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The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene was cloned over two decades ago and a vast number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have been performed since that time. Despite this progress, a true "cure" for the disease has not been achieved, partly because the lung is a major barrier for intruders, making it exceedingly difficult for new pharmaceutical formulations to penetrate target cells. Safety-engineered viral vectors, such as adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) or integrase-defective lentiviruses, have been used with moderate success in temporarily supplementing the expression of critical proteins. However, stability and safety concerns often dampen the effects of these approaches. With emerging technologies, such as modified messenger (mRNA) and new genome editing strategies, scientists are now exploring the possibility of not only supplementing defective proteins, but instead, correcting the genetic defects at their source. This chapter will highlight the theoretical possibilities and primary data in pre-clinical models supporting the efforts toward in vivo gene correction of cystic fibrosis (CF).
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent life-shortening autosomal recessive disorder in Caucasian populations . Occurring in 1 out of every 3,500 newborns in the United States, and 1 out of every 2,000–3,000 in the European Union, CF affects more than 70,000 individuals worldwide . Chronic lung disease is the major factor contributing to morbidity and mortality among CF patients, as abnormal airway secretions and chronic endobronchial infection lead to progressive airway obstruction. In addition to the respiratory tract, the disease may also affect the pancreas, liver, kidneys, intestine, and reproductive system .
Disease severity varies greatly among those with CF, depending largely upon the degree to which the lungs are affected. However, eventual deterioration of the lungs leading to airway obstruction and death is inevitable, and for many years the average CF patient was not expected to reach adulthood . Over the course of the past three decades, advancements in modern medicine have allowed physicians to postpone debilitating changes to the lungs, slowing the progression of disease and allowing many individuals with CF to live well into their 50s or 60s. Despite these advances in current therapy, the median age of survival remains only 33.4 years , emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic approaches to further improve patient outcomes in CF.
Cystic fibrosis is the direct result of a mutation in both alleles of CFTR. This gene is responsible for encoding the CFTR protein, a chloride ion channel anchored in the plasma membrane of lung cells, pancreatic cells, sweat and other exocrine glands. Functionally, CFTR is important for the production and movement of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus across the membrane, where mutations in the encoding gene may result in impaired anion secretion and hyper-absorption of sodium across epithelia [4–6].
Over 1500 different mutations have been described in the CFTR gene, each leading to different defects in the CFTR protein itself . In the most common mutation, the deletion of phenylalanine (F) from position 508 (∆F508), improper protein folding results in the degradation of CFTR by the cell, which limits the amount of CFTR that reaches the epithelial cell surface. ∆F508-CFTR accounts for approximately 70% of CF cases worldwide and 90% of those occurring in the United States .
Alternative mutations in CFTR may result in truncation of the protein via premature stop codons, prevention of proper processing, folding, or trafficking to the plasma membrane, or interference with the chloride channel’s ion transport ability, leading to poor gating or conductance . A patient’s specific CFTR gene mutation often dictates the severity of his or her disease, as well as the availability of drugs designed to target their particular protein defect.
In addition to mutations within CFTR itself, polymorphisms in other genes may also modify disease severity in patients with CF [9,10]. For instance, genetic variation in the gene encoding transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) has been associated with more severe pulmonary phenotypes predictive of poorer long-term outcomes . Polymorphisms in the histone-deacetylase-dependent transcriptional co-regulator, IFRD1, have also been shown to modulate the pathogenesis of CF lung disease through the regulation of neutrophil effector function [10,11].
Traditional management strategies for CF typically involve the use of antibiotics to treat infection as well as agents or mechanical devices to improve mucus clearance and prevent damage to the lungs. Non-CFTR ion channel agents, for instance, are small molecules designed to normalize the transport of sodium and chloride by targeting non-CFTR ion channels expressed by epithelial cells. Osmotic agents, or inhaled hypertonic solutions, have also been employed to restore airway surface liquid by drawing liquid out of the airway epithelium and into the mucus .
Repairing the CFTR gene mutation at its source (Figure 3).
A number of small molecules have been designed to overcome the functional defects in CFTR protein caused by upstream gene mutations (Figure 1). These CFTR modulators can be classified into three families according to the specific functional defect that they target: premature stop codon suppressors, correctors, and potentiators .
Premature stop codon suppressors, otherwise known as production correctors or read-through agents, encourage the cell to overlook any premature stop codons transcribed within the CFTR mRNA (Figure 1A). They instruct cellular ribosomes to read-through these premature termination codons as the mRNA is being translated into protein. This encourages the production of full-length CFTR. Several CFTR mutations interfere with proper protein processing, resulting in misfolded CFTR that is degraded by the cell. Correctors focus on improving the processing and transport of CFTR protein to the cell surface (Figure 1B). By ensuring that CFTR is processed and folded correctly, the protein can be trafficked to the plasma membrane where it functions. Additional CFTR mutations allow this chloride ion channel to arrive at the plasma membrane, but cause defects in its gating or conductance ability. Potentiators work on these defects, to enhance opening of the channel or increasing the flow of chloride ions (Figure 1C) .
Small molecule CFTR modulators target functional defects within the CFTR protein. Three types of CFTR modulators have been developed: premature stop codon suppressors (A), correctors (B), and potentiators (C). These small molecules act by targeting the transcription, translation, protein processing, membrane trafficking, and ion transport functionality of the CFTR protein, respectively.
Lumacaftor (VX-809, Vertex Pharmaceuticals), for instance, is a CFTR corrector that increases trafficking of ∆F508-CFTR to the epithelial cell surface . Lumacaftor has also been used in combination with ivacaftor (VX-770, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, trade name Kalydeco), a CFTR potentiator that improves the transport of chloride through CFTR channels rendered dysfunctional by G551D or R560T missense mutations. By binding to the channels and inducing a non-conventional mode of gating, ivacaftor increases the probability that the chloride channel is open . Another small molecule CFTR modulator, ataluren (PTC124, PTC Therapeutics, trade name Translarna in the EU), is a production corrector that makes ribosomes less sensitive to G542X or W1282X nonsense mutations . Overcoming these premature stop codons allows the synthesis of full-length, functional CFTR. Together, these small molecule modulators focus on addressing the functional defects in a patient’s own CFTR protein.
Instead of addressing the functional deficit in a patient’s endogenous CFTR, another approach involves supplementing the cell with an exogenous, functional copy of the protein (Figure 2). This can occur in one of several ways: through gene, transcript, or protein replacement therapy. By delivering a functional copy of the CFTR, subsequent mRNA transcript, or protein itself, the cell may regain enough CFTR function to halt the progression of disease. Protein replacement strategies have met limited success, as the therapeutic protein is often metabolized before it can enter the target tissue. Gene and transcript therapy approaches, however, continue to be investigated. Unlike CFTR modulators, these approaches have the potential to be used for all CF patients, regardless of the type of mutation they carry.
