attitudes and the pros and cons of each.
3. Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion: Central vs. Peripheral Route
The Elaboration Likelihood Model is discussed in this lesson, including the distinction between the central route and the peripheral route, examples of each route and when people are likely to take one route over the other.
4. How Emotion Influences Attitudes and Persuasion
Emotions can be used to induce attitude change in a number of ways. In this lesson, we discuss how they can be used within persuasive communication to illicit both short-term and long-term attitude change.
5. Types of Persuasion Techniques: How to Influence People
It's easy to underestimate just how frequently we are affected by persuasion techniques. In this lesson, we discuss four of the classics: low-balling, foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, and scarcity. We also define and discuss reactance theory in relation to scarcity.
6. Subliminal Messages: Definition, Examples & Validity
The use of subliminal messages - especially in advertising - has been controversial for decades. In this lesson, we define subliminal messages and discuss their validity using several examples of research conducted on the topic.
7. Attitude Inoculation: Definition, Explanation & Examples
Every day, other people try to persuade us into changing our attitudes and behavior. In this lesson, we discuss a couple of ways to resist persuasion - using attitude inoculation, in particular. We define attitude inoculation and explain how it can prevent attitude change in spite of persuasion efforts.
8. Theory of Planned Behavior: Definition, Examples & Usefulness
Most assume that our attitudes determine our behavior. However, according to the theory of planned behavior, there is more to predicting behavior than just knowing one's attitude. In this lesson, we discuss this theory and its usefulness in predicting actual behavior.
Earning College Credit
Did you know… We have over 200 college courses that prepare you to earn credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. You can test out of the first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. Anyone can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level.
To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page
Transferring credit to the school of your choice
Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Study.com has thousands of articles about every imaginable degree, area of study and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. | https://study.com/academy/topic/mttc-psychology-attitudes-and-persuasion.html |
How it works:
- Identify which concepts are covered on your literary terms homework.
- Find videos on those topics within this chapter.
- Watch fun videos, pausing and reviewing as needed.
- Complete sample problems and get instant feedback.
- Finish your literary terms homework with ease!
Topics from your homework you'll be able to complete:
- Metaphors and similes
- Metonymy and synecdoche
- Cliches, equivocations and paradoxes
- Apostrophe and personification
- Irony
- Allusion and illusion
- Literary motifs
- Point of view
- Literary narrators
- Foreshadowing
- Catharsis
- Literary allegories
- Assonance, consonance and repetition
- Litotes and understatement
- Euphemism
- Imagery and symbolism
- Literary terms in prose and poetry
- Literary critics, movements, periods and theory
1. What is a Metaphor? - Examples, Definition & Types
Metaphors are all around you. They're the bright sparkling lights that turn plain evergreens into Christmas trees. Learn how to spot them, why writers write with them, and how to use them yourself right here.
2. Synecdoche vs. Metonymy: Definitions & Examples
Would you lend your ears for a moment (or at least your eyeballs)? This lesson will explain what synecdoche and metonymy mean and how to spot them in a piece of prose or poetry.
3. Cliches, Paradoxes & Equivocations: Definitions & Examples
Learn about cliches, paradoxes, and equivocations, and how they can weaken or strengthen certain types of writing. Explore examples of all three from literature and daily life.
4. Similes in Literature: Definition and Examples
Explore the simile and how, through comparison, it is used as a shorthand to say many things at once. Learn the difference between similes and metaphors, along with many examples of both.
5. Personification and Apostrophe: Differences & Examples
In this lesson, explore how writers use personification to give human characteristics to objects, ideas, and animals. Learn about apostrophe, or when characters speak to objects, ideas, and even imaginary people as if they were also characters.
6. Types of Irony: Examples & Definitions
Discover, once and for all, what irony is and is not. Explore three types of irony: verbal, situational and dramatic, and learn about some famous and everyday examples.
7. Allusion and Illusion: Definitions and Examples
Allusions and illusions have little in common besides the fact that they sound similar. Learn the difference between the two and how allusions are an important part of literature and writing - and how to spot them in text.
8. What Are Literary Motifs? - Definition & Examples
In this lesson, you will learn about how writers use themes in works of literature as a way to explore universal ideas like love and war. You will also explore motifs, or repeating objects and ideas, which can contribute to theme.
9. Point of View: First, Second & Third Person
Just who is telling this story? In this lesson, we'll look at point of view, or the perspective from which a work is told. We'll review first person, second person and third person points of view.
10. Narrators in Literature: Types and Definitions
Learn how point of view, or the angle from which a story is told, impacts the narrative voice of a work of literature. Explore, through examples, how point of view can be limited, objective, or omniscient.
11. What is Foreshadowing? - Types, Examples & Definitions
Learn about how authors use foreshadowing, both subtle and direct, as part of their storytelling process. Explore many examples of foreshadowing, from classical plays to contemporary stories.
12. What is Catharsis? - Definition, Examples & History in Literature and Drama
In this lesson, learn about catharsis, a purging of feelings that occurs when audiences have strong emotional reactions to a work of literature. Explore examples of literary works which lead to catharsis, including tragedies.
13. Allegory in Literature: History, Definition & Examples
Learn about allegories and how stories can be used to deliver messages, lessons or even commentaries on big concepts and institutions. Explore how allegories range from straightforward to heavily-veiled and subtle.
14. Consonance, Assonance, and Repetition: Definitions & Examples
In this lesson, explore the different ways authors repeat consonant and vowel sounds in their literary works. Learn about how writers use repeated words and phrases with well-known examples.
15. Understatement & Litotes: Differences, Definitions & Examples
In this lesson, explore the use of understatement as a way to draw attention to a specific quality or to add humor. Learn about litotes, a specific form of understatement, and discover examples from literature.
16. Euphemism: Definition & Examples
This lesson defines euphemisms, alternate language used in place of offensive language or when discussing taboo topics. Explore some examples of euphemisms in everyday language and well-known examples from literature.
17. Symbolism & Imagery in Literature: Definitions & Examples
In this lesson you will learn how poets and authors use symbolism in their writing to make it more meaningful and interesting. Explore how descriptive writing called imagery appeals to the senses, adding to works of literature.
18. Glossary of Literary Terms: Prose
The study of literature is a broad, diverse field. However, there's some general knowledge you should have before you dive in. Check out these terms to get a handle on the basics of prose study.
19. Glossary of Literary Terms: Poetry
Before you start your study of poetry, you'll want to have these technical, literary and genre terms at your disposal. Read on to learn the basics of analyzing poetry!
20. Introduction to Literary Theory: Major Critics and Movements
When you hear the word 'theory,' your mind probably darts to the sciences - the theory of relativity, the theory of gravity, etc. Did you know that literature, too, is full of theory? Check out this lesson to get a basic primer on just what literary theory is, and how you might apply it.
21. Overview of Literary Periods and Movements: A Historical Crash Course
When it comes to studying literature, there's about 1500 years of it to take in - and that's just in the English language! Fortunately, you can check out our crash course of key literary movements to see how the art form has developed over time.
22. Metafiction: Definition & Examples
The entertainment landscape is littered with examples of metafiction. Read on to learn a definition of metafiction and to go over a few examples of how writers use this device in their works.
23. Non Sequitur: Definition & Examples
Non sequiturs are statements and conclusions that defy the basic rules of reason. In this lesson, we will learn how non sequiturs are commonly used in logic, law, and comedy.
24. Paradox in Literature: Definition & Examples
In this lesson, we'll learn what a paradox is and what role they play in literature. We'll also look at several examples of paradoxes, including ones from Shakespeare, George Orwell and Joseph Heller.
25. Pathetic Fallacy in Literature: Definition & Examples
In this lesson, we will define the literary device pathetic fallacy, explain why an author may choose to use it, and then examine examples from several literary works.
26. What is Connotation? - Definition & Meaning
In this lesson, you'll learn what connotation is and how it suggests more than a word's literal dictionary meaning. Then take a look at some common examples of connotation.
27. What is the Difference Between Transferred Epithet & Personification?
Can a marriage be unhappy, or are the people in it unhappy? This lesson looks at a little-known type of metaphoric language, transferred epithet, and its often-confused partner personification.
Earning College Credit
Did you know… We have over 200 college courses that prepare you to earn credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. You can test out of the first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. Anyone can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level.
To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page
Transferring credit to the school of your choice
Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Study.com has thousands of articles about every imaginable degree, area of study and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. | https://study.com/academy/topic/literary-terms-for-12th-grade-homework-help.html |
During the course we will discuss fundamentals and examples of stochastic processes. We will study Markov Chains and Queueing Theory.
Organisation:
Two on-site lectures every week accompanied by a tutorial/exercise where you can ask questions related to the lecture and discuss your weekly exercise assignments.
Please, register on moodle for the course, too (Link to the moodle page: https://moodle2.uni-potsdam.de/course/view.php?id=34243)
Nicolas Privault: Understanding Markov Chains, Springer 2013 (available as ebook via the UP library)
You should have basic knowledge in Probability (for example from an introductory course on stochastics) and some basics from linear algebra (matrices, eigenvalues etc).
Written or oral exam at the end of the lecture.
In the lecture Stochastic Processes, we will introduce concepts of possibly dependent sequences of random variables. These sequences can be interpreted as the time evolution of a process that is governed by randomness.
First examples are Markov Chains, where the future of the process depends only on the present but not on the complete history of the process. This class of processes has developed great research interest in the past century and continues to be very important for applications in many subjects outside maths, too. In a second part, we will focus on Queueing Theory.
The lecture aims at students of mathematics and the applied sciences. Anyone (including students of Education) with a good understanding of basic probability theory and some linear algebra will be able to follow the course. | https://puls.uni-potsdam.de/qisserver/rds?state=verpublish&status=init&vmfile=no&publishid=97941&moduleCall=webInfo&publishConfFile=webInfo&publishSubDir=veranstaltung |
Attempt all TEN questions and answer each question in approximately 500 words.
1. Trace the history of the development of Canadian literature with emphasis on its
trends, movements, period etc.
10
2. What are some of the predominant themes present in 20th century Canadian poetry?
10
3. Attempt a critical analysis of Thomas King’s poem ‘Coyote Sees the Prime Minister’.
10
4. Discuss Margaret Atwood’s novel Surfacing with special reference to the use of
imagery and symbolism present in it.
10
5. The Tin Flute. is a novel about the poor of Montreal and the effect of the Depression
and war on their lives. Comment with examples from the novel.
10
6. Write a detailed note on the four main characters of the novel The English Patient and
their life together in the Italian villa.
10
7. Write a brief note about the genre of the Canadian short story.
10
8. ‘Sunday Afternoon’ focuses on the problems and vulnerability of women in modern
society. Elaborate this statement with reference to this story.
10
9. Attempt a character analysis of Rita Joe.
10
10. Write a detailed note on the contribution of Northrop Frye to Canadian criticism. | https://www.ignouassignmentguru.com/meg-12-solved-assignment/ |
Why feed a mortal enemy? You may want to identify certain types of equipment by vendor name and brand or category e. How do I cite a book with a corporate author? Limitations of your research Present the limitations of your research in a new paragraph within the discussion. Do not interpret the data here.
Top of Page Describe the organism s used in the study. Then continue on like that for the rest of the issues in that volume.
Original work published Note: If appropriate, refer the reader to a figure or table to help enhance the interpretation of the data [either within the text or as an appendix]. Section headings help your readers understand the main points of your essay, and will help you present your ideas in a lucid manner.
You have the option of presenting just a translation of the quotation or of presenting both the original and the translation.
See your APA manual, textbook and the sample paper for examples of how to cite and how to make a reference list.
Importantly, rural patients, who are more likely to benefit from telehealth interventions as a means of improving access to care, are no more reluctant to use such services than their urban counterparts. Seedlings or mature plants?
In less than words your abstract should describe: If I am referring merely to a website but not using any specific pages, sections, or paragraphs, how should I cite it?
The passive voice will likely dominate here, but use the active voice as much as possible. You would also want to make sure that it was the primary source Coltheart, etc. Do not be verbose or repetitive Be concise and make your points clearly Avoid using jargon Follow a logical stream of thought; in general, interpret and discuss the significance of your findings in the same sequence you described them in your results section [a notable exception is to begin by highlighting an unexpected result or finding] Use the present verb tense, especially for established facts; however, refer to specific works or prior studies in the past tense If needed, use subheadings to help organize your discussion or to categorize your interpretations into themes II.
How do I cite a book with two or more authors? The description must include both physical and biological characteristics of the site pertinant to the study aims.
Rogers compared the reaction times Obviously, you must refer to your results when discussing them, but focus on the interpretation of those results and their significance in relation to the research problem, not the data itself.
The limitations of the research are discussed.
If your quotation is from a published source rather than a research participant, please see our posts on that topic: If appropriate, the discussion section is also where you state how the findings from your study revealed new gaps in the literature that had not been previously exposed or adequately described, and Engage the reader in thinking critically about issues based upon an evidence-based interpretation of findings; it is not governed strictly by objective reporting of information.
Ensure that your abstract correctly reflects the purpose and content of your paper. A related sequence of actions can be combined into one sentence to improve clarity and readability: Title of newspaper, pages.The discussion section is the place to leave your mark.
So instead of simply summarizing your data and suggesting a few obvious follow-up studies, think about presenting your data in a novel way, showing how the work might resolve an existing controversy in the literature or explaining how it connects to an entirely different literature.
Other Cultures Collections of resources and information, mainly external to Ethnomed, on specific groups of refugee and immigrants. The results section of an APA format paper summarizes the data that was collected and the statistical analyses that were performed.
The goal of this section is to report the results without any type of subjective interpretation. (Informally Published or Self-archived Work, Manual, p. ) Individual web page. Since web pages and documents are similar to print, references to them include the same elements such as author, date, title, etc.
Note that proper names and acronyms are capitalized. Section Headings: Main Section Headings: Each main section of the paper begins with a heading which should be capitalized, centered at the beginning of the section, and double spaced from the lines above and kitaharayukio-arioso.com not underline the section heading OR put a colon at the end.
Example of a main section. In theory, this is the easiest part to write, because it is a straightforward commentary of exactly what you observed and found. | https://voporic.kitaharayukio-arioso.com/writing-a-discussion-section-apa-example-96784lg.html |
What is equity? What is debt? Describe the positive and negative attributes of each.
1a) What is equity? What is debt? Describe the positive and negative attributes of each.
- b) What is crowdfunding? How has it changed entrepreneurship and innovation?
2) We live in an entrepreneurial world and much is expected of innovators &
entrepreneurs. Is there are darkside to our entrepreneurial era? Some negative truths not
often talked about? Discuss 3 specific threats/dangers of an entrepreneurial world, with
examples highlighting each one. Also, share some thoughts on how to minimize or control
the potential damage of our entrepreneurial economy. (Use examples – from readings,
movies, podcasts)
3) Create a business model canvas for a well known, innovative firm (if it is a large firm
then focus on one product or service area). Which parts of the model are truly innovative
and why? Is this model repeatable and sustainable? Compare and contrast this
innovative venture model to that of two competitors ( you do not have to draw the other
venture’s business model canvases but should pinpoint their uniqueness/differentiators) .
4) Name 3 opportunities and 3 threats that online commerce and digital technologies
present for new venture creation. (use specific examples for each of the opportunities and
threats)
5) The professor often states, “Nobody smart finishes where they started.” Using at least
three concepts from the course, explain this statement.
6) A friend mentions they plan on launching a radical new business and asks you for
advice. Specifically, your friend wants a list of 5 “must-do” actions that will lead to their
success as an entrepreneur. Please explain why you have chosen each item and how
each “must do” would benefit your friend as they plan and launch a new firm. Use
examples to strengthen your list.
7) Compare and contrast, using ideas/concepts from the course, two of the
entrepreneurs/ventures from the podcasts we listened to or readings we completed.
8) Please employ multiple concepts from our class to react to and comment on the Diaper
Fairy article in our blackboard account under the additional materials tab. You can do
additional research on Emily the Diaper Fairy. | https://customuniversitypapers.com/2018/12/08/what-is-equity-what-is-debt-describe-the-positive-and-negative-attributes-of-each/ |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.
Short Answer Questions
1. Who breaks the truce between Colin's group of vampires and Anita's in Chapter 20?
2. How does Anita travel to Tennessee?
3. What is Damian before he becomes a vampire?
4. What is the name of Richard's wolf pack?
5. Whose base makeup does Anita wear in Chapter 21?
Short Essay Questions
1. Who is Colin and why does he not want Anita to come to Tennessee?
2. Define the terms Ulfric, lupa, lupanar, and vargamor and how they relate to werewolves.
3. In Chapter 17, what ability does Anita have to summon Richard?
4. What is Anita's job and what is ironic about her job and her boyfriend?
5. Who is Mira, what is her role in the attack on Nathaniel, and what does Anita's comment about what she'd like done to Mira foreshadow?
6. What is Anita's relationship with the vampire Damian?
7. What does Officer Maiden's warning to Anita in Chapter 7 foreshadow?
8. In Chapter 10, what new abilities and sensations does Anita discover in herself due to her bond with Jean-Claude?
9. What special ability does the vampire Barnaby have and why does he use it to benefit Colin?
10. What is inside the basket Verne presents to Anita in Chapter 19 and what do the basket's contents indicate about werewolves?
Essay Topics
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
Blue Moon contains a number of instances of irony. Cite at least three examples of irony in the novel and how it is used to indicate events to come.
Essay Topic 2
Discuss the depiction of women in Blue Moon. Are women in positions of leadership in the novel? What characteristics are ascribed to women in the novel? Do the men in the novel treat the women as equals or do they try to dominate them? Cite at least three examples from the text to support your conclusions.
Essay Topic 3
Discuss symbolism and metaphor in Blue Moon. Give three examples of symbolism in the novel and discuss what the symbols are used to convey. | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/blue-moon/test5.html |
In his seminal and pioneering work on the social context of science, Ludwick Fleck argues that ideas acquire “magical power” simply by being used. “Information” is a concept that has acquired magical power despite the fact that its specific context of use—Shannon's theory of communication—was far removed from various fields in which it has been applied, such as biology. In retrospect, one cannot separate the magical power information has acquired from the revolutionary success of information technology and its widespread use. Nevertheless, the meaning of information and its relevance as an organizing concept for other fields of inquiry, such as biology, is far from clear. In this context, examining the meaning and role of information in living systems is a welcomed venture.
The current book has 13 chapters organized around (1) the definition of life, (2) information and biological organization, and (3) information and the biology of cognition, value, and language. As it is impossible to review all the chapters, I have focused on three representative examples that reflect my personal interest.
The opening chapter by Ruiz-Mirazo and Moreno deals with the definition of life. The authors criticize the reductionist approach, arguing that it overshadowed the “idea that there is something else relevant for biology to do, namely to explain the complex dynamic integration of those components into functional units.” This awareness is clearly in line with the non-reductionist and systemic approach to biology (e.g., [1, 5, 7]). In this context, what should a definition of life look like? That is a tricky issue, as I have recently argued in response to a novel definition . The authors are well aware of the difficulty in dealing with a definition of life. Interestingly, they suggest that in order to define life, what matters “is determining the set of enabling constraints on the physical and chemical laws.” This proposal clearly echoes Michael Polanyi's seminal article and avoids the essentialist fallacy they criticize. Here we get into the authors' tentative definition of life, which involves two interacting and complementary levels of analysis: the individual autonomous agent and the meta-network of these agents, which generate information that is fed back and forth between the levels. This idea echoes Gregory Bateson's idea of a recursive hierarchy and his idea of information as a relational construct. The challenge facing the authors in defining life along these lines is to identify the precise nature of the constraints operating on living systems and to discuss them in terms of information in order to better describe their role in constituting the organization of living systems and their landscape of potential complexity.
In the second part of the book, Queiroz, Emmeche, Kull, and El-Hani present the biosemiotic approach to biology. The appearance of a chapter dealing with biosemiotics in a book dedicated to information is far from trivial. From the perspective of information theory, living systems are just one concrete realization of a Turing machine that processes strings of letters. For the semiotician, in contrast, the basic unit of analysis is the sign that has a totally different sense from a bit. From the biosemiotic perspective (e.g., ), living systems process signs rather than information. The authors draw on a specific semiotic perspective, the one developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, to describe the genetic system and signal transduction in the immune system. They present the argument that the probabilistic measure of information is indifferent to meaning, whereas the way living systems make sense of signals is crucial for understanding their behavior. In contrast to information theory, the idea of meaning is built into Peirce's triadic definition of the sign. According to this thesis, a sign, whether a biological sign or a linguistic sign, is a non-reducible triad composed of the sign, the signified, and the interpretant—the effect the sign produces on the interpreter. Applying this perspective to the genetic system, we learn that the process of sign use—semiosis—is actually information and that in the DNA we can find information only “in potency.” Genes are signs, but without their transcription and their translation into proteins, they have no meaning and hence no information value. This biosemiotic perspective has an appealing descriptive value. However, in order to present a serious alternative to the information theory perspective, biosemiotics, like bioinformatics, should provide rigorous evidence supporting its theoretical and explanatory value. Bioinformatics has already passed this test, while biosemiotics, as a young and radical venture, is still striving to establish itself as an appealing alternative for the working scientist.
The idea of constraints that we have already encountered in the first chapter returns in the third part of the book, in a chapter about information theory and perception written by Baddeley, Vincent, and Attewell. The authors suggest that early vision is amenable to study using information theory for several reasons, which include the amount of data gathered by researchers with regard to the process of early vision. The transmission of information from the eyes to the cortex involves several bottlenecks. Here the importance of constraints enters the picture, as “A system that is under severe constraints about how much information can be transmitted is more likely to be, in some sense, efficient” (p. 290). For instance, the image formed on the retina cannot be transmitted to the brain as it is. Therefore, the images transmitted to the brain are compressed, and this process of compression can be studied through information theory. Another constraint is the energy consumption of neurons in the brain. Therefore, the authors present a model that maximizes information transmission while minimizing energy consumption. The model they present and its empirical support are described as a “major breakthrough” in the study of vision. Indeed, this model is an excellent illustration of the way information theory may be used to model the behavior of living systems by taking into account real-world constraints.
The three chapters here presented as illustrative examples represent the way information is a relevant theoretical construct for the study of living systems, a construct that may be used to develop new conceptualization about big questions facing biology (e.g., the definition of life), that may be formulated in novel and radical ways (e.g., information as semiosis), and that may be used to model real-world constraints in order to better understand the behavior of living systems, as in the case of early vision.
In sum, this edited book introduces a polyphonic view of information and its relevance for understanding living systems, and therefore it is a promising venture. | https://direct.mit.edu/artl/article/18/3/329/2721/Information-and-Living-Systems-Philosophical-and |
Bernetta Emilie September 15, 2021 Essay
A thesis is the central topic of your essay. Depending on what type of essay you are planning to write, the term may vary, but in general, the thesis is the central idea of the essay. Students begin by determining what area of study they wish to investigate, then they choose a topic within that area of study that will best support their chosen theme. Once the thesis is decided, it is time to start writing.
Argumentative essay examples utilize specific, concrete examples to make a case for an argument. Rather than presenting general information or a collection of facts, these examples demonstrate how one person's opinion can be supported by scientific evidence. These types of essays focus on one topic, either in regards to a specific field (such as architecture) or one topic in general (such as political philosophy). If you are writing an argumentative essay, you may wish to consider using statistics, real life case studies, or experiments to support your argument. When done correctly, these essays can help to build arguments, support a particular theory, show proof for an idea, or even provide an alternative to a given fact or belief.
Narrative essays usually describe events; however, instead of providing supporting evidence or attempting to persuade the reader, these types of essays focus on the telling of the story. The structure is generally dependent upon whether the main purpose of the essay is to discuss an event or relay a personal experience. Many narrative essays start with a personal story that ties into the main event to a particular set of circumstances. In expository style essays, the focus is on the text; expository essays generally have the added benefit that they can be read as a single unit, whereas most narrative forms can be read in order.
On the other hand, an essayist may use his or her thesis essay to explore a particular area of literature, give an interpretation of a specific figure or people, present an interpretive summary of literature, discuss a range of literature or set forth a main idea or theme. Students typically do not write thesis essays; in fact, the term is usually used by instructors when they discuss a student's thesis. Rather, students use essays examples to explore a particular area of study. The student must demonstrate why he or she thinks that his or her theory is superior to that of the professor, using applicable examples. Students also must justify the use of his or her personal opinions and personal beliefs in support of their views.
Use these tips to help craft the perfect essay. Even though you've probably been to college yourself, and you've written hundreds of essays throughout your years of college admissions, you can always do something new and fresh. Don't hesitate to take some time and think outside of the box. That's what makes an interesting essay!
An introduction should be clear, well organized, and self-explanatory. The introduction is the most critical part of any essay writing process. The first few sentences of an introduction should engage the reader and let them know what the topic of the essay is. If the introduction leaves readers hanging without a firm hook to hold them, the writer has failed at this crucial step. The remainder of the essay should contain information that engages the reader and explains the thesis statement.
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Stereotomy, the initial point of the research, is recognized as a historical reference that offers a way to expand limitations of the current dominant design thinking towards more contextually responsive architecture. Stereotomy is approached beyond its immediate definition as the stonecutting discipline for executing geometrically complex masonry assemblies that ties it to specific material and construction choices. Instead, it is recognized as a material system formulated through a systemic approach to the context that establishes bottom-up, computational processes that discretize and externalize its multiple constraints as a material system of interdependent geometric. In short, the research exposes the stereotomic design process as contextual structuring and stereotomy as a digital architecture.
Smooth Poly-Hypar Surface Structures. A new approach to design freeform surfaces by combining hyperbolic paraboloids
2012 – 2019
Ting Cao | ETH Zürich
The most well-known examples of ruled surfaces, hyperbolic paraboloids (hypar), can be seen as prototypical examples for the integration of architectural and structural design by means of geometry, due to the interplay of their structural and architectural properties. But up to now the full potential of hypars as mediating geometry between architectural and structural design has not been explored yet. This research will investigate the opportunities of using such prototypical examples to introduce structural considerations into the design of a wide range of architectural forms, owning to the geometrical fact that combinations of hypars can approximate all negatively curved shapes. Based on this proposal, an operative method will be developed to allow multiple interactions between structural efficiency and architectural forms starting from the decisive early phase of the design process.
The Physical Model as Means of Projective Inquiry in Structural Studies. The Paradigm of Architectural Education.
2009 – 2018
Maria Vrontissi | ETH Zürich
The present work inscribes to a broader discourse on the mode of reasoning in structural studies. Do the inquiries on the theme of structure, building structure in particular, employ a reflective or projective mode of reasoning? Therefore, the study discusses the potential of the physical model as a means for creative structural inquiries, arguing conversely for the design component of structural studies.
Heavy Lightness: The Poetics of Conflict in the Structural Design of João Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi
2016
Lara Borgonovi e Silva | ETH Zürich
Artigas and Cascaldi questioned the natural behavior of a reinforced concrete structure in the same way they questioned the structure upon which a society is built. By doing this, they called into question the notions of load, support, and force flow. Having put this hypothesis, this research sought to answer the main following question: what social designs did Artigas and Cascaldi might have represented in the design of reinforced concrete structures? The answer was given in six chapters that discuss the ideology, the methodology, and the philosophy adopted by these two architects in their structural designs – which were interpreted from both cultural and technical standpoint.
Carbon Footprinting in Humanitarian Construction
2016
Matti Kuittinen | Aalto University
In this dissertation, the knowledge gaps related to carbon footprint estimation and simplified methods are presented. First the background is presented: climate-related disasters, environmental assessment in humanitarian construction and the existing, standardised methods for estimating the environmental impacts of buildings. Secondly, a series of case studies from different countries reveal the carbon footprint and primary energy demand of transitional shelters and reconstruction projects. Thirdly, novel methods are proposed for setting the benchmark levels of an acceptable carbon footprint in humanitarian construction and for cross-comparing carbon footprint, energy efficiency and construction costs. | http://www.ads-aalto.fi/doctoral-thesis/ |
Lesson Summary In literature, symbolism is the use of objects, people or colors to represent larger ideas, adding a layer of deeper meaning to a work of art. However, they represent a larger portion of the text, such as the myth of Icarus. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, J. I quote some poems rich with imagery. There was one on the house-front immediately opposite. If you have any concerns or issues, please seek the advice of a qualified health care professional.
. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Symbolism is the term used when we use an object to represent something else. Station Eleven by Emily St. Symbolic Expressions Time is money.
Phrases that make the reader feel nostalgic,sad, fearful, elated, even lost are all extremely effective organic imagery. Their fluttering and dancing also refers to the sight. Here, auditory imagery breaks silence with the beautiful sound of piano keys. It describes what a scene or character looks like. The Chocolate War, Robert Cornier The Chocolate War is a beloved young adult novel by Robert Cornier reputed for its extensive use of imagery. Show that logo to nearly anyone in the world, and they will immediately recognize it. A red rose means romance and passionate love.
Popular Symbols for Tattoos Symbols are also used in tattoos, people who get a tattoo often want an image that symbolizes something or someone. Metaphors as Symbolism A is a figure of speech that uses symbolism. Those secret tastes, defeated in the past by oranges and rhubarb, broke out into an irrepressible urge when she began to weep. Is it that you're transported to foreign lands from your couch? As such, we saw a lot of serpents representing the devil , lambs representing peace , gardens representing paradise , and crosses representing Jesus' sacrifice. Here are some basic examples of objects that can have symbolic meanings. Ah Sunflower, weary of time, Who countest the steps of the sun; Seeking after that sweet golden clime Where the traveler's journey is done; Wild Asters Here's another example, this time from Sara Teasdale. Together, let's go forward with a keener eye for the layers of symbolism that surround us, both in the physical and the artistic world.
Like everything else in well crafted short story, the symbols and themes are designed to have strong impact. Allegories, such as George Orwell's 1945 novella Animal Farm, use stories with hidden meanings to share a lesson or provide commentary on institutions like government or religion. Red-love in some cultures, red means other things 6. Or crust and sugar over-- like a syrupy sweet? The black mustachioed face gazed down from every commanding corner. Examples of Imagery Examples of imagery in literature abound in every language. With the right words and the proper literary techniques, images are painted in our minds. A symbol represents, or stands in place of, something else.
Symbolism in Literature Symbolism is often used by writers to enhance their writing. In a metaphor, there is an additional meaning to a word. The preceding examples of imagery come from the following works. However, this idea is but partially correct. The novel, therefore, has numerous examples of imagery using descriptions of smell. A mistake often made is to take every image as though it were a symbol or metaphor. Another was a passion for secrets: in a prized varnished cabinet, a secret drawer was opened by pushing against the grain of a cleverly turned dovetail joint, and here she kept a diary locked by a clasp, and a notebook written in a code of her own invention.
From a Christian perspective, a is a symbol of heaven and harmony in the world. In the far distance a helicopter skimmed down between the roofs, hovered for an instant like a bluebottle, and darted away again with a curving flight. Anna and the Swallow Man is written like a love song for language — heartbreaking and entrancing and filled with characters whose survival is intimately, sometimes tragically, tied to their love of words. This is symbolic because it warns you that when you spend your time, you are giving up the opportunity to be doing something else with that time like making money just as when you spend your money, you give up your chance to do something else with the money. Olfactory Olfactory imagery describes a particular scent. Finally, the line 'This loaf's big with its yeasty rising' is a visual image, which is also tactile, olfactory related to smell and gustatory related to taste.
Example 5 Imagery using touch: After the long run, he collapsed in the grass with tired and burning muscles. Romeo's description of Juliet in Romeo and Juliet is full of imagery: Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven, Having some business, do entreat her eyes To twinkle in their spheres till they return. The imagery makes pregnancy seem out of the speaker's control, symbolizing her complex feelings about having a baby. Writing is a true talent because it doesn't require a big screen to promote an image. It makes reading a passage or a poem, a 'real experience'.
Organic imagery is the most difficult form of imagery to write, because it deals with creating a specific feeling or emotion within the reader. The shirt seemed heavy until he saw there was another shirt inside it, the sleeves carefully worked down inside Jack's sleeves. It was his own plaid shirt, lost, he'd thought, long ago in some damn laundry, his dirty shirt, the pocket ripped, buttons missing, stolen by Jack and hidden here inside Jack's own shirt, the pair like two skins, one inside the other, two in one. Auditory Imagery Auditory imagery describes what we hear, from music to noise to pure silence. Imagery draws on the five senses, namely the details of ta ste, touch , sight, smell, and sound. Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Many people have attributed several symbolic meanings to many of the celtic knots, whether these symbolic meanings are actually from the celts or are more modern meanings is not clear to this day. | http://ehlang.com/examples-of-imagery-in-books.html |
Assume that, as the compensation professional, you are to present your reasoning, based on theory, for recommending certain compensation strategies. Explain at least two theories and identify how they impact compensation and the work environment.
For this assignment you will develop a 3-5 page, APA-formatted paper. As the compensation professional you will be writing the report for the owners of a new organization. In your paper cover the following:
- Examine two theories that impact compensation.
- Discuss how each of the theories can motivate employees.
- Discuss specific types of compensation providing examples on how theory can influence employee performance.