Gene, transcript, and protein replacement therapy supplement cells with a functional copy of the CFTR protein. Supplementing the cell with functional CFTR cDNA (A), mRNA transcripts (B), or CFTR protein (C) is another method of overcoming the genetic defects underlying Cystic Fibrosis.
The two main forms of gene supplementation therapy are defined by the vehicle used to deliver functional cDNA to the cell: this consists of either viral or non-viral vectors (Figure 2A).
Non-viral vectors are typically comprised of plasmid DNA (pDNA) complexed with carrier molecules, such as cationic lipids or polymers. By binding to the negatively charged pDNA, these molecules either condense or encapsulate the DNA, forming lipoplexes or polyplexes that are then thought to be endocytosed by the cell . In the absence of non-human, viral protein components, it is believed that non-viral vectors may incite minimal immune activation and increase the opportunity for repeat administration. However, even pDNA expression is often limited by CpG motifs that induce strong immune responses through innate immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) . In addition, non-viral vectors are typically much less efficient than viral vectors at transfecting slowly dividing mammalian cells. This is due to the fact that viruses have evolved efficient strategies for improving cell entry, endosomal escape, cytoplasmic trafficking, and nuclear uptake, all of which make them naturally skilled vehicles for delivering therapeutic cDNA to the cell nucleus .
Viral vectors have been designed to harness these evolutionary advantages, while removing components of the viral genome that may cause harm. The ideal viral vector should be replication defective, non-immunogenic, and avoid integrating into actively transcribed genes. Random integration events into an oncogene or tumor suppressor may cause insertional mutagenesis leading to cell death or cancer.
Adenoviral vectors (Ad) engineered to be devoid of the viral genome were the first to be utilized for CF gene supplementation therapy. These vectors have the advantage of being non-integrating, with a natural tropism for the lung. In clinical trials using Ad-CFTR, low levels of gene transfer and partial correction of chloride transport in nasal epithelium were observed in some patients . However, issues such as dose-dependent lung inflammation and humoral and cellular immune responses preventing repeat administration remained limiting factors.
Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) also remain largely episomal inside the nucleus, minimizing the threat of insertional mutagenesis. Over 130 serotypes of AAV have been identified, with each viral capsid demonstrating its own unique transduction profile . Capsids from AAV1, 5, 6, 8, and 9 may be the most efficient for transducing cells of the airway epithelium . In addition, the creation of hybrid AAV capsids, such as AAV6.2, may allow the customization of vectors optimized for transducing the desired target cell. Early phase I trials with AAV2.CFTR showed limited efficacy, due in part to the use of a non-lung-tropic AAV2 serotype, limited packaging space for an optimal promoter (CFTR cDNA uses 4.7kb of the vector’s ~5kb packaging capacity), as well as AAV capsid-specific immune responses limiting repeat administration . Strategies aimed at minimizing adaptive immunity to AAV vectors or reducing the need for repeat administration continue within the field. Removing CpG motifs from AAV vectors or designing hybrid AAV capsids has been shown to reduce innate and adaptive immune responses following intramuscular delivery [20,21]. Targeting AAV delivery to progenitor cells in mouse lung also shows promise as a means of avoiding lung cell turnover and circumventing the need for redelivery .
Lentiviral vectors based on recombinant human (HIV), simian (SIV), feline (FIV), and equine (EIV) immunodeficiency viruses have also been investigated for gene replacement therapy . Lentiviral vectors are pseudotyped with the envelope proteins from various viruses to increase tissue tropism. The vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) envelope glycoprotein has most commonly been incorporated, although the F and HN proteins from murine parainfluenza virus type 1, or Sendai virus (SeV), may improve airway transduction. Studies with SeV-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors have accommodated repeat administration to murine airways in pre-clinical studies . Should repeat administration also be feasible in human subjects, the two major remaining limitations to lentiviral use include safety concerns over genomic integration and scale-up of vector production. The concern over vector integration came to the forefront in 2003, when the integration of a retroviral vector used to treat X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) triggered unexpected activation of a proto-oncogene leading to leukemia in nearly half of the trial’s participants [24,25].
In recent years, transcript supplementation therapy has been introduced as an alternative to gene replacement therapy (Figure 2B). As mRNA transcripts are not capable of integrating into the chromosome, the threat of insertional mutagenesis is completely void. Following uptake via receptor-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal trafficking, mRNA also completely avoids the rate-limiting step of nuclear entry, being translated rapidly and efficiently directly in the cytoplasm . With its naturally short half-life, mRNA transcripts are particularly useful for applications where short bursts of protein expression are desired. However, the addition of chemical modifications mimicking endogenous mRNA modification schemes has increased expression and stability, while decreasing immune responses. One major benefit to the use of chemically modified mRNA is the ability to readminister the vector as necessary.
The use of mRNA itself has long been appealing as an alternative to gene-based delivery vehicles. Unfortunately, for many years researchers were unable to use in vitro transcribed mRNAs to upregulate protein expression in vivo, as these transcripts were immediately recognized and destroyed by the immune system following injection . Recent work has shown that by completely substituting uridine with pseudouridine during mRNA synthesis, the binding affinity of mRNA to innate immune receptors can be reduced, making systemic in vivo application possible [28,29]. More recent work has shown that partial substitution of combinations of various nucleotide modifications, more closely mimicking those observed in endogenous transcripts, can yield mRNA transcripts with further increased stability, specifically in murine lung [30,31]. This emphasizes that the design of mRNA may have substantially different effects in specific organs in vivo compared with in vitro use.
In one recent study, transcript therapy with chemically modified surfactant protein B (SP-B) mRNA exhibited success in achieving therapeutic levels of protein expression in a murine model of SP-B deficiency . Repeated intratracheal administration of modified Foxp3 mRNA to murine lung was also shown to alleviate asthma symptoms in two different models of experimental asthma . Both of these models demonstrate the efficacy of nucleotide modified mRNA in achieving therapeutic levels of protein expression in the lung following repeated, in vivo delivery. As a vehicle for delivery, modified mRNA may present a safer alternative to viral and non-viral DNA-based approaches, as immune activation can be efficiently prevented and the possibility of genomic integration is eliminated. Importantly, however, due to the short half-life of mRNA, the benefits of modified mRNA transcripts may be better utilized outside of direct transcript supplementation.
With residual limitations in optimizing gene and transcript supplementation therapies for CF lung disease, a new field has begun to emerge: aiming to correct, rather than supplement, the defective gene. Compared to gene or transcript replacement approaches, “gene correction” aims to replace the defective portion of the CFTR gene with a normal allele at its natural chromosomal location (Figure 3). The repair of a mutant gene directly at its original locus has two major advantages. Most importantly, the corrected gene remains under control of its endogenous promoter, hence assuring life-long expression and native regulation in the cell. Moreover, depending on the delivery vehicle(s) used, gene correction has the potential to avoid the involvement of foreign DNA, thus reducing the risk of insertional mutagenesis.