Instructions:
- Write a 3-5 page paper, or about 1500 words, not including the title and reference pages, which are required.
- You must support your analysis with at least three scholarly references and can include resources from this course.
- The paper must be formatted correctly using APA style.
Tutor Answer
Attached.
Running head: THEORIES THAT IMPACT COMPENSATION
Theories that Impact Compensation
Names:
Institution:
1
THEORIES THAT IMPACT COMPENSATION
Theories that impact compensation
Compensation is one of the important determinants of performance in the workplace.
Since most of the employees work so that they can earn some benefits or compensation for
their services, Pouliakas (2010) insists that organizations need to compensate their employees
reasonably and constantly monitor how their performance varies with respect to the
compensation that they gain. There are a number of theories that can be used to understand
the motivation of employees and the right compensation approaches to adopt. The following
sections discuss two of these theories and explain their impact on the motivation of the
employees. In addition, a brief analysis of the types of compensation will also be provided.
Theories that impact compensation
Expectancy theory
The first theory that impacts compensation is the theory of expectancy. Expectancy
theory is an important theory that impacts compensation as it is directly related to the
motivation of the employees. In this case, the theory is founded on the concept that employees
are motivated to select a particular behavior over another based on their expectation of the
results that will come from their behavior (Lunenburg, 2011). The desirability of the outcome
to the subject determines the motivation of the subject towards the given behavior. In this
regard, employees will tend to adopt a particular behavior that will generate positive results or
optimize their benefits. On the other hand, employees will tend to avoid behaviors that could
compromise their rewards or the benefits that are tied to that particular behavior.
Expectancy theory is ... | https://www.studypool.com/discuss/11100986/discuss-compensation-strategy |
What is a jabberwocky? Which poets display humor in their works? Is there actually a literary nonsense genre? These are some of the topics you can have your students explore through group and homework assignments and projects. Our lesson plans provide detailed outlines you can follow that offer ideas for creative writing assignments, book reports and more that will help them develop an understanding of and appreciation for humor in poetry and specific humorous poets, such as Shel Silverstein and Lewis Carroll.
In addition, you can access video and text lessons that give your students the opportunity to study relevant term definitions and examples to supplement your existing classroom materials and study plans.
How It Helps
- Common standards: Ensures your lesson plans meet common core literacy standards in areas of literary analysis and word meaning.
- Activities or games: Guides you through fun and engaging group and individual activities to help clarify information about humor in poetry.
- Additional resources: Provides supplemental video and text lessons and short corresponding quizzes that you can use to teach your students about humorous poetic styles and specific humorous poets.
How It Works
This helpful resource offers teachers lesson plan outlines with relevant tools to make planning humor in poetry lessons easy.
- Use lesson plan outlines for specific humor in poetry topics you want to cover in class.
- Formulate your English class outline using the suggested classroom tools offered in the lesson plans.
- Share the related humor in poetry lessons for each lesson plan with students in class to make learning fun and engaging.
- Use related lesson quizzes to ensure your students understand the most important aspects of humor in poetry.
- Engage your students with relevant poetry-related activities, discussion questions or other materials found in the lesson plan outline.
1. Jabberwocky Poem: Definition & Analysis
Lewis Carroll's poem ''Jabberwocky,'' which first appeared in his novel ''Through the Looking-Glass,'' is perhaps the most famous example of nonsense poetry, due to its use of made-up words.
2. Literary Nonsense Genre: Definition & Examples
In this lesson, we'll discuss a unique genre of literature known as literary nonsense. We'll review the definition of a genre before studying some historical and modern examples of literary nonsense.
3. Lewis Carroll: Biography, Poems & Books
Having written the famous 'Alice in Wonderland' more than 100 years ago, Lewis Carroll remains to this day one of the most popular children's writers. This lesson will discuss his life and works, especially some of his more popular poems and novels.
4. Shel Silverstein Lesson Plan
Use this lesson plan to teach students about author and illustrator Shel Silverstein. Students will read a text lesson about the artist, create a timeline of his life, and summarize his work in an activity. Finish with a quiz to test understanding.
5. Jack Prelutsky Lesson Plan
The first Children's Poet Laureate of the United States, Jack Prelutsky, is the focus of this lesson, in which children will learn about Prelutsky's life and the features of his poetry. Students complete a figurative language scavenger hunt for examples of poetic devices from Prelutsky's poems.
6. Jabberwocky Lesson Plan
As this lesson plan shows, literature doesn't always have to address the more serious aspects of life. In fact, there is an entire genre of literature focused on what some scholars consider to be complete nonsense.
7. James & the Giant Peach Lesson Plan
This lesson plan will help you teach your students about the adventures of James and the Giant Peach. In the process, they will review the idea of different types of conflict in literature.
8. Jabberwocky Discussion Questions
Jabberwocky is considered a nonsense poem by some, but there are many interpretations and explanations of the poem's meaning. Use these discussion questions to help your upper elementary students decipher the wordplay and symbolism in this poem.
9. The Walrus and the Carpenter Discussion Questions
'The Walrus and the Carpenter' is a famous poem that appears in Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll. Use these discussion questions in either the broader discussion of the book or simply after reading the poem.
Earning College Credit
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Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Study.com has thousands of articles about every imaginable degree, area of study and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. | https://study.com/academy/topic/humor-in-poetry-lesson-plans.html |
Essay Topic 1
Giving specific examples from the text, discuss the dominant aspects of post-colonial literature that are evident in "Things Fall Apart."
Essay Topic 2
Discuss the roles of Joseph and Christopher in the novel, with specific reference to the role of Christopher as a foil to Obi.
Essay Topic 3
To what extent does Obi's "coming of age" experience reflect the dilemma of the young generation trapped between traditional and modern cultures?
Essay Topic 4
What are the major techniques used by Achebe to create an authentic Nigerian setting for the novel?
Essay Topic 5
Write a character sketch of Clara and outline the role of her relationship with Obi in his downfall.
Essay Topic 6
Using specific examples, describe how the author introduces and develops family relationships as a major theme in the novel.
Essay Topic 7
Referring to Obi's relationship with Christopher, Clara and his parents, discuss the role of conflict... | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/no-longer-at-ease/essaytopics.html |
Extracts from this document...
Introduction
Pre-1914 Prose Wahida Noor English C/Work "The Time Machine", by H.G. Wells was written in 1895, which was during the Victorian era. "The Time Machine" is about a time traveller who invents a machine that can travel in the future. With the time machine the traveller travels into the future and see the world has changed and that no human beings exists anymore in the future, but instead the human race is divided into two new species, the "morlocks" and the "Eloi". The Morlocks live underground and feed on the Eloi, and the Eloi live above ground and they don't do much. The story was written at the height of the Industrial Revolution, where wells used Darwin's Theory of Evolution in his novel as an example of how the world around him would be if the human race divided into two new species. Morlocks were the examples of the working classes, they lived underground and maintained machines, whilst the Eloi are examples of the educated classes; they live above ground and indulge in leisure activities like the idle rich of Victorian England. Industrial Revolution made a big difference during the Victorian era. Some of the changes included Technology improving; by this time telephones were made. ...read more.
Middle
Wells also describes the Eloi's as an attractive race, you can see this in the quote: "...Dresden china type of prettiness" these shows the Eloi are so pretty that they look like they have been made. Wells uses Darwin's theory of Evolution as an example of how the human race would look like in the future, because Darwin's Theory of Evolution states that all human beings descended from monkeys that are believed to be our ancient ancestors. So Wells uses this theory in his novel as an example of how the human race would develop into the Eloi overtime in the future. During the 1800s, as people moved to the cities in Victorian England, violent crime increased as well, an example is Jack the Ripper. Wells was concerned with this and so included a violent theme in the novel; the Eloi needed the morlocks to maintain machinery and the morlocks needed the Eloi for food; therefore they have a violent symbiotic relationship. This storyline links with the relationship between the working classes and the educated classes of the Victorian age because the working classes and the upper classes had little social connections, yet they needed each other - without the educated classes, the ideas of the Industrial Revolution wouldn't have happened, and without the working classes these ideas wouldn't ...read more.
Conclusion
I think that the director decided to show the story in a different way because he probably considered that people wouldn't want to watch the film in old fashion text, so that's why he probably decided to change the storyline partially. ""The Time Machine" by H.G. Wells illustrates life in Britain at the end of the Victorian era" I think I will agree with this statement to some extent, because H.G. Wells did use some examples to illustrate life in Britain from the things going on in the world around him, such as Darwin's Theory of Evolution, the relationship between the rich and poor of the Victorian age and also Jack the Ripper which influenced him to write a violent theme in his novel. He included all this but interpreted them in other ways so that his novel wasn't very similar to what he saw around him in Britain at the end of the Victorian era. On the other hand, it could be argued that Wells was writing a pure imaginative text, whereby he intended to interest readers and was perhaps using some examples from the things happening in Britain during his time to help him, so therefore Wells might be contrasting real life with fantasy. ...read more.
This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE H.G. Wells section.
Found what you're looking for? | http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/english/pre-1914-prose.html |
Introduction to tramvai
tramvai is a lightweight web framework for building SSR applications with a modular system and DI to quickly extend the functionality of applications.
Main features
- Modular approach - you can extend the functionality of applications using modules
- Universal - Works equally well for browsers and server
- Fast - lightweight, does not affect the overall performance of the application, maximizes parallelization of actions on the server
Approaches used
Modularity
The architecture
tramvai is based on the idea that we have all the functionality divided into various modules and all communication between the modules is based on common interfaces, interacting through
DI. This architecture makes it possible to easily add new functionality to the application, and replace existing functionality.
Standardization
tramvai is a framework that allows you to maintain and create applications with the same architecture for many teams with the ability to share code between projects, as it
tramvai is a lightweight layer that helps to interact different modules in the application
Performance
The core
tramvai together with
DI weighs 4 kb, everything else is implemented through third-party modules that extend the functionality of the application. This makes it possible to make applications of the minimum size, excluding unnecessary features. The architecture and modules are designed with a concept
performance first for maximum parallelization, according to best practice.
Universal
tramvai it is an SSR-first framework and takes into account all the features and problems associated with the server, client and the interaction between them:
- All modules are developed for both the browser and the server
- Common interfaces are used
- A chain of commands on the server and the browser is used which allows you to perform actions in determining the lifetime of the application
- The action system allows you to equally request data on the server and in the browser, using various features (e.g. repetition in the browser of an action that crashed on the server)
Splitting into external libraries
When developing
tramvai we try to use open source solutions, or create basic libraries that are in no way related to
tramvai and can be used in other projects and frameworks.
DI with interface taken from Nest or Angular DI
DI is the core part of
tramvai that allows you to reduce code cohesion and separation of functionality into modules.
tramvai use a library
@tinkoff/dippy that implements the
DI container. The internal interface
DI repeats the interface
Nest, which allows you to conveniently describe the dependencies and implementations of classes.
Soft migration option
A million + lines of code have already been written on
tinkoff.ru and the new solution should not break the existing code, and also require applications from a difficult and long transition
Why was it developed
tramvai
Often, React applications are a constructor from different libraries that have been included in the project. This works well on a small scale, but it does not work well for large applications with 70+ developers, since in this approach it is easy to connect your own and disperse radically in the application architecture. This problem is taken over
tramvai and standardized and implemented by a common application architecture that all product teams use.
There are not many open source solutions on github that implement the architecture of large applications.
Alternatives
next.js
One of the best simple React frameworks that takes care of server-side rendering and routing. At the same time, this is a lightweight framework that does not standardize in any way and does not solve the problems with the modularity of components. Therefore, most of the code that was written on
tramvai would have to be written for
next.js and try to somehow implement, since in
next.js the ability to extend functionality is very limited
fusion.js
A similar framework that evolved and emerged at the same time with
tramvai. Fusion.js does not have a full-fledged DI, a limited ability to move functionality into modules and the entire architecture is built on the basis of middlewares, and there are difficulties around the hard-coded priorities of plugins and the lack of parallelization of actions
nest.js
An excellent backend framework that uses similar DI, but is not completely sharpened for SSR. And when using it, we had to have 2 architectures, one for the backend, the other written by ourselves for the client
@tinkoff/dippy
Lightweight DI library with Angular-like interface. In the open source, there are not so many different DI options that allow you to separate class implementations, both basic general and specific for each client.
Alternatives
inversify
This is the most popular library for creating DI, with:
- weighs 11kb, compared to dippy 1.2kb
- a low-level API that requires different wrappers to implement a modular system.
ts-nestthis is an example of a wrapper over inversify that has weak support and only the wrapper contains about the same code as
@tinkoff/dippy
state
The state management library built into tramvai is almost completely similar to the Redux interface, with few nuances:
- Allows you to sign components only for updating certain reducers, solving the problem with performance
- There is a lot of code written using the deprecated version of the state and you can't just switch to another solution
Alternatives
redux
Moving to pure redux will not solve the problems, it will only add performance-related ones
reatom
Very similar to our state manager, a new library that addresses the issue of updates and performance. A good candidate to take some features from. Full transition is very expensive due to the codebase
effector
Interesting library that has a focus on the client side and is not very suitable for SSR
Concepts
Module
The main basic elements of the
tramvai architecture that contain the implementation of functionality. At the same time, it is assumed that such modules will not be huge and a large number of different types will appear.
DI system
tramvai is built on a DI system that stores the implementation of functionality and receiving implementations for tokens and keys. This allows you to implement communications between modules based only on interfaces, while having the ability to change implementations as needed.
CommandLineRunner
Runner for a list of actions that modules can attach actions to. There are 2 types of action lists:
- Application initialization
- Processing a request for a client
Within the framework of this list of actions, routes, user status, page rendering and html return to the client are received. | http://tramvai.dev/docs/concepts/overview/ |
70,000 Charges for Delivery to French Army for CAESAR 2021-2022
Nexter has placed an order with EURENCO for modular artillery charges for the French Army, the company announced on 15 July.
Placed under the framework contract announced by the DGA, France’s defence procurement authority, in May, the order calls for the manufacture of 70,000 charges at EURENCO’s Bergerac plant and their delivery to the French Army for use with the CAESAR 155mm artillery system in 2021-2022. The contract not only provides stability of the French munitions industry, to the benefit of the French armed forces, but will also help to improve the flexibility of the Bergerac facility.
These modular charges for the CAESAR system meet the requirements of the NATO Joint Ballistic Memorandum of Understanding (JBMoU) standard, making them compatible with all 155mm artillery systems complying with this standard. These modern artillery charges – using from 1-6 modules, depending on the range to be achieved – replace conventional ‘cartridge bag’ charges. With only two types of modules, live and slow charges, this propellant system allows for safer implementation and simpler operational use, while guaranteeing safety of use for users despite an increased rate of fire. Finally, its modular nature enables a reduction in the logistical footprint and reduces ammunition supply requirements for the ordnance in question. | https://monch.com/nexter-orders-modular-artillery-charges-from-eurenco/ |
An ERP system’s primary purpose is to automate business processes in order to make the business more efficient and provide better visibility into those processes. But in order to get the benefits of ERP systems, businesses need to to integrate their ERP system with their other enterprise systems. This can often be difficult; the challenges of ERP integration involve both the age of the systems, the architecture of these systems, and the need to integrate new applications and systems into the original ERP.
ERPs are designed to integrate and automate back-office business processing functions; ERPs like SAP and Netsuite were intended to make life easier for businesses and allow for increased productivity. When approached correctly, ERPs can make a business’ IT architecture much stronger, but the wrong approach can have deleterious consequences.
In many cases, ERP implementations span years; what begins as a few functional modules grows into a primary ERP system with a number of applications alongside it. This architecture pattern can create challenges when integrating ERPs with the rest of the enterprise systems; businesses have to find new ways to implement these systems that will allow them to provide a united application architecture and integrate isolated applications. This type of integrated architecture proves valuable in increasing business agility and flexibility.
Challenges for ERP Implementations
Multiple ERPs to support
Organizations tend to initially install modules from the same ERP vendor at the start of the ERP implementation. But as this process continues, organizational requirements expand; companies often find themselves purchasing modules from different vendors. Not only must the business now change the existing integrations to other applications, it must also support data transformation to and from a number of additional data formats. If the existing integrations are tightly coupled, this becomes costly to modify and increasingly brittle.
Real-time vs Batch integration
ERPs’ business process integration has in the past been batch oriented, which used to work well as transactions were primarily inbound integrations. However, there is now a need to provide outbound data as well from the ERP to other enterprise systems. And in many cases, these systems, like web portals and mobile devices, require real-time information. This can’t be handled by traditional ERP integration implementations.
Integration Shift
Thanks to the explosion of SaaS and mobile applications, businesses not only need to integrate their ERPs to internal systems in their data centers, but they also integrate to external systems including cloud-based applications and mobile platforms that use newer and still evolving protocols. Therefore it becomes a critical strategic move for businesses to choose an integration approach that is up to date with newer protocols and can handle the evolution of these technologies.
An ESB solves ERP integration challenges
In many cases, an ESB is the best choice to integrate an ERP into enterprise systems in a scalable, flexible, and future-proof way. An ESB provides three important benefits for ERP integrators:
Easy to Expand
An ESB can accommodate new applications easily. When a new application is ready, all the IT team needs to do to incorporate it into the existing infrastructure is hook it up to the bus.
Scalable and Distributable
ESBs use individual components for each feature, making it much simpler and cost-effective to ensure high availability and scalability for critical parts of the architecture.
Incremental Adoption
The modular design of an ESB allows for incremental adoption as resources become available.
Anypoint Platform
Mule, the runtime engine of Anypoint Platform, is the only unified integration platform that combines data and application integration across legacy systems, SaaS applications, and APIs with hybrid deployment options for maximum flexibility. Mule runtime has the following key features that make it ideal to integrate ERPs:
It can be deployed anywhere
Mule runtime can be deployed as an on-prem integration engine, hybrid iPaaS, or API gateway. Applications can be moved from on-premises to the cloud with one click.
Integrate in real-time or batch
Events can be Integrated and orchestrated in real-time. Developers can easily query and map complex data structures with Mule’s data integration framework, powered by the innovative DataWeave data query language. Millions of records can be moved between applications or data sources using Mule’s built-in batch capabilities.
It enables universal connectivity
Developers can connect quickly and easily to thousands of REST or SOAP APIs, select from a library of pre-built Anypoint Connectors and MuleSoft Certified Connectors, or leverage Mule’s simplified connector model to build reusable connectors for any system with Anypoint Connector DevKit.
Thanks to today’s hyper-fast, hyper-competitive business environment, companies need as their business processes to be efficient as possible. Anypoint Platform’s runtime engine is the ideal solution to provide maximum flexibility, scalability, and adaptability. Find out more about Anypoint Platform for enterprise integration and how it can help your business. | https://www.mulesoft.com/resources/esb/challenges-of-erp-integration |
Healthcare and the law intersect when malnutrition is at issue. Litigation and legislation have been two responses to this health crisis. This article presents an overview of the basics of malnutrition and its consequences as well as some legal responses to this problem.
October 17, 2017 Articles
Malnutrition: Legal Issues
An overview of the basics of malnutrition and its consequences as well as some legal responses to this problem.
By Heidi J. Silver
Malnutrition: The Basics
Malnutrition is a condition in which there is an insufficient intake of energy and nutrients to promote growth and repair of tissues. Malnutrition promotes or increases the risk of immune system compromise, infections, delayed wound healing and surgical site wound breakdown, pressure ulcers, falls and fractures, hospital admissions and readmissions, and even mortality.
Maintenance of body weight (an indicator of nutritional status) is a process whereby energy intake is matched to energy expenditure over time to promote the stability of body fuel stored in the form of adipose tissue (fat). Total energy intake comes in multiple forms: foods, beverages, supplements, and medications. In conditions where there is an inability to chew, swallow, digest, or absorb adequate nutrients, energy intake may be administered via tube or intravenous feeding. Total energy expenditure is comprised of four main forms: sleeping energy expenditure; resting energy expenditure; physical activity energy expenditure; and the energy expended during digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients (dietary thermogenesis). A disturbance in the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure results in loss or gain of body weight. The underlying biological mechanisms regulating body weight are driven by genetic, physiological, and behavioral factors.
Often, surrogate indicators for health and disease risk, such as body mass index (BMI) are misused, leading to misinterpretation or misclassification of the evidence and thereby misinforming assessment and decision-making. Using BMI as a simple example, although two people could have the same low BMI, which may be seen as a state of inadequacy, one of those people could be underweight while the other might have short stature and actually be overweight.
Malnutrition can occur at any body weight or BMI. Indeed, the most common type of malnutrition in the United States today occurs when an individual has a high body weight / BMI. Termed “sarcopenic obesity,” the coexistence of high fat mass—which increases the risk for a multitude of chronic diseases, including Type 2 diabetes, some types of cancer, respiratory disease, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease—and low muscle mass occurs as a result of an acute condition, chronic disease, inflammation, aging, or inadequate nutrient intake. The impact of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity on health status is much like that from other types of malnutrition: impaired muscle strength and physical function.
Malnutrition: The Legal Landscape
Malnutrition is not just a healthcare issue; it is also a legal issue, producing not only litigation but also legislation.
High-risk settings for malpractice or negligence with regard to nutrition-related health status include hospitals, nursing homes, and other institutional facilities where individuals are dependent on others to provide foods and beverages that meet their energy and nutrient needs. Understanding the clinical importance of proper nutrition and the implications of malnutrition and its physical and mental sequelae is critical in identifying factors that drive inadequacies in the provision of care to meet individuals’ energy and nutrient needs and, thus, adversely affect their health status.
The impact on healthcare costs and the societal burdens stemming from malnutrition, particularly that associated with high body weight / BMI, are significant. This raises the question of whether laws can be implemented to prevent or reduce obesity. Plausible legal interventions include such actions as requiring greater disclosure of food and beverage ingredients on package labels, regulating marketing and advertising to vulnerable groups such as children, and applying a “sin” tax such as that attached to the price of cigarettes and alcohol.
In terms of a sin tax, however, a key consideration is that food, unlike cigarettes and alcohol, is necessary for survival. Moreover, the scientific evidence that specific foods or food groups are physiologically addictive is inconclusive.
Another concern is whether establishment of such policies contribute to the stigma associated with having excess body weight or to weight discrimination. It is noteworthy that weight discrimination in the United States has increased in tandem with the overall rise in the population’s body weight. Inopportunely, though, legal recourse is limited, and public support is weak for obesity being considered a disability.
Conclusion
Malnutrition has made its way from doctors’ offices to lawyers’ offices. As a lawyer, providing expertise on nutrition and weight-related cases requires having not only the academic background, experiential training, and technical know-how to assess the various physical and mental health factors of the individual client but also the ability to consider the availability of, access to, and appropriateness of the multiple avenues in which adequate energy, nutrients, and nutrition-related care are provided.
Overall, the most appropriate focus on changes in body weight, whether loss or gain, is one that evaluates the impact on health status and quality of life rather than size.
Heidi J. Silver is an associate professor at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and a health scientist at the Tennessee Valley Healthcare System.
Copyright © 2017, American Bar Association. All rights reserved. This information or any portion thereof may not be copied or disseminated in any form or by any means or downloaded or stored in an electronic database or retrieval system without the express written consent of the American Bar Association. The views expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of the American Bar Association, the Section of Litigation, this committee, or the employer(s) of the author(s). | https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/committees/health-law/articles/2017/fall2017-malnutrition-legal-issues/ |
Madrid, September 24, 2019.- Nearly half of hospitalized children have malnutrition, either with chronic or acute malnutrition in 12% of cases or with signs of overweight-obesity in 38% of income . Although malnutrition due to a decrease in food intake linked to poverty conditions is the most prevalent in the world, in industrialized environments disease-related malnutrition predominates, mainly in hospitalized patients. Given the high incidence of this type of malnutrition and the impact on the health and development of the child, the most malnourished Alliance has presented the monograph "Notebook towards zero malnutrition in Pediatrics" with the aim of reducing its impact by betting, among other measures, on the introduction of pediatric nutritional screening upon admission.
“Since the child is an individual in continuous growth, not only weight loss should be considered as a nutritional deterioration. Inadequate weight and height gain can also lead to the diagnosis of malnutrition, a fact that negatively influences the growth process, alters neurological development and favors the alteration of the immune system and the appearance of infections, ”says Dr. Miguel León, president of the Alliance morenutridos , an entity founded by the Spanish Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (SENPE) and the Abbott Foundation, in which 16 organizations and scientific societies expert in malnutrition are integrated.
Mandatory Nutrition Screening
Disease-related malnutrition (DRE) is a common problem at all levels of health care, from primary to specialized care, which has its origin in an intake of inadequate nutrients and energy compared to the patient's requirements. Experts estimate that around two million people in Spain, one in four hospitalized patients is at risk of malnutrition, especially in older people or those with cancer, respiratory or cardiovascular diseases.
In the case of the child population, the main predictor of malnutrition in hospitalized children is the existence of a chronic underlying disease (celiac disease, chronic kidney disease, cancer or heart disease) or an acute situation (infections or trauma). "This type of disease produces a decrease in appetite, malabsorption or loss of nutrients or an increase in energy expenditure that trigger cases of malnutrition and therefore impact on the quality of life of children and the evolution of their disease " states the Dr. Rosaura Leis, representative of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP) in the most nourished Alliance .
The most nurtured Alliance Notebook sets universal and mandatory nutritional screening in the first 24-48 hours of admission as a key strategy in the fight against malnutrition. This screening must be included in the Electronic Medical Record to promote action protocols, monitor care and evaluate health outcomes.
Screening allows to detect patients at nutritional risk from the moment of admission and thus decide whether they should undergo a complete nutritional assessment to implement the necessary oral treatment or supplementation. Dr. Leis highlights the importance of a good nutritional screening performed by the nursing professionals of the hospitalization units since “it is possible to predict the probability that nutritional factors affect the evolution of the patient and determine whether the establishment of a nutritional treatment It can impact evolution.
Alliance more nurtured
Created in 2015 at the initiative of the Spanish Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (SENPE) and the Abbott Foundation , the most nourished Alliance is made up of 16 scientific organizations and societies committed to the objective of publicizing the problem of Malnutrition Related to Disease (DRE) in Spain, as well as the necessary steps to detect and control its impact on the National Health System.
The health professionals of the Alliance rely on the multidisciplinary approach to malnutrition and the implementation of screening at different levels of care since early detection and prevention are essential in the prognosis of the patient, in the adequate consumption of resources and the control of Socio-health costs
For more information on the most nurtured Alliance: | http://www.girosalut.org/en/communication/girosalut/blog/half-of-pediatric-patients-presents-problems-of-income-malnutrition/31719.html |
Men, women, and young people who live on the streets face a number of unique challenges and many of these are either directly related to health or have an effect on health. It is not uncommon for homeless people to be in poor health because access to medical care, medications, and mental health care is limited.
Of particular concern for the homeless are addictions, mental health conditions, infections, environmental exposure, violence and physical injuries, domestic abuse and emotional trauma, and vulnerability to harmful medications. There are resources available in many cities to help the homeless, but often these focus on the immediate needs of housing and food. What many homeless need more of is good medical care, health education and prevention, and access to treatment and medications.
Drug and Alcohol Addiction
Health issues may be problems for the homeless, but too often they are the underlying causes that lead to homelessness. Addiction is one example of this phenomenon. When a person succumbs to the disease of addiction, it can lead to job loss, resulting financial issues, and ultimately losing a home. Rates of addiction are higher among the homeless. For instance, one survey of homeless users of a free health clinic found that the rate of alcohol dependence was eleven percent, as compared to two percent in non-homeless populations. All types of substance abuse disorders occur more in homeless populations than in the general population.
Substance abuse and addiction are health problems in themselves, but they also cause other health complications, including mental health conditions and fatal overdoses. One study found that overdose accounted for 17 percent of homeless deaths. Alcohol addiction and chronic use of alcohol leads to liver disease. Rates of liver disease among the homeless are significantly higher than among non-homeless people. Not only do substance abuse problems lead to more health problems, but they also make it more difficult for a homeless person to get housing.
Mental Health
Mental health conditions are also a serious concern for homeless people. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has found that between 20 and 25 percent of the homeless population in the U.S. suffer from one or more severe mental illnesses. Even more people living on the streets likely struggle with milder forms of mental illness. Like substance abuse, mental health conditions can be one reason a person loses a home and ends up on the streets. The main mental illnesses seen in homeless people are schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder. The rate of depression in homeless women has been estimated to be as high as nearly 50 percent.
Respiratory Infections
Infections that non-homeless people get treated for easily or rest and recover from within a few days or weeks can become serious health problems for those that are homeless. Reasons that homeless people are more vulnerable include living in crowded or unsanitary conditions, environmental stress and exposure, poor nutrition, and lack of access to preventative health care or treatment. Respiratory infections that are issues among the homeless include tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, and pneumonia.
Chronic Health Conditions
A study of health among the homeless published in 2011 found that 85 percent of homeless people suffered from some type of chronic health condition. These include heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Other studies have found that the incidence of chronic disease is two times or higher than that of the general population and that half or less of homeless people describe themselves as well and in good health as compared to non-homeless people.
Chronic disease is important to consider because these are conditions that are not curable, that require regular medical care and healthy lifestyle habits to control, and that get worse with time. When not treated adequately, these conditions can make a person’s overall health worse and can contribute to other health issues as well as decrease quality of life.
Exposure to the Elements
Living without adequate shelter puts homeless people at risk for health problems related to environmental exposure that non-homeless people do not need to consider. Cold temperatures, for instance, put homeless people at risk for hypothermia, frostbite, and even dying from exposure. In hot climates, summer conditions can lead to heat stroke and sunburn. Being exposed to the elements can also exacerbate existing health conditions.
Malnutrition and Food Insecurity
Not getting enough to eat is a constant concern for people who are homeless. They also face issues associated with malnutrition, or not getting adequate or varied nutrients, even when they do get enough food to survive. Malnutrition can cause conditions like anemia, vitamin-specific deficiency disorders, and vulnerability to infectious diseases. Eating food that is not sanitary can further complicate health by introducing parasites or infections.
What also may be surprising to some is that rates of obesity are just as high in the homeless population as among the non-homeless. Obesity is a nutrition-related health condition because it results from eating poor quality food. For the homeless, options are limited and eating cheap, nutritionally-poor, but calorically-dense foods is common. Obesity may also be related to the body’s adaptation to food shortages: storing energy as fat. Of course, obesity puts this population at risk for health problems like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer among others.
Dental Health
Getting adequate health care for a homeless person is hard enough, but getting dental care is also overlooked. Research has found that rates of tooth loss and other dental issues are much higher in homeless populations. Homeless people are also more likely to have serious or severe dental issues. Poor dental health can increase the risk of a person developing cardiovascular disease and other seemingly unrelated health problems. Homeless children are particularly at risk for the consequences of poor dental health. They miss school because of dental problems, struggle to eat or speak, and may even have delayed development because of dental pain and discomfort.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Due to many factors, homeless people have higher rates of sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs. One reason is that high-risk behaviors that put people at risk for STDs may be higher among homeless people. These include drug use with shared needles and unprotected sex. Homeless people may also be more vulnerable to sexual assault that could lead to the transmission of disease. Young people may be the most vulnerable to STDs. Homeless youths are more likely than their non-homeless peers to have an STD and to get pregnant.
Homeless Women and Domestic Abuse
Women and children living on the streets may be there because of domestic violence. Some estimates find that more than 80 percent of homeless women have experienced domestic abuse and more than half of these women report that abuse was the direct cause of their homelessness. These women end up homeless because they do not have the social or financial resources to leave their abusive partners and find a safer place to live. They may end up at women’s shelters or out on the street as the only alternatives to living at home with domestic violence.
Domestic abuse may be a major cause of homelessness, but it also impacts the health of homeless women and children. Homeless women who were abused may be struggling with physical injuries as well as mental health issues triggered or worsened by abuse. Children may also be victims of domestic violence or may experience mental health conditions or trauma from witnessing the abuse of their mothers.
Medical Care and Housing
Housing for the homeless is the first step in providing better health care. Simply being off the streets and having enough nutritious food to eat is important in improving health in this vulnerable population. It is not enough for most homeless people, though. They need health check-ups, access to dental care, access to treatment for chronic illnesses and infections, access to health education and preventative care, and access to medications.
Homeless people may find access to these kinds of resources through government programs, such as those supported by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. They may also access health care through community programs. Mobile health care units may serve the homeless by providing vaccinations, health screenings, and dental care. Some organizations also offer free health centers serving homeless people, such as those run by the National Health Care for the Homeless Council. Homeless may always rely on emergency rooms for treatment, but this is only a temporary solution, as this kind of medical treatment does not provide ongoing care.
Access to Prescriptions
People who are not homeless and who have health insurance often take for granted how easy it is to get access to medications, including prescriptions. These are so important for treating medical conditions, ranging from antidepressants to treat depression to life-saving drugs that lower chronically high blood pressure. Homeless people suffer from symptoms and deteriorating health when they do not get access to prescription medications.
Those programs that offer health care services to the homeless, either through community groups and non-profits or the government, often also offer access to medications. There are problems, though, with homeless being able to get regular access to drugs. Issues associated with homelessness may prevent them from returning regularly to the health care center that provides medication, for instance.
Certain medications are particularly important for the homeless to get access to: these include antibiotics like Zithromax and fluoroquinolones to treat infections, antidepressants like Prozac and antipsychotics like Risperdal to treat mental health conditions, and drugs to treat chronic conditions like medications for type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Painkillers may be given to homeless people as part of overall health care, and these come with serious risks of causing or worsening substance abuse and addiction.
Dangerous Drugs
Like anyone else, homeless people may be vulnerable to the negative effects of dangerous drugs. Access to medications is important, but they may not realize that some of the medications they are given can cause serious harm as well as provide benefits. They may also not realize what to do about the risks or if they experience side effects. For example, antidepressants may be very important for homeless people living with mental illness, but these can cause serious side effects like serotonin syndrome or suicidal behaviors in younger people.
Antibiotics used to treat infections may also cause damaging side effects in homeless people. It is important to battle infections, but homeless people can be put at risk for aneurysms, tendonitis, peripheral neuropathy, liver failure, and heart failure because of antibiotics. Because these vulnerable patients do not have regular doctors, they can be at an even greater risk of suffering from the side effects of dangerous drugs than other people.
Resources for Homeless Veterans
Veterans represent a population that is particularly vulnerable to homelessness. Too many veterans come home from active service with no money, without a job, and without any supportive family to help them with a place to live and financial support. Veterans are also more at risk for mental health conditions than the general population. They are vulnerable to all kind of mental illnesses, but especially post-traumatic stress disorder and these can make it very difficult to find a job or to keep a job.
When veterans find themselves with no housing options, the Veterans Administration (VA) is one important resource for both health care and housing. The VA runs special programs designed to help homeless veterans get shelter, job training, employment opportunities, health care, and other important services. The Department of Housing and Urban Development also works with the VA to offer special programs providing housing for veterans who are homeless. Community programs and non-profits may also offer assistance for homeless veterans.
The homeless population in the U.S. is a vulnerable group of people. Often through no fault of their own these people lose their homes and once homeless it is very difficult to get back into permanent housing, to get a job, or to get adequate health care. There are many health conditions that homeless people are particularly susceptible to, from mental health conditions to malnutrition to infections and the physical injuries of domestic abuse. Resources are available but it is rarely enough to help the homeless experience the same level of health that the majority of people in the general population do. They continue to have worse health than other Americans and that trend is likely to continue. | https://www.recallreport.org/health-information/homeless/ |
One of the major developmental challenges that India faces is malnutrition, which contributes significantly to India’s overall disease burden. Malnutrition has a significant effect on the proper infant and maternal growth and development as well as the socio-economic development.
As per the latest NFHS 5 data for Phase I released recently by the Hon’ble Health Minister, Government of India, that covered 17 states and 5 Union Territories, the Under 5 and infant mortality rate (IMR) has come down in 18 states and union territories but in parallel 16 states recorded an increase in underweight and severely wasted under 5 children among 22 states that were surveyed. Wasting percentage increased in under 5 children in 12 states and UTs in comparison to NFHS-4. The malnutrition indicators have worsened from the last survey, with the proportion of children with stunting rising, wasting going and anaemia. NFHS-5 also showed that 20 states and UTs saw rise in the percentage of overweight children under 5 years of age.
Prevalence of stunted children is higher in rural areas in comparison to urban areas, and it seems to peak at the age 18 to 23 months. Alarmingly, the prevalence of wasting has not declined, and remained at the level, it was three decades ago.
There are various factors which play a pivotal role in chronic malnutrition in children. One of the most important factors is the mother’s nutritional status. Around 36% of the population of women are underweight, and 53% of women and 56% of adolescent girls between 15 and 19 years old suffer from iron deficiency anaemia due to undernourishment in India. The decline in the prevalence of anaemic children and pregnant women has been awfully slow, a decline of 11.5% and 8.5% over a decade, respectively. The problem of malnutrition is inter-generational. Pregnant women and lactating women suffer from malnutrition the most, which will most likely result in a premature or low birth weight baby. This pattern perpetuates through the generations. The first 1000 days (conception to 2 years post-partum) are considered a ‘window of opportunity’ for addressing malnutrition. Another important factor which contributes to the level of malnutrition in India is poor hygiene and sanitation which leads to infections by pathogens and diseases like diarrhoea. According to WHO, 50% of the malnutrition cases are due to diarrhoea.
Government Efforts on Combating Malnutrition
There have been a host of policies in India which have been in practice since 1990 to tackle malnutrition, the key ones being Integrated Child Development Scheme launched in 1975, the National Nutrition Policy 1993, the Mid Day Meal Scheme for school children 1995, and the National Food Security Act 2013, as the prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight remains high. In 2010, India launched another program, Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), a maternity benefit program that is a cash transfer scheme for pregnant and lactating women of 19 years of age or above for the first live birth. | https://icanonline.in/poshan-jan-abhiyaan/ |
Ongoing conflict is devastating Yemen. Humanitarian partners now estimate that 21.2 million people (82% of population) require some kind of humanitarian assistance to meet their basic needs or protect their fundamental rights. Malnutrition rates are rising in Yemen and partners now estimate that 4.5 million people require treatment or prevention services for malnutrition, which is a 200 per cent rise in people in need since late 2014. Children under the age of five (U5), including infants and pregnant and lactating women, are the most affected. Within this population, IDPs are most at risk. Of the 4.5 million people in need, nearly 2.2 million are currently estimated to be acutely malnourished, including 462,000 children suffering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and 1.7 million children affected by moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). In addition, nearly 14 million people require primary health care services with very high U5 disease prevalence (diarrheal prevalence, 25-46%; ARI prevalence 30-55%, measles 2-9%).
In Yemen, a significant technical capacity gap has been identified by the Assessment Working Group (AWG) and agencies representing the nutrition cluster. Due to the absence of adequate technical knowledge of representative assessments, the functionality and accountability of the AWG has been challenged to ensure producing quality data, analysis and reporting on undernutrition and mortality in a timely fashion. In Yemen, there are currently very few agencies with the skills to conduct SMART nutrition surveys.
The Tech-RRT Assessment Adviser was deployed to Yemen in May, 2017. He was requested to contribute to strengthening the overall emergency nutrition response by building the capacity of response stakeholders in the design, implementation, analysis and reporting of nutrition assessments at the national and sub-national level.
Key Components of the deployment included:
- Created a database of Yemen nutrition assessments (2012-2017) based on the Global Nutrition Cluster (GNC) nutrition assessment template. This document will be used to monitor indicators pertaining to undernutrition (including quality based on ENA for SMART plausibility check), Infant Youth Child Feeding (IYCF), health and morbidity.
- Created a document based on a workshop that the assessment advisor facilitated with AWG partners to determine priority indicators (and accompanying questions) to include in all Governorate level nutrition assessments. This process is being continued by the AWG. The end result will be a combination of mandatory and option indicators to include in nutrition and mortality surveys.
- Facilitated a two day Yemen Nutrition and Mortality Guideline workshop and created the Yemen National Guidelines for Conducting Integrated Anthropometric and Mortality Surveys which is currently in the process of being validated. This guideline will be used by all organizations when planning and implementing nutrition and mortality surveys in Yemen. | https://techrrt.org/2018/01/02/update-from-the-field-yemen/ |
Essential Clinical Global Health is a brand–new, pioneering, and evidence–based textbook that provides a clinical overview of the increasingly prominent specialty of global health. Originally developed from a course at Harvard Medical School, and now with contributions from nearly 100 world–renowned global health experts from across the globe, this textbook presents vital information required of students, trainees, and clinicians during their international experiences and training.
Essential Clinical Global Health introduces readers to the up–to–date knowledge, skills, and approaches needed for productive and rewarding global health experiences. It provides essential clinical information on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in low– and middle–income countries. The textbook also includes practical guidance on topics such as health systems, population–based approaches, cultural awareness and sensitivity, travel preparedness and safety, and career development in global health.
With key learning objectives in each chapter, practical clinical advice, setting–appropriate guidelines, personal field experiences from student and clinician contributors, Essential Clinical Global Health is the first global health textbook with a clinical focus for healthcare students, trainees, and providers.
A companion website at [external URL] features self–assessment questions and videos.
Editor and Editorial Board vii
Contributors viii
About the Editor xv
Preface xvii
How to Use Your Textbook xviii
About the Companion Website xxi
Acknowledgments xxii
Part 1: Introduction 1
1 Working Clinically in Resource–Limited Settings 3
2 Healthcare Systems 17
3 Health Program Development and Evaluation 28
4 Preparing for Travel and Staying Safe Abroad 40
Part 2: Newborn and Child Health 53
5 Overview of Child Health 55
6 Newborn Care 68
7 Birth Asphyxia 86
8 Acute Respiratory Infections 94
9 Diarrheal Illness and Rehydration 104
10 Malaria 114
11 Measles 126
12 Malnutrition and Micronutrient Deficiencies 135
13 Child Development 144
Part 3: Adolescent, Reproductive, and Maternal Health 157
14 Adolescent Health 159
15 Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights 171
16 Sexually Transmitted Infections 193
17 Maternal Health 208
Part 4: Infectious Diseases 225
18 HIV/AIDS 227
19 Tuberculosis 242
20 Neglected and Other Tropical Diseases 251
Part 5: Non–Communicable Diseases 273
21 Cardiovascular Disease 275
22 Chronic Respiratory Disease 293
23 Diabetes and Endocrinology 302
24 Cancer and Blood Disorders 314
25 Trauma and Emergency Care 328
26 Critical Care 340
27 Mental Health and Neurological Disorders 352
28 Dermatology 367
29 Oral Health 378
30 Blindness and Visual Impairment 389
Part 6: Other Global Health Topics 399
31 Essential Laboratory Skills 401
32 Nursing Care 419
33 Pharmacy 427
34 Humanitarian Assistance 437
35 Technologies in Global Health 452
36 Illness in the Returning Traveler 461
37 Developing a Career in Global Health 475
Index 486
LOADING... | https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/3024941/essential-clinical-global-health-includes-wiley |
Severe drought is when a region experiences a prolonged dryness without any adequate rainfall within the normal weather pattern. It leads to a rapid depletion in water resources as well as the ability to grow crops and produce foods. It is also known as an instance of mass population displacements in search of water and foods. However, given the predictable nature of a drought there are ways and means of avoiding catastrophes specially the ones related to health. Thus, this article will look into the health implications of a severe drought and the disease manifestations that become apparent during such instances.
According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) one of the main health implications of a drought is the compromised quantity and quality of drinking water. Without enough water falling on to the ground, the air quality can rapidly decline while the recreational risk would rise. Furthermore, the CDC points out that diminished living conditions related to energy, air quality, sanitation and hygiene could become apparent along with compromised food sources and nutrition. Overall, the incidence of illness and disease would become high and therefore the health of the population as a whole would also decline.
When discussing about specific health disorders, protein energy malnutrition is a common occurrence in remote parts of the world where severe drought threaten the lives of poor people. In most such instances, the amount of aid received by these people does not suffix the demand as a result of the sheer number of displaced population. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) can lead to fatal outcomes if not corrected at an early stage and therefore during severe droughts, international organizations such as the WHO seek support from world over to care for these displaced populations to prevent a humanitarian catastrophe.
In addition, micronutrient deficiencies such as vitamin and mineral deficiencies can also manifest when large communities are exposed to a severe drought and without adequate resources to maintain their daily living. In this regard, WHO describe multiple disorders such as vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency, vitamin C, thiamine deficiency as well as niacin deficiency as commonplace during severe droughts in low resource settings. When looking at the health manifestations due to above micronutrient deficiencies, death from measles in instances of vitamin A deficiency, increase in child and maternal mortality due to anemia, outbreaks of scurvy, beriberi, and pellagra are the most dangerous. In addition, infectious diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea and acute respiratory infections as well as measles could also be present in a population devastated by a severe drought and could also lead to fatal outcomes.
Lastly, as pointed out by the WHO, the reduction in the buying power of the population, erosion of coping and caring capabilities as well as the limited access to health care services can increase the overall morbidity and mortality of the population during instances of severe droughts. | https://www.sciences360.com/index.php/health-implications-of-severe-drought-2392/ |
A research project of the Department of Archaeology
'As for unhealthiness, it may be supposed, that although seasoned Bodies may, and do live as long in London ... new-comers and children do not: for the smoaks, stinks and close air, are less healthful than that of the country...' (Graunt, 1662: 63).
In the 1500s, around 30,000 of London's inhabitants were young migrant workers and apprentices that, until now, have been archaeologically invisible. There is a consistent peak in 10-12 year olds in medieval urban cemeteries (c.1100-1500 AD), with high mortality, trauma and respiratory infections suggesting occupational hazards. Are these the apprentices? What was their health really like, how did they cope in such an alien environment, and how did they interact with the local population? Advances in forensic and archaeological science, and newly available large collections of adolescent skeletal remains from several key medieval sites, mean that these questions can now be explored.
This project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust (2011-2014), compares the evidence for occupational hazards (disease, trauma) and migration (lead and strontium isotope analysis) in young inhabitants of medieval London (St Mary Spital) with that of adolescents from a market town in Lincolnshire (Barton-on-Humber). The sample comprises 2422 individuals aged 10-25 years and represents the largest group of adolescent skeletons ever studied in the archaeological record. This project addresses several interrelated research questions: were young migrants present in medieval London prior to the documentary records; what was the age and sex of these individuals; did their occupation and lifestyle impact health, and was the health of London’s migrant workers worse than that of indigenous employees in a market town?
In recent years, an ‘archaeology of childhood’ has emerged in the archaeological literature, but has tended to focus on infants and younger children, and has yet to examine the transitional period of adolescence. Further, despite the theoretical interest in diaspora and migration, there has been little archaeological research to explore migration within medieval England. Despite the growing evidence that young apprentices and menial workers represent a clearly defined and disadvantaged group in the past, their lives have to date been neglected in archaeology.
This unique group of skeletons from two large contrasting multi-period sites allows for a series of new questions to be posed, and new osteological methods to be devised. For example, this study will explore the osteological signatures of puberty, to ascertain whether this biological landmark was acknowledged as a ‘rite of passage’ for the medieval adolescent. In addition to the usual signatures of occupational trauma and infection, detailed work into the nature and mechanisms of child trauma will also be conducted. Strontium and lead isotope analysis and lead concentrations will be calculated to examine evidence for the migration and possible origin of young migrants in London, and at Barton, to potentially provide a comparative ‘origin’ signature. The use of these cemeteries overlaps by some 400 years (1125-1598 AD) allowing trauma patterns, pathology, specific age markers and sex ratios to be directly compared between the sites. In addition, the uniquely detailed stratigraphic data from the London site, phased by extensive and targeted C14 dating, will allow for individuals from between the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries to be compared in terms of demography, health and migration signatures.
The project is headed by Dr Mary Lewis (Department of Archaeology, University of Reading) in collaboration with Dr Janet Montgomery (Department of Archaeology, Durham University) and Dr Fiona Shapland (Research Fellow, University or Reading). Research student, Petra Verlinden will be conducting the research on child trauma.
From the Department of Archaeology: | https://www.durham.ac.uk/departments/academic/archaeology/research/archaeology-research-projects/adolescence-migration-and-health/ |
The health status of Ethiopia is poor, even when related to other low-income countries including those in Sub-Saharan Africa. The population suffers from a huge burden of potentially preventable diseases such as HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, intestinal parasites, acute respiratory infections and diarrheal diseases. The health indicators are generally poor, though there are improvements observed.
Statistics on hospital admissions are not readily available. Health sector reviews, however, indicate that patients suffering from HIV/AIDS-related conditions may occupy more than 50% of hospital beds at any given time. Other conditions responsible for admission include tuberculosis, malaria, respiratory infections, trauma, pregnancy-related conditions and complications of measles.
A great deal of the population in Ethiopia, specially children below the age of five, are suffering from different disease infections and most of them have no access to medical facilities.
SHAPEthiopia has been doing lots of activities in the last twelve years to tackle this huge problem of the country among children who are from a very poor economical background, in rural southern Ethiopia. Through its H.O.P.E. Child Development Program, SHAPEthiopia has been providing free medical services and annual medical screening to 900 children in six districts of Sidama and Wolayta Zones and Hawassa and Arba Minch town administrations.
SHAPEthiopia’s strategy aims to improve the quality of management of childhood illness and linking preventive and curative services so that programs such as immunization, nutrition and control of malaria and other diseases are implemented in an integrated approach, focusing on the well-being of children.
The strategy aims to reduce mortality, illness and disability and promote improved growth and development and its final goal to enable our children to productive and successful in life.
OUR CORE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
OUR FOCUS AREAS: | https://www.shapethiopia.org/health/ |
Malnutrition happens when the intake of essential macronutrients and micronutrients doesn’t cover, or exceeds, the body’s requirements for proper functioning. It is then a blanket term for under-nutrition, over-nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. The bulk of the efforts towards battling malnutrition are focused on under-nutrition, as roughly 795 million people (or 1 in 9) are undernourished and about 98% of those 795 million live in developing countries (UN, 2014). Under-nutrition accounts for the stunting of 30 out of every 100 children in developing countries, as well as aiding in 35% of deaths caused by measles, pneumonia, and other illnesses in the same countries. This takes a massive toll on the population, as children who experience undernourishment early in life are at a disadvantage they most likely will not recover from, which leads to a loss of millions of potentially bright futures and the perpetuation of poverty. On the other hand, obesity (which is the most well-known face of over-nutrition) is becoming a pandemic. In 2013, 42 million children worldwide were obese and in 2014, 600 million of adults aged 18 and older were obese (WHO, 2015). This is alarming, especially when taking into account that most of the world’s population lives in countries where over-nutrition kills more people than under-nutrition. This article will focus on the causes of malnutrition, as the definition, signs and symptoms of this issue have already been discussed.
CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION: UNDER-NUTRITION
- Poverty: While poverty is not one of the direct causes of malnutrition, it severs food security and availability for those living below the poverty line. Furthermore, the foods poor people can afford are often void of any nutritional value and hence are just enough to keep the body working. The impact of poverty on nutrition is evident when considering that over 90% of undernourished people live in developing countries.
- Lack of access to food: This is directly affected by poverty, as insufficient financial resources hinder an individual’s access to food. However, lack of transportation and non-availability of foods in markets are also aiding factors. According to Action Against Hunger: “People are increasingly dependent on international markets for all or part of their food supply, particularly between harvest periods”. This dependence and fluctuating prices place low-income households at risk of food insecurity.
- Disease: Illnesses like tuberculosis, cancer, dysphagia measles and diarrhea, are causes of malnutrition. Also, undernourishment weakens the immune system, which makes the body more vulnerable to infections that are also causes of malnutrition. This vicious cycle is especially dangerous with HIV, as under-nutrition can impair the effect of anti-retroviral drugs. This, in addition to the already depressed immune system, can be fatal.
- Conflict: Violence often displaces farmers and other links on the food supply chain. This issue compromises food security for farmers, as well as all the other people who depend on their yields for food.
- Climate change: An increment on the amount of natural disasters caused by climate change makes it one of the leading causes of malnutrition. In fact, according to a study by the UN, the decline in agricultural production caused directly or indirectly by climate change may drastically increase the amount of people living in hunger in the future.
- Lack of access to safe drinking water: The contamination of water sources as well as failure to sanitize them subject people to infections and water-born diseases, which are one of the causes of malnutrition, especially acute undernourishment.
- Increased demand of energy: Due to recent trauma or surgery that make the body’s energy requirement spike up in order to heal itself.
- Mental health: Illnesses like dementia, depression and schizophrenia affect people’s ability to take care after themselves, which encompasses nutrition.
- Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are causes of malnutrition, for they impair the body’s ability of digesting food and absorbing nutrients.
- Eating disorders, as well as drug and alcohol addictions.
CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION: OVER-NUTRITION
- Limited access to food: Low-income families in developed countries often lack access to healthy, nutritious foods due to their prices. Therefore, they have to opt for the highly caloric meals, which are mostly empty of any nutritional value. This people often meet the requirements for certain nutrients but not all of them.
- Having a healthy diet and lifestyle and consuming dietary supplements: This is mostly seem in people who lack nutritional education. Hence why they’re meeting their daily nutrient requirements and still taking supplements, which results in an overabundance of one or more nutrients. | https://richmondvale.org/en/blog/causes-of-malnutrition?tmpl=component&print=1&format=print |
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This database contains 8 abstracts archived under the term: "malnutrition"
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This database contains 8 studies, archived under the term: "malnutrition"
Nutritional treatment of aged individuals with Alzheimer disease living at home with their spouses: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Jyvakorpi, Satu K.
,
Puranen, Taija
,
Pitkälä, Kaisu H.
,
Suominen, Merja H.
Background: Nutritional status often deteriorates in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Less is known about whether nutritional care reverses malnutrition and its harmful consequences in AD. The aim of this study is to examine whether individualized nutritional care has an effect on weight, nutrition, health, physical functioning, and quality of life in older individuals with AD and […]
Health and nutrition promotion program for patients with dementia (NutriAlz): cluster randomized trial
Salva, A.
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Andrieu, S.
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Fernandez, E.
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Schiffrin, E. J.
,
Moulin, J.
,
Decarli, B.
,
Rojano-i-Luque, X.
,
Guigoz, Y.
,
Vellas, B.
Objective: To assess the effectiveness of health and nutrition program (NutriAlz) versus usual care on functional level in elderly people with dementia living at home, as well as on clinical practice related to nutrition and on the caregiver’s burden.; Design: Cluster randomized multi-centre study with one-year follow-up.; Setting: 11 Alzheimer outpatients and day care centres […]
Using a Montessori method to increase eating ability for institutionalised residents with dementia: a crossover design
Lin, Li-Chan
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Huang, Ya-Ju
,
Watson, Roger
,
Wu, Shiao-Chi
,
Lee, Yue-Chune
Aims: To investigate the efficacy of applying a Montessori intervention to improve the eating ability and nutritional status of residents with dementia in long-term care facilities.; Background: An early intervention for eating difficulties in patients with dementia can give them a better chance of maintaining independence and reduce the risk of malnutrition.; Methods: An experimental […]
Health and nutritional promotion program for patients with dementia (NutriAlz Study): design and baseline data
Salva, A.
,
Andrieu, S.
,
Fernandez, E.
,
Schiffrin, E. J.
,
Moulin, J.
,
Decarli, B.
,
Guigoz, Y.
,
Vellas, B.
Background: There is a lack of data on global weight loss prevention programs for patients with dementia or clear evidence about their impact on a functional level, caregiver burden or the use of healthcare and social resources. NutriAlz is a socio-educative and nutritional intervention program to prevent weight loss and loss of function in dementia […]
Effects of a low-volume, nutrient- and energy-dense oral nutritional supplement on nutritional and functional status: a randomized, controlled trial in nursing home residents
Stange, Inken
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Bartram, Matthias
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Liao, Yuye
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Poeschl, Karin
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Kolpatzik, Sarah
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Uter, Wolfgang
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Sieber, Cornel C.
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Stehle, Peter
,
Volkert, Dorothee
Objectives: Although oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are known to be effective to treat malnutrition in the elderly, evidence from nursing home populations, including individuals with dementia, is rare, especially with regard to functionality and well-being. A known barrier for ONS use among elderly is the volume that needs to be consumed, resulting in low compliance […]
Malnutrition in community-dwelling adults with dementia (NutriAlz Trial)
Roque, Marta
,
Salva, A.
,
Vellas, B.
Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the nutritional status, measured by the MNA, in community-dwelling elderly individuals with dementia and to identify clinical risk factors for nutritional risk or malnutrition.; Design: Cross-sectional analysis of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Nutrialz).; Setting: Community-dwelling individuals attending dementia clinics.; Participants: 940 individuals.; Measurements: The clinical […]
Prevalence of malnutrition, interventions and quality indicators in German nursing homes – first results of a nationwide pilot study
Bartholomeyczik, S.
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Reuther, S.
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Luft, L.
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Nie, N. van
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Meijers, J.
,
Schols, J.
,
Halfens, R.
Aim Of the Study: The aims of this study were to test the transfer and feasibility of a Dutch annual survey on malnutrition into German nursing homes and to gather first data about the prevalence of malnutrition, treatment and quality indicators in German resident homes.; Methods: A cross-sectional multicentre study, using a standardised multilevel instrument […]
Impact of serving method on the consumption of nutritional supplement drinks: randomized trial in older adults with cognitive impairment
Allen, Victoria J.
,
Methven, Lisa
,
Gosney, Margot
Aim: To analyse the influence of serving method on compliance and consumption of nutritional supplement drinks in older adults with cognitive impairment.; Background: Oral nutritional supplement drinks have positive benefits on increasing nutritional status in undernourished older people leading to weight gain. However, consumption of these drinks is low and therefore limits their effectiveness.; Design: […]
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To make a new query of the database, please enter your search terms below: | http://toolkit.modem-dementia.org.uk/keywords/malnutrition/ |
Hospitalisation is the act of being hospitalised or admitted to hospital for a period of time. The main goal of hospitalisation is to restore or improve health, so the patient can return home or to their baseline. (Traub, 2018) However according to medical writer Traub (2018) just being in hospital can cause certain problems and one problem sometimes leads to another. In this assignment the effects of hospitalisation are going to be discussed with reference to the adult patient, particularly the older medical patient. Some of these effects include; exposure to infection, increased risk of developing pressure sores, and an overall functional decline.
According to Alexander (2000), on admission, the assessment of a patient should always include consideration of the possible infection risks to which the patient may be exposed, as well as the risk the patient poses to other patients. This is because one of the greatest effects of hospitalisation for the adult patient is the risk of exposure to HCAIs, or hospital acquired infections such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, more commonly known as MRSA. Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium which is present in the nose or skin of over 50% of the population, some of these bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and these are known as MRSA. (Alexander, 2000). In many cases patients with MRSA are isolated into single rooms, and the MRSA protocol is then followed. This involves the use of PPE when treating or coming into contact with infected patients, along with safe disposal of all waste. This isolation of patients can often lead to loneliness, and can often be a very stressful experience on a patient. (Knowles 1993).
All patients are at risk of acquiring a HCAI, but the elderly age group are more vulnerable to their effects. According to a study published in Turkish Journals of Medical Science(2017), infections and HCAI’s are the most common cause of morbidity in elderly patients. In this study of 894 HCAIs, 214 of them were seen in patients over 65. In many of these cases, other infections were present such as Urinary Tract Infections(UTI) or Pneumonia. Seventeen of these elderly patients had mortality due to these acquired HCAIs. The study concluded hospital acquired infections presented in elderly patients have different clinical and microbiological characteristics to HCAI’s presented in other age groups having a greater effect on the older adult patient.
The presence of HCAI’s or infections in adult patients can often result in confusion or delirium. Delirium can be defined as an acute disorder of attention and cognition. (Inouye, 1996) It occurs particularly in elderly patients, and can be characterised by the presence of confusion, disorientation and agitation. A patient experiencing delirium will usually be loud, talkative, offensive, suspicious and agitated. (Plum ; Posner, 1980). The risk of patients experiencing delirium can range from 6% to as high as 56% during a hospital stay. (Fong, T. G., Tulebaev, S. R., ; Inouye, S. K, 2009). A study carried out by the Journal of American Geriatrics(1988) society determined that a UTI present at any time during a hospital stay, and an elevated white blood cell count on admission are high risk factors for delirium. Delirium can affect the patients cognitive ability, and their overall physical and cognitive function. Thus, its important that any patient suspected to be delirious is given treatment immediately. Non-pharmalogical strategies are the first sought treatment for a delirious patient, these include re-orientation; use of sensory aids such as glasses, hearing aids where applicable and a reduction in the use of physical restraint in order to reduce further confusion. (Fong, T. G., Tulebaev, S. R., ; Inouye, S. K, 2009) If delirium is not treated immediately it may prevent the patient from returning to their baseline function and effect the overall outcome and prognosis of patients, which may result in a need for full-time care in a nursing home on discharge. Failure to identify delirium on time can lead to permanent confusion, or the onset of dementia aswell as rapid functional decline for the patient.
In many cases, patients that develop delirium are patients with a decrease in mobility since admission. This maybe due to a history of falls, their admitting diagnoses, or just a general deterioration in the patients condition. Bed rest and a decreased mobility in older patients can greatly influence functional decline in such patients. According to Kortebein et al (2008), 10 days of bed rest results in a noticeable loss of lower body strength, power and aerobic capacity in a healthy older adult with an overall effect on their physical activity. A decrease in mobility in older patients can often lead to failure to return to their baseline independence, leaving the hospital more dependant and needing greater assistance than pre-admission. For example, a report published in the Journal of the American Geriatric Society (2003) reported that 35% of their participants (2,293 patients over the age of 70) declined in ADL functions between baseline and discharge. They concluded that the older patients are at higher risk because they are least likely to recover ADL function lost before admission and are the most likely to develop further functional deficits during the length of their hospitalisation.
Another effect of hospitalisation is malnutrition, which can occur after a long-term hospital stay or in some cases of delirium. Malnutrition can often be commonly found in surgical patients, as according to Torrance(1991), surgery has a profound impact on metabolism which can cause a complex neuroendocrine response which shows similarities to the body’s response to starvation. Similarly, patients with malignancies, inflammatory bowl disease and other chronic diseases such as cardiac and lung diseases are at higher risk of malnutrition. According to Tierney (1996), surveys have suggested between 22 and 50% of hospital patients could suffer from malnutrition. Hospitalisation may also predispose patients to malnutrition due to the emotional trauma and strain; the unfamiliarity of their surroundings may reduce their appetite and similarly the hospital food made not be to the patients taste. Similarly, patients maybe kept fasting before many procedures such as before MRI scans, colonoscopy, or other investigations. Malnutrition can impact on a patients overall recovery, as well as their length of stay in hospital. If the body is under-nourished in a longer recovery time, thus increasing the length of their hospital stay, and the patient can become more at risk of infection; for example, postoperative infection is particularly linked to undernutrition. (Alexander, Fawcett, Runciman, 2000). | https://panasonicbusinessphonesystem.net/hospitalisation-is-the-act-of-being-hospitalised-or-admitted-to-hospital-for-a-period-of-time/ |
With an increasing move towards outpatient therapeutic feeding for moderately and severely malnourished children, the home environment has become an increasingly important factor in achieving good program outcomes. Infections, including those water-borne, may significantly delay weight gain in a therapeutic feeding program. This study examined the relationship between adequacy of water supply and children’s length of stay in a therapeutic feeding program in Niger.
Methods
The length of stay in a therapeutic feeding program of Médecins Sans Frontières in Niger was registered for 1518 children from 20 villages in the region. In parallel, the quality and quantity of the water source in each village were documented, and the association between adequacy of the water supply and length of stay in the program was assessed through Generalized Estimating Equation analysis.
Results
36% of the children presented with a secondary infection, 69% of which were water-related. When stratified by the adequacy of the quantity and/or quality of the water supply in their village of origin, non-adequacy of the water supply was clearly associated with a higher prevalence of secondary water-related infections and with much longer lengths of stay of malnourished children in the therapeutic feeding program.
Citation: Dorion C, Hunter PR, Van den Bergh R, Roure C, Delchevalerie P, Reid T, et al. (2012) Does Village Water Supply Affect Children’s Length of Stay in a Therapeutic Feeding Program in Niger? Lessons from a Médecins Sans Frontières Program. PLoS ONE 7(12): e50982. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050982
Editor: Claire Thorne, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
Received: June 27, 2011; Accepted: October 31, 2012; Published: December 7, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Dorion et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: These authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Over the past few years there has been a dramatic shift in strategy for managing malnutrition in low income countries. Rather than admission to therapeutic feeding centers, where they receive milk-based feedings, ambulatory treatment of children with moderate and severe malnutrition using Ready To Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF) such as Plumpy Nut is increasingly recommended, in order to improve program coverage and acceptability and to reduce program costs and facility-associated complications such as nosocomial infections–.
The shift from inpatient to outpatient care changes the treatment context from one where food, medicines, soap and water are provided in a controlled environment to one where contact with patients is intermittent. Although food, medicines and soap are typically still provided for the outpatients, control or monitoring of their correct use is not possible. Additionally, there is no programmatic control over the water supply of the children in care.
There is some literature regarding the relationship between malnutrition and infection, recently reviewed in . Numerous studies have reported on the vicious cycle of nutrient deficiency adversely affecting immunocompetence, leading to greater sensitivity to opportunistic infections, and infections reducing appetite and nutrient adsorption capacity, , . More recent research has highlighted the interaction between occurrence of diarrheal diseases and malnutrition, , . A predictive model, based on published studies in Colombia, Guatemala and Peru, clearly demonstrates that the energy intake required to achieve a certain nutritional status is increased in children with diarrhea. Unless the infection is addressed, a much longer time is required to achieve adequate nutritional status. A vital component in preventing diarrheal disease and other infections is safe water; however, ensuring this in ambulatory program settings is a challenge .