Gene correction approaches aim to repair the CFTR gene mutation directly at the endogenous chromosomal locus. The use of mRNA-encoded site-specific nucleases (SSE) can introduce double-strand breaks (DSB) near the genetic defect(s). If a donor vector with corrected sequence is also delivered to the cell, it can be utilized as a template for homologous repair (HR) as the cell works to repair the DSB (A). Successful homology-directed repair (HDR) will result in a corrected chromosomal locus, even after the SSE and donor template delivery vehicles are no longer expressed (B).
Several lines of investigation into viable gene correction approaches have been pursued. These involve the use of genome-editing nucleases, such as ZFNs, TALENs, or CRISPR-based systems, to take advantage of the cell’s natural damage repair pathways. In this strategy, delivery of a site-specific-endonuclease (SSE) or SSE pair elicits a double-strand break (DSB) in the defective gene near the site of an unwanted mutation or sequence, initiating cellular repair mechanisms including homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ).
NHEJ, an error-prone process, can be utilized to initiate mutations that essentially disrupt or knock out an undesirable gene. As NHEJ repairs the DSB by ligating the broken strands together, this process commonly results in small insertions or deletions of base pairs, known as indels. The generation of indels at the repair site can cause frame-shift mutations that prevent the protein from being properly transcribed and translated. This concept was demonstrated in 2008, when investigators utilized ZFNs and NHEJ to disrupt the HIV co-receptor, CCR5, rendering human CD4+ T cells more difficult for the HIV virus to transfect . Through this mechanism, multiple nuclease pairs can also be utilized to create two DSBs, where NHEJ may completely cut out large segments of unwanted genomic sequence [33,34].
Alternatively, a donor template can be delivered to the cell in addition to the nuclease(s), and used as a guide for directing HR, in a process referred to as homology-directed repair (HDR). In HDR, an extra-chromosomal donor fragment or “repair template” contains regions of significant homology up- and downstream of the DSB site. In between the homology arms, the repair template houses the desired, corrected sequence. Once the nuclease has cleaved, the regions of homology will be used as a template for rebuilding the site. As a result, the mutation-free sequence housed between homology arms is incorporated into the chromosome (Figure 3).
In cases where the patient is homozygous for the target allele, the uncleaved copy of the allele may be favored as a template for HR, decreasing efficiency. As such, it is important to provide the repair template in excess, to ensure that the target cell favors the repair template over the sister chromatid. It is also important to note that even when a repair template is provided in excess for HR, SSE binding and cleavage can also occur at off-target sites, which may initiate NHEJ. In the case of an off-target cutting event, NHEJ can cause unexpected mutations that may be harmful to the cell. As a result, potential off-target binding sites of the SSE should be predicted in silico and subsequently sequenced to monitor for deleterious off-target effects. Overall, HDR can be utilized to correct individual point mutations, as well as to insert larger fragments, such as complete copies of functional cDNA, into desired sites. To date, gene correction has been achieved in vitro, ex vivo, as well as directly in murine liver and lung [35–37].
Zinc fingers are a common DNA-binding protein that can be found in nearly half of all transcription factors in the human genome . These naturally abundant proteins can be re-engineered to recognize and bind specific target sequences. ZFN technology takes advantage of this by attaching a DNA-cleaving nuclease to the zinc finger-binding domain. The result is a site-specific binding protein that can cleave a strand of DNA at a precise location.
ZFNs utilize the non-specific DNA cleavage domain from the FokI restriction endonuclease to confer their cleavage activity . Their design traditionally incorporates the wild-type FokI cleavage domain; however, more recent studies have utilized variants with improved cleavage activity or specificity [40–42]. Functioning as a dimer, the FokI domain requires two ZFN constructs, working together as a pair: one ZFN binds to a sequence immediately upstream of the intended cut site, while the other targets sequence immediately downstream of the cut site on the complementary strand (Figure 4A). This alignment places the C-terminal nucleases at a desired distance apart across the cut site, where they dimerize and create a DSB. Proper spacing of binding and cleavage domains is critical for optimal DSB induction.
Genome-editing nucleases: Mechanisms of action. An overview of the mechanisms of DNA binding and cleavage used by ZFNs (A), TALENs (B), CRISPR/Cas9 (C), the dimeric CRISPR RNA-guided FokI system (D), and meganucleases (E). PAM, protospacer adjacent motif; sgRNA, single guide RNA; RuvC, nuclease domain in Cas9 that cleaves the non-target strand of DNA; HNH, nuclease domain in Cas9 that cleaves the target strand of DNA.
Numerous evidence has supported the use of ZFNs for targeted gene editing in multiple species, including mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, plants, and zebrafish . The use of this platform has also extended to the manipulation of stem cell populations ex vivo. In one seminal study, ZFNs facilitated targeted disruption of CCR5, a co-receptor involved in HIV entry . By introducing the CCR5-∆32 mutation into ex vivo expanded CD4+ T cells, followed by engraftment into HIV-1 infected mice, these target cells no longer expressed functional CCR5 entry receptors, making them more resistant to infection. Further studies utilized a dual strategy to target both of the HIV entry co-receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4 . The use of ZFNs was also successfully demonstrated in vivo in murine liver, to correct a model of hemophilia B, or factor IX (FIX) deficiency .
Despite this, ZFNs are not without their limitations. First, they are relatively difficult to engineer and expensive to purchase commercially, leaving them inaccessible to the majority of investigators. Secondly, not all sequences can be targeted by ZFNs, restricting their use in certain applications. And lastly, the specificity of ZFN pairs is not 100%, resulting in the potential for off-target cleavage events and related damage to occur. In the event of low specificity, off-target DSB induction may overwhelm cellular repair machinery leading to chromosomal rearrangements and/or cell death. These instances may also support random integration of donor DNA into undesirable locations, which has the potential to interfere with tumor suppressors, proto-oncogenes, or other actively transcribed genes [24,25].
Transcription activator-like effector (TAL effector, or TALE) proteins are secreted by Xanthomonas bacteria upon infecting various species of plant. They function by binding to promoter sequences in the host to upregulate plant genes that are beneficial to bacterial infection. Similar to the concept of ZFNs, TALENs are built by fusing the DNA binding domain of a TAL effector to a DNA cleavage domain with nuclease activity [44–47]. The DNA binding domain consists of multiple repeats of a 33-34 amino acid sequence, where all but the 12th and 13th amino acids are highly conserved. By selecting a combination of repeat segments with the appropriate variable regions (Repeat Variable Diresidues, or RVDs), specific DNA binding domains can be engineered.
TALENs utilize the same non-specific DNA cleavage domain from the FokI endonuclease to confer cleavage activity. As a result, this strategy also requires two TALENs to work together as a pair, binding non-palindromic sequences on complementary strands of DNA. Proper positioning of the DNA binding and cleavage domains around the cute site allows the FokI endonuclease domains to dimerize and produce a site-specific DSB (Figure 4B) [48,49].