The recommendations on shifting to outpatient care were implemented in a Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) nutrition program in the Tahoua region in Niger, where children with moderate acute malnutrition have been treated since 2005. Mortality and nutrition surveys conducted internally by MSF in the region indicated levels of global acute malnutrition ranging 7.8–10.3%, and severe acute malnutrition levels ranging 0.3–1.0%. The ambulatory program operated from five nutritional centers, covering a total of 70 villages. Moderately acutely malnourished children received RUTF support, and were only discharged from the program if they fulfilled the discharge criteria of >−2 weight-for-height Z-scores on two consecutive weight measurements, absence of oedema for at least one week, absence of acute medical problems, and a mid-upper arm circumference > 115 mm.
In 2007, this program performed an internal assessment and discovered that children were remaining in care much longer than expected (i.e. more than the six weeks observed in similar programs, ). Since this program operated on an outpatient basis, the hypothesis that problems with water might be partly responsible was proposed. A literature search on PubMed and Google Scholar did not find any studies demonstrating a link between water quality and outcomes of ambulatory therapeutic feeding programs.
Based on this concern, a formal study was proposed to assess the putative association between adequacy of water supplies and length of stay in an outpatient therapeutic feeding program in the Tahoua region of Niger.
Methods
Design
This was an analysis of routinely-collected program and observational data.
Setting
The study was carried out in the five MSF nutritional centers – Madaoua, Aouloumatt, Saban Guidan, Manzou and Bangui – in the Tahoua region in southern Niger. These centers have treated approximately 7000 children from an under-fives population of 21,000 since 2005.
Sample
Out of 70 villages in the region, we chose to examine those with at least 30 children receiving therapeutic feeding and those with the highest burden of secondary infections. Twenty villages with these characteristics were randomly selected by allocating random numbers generated in Microsoft Excel to them and selecting the top 20. These villages represented about 40% of all children in the feeding programs at the time of the study. All moderately malnourished children from these villages were included in this analysis, while severely malnourished children were excluded: severely malnourished children represented too small a group for reliable statistical analysis, and rarely stayed in ambulatory care for continuous stretches of time due to frequent admissions to inpatient centers, further complicating the analysis.
Outcomes
The primary outcome was the length of stay in the therapeutic feeding program: the time from registration till formal discharge.
Variables
Moderately malnourished children were defined as those whose weights were between 70% and 80% of median weight for height using the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference.
Adequacy of the village water supply was stratified in two categories and defined as follows:
- Adequate water quality was defined as all groundwater from a protected source – e.g. a borehole with protective apron and functional hand or submersible pump. A village was only classified as having adequate water quality if all water sources used for human consumption could be considered adequate. Surface water or water provided by open wells was considered of inadequate quality. As such, our definition represents a proxy indicator for true water quality and is in accordance with definitions used previously by the WHO and UNICEF.
- Adequate water quantity was defined as a capacity of the water source of at least 20 L per person per day.
Secondary infections were defined as:
- Diarrhea with or without blood; at least three episodes per day
- Parasitosis: any parasite infection
- Gastroenteritis: inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that caused nausea and vomiting as well as diarrhea
- Skin infections: including scabies and impetigo
- Conjunctivitis: any acute inflammation of the conjunctiva
- Malaria: symptoms (fever, headache, vomiting) with positive Paracheck
- Respiratory tract infection: any combination of cough, fever, sputum and wheezing
- Others: infections that did not fit any of the above definitions
The first five of these conditions (diarrhea, parasitosis, gastro-enteritis, skin infections and conjunctivitis) were considered water-related infections.
Study Procedure
Data were collected from three sources. The first was the medical register book from nutritional centers, which contained as variables the name, date of admission, village of origin, secondary infections, nutritional status (weight for height) and date of the discharge of the patients.
As part of routine program evaluation, field visits to the selected villages provided the second source of data. After obtaining consent from the village leaders, all water sources were examined.
Thirdly, geographic locations (GPS positions) of the selected villages and the MSF nutritional centers were obtained from Google Earth® and distances between the villages and their respective closest nutritional center were calculated using the haversine formula.
We used patient data aggregated across six months of the year: three months during the dry season and three during the rainy season, to compensate for possible differential variation of the water quality versus quantity in the dry versus the rainy season.
Analysis
Data from the medical registers were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and STATA version 10 software (Stata corporation, Texas, USA) was used for analysis. To test the association between length of stay and village water quality/quantity, Generalized Estimating Equation analysis was performed using an ordinal logistic regression model. In this model, length of stay was allocated into one of 4 categories: <6 weeks, 6 to <8 weeks, 8 to <12 weeks and ≥12 weeks.
Ethics
The study met the MSF Ethics Review Board’s approved criteria for analysis of routinely-collected program data. Additionally, the study was approved by the Directeur du bureau hydraulique de la region de Tahoua in Niger. Analysis was done on previously collected program data only: patients were not contacted, and no identifying characteristics of patients were collected. As such, informed consent of involved patients was not indicated or sought.
Results
Across the 20 selected villages, 3618 children presented for primary care during the study period. Among these children, 1302 (36%) presented with a secondary infection at the time of admission. Water-related infections, such as feco-orally transmitted diseases (diarrhea, parasitosis, gastro-enteritis) or washing-water related illnesses (conjunctivitis and skin diseases) represented 69% of all infections (fig. 1), suggesting a major role for water-borne diseases in the overall health status of the population. In view of this significant health burden posed by water-borne diseases in this population, an impact of the adequacy of the village water supply on the treatment characteristics of malnourished children managed in an ambulant fashion in the region’s therapeutic feeding centers seemed plausible.
Out of the 20 sample villages, 1518 moderately malnourished children (22% of all children in the MSF feeding program in the region) were enrolled in ambulatory treatment at one of the therapeutic feeding centers. Relatively long lengths of stay in the feeding program were observed among these children: overall, only 423 (28%) children spent 6 weeks or less in the program, while 467 (31%) were discharged from the program after more than 12 weeks. Typically, such programs aim to discharge children after no more than 6 weeks, . Stratifying these children according to the adequacy of the water supply in their home village (neither quantity nor quality adequate; adequate quantity; adequate quality; and both adequate quantity and quality) revealed clear differences in the lengths of stay in the therapeutic feeding program. Of the children exposed to water inadequacy (i.e. inadequate quality, quantity, or quality and quantity), higher proportions fell into the longer stay categories (6–8 weeks, 8–12 weeks and more than 12 weeks) than of children residing in villages with adequate quantity and quality of the water supply (fig. 2).
Generalized Estimating Equation analysis with an ordinal logistic regression model was performed to assess the relative contributions of water quantity versus quality to the length of stay in the therapeutic feeding programs in this study setting. Distance of the villages to their respective therapeutic feeding centers (ranging from 0.3 to 40 km) was considered as a possible confounding factor but was found not to be associated with length of stay, and was therefore not included in subsequent models. Both adequate water quantity (Odds Ratio = 0.64, 95%Confidence intervals 0.46–0.90) and quality (OR = 0.44, 95%CI 0.32–0.58) were found to be independently associated with shorter lengths of stay in the feeding program, though adequate water quality seemed to carry a stronger association. Length of stay in the program was shortest in children from villages with both adequate water quality and quantity (OR = 0.37, 95%CI 0.23–0.58) (fig. 3).
Discussion
This study demonstrates a strong correlation between the adequacy of the water supply in villages of malnourished children in an ambulatory feeding program and their length of stay in that program. This may be related to the observed association between adequacy of water supply and prevalence of secondary water-related infections. It supports the earlier informal program assessment that children in the therapeutic feeding program in this region of Niger were remaining longer than expected in the program, considering that the length of stay in similar programs elsewhere is typically six weeks, . Additionally, the study indicates that adequate water quality and water quantity are independently associated with improved program outcomes, with a slightly higher impact of water quality over quantity. As such, we bring new evidence to the long-standing debate on the relative importance of water quality versus quantity, , , .
In Niger, malnutrition affects mainly children below two years of age and its causes are multiple: lack of adequate weaning food, unhygienic living conditions, poor access to health care and inadequate water supply. The high proportion of water-related infections in this study (almost 70%) reinforces the role of water as a contributing factor to malnutrition and delays in therapeutic response. Additionally, by demonstrating the correlation between adequacy of water sourcing and an increasing length of stay in the therapeutic program, this study highlights the critical role of access to adequate quality and quantity of water. A clear policy implication resulting from this study is that providing therapeutic food does not suffice. Ambulatory therapeutic feeding programs should include an assessment of the adequacy of the water supply, both at the level of quantity and quality, in the villages treatment of malnourished children is planned. A protocol for rapid and accurate field assessment of this should be developed and included in a feeding program’s plans. A question which will logically follow from such assessments is how to handle inadequacy of water supplies in an area afflicted by malnutrition? Each situation will naturally require a locally-adapted response, but the principles of providing water of adequate quality in adequate quantities are well-known.
This study suffered from considerable limitations. Due to operational constraints in the field, data on potential confounders such as socio-demographic factors, sanitation practices in the studied villages, mothers’ workloads, etc. was not accessible. Likewise, expanded data on water quality and quantity at the village level (number of water sources, quality of individual sources, frequency of use, sourced amounts, etc.) could not be obtained. Additionally, as a result of aggregating the data across 6 months, seasonal effects could not be assessed, though any bias resulting from studying only one season (wet or dry) was removed by collecting data for equal periods of time in the wet and the dry season. Stratification of the data per season could reveal whether the observed associations between water quality/quantity and length of stay in the therapeutic feeding program are linked to a specific season. As such information could help guide operational strategies of e.g. nutritional programs, seasonal variation should be included in future study initiatives. In terms of geospatial characteristics of the villages, some confounders were crudely corrected for by factoring the distance of the villages to the feeding centers into the analysis, we cannot exclude that location-associated characteristics factors such as frequency of visits to collect food also impacted on the length of stay in the program. Another limitation was the use of a proxy indicator for water quality (sourcing from a protected well) – while in line with studies performed by WHO and UNICEF, this definition could be refined by running biochemical and microbiological tests on the water itself.
In conclusion, this study suggests that outpatient therapeutic feeding programs need to assess the adequacy of water supply in villages where their patients live if they are to be effective in reducing malnutrition in a timely manner. The study underlines the importance of a holistic approach to nutritional support. More definitive studies on the relationship between water quantity and quality and childhood nutrition are needed.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: CD RVdB CR PD PM. Performed the experiments: CD. Analyzed the data: CD PH RVdB TR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PH. Wrote the manuscript: CD RVdB TR PM. Revised the manuscript critically for intellectual content: PM CD PH RVdB CR PD TR. Read and approved the final version: PM CD PH RVdB CR PD TR. Guarantor of the paper: CD.
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A series of case-control studies presented at the ACR/ARP Annual Meeting highlighted shared and different risk factors for psoriatic arthritis (PsA), psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
“One of the things that we’ve been studying is how do we know who with psoriasis is going to transition to develop PsA? You can think about this in a variety of different ways. One is that we can understand the pathophysiology,” said study author Alexis Ogdie, MD MSCE, who presented the research. “The second is that you can think about this from a discovery perspective. If we’re in an electronic medical record, is there something we can do with that available data to identify that patient who may be at highest risk for transitioning from psoriasis to PsA?”
The researchers used data spanning 1994 to 2015 from The Health Improvement Network database in the United Kingdom. Patients with at least one code for PsA, psoriasis, AS, or RA were identified and matched to up to 10 controls from the general population who did not have these diseases. More than 100 potential risk factors were considered, including common comorbidities, infections, trauma, and certain medications (including statins).
Final analysis included 7,594 incident PsA cases matched to 75,930 controls, 3,253 incident AS cases matched to 32,530 controls, 111,375 incident psoriasis cases matched to 1,113,345 controls, and 28,341 incident RA cases matched to 282,226 controls. Median age at diagnosis was 48.3 years for PsA, 40.7 years for AS, 43.1 years for psoriasis, and 59.9 years for RA. Sex distribution was about even in psoriasis (52.2% female) and PsA (51.1% female), but there were more female RA cases (68.2%) and male AS cases (69.9%).
Common risk factors across all four groups included past alcohol use (versus non-drinker), uveitis, and pharyngitis. In all four groups, statin use was associated with a lower risk of disease. In some instances, a risk factor for one disease was protective of another: Patients with anemia were more likely to have AS or RA but less likely to have psoriasis. Gout was associated with a greater risk for PsA or RA but a reduced risk for AS. Risk factors that were not significantly associated with any of the four conditions included trauma (overall), trauma to skin, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and urethritis. A strong association was observed between obesity and psoriasis and PsA but not AS and RA. Smoking increased the risk for psoriasis, RA, and AS. Infections were correlated with each of the diseases, but specific infections varied by disease.
“These data generate a lot of hypotheses. They confirm some of the relationships that we already understand, but also raise some new potential risk factors that we need more studies to address in longitudinal cohort studies,” Dr. Ogdie concluded. | https://rheumatology2019.amcpmeetings.org/rheumatic-risk-factors-vary-by-disease/ |
Some people with Alzheimer’s or dementia experience a combative stage of dementia.
This is a normal part of the disease and can happen even if your loved one's personality has been kind and non-violent throughout their lives. It’s caused by the damage that’s happening in their brain.
Because they’re not able to clearly communicate their needs, people with dementia may lash out when they’re afraid, frustrated, angry, or in pain or discomfort. These aggressive outbursts can be scary and difficult for caregivers to handle. They could scream, curse, bite, grab, hit, kick, push, or throw things.
Since you’re feeling attacked, your instincts might prompt you to argue and fight back – but that will only escalate the behavior makes the situation worse.
Here are some tips on how to deal with the aggressive behaviors while it's occurring and how to reduce future outbursts.
1. Be prepared.
Remind yourself that challenging behavior and aggressive outbursts are normal symptoms of dementia. Doing this will help you respond in a calm and supportive way. If you know that these outbursts are a common part of the disease it will reduce your shock and surprise when it does happen and may also make it a little easier to not take the behavior personally and react aggressively.
2. Try to identify the immediate cause or trigger
Think about what happened just before the aggressive outburst started. Something like fear, frustration, or pain might have triggered it.
For example, did your loved one start yelling at empty areas of the room and telling people to get out? Look at the surroundings, you may notice that the room is starting to get darker because it’s early evening. The dim light causes shadowing in the corners of the room, making it seem like there are people in the corner. After identifying that potential trigger, turn on the lights to get rid of the shadowy corners. That will hopefully help your loved one calm down. And, in the future you’ll know to turn on the lights before the room gets too dim.
In another example, you could have unintentionally approached your loved one from behind and startled them. This action could make them feel attacked and so they lash out in what they perceive as self-defense.
3. Rule out pain as the cause of the behavior.
Pain and physical discomfort can trigger aggressive behavior in someone with dementia. Many people suffering with dementia aren’t able to clearly communicate when something is bothering them. Instead, being in pain or discomfort could cause them to act out. Check to see if they need pain medication for existing conditions like arthritis or gout, if their seat is comfortable, or if they need to use the toilet.
4. Use a gentle tone and reassuring touch.
When your older adult gets upset, take a deep breath and stay as calm as possible. If you’re upset, that unintentionally continues escalating the tense emotions in the situation. Staying calm and breathing slowly helps to reduce everyone’s anger and agitation. Speak slowly and keep your voice soft, reassuring, and positive.
If appropriate, use a gentle and calming touch on the arm or shoulder to provide comfort and reassurance.
5. Validate their feelings
If the aggressive behavior is occurring and there isn’t an obvious cause, it could be because they’re having strong negative feelings like frustration, sadness, or loneliness and don’t know how to properly express themselves.
Try to look for clues to their emotions in their behavior and speak in a calm and comforting way. Reassure them that it’s ok to feel that way and that you’re there to help.
6. Calm the environment
A noisy or busy environment could also trigger aggressive dementia behavior. If they starts behaving aggressively, take notice of the environment to see if you can quickly calm the room. Turn down music volume, turn off the TV, and ask other people to leave the room.
7. Play their favorite music
Music has an amazing effect on mood and can change the environment quickly. Sometimes, singing an old favorite song, humming a soothing tune, softly playing relaxing classical music, or playing their favorite sing-a-long tunes can quickly calm someone down.
8. Shift focus to a different activity
If the current or previous activity caused agitation or frustration, it could have provoked an aggressive response.
After giving them a moment to express their anger, try to shift their attention to a different activity – something they typically enjoy.
9. Remove yourself from the room
In some cases, nothing works to calm the person. If that happens, it may be best to leave the room to give them some space and to give yourself time to calm down and regain balance. They may be able to calm themselves or might even forget that they’re angry. Before leaving, check to see that the environment is safe and that they’re not likely to hurt themselves while you’re gone.
10. Consider medication
If you have tried all of the above and challenging behaviors become too much to safely handle, it might be time to work with their doctor to carefully experiment with behavioral medications. When used appropriately, medication can curb dangerous aggression and improve quality of life for your loved one and yourself.
11. Last resort - call for help in emergencies
If you have can’t calm the person down and is becoming a danger to you or to themselves, you’ll need help from others.
In an emergency, call 911 and emphasize to the operator that the person has dementia, which is causing them to act aggressively. This helps first responders know that the person isn’t behaving criminally and needs help to safely calm down.
If you are caring for your loved one at home, consider moving your loved one to a memory care community, such as Alcoeur Gardens, a specialized memory care community, as there are multiple staff members on duty at all times, there’s 24/7 supervision and care, and they’re trained to handle these types of difficult situations. | https://www.alcoeurgardens.com/post/2019/02/06/tips-for-dealing-with-aggressive-behaviors-in-alzheimers |
How To Put A 1 Year Old To Sleep?
Sleep is important for your baby's development, but it can be a challenge to get them to sleep through the night. If you're struggling with how to put a 1 year old to sleep, know that you're not alone. There are a few things you can do to encourage your little one to catch some Zs.
First, try creating a bedtime routine. A few hours before your baby's usual bedtime, start winding down the activity level in your home. Turn off the TV, put away any toys that are scattered around, and dim the lights. You can also start getting your child ready for bed by giving them a bath or reading them a bedtime story.
Once it's time for your child to sleep, put them in their crib or bed and say goodnight. You can stay in the room for a few minutes if your baby is crying or seems agitated, but try to avoid picking them up or rocking them to sleep. This will only make it harder for them to fall asleep on their own.
If your baby wakes up in the middle of the night, avoid turning on the lights or picking them up. Instead, try soothing them back to sleep with a soft voice or Patting their back lightly. Only enter the room if your child is truly upset and cannot be calmed down.
If you have a 1 year old who isn't sleeping through the night, you may be feeling frustrated and exhausted. parents of 1 year olds need about 11 hours of sleep per night, but many 1 year olds only sleep 10 hours or less. Here are some tips to help your 1 year old get a better night's sleep:
With some patience and consistency, you can help your child learn to sleep through the night. Creating a bedtime routine and sticking to it will signal to your baby that it's time to rest. And if you stay calm and relaxed when they wake up in the middle of the night, they'll soon learn that they can self-soothe and go back to sleep.
- Make sure your 1 year old is getting enough physical activity during the day. A tired body is more likely to fall asleep easily at night.
- develop a bedtime routine and stick to it as much as possible. A bath, story, and a lullaby can help signal to your 1 year old that it's time to sleep.
- Avoid giving your 1 year old caffeine, especially close to bedtime. Caffeine can keep your 1 year old awake and make it harder to fall asleep.
- create a calm and relaxed environment in your 1 year old's bedroom. soft music, a nightlight, and a favorite stuffed animal can help your 1 year old feel comfortable and safe at bedtime.
With a little patience and effort, you can help your 1 year old get the sleep they need to grow and thrive. | https://drsprays.com/blogs/research/how-to-put-a-1-year-old-to-sleep |
We are honoured to be able to offer insights into the Forest School approach as it is being offered by practitioners all across Canada. This guest post is by Gail Molenaar, an RECE, Certified in the Shanker Method of Self-Regulation and a Forest and Nature School Practitioner based in Ontario.
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As the school year ends and another torch is passed, I can’t help but think about all the lessons the forest has taught us. Looking at Forest and Nature School through a self-regulation lens can be unique and innovative. We look at stress through a 5-step model called the Shankur Method, and put on our self-regulation goggles.
- Reframe the behaviour.
- Recognise the stressors.
- Reduce the stress.
- Reflect.
- Respond. (The Mehrit Centre- www.self-reg.com)
Through this new lens we see what may be the stressors and try to help find ways to deal with them. I am finding that stressors for the students in the indoor class become virtually non-existent in the forest.
What exactly do we see inside the Kindergarten room that could be considered stressors?
- Noise– This could be anything, from the HVAC to the P.A system, transition time bells, children playing loudly, music, blocks banging against the hard floor, or the teachers singing a clean up song.
- Lighting– The harsh fluorescent lights actually flicker and make a humming sound, and can be excessively bright.
- Temperature– Sometimes the lack of air movement with the sun beating on the windows creates a rather high temperature. Along with 27 children, it can get hot.
- Crowded– With 27 small bodies vying for 2 teachers attention, it can get overwhelming for both teacher and student. We all require some personal space, which can be difficult to procure in a classroom.
- Smell– Bodily functions and small children are a given. There is no escape when encapsulated in a Kindergarten room!
- Transitions and Dictated schedules- Being swept up in play and then forced to clean up to attend to other classes can be disruptive and not very child honouring.
- Bright Colours and Visual Overload– In an effort to make classrooms appealing, they are often decorated with brightly coloured bulletin boards and table tops, painted in primary colours, and items stored in bright coloured plastic totes. Our eyes are never sure where to glance and become overwhelmed.
Overall we are creating a sensory storm that may be causing our students more harm than benefit. We can consider calming colours, opening windows, turning off overhead lights and using soft glow bulbs in table lamps. Provide headphones, fidget toys, smell jars, yoga cards and a quiet space to calm.
But what about going out into the forest?
The forest offers hidey holes for quiet reflection. Mother Nature has created the perfect light bulb amongst the trees and she always wears the perfect scent. Sometimes it gets quite hot outside but it’s always significantly cooler under the tree canopy. We are never crowded as we frolic on hills and fallen trees. We climb those same trees and make new discoveries about the flora and fauna and ourselves. Our ears hear so many sounds that soothe us and sometimes rock us to sleep. We see such a variety of green and brown that never overwhelms us but instead offers a familiar colour scheme that makes us feel calm and alert. The forest is the best gym class that was never taught.
Self-Regulation is a paradigm revolution. I see it everywhere I turn and with every move that is made. As educators we tend to be driven by management: management of behaviour and management of time. Every minute of every hour must be filled with something new, exciting, educational and thought provoking. After all without this what would we need teachers for?
We must begin by looking much more closely at what we want to accomplish, where we see the future of education and what our students are missing in their lives. Granted some are missing much more than others, but I believe every public school child would benefit from more time outside in nature. Some are getting more than others, but I feel that collectively, as educators, we are neglecting the lessons that nature can provide and the deep learning that cannot be duplicated inside a classroom. As a Forest and Nature School practitioner, I have noticed that in general children who are not self-regulating in an indoor classroom miraculously can bring themselves to calm, happy and alert within a short amount of time in the forest.
There is no better time than now to be on the lookout for the stressors affecting you and the children in your care, and to go deep into the forest to experience some of the best self-regulating calm.
When you take the time to balance your own well-being, it pays forward to the students under your watch. As Dr. Stuart Shanker might say, “Stay Calm and Self-Reg on.” And I add to the sentiment by taking it into the forest! | https://childnature.ca/linking-the-forest-to-self-regulation/ |
Is it just the lighting?
September 28, 2022
Walking in from the hallway into Mrs. Dymond’s room, the lights go from really bright to dim. The vibe instantly changes. Why is that important?
“I don’t know if it has to do with the lighting or just the fact that it’s Mrs. Dymond’s room and she always makes me personally feel comfortable, but every time I walk in here I just feel like I can release any burdens I have and emotionally try to calm down a little bit,” said Jocelyne Berrios, a senior and one of Mrs. Dymond’s students.
A comfortable school environment is important for students. Why? Student stress is definitely real. Out of a scale 1-10, Teens in general experience a rate of 5.8 of often or always feeling stressed. High school students experience 75% of often or always feeling stressed, according to an article written on Research.com
Back to asking why. According to “The Importance of Student Stress and Comfort” article on Martin Public Seating, “When schools use furniture that makes students feel uncomfortable, such as painful seating and desks that are the wrong size, it can irritate them and cause bad moods, impeding their focus.”
The comfortable furniture plays a very big role in the comfort of students. The benefits of comfortability include academic achievement and engagement. Students may want to be more involved when they feel comfortable.
Mrs. Dymond has a reading room, a room where you can relax, think positive thoughts, do schoolwork and read.
“I am very lucky. Because I run the Journalism program, I had a computer lab. I have turned that lab into a reading room,” said Mrs. Dymond, English teacher.
I just like how much she furnished it to fit her students’ needs. A lot of students that do come back here need a moment to themselves. There are snacks if you’re hungry, the lights are very dim and you can feel like you’re at home. It’s very quiet also,” said Jocelyne.
Teachers listening to their students’ needs deepens student learning. The students may want to engage more when they know the teacher is actually listening to their needs. Just like Mrs. Dymond.
Physical and emotional comfort ease stress. Teachers who encourage students to talk to them about any of their feelings also play a part in decreasing school stress. Who wants to go somewhere they don’t feel comfortable in any way? | https://thegreyhoundnews.com/5984/school-news/is-it-just-the-lighting/ |
According to the model, patients with dementia experience difficulties receiving, processing, and responding to environmental stimuli. These difficulties are the direct result of the progressive deterioration in cognitive, affective, and functional abilities that accompany dementia. The model asserts that individuals with dementia exhibit behavior that can be described as baseline for the individual, anxious, or dysfunctional. The behavior demonstrated at any given time varies and depends on perceived environmental stimuli and stage of the disease.
For example, baseline behavior is generally a calm state where the individual is capable of functioning within the limits of any cognitive impairment. Anxious behavior, such as avoidance, may develop when the individual feels stress or perceives a loss of control. If the anxious behavior continues, or if excessive stimuli are present, dysfunctional behaviors such as aggression or verbal outbursts can result. Similarly, when demands on the individual are removed or adjusted to a level at which he or she can adapt and cope, functional behavior is likely to occur.
According to Gerdner, Buckwalter, and Reed, six main groups of stressors negatively affect individuals with dementia and may accelerate the transition from baseline to anxious and dysfunctional behavioral states. These groups include fatigue; changes in routine, environment, or caregiver; demands that exceed functional capacity; multiple and competing stimuli; affective responses to perceptions of loss, including anger; and physical stressors, such as pain or medications. These stressors cause the individual to become anxious or stressed and may trigger dysfunctional behaviors. Over time as the disease progresses, the individual's ability to cope and adjust to these stressors may progressively diminish. As a result, baseline functioning behaviors decrease while disruptive behaviors increase, reflecting a decreased ability to adapt and understand stimuli. Interventions that decrease environmental stimuli and individual stressors will reduce stress and promote appropriate behavior.[6,7]
In the acute care setting patients are exposed to environments they are not familiar with. These environments are busy and noisy. The constant sound of telephones and call bells, overhead announcements, equipment being moved, other patients, visitors, health care professionals talking back and forth, and numerous unfamiliar staff can all be very overwhelming for the patient. Patients also are exposed to changes in daily routines and social milieu and periods of activity fluctuating between overstimulation and sensory deprivation. The patient with dementia may have a difficult time adapting to this environment and experience significant stress. This stress may be exhibited as behavior that is disruptive or challenging for the acute care nurse. Nurses, who are very familiar with the hospital environment, may not even be aware of the excessive stimuli the patient is receiving.
Careful assessment of the patient's environment may help identify factors that contribute to his or her stress and need to be modified for future care. Lack of understanding of behavioral outbursts in this population may lead to inappropriate care and frustration for both the patient and nursing staff. For example, physical restraints continue to be used in acute care despite the overwhelming evidence of their negative consequences, which include increases in nursing workload and patient mortality.[4,8,9] Too frequently, nurses apply restraints while keeping the patient in a highly stimulating environment, thereby increasing the patient's stress level and placing him or her at risk for injury. Table 1 lists alternatives to physical restraints.
The PLST provides a framework for understanding patient behavior and directing patient care. Table 2 provides some specific interventions that can help the nurse minimize patient stress and provide quality care to demented patients in the acute care environment. Interventions must be individualized for each patient. Something that works with one patient may be ineffective for the next patient. Likewise, a strategy that is successful at one time may be unsuccessful the next time it is implemented.
Patient Factors
Before attempting to intervene, the nurse must first rule out a physical cause for the behavior. Because patients with dementia have difficulty expressing themselves, they may be experiencing some discomfort that they are incapable of communicating. Agitation can be precipitated by an array of undiagnosed health conditions, such as pain, constipation, hypoxia, infection, drug toxicity, or renal or liver insufficiency. A complete assessment, including a medication review and laboratory studies, can rule out a physical cause for the behavior.
Patients also may become agitated when their personal space—the distance required between themselves and others—is invaded. Older people who are predisposed to aggression, such as patients with dementia, have a personal space that is an average of four times larger than that of those not prone to aggression. In fact, studies have demonstrated that assaults are more likely to occur when caregivers are in close proximity to patients, such as when prompting patients to eat, dress, bath, reposition, or move from one area to another.[12,13] These patients may not understand what is happening to or around them and may strike out in an attempt to protect their space or personal belongings. Attempts to stop this behavior may only create further stress and escalate the agitation. This reaction can be problematic in the acute care setting as staff attempt to care for patients, particularly when providing basic care or performing invasive procedures, such as caring for tubes and drains or changing dressings.
Managing these behaviors is a priority for nurses as they struggle to deliver care, facilitate patient recovery, and prevent complications, such as infection, malnutrition, and functional decline. Whenever possible, nurses can respect the patient's personal space by prompting him or her to complete the task independently using simple one-step instructions, such as during bathing, feeding, or repositioning. During more complicated procedures, such as wound management or tube care, the nurse can encourage the patient to grab the bed rails instead of striking out.
Minimizing distractions can prevent excessive stimuli and prevent agitation. This can be accomplished by closing the door to the patient's room, having as few people present as possible during procedures, being organized and completing the task in a calm and efficient manner, speaking softly to the patient throughout the procedure, and explaining what is being done in simple language. Flexibility and creativity may be required to discover a strategy that helps the patient feel safe while allowing procedures to be performed efficiently. Music also has been found to be effective,[15,16,17] helping to create a soothing and relaxing environment.
The presence of tubes and drains, such as Foley catheters or intravenous lines, may be irritating and should be avoided if possible. If their use is necessary, they should be removed as soon as possible. Frequent monitoring of patients with tubes is necessary to ensure they do not pull at the tubes, disrupt treatment, and injure themselves. Nurses also can attempt to "hide" the tubes with cloths or linen or ask family members or institutional companions to sit with confused patients to distract them and prevent them from disrupting therapy. Although using restraints to prevent disruption of treatment is common in the acute care setting,[4,10,18] no evidence exists to demonstrate their effectiveness in preventing disruption in treatment or maintaining the safety of patients.
Given the dangers posed by the restraints themselves,[4,9,18] using them should not be an option. Restraint-free care can be achieved through an individual plan of care: knowing your patient, recognizing what precipitates stress and agitation, acknowledging the patient's right to refuse care and make choices, establishing relationships with family and other informal supports, collaborating with other health care professionals, and exercising creativity, flexibility, and patience.
Environmental Factors
As previously discussed, the acute care environment, with its multiple and competing stimuli, can be very stressful for patients with dementia. These patients have limited ability to process and understand what is occurring in their environment. Nurses need to be aware of environmental cues and, when necessary, modify the environment to control the information the patient is receiving. Odors, noise, and décor contribute to the information the patient is required to process and should be included in the environmental assessment.
The impact the environment has on patient behavior may fluctuate, depending on the degree of activity occurring at any given time. Research has shown that disruptive behavior is more likely to occur during periods of high activity. A landmark study identified three peak times for disruptive behavior: between 7 and 10 AM, noon and 2 PM, and 4 and 7 PM. In an acute care environment, these times represent periods of high activity: shift changes, meal times, sending and receiving patients from operating rooms, doctor rounds, and visiting hours. Understandably, placing additional demands on patients during these periods, such as by performing procedures, may perpetuate their anxiety and result in unpredictable behavior. Carefully planning activities to minimize these demands during peak periods may prevent unnecessary stress and behavioral outbursts.
Lighting in the patient's room requires careful consideration. Shadows created by dim lights may confuse and frighten patients with dementia and set off aggressive behaviors. Bright lights, such as fluorescent lights, although helpful to staff in completing assessments and making astute observations, are problematic for older adults because their eyes are sensitive and may become irritated. Lighting should be kept free of shadows and glares with low lighting restricted to sleep time.
Staff should be careful with mirrors. Patients with dementia may not recognize their own reflection and feel threatened by the person looking back at them. Similarly, reflections seen through windows may be disturbing. Covering mirrors with a blanket or drawing curtains is all that is required in these situations to prevent aggression or difficult behaviors.