Compared with ZFNs, TALENs can cleave a broader, more comprehensive range of DNA sequences. In addition, they tend to be more accurate, reducing the potential for off-target cleavage events. Furthermore, as a result of the fast ligation-based automatable solid-phase high-throughput (FLASH) system reported in 2012, large-scale assembly of TALENs has also become a more efficient and cost-effective alternative .
In 2012, the use of a novel genome-editing tool was described in human cell culture . In bacteria and archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) work together with Cas genes to form a prokaryotic adaptive immune system that protects against foreign genetic elements such as plasmids or phages. Upon detecting viral DNA, for instance, this system converts segments of the foreign DNA into CRISPR RNAs (crRNA); the crRNA then combines with a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA). The crRNA–tracrRNA combination then guides a Cas9 DNA nuclease to a specific location within the viral DNA, called the protospacer, where a DSB is induced.
Investigators discovered that by designing a new crRNA and combining it with the tracrRNA, a “single-guide RNA” (sgRNA) could be produced that would direct the Cas9 nuclease activity to any desired location. Studies have shown that delivery of two components, the Cas9 nuclease and a corresponding sgRNA (containing both the crRNA and tracrRNA), were sufficient to elicit cleavage in a desired gene [52–55]. Hence, by retargeting the crRNA portion of the sgRNA, a site-specific genome-editing tool could be developed (Figure 4C).
Unlike ZFN and TALEN strategies, the nuclease cleavage domain in the CRISPR/Cas9 system is not fused to the DNA binding domain: instead, these are delivered to the cell in two separate components (Figure 4C). As a result of this design, only a single DNA binding domain has to be created. As this single protein-binding domain is significantly shorter than those required for TALEN or ZFN designs, CRISPR/Cas9 components are significantly easier and more cost effective to synthesize, making this technology more widely available to the research community at large. Despite lower costs and greater accessibility, the functional activity of CRISPR/Cas systems appears to be equal to or greater than their ZFN and TALEN counterparts.
As the CRISPR/Cas9 system is a relatively new genome engineering technology, it will be important for the field to thoroughly study any potential shortcomings. For instance, since a relatively short DNA binding domain and cleavage site are utilized, the risk of low specificity and potential off-target recognition may be greater .
In an effort to reduce the risk of unwanted off-target mutations associated with monomeric CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases, a modified dimeric version has now been developed . Where the monomeric Cas9 nuclease is recruited by one sgRNA of only ~100 nucleotides in length (with 17–20 nucleotides of complementarity to the target), dimerization offers an attractive strategy for improving the binding specificity of the Cas9 system (Figure 4D).
In this approach, a wild-type FokI nuclease domain is fused to a catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) protein. Two such FokI-dCas9 fusions are recruited by two corresponding guide RNAs, where both are required to bind their respective target sites in order for FokI dimerization and DSB induction to occur (Figure 4D). An appropriately designed spacer and protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) are also critical for driving efficient cleavage. Overall, this RNA-guided FokI nuclease (RFN) strategy has been shown to elicit robust genome editing efficiencies while reducing known off-target mutations to undetectable levels .
Meganucleases are another form of endonuclease utilized for genome editing approaches. They are unique in that their DNA recognition and cleavage functions are naturally combined in a single domain. There are five classes available, where I-SceI, I-CreI, and I-DmoI are perhaps the most widely used. Consisting of a large recognition site of 12 to 40 base pairs, meganucleases also offer high specificity and precision; however, historically, they were only capable of tolerating minor variations in their recognition site sequence, decreasing the probability of an available meganuclease for each desired application. In recent years, investigators have begun customizing meganucleases to expand their targeting repertoire. Two main approaches have been taken: modifying the specificity of existing meganucleases, and/or developing chimeric meganucleases with new recognition sites. In the latter approach, by fusing the DNA-binding domains of two different meganucleases, functional heterodimers can be designed for optimal efficacy and specificity (Figure 4E).
In genome editing, the identification of components capable of eliciting HDR is only half the battle. Efficiently delivering those components to the target cell can be an equally important hurdle to overcome. Unlike gene and transcript replacement therapies, where the goal is to achieve stable, long-term expression of a supplemental protein, gene editing has the advantage of requiring only short-term expression of the foreign components in the cell. Once these components have been expressed, induced a DSB, and triggered HDR, their presence is no longer necessary. In fact, in the attempt to minimize unwanted off-target cleavage activity and prolonged DSB induction, the ideal nuclease-delivery vehicle should only be transiently expressed.
Able to enter target cells efficiently.
A variety of vectors have been utilized to deliver genome-editing reagents to the cell. Initial in vivo studies have included AAV viral vectors as well as integrase-defective lentiviruses. Using AAV-encoded ZFNs, for instance, Li and colleagues demonstrated direct in vivo gene correction using HDR in a murine model of FIX deficiency . Despite these successes, early in vivo strategies have not fulfilled two of the critical components for nuclease delivery vehicles: transience and lack of potential integration. In addition, with respect to translation of these approaches to CF airway disease, none of these strategies reported targeting cells in the lung.
Due to its short half-life and inability to integrate into the genome, modified mRNA is gaining interest as an ideal vector for site-specific nuclease delivery: one that would address two of the main outstanding issues previously discussed. Transient expression of mRNA-encoded nucleases would also minimize the long-term threat of off-target events associated with the use of stably expressing, and possibly integrating viral vectors.
In a recent study, nuclease-encoding chemically modified mRNA (nec-mRNA) was described as a novel vehicle for delivering genome-editing components directly to the lung . Using a murine model of SP-B deficiency, nec-mRNA-encoded ZFNs were able to demonstrate the first report of life-prolonging gene correction specifically within lung tissue.
In the transgenic mouse model of SP-B deficiency, SP-B cDNA is under the control of a Tetracycline-inducible promoter . Administration of doxycycline allows SP-B to be expressed at wild-type levels. If doxycycline is removed, SP-B expression drops and mice begin to exhibit phenotypic changes similar to those seen in humans with the disease: thickened alveolar walls, heavy cellular infiltration, increased macrophages and neutrophils, interstitial edema, congestion, augmented cytokines in the lavage, a significant drop in lung function, and acute onset of respiratory distress leading to death within days [59,60].
In order to demonstrate the value of nec-mRNA for lung-based genome-editing applications, this report utilized HDR to insert a constitutive CAG promoter immediately upstream of the SP-B cDNA. The resulting doxycycline-independent expression was able to significantly prolong the life of treated mice .
mRNA modification schemes can be customized to optimize expression and minimize immunity.
Intratracheal delivery of nec-mRNA is able to target airway epithelial cells.
Complexing nec-mRNA to chitosan-coated nanoparticles can increase transduction efficiency in the lung.
nec-mRNA expression is transient in comparison to AAV-encoded ZFNs.
nec-mRNA-mediated ZFN delivery can facilitate HDR rates comparable to AAV-encoded ZFNs.