If the patient wanders, the environment should be modified to accommodate this behavior by removing clutter from the patient's path, such as in hospital corridors and around the patient's room. Keeping main doors closed will prevent patients from wandering away from the nursing unit. Hiding the doorknob by covering it with a cloth or towel has proven effective. Patients also can be provided with opportunities to engage in purposeful, work-related activities, such as sweeping the floor, folding laundry, or "working" alongside supportive staff, if possible. Recreational therapists, if available, can be consulted to provide diversionary activities. Family or volunteers can be asked to accompany patients on walks to ensure they are safe. Attempts to restrict movement in patients who routinely wander will only frustrate and agitate them.[22,23]
Sensory deprivation is common in patients with dementia and may contribute to increased confusion and agitation. Unfortunately, patients with dementia are often left alone.[2,14] This may be a coping mechanism for caregivers, particularly when patients exhibit difficult behaviors and the caregivers feel burdened. Yet research has demonstrated that demented patients are more likely to exhibit disruptive behaviors when they are unoccupied and alone. For this reason, patients should not be assigned to private rooms, which can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness and exacerbate difficult behaviors. Conversely, hospital wards may overstimulate the patient; multiple patients sharing the same room generate numerous and competing simultaneous stimuli, which may be overwhelming. Accordingly, a semi-private accommodation, where the patient shares a room with one other person, is preferable. However, Gilster et al cautions that roommates must be carefully selected. Ideally, the patient should share a room with someone who can provide social interaction and is sensitive to the demented patient's level of cognition.
Caregiving Factors
Many of the day-to-day caregiving responsibilities for individuals with dementia are performed by either family or staff of long-term care settings.[26,27] Admission to a hospital often means a change in caregivers, which can be stressful in itself. Nurses should actively seek input from informal caregivers to understand their usual behaviors. Involving people who are familiar with the patient in the development of an individualized plan of care will help maintain a consistent routine, maximize strengths and abilities, and identify any potential needs that may arise in the hospital.
Although it is unrealistic to expect the usual caregivers to remain with the patient at all times, they may be happy to learn that they can participate in some level of the patient's care. This assistance may be particularly helpful during the first few days of hospitalization when the patient and nursing staff are attempting to develop familiarity. Family members may be able to help keep the patient calm and reduce the sense of insecurity. Families should be asked to help maintain home routines and rituals, which are very important for people with dementia. For example, if a patient does not receive medications at home until after breakfast, the nurse can modify the regimen to help maintain this routine and avoid stress and agitation. If necessary, the nurse can ask the caregiver who is responsible for the medications at home to assist the patient with scheduled oral medications. If medications are to be administered by other routes, the nurse can seek input from the caregivers regarding how best to approach the patient.
With adequate knowledge regarding dementia and agitation within this population, nurses can better respond to their patients' needs. Nurses should be open to new strategies in managing behavioral problems and be willing to share ideas among themselves. Emotional support has also been found to be helpful because demented patients can be stressful and emotionally exhausting for the nurse.[11,27,29] Research and commentary on managing this population should be posted and shared. Available resources, such as gerontologic nurse specialists, should be consulted regularly.
Patients with dementia respond better to routines and often become agitated and stressed when approached by people with whom they are not familiar. Whenever possible, patients with dementia should have consistency in care providers. Assigning casual or float staff to patients with dementia may create undue stress and perpetuate disruptive behaviors.
When possible, procedures should be performed by one health care professional. Although nursing staff frequently work in pairs to complete specific tasks, such as complex dressings or complete bed baths, patients with dementia may become overwhelmed when a number of people approach them. If more than one person is required to accomplish a specific task, it should be performed by the least number of people possible. In these cases, one staff member should approach and engage the patient before other professionals enter the room.
The attitude and manner in which the nurse approaches the patient can impact his or her response. People with dementia are extremely sensitive to the nonverbal cues of those around them and mirror their affective behavior. Patients will sense a nurse's apprehension and respond negatively. Likewise, the patient may emulate the nurse's patience, calmness, and gentleness and remain relaxed.
Patients with dementia need to be spoken to directly, even if they are unable to talk back. Nurses should approach patients in a calm, slow manner, look directly at the patient when speaking, and avoid moving or walking around during conversations. When patients are approached abruptly or unexpectedly, they may become agitated and stressed. If the patient does become agitated when spoken to, it is important for staff to remain calm and repeat the sentence using the same words. If possible, bring the patient to a quiet area or remove excess stimuli during discussions or when making requests. The use of short, simple sentences and a soft tone are also effective. If a patient does not understand what was said or does not respond, it is important to repeat the sentence using exactly the same phrase. Because their thought processes may be delayed, it is important to allow ample response time before repeating the request/phrase.
Nurses should resist asking the patient for information. Questions such as, "How are you feeling today?" or "Can you tell me why you are upset?" can be overwhelming. Provide patients with information by saying, "You seem to be having a good day," or "You are upset, but I will help you." The use of memory aids, such as directions, pictures, or symbols, also can be effective when attempting to explain procedures.
Implications for Practice
In keeping with the PLST model, the nurse can minimize stressors and agitation in individuals with dementia by modifying or controlling any factors that increase stress. For example, if the patient consistently becomes agitated during a dressing change, the nurse can critically examine the circumstances surrounding the procedure. Specific questions nurses should ask themselves include: Is the procedure painful? How many people are present during the procedure? Does the discharge from the wound have a foul odor? Is the procedure being done at a time of day when a lot of activity is taking place on the nursing unit? Can family members be present during the procedure? What does the patient normally do during that time of day? What other procedures or demands have been placed on the patient before the procedure? Answers to these questions may provide an awareness of the stimuli the patient is receiving and help direct nursing care.
Geriatr Nurs. 2004;25(3) © 2004 Mosby, Inc.
Cite this: Caring for Patients With Dementia in the Acute Care Environment - Medscape - May 01, 2004. | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/481616_2 |
Suggestopedia as an interesting method of teaching English
This article gives a brief description of the method which is called suggestopedia . It is a very interesting method thus some of its elements can be used in the process of teaching. This approach was created by a Bulgarian psychotherapist Georgi Lozanov who claimed that in proper conditions students can learn language using more of their so called ‘mental capacity’.
This method enables students to learn the language in the nice, calm environment in the classroom during the lessons. One of the main aims in this method is to make the classroom environment cosy for the learners. Hence it includes the comfortable chairs, dim lighting and special kind of music. To increase the stage of relaxation among students calm music (especially Baroque one) is played as the background to the lesson. Lozanov believed that this certain type of music helps to relax and to achieve better results in remembering target language together with new words and phrases.
The teacher is important in the classroom, in fact he is treated as the authority. His role is to encourage students to speak even with their mistakes. He may correct the errors but at the end of the certain task. He can’t disturb the students’ speech or disturb while they are speaking. It is also important to mention that homework is not very important unlike the other methods. In this approach it is present but students are only re-reading the dialogues from the given lesson or lessons.
Typical techniques in this method involve: creating the classroom which looks rather like the normal room in the house or using the visualisations in order to help the students to relax. Another one that some may find quite surprising is the approach in which students are to choose new identity or occupation (as in the role-plays) to ‘get inside’ the learning process. Even more interesting teaching technique is connected with peripheral way of learning new words. By this mean students learn rather ‘unconsciously’ or in other words –they are not aware of the teaching, for them it is more like a natural way.
To sum up, although suggestopedia may not provide a wide range of new vocabulary, it can be useful for the teachers. Using this approach or some elements they may show that learning/teaching can be conducted in a less stressful way. What is more, the students may feel that the right atmosphere during lectures is also important and increases the learning process. | https://teacher.pl/en/suggestopedia-as-an-interesting-method-of-teaching-english/ |
Getting frustrated flipping and tossing yourself on the bed at night? Looking for a calm and quality sleep? Then my friend you have landed on the right page. This article is all about how to get good and comfortable sleep along with the tips to improve the quality of sleep.
Following are The Tips To Improve The Quality of Sleep
1. Read Books At Night
A little reading is all therapy a person needs sometimes. It enlightens one’s self.
Ultimately, books impart knowledge to us and they will always help us to create a vision and have more clarity about things.
Sometimes we read the experiences of the writer, which alerts us in advance. Learning from someone else’s experience is a lavishing skill.
Moreover, it helps to unlock the imaginative and creative powers of our mind.
You can try reading books of various genres and find yourself a suitable one. Try reading books before sleep and it will surely elevate the quality of your sleep.
2. Listen to good music
After having a whole tiring day what should we expect? Listening to good soothing music has always considered being the best.
Music that get on to our nerves, music which makes us fell relaxed.
It calms all the hustling cells of our body, turns the vibe into a more relaxed form and we start to connect with the music.
Feel it and recall good, happy memories. Listening to good relaxing music while lying in the bed will let you feel calm and happy.
Listen to some more of them and soon you will be diving in the ocean of sleep along with a board of joyful dreams.
Stop thinking and overthinking
Overthinking is the art of creating problems that weren’t even there. If one wants to destroy the eternal peace, he can start overthinking.
Worrying about the things, incidents, events, sayings which never have happened still is the core component of over-thinking. And, it hits hard to some people while they go to the bed.
Worrying is not the solution to anything. We can only be worried either about the past or future. We always end up spoiling our present.
As a result, we got nothing but problems only, for instance, depression, anxiety, aggression, stress, etc.
So as to reduce the problem, we should adopt the habit of planning our next day schedule. This will help to execute day to day things in a little organized manner.
Sleeping with a tensed or mind thinking about several things ain’t gonna get the quality of sleep you are in search for.
Be comfortable
First of all, find yourself a good and comfortable place to sleep. We sleep to be relaxed only if the place is comfortable enough.
Apart from this, a good body posture is necessary while sleeping because a bad body posture while sleeping may rise to many problems such as cervical, thyroid, severe body ache, fatigue.
Neatness and cleaniness
Make sure the place of sleeping should be hygienic. Your bed should have a clean bed sheet and cushions.
As we know, that living in an unhygienic place has always been difficult for living beings.
Having some flowers on the bedside and candles or soft lights would be great.
So, this will create a fresh environment which would help to sleep better.
Fix your bedtime
Often, we avoid fixing or decide our bedtime and many people don’t feel the need of doing so.
But it is important to get the answer to our very common questions such as how to sleep better, how to improve sleep quality, how to overcome sleep deprivation, and so on.
Hence, we should make a night routine in order to deal with the lack of sleep and the problem occurs due to irregular sleeping patterns.
Start writing diary
Simply, an attempt of being a carefree and careful person at the some time.
Diary writing is a very unique way to keep a record of our days spent.
Pen down the thoughts, unload the emotions on a paper, give a break to mind and enjoy the rhythm of the night.
Don’t sleep in day time
Sleeping more in the day time will automatically reduce the sleeping time at night. On a serious tone, avoid afternoon naps. It will mess with your night sleeping routine.
Although, Sleeping on a proper time is equally important. And nighttime is the best time to sleep which nature itself offers.
Many successful people like Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, and others also give themselves a sleeping break at night only.
Meditate
First, it’s important to filter our thoughts, our mindset, and our vision, which creates clarity.
Second, adopting a few physical exercises and yoga asanas would help in blood circulation throughout the body, activating our brain cells.
A few topmost yoga asanas to improve sleep quality are: balasana, uttanasana, ardha uttanasana, supta baddha konasana, viparita karani, savasana.
You can rely on these asanas.
Consult a doctor
If a person has completely become sleep deprived and is suffering from a serious lack of sleep problem then in such a case, one should consult a doctor.
Sometimes, people suffer from insomnia because of growing age and elder ones get very less sleep.
Doctors prescribe melatonin in such cases. The medicine is used to calm down the brain cells and help the person to fall asleep.
Melatonin intake should only be done after a doctor’s consultation and it’s not for kids.
Read Also: 7 Habits that changed my life
How to get quality sleep?
There are so many ways to get a quality sleep full night. All you have to do is to stop doing a few things before going to bed or while in bed.
You should value your night routine and sleep accordingly. This will give a massive dose of energy in the morning for the chores following the day.
Most importantly, try to relax while lying on the bed. Don’t look at any kind of screens. Dim or wipe out the lights from the bedroom and relax each and every muscle in your body. Practicing this will give you an amazing experience.
Moreover, unhealthy sleeping habits or routines can have adverse effects on the mind and body. Look, sleep is a necessity of our body and it should be fulfilled gracefully.
Otherwise, it will leave you tossing and flipping in the bed during the night. Also, unhealthy sleeping habits will affect your whole energy, mood, thinking ability, etc.
Thanks for reading. | https://menhealthblogs.com/10-tips-to-improve-sleep-quality/ |
If you are exhausted trying to put your baby to sleep, then here are some trouble-free tips on how to get a baby to sleep. Steer through this write up to learn more.
You had a busy day at work and have returned home bushed and exhausted longing for some good sleep. You come to your baby’s nursery, rock him/her to sleep, and just when you put him/her down, he/she wakes up. What will you do now to put your baby back to sleep? Motherhood is bliss, but putting a baby to sleep can be a very fatiguing experience, at times. Most parents become edgy while trying to put their babies to sleep. However, there are a few tips which may help you put your baby to sleep in next to no time. The first thing you should do before putting your baby to sleep is to make sure everything is at place and your baby is comfortable in the crib. Be sure that your baby has a good dinner; has burped, and is sleeping in a dry diaper. Help your baby to stay awake during the day time so that he/she can sleep better at night. If you want to know how to get your baby to sleep effectively, then here are some handy tips to your aid.
Getting A Baby To Sleep
Music
Do you remember how your mom used to sing lullaby when you were a kid and you used to fall asleep right away? Try the same method with your baby too! Quiet and soft music is very soothing for a baby. Hold your baby against your chest to make him/her feel warm and secure. You can either sing a lullaby or play some soothing music. However, don’t turn the volume too high as it may distract your child from sleeping.
Is It The Diaper?
Your baby will definitely not like to sleep on something wet and cold. Your baby might start crying just because he/she is uncomfortable. Check if the diaper is wet, and change it quietly. Don’t turn on the lights while changing; instead you may use a night lamp to guide you.
Don’t Be In a Rush
Just like you, your baby too needs time to fall asleep. At times you might find that after rocking your baby to sleep, he/she wakes just as you lay him/her down in the crib. This is because your baby is not fully asleep. The initial period of a baby’s sleep is usually light, so he/she might wake up easily. Spend some more time to make sure your baby is fast asleep before you put him/her it down in the crib.
The Ideal Sleeping Environment
A comforting sleeping environment will help your baby sleep faster. Dim night lamps, setting the room temperature at a comfortable range, and putting a warm blanket over the baby may help a baby sleep better and faster. You also have to evaluate if the baby is comfortable in complete darkness or if low lit lamp is more soothing for him/her.
Bedtime Rituals
A bedtime routine gives a baby signals to sleep. You can try a routine like singing a lullaby, massaging your baby with a lotion, or feeding the baby, etc. Even if the baby might have difficulty getting used to the routine initially, with the repetition he/she will learn to sleep faster. | https://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/how-to-get-a-baby-to-sleep-12404.html |
At Chekhov Street, Building 40, near the coffee-house BON (Mirobad district) there is a small, but incredibly cozy restaurant Ascot, built of dark wood, furnished with comfortable expensive furniture, decorated with the photos of Albion (Great Britain), it certainly attracts visitors of different range - from students to people of bohemian look.
Stunning English cuisine with elements of traditional features, polite, smart waiters, live music performance, separate cabins all these things transfer guests to the atmosphere of the beautiful Britain. It is especially comfortable here for loving couples. Small cabins, decorated aquarium with funny turtles and exotic fish, delicious food and professional service, a little dim lights, soft music chords sure to produce the desired effect. | http://www.eastroute.com/where-to-go-in-the-city/tashkent/restaurants-and-cafes/ascot |
Wintertime, when it is dark and damp and cold and windy outside, is the quintessential time of year when Germans yearn for Gemütlichkeit and Danish people for hygge. There is no direct translation for either word, but it means cozy-warm-fuzzy-comforting. The term describes a combination of appearance and ambiance, and is culturally linked to the need for physical and psychological protection from the raw fall and winter weather of those countries.
A room, home or restaurant is gemütlich when it is not too big, warm, the lights are dim (maybe candles are lit), the ceiling is not too high, the colors are in the warm spectrum, the sound level is muted or soft music is playing, maybe a fire is lit in the fireplace, you can sink deeply into the soft furniture, the smell of cookies baking in the oven or a thick winter stew simmering on the stovetop might waft through the air, and you feel safe and coddled and know that everything is all right.
You can feel gemütlich by yourself, with a loved one or with a few close friends, but not in a crowd. It feels gemütlich when you sit in front of your fireplace in the late afternoon or evening in comfortable clothes on a soft couch with a cup of tea and a good book and without a care in the world, moreso if the weather is really miserable outside. You cannot feel gemütlich when the sun shines brightly, when the weather is balmy and the windows are open, when you sit in an upright hard chair, when you wear formal clothes, when the place is expansive with high ceilings, or when you are upset and preoccupied.
Now is the time to be gemütlich, because it's over with the Gemütlichkeit as soon as the weather warms and spring fever hits. | https://www.susannemeyerfitzsimmons.com/blog/enjoying-gemutlichkeit |
First of all, let me say, one of my favorite things in life is decorating! When I first moved into my office, I was so excited to see what I could do with this blank canvas. I knew I wanted the space to be inviting, a reflection of me, and a place that my clients enjoyed coming to.
I love the way my office feels and many that have entered use the word “calm” to describe it. I tried very hard to balance the energy in here by using a mixture of Feng Shui and Symbolism.
What is Feng Shui? “ Feng Shui is sometimes thought to be the art of placement—understanding how the placement of yourself and objects within a space affects your life in various areas of experience. It is a complex body of knowledge that teaches you how to balance and harmonize with the energies in any given space “ according to www.thespruce.com.
Desk
I place my desk facing the door, signaling to the universe that I am open to new opportunities. I have it in the corner of my office facing outward so that I have command over the room. I have a tall-back chair for support making this a very functional, yet relaxing work space.
Lighting
I never turn on my overhead office lights. I find they give off a harsh, yellow-type light that distracts my focus and strains my eyes. Instead, I have the blinds on my window in the open position, letting in copious amounts of natural light. For days where sunshine is in short supply, I have three smaller lights that give off a much softer glow.
Sound
I like to play soft piano music alternating with meditation music or nature sounds. I find this to be extremely relaxing while producing an environment of productivity. It can be distracting at times, so I use my discretion depending on the client. You will also hear a soft lull of my tower fan in addition to a light trickling sound coming from my table top water feature.
Element Balance
This was an effort to symbolize a balancing of all elements to create an environment where my clients can recalibrate and prosper.
Earth: I have many indoor plants in my office which give off a more home-like feel. These plants not only add fresh oxygen in the air, but more life as well!
Water: As I mentioned above, I have a small table top water feature. The water trickles down in a slow, steady, stream until it hits the rocks in the basin below. It produces a very soft, pleasant, water sound that has an extremely calming effect.
Wind: My tower fan is always on to circulate the air. The best way to shift the energy of the room is to shift the air you are breathing in it. It also produces white noise which can be conducive to relaxation.
Fire: I like to burn a candle when I am working. This creates a cozy and calm vibe, while filling the room with a sweet yet subtle scent. I burn a lavender-scented, soy candle before my clients arrive. I usually blow it out before they enter so that it is not too overpowering.
All who enter my office are invited to leave their worries at the door and just relax. This is a safe space in which we discover, collaborate, experiment and work hard to better ourselves. It is a place of empowerment, love, and strength. May all who enter leave with a greater sense of self and a feeling of inner peace. | https://www.lotuslifecoachinginc.com/post/how-to-create-a-balanced-space |
Are they good with cats?
Updated: Dec 24, 2022
While writing personality profiles on dogs there are always those 3 big questions:
"Are they good with other dogs?"
"Are they good with children?"
"Are they good with cats?"
I think most people understand that, even if a dog gets along with the majority of other dogs, the answer is really; it depends on the situation and the other dogs.
How does the other dog interact with dogs? Where are they being introduced? Is there a resource involved? Are they on or off leash? What else is happening in the environment? How are both dogs feeling?
The same applies to children. How old are the children? What is the environment like? How do the children interact with dogs? For some reason though, I don't think most people understand that cats are the same way.
At Doggedly we always do our best to expose our dogs to at least one cat prior to adoption. During this "cat test" we observe the dog's behavior in order the aid in placing them in an appropriate home.
If the dog is calm, and able to sniff or interact with the cat and hang out in the same room as the cat - we consider the dog appropriate to place in a home with cats.
If the dog is barking, lunging, growling, or aggressively obsessing over the cat - we consider the dog a potential danger to cats, and therefor will not place them in a home with them. But are they good with cats? It depends.
In reality, considering both of the scenarios above, a dog may be able to safely live with cats under the right circumstances. Alternatively they have the potential to harm or even kill a cat under the wrong circumstances.
Behavior depends on environment. Every individual dog and cat is different. Health, life stressors, age and situation all affect interactions. It depends just as much on the cat's personality as it does the dog's. It depends on how much time, care, and consideration the adoptive home puts in to the initial integration and introduction. It depends on the dog's genetic make-up, early life exposures and overall personality.
Has the cat ever met a dog before? How old is the cat? What does the cat do when they see the dog? Are there multiple cats?
Just like dogs can be good with some individual dogs and not others - they can also be good with some individual cats and not others.
It's important to manage your expectations.
If you envision a life where your newly adopted dog is snuggling with your cat and your cat is grooming your newly adopted dog within days of meeting, what you're expecting is a Disneyesque movie. It happens, but it's rare. Most of the time, the best we can hope for are two pets that happily coexist and don't chase/harm one another.
How to introduce your new dog to your cat
If we adopted your Doggedly dog into your home with a cat, this means we have done our own cat introduction. However; living with a cat is often significantly different than meeting a cat once or even a few times. It is absolutely imperative to take things slow and allow your cat to get comfortable with the idea of a new dog in your home, as well as allowing your dog to slowly learn how to properly greet, interact with, and live with a feline friend.
Making sure your cat has multiple safe spaces in your home such as a very tall cat tree and a room (or several) with a baby gate where a dog can’t get in is essential for a successful integration. These cat safe rooms should include fresh water, food, and litter boxes. They must be secure so the cat does not worry that a dog could break in.
We highly recommend purchasing a Feliway diffuser as a way to calm your cat during the decompression period. Set this up in your cat’s safe zone.
Dog/cat integration can take a bit more time than dog/dog integration, so don’t get discouraged if it’s taking a while. Remember to let the cats set the pace. By not rushing the process, you will be much more likely to have a peaceful home in the future.
When your new dog no longer seems fixated on trying to find the cat (or after the first 3 days of decompression if your dog is not showing interest), set up an intro training session:
Pick a day when you have some extra time. Secure all other dogs in your home in a separate space where they aren't causing commotion. With your new dog on leash in a room where they are comfortable, open your cat’s door and allow them to choose to come into the room with you and your dog. When the cat enters the room, immediately get your dog’s attention and practice the cues you’ve been working on. If your dog seems too excited, move them farther from the cat and try again. Keep these sessions short and positive.
• Once the dog is not fixated on trying to get to the cat when it’s in the same room,
allow your new dog to approach your cat and sniff. Keep this interaction short and
positive, then call your dog away and tell them what a great job they did.
• Continue facilitating short and sweet monitored interactions for several days to weeks
depending on the dog, always allowing your cat to return to dog free safe zones as they
choose.
• Never leave dogs and cats together unsupervised in your home until you are
completely certain your dog will not chase or try to attack the cat. If you have any
doubts, put the cat in its safe zone with the door shut and your dog in a crate in a
separate room when they cannot be supervised.
Please note, if you have other dogs in your home ensure that they are separate during these training sessions. Once you are comfortable allowing your cats to come and go freely make sure that your dog's demeanor toward the cat doesn't change if the other dogs are around. If any of your current dogs have a habit of chasing your cat (even playfully) it can give your new dog the wrong message on appropriately interacting with cats.
Here is a great video on tips to a successful dog/cat introduction: | https://www.doggedly.org/post/are-they-good-with-cats |
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This... | https://plpulse.com/category/j1-stories/ |
We walked in to Clifton’s Cafeteria in the middle of Downtown Los Angeles, and were suddenly transported back in time.
Although the visit was not a first for me, something about the music and the succulent lighting on the second floor made it seem as though it was. Live sounds of piano filled the room and stung my heart. Dim, red lighting created an unasked for feeling of romance from times of my past. The leather seating along the walls is where I chose to sit and take it all in and be present in the moment. As my photographer roamed around the waves of this unique ambiance, I sat, not by choice, but by necessity. The 1920’s piano melody and the romantic decor were enough of a combination to bring tears to my eyes and clouds to my judgment. Because this was a very personal and emotional moment for me, I chose to focus on the things that made my buried emotions rise. It never ceases to amaze me how music and lights together have the power to completely alter someone’s emotional state. Extremely loud music and a chaotic stream of lights set the mood at a nightclub, or a music festival. Soft music and dim lighting can create an array of feelings for loners, lovers, or even a meditation class. It’s truly amazing if you think about it. It’s amazing and horrible all at once.
- Clifton’s Cafeteria
- Millennium Biltmore Hotel
- Ace Hotel
All content is a L.A. CORONA original unless otherwise posted. | https://iamlacorona.com/2016/08/09/cabinet-of-curiosities/ |
Most parents will meet with some resistance when it’s their children’s bedtime. The mutinous looks, tears, tantrums, and don’t get me started on what the kids are like! The sooner this consistent, calming bedtime routine is imposed, the sooner bad nighttime habits will cease, guiding children into accepting and even looking forward to sleep:
1.) Ready, steady, go to bed:
Engage excited children with calming activities, such as reading a book or doing puzzles, or a glass of warm milk will also help make them drowsy.
Stagger children’s bedtimes and put the youngest to bed first, so you can develop a routine for each of them. Remind them of each stage with phrases such as ‘it’s time to brush your teeth’ and ‘in a few minutes it’s story time’, emphasizing the routine leading to sleep.
Let them choose their own pajamas and which soft toy to take to bed. Don’t forget to tuck up their teddy too, to encourage feelings of love and security.
2.) Resistance is useless!
Don’t let your kids watch TV or play console games just before bed, as these will increase the time it takes to sleep. Remove any such devices from the room if you have to.
Be calm yet firm when dealing with an argumentative child, as engaging with bad behavior and pleading will only encourage repeat performances, stalling bedtime.
If your child cries as you leave reassure them that they will see you in the morning. To avoid tears all night try to resist repeatedly going in to see them if they continue. They should soon settle.
3.) Hush a-bye:
If they are now too big for their bed it may be time to invest in a double mattress so they can be more comfortable trying to sleep with extra room to move around.
Create the connection between their bed and sleep, so they will be more able to settle every night. Once in bed read them a short relaxing story or two, sing them a lullaby, or repeat a phrase such as ‘goodnight, sleep tight’, to show that getting into bed can be fun and playful.
Kiss them goodnight, turn on a nightlight if needed, then leave the room. This gentle finality every night reassures that it is time to stay in bed and sleep, and playtime will resume again in the morning.
Children won’t change their habits overnight, so keep calm, patient and be consistent. They will soon begin enjoy the routine quite happily!
This guest post is sponsored by Mattress Online one of the UKs leading online retailers of Beds and Mattresses. | https://nighthelper.com/children-to-bed-the-3-step-routine-that-works/ |
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Wide shelving advice needed
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February 11th 20, 02:22 AM posted to rec.woodworking
knuttle
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First recorded activity by DIYBanter: Aug 2010
Posts: 121
Wide shelving advice needed
On 2/10/2020 7:19 PM, DerbyDad03 wrote:
Tearing out sagging shelves in a 10ft. by 6ft. pantry. Would jike to put 18" deep shelves on the back wall. These would not be "cabinet" quality construction.
So, rip 18" wide plywood? Particle board? Bisquit join solid lumber?
Any thoughts appreciated.
If this is a pantry one of the considerations is cleanliness. While
solid shelve are impressive they can collect material on the shelves
and in the corners.
I have used the wire shelves for my closets, They are open and do not
create pockets of dead air as a solid shelf does. While I have fixed
installation with them fastened to the walls, you could also make them
adjustable.
I put shelves in a large closet in with a couple of hours work and
minimum debris.
This is similar to what I used in my closets.
SuperSlide 144 in. W x 16 in. D x 1 in. H White Ventilated Wall Mounted
Shelf Cost 26.98 at Home Depot.
The prince is comparable to using plywood shelving. | https://www.diybanter.com/4383711-post4.html |
A few months ago large, medium and small jars - with lids - were sort out every two weeks. The reason is there is a room in the house that has shelves, desks and a table that has chairs. Plus a really large home deep freeze.
Bar the jars, these all came from the place at number 19, around the corner.
The connecting 'L' shaped bench's originally came from a youth meeting time that closed down over ten years ago.
The table and chairs were found around the corner and brought home.
The shelves arrived here when shifting from the old lounge room, a bedroom and the back shed. Where everything else happened to be squished in there.
Food was stored in all sorts of places. The laundry, hall cupboards, on shelves and even the back veranda.
Then the shift to no 14 happened.
At number 14 there are three rooms. Two single ones and a double room. But there was a definite "NO' to myself having that particular room in the house. Nor was there any interest in sleeping in the house at all.
Challenge was ... what to do with the food in boxes and cartons.
After a few months the basic things for a store room where in that main room. Commonly called a shambles.
Shelves are still needed
But now those shelves are needed for a difference reason. The garden has produced vegetables and herbs.
So far there are
- Tomatoes in oil.
- Parsley
- Rosemary
- Pumpkins and marrows
Also thee has been products from the closest Indian produce shop. The only thing has been the coincidence of mice outside that have the desire to come inside.
So what do you do when there are pests around who have tried to eat the cooked dog biscuits and burry themselves in packets.
Step by step Get organised
That meant tidying up. Rearranging while putting away. The stock take is yet to come through... next year for that.
In the meantime there was this mouse. At least one eating into the packets.
Freeginism steps in here
Large glass jars with glass lids from anywhere. Just the same ones enable congruency with stacking the .
Opportunity shops began to get raided. Every second Friday. Sometimes in between.
Gradually the shelves are filling up with those glass jars. So to is the rescued table top surface nearly full of waiting empty jars. | https://susans.offonadventures.com/2022/05/store-it-in-glass-jars.html |
I was in need of a number of bits and bobs to work on my apartment so headed here.
They have an amazing selection of everything, considering they are a hardware shop in an urban area.
I was able to find everything I needed, lights, canning supplies, fans, nails, paint ... you name it.
The staff are super friendly and helped me find a few things.
It's well organized, albiet a bit crowded,... more
I had a simple project of putting up some shelves in a closet. I had some trusty shelves and brackets from IKEA, all I needed were screws and anchors. | https://www.weblocal.ca/capital-home-hardware-ottawa-on.html |
Welcome to the Geographic Information Science & Technology (GIS) Research Guide!
The purpose of this guide is to support the GIS program in the Geosciences section of SUU's Department of Physical Science. Here you will find resources related as closely as possible to the subject of GIS aimed at supporting research in that field.
Sherratt Library provides access to a number of databases on a wide range of subjects. Below is a list of databases with content related to Geology:
Although many of the journals and annuals we have in Sherratt Library are available in electronic form, sometimes a print copy is the only way to go. Below is a list of periodicals and serials we have in print and electronic formats. (Note: Print copies of periodicals are housed in the collapsible shelves on the first level, organized alphabetically by title, whereas serials are in the book shelves, organized by call number, like books).
At Sherratt Library we use the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) system to organize the items on our shelves. These call "numbers" (they're really letters) on the spines are used for most of our items, including print books and ebooks. Below is a list of call numbers that relate to Geographic Information Science & Technology (browsing these sections in the shelves on the 2nd level or in Reference on the 1st level, can reveal resources you never even knew you needed)! Click on the links below for a further breakdown of each letter. Note also that because of the complexity of GIS systems, other geographic details may also be helpful, see the Geography Research Guide. | https://library.suu.edu/c.php?g=189325&p=1249789 |
Do you have building a pantry ideas?
Answered
(we still have a little wiggle room to adjust W & D) We have drawn our several plans wanting to maximize the space...decision making is not the strongest part of my character. Hubby is wanting to get started ASAP. Storage for canned goods, dry & paper goods. Right hand end, possible laundry and cleaning. Left hand end, possible 3' hutch like with the extra counter top and open shelves for cookbooks. Any suggestions and/or ideas would be sooooo appreciated.
- KMS Woodworkson Jan 5, 2012
Denise a number of years ago I did a big remodel on my place and wanted to incorporate a walk in pantry. This would have been located in an adjacent room to the kitchen. The space however needed to be used to rework the spiral stairs that had served the second floor. The home's addition required a larger conventional staircase due to code limitations that the spiral served. As a compromise I built a "pantry" cupboard that is a bit bigger that a basic base unit. The higher work surface provides excellent place for our espresso machine...its a lot more comfortable to use at this height. 90 percent of our basic food storage in housed there with the rest being in a small "spice" cupboard near the range and another one dedicated for baking supplies. We use a little space in the guest room closet, for bulk purchases ( case of paper towels etc). Your space seems plenty big to accommodate a few work areas. I would recommend pull out shelves and a few different work heights. Perhaps incorporating a small work desk for sorting mail...with a cook book shelve above.