The lung has evolved with natural defense mechanisms against foreign pathogens. As such, a number of intracellular and extracellular barriers must be overcome in order to target new technologies to the lung . In addition to this, the lungs of CF patients are even more difficult to target, owing to the increased airway mucus (sputum) lining the lungs. Especially in more progressed CF patients, thickened mucus linings have proven prohibitive in several gene replacement therapy approaches. Hida and colleagues reported that expectorated sputum from CF patients effectively traps and slows the diffusion of both Ad and AAV viral vectors . For instance, where the sputum penetration of muco-inert nanoparticles is reduced by only 40-fold compared with pure water, that of Ad and AAV particles is slowed by 3,000-fold and 12,000-fold, respectively. Poor penetration of mucus layers may be a major component preventing effective viral gene replacement therapy or the use of viral vectors to deliver genome-editing components for CF.
Limits to stable expression of functional CFTR also play an important role. For gene replacement therapy approaches, this may include immune responses against the vector capsid, the inability to re-administer, as well as turnover of CFTR-expressing lung cells. For gene correction approaches, transient expression of nucleases does not destabilize the downstream effects of HDR. However, lung cell turnover continues to be an issue, making the possibility of re-administration important.
The levels of CFTR expression required to halt the progression of CF lung disease remain largely unknown, as well as the cell types most suited as targets. While airway epithelial cells are generally considered to be the ideal target, airway histology and entry receptor expression patterns may impact the ability of this cell type to be transduced. The absence of adenoviral entry receptors on the apical surface of airway epithelium, for instance, is one of the major reasons that adenoviral gene therapy vectors are no longer pursued. Furthermore, turnover of these terminally differentiated cells will eventually require therapeutics to be redelivered to new target cells.
In addition to the most relevant cell type, another question remains: is it preferable to obtain low levels of CFTR in a high percentage of cells, or high levels of CFTR in only ~10% of cells? Gene replacement and correction approaches are more likely to attain the latter, although it remains unknown whether this will be sufficient to show therapeutic effect. One recent study has shown that restoration of normal mucus transport rates in cultured CF human airway epithelial cells required at least 25% of surface epithelial cells to be targeted by CFTR gene replacement therapy . Whether this figure will translate to clinical benefit in an in vivo setting remains to be seen.
Due to the limitations of targeting the lung, it remains unclear whether novel replacement and correction approaches will find success for Cystic Fibrosis lung disease. Efforts to overcome these barriers remain the subject of further investigation.
As one recent study demonstrated, combining nec-mRNA with chitosan-coated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles may be one viable method for overcoming the CF sputum barrier to lung cell targeting [37,64]. Recent progress in the development of mucus penetrating nanoparticles (MPP) may provide an opportunity to further overcome this barrier . Drug-loaded MPPs with non-adhesive coatings have been shown to penetrate mucus layers at rates nearly as fast as pure water. These developments may allow the penetration of delivery vehicles to airway epithelium, without reducing the protective function of the mucus itself. Furthermore, adjuvant regimens of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) with or without recombinant human DNase (rhDNase) were used to increase diffusivity of nanocomplexed, non-viral gene delivery vectors through sputum layers . This strategy was able to increase gene expression by ~12-fold, making it another potential avenue for improving targeting in the lungs of CF patients. Complexes of pDNA or mRNA with GL67:DOPE:DMPE-PEG5000 (GL67) liposomes have also been described as a potential avenue for augmenting non-viral respiratory gene transfer . Overall, developments in nanoparticle technology combined with advancements in aerosol-delivery devices may hold promise for the field.
Route of administration may be an important consideration as well, especially given the tendency for inhaled therapeutics to be entrapped in the mucus layer. Intratracheal high-pressure spraying approaches have been effective in targeting airway epithelial cells in pre-clinical models [30,31,37], although efficiency is likely to decrease in the face of CF sputum. Preliminary evidence supports the claim that intravenous routes of administration may also target airway cells efficiently, while avoiding the barriers to a direct airway approach.
The continued development of humanized animal models of CF, including mouse, pig, and ferret models, will further our ability to investigate novel therapeutic strategies [68,69]. An early mouse model, CFTRtm1UNC, knocked out murine CFTR through a stop codon in exon 10; however, these mice showed a drastic drop in survival rates due to severe intestinal obstruction [70,71]. To overcome lethal intestinal defects, the mice were then ‘gut-corrected’ with a human CFTR construct driven by an intestinal-specific FABP promoter . Studies in the FABP-hCFTR/Cftrtm1UNC gut-corrected model have demonstrated that the human CFTR protein is indeed functional in mice. Using this or other models as a foundation, it may be possible to introduce a transgenic construct containing a mutated human CFTR driven by a lung-specific promoter. Creating humanized mice expressing the CFTR-∆F508 mutation, for instance, may offer an excellent tool for studying gene correction using nucleases and repair templates designed for direct translation to the clinic.
In addition to the development of novel animal models, the identification of human lung stem cell populations has offered new hope for overcoming the issue of lung cell turnover . If genome-editing vehicles could be efficiently targeted to lung stem cell populations, such as bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs) , Clara cells , or alveolar type II (ATII) progenitors , HDR in these self-renewing populations could support indefinite CFTR production.
Engineering strategies to minimize the risk of off-target cleavage and donor integration will also continue to be an important area of development. Along these lines, it will be critical to more thoroughly define standardized parameters for measuring off-target effects. State-of-the-art techniques that can be used for measuring outcome parameters will also aid in assessing overall efficacy. Combining efforts to overcome these barriers to lung targeting, cell turnover, proper animal models, and off-target effects will enable the field to make continued progress toward a novel gene correction strategy for the treatment of Cystic Fibrosis.
Over two decades since the cloning of the CFTR gene, numerous strategies have been investigated to identify clinically relevant genetic variants, target cells of the airway, and overcome deleterious mutations. Rather than masking symptoms of the disease, novel therapies strive to address the underlying genetic cause of the Cystic Fibrosis phenotype. Agents have approached this goal with varying strategies, including attempts to overcome the patient’s functional CFTR defects, supplement their cells with a functional copy of the protein, or directly repair genomic mutations at their source. Innovations in viral and non-viral delivery vehicles and methods for overcoming barriers to lung targeting have allowed for promising progress in recent years. Coupled with novel genome-editing reagents, such as ZFNs, TALENs, and the CRISPR/Cas9 system, the promise of a novel therapeutic approach is becoming an increasingly attainable goal within the field. Further advancement in minimizing off-target activity, increasing the efficiency of site-specific cleavage, and optimizing robust, transient, non-integrating nuclease delivery vehicles will bring us closer to achieving stable modification of the genome in the race toward in vivo gene correction of Cystic Fibrosis. | https://www.intechopen.com/books/cystic-fibrosis-in-the-light-of-new-research/in-vivo-gene-correction-of-cystic-fibrosis |
A great deal of research on pathway analysis is currently focusing on RNA rather than proteins, and the complex RNA networks that regulate gene expression.
With the realization that more than 90% of the genome that is transcribed into RNA is not translated into protein, and the growing numbers of naturally occurring microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) being identified and characterized, the important role these RNAs play in normal biological processes and across human diseases is becoming increasingly clear.
This knowledge—combined with the available technology and strategies to decipher RNA pathways and link alterations in the levels or activity of miRNAs or lncRNAs to gene expression, epigenetic mechanisms, and protein activity in normal and disease phenotypes—is driving the development and clinical testing of novel drug targets and therapeutics that target regulatory RNAs.
For example, a microRNA was targeted in a Phase II clinical study that assessed the effect of miravirsen, an antisense oligonucleotide, in patients with hepatitis C. The study, which was described in 2013 in the New England Journal of Medicine, indicated that miravirsen sequesters the liver-specific microRNA miR-122 in a highly stable heteroduplex, thereby inhibiting its function.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) depends on a functional interaction between its genome and miR-122 for viral stability and replication. According to the study, inhibition of miR-122 in HCV-infected patients was associated with decreased levels of HCV RNA that continued beyond the treatment period, without evidence of viral resistance.
The therapeutic potential of regulatory RNAs is also being assessed in other conditions such as cancer. Specifically, miRNAs and other ncRNAs in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis are being studied by George Calin, M.D., Ph.D., a professor of experimental therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas. Dr. Calin’s group is scouring the “microRNAome” to identify miRNAs of about 21–22 nucleotides that can serve as reliable biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and to guide decision-making in patient management, including as predictors of survival and response to drug therapy.
miRNAs are involved in every aspect of tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and dissemination. Not only are they expressed in tumor cells, they are also stably expressed in exosomes and are present in various bodily fluids, where they can act like hormones and signaling molecules. Comparative profiling of these fluids for differences in miRNA levels between patients with and without cancer could identify relevant biomarkers.
Analyzing RNA Pathways
Dr. Calin and colleagues have described the significance of miRNA signatures obtained in recent studies involving miRNA profiling of human tumors. An overview appeared 2014 in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (“MicroRNAome genome: a treasure for cancer diagnosis and therapy”). Also, last February, Dr. Calin gave an account of his group’s work at the Molecular Med Tri Conference in San Francisco.
Technology is not holding back advances in the field of RNA pathway analysis according to Dr. Calin. The main bottleneck at present is in the design of prospective studies needed to confirm the predictive value of miRNA-based biomarkers.
Dr. Calin points to two other key challenges that scientists currently face in translating research findings into diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools. One is the difficulty in selecting an miRNA target, mainly because an individual miRNA could have a role in regulating tens, hundreds, or even thousands of protein-coding genes. For drug discovery, the aim is to identify miRNAs that affect a single pathway of interest to help limit off-target effects. The need for novel delivery systems for RNA-targeted drugs is another key challenge.
At the Molecular Med Tri Conference, Jean-Noel Billaud, Ph.D., principal scientist at Qiagen Bioinformatics, presented a case study demonstrating how the company’s Ingenuity Pathway Analysis technology can be used to conduct a systems biology analysis to identify the pathways, potential upstream regulators, and downstream outcomes involved in the host response to West Nile Virus (WNV) infection. Dr. Billaud also discussed how to interpret the results from a biological perspective.
In his presentation, Dr. Billaud described the first step in this analytical process as the acquisition of RNA sequence data using next-generation sequencing techniques for the purpose of characterizing and quantifying differential gene expression between an infected and uninfected cell. The CLC Cancer Research Workbench tool is used to process the sequence data, and the results are imported directly into the IPA system.
Analysis of differential gene expression aims to answer a series of key questions, including the following: What metabolic and/or signaling pathway(s) is activated or inhibited? Is there an overlap of the genes or pathways that are activated or inhibited? What are the potential upstream, downstream, functional, and phenotypic implications of this pathway activation or inhibition?
Dr. Billaud described other questions researchers might attempt to answer through the use of IPA: What are the identifying the underlying transcriptional programs? Which biological processes are involved and in what way? Are there splice variants of interest? What type of regulation is involved?
In the WNV case study, IPA predicted activation of the interferon signaling pathway and added statistically and functionally relevant biological processes to the WNV-related biochemical network the system developed. IPA is able to simulate the effects of interferon pathway activation on neighboring molecules and processes, which enables broader modeling of antiviral responses, prediction of the effects on viral replication, and identification of upstream transcriptional regulators of antiviral and related anti-inflammatory processes, for example.
These data and analytical capabilities may allow researchers to propose new hypotheses that connect molecules in regulatory networks to disease-related pathways in a predictive way, leading to the identification of a “master regulator” that could serve as a disease-specific drug target, according to Dr. Billaud.
In the WNV example, he described the use of the Molecule Activity Predictor (MAP) function in IPA to test the hypothesis that CLEC7A is a host susceptibility factor required by WNV to stimulate an immune response in the brains of infected patients, contributing to the development of life-threatening encephalitis. The MAP function simulates the inhibition or downregulation of CLEC7A, showing how it would likely reduce the risk of WNV-associated encephalitis. These types of hypotheses would then need to be tested and validated.
An Evolutionary Approach
In his laboratory at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, researcher Yuval Tabach, Ph.D., is using computational tools to analyze and compare the genomes and proteins of hundreds of species to identify evolutionary patterns of conservation and loss that point to connections between molecular pathways and disease.
“The main power of this phylogenetic profiling approach is that if you look at proteins across evolution, some are lost at certain points in certain species,” says Dr. Tabach. For example, proteins involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle have been highly conserved across some species, but have disappeared in others because those species have lost their mitochondria.
Dr. Tabach and colleagues have shown that sets of genes associated with particular diseases have similar phylogenetic profiles. They are also using this approach to identify genes associated with longevity, cancer resistance, and various extreme environmental conditions.
Phylogenetic profiling to connect patterns of conservation and loss across millions of years of evolution can be applied to entire proteins, protein domains, and RNA molecules such as microRNAs. The potential applicability of this approach to drug discovery and development is multifaceted.
For example, given a gene known to be related to a certain disease, the ability to identify other genes with a similar phylogenetic profile might reveal genetic factors that could explain incomplete penetrance or the variability of disease severity in different affected individuals. Alternatively, identification of a candidate gene in one patient could serve as the basis for identifying other key factors in other patients with the same disease using the phylogenetic profile.
Compared to strategies such as gene expression analysis or protein-protein interaction mapping for identifying disease-related genes, phylogenetic profiling “is much faster” and will become an increasingly powerful tool as the genome sequences of more species become available, explains Dr. Tabach.
The Israeli start-up company ReThink Pharmaceuticals is using the molecular networks generated through this phylogenetic profiling work for the purpose of drug repositioning. “If you know that a certain drug targets a gene, we can build a network to find other genes/proteins that interact with the drug target,” asserts Dr. Tabach, citing preliminary results that demonstrate the ability to predict additional effects of a drug candidate.