- Woodbridge Environmental Tiptophouse.comon Jan 5, 2012
Just be sure that the shelving you install is adjustable. Quite often pantry shelves are constructed without that in mind. The result is the one cereal box your kids like is one inch taller and does not fit. Same goes with the can storage. when you stack them you need to be able to do this in such a manner that once stacked you only have a inch left over at top. Its a shame when you put them in and four or five inches still remain that could be used for additional storage space. My suggestion is to measure all the typical products that you purchase. Then take a visit to your local store and with a little ruler measure some of the off shoot type similar products in their containers as quite often these come in different sizes. Once you figure that out you can then determine the total amount of shelves you will need. As far layout. Personally I would try to keep your little desk closer to the door and use the back area for items that you normally do not use that often. Even though your closet it not that big. It would be a shame that you needed to walk back there every time you needed to sit at the desk.
Thank you! Very nice suggestions. We are putting adjustable shelving as well as pull out trays/shelves on the bottom level. The hutch I have spoken about will actually be a hutch with counter top to allow me to put crockpots, toaster, coffee pot, etc. on it, if space is needed while entertaining in kitchen. The 2 or 3 shelves above will store my cookbooks and below the counter level wil be"whatever" I decide to put there. Possibly drawers for our cloth napkins and placemats... | https://www.hometalk.com/121680/q-do-you-have-building-a-pantry-ideas |
7 comments:
It's always inspiring to see how other book lovers organize their books. I think every room in my house but the dining room has books, including the hallways and stair landing. I think they multiply in the dark. I even have books in some of the bathrooms! I have a loose organization system, but not quite as structured as yours. I wish I could keep a bookcase in my studio/garage, but the art books I do keep in there are in a plastic container because I fear they could be ruined otherwise. Can't wait to see your new library!ReplyDelete
I think you have a great system for organization RJ. Your books look so pretty on the shelves with your photos and pretties. I absolutely agree cookbooks should be where you see them so your more likely to use and enjoy them. I had so many when we gave the kitchen a facelift I needed to do something. I purged! I kept a few of my favorites and donated most and a few to friends and family. Now my shelves are full of dishes I needed space for. I have a cabinet in the study, bookshelves in one of the guest rooms where I keep most of my books. New ones I keep on a bench next to my bed and after reading them I store on the shelves. Thanks for sharing, good inspiration and advise. I only wish my husband would let me organize his books!ReplyDelete
Finlay .. so sweet to see today.ReplyDelete
I am looking forward to a tour of the library. | https://www.ricki-treleaven.com/2018/02/book-organization-challenge-february.html |
NOTICE: The Food Pantry is temporarily closed.
When once again permitted, the Food Pantry will be open every Wednesday 11:00 am - 1:00 pm and 5:00 pm - 7:00 pm!
If you would like to donate to the St. Thomas More 12 Basket Food Pantry and our other Outreach Ministries please go to Outreach Ministries Online Giving.
Please watch for items needed to stock the shelves in the bulletin and on the Food Pantry display. | https://www.stthomasmoresrq.org/food-pantry |
How to Add Shelves to a Cabinet
Having a tall and wide cabinet is good. Because it’s spacious, you can put large things easily.
However, if you want to make the most out of your storage, consider installing changes. To be specific, you should add shelves. Doing so will allow you to store more things in it. In addition, it will be much more organized.
What makes shelves better is that it isn’t costly nor won’t it need a professional’s help. Today, we’re going to walk you through the simple steps on how to add shelves to a cabinet. Rest assured that by the end of the article, you can enjoy the benefits that come with a shelved cabinet.
Step 1: Prepare necessary materials.
The first step on how to add shelves to a cabinet is to prepare all the materials that you will need for the process. Here is a list that you can refer to:
- Shelves
- Shelving Pegs
- Driller
- Tape Measure or Ruler
You should take note of the sizes of the shelves, pegs, as well, as a driller. You should base them on the size of your current cabinet. To know the right size, know your cabinet’s measurements beforehand. Take its exact height and width. Moreover, determine the number of shelves that you want, and can, place.
Taking the said details into account will help you land on the right materials when buying them.
Step 2: Determine where you want your shelf to be.
Once you have bought and prepared the necessary materials, you can proceed to this next step. Here, you have to determine where you want your shelf to be. You can use one of the shelves as a guide for this task.
Basically, you have to know how high or low you want the shelves to be. In addition, take the shelves’ distance from each other into account. To do this effectively, consider the kind of things that you plan to place on your cabinet. For a rule of thumb: the bigger the items, the farther the shelves.
This step will rely mainly on your preference, so there is really no right or wrong place.
Step 3: Measure and mark desired shelf position on both sides of the cabinet.
After figuring out the shelf layout, you can head on to making the right measurements through a ruler.
Again, using a shelf as a guide, mark the position where you want them to be placed. All in all, you need four marks, two on each side. One pair of marks consists of where the shelf will end, and the other is for the front part. You can do this by simply using a pencil or a pen. You don’t have to worry about stains since the boards will cover them.
Note that the marks should be on both sides of the cabinet walls. Doing so will make it easier for you to make the shelves even.
This step, although simple, needs a lot of precision. One wrong measurement can lead you to redo the process all over again. If not, then you’ll end up with a faulty cabinet.
Step 4: Start drilling holes for pegs.
Now, you have to look at the marks that you’ve made on your cabinet. The next thing that you need to do is to start drilling the marks that you’ve made. The holes that you will end up with will be used in the next task.
When drilling, you have to consider the pegs. You should only drill up to the part that the pegs will reach. You can’t drill through the whole cabinet wall since, first, it will not look that pleasing, and second, it can cause structural issues.
Step 5: Install pegs.
The fifth step is probably the easiest out of the bunch. Here, you just need to install the pegs by inserting them into the drilled holes.
Step 6: Place the shelf.
If the pegs are fully functional, you can now head on to placing the shelf. Just place the board above the pegs, and you’re all done.
However, you may need to check if the pegs can support the shelf’s weight or if they are installed evenly. If you can’t find both of these qualities, then there may be issues in the pegs. If so, you may need to go back to step 5 and redo the task. On the other hand, if everything is fine, then you can proceed to the next tasks.
Step 7: Repeat the process until all shelves are done.
If you’re just going to place one shelf, then you can skip this task. However, if you’re going to add more than one, you simply need to repeat the whole process. To be specific, repeat steps 2 to 5 to add your additional shelves.
If you had no problems with the previous task, then you’ll have no trouble redoing them for the remaining shelves.
Step 8: Test out your improved cabinet.
You’re basically done with the task once you have placed all the needed shelves. The only thing left to do is to test its quality.
To test your cabinet, place random things on your cabinet’s new shelves. If the process is successful, then they shouldn’t fall down or even change position. Of course, this is unless you added a very heavy object. If not, then you should expect it to stay put.
If you didn’t encounter any issues, then you can now enjoy your newly improved shelved cabinet.
Summary
As long as you follow the steps above, you can expect that you’ll know how to add shelves to a cabinet. To further assure the quality of the process, take all the necessary factors into account. In particular, you can use this checklist before and after adding shelves:
- Shelves are in the correct size (height and width).
- The shelves are evenly placed.
- The boards don’t bulge once you start placing things in the cabinet.
- The holes and the pegs fit well with each other.
Note that the previous steps apply no matter the cabinet you’re using.
If you still find the task a hassle and want to save more time, you should directly buy either a cabinet with built-in shelves or more innovative ones. To be specific, you should check out a cabinet with pull-out baskets, detachable organizers, or a revolving basket. | https://www.venace.com/how-to-add-shelves-to-a-cabinet/ |
Introduction: Simple Planter Ladder
This is an extremely simple project doable by pretty much anyone with some simple tools and a spare afternoon.
I needed a way to tidy up my planters on the patio, keeping them sheltered from the strong wind we get here as much as possible and keeping them from blocking out each others sunlight.
you will need-
Wood,
Drill,
Decking screws,
Screwdriver,
measuring tape, pencil etc
Step 1: Preparation
Get some wood planks, I used some treated wood from the local DIY store but old pallets would work well for this. I had one 150mmx20mm plank, and some 50mmx20mm battens.
The design is based on a 3-4-5 right angle triangle which simplifies the math for the design. The planters are 200mm tall, and about the same depth at the top, the bottoms are about 150mm deep. I needed room for 4 so the ladder would need to be at least 800mm high, so it would be 600mm deep, and the longest side of the planks needs to be at least 1000mm. I cut them slightly longer to give a bit of room at the top, the plank is 2100mm long which is perfect.
To calculate the angle to cut use the 3-4-5 triangle to mark the shape on the plank at the centre and saw at the plank to give 2 equal lengths.
Step 2: Mark Lines for Planter Shelves
Mark up the places where the shelves will go, for 200mm between the shelves it would be 250mm between each mark along the edge, I added a bit to that to space them out, don't forget to allow room for the shelves too.
Then along the lines mark where you will drill for the screws to hold the shelves.
Also mark where you will saw the top of the planks for where they rest against the wall, this line will be at a right angle to the shelves.
Do this on one plank, then lay one on top of the other with the bottoms lined up and drill through both, this will ensure the shelf holes are lined up on both planks, use a drillbit slightly larger than the screws you have. also saw off the top to the line marked.
Step 3: Shelves
Cut the battens to right length, my planters are 500mm wide so I added a bit to that and cut one batten, then used that one to mark where to cut the others so they would all match in length.
Drill pilot holes in the shelves to match with the ones drilled in the planks, this time use a drillbit smaller than the screws so they bite into the wood when you screw them in.
With all the shelves in it's pretty much done.
Step 4: Finished
I can't attach the ladder to the wall here so I added some supports using the leftover bits of wood, also would be worth adding some support in front and behind each planter to prevent the planters being knocked or blown off.
Put the planters on it and it's finished, now I just need some better plants.
Participated in the
Epilog Challenge V
Participated in the
Great Outdoors Contest
Participated in the
Craft Contest
1 Person Made This Project!
- mlocke made it!
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7 Comments
I saw one similar to this BUT I would have to make actual steps cut Into the wood. I like yours better less cutting. Thanks great Instructable...
i made one from your pictures. it became good. solid and stabile. thank you. :-)
cool, did you take any photos? I'd love to see it.
yes. :-) Not a complete copy, i just went ahead and started building.. i hope you can see a picture... the picture part of this comment system seems a bit slow.
Very decorative.
pretty! I like the cascade of plants. | https://www.instructables.com/Simple-Planter-Ladder/ |
Step one is to take everything out. no judgment if you are a hoarder like me! take this as an opportunity to purge old stuff and, you know, the bag of 10,000 teeny fabric scraps.
- Hometalker
- Charleston, SC
How to Organize Craft Supplies
Do you love to craft? I do! I love it so much that I have accumulated a ton of crafting supplies. So, I decided to turn the linen closet in my condo into a craft supply closet. Woo hoo! I didn't want to spend a ton of money on canisters (gotta save that money for craft supplies) so I got crafty and made my own!
Measure your space and draw it out. Decide on heights for shelves and make a list of supplies needed (length of boards and number of shelves and brackets)
Take this as an opportunity to paint if needed. I just used leftover paint from another room.
Add shelves! I used simple melamine shelves and metal brackets from Lowes.
Repeat until complete
Decide what to put back. Thought you'd like this picture of my STASH
Like I said I didn't want to buy a bunch of containers. So, I hoarded empty K-Cup boxes from work. I cut the top off at an angle and wrapped them in solid pink wrapping paper. I even added a label. I used square labels but then cut them in a circle with my XL hole punch just to be extra!
Here's how it looked done. SO ORGANIZED and so satisfying!
Don't forget to use the back of the door, too!
Suggested materials:
- Shelves
- Brackets
- Paint
Top Hometalk Projects
Want more details about this and other DIY projects? Check out my blog post!Go
Have a question about this project?
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Join the conversation
- Marye Moore Bullock Albrittonon Jun 1, 2019
I just now have my sewing room completely torn apart! Great inspiration! I got to get to the trash!! | https://www.hometalk.com/43308947/how-to-organize-craft-supplies |
Shelf Reading is a nonglamorous, but essential student worker job.
Shelf reading is needed to make sure the library runs smoothly and that patrons are getting the most out of the library. Shelf reading is a way to maintain proper order within the collection. Shelf reading is done by scanning the shelves to make sure that the books are in proper call number order.
There are five things to look at when shelf reading: | https://libguides.framingham.edu/c.php?g=524776&p=3588005 |
Plenty of room to store this very well designed shelving system. Design by Ernst Dieter Hilker for Hilker. The Omnia range has the possibility of placing the cabinets and shelves freely. The system consists of 3 cabinets (one of these a bar cabinet), 4 shelves and 7 metal holders. Early 1960s. The Omnia system was the then German answer to the very popular string system. Made in ash veneer.
See also our article number 1914. These two systems originally belonged together. So if you need a bigger system, you can put these two together perfectly.
INFO: We will put up to 6 Omnia systems on our site in the next few days.
period
1960s
size
40.0 x 264.0 x 174.0 CM (D x W x H), large cabinet: 40.0 x 88.0 x 50.0 CM (D x W x H), bar cabinet: 26.0 x 88.0 x 50.0 CM (D x W x H), shelves: 1x 88.0 x 33.0 CM (W x D), 4x 88.0 x 23.0 CM (W x D)
condition
good vintage condition with normal sign of age and traces of use. Ready to stand. | https://www.room-of-art.de/collection/shelf-system-model-omnia-in-ash-by-ernst-dieter-hilker-1960s-1913/ |
Inquiry Set 6.4: The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Inquiry Set 6.4: The Spread of Hellenistic...
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Inquiry Set 6.4: The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
I. Inquiry Set Introduction
Inquiry Set Title The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
Brief Description Interconnection between regions in Afroeurasia increased by the activities of Greeks, Alexander the Great, and the Hellenistic kingdoms. They initiated connection of the Mediterranean world, Persia, India, and central Asia. Trade and the spread of ideas and technologies, particularly Hellenism and Buddhism, spread throughout this area.
Authors Shennan Hutton, Program Coordinator, CHSSP
Grade Levels 6
Topics/Concepts Ancient Greek colonies, city-states, money and marketplaces, Persia, Alexander the Great, Macedon, Bactria and Persian Empire, creation of Hellenistic towns, cosmopolitanism, successor kingdoms, Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Persia, Parthian Persia, Graeco-Bactria, Maurya Empire, Asoka, central Asian nomads
CA HSS Standards / Frameworks
World History and Geography: Ancient Civilizations 6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece.
6.4.1 Discuss the connections between geography and the development of city-states in the region of the Aegean Sea, including patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the wider Mediterranean region.
6.4.7 Trace the rise of Alexander the Great and the spread of Greek culture eastward and into Egypt.
Framework Excerpt
Next students investigate how Greek culture spread in the Hellenistic era, with the question: How did Greek trade, travel, and colonies, followed by the conquests of Alexander the Great and the spread of Hellenistic culture, affect increasing connections among regions in Afroeurasia? Philip II’s son Alexander of Macedonia (ruled 336 – 323) led a military campaign of unprecedented scope, conquering the Persian Empire, Egypt, Central Asia, and even to the Indus River valley. Following his death, his generals and their sons carved his short-lived empire into separate
California Historical Society 1
The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
states. The following two centuries are known as the Hellenistic period. “Hellenistic” refers to the influence of Greek cultural forms in regions far beyond the Aegean, though in fact a lively interchange of products and ideas took place in the broad region from the Mediterranean to the Indian subcontinent. Athenian democracy did not survive, but Greek ideas, such as language, sculpture, and city planning, mingled creatively with the cultural styles of Egypt, Persia, and India. For example, the Egyptian goddess Isis took on a Greek-like identity and came to be venerated widely in the Hellenistic lands. The era also brought innovations in science and mathematics, for example, the principles of geometry came from Euclid, who lived in the Hellenistic Egyptian city of Alexandria. During the Hellenistic period, exchanges of products, ideas, and technologies across Afroeurasia increased greatly and penetrated into many more regions, culminating with connections to China via the Silk Road. Cosmopolitan Hellenistic cities became sites of encounter for people of different cultures, religions, and regions. Eventually, the Hellenistic kingdoms west of Persia succumbed to the greater military power of Rome, which in turn absorbed many aspects of Greek culture.
Standards California English Language Development Standards for Grade 6 Part I. Interacting in Meaningful Ways
B. Interpretive 6. Reading closely literary and informational texts and viewing multimedia to determine how meaning is
conveyed explicitly and implicitly through language. 7. Evaluating how well writers and speakers use language to support ideas and arguments with details
or evidence depending on modality, text type, purpose, audience, topic, and content area. 8. Analyzing how writers and speakers use vocabulary and other language resources for specific
purposes (to explain, persuade, entertain, etc.) depending on modality, text type, purpose, audience, topic, and content area.
Common Core State Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies, Grades 6 – 8
1. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources. 4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary specific to
domains related to history/social studies. 7. Integrate visual information (e.g. in charts, graphs, photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in
print and digital texts.
Investigative Question
How did Greek trade, travel, and colonies, followed by the conquests of Alexander the Great and the spread of Hellenistic culture, affect increasing connections among regions in Afroeurasia?
California Historical Society 2
The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
Historical Background
Between 336 BCE and 50 CE there was a major milestone in world history: Afroeurasia became much more interconnected than it had ever been before. Trade routes for the first time connected most of Afroeurasia, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, so that products actually traveled from China to Spain. The Greeks played a major role in the early stages of building those connections. This set uses art objects as evidence of connections between cultures. Because of the many peoples and areas involved in this topic, it is complicated. Use maps to orient students. Trace every name and movement on a map. All the changes that the Greeks brought can be classified into two groups — more trade and Hellenistic culture. First the Greeks (and others) spread their culture around the Mediterranean, then Alexander and the Hellenistic kingdoms spread trade and culture eastward to India, north into Central Asia, and south into Africa. They established a firm connection of trade and exchange with India and central Asia that was never broken. (Later other exchanges — via the Silk Road — connected China, so that the entire middle of Afroeurasia was linked.) You might think of this lesson as building a chain, link by link. The first link in the chain was the spread of trade and culture around the Mediterranean and southwestern Asia. From the eighth century BCE, Greeks and other people around the Mediterranean Sea connected their city-states together by sea travel and trade. Greeks formed hundreds of colonies around the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black seas, and they developed a new way of exchanging goods — using money in a public marketplace. In the Classical Age (the fifth and fourth centuries BCE), Greeks interacted with different cultures in northern and eastern Africa, southwest Asia, and Europe. The most powerful empire at that time was Persia, and in addition to waging wars, Greeks traded with the Persians, traveled to Persia, and were familiar with Persian culture (sources 1 and 2). Alexander the Great constructed the second link. His father, Philip of Macedon (a state in northern Greece) had built a powerful military and used it to conquer the Greek city-states. In 336, his son Alexander led that army to conquer the Persian Empire and states as far east as the Indus River. Before he died at age 33, Alexander swept away empires, rulers, and states. He also put in place policies that united all these lands in trade networks and cultural exchange. As Source 3 relates, Alexander intended to create a new multicultural empire by intermarrying Macedonians with Bactrians and Persians, and by training children from the conquered peoples to use Macedonian weapons. He also made supportive laws and conditions for trade, created Greek-style towns, and introduced to the areas he conquered the set of Greek cultural traditions historians call “Hellenism”. Hellenism or Hellenistic culture included the use of the Greek language; education in the Greek style (for both mind and body) in gymnasiums; athletic games; discussions of politics and philosophy; theaters; and styles of art, architecture, dress, and entertainment. | https://fdocuments.net/document/inquiry-set-64-the-spread-of-hellenistic-culture-inquiry-set-64-the-spread-of.html |
THE SIMPLE DEFINITION of a trade route is an area or proscribed passage by land or sea used by merchants and caravans for economic purposes. A trade route can be established between any multiple points linked by trade, whatever the distance between them, and can exist within a small area or specific region or over vast distances between a number of regions.
While all trade routes exchanged multiple goods, the largest and most famous trade routes became known for the transportation of specific precious commodities such as gold, salt, and silk. Most trade routes also dealt in the trafficking of human beings—some more than others. Trade routes, no matter what commodities they transported, played a vital role in the formation of ancient and medieval empires around the globe and were often sources for the exchange of not only goods, but of people and ideas.
Nearly every political entity that has existed in known world history has been linked to at least one major trade route, and some major polities can be categorized as “trading empires” because their existence came entirely as a result of the trade routes associated with them. In can be said with confidence that the connection between trade routes and the development of cultures and political entities cannot be overemphasized, for trade was a major catalyst for development throughout human history. The need to trade stirred genetic, cultural, and linguistic exchange that would likely have not occurred without this need, so that the routes traders created served as literal conduits of political and social change.
There are two physical types of trade routes: overland and nautical. An overland route connects multiple points by land, and originally was traversed by caravans, or merchants who traveled in groups for convenience and protection. With the invention of the automobile, highways, and pipelines, the need for caravans is largely obsolete, though some caravans still exist along trade routes in less-developed areas of the world. A nautical route is traversed by sea and tends to involve the use of large ships that carry significant quantities of goods, often over vast distances. Nautical routes are the most common and least expensive method of transporting goods in the modern day.
In addition to overland and nautical routes are two forms of transportation of goods that merit mention: riverine and air transport routes. Riverine routes, or passages that follow along or are navigated via rivers, are considered overland routes. Most air routes are nautical, as they tend to cross large bodies of water, though this is not always the case. Air routes are of course a common form of trade transportation today, though for most goods this form of transportation is still prohibitively expensive. If an air route is too expensive or has too limited a space for transporting goods, a nautical route is most often used.
MAJOR TRADE ROUTES
Examples of trade routes can be found in every part of the world during any point in its history, but there are a few historic trade routes that deserve attention because of their significance:
The Lapis Lazuli Route originated in the Chagai Mountains in modern PAKISTAN and traveled to Hierakonpolis, EGYPT, in the 4th millennium B.C.E., marking it as one of the oldest known trade routes in human history. As with many major trade routes, it is named after the commodity that was transported—lapis lazuli. A precious mineral prized for its bright blue color, lapis lazuli was used for a number of luxurious and religious items in ancient Egypt in particular.
Alexander the Great linked a number of polities in Europe and Asia to form a basis for trade networks that would continue well into subsequent empires. The ancient Roman trade network that evolved from Alexander's conquests extended across the entire continent of Europe, through the MIDDLE EAST, then connected to Asian trade routes to extend as far as Chang'an (Xi'an), the capital of the Han Empire, located in central CHINA. Certain cities, like Petra (located in modern JORDAN), became famed as nexus points for trade between the two continents. The incense routes of ancient Arabia were the most famous of this network, though many other precious commodities, including olive oil, spices, gems, and silk, were traded extensively.
The Amber Road, a very ancient route that may have been initiated as early as 800 B.C.E., originated in Jutland (modern DENMARK) on the Baltic Sea, then moved either south and west through Britain to the MEDITERRANEAN or due east along the DANUBE RIVER to the BLACK SEA, then eventually to ITALY via Yugoslavia. The routes for the Amber Road varied according to who was in power in Europe and are a historical measurement of the exchange of political power in the region. The Amber Road also connected to significant tin routes in West and Central Europe, creating an impressive intra-European network.
The SILK ROAD, one of the longest-lasting trade routes in human history, was actually a series of routes that originated in China and extended either north and west though Dunhuang, across the GOBI DESERT into Central Asia and onto Europe, or took a more southern route near the HIMALAYAS through Pakistan, which could connect with ports on the Indian subcontinent to Arabia and the eastern coast of Africa or overland through the Middle East to the Mediterranean. Exotic animals and plants, slaves, gold, and other commodities passed through this route, whose apex occurred during the Tang Dynasty in the 8th century. The Silk Road still exists today, though political instability in Central Asia has largely stopped study of the route except on its eastern end in China.
The trans-Saharan gold trade network latticed the entire northern half of Africa, reaching ports on the Mediterranean for transport to Europe, extended south into Central Africa, and east to the ports on the coasts that transported gold, copper, salt, and other precious items across the INDIAN OCEAN, reaching as far as China. The trans-Saharan routes were also among the most difficult to traverse, making control of them difficult. The network still exists today, though it lost most of its significance in the 16th and 17th centuries.
The Middle Passage or Atlantic Slave Trade is one of the most infamous trade routes in human history, as its primary commodities were human beings. An enormous nautical corridor of slave trafficking that provided people from West and Central Africa, millions of Africans were forcibly removed from their homelands to work on plantations in the Americas and the Caribbean, while many more were transported to Europe as chattel labor.
The slave trade officially lasted from the early 15th to early 19th centuries, though slaves may have been exported as late as the 1860s to BRAZIL. Most people of African descent in the Americas have origins in West and Central Africa as a result of the Middle Passage slave trade. While slave trafficking was the primary business of the Middle Passage, other items from the Western Hemisphere, including chocolate, corn, tobacco, sugar, and silver were transported back to Europe via this route.
The Spice Routes is the name given to the network of southern passages that linked Asia, Africa, and Europe by sea. They stretched from the west coast of JAPAN, through the islands of INDONESIA, then skirted the southern coast of INDIA to the Middle East and the East African coast, terminating after crossing the Mediterranean into Europe. While sections of these routes were used very early in human history, it was not until European sailors inaugurated the passages in the 16th century that the entire network could be traversed at once. This achievement resulted in European domination of maritime trade routes for the following three centuries. A variety of exotic spices, black pepper, and other valuable trade items were commonplace on Spice Route ships.
The fur trade, inaugurated in the early 17th century, stimulated European exploration and settlement in North America. The trade was conducted mostly along riverine routes, especially on the HUDSON, ST. LAWRENCE, MISSISSIPPI, and Missouri rivers. Europe's insatiable demand for furs, especially beaver for men's hats, led to a thriving trade in pelts with native populations throughout the northern half of the continent. When the demand for furs became too great for native people to provide a sufficient supply, large trading organizations, including the Hudson Bay and North West Companies, established trapping and distribution centers for fur. Quebec City, Chicago, Detroit, and Minneapolis are all cities that developed as a result of the fur trade. The fur trade waned in the mid-19th century, a result of the depletion of fur-bearing animals in some areas as well as a decreased demand for fur when men's hats were made of silk instead of felt.
OVERLAND AND NAUTICAL ROUTES
Overland and nautical routes have both existed since the beginning of civilization, though evidence suggests that the first trade routes were overland. Significant overland routes were created in predynastic Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China, and some scholars argue that the need to regulate trade and its conduits prompted the existence of better-organized polities that evolved into the first empires. Most overland routes were patrolled by groups whose sole duty was to protect them, which created an economic niche in and of itself.
Banditry on overland routes was exceedingly common, thus the need for these “policing” groups who obtained “protection” compensation from merchants traveling along passages the policing groups controlled. Trading empires on overland routes specialized in finding ways to make money on their routes, by directing controlling trade, policing the trade areas, or taxing merchants along the passage to gain prosperity. The Silk Road and the trans-Saharan network are examples of overland routes where all of these approaches were applied to generate wealth, and many political entities over time did so with overwhelming success.
In the trans-Saharan example in particular, most of the empires' wealth was generated through taxation, not direct control of the commodities or the traders themselves. Entire towns devoted to providing for the needs of merchant caravans also tended to prosper under this system. Many passages crossed deserts so that oases played a major role in determining the viability of trade routes. Oases became commodities on trade routes as much as transported goods, and many wrested for control of them as a means to generating income.
Nautical routes evolved significantly over time as the demand for trade goods increased. Nautical routes began as short explorations along coasts or across small bodies of water, such as Mediterranean coastal trade in ancient GREECE and Rome and RED SEA routes that connected the eastern coast of Africa with the Arabian Peninsula. Further need to traverse long distances in order to facilitate trade led to the development of larger, faster, and sturdier ships that could navigate the open sea.
The development of the dhow, a fast sailing ship designed for use in the Indian Ocean, connected southern Asia with eastern Africa, the seat of the famous Swahili trading empire. The invention of the caravel, a European trading vessel that was designed to explore the waters in the Atlantic between the Iberian Peninsula and the west coast of Africa, gave Portuguese explorers the means to find nautical trade routes that circumnavigated the continent.
This permanently altered the nature of world trade and arguably gave Europeans enormous economic advantage over the rest of the world from the fifteenth century through the colonial era. Nautical trade was dominated by Europeans in the so-called Age of Exploration, and huge trading monopolies that originated in PORTUGAL, SPAIN, England, and the NETHERLANDS would shape human history as a result of the cultural ideas, technology, goods, and people that were exchanged globally among them. Subsequent eras, in particular the period of colonialism, would not have come about without the existence of the nautical trade routes that led to European domination during this critical and difficult moment in human history.
Most of the world utilized and continues to utilize both overland and nautical passages. While some trade routes became famous for their overland itineraries, they also incorporated nautical legs that transported goods more efficiently once they reached major bodies of water. The incense routes that crossed Arabia often changed from overland to nautical conduits when they reached either the Red Sea or the Mediterranean so that goods could be transported more quickly to northern Africa and southern Europe.
The infamous Middle Passage also consisted of significant overland sections that were used to collect and distribute slaves from the African interior to coastal ports for eventual exportation, as well as having land routes to transport slaves once the ships reached the Americas. Trade routes, like the people who created them, were as adaptable as their creators made them. Trade routes invariably leaned toward efficiency whenever possible, incorporating new technologies, new knowledge, and new participants as all involved used them to achieve their primary goal of exchanging commodities for economic gain.
Trade routes were recognized as extremely valuable assets to any civilization and thus were made, broken, fought over, redesigned, and exchanged between polities that sought to reap the benefits of their existence. A trade route tended to evolve when a major commodity, or large-scale precious good, became available for distribution.
Perishable goods such as wheat and vegetables were far less likely to be traded large-scale on trade routes, though more exotic staples might exchange hands in small quantities (pasta, potatoes, and chocolate reached disparate parts of the world as a result of being carried along trade routes in this manner.) Of commodities, the examples mentioned earlier in this article are among the most famous, but other commodities that had value throughout history include bronze, ivory, copper, teak, and cowries, and even these are only a minuscule list of available trade route items.
Because of the constant exchange that occurred along trade routes, anything material and immaterial that could be exchanged was. Scholars, soldiers, and explorers seeking new information and adventures were common travelers along trade routes: the famous Italian explorer Marco POLO traveled to China with his merchant family; IBN BATTUTA, a Muslim scholar and adventurer, recorded his travels as he traded throughout Asia and Africa; and Zhang He, China's greatest navigator, charted much of Southeast Asia, the eastern coast of Africa, and the southern Pacific for the purpose of stimulating trade during the Ming Dynasty. Ideas were exchanged between cultures orally, through books (a common trade item) and other forms of expression as traders and travelers interacted with one another. Some languages, such as Swahili and Mandarin Chinese, developed out of a need for diverse peoples to speak to each other along trade routes. Swahili is termed a “trading language” because it incorporates native African words and Arabic using a simplified grammar meant originally for trade transactions. Mandarin Chinese was adopted as the official dialect of the Mongol rulers of the Yuan Dynasty in order to simplify communication between speakers of hundreds of different dialects and separate languages in their vast empire.
Cartography, or the creation and utilization of maps, evolved significantly as a result of traders' necessity for accurate maps of trade routes. Mapmaking became a major business as people grew more aware of and more curious about the world around them. Traders were the most likely travelers in ages past, so that trade routes often served as the basis for further exploration, which stimulated mapmaking. The great European explorers of the 15th and 16th centuries were motivated by want of trade to seek new avenues of transport, a famous expedition to the land of “Punt” during the reign of Hatshepsut in ancient Egypt was one of the first recorded explorations in human history, and its description suggests that the expedition's primary interest was in obtaining new trade items. The maps, illustrations, descriptions, and stories from these expeditions were fortunate but secondary results of the push to trade. They remain as evidence not only of human achievement, but also of the importance of economic aims in increasing the world's understanding of itself.
Trade routes, while generating many benefits, also were the vehicles for various negative aspects of societal change. Conflicts about trade routes often arose because of their economic consequences. Empires rose and fell because of their dependence on the success of trade routes, and the failure of a trade route or network could lead to socioeconomic devastation: for example, West Africa was permanently and negatively affected when the Saharan trade network waned after Europe discovered nautical routes to Asia, circumventing the African continent. Africa was also devastated by slave trade networks in West Africa and in East Africa, where the Arab slave trade flourished during the 19th century.
The black plague that decimated Europe's population in the 14th century occurred as a result of the disease being transported via trade ships returning from Asia. Then newly introduced diseases of European origin such as smallpox ravaged the Americas, their native populations having no natural defenses against them. During the Ming Dynasty in China and the contemporary Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, these countries eventually isolated themselves from the rest of the world as a result of negative experiences with European traders and missionaries. The exchange of ideas, especially religious, often held the potential of being less than beneficial.
Trade routes served as instruments for exchange on many levels, and that their impact is vital to human history. The exchange of resources between cultures led to technological and economic advances that would have otherwise been impossible to achieve, with the added benefit of an exchange of ideas that often turned out positively. Some consequences of cultural exchange produced extremely negative results as well, which only stresses the influence of trade routes on all aspects of society. The magnitude of trade that has existed between cultures across eras reveals its physical manifestation in trade routes, many of which tested the limits of human ability, endurance, and creativity to traverse. Trade routes are hard evidence of human achievement and drive to expand and change. | https://geography.name/trade-routes/ |
A banker in London sends the latest stock info to his colleagues in Hong Kong in less than a second.
With a single click, a customer in New York orders electronics made in Beijing, transported across the ocean within days by cargo plane or container ship.
The speed and volume at which goods and information move across the world today is unprecedented in history.
But global exchange itself is older than we think, reaching back over 2,000 years along a 5,000-mile stretch known as the Silk Road.
History of the Silk Road Trade Route
The Silk Road wasn’t actually a single road, but a network of multiple routes that gradually emerged over centuries, connecting to various settlements and each other thread by thread.
The first agricultural civilizations were isolated places in fertile river valleys, their travel impeded by surrounding geography and fear of the unknown.
But as they grew, they found that the arid deserts and steps on their borders were inhabited, not by the demons of folklore, but nomadic tribes on horseback.
The Scythians, who ranged from Hungary to Mongolia, had come in contact with the civilizations of Greece, Egypt, India, and China.
These encounters were often less than peaceful.
But even through raids and warfare, as well as trade and protection of traveling merchants in exchange for tariffs, the nomads began to spread goods, ideas, and technologies between cultures with no direct contact.
One of the most important strands of this growing web was the Persian Royal Road, completed by Darius the First in the 5th century BCE.
Stretching nearly 2,000 miles from the Tigris River to the Aegean Sea, its regular relay points allowed goods and messages to travel at nearly 1/10 the time it would take a single traveler.
With Alexander the Great’s conquest of Persia, and expansion into Central Asia through capturing cities like Samarkand, and establishing new ones like Alexandria Estate, the network of Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian culture and trade extended farther east than ever before, laying the foundations for a bridge between China and the West.
This was realized in the 2nd century BCE, when an ambassador named Zhang Qian, sent to negotiate with nomads in the West, returned to the Han Emperor with tales of sophisticated civilizations, prosperous trade, and exotic goods beyond the western borders.
Ambassadors and merchants were sent towards Persia and India to trade silk and jade for horses and cotton, along with armies to secure their passage.
Eastern and western routes gradually linked together into an integrated system spanning Eurasia, enabling cultural and commercial exchange farther than ever before.
Chinese goods made their way to Rome, causing an outflow of gold that led to a ban on silk, while Roman glassware was highly prized in China.
Military expeditions in Central Asia also saw encounters between Chinese and Roman soldiers.
Possibly even transmitting crossbow technology to the Western world.
Demand for exotic and foreign goods and the profits they brought, kept the strands of the Silk Road intact, even as the Roman Empire disintegrated and Chinese dynasties rose and fell.
Even Mongolian hoards, known for pillage and plunder, actively protected the trade routes, rather than disrupting them.
But along with commodities, these routes also enabled the movement of traditions, innovations, ideologies, and languages.
Originating in India, Buddhism migrated to China and Japan to become the dominant religion there.
Islam spread from the Arabian Peninsula into South Asia, blending with native beliefs and leading to new faiths, like Sikhism.
And gunpowder made its way from China to the Middle East forging the futures of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughul Empires.
In a way, the Silk Road’s success led to its own demise as new maritime technologies, like the magnetic compass, found their way to Europe, making long land routes obsolete.
Meanwhile, the collapse of Mongol rule was followed by China’s withdrawal from international trade.
But even though the old routes and networks did not last, they had changed the world forever and there was no going back.
Europeans seeking new maritime routes to the riches they knew awaited in East Asia led to the Age of Exploration and expansion into Africa and the Americas.
History of the Silk Road Trade Route
Today, global interconnectedness shapes our lives like never before.
Canadian shoppers buy t-shirts made in Bangladesh, Japanese audiences watch British television shows, and Tunisians use American software to launch a revolution.
The impact of globalization on culture and the economy is indisputable.
But whatever its benefits and drawbacks, it is far from a new phenomenon.
And though the mountains, deserts, and oceans that once separated us are now circumvented through supersonic vehicles, cross-continental communication cables, and signals beamed through space rather than caravans traveling for months, none of it would have been possible without the pioneering cultures whose efforts created the Silk Road: history’s first worldwide web.
Globalization started through the Silk Road
“Globalization” is a term that has been thrown around a lot lately, especially in light of President Donald Trump’s opposition to trade deals and the UK’s decision to leave the European Union.
In the simplest terms, a globalized economy is the circulation of goods across many different countries.
At your local grocery store, you can purchase tea from India, mangoes from Brazil, figs from Turkey, or coffee from Ethiopia all in the same place.
Manufactured goods, like a t-shirt, have likely already charted multiple oceans before making it to retail shelves.
That’s all thanks to globalization.
And it’s a great system for the consumer.
It means low prices, greater variety, and an all-around higher standard of living.
History of the Silk Road Trade Route
To understand how globalization works, many economists still point to one of humanity’s first endeavors in international trade: the silk road.
The Silk Road wasn’t the beginning of trade, but it did expand exponentially.
In the centuries leading up to the formation of the Silk Road, civilizations remained largely isolated, due to geographical boundaries and fear of the unknown.
However, around the second century BC, China and central Asia began to share goods and ideas through nomadic tribes.
This eventually expanded into a complex network of land and sea trade routes, stretching from the Mediterranean, to India, and even to Southeast Asia.
A slew of different goods was transported along the Silk Road, but the most common was, unsurprisingly, silk.
This material had a huge effect on any society that came in contact with it.
The Chinese had a silk monopoly, as they were the only people who knew how to make it.
So when the material was introduced to the Roman elite, who loved it for its lightness and air of promiscuity, demand skyrocketed.
As the market grew, more and more working-class Chinese moved into silk production.
Like modern globalization, the Silk Road also ushered in a merging of languages, religions, and cultures.
Along with goods like spices and textiles, merchants from India brought Buddhism to China and Japan, where it remains a dominant religion today.
Nomads from Arabia brought Islam to South Asia, paving the way for the religion’s influence in Malaysia, Indonesia, and other modern states.
In fact, many historians argue that the greatest impact of the Silk Road was not the spread of products but the spread of ideas.
The Silk Road was hugely beneficial for early civilizations.
It meant greater overall wealth, rapid advancements in art and technology, and increasing diplomacy among early world powers.
History of the Silk Road Trade Route
However today, some argue that globalization has gone too far.
An interconnected economy often means a loss of cultural distinctiveness, along with traditions and even entire languages.
A great example of this is currency. 🙂
For ease of trade and commerce, much of Europe has abandoned its national denominations in favor of the Euro.
Many countries have done the same to adopt the US dollar.
Globalization has already led to the death of thousands of languages, leading some experts to predict that by the year 2100, only half of the modern dialects will still exist.
The Silk Road left an immutable impact, affecting civilizations that weren’t even directly connected to it.
Merchants who charted the route stopped for goods in villages, which eventually became huge cities, like Venice, Istanbul, and Aleppo.
Faiths like Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism saw a much greater reach, eventually becoming three of the world’s largest religions.
Whether or not you agree that globalization is good, its influence on the daily lives of every human cannot be understated.
Today, China is looking to connect Asia and Europe through a “new silk road”. | https://www.chandravanshi.org/history-of-the-silk-road-trade-route/ |
This unit provides an overview of several important varieties of change. Students will get a “big picture” of the rise and fall of empires and states. They will learn how world population changed during this era. They will view examples of cultural exchanges involving trade, migrations, religious expansion, transfer of knowledge, and diffusion of inventions and crops. These exchanges all contributed in one way or another to the speedup of technological, cultural, political, and economic change in the world.
This unit leads teachers and students to appreciate the cross-cultural exchanges that preceded and laid the groundwork for scientific, technological, and other placements often incorrectly assumed to have originated only in Europe. Cultural achievements typically associated only with one particular civilization or another are presented in the larger context of dynamic interrelations among diverse peoples. Upon completing this unit, students will be able to: 1 .
Analyze connections between demographic change, migrations, trade, and empire- building, on one hand, and the intensification of cultural exchanges among human societies, on the other, between 300 and 1500 CE. 2. Give examples of exchanges that took place in the political, economic, technological, scientific, and cultural spheres, 00-1500 CE. 3. Assess the effects of some of the important cultural exchanges that took place during this era. Butcher paper Black markers for large writing Crayons or transparent water-based paint Time devoted to this unit may vary depending on the number of lessons taught and class time spent on each.
Time needed might range anywhere from 60 to 400 minutes. Sharon Cone teaches world history at Springbok High School in Silver Spring, Maryland. She is a member of the Advanced Placement World History Test Development Committee and a founding member of the editorial board for World History Connected: The Journal of Learning and Teaching. She Joined the World History for Us All development team in 2002. Susan Douglass is Principal Researcher and Analyst for the Council on Islamic Education, Fountain Valley, CA, and author of numerous teaching units and books on Islam and world history.
In 2002, she edited World Eras, Volvo. 2, Rise and Spread of Islam (Gale). She Joined the World History for Us All development team in 2001. Introductory Activity: Using the Powering Overview Presentation Activity 1: How to use the Powering Overview Presentation format Students take notes from the Powering Overview Presentation regarding the four major factors hat increased cultural exchange and helped form patterns of interregional unity from 300 to 1500 CE. Students can use the table in Student Handout 0. To record questions they have about the information from the presentation slides. Students discuss in small groups or as a whole class the questions they raised. If students ask questions that will be addressed in later lessons, the teacher should compliment them by letting them know that they are thinking like historians and that the questions they asked will be answered in the next few lessons. The teacher may also project the presentation to the whole class on the computer or all screen, stopping at each slide to help students record the information in the chart.
Students are encouraged to write their questions in the third column and to share their questions as the slide is viewed. The teacher shows students the outline for the subsequent lessons and asks them to match their questions with the lesson outline. If the students’ questions are not addressed in the lessons, the teacher can create lessons to answer those questions, or encourage students to do independent research. Activity 2: How to use a printed version of the Powering Overview Presentation: The coacher distributes copies of the Powering Overview Presentation slides to students in small groups.
Students use the slides to record the evidence of the four major factors that increased cultural exchange and created patterns of interregional unity from 300 to 1500. They should record their answers in Student Handout 0. 2. As students write down the information from the slides they should also record questions they have about the evidence. Students also write down questions they might like to ask people represented by images in the slides. Tell students to discuss the questions they raised in small groups or ask students to near their questions as a whole class.
It the slide presentation is being used as a preview to the unit, the teacher may tell students that the subsequent lessons will address their questions. If the slide presentation is used as a review of the era, then the teacher may use some student questions as an assessment. Introductory Activity Student Handout 0. 1 -?Powering Overview Presentation Five factors that increased cultural exchange, 300-1500 Evidence of how these factors affected cultural exchange Questions you have about the evidence of cultural exchange Population Growth and Migration States and Empires Trade Networks
Spread of Ideas and Beliefs Diffusion of Crops and Technologies Introductory Activity Student Handout 0. 2-?Powering Overview Presentation Five factors that increased cultural exchange Evidence of how these factors affected cultural exchange Questions you ask about the evidence of cultural exchange Questions you would ask the people in slides Lesson 1 Population and Migration Graph Interpretation Powering Overview Presentation Slides 8 and 10 show historians’ estimates of world population figures for Big Era Five.
Ask students how demographers get data on local, national, and world population during our own era. How do historians gather evidence of population in the recent and distant past? What documentary evidence might be available for ancient times, and how accurate might that data be? Which groups in a society were most likely to be counted or not counted? (Some of the historical evidence on these questions may be found in imperial tax surveys, chronicles of cities, and geographers’ and travelers’ accounts. ) What other methods might demographers use to estimate past populations? These would include statistical extrapolation from known evidence and information on fertility. ) In small groups or as a class, discuss the population trends for each century, ever a 500-year period, a 1000-year period, and the whole period of Big Era Five. Ask students to draw upon prior knowledge to make hypotheses about the probable causes of population growth or decline. How might invasions, trade, and the rise and fall of empires have affected population? (For example, there was a major decline in the population of Freesias from 200-600 CE, but then population grew again.
What factors might explain that trend? ) Migration Using the migration map given on slide 16 in the Powering Overview Presentation, identify the groups indicated and associate them with geographic regions of origin and destination. Many major migrations occurred during Big Era Five, which are merely suggested by the map. During your class’s study of this era, assign students to list important migratory movements and the approximate beginning and ending dates. Discuss or write about conditions that gave rise to migrations. These might include shifts in pastoralist, drought, trade, pilgrimage, invasion, population growth, and the “bumper car detect” to one migrating group on another. ) By what means d various groups travel? What evidence of transport technology is available? (See the seafaring vessels shown on the map and investigate types of animals, harnesses, and icicles used in transport. ) How have peoples expressed their migrations culturally? What evidence can be found that newcomers dominated others already living in a region or that the newcomers assimilated to the existing society? Categories here might include language, religion, cookery, dress, music, visual arts, architecture, and military technology. ) Lesson 2 Part One Teacher Notes Students will have prior knowledge of some, though not all of the states and empires that were prominent between 300 and 1500 CE. This lesson will help students learn or review the names, locations, and duration of the major states and empires of the RA. Students will discover where states and empires have existed in a single region. This raises questions about historical succession.
The lesson should prompt students to ask questions about why one empire replaced another or why most empires in the era tended to be located in particular areas of the world (for example, China but not Australia, the Mediterranean region but not Canada). Lesson Procedure Using the political maps on the Powering Overview Presentation slides 20-23, assess students’ prior knowledge of what political maps signify and what symbols (for example, shading) are used to indicate the territory that specific states or empires ruled.
Drawing on their prior knowledge, students should construct maps on blank pieces of paper that show the major states and empires that existed in 1500 for the Americas and in 600, 800, 1237, and 1400 CE for Freesias. It may take students ten to fifteen minutes to create a north-south-east-west orientation, sketch an outline of the continents, and record the location of the major states and empires from memory. Tell students that they will not be graded on the correctness of the continent shapes or the location of the states and empires.
While students are making their maps, the teacher should give positive feedback of students’ accomplishments. For example, “As a group, you know quite a bit about which states and empires existed from 300 to 1500 CE. ” Then, tell them that the lesson will help them learn or relearn what states and empires were prominent during the era. Organize students in pairs or small groups to transfer information from a series of maps into a simple chart with columns for the names of states and empires, the regions they dominated, and the duration of their political control (see Student Handout 2. 1).
Tell students that they can use the an the maps to study for a quiz. Ask students to discuss how political control of a region for a period of time might have affected economic life, cultural traditions and values, religion, and style of government. Extension activity Ask more advanced students why they may remember certain states or empires rather than others. Why have some empires, the Roman empire for example, received more attention than others in textbooks, movies, television, and literature? Students who have attended schools outside the U. S. May contribute their own experience of gaining knowledge about empires of the past.
For example, students might report that empires they learned about in their school in the country they came from was different from the ones that most students know about. Lesson 2 Student Handout 2. 1 -?States and Empires State or empire name Dates of rule Geographic region Part Two Have students use the maps indicated in Part One to trace historical succession for states and empires in Big Era Five. Have the class use the Student Handouts and activities below to discuss the following two questions: Which empires and states existed in the same regions?
What geographical factors might have made some regions more favorable than there for the development of states? Using the climate and vegetation maps (Student Handouts 2. 2 and 2. 3), have students correlate them with the political maps in order to find out what physical regions and topographical features were encompassed by various states and empires. Ask students also to consider how a map might be designed to show that the borders of empires expanded and contracted over time and that they were fuzzy and fluid, not sharp and fixed.
How might students use computers to design maps that show how empires changed over time? As an extension activity, scan relevant chapters in the textbook used in class to identify which states and empires get more coverage than others. Discuss what factors might determine how much coverage an empire gets in a textbook. What criteria might textbook authors use to determine which states and empires receive the most attention? Teacher and students might also discuss this issue using the National Standards for World History or state/local content standards.
Assessment: Twister “Find the Empire” Political Geography Game This activity is designed to put some dynamism into the exercise of memorizing location and time period (historical succession) of states and empires. It is especially appropriate for Big Era Five, when political change was quite rapid. Students work in small groups to create large maps of the hemispheres, with states and empires in the regions outlined and labeled for each of the time periods shown in the Powering Overview Presentation slides 22-23. Each group reproduces the maps sized large enough so that all members of the group can stand on their map.
Have them use colored markers or crayons to shade in the major states and empires in the locations where they belong. Students tape the big maps of the states and empires to the floor of the classroom. Students then stand in a circle around the maps, either around each individual map or around the group of maps. Then, the teacher calls out a name of a state or empire, and students identify the correct time period map. They also locate the state or empire by placing one hand or one foot on the correct shaded area, taking a maximum of ten seconds to act.
The teacher calls out another name of a state or empire, and another student puts a hand or a foot on the correct spot. The winner is the first player who identifies four states or empires by placing all four limbs on the map at once. Lesson 2 Student Handout 2. 2-?States and Empires Map: Oughtn’t Muffling Co. Student Handout 2. 3-?States and Empires Lesson 3 Trade and Transfers of Products and Technology The following activities are intended to get students thinking about the transfer of knowledge, technology, and products as a hallmark of Big Era Five.
Procedures First, assess students’ prior knowledge of map symbols used to indicate routes and places connected with trade during specific historical periods. Using a trade route map in a textbook or other source, ask students to: List ten cities through which trade routes passed. List all the major seas and oceans that trade routes crossed. List geographic regions (e. G. , West Africa, Southwest Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Inner Eurasia) that were connected by trade routes Witt other regions. List geographic areas that may nave been only infrequently connected by trade routes to other regions, or never connected at all.
In groups of five or six, have students use trade route maps to discuss the following questions, filling in the chart of technologies, goods, and ideas (Student Handout 3. 1). A trade route map may found on slide 27 of the Powering Overview Presentation for this era. Other maps may be found in Marshall G. S. Hodgkin, The Venture of Islam, Volvo. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 75, or in Francis Robinson, De. , Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996), 126. | https://thenewstandardgallery.com/biology-test-review/ |
Summary[ edit ] In his book The World Is Flat, Friedman recounts a journey to Bangalore, Indiawhen he realized globalization has changed core economic concepts. Friedman termed the period Globalization 3.
Archaic globalization Archaic globalization conventionally refers to a phase in the history of globalization including globalizing events and developments from the time of the earliest civilizations until roughly the s. This term is used to describe the relationships between communities and states and how they were created by the geographical spread of ideas and social norms at both local and regional levels.
The first is the idea of Eastern Origins, which shows how Western states have adapted and implemented learned principles from the East. The second is distance. The interactions of states were not on a global scale and most often were confined to Asia, North Africathe Middle Eastand certain parts of Europe.
Eventually, technological advances allowed states to learn of others' existence and thus another phase of globalization can occur. The third has to do with inter-dependency, stability, and regularity.
If a state is not dependent on another, then there is no way for either state to be mutually affected by the other. This is one of the driving forces behind global connections and trade; without either, globalization would not have emerged the way it did and states would still be dependent on their own production and resources to work.
This is one of the arguments surrounding the idea of early globalization. It is argued that archaic globalization did not function in a similar manner to modern globalization because states were not as interdependent on others as they are today. Because it predated the Great Divergence of the nineteenth century, where Western Europe pulled ahead of the rest of the world in terms of industrial production and economic outputarchaic globalization was a phenomenon that was driven not only by Europe but also by other economically developed Old World centers such as GujaratBengalcoastal Chinaand Japan.
This archaic globalization existed during the Hellenistic Agewhen commercialized urban centers enveloped the axis of Greek culture that reached from India to Spainincluding Alexandria and the other Alexandrine cities. Early on, the geographic position of Greece and the necessity of importing wheat forced the Greeks to engage in maritime trade.
Trade in ancient Greece was largely unrestricted: Maize, tomato, potato, vanillarubber, cacaotobacco Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of civilizations from China, Indian subcontinentPersiaEurope, and Arabiaopening long-distance political and economic interactions between them.
In addition to economic trade, the Silk Road served as a means of carrying out cultural trade among the civilizations along its network. Proto-globalization " Early modern -" or "proto-globalization" covers a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between and The concept of "proto-globalization" was first introduced by historians A.
Hopkins and Christopher Bayly.
The term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of high "modern globalization" in the late 19th century.
In the 17th century, world trade developed further when chartered companies like the British East India Company founded in and the Dutch East India Company founded inoften described as the first multinational corporation in which stock was offered were established.
The period is marked by such trade arrangements as the East India Companythe shift of hegemony to Western Europe, the rise of larger-scale conflicts between powerful nations such as the Thirty Years' Warand the rise of newfound commodities—most particularly slave trade. The Triangular Trade made it possible for Europe to take advantage of resources within the Western Hemisphere.
The transfer of animal stocks, plant crops, and epidemic diseases associated with Alfred W. Crosby 's concept of the Columbian Exchange also played a central role in this process.The Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention was proposed by economist Thomas Friedman as a way of explaining how globalization affects foreign policy and conflict.
Essentially, the Theory points out that no two countries that both have McDonalds franchises have ever gone to war. The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention Conclusion: Imagination 11/9 Versus 9/11 Acknowledgments Index Show More.
Reading Group Guide. About this Guide. The The book The World is Flat, by Thomas Friedman, is non-fiction, insightful book mainly about the author¿s personal experiences with the leveling of the world¿s /5().
And that's how you went from your McDonald's Theory of Conflict Prevention - two countries that have a McDonald's will never go to war with each other - to the Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention. Yes. In , Friedman said that he framed this theory in terms of McDonald's Golden Arches "with tongue slightly in cheek".
In his book The World is Flat he offered an updated theory he labelled the Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention. Search and browse our historical collection to find news, notices of births, marriages and deaths, sports, comics, and much more.
|Build a bibliography or works cited page the easy way||Narrative[ edit ] Friedman explains " globalization " by recounting stories of his actual experiences in interfacing with many of the global movers and shakers.|
|Archives - leslutinsduphoenix.com||Essentially, the Theory points out that no two countries that both have McDonalds franchises have ever gone to war.|
|The Lexus and the Olive Tree - Wikipedia||The World Is Flat:|
|Secret Black Friday deals you need to know about||Narrative[ edit ] Friedman explains " globalization " by recounting stories of his actual experiences in interfacing with many of the global movers and shakers. He proposes that "globalization is not simply a trend or fad but is, rather, an international system.|
Yahoo Lifestyle is your source for style, beauty, and wellness, including health, inspiring stories, and the latest fashion trends. | https://wyvigolenejabe.leslutinsduphoenix.com/thomas-friedman-the-world-is-flat-dell-theory-of-conflict-prevention-937yt.html |
Archaeologists Find Tomb Artifacts Linking Nepal to Silk Road
History—or, rather, our present-day discovery of history—is full of surprises. Take the Silk Road, for example. The commerce and cultural exchange facilitated by the legendary trade network were hugely influential in the advancement of civilizations from the Pacific to the Mediterranean. Maps of the routes are well established, yet archaeologists say they may have found a new stop, high in the Himalayas. Their report was published in the journal Science and Technology of Archaeological Research.
The researchers hadn’t started out looking for Silk Road artifacts. Anthropologist Mark Aldenderfer had been excavating a series of 10 shaft tombs in the Nepalese village of Samdzong. The tombs had been buried for centuries and were only revealed in 2009 when a seismic event broke off the front of the cliff in which they were hidden. So far, the tombs have yielded the lovingly enshrined remains of more than 100 people.
Aldenderfer found the surprising artifacts in a tomb known as Samdzong 5, which contained only two bodies: one adult and one child. These bodies had been laid to rest in luxury, surrounded by wooden, bronze, copper, and glass cups, trays, jewelry, and beads. One of the most interesting items was a mask of gold and silver (shown above), which the researchers believe likely covered the adult’s face. The edges of the mask were perforated, suggesting it had once been sewn to cloth.
Cloth is a tricky thing. Unlike metal, glass, or stone, it degrades relatively quickly under normal conditions, so archaeologists don’t often recover textiles. But Samdzong 5 was littered with scraps of silk fabric, thanks to the dry climate and high elevation (more than 13,000 feet above sea level).
What’s more, those scraps weren’t local. “There is no evidence for local silk production,” lead author Margarita Gleba said in a press statement, “suggesting that Samdzong was inserted into the long-distance trade network of the Silk Road."
All of the objects found in the tomb underwent chemical analysis. Previous researchers had examined the cups, jewelry, and beads in previous studies and concluded that they’d been produced elsewhere, in places like India and Sri Lanka, or down on the Tibetan plateau.
The recent study took a closer look at the scraps of silk using scanning electron microscopes (for super close-up imaging of the fibers), liquid chromatography to test the dyes, and micro-Raman spectrometry to identify any pigments. The tests revealed that the silk, too, was the product of trade, with components from both local and far-flung sources.
"The data reinforce the notion that instead of being isolated and remote, Upper Mustang was once a small, but important node of a much larger network of people and places,” Gleba said. "These textiles can further our understanding of the local textile materials and techniques, as well as the mechanisms through which various communities developed and adapted new textile technologies to fit local cultural and economical needs." | https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/78255/archaeologists-find-tomb-artifacts-linking-nepal-silk-road |
Promoted by necessity, scarcity, and/or abundance, trade is one of the most essential cultural behaviors that promoted contact and exchange of ideas, commodities, and services between individuals and communities and variously transformed African societies of different regions and time periods. Anthropological, historical (including historical linguistics), and archaeological evidence points to the existence, on the one hand, of intra-African trade and, on the other, of external trade between Africa and those outside the continent. Traditionally, however, trade and exchange involving perishable and organic commodities such as grain and cattle have until now been very difficult to identify due to a lack of well-resolved documentation techniques. By comparison, that some objects such as metal artifacts, glass beads, ceramics, and porcelain are pyrotechnological products, with a high survival rate that makes their trade and exchange easily visible archaeologically. Given the well-known regional differences across the continent, it is essential to combine multiple sources and techniques, in a multipronged way, to provide a dynamic picture of the mechanics of precolonial African trade and exchange of various time periods and geographies.
Figure 1. Map of Africa showing various countries and the distribution of some of the resources that were traded and exchanged in antiquity. Map created by the author.
Generally, trade and exchange could be conducted by anybody anywhere, depending on circumstances and conditioned by the level of societal development. While in some communities trade was done on a part-time, seasonal basis by everybody,15 in others it was controlled by a higher authority and was performed on a more organized and full-time basis.16 Even so, trade and exchange for daily necessities would most likely have been performed on a continuous basis, perhaps conditioned by availability during different seasons or periods of the year. In general, trade was motivated by several factors, among them necessity, sociocultural and religious needs, economic considerations, political considerations, and much more. Regardless of motive, the consequences of trade and exchange extended to stimulating innovation and imitation through culture contact, various forms of interaction, dispersal of plants and animals, and even permanent settlement.17 However, it is obvious that under trade and exchange, goods changed hands: peacefully, forcefully, fairly, or otherwise. While it is tempting to classify trade into binaries such as internal versus external, long distance versus short distance, and luxury versus necessities, it is important to note that all forms of trade were closely intertwined and morphed into one another, thereby often making such bifurcation, outside analytical convenience, unnecessary.
Essential as trade and exchange were to humanity through time, the most fundamental question is how we document localized and nonlocalized forms of trade, particularly for the deep periods when conventional historical sources are limited and when it is well known that archaeological coverage is very poor in many of Africa’s regions. This question is pertinent because owing to the high visibility of objects such as glass beads and porcelain (that appeared mostly from 700 ce onward) used as evidence of trade and exchange in regions such as East Africa, it was traditionally easier to document transcontinental trade when compared to localized trade involving commodities such as grain and cattle. The poor coverage in terms of archaeological research often motivates the drawing of big arrows across Africa, accompanied by doses of speculation, to explain directionality of trade across vast expanses of archaeologically unexplored lands. In the absence of reliable scientific techniques and skills within Africa, required for reconstructing trade and exchange, Africanist scholars often relied on the partial and often very vague and imprecise reports by semi-to fully literate Arabic traders who visited regions such as East and West Africa, particularly for the periods after 700 ce. Modern advances in scientific techniques of investigation now make it possible to reconstruct, within limitations, trade involving organic and inorganic commodities.18 A combined-source and -technique approach as advocated in the next section is the only useful way to develop a nuanced documentation of trade and exchange and its aftermath such as mobility, transfer of ideas, exchange of objects, and flow of plants and animals within, into, and out of Africa temporally and spatially.
Within the past 10,000 years or so, various African communities located in different topographies (e.g., the Sahara, Nile Valley, East and southern Africa) participated in trade and exchange relationships on various scales: local, regional, and intercontinental, as well as temporal and spatial.19 An understanding of the mechanics of trade at this multiscalar level requires combined-source and multi-technique approaches that accord significant weight to the local context as a major building block toward reconstructing the global picture.
Shifting focus to West Africa, from the establishment and flourishing of the trans-Saharan trade (more intensely post-700 ce), there exist some limited literary texts that document trade and exchange relationships along the trade routes.26 1st-millennium ce Arabic reports are sometimes vague and were often not based on firsthand, information but they mention important places where trade took place and the commodities that were exchanged. With the gradual adoption of Islam in West Africa (between 750 and 1400 ce), some of the events at the courts of the kings and mosques were also recorded, but this happens after the 13th century. Accounts of Muslim scholars and travelers such as Ibn Battuta (c. 1304–1368) have also been useful for documenting the trans-Saharan trade. We know from documentary sources that Mali (c. 1200–1550) had well-established caravan routes that converged at Niani and other trading posts that were under military protection by the empire. Mali exchanged slaves, gold, and kola nuts for salt and possibly copper from across the Sahara. Along with the trade and exchange of material goods went the dispersal of Mande (language of Malian Empire), technology, and culture.
As more and more of West Africa became Islamized, local Islamic scholars recorded various daily and religious activities. Such historical information is recorded in the Timbuktu manuscripts that became abundant after the 15th century ce.27 The historian Levtzion relied heavily on these documentary sources when recording trade within successive West African states of Ghana (c. 700–1200 ce), Mali (c. 1200–1550), and Songhai (c. 1300–1600).28 A detailed study of Islamic manuscripts by Jeppe and Diagne shows that while having a religious bias, other kinds of useful information can be obtained from these records.29 The documentary sources identify the major commodities such as gold, kola nuts, and slaves that were exchanged for, among others, salt and the various trading and staging posts (e.g., Gao, Timbuktu, Jenne, Koumbi Saleh) where such trade took place.
With the establishment of Islam on the East African coast, various writers commented on daily activities on the coast and hint at trade between the coast and the southern African interior. Writers such as al Masudi (c. 856–956 ce) comment on the trade between East Africa and the hinterland believed to be the Zimbabwe Plateau.31 According to Masudi, the hinterland supplied iron, gold, ivory, and possibly slaves in exchange for glass beads, cowries, and cloth. In this area, the Portuguese overtook the trade from the late 15th century onward and established trading stations such as Dambarare in the interior by the beginning of the 16th century ce. They left many documentary sources that within limitations have been used for understanding trade relations with the Mutapa state (c. 1400–1900 ce) and between the Mutapa and the Portuguese.32 In the Kingdom of Kongo (c.1390–1914) in modern-day Angola, the Portuguese also left various reports that are an important source of information. Across the entire African continent, documentary sources had increased in frequency by the eve of European colonization, largely due to the activities of missionaries, travelers and traders and military personnel.
Useful as they are, written or documentary sources only provide a partial view of the past. Egyptian written texts and tomb paintings are biased in favor of the upper classes and are very thin on the mechanics of trade and activities involving the lower classes either within Egypt or between Egypt and other societies. Islamic texts on the trans-Saharan trade do not provide significant information on the activities of non-Muslims, while some accounts even by celebrated explorers and geographers such as Herodotus, Ibn Battuta, and al Masudi were often based on hearsay and not eyewitness accounts. Portuguese reports in west, central and southern and eastern Africa are also limited in that, apart from being authored by illiterate to semi-illiterate folks, they do not provide many details about local trade or the issues that did not interest them.33 Furthermore, written documents do not exist for much of the African continent including central Africa, thereby motivating for other sources of information such as oral texts.
If one of the limitations of documentary sources on precolonial African trade is that they mostly provide the view of the observers (and not the observed), then the main advantage of oral sources is that they avail the much-needed perspective from the observed groups. Many African societies had oral literacy that was sustained through traditions handed on to the future. The griots, who were official court historians and custodians of royal narratives in West Africa (from roughly mid-1st millennium ce to the 19th century) and imbongis (storytellers and praise singers) among the historical Zulus of South Africa, are well-known promoters of oral literacy. However, such official traditions were biased in favor of court activities and not mundane, day-to-day events. Oral sources include traditions, myths, and legends that were transmitted by word of mouth from one generation to another.34 Often, these traditions were repeatedly recited and performed to the point that, within limitations, they reflected some commonly held positions.