Pathways Driving B-Cell Differentiation
Robert C. Rickert, Ph.D., professor and director of the Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, is using conditional gene targeting to identify the genes and biochemical pathways that play a role at specific stages of B-cell differentiation. With this approach, it is possible to knock out targeted genes in a mouse at different stages of B-cell development, and to do so in an inducible fashion, allowing you “to look at how it affects different signal transduction pathways in a context-specific manner,” says Dr. Rickert.
When applied to a relevant mouse model of disease—such as a B-cell lymphoma—this inducible genetic system should yield effects similar to those that could be obtained with a drug capable of blocking the activity of the targeted gene product. Dr. Rickert and colleagues are exploring the similarity between the effects achieved with conditional gene targeting and those of recently approved drugs to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and some forms of lymphoma such as idelalisib and ibrutinib, which are both inhibitors of the B-cell receptor pathway via blocking of PI3K or Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), respectively.
Dr. Rickert presented his group’s latest research at a Keystone Symposium Conference, PI 3-Kinase Signaling Pathways in Disease, which took place last January in Vancouver. In his talk, Dr. Rickert emphasized that the phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway is a major regulator B lymphocyte differentiation and function.
Dr. Rickert has also applied conditional gene targeting to compare the roles of the NFκB and PI3K pathways in B-cell maturation. He has shown that while both pathways are essential at some stages of B-cell differentiation, only one pathway may be necessary for B-cell maintenance and survival.
“Ultimately we want to gain more insight at the biochemical level into single cells and the heterogeneity of the cell populations we’re interested in,” says Dr. Rickert. Tumors and cancer cell populations are quite heterogeneic, and better biochemical tools are needed to be able to sort through these populations of cells and “look at some of the more interesting, rogue cells, such as cancer stem cells,” he adds. | https://www.genengnews.com/magazine-issues/april-15-2015-vol-35-no-8/diverse-pathways-to-drug-targets/?oly_enc_id=8898C1475578B1H |
BTK regulates downstream of multiple receptors including innate immune receptors, B-cell antigen, chemokine and growth factors. In B cells, BTK is located downstream of the BCR, which then phosphorylate phospholipase-Cγ2 (PLCγ2), leading to calcium mobilization and activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. BTK plays important roles in a diverse range of cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, motility, angiogenesis, cytokine production, and antigen presentation.
BTK inhibitors function by interfering the process of B cell maturity, and modulate the innate immune activity. However, first-generation BTK inhibitor such as Ibrutinib has unwanted side effects, including bleeding, rash, diarrhea and atrial fibrillation which were thought to be mostly associated with its off-target effects on the EGFR, ITK and other Tec family proteins. Therefore, a potent, orally bioavailable BTK inhibitor with higher selectivity than Ibrutinib would have therapeutic potential with less side effects in the future.
Small molecules with BTK-inhibitory property have emerged as promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of hematological malignancies, including Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) as well Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM). Research into immuno-inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are ongoing. | http://www.reistonebio.com/list/id/13.html |
“Lack of business confidence has been a hindrance to economic recovery,” according to Deloitte chairman Punit Renjen. This is why the 3rd annual Deloitte Core Beliefs & Culture survey examined key drivers of employee and stakeholder confidence to help leaders create more of it. The survey revealed that the single greatest driver of organizational confidence is a strong sense of purpose. These organizations saw 50 percent more employee confidence and engagement than those without a strong purpose, and nearly 25 percent more stakeholder confidence.
So, what defines purpose and gives leaders access to the confidence they need to thrive? According to the survey, those organizations without a strong sense of Higher Purpose focus on the bottom line. Those with a strong sense of purpose make a commitment to deliver top quality products and services. This means that an organization’s Higher Purpose has to do with the impact it has on people, not profits.
Does Your Vision Inspire Confidence?
I often say that as a leader, it’s not your intention that matters. It’s your impact. Despite all the advantages of having a Higher Purpose, there is one more step leaders must take so that employees engage with it.
In the course of their study, Deloitte found that 20 percent of all respondents believed their leadership failed to set an example for the rest of the organization by acting in alignment with its Higher Purpose—even when that purpose was clearly defined. This means you must create a culture that helps people act in alignment with your Higher Purpose. Only then will you inspire the people in your organization to live it, too. Having a Higher Purpose will do nothing if it’s not reflected in what you do and how you do it.
Culture Reflects Vision: What Do You See?
Over the last 25 years, I have had the privilege to work with and study hundreds of organizations that consistently outperform their competition, regardless of the economic conditions. These outstanding organizations start with building a strong and healthy culture. They make sure their people don’t just understand the organization’s Higher Purpose. They also know how to deliver on it and actively contribute toward it. They learn about how the organization works, why they do what they do, and how their work is meaningful to the goals and aspirations of the organization at large.
If you imagine your organization as the human body, culture is its heart and soul. It’s what gets the blood pumping and the heart racing. Every organization has a culture. The question is whether it’s healthy or not. A healthy culture aligns your people and engages them to act in service of your Higher Purpose, grows your brand strength, and improves financial performance. On the other hand, a weak or dysfunctional culture functions much like an unhealthy heart: sluggish processes, weak performance, and many complications.
Building a Healthy Culture
It’s easy to get caught up in the minutia required to complete a task. As a leader, you must connect the work your team does with the impact they have. Today, answer the question: what do we actually do for people? Then, build a culture that supports that purpose, to help your people bring it to life.
Culture is built and reinforced through four primary tools of communication and delivery: vision, mission, values and market position. Your strategies derive from these elements, which work together to communicate and execute your Higher Purpose. When each element is strong, it will allow you to leverage the potential of your people to align with that purpose and deliver results.
1. Inspiring Vision: An organization’s vision is unchanging. It defines your Higher Purpose: what you stand for and why you exist. Leaders use vision to align people with the organization’s strategies. It provides guidance about what core to preserve and how to stimulate progress toward the right future as things change. It answers the question “Why do we exist?”
2. Compelling Mission: A mission defines a team’s primary purpose. It clarifies what business you are in and what key focus areas and objectives you are committed to. It communicates the essence of your businesses objectives and philosophies to customers, employees, and the marketplace. It answers the question, “What do we do here?”
3. Clear Values: Values dictate the way things get done. They reflect what your culture finds is of utmost importance. They tell everyone in the organization how to behave and what to respect. They are the principles that guide your team’s actions. They answer the question, “How do we act around here?”
4. Powerful Position: Your market position captures the essence of your unique value proposition and establishes your message. Effective positioning creates a synergy within an organization and clearly defines who you are and what your customer can count on. It answers the question, “What is our brand promise?”
Spend time now defining the components of your culture. Do they align with and support your Higher Purpose? If not, it’s time to step back and assess the health of your organization. Get your culture on track today and your business will stay healthy long into the future.