In southern Zambezia, much is known about communities that populated the region defined by the Indian Ocean to the east, the Kalahari Desert to the west, the Zambezi River to the north, and the Soutpansberg range of mountains to the south. Beach makes the point that in this region, speakers of dialects of a language now known as Shona had a well-developed oral literacy.38 Using insights from oral sources gathered from the region, Mudenge studied trade within the Torwa-Changamire (c. 1400–1900 ce) and Mutapa (c. 1400–1900 ce) states and highlighted that cattle raising and by implication cattle trade was an important branch of the economy that superseded gold trade.39 This cattle-centric localized trade system frustrated the Portuguese, who were interested mostly in gold. Thus, while traders at the Indian Ocean coast placed so much value on gold, local traditions make it explicit that this was not the view of local people.
Words and their history, when reconstructed through space and time, are now a key source of studying African history and by extension trade and exchange. This falls within the ambit of historical linguistics.40 Decoding history from words and languages proceeds by way of language genetic classification to develop a framework of language change through time. This change can be estimated back to an ancestral language spoken centuries if not millennia earlier. Thereafter, linguists deploy different statistical techniques (e.g., lexicostatistics and glottochronology) to establish relationships between languages, map changes between modern languages and presumed ancestors, and identify changes in the meaning of words and grammar. Using historical linguistics, De Luna came up with the concept of “bushcraft” whereby Botatwe farmers (Bantu) in south central Africa collected among other things foods, ivory, medicines, and honey from the bush and traded within and between their communities.41 The reconstruction of the meaning of Botatwe words opened insights into local and regional trade networks involving copper, iron, honey, and ivory that suggested that this region was as innovative as historically and archaeologically better-known regions such as the Limpopo Valley in South Africa, northeastern Botswana, and southern Zambezia. Techniques of comparative linguistics such as glottochronology are limited in that they cannot date with precision when language changes took place. This makes it important for researchers to attempt to combine the linguistic picture with the archaeological material record, oral historical accounts, and where available documentary sources. Nevertheless, comparative linguistics is an important tool for historical reconstruction of trade and exchange in Africa.
Archaeology is a major source that, in multiple ways, contributes to our understanding of precolonial African trade. Most archaeological work has targeted trading centers and staging posts associated with well-known trade routes (e.g., Jenne, Gao, and Timbuktu for the trans-Saharan trade in West Africa), centers of power that might have depending on context, controlled and/or administered trade (e.g., Aksum, Kilwa, Koumbi Saleh), production centers associated with goods that were distributed (e.g., Meroe in the Sudan and Bassar in Togo and Rooiberg in South Africa), and the distribution of specific trade items (e.g., copper ingots used as currency in Central Africa) on the landscape.
Archaeological excavations performed in various regions of Africa have enhanced our understanding of trade in societies at different levels of sociopolitical organization. Evidence from the Rift Valley regions of Ethiopia suggests that obsidian was widely traded and exchanged from the Middle Stone Age (c. 70,000) onward until the last few thousand years. As far as hunters and gatherers are concerned, Mitchell demonstrated that within the last 10,000 years, communities resident in southern Africa practiced trade and exchange known as hxaro initially between themselves and later with farmers (from early 1st millennium ce onward).42 At Sehonghong in Lesotho, evidence suggests that hunter-gatherers traded and exchanged ostrich eggshell beads, animal skins, and meat with farmers who occupied the KwaZulu-Natal coastal plains. This shows that trade and exchange constitute one of the most established cultural behaviors attested in the African past.
Archaeological excavations at trading centers across Africa have greatly enhanced our understanding of precolonial trade and exchange in Africa. For example, excavations at Gao (c. 750 ce onward), a trading town on the Niger River in West Africa, yielded artifacts from across the Sahara such as glass beads and bronze artifacts that attest to the fact that this place was an important staging post for trans-Saharan trade.43 Excavations at other trading centers in the same region such as Tadmekka on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert in Mali yielded coin molds and other objects that demonstrate the existence of trade and exchange and the use of coinage in Islamized trading towns of West Africa from the 9th and 10th centuries ce onward.44 In southern Africa, archaeological excavations at Chibuene (c. 700 to 1700 ce) on the Indian Ocean coast in Mozambique as well as the later Swahili towns such as Kilwa has also exposed trade items such as glass beads, and imported ceramics that were in demand on the coast and in the interior. These were exchanged for ivory, gold, tortoise shells, and perhaps slaves. Islamized East African trading towns such as Kilwa (c. 1100–1600 ce) had coinage systems that greased trade and exchange. These few examples suggest that the archaeology of known trading centers is essential for throwing light on materials that were traded and exchanged in various directions in numerous parts of Africa.
Archaeological work outside of trading centers has also identified objects that are known to indicate consumption of materials, commodities, and ideas originating from different areas. For example, excavations at Igbo Ukwu (c. 800–900 ce) in Nigeria produced a significant amount of glass beads that are like those used in regions such as southern Africa at the time. In addition, Igbo Ukwu yielded spectacular bronzes that were produced using tin and copper from widely separated areas of Nigeria. Furthermore, Igbo Ukwu yielded thousands of glass beads that were imported from North Africa and the Middle East. The similarity between Igbo Ukwu beads and Zhizo types in southern Africa suggests chronologically overlapping connections between, on the one hand, West Africa, North Africa, and the Middle East and, on the other, southern Africa and the Middle East via East Africa. This attests to the fact that from 700 ce onward most African regions were networked through the emerging trading system that with time intensively connected Afro-Eurasia.
Excavations at Aksum by Phillipson recovered significant material such as coins that can be used to understand trade and exchange at this prominent place.45 Other objects of varying provenance such as ivory, tortoise shells, spices, and silk articulate Aksum’s connections locally and within the wider region including the Indian Ocean, Red Sea area, Gulf of Oman, and the Arabian Peninsula. In West Africa, excavations at Jenne Jeno in the inland Niger Delta uncovered glass beads, and bronze items that originated from farther north, confirming that the inhabitants of this region participated in the trans-Saharan trade. However, the same excavations highlighted that localized trade in grain and other local resources preceded trans-Saharan trade by centuries. Moving to East Africa, excavations at Swahili towns such as Shanga identified glass beads, Islamic ceramics, and Chinese porcelain that were sourced through the Indian Ocean–based trade and exchange system. Shifting into the interior, Great Zimbabwe (1000–1700 ce) yielded significant quantities of glass beads, fewer than a hundred fragments of imported ceramics, and bronze objects, gold objects, and tin ingots, suggesting that it participated in local and regional trade. An Arabic coin and imported ceramics like those used at Kilwa in the 14th and 15th centuries were also recovered from Great Zimbabwe confirming direct or indirect connections between these places.
Archaeological research in numerous parts of Africa exposed the existence of large-scale production debris that is consistent with commodities production beyond local needs. For example, the city of Meroe, which became the capital of the Kingdom of Kush around 591 bce, is characterized by the presence of huge slag mounds, which attest to its status as a major iron production and trading center.46 Shuttling to post-16th-century West Africa, de Barros documented very large slag mounds in Bassar Togo that are remnants from an extensive trade and exchange in iron.47 Indeed, this archaeological observation from large-scale production centers is supported by historical information that makes an explicit case for specialization and trade in metal. Other resources such as salt that were intensively exploited at Taghaza (Mali) were traded across large parts of North and West Africa and partly sustained the economy of empires such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhay.
In fact, across Africa, a wide range of objects generally referred to as “currencies” were used as mediums of exchange. Excavations by de Maret and colleagues at Sanga and other places in the Democratic Republic of Congo identified different types of copper ingots that were traded over wide areas from 900 ce onward. These copper ingots continued to be used as a medium of trade and exchange well into the historical period. Another currency example is that of manillas, which were made of imported European bronze and brass and were widely used in West Africa from around 1500 onward. These currencies had exchange as well as symbolic value in regions of Nigeria such as Calabar. While trade and exchange may have been localized, various distribution mechanisms such as direct contact at individual or market levels may have been employed. Alternatively, a subsequent relay from producer to consumers may have been employed. This form of distribution likely accounted for the presence of Chinese porcelain in the interior of southern Africa with neither the Chinese nor residents of the interior of southern Africa moving in either direction.
As with other sources, conventional archaeology that only focusses on object typologies or presence or absence of objects to document trade is severely limited. Often, the mechanics of trade between different communities and regions remain speculative because the directionality of the trade is not always obvious. Furthermore, such archaeology is mostly constrained by the surviving evidence: it is historically known that various communities in West, Central, and southern Africa traded in perishable commodities such as grain. But leaving the preservation problems aside, it is difficult to separate grains of the same crop produced either in different or similar areas. Even with inorganic materials, it too is difficult to infer directionality of trade. Fortunately, there now exists a wide array of techniques that make it possible within limitations to identify the source of archaeological objects to determine trade and exchange. While such techniques are now readily available in Europe and America, they are still not easily accessible to many African researchers. However, scientific techniques on their own do not provide magic answers; they are only as good as the archaeological context.
A large suite of analytical techniques is now available to meet different archaeological research needs.51 The full inventory of scientific techniques often deployed for compositional and elemental study of archaeological materials is very long. Here, only a few will be discussed for illustrative purposes only. Because each single technique works better for accessing different kinds of information, the most common practice is to combine multiple techniques.
Two techniques that have been used with remarkable degrees of success in documenting precolonial African trade are X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF: Wavelength Dispersive XRF and portable XRF) and ICPMS (both laser ablation and solution). These techniques were combined by Robertshaw and colleagues, who sourced glass beads found in different parts of southern Africa.52 Although it has long been known that trade beads found in the region came from different areas, typological work did not often identify the source of glass beads used in different time periods and whether such sources remained constant through time. To source some of the glass beads, Robertshaw and colleagues studied the major, minor, and trace element composition of glass beads used between 800 and 1650 ce and showed that the sources of raw materials used to make glass beads varied through time and were specific to Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, and India, prompting them to model changes in glass-bead supply from Egypt to the Middle East and India and the Pacific that corresponded with geopolitical events in these regions through time.
Prinsloo and Colomban used Raman spectrometry in combination with pXRF to provenance the celadon found at some of southern Africa’s sites such as Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe.53 The resulting chemical signatures pointed them to workshops in China that produced the celadon that ended up in southern Africa. This exposed a network of trade whereby commodities made in China ended up through various networks of distribution in India, and from India to East Africa and East Africa to interior southern Africa. This demonstrates the power of analytical chemistry in illuminating the movement of goods between and among peoples.
Negash and Shackley utilized instrumentation techniques such as XRF to geochemically provenance the source of thirty-one Middle Stone Age (MSA) obsidian tools recovered from the archaeological site of Porc Epic situated in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.55 Based on elemental composition of artifacts and material from obsidian sources, supplemented by stylistic similarities of the obsidian tools, Negash and Shackley concluded that obsidian was transported to distances over 250 kilometers away, where it was used to make tools. This implicates the possible existence of trade and exchange as an integral component of modern human behavior during the MSA between 60,000 and 78,000 years ago.
While scientific techniques often produce exceptionally exciting results, their application is prone to several limitations that must always be borne in mind when reconstructing precolonial trade and exchange mechanics and patterns. The main one is that often conclusions are drawn from very small sample sizes to generalize about trade and exchange in very large areas, which while producing good indicators may not mean much in practice. Furthermore, because of poor archaeological research coverage, samples are often drawn from sites that are geographically well separated, leaving major gaps that are only filled in using common sense. In addition, the resolution of techniques differs, and given the costs associated with laboratory work, only a combined-source approach seems the best way forward. It is therefore prudent to use data from other sources—documentary, linguistic, and oral—to offset limitations in sample areas and sample sizes.
Because of different regional histories, sources and techniques of documentation that work so well in one region may not in another. In ancient Egypt, Nubia, and Aksum, written literacy and documentary records produced a layer of information that is important in understanding early trade and exchange. For regions of the continent such as West Africa, the spread of Islam was associated with Islamic literacy and a bias toward religious and not “pagan” activities. Oral literacy and oral sources that are the staple of reconstructing trade and exchange in areas without documentary history are also of great service even where written sources exist because of the alternatives they provide. In some cases of contact, languages of “trade and exchange” emerged, and these dispersed across wide areas. For example, the languages of traders such as Mande and Soninke became widespread in West Africa just as Arabic increasingly found its way into some coastal East African languages resulting in the crystallization of a Swahili identity. In central Africa, Botatwe, a Bantu language, is rich in the history of trade and exchange that involved neighboring and widely separated communities in parts of Zambia, parts of Zimbabwe, and parts of Angola.56 Archaeology (including scientific techniques) provides information relating to both recent and deep time scales. Because of their ability to predict and determine movement of commodities across the landscape, scientific techniques are important in understanding the mechanics of trade. Because of source limitations, the best approach to document precolonial trade and exchange in Africa (Figure 2) is to combine multiple sources for multiple perspectives. However, it is simply not enough to use one source or technique to prove or disprove what the other suggests given the different contextual strengths of the sources.
Figure 2. This map shows the known trade routes from a combined-source approach.69 Map created by the author.
In West and East Africa, contact with North Africa and the Indian Ocean rim has exposed these regions to societies with written literacy. In the early years of such contact, most of the information was imprecise and was sometimes based on thirdhand accounts.57 With time, however, the resolution of documentary sources increased with more direct contact. After the 2nd millennium ce, local Islamic scholars documented trade and other activities taking place in these areas. For example, the legend of Mansa Musa, a Malian monarch who went on a pilgrimage to Mecca with significant amounts of gold that crashed the Egyptian stock market in the 14th century ce, provides a glimpse into life during this period. Similarly, the Timbuktu manuscripts also present good information on various West African communities from the 14th century ce onward.58 East Africa too had its own Islamic scholars who recorded trade and exchange activities in this area. Indeed, with the advent of the Portuguese and intensified European excursions into Africa, more written sources became available for coastal regions along the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. However, such sources are often very patchy in their coverage and do not extend in detail to sectors of the communities such as commoners or those without political power.59 In all these situations, archaeological excavations at places associated with trade and the deployment of scientific techniques to provenance objects from excavations is essential, to complement and to plug the gaps in historical (including linguistic) sources.
Besides chronological depth, archaeology provides another layer of information with potential to document trade and exchange at multi-scalar levels. These scales based on the examples presented above include local objects that were produced and traded and exchanged locally and instances where the same commodities were exchanged for those from outside. This made trading centers and staging posts such as Adulis, Goa, and Kilwa confluences of commodities, people, and ideas of varying provenance. The introduction of Islam and associated infrastructure such as mosques and texts in East and West Africa is a good example of this confluence. The Portuguese also built churches in Angola at Mbanza Kongo (c. 1475 onward) from which they attempted to spread Christianity with a few locals becoming converts. Still in Angola, the Portuguese attempted to set up iron foundries, but the low quality of the product could not outcompete locally produced iron.
We can elaborate this observation by comparison with the frequency and distribution of imported ceramics at Swahili sites on the Indian Ocean Coast. Here, archaeologists have recovered a significant quantity of imported ceramics from Swahili households of elites in towns such as Shanga, Gedi, Kilwa, and many others. In contrast, not many imported ceramics were recovered from wattle and daub houses where commoners were believed to have resided. Therefore, the low presence of imported ceramics at hinterland 2nd-millennium ce elite and commoner sites in southern Africa, when compared to a higher coastal frequency, suggests a preference for local pottery in the interior and a preference for imported ceramics by coastal elites signaling different value systems.
The way hinterland locals seem to have shunned imported ceramics in their value system in northern Zimbabwe emphasizes the point that in each community, materials, values, and ideas passed through cultural filters before they could be locally accepted.62 Because of this local agency, not everything from the other world(s) was locally accepted. Like Stahl, Prestholdt argues that only ideas and values from outside Africa that fitted preexisting cultural logics were accepted, while those that did not were rejected. 63 Citing the example of the 19th-century Maasai, Prestholdt discusses how American brass-wire producers suffered huge financial losses when they adjusted the diameter of wire gauges to thicknesses that were not locally acceptable.64 This local rejection forced the American wire producers to swing back to generally accepted standards. In other examples, traders at Delagoa Bay (modern-day Maputo) experienced losses when they brought the “wrong” color of glass beads, while the Portuguese attempt to establish iron foundries at Mbanza Kongo failed because the product was inferior to the local product. These examples demonstrate that local communities exercised a great deal of agency in terms of selecting what they valued and or did not value in contact and trade and exchange situations.
This idea of value is also important to the extent that while Indian Ocean–based traders placed high value on gold, many hinterland communities did not. In most of Africa, copper and its alloys bronze and brass were more valuable than gold. Not surprisingly, Herbert labelled copper the “red gold” of Africa.65 The red color of copper appealed to color schema associated with ancestors and hence spoke to established value systems. However, imported alloys such as brass were worked in West and southern Africa using locally established techniques and methods showing that locals were interested only in materials and not know-how from the other “worlds.” In many parts of Africa, if the color scheme was the same, local and imported materials could substitute one another. For example, Indian red beads were often used as substitutes for copper given the similarities in the color. This further underscores the fact that objects were only locally accepted if they were aligned to existing values and logics.
Another important observation is that most existing knowledge about trade and exchange is mostly biased in favor of the socially conspicuous classes such as the elites and the commodities associated with them. The rulers and upper classes also had access to resources and resided in towns and capitals that attract most archaeological work.66 As such, mundane activities practiced by commoner classes such as local trade in grain and cattle are often poorly investigated and poorly known. Isotopic techniques such as strontium analyses of cattle bone are unlikely to be helpful in differentiating cattle traded from areas with the same geology. However, where relevant, oral traditions speak to the existence of trade and exchange in animals and other agricultural products. This again endorses the view that multiple sources of documentation are required to fully understand trade and exchange in precolonial Africa.
One of the major assumptions in studies of precolonial trade in Africa and elsewhere is that if one were to find objects stylistically associated with a specific area in another distant land, this would serve as proof of trade and exchange. Such an assumption is even more questionable in cases where there is stylistic similarity of objects in areas with their own sources of raw materials. For example, the presence of distinctive cross-shaped ingots known as Katanga crosses is often used as evidence of trade and exchange between Great Zimbabwe and Central Africa. To date, no geochemical work has ever been performed on the Great Zimbabwean and or similar cross-shaped ingots from other parts of the country to empirically prove that they indeed originated from Katanga. This case of cross-shaped copper ingots raises the possibility of imitation: through various forms of interaction, people obtain ideas on how to make some things and make them exactly as in the area of origin. As such, it may be possible that the Katanga crosses at Great Zimbabwe and other known copper-producing areas south of the Zambezi such as Copper Queen are imitations resulting from the exchange of ideas. While this is a difficult case, a major challenge that confronts archaeologists is the need to separate gifts from trade items and imitations from trade items. The other line of evidence to infer a central African connection to southern Zambezia is the presence of double iron gongs at Great Zimbabwe. Because there appears to be no local industry specializing in those objects at Great Zimbabwe or elsewhere in southern Zambezia, it is possible that rather than suggesting the presence of trade, the gongs were given to rulers of Great Zimbabwe as gifts.
In some cases, it may also be possible that local innovation stimulates the local production of commodities like imported ones. For example, studies of glass beads, crucibles, and attached slags using Scanning Electron Microscopy (with an attached Energy Dispersive Spectrometer, SEM-EDS), XRF, and EMPA (Electron Microprobe Analysis) by Lankton and colleagues concluded that the early to mid-2nd millennium ce Yoruba of Nigeria independently produced their own glass, which they used to make glass beads.67 The recipe and composition of such glass is different from that of known producer regions of North Africa, Europe, and Asia. The significance of this case study is that often there was independent development of technologies comparable to those that produced imported objects.
How do we estimate the volume of trade and scale of production across Africa’s regions and timescales? This question is easier to address the closer we get to the present. For example, in West Africa ship log books from the 17th century onward provide an idea of the quantity of cargo on the ships. However, estimating the volume of trade is more difficult for contexts in which there was no written literacy for most of the time. In West Africa, it is not easy to estimate the amount of gold that was exported through trans-Saharan trade, and the same applies to other regions such as southern Zambezia. Even in cases where written records are available, the amount of gold imported from Nubia by Egypt is unknown. The scale of trade within Africa is a very difficult to estimate because of the approximately five-million-year history of humanity and the different ways in which different societies organized their production. Furthermore, there is a strong relationship between demography and scale and intensity of trade and exchange. Densely populated regions such as West Africa are often characterized by large-scale metal-production evidence that so far has not been recovered from southern Africa.
The final discussion point of the literature relates to reconstructing directionality of trade, scale of trade, and consequences of trade. One potentially useful way to achieve this is to map oral, linguistic, written, and archaeological information to produce distribution maps. Useful as it is, oral and written historical information often does not deal with physical objects and places where events occurred in the past. Archaeological experience has shown that it is not always easy to find places mentioned in either oral or written sources on the ground. An oft-cited example is that of the legendary thriving East African town of Rhapta mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Since time immemorial, the search for Rhapta has failed to locate it. Similarly, Portuguese written records point to the existence of the trading town of Massapa near Mount Fura (Mount Darwin) in northern Zimbabwe, but the identification of the actual site eluded many historians and researchers until Pikirayi identified Baranda, which yielded hundreds of imported ceramics and thousands of glass beads confirming its status as a major trade center.68 While the primary objective of archaeology is not to validate information from historical sources, it is essential to combine leads from different sources to develop nuanced reconstructions of the past. Scientific techniques can add another layer of fine-grained details to the mix.
Documenting precolonial trade and exchange in Africa is a worthwhile endeavor that is complicated by topographic, cultural and chronological differences between various areas. However, only a combined-source and combined-technique approach that pays due regard to different contexts is the best way to studying and understanding the topic.
Naturally, the breadth of the African continent and the depth of its past dictate that for every region and each period in the past, there exists a significant number of primary sources that are available. These include archaeological sites, artifacts, documentary sources, recordings of oral interviews, ethnographic specimens, and much more. Every African country has a government department responsible for museums, antiquities, and archaeological sites (e.g., Supreme Council of Antiquities in Egypt, IFAN in Senegal, National Museums of Kenya). However, there are large collections of archaeological artifacts from Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Mali, Zimbabwe, and many other countries that are in museums such as the British Museum in London, Louvre in Paris, and Smithsonian in Washington, DC.
As far as archives are concerned, each African country has national archives where researchers can access historical and anthropological information. Outside the continent, there are also good archives at SOAS in London, John Hopkins in America, and many other places.
National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria.
Ethiopian National Museum, Addis Ababa.
National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe.
South African Heritage Resources Agency.
I’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire, Senegal.
(1.) B. Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1920); B. Malinowski, Methods of Study of Culture Contact in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1938); M. Mauss, The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies (NewYork: Taylor & Francis, 1950); and E. Schortman and P. Urban, Resources, Power and Interregional Interaction (New York: Plenum Press, 1992).
(2.) E. Wiessner, “Hxaro: A Regional System of Reciprocity for Reducing Risk Among the IKung San” (PhD diss., University of Michigan–Ann Arbor, 1977); and P. Bohannan and G. Dalton, eds., Markets in Africa (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1962).
(3.) Bohannan and Dalton, Markets in Africa; A. Cohen, “Politics of the Kola Trade: Some Processes of Tribal Community Formation among Migrants in West African Towns,” Africa 36 (1966): 18–36; R. Cohen, “Some Aspects of Institutionalized Exchange: A Kanuri Example,” Cahiers d’Études Africaines 5.19 (1965): 3, 53–69; B. W. Hodder and U. Ukwu, Markets in West Africa: Studies of Markets and Trade among the Yoruba and the Ibo (Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1967); and P. Bohannan and L. Bohannan, Tiv Economy (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1968); K. Polanyi, C. M. Arensberg, and H. W. Pearson, eds., Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1957). For a review, see R. Oka and C. M. Kusimba, “The Archaeology of Trading Systems, part 1: Towards a New Trade Synthesis,” Journal of Archaeological Research 16.4 (2008): 339–395.
(4.) N. Levtzion, Ancient Ghana and Mali (London: Clarendon Press, 1973); P. S. Garlake, “Excavations at the Seventeenth-Century Portuguese Site of Dambarare, Rhodesia,” Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 54.1 (1969): 23–61; Richard Gray and David Birmingham, eds., Precolonial African Trade (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970); S. K. McIntosh and R. J. McIntosh, “From Stone to Metal: New Perspectives on the Later Prehistory of West Africa,” Journal of World Prehistory 2.1 (1988): 89–133; G. Pwiti, “Trade and Economies in Southern Africa: The Archaeological Evidence,” Zambezia 18.2 (1991): 119–129; S. MacEachern, “Selling the Iron for Their Shackles: Wandala–Montagnard Interactions in Northern Cameroon,” The Journal of African History 34.2 (1993): 247–270; P. Mitchell, African Connections: Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the Wider World (Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2005); D. J. Mattingly, M. J. Sterry, and D. N. Edwards, “The Origins and Development of Zuwīla, Libyan Sahara: An Archaeological and Historical Overview of an Ancient Oasis Town and Caravan Centre,” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 50.1 (2015): 27–75.
(6.) C. Renfrew, “Trade and Culture Process in European Prehistory,” Current Anthropology 10.2/3 (1969): 151–169.
(7.) For a critique of this view, see Mauss, “The Gift”; P. Bohannan, “Some Principles of Exchange and Investment among the Tiv,” American Anthropologist 57.1 (1955): 60–70; and Kohl, Alternative Models.
(9.) P. J. Mitchell, “Prehistoric Exchange and Interaction in Southeastern Southern Africa: Marine Shells and Ostrich Eggshell,” The African Archaeological Review 13.1 (1996): 35–76.
(11.) M. S. Bisson, “Precolonial Copper Metallurgy: Sociopolitical Context,” Ancient African Metallurgy: The Sociocultural Context (2000): 83–276.
(12.) Renfrew, “Trade and Culture Process”; and J. Brück and D. Fontijn, “The Myth of the Chief: Prestige Goods, Power and Personhood in the European Bronze Age,” The Oxford Handbook of European Bronze Age: Oxford University Press (2013): 197–215.
(13.) Oka and Kusimba, Archaeology of Trading Systems.
(16.) D. O’Connor and A. Reid, Ancient Egypt in Africa (London: Taylor & Francis, 2003); and D. Phillipson, “Aksum,” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 38.1 (2003): 1–68.
(17.) Renfrew, “Alternative Models”; Pwiti, “Trade and Economies”; M. Horton and J. Middleton, The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000); C. M. Kusimba, The Rise and Fall of Swahili States, vol. 1 (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 1999); D. O’Connor and A. Reid, Ancient Egypt; and A. LaViolette, “Swahili Cosmopolitanism in Africa and the Indian Ocean World, AD 600–1500,” Archaeologies 4.1 (2008): 24–49.
(18.) M. R. Grant, “The Sourcing of Southern African Tin Artefacts,” Journal of Archaeological Science 26.8 (1999): 1111–1117; T. R. Fenn, D. J. Killick, J. Chesley, S. Magnavita, and J. Ruiz, “Contacts between West Africa and Roman North Africa: Arebaeometallurgical Results from Kissi, Northeastern Burkina Faso,” Crossroads/Carrefour Sahel: Cultural and Technological Developments in First Millennium BC/AD West Africa (2009): 119; P. Robertshaw, M. Wood, E. Melchiorre, R. S. Popelka-Filcoff, and M. D. Glascock, “Southern African Glass Beads: Chemistry, Glass Sources and Patterns of Trade,” Journal of Archaeological Science 37.8 (2010): 1898–1912; and N. Boivin, A. Crowther, M. Prendergast, and D. Q. Fuller, “Indian Ocean Food Globalisation and Africa,” African Archaeological Review 31.4 (2014): 547–581.
(19.) P. Mitchell, African Connections.
(20.) D. O’Connor and A. Reid, Ancient Egypt.
(21.) B. Scheel, Egyptian Metalworking and Tools.
(22.) B. Scheel, Egyptian Metalworking.
(23.) P. Mitchell, African Connections.
(26.) J. F. Hopkins and N. Levtzion, Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (Markus Wiener Publishers, 2000).
(27.) S. Jeppie and S. B. Diagne, The Meanings of Timbuktu (Pretoria: HSRC Press, 2008).
(28.) N. Levtzion, Ancient Ghana.
(29.) S. Jeppie and S. B. Diagne, Meanings.
(32.) S. Mudenge, A Political History.
(33.) David N. Beach, The Shona and Zimbabwe 900–1850: An Outline of Shona History (London: Heinemann, 1980).
(34.) J. M. Vansina, Oral Tradition as History (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985).
(36.) J. C. Miller, “Nzinga of Matamba in a New Perspective,” The Journal of African History 16.2 (1975): 201–216.
(37.) M. S. Bisson, Precolonial Copper Metallurgy.
(38.) David N. Beach, The Shona and Zimbabwe.
(39.) S. Mudenge, A Political History.
(40.) Kathryn M. De Luna, Collecting Food, Cultivating People: Subsistence and Society in Central Africa (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016).
(41.) Kathryn M. De Luna, Collecting Food.
(43.) T. Insoll, Urbanism, Archaeology and Trade: Further Observations on the Gao Region (Mali), the 1996 Fieldseason Results, vol. 829 (London: British Archaeological Reports Ltd, 2000).
(44.) S. Nixon, “Excavating Essouk-Tadmakka (Mali): New Archaeological Investigations of Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Trade,” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 44.2 (2009): 217–255.
(46.) T. Rehren, “Meroe, Iron and Africa,” Mitteilungen der Sudanarchaelogischen Gesellschaft 12 (2001): 102–109.
(47.) . P. De Barros, “Societal Repercussions of the Rise of Large-Scale Traditional Iron Production: A West African Example,” African Archaeological Review 6.1 (1988): 91–113.
(48.) S. Chirikure, Metals in Past Societies: A Global Perspective on Indigenous African Metallurgy (New York: Springer, 2015).
(49.) See for example J. Mackenzie, “Precolonial Industry: The Njanja and the Iron Trade,” NADA 11 (1975): 200–220.
(50.) F. Bandama, A. J. Moffett, T. P. Thondhlana, and S. Chirikure, “The Production, Distribution and Consumption of Metals and Alloys at Great Zimbabwe,” Archaeometry 58.S1 (2016): 164–181.
(51.) For more information see Don R. Brothwell and A. Mark Pollard, eds., Handbook of Archaeological Sciences (London: J. Wiley, 2001); and A. M. Pollard, C. M. Batt, B. Stern, and S. M. M. Young, Analytical Chemistry in Archaeology (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
(52.) P. Robertshaw, M. Wood, E. Melchiorre, R. S. Popelka-Filcoff, and M. D. Glascock, “Southern African Glass Beads: Chemistry, Glass Sources and Patterns of Trade,” Journal of Archaeological Science 37.8 (2010): 1898–1912.
(53.) L. C. Prinsloo and P. Colomban, “A Raman Spectroscopic Study of the Mapungubwe Oblates: Glass Trade Beads Excavated at an Iron Age Archaeological Site in South Africa,” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 39.1 (2008): 79–90.
(54.) T. R. Fenn, D. J. Killick, J. Chesley, S. Magnavita, and J. Ruiz, Contacts between.
(55.) A. Negash and M. S. Shackley, “Geochemical Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts from the MSA Site of Porc Epic, Ethiopia,” Archaeometry 48.1 (2006): 1–12.
(56.) Kathryn M. De Luna, Collecting Food.
(69.) However, even with a combined-source approach, there are areas in regions such as Central Africa where little is known about trade and exchange at different times. It appears improbable that communities in adjacent regions of Central and West Africa would not have interacted.
(57.) S. Jeppie and S. B. Diagne, Meanings.
(58.) J. F. Hopkins and N. Levtzion, Corpus of Early Arabic Sources.
(59.) Mudenge, A Political History.
(60.) A. J. Moffett and S. Chirikure, “Exotica in Context: Reconfiguring Prestige, Power and Wealth in the Southern African Iron Age,” Journal of World Prehistory 29.4 (2016): 337–382.
(61.) S. Chirikure, “Land and Sea Links: 1500 Years of Connectivity between Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean Rim Regions, AD 700 to 1700,” African Archaeological Review 31.4 (2014): 705–724.
(62.) A. B. Stahl, “Colonial Entanglements and the Practices of Taste: An Alternative to Logocentric Approaches,” American Anthropologist 104.3 (2002): 827–845.
(63.) J. Prestholdt, “On the Global Repercussions of East African Consumerism,” The American Historical Review 109.3 (2004): 755–781.
(65.) E. W. Herbert, Red Gold of Africa: Copper in Precolonial History and Culture (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984).
(66.) A. LaViolette and J. Fleisher, “The Archaeology of Sub-Saharan Urbanism: Cities and Their Countrysides,” African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction (2005): 327–352.
(67.) James W. Lankton, O. Akin Ige, and Thilo Rehren, “Early Primary Glass Production in Southern Nigeria,” Journal of African Archaeology 4.1 (2006): 111–138.
(68.) Innocent Pikirayi, The Archaeological Identity of the Mutapa State: Towards an Historical Archaeology of Northern Zimbabwe (Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis, 1994). | http://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-68 |
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