Want more tips on designing a culture that inspires confidence in both employees and customers? Check out Aspire’s blog series, Cultivating a Culture That Counts, for an in depth look at each of the components of a healthy, sustainable culture, beginning with Vision. | https://www.hotelmanagement.net/operate/inspiring-staff-consumer-confidence-through-service |
Perfomance management is the process of maintaining or improving employee job performance through the use of performance assessment tools, coaching and counseling as well as providing continuous feedback. Organizations are interested in performance management systems because of individual contribution drives business results that accomplish the goals of an organization. The performance management process provides an opportunity for the employee and the performance manager to discuss development goals and jointly create a plan for achieving goals. Development plans and individual actions then contribute to organizational goals and the professional growth of employees.
Organizational Values and Goals
Values and goals reflect organizational structure and philosophy. When organizations establish and communicate clear values and goals, employees have a sense of purpose and know where to place priorities. It may demand a considerable amount of executive attention to arrive at a consensus regarding what the organizational values and goals are.
Values are often displayed though behavior. For this reason, it's essential that management thoughout the organization display behavior that adheres to the organizational values. Values are usually expressed in the mission statement.
Performance Management Standards
In setting and communicating performance standards, the HR professional needs to consider the following:
- Behaviors. What does the organization want employees to do? These behaviors have to translated into performance standards.
- Results. What does the organization want employees to produce?
With executive level support, these performance standards must be communicated throughout the organization. Employees must be told what management expects for performance. This can be accomplished in a number of ways, including orientation, employee handbooks, organization or department meetings, newsletters etc.
When performance standards are communicated, they must be defined so all employees understand the expected behavior.
Measurement and Feedback
The typical method of measuring employees' adherence to performance standards and providing feedback is the performance appraisal. Performance appraisal is the process that measures the degree to which an employee accomplishes.
Performance appraisals accomplish three purposes:
- Provide feedback and counseling
- Help in allocating rewards and opportunities
- Help in determining employees' aspirations and planning developmental needs.
Performance appraisals can:
- Improve productivity through constructive feedback.
- Identify training and development needs.
- Communicate expectations.
- Foster commitment and mutual understanding. | http://www.msilimited.com/performance-management |
One of the most important things that corporate leaders do is define their organization's purpose, and identify what they ultimately want it to accomplish. They communicate this information in corporate mission and vision statements. These set a clear course for the organization, tell employees how they should focus their efforts, and prevent people going "off mission."
If mission and vision statements are so important to organizations, why don't we spend any time creating them for ourselves?
In this article, we'll look at the benefits of creating personal mission and vision statements. We'll show you how to create them, and highlight how you can use them to bring clarity to your own objectives and goals.
Why Create Mission and Vision Statements?
All of us have very different ideas about success. What's important, however, is that you spend time defining your version of success. Otherwise, how will you understand what you should be working toward, and how will you know if your decisions are helping you move toward your goals?
Used as part of your personal approach to goal setting, mission and vision statements are useful for bringing sharp focus to your most important goal, and for helping you to quickly identify which opportunities you should pursue.
Shaping this goal into a mission statement helps you keep it at the front of your mind, and helps you focus your energy and resources upon it. Without this focus, you can be distracted, or you can spread your effort too thinly across multiple competing goals.
Note:
By creating a personal mission statement, you make one of your personal goals supremely important. This gives you the best possible chance of achieving it, which is essential for some types of goal. However, if you focus exclusively on one goal, you'll inevitably have to de-emphasize others. Make sure that you're happy to do this, and make sure that people who are important to you don't suffer as a consequence.
Mission Versus Vision
So, what's the difference between a mission statement and a vision statement?
- Mission statement – This defines your purpose. It's what you ultimately want to achieve in your life or career, expressed in a specific, measurable way.
- Vision statement – This is a bit more emotional. Here, you define your core values, and how you'll apply those values to your mission.
Tip:
As your career develops, your goals and objectives are likely to change too. So make sure you revisit your mission and vision statements regularly, and update them as required.
Creating Mission Statements
Follow these steps to create your mission statement:...
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This article is the second in a two-part series.
As the first article in this series reported, just 23% of U.S. employees strongly agree that they can apply their company's values to their work every day. And only 27% strongly agree that they "believe in" their company's values.
These findings suggest workers don't buy into their company's values and culture -- or what leaders say their company's values and culture are. In many companies, gaps exist between their desired culture -- the one leaders envision and strive to realize -- and the culture that employees experience. Though there are many different definitions of organizational culture, Gallup defines it as how employees interact and how work gets done.
The Five Drivers of Organizational Identity
Culture is one component of any organization's identity, which Gallup research shows has five significant drivers:
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leadership and communication
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values and rituals
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human capital practices and policies
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work teams and structures
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performance
These drivers shape how employees conduct themselves, how leaders make decisions and how work gets done. Leaders can apply them to align employees with the company's desired culture and push the organization toward its ideal identity.
Leadership and communication. The ways that leaders define, embody and communicate the organization's aspirational identity can bridge the gap between what a company's culture is and what it could be. Leaders also influence whether employees will embody those values, especially with customers.
The messages employees receive should consistently guide their actions and behaviors and align them with the company's ideal culture. Actions always speak louder than words, and when leaders' actions, goals and policies don't agree with the company's purported identity, this creates mixed messages that confuse employees and stifle organizational progress.
Values and rituals. When it comes to organizational culture, values and rituals set the tone for how employees interact with others when representing the company. Culture starts with a differentiated, well-articulated purpose, and a company's values should align with its purpose as well. Values should be relevant to employees in everything from day-to-day tasks to companywide meetings.
For example, if a company's identity is focused on innovation, leaders should use companywide meetings to recognize workers who excel in new product development. Recognizing work that highlights specific values communicates an organization's desired identity to employees, fostering a culture focused on what matters most to the company.
Human capital. Businesses that seek to foster a culture that delivers on the company's brand promises must select, engage and develop employees in ways that introduce and reinforce the organization's desired identity. Too many companies establish their hiring, engagement and development programs in silos. While this approach can produce pockets of success, it doesn't support an overarching identity that differentiates the company from others.
For example, a new employee might be attracted to a company because it promises a culture of autonomy, only to be met with a demanding manager who micromanages projects. This kind of experience is highly disengaging. A disingenuous approach to managing employees ultimately affects customers when they are served by employees who don't believe in what they're selling or the organization they are representing.
Throughout the entire employee life cycle -- hiring, training and development, engagement, and promotion -- companies need to be consistent when delivering messages about what is unique and important to that organization.
Work teams and structures. A company's internal structure should support its strategy and desired culture. Structure dictates who communicates with whom, how frequently and on what topics. Processes and structure also affect how customers and employees perceive and experience the company.
Many companies maintain structures and processes based on what's worked in the past, rather than designing internal structures that bring its purpose to life and offer a competitive product or experience to customers. By intentionally crafting a corporate structure with purpose, brand and culture in mind, leaders can inspire employees to uplift the organization's desired identity.
Performance. Aligning a company's measurement and performance systems with its desired identity optimizes business performance. Everything from goal setting to accountability to incentives and recognition must encourage employees to fulfill the company's purpose, deliver on its brand promise and create a culture that promotes success. Misaligned measurements and incentives create confusion and inconsistency for employees and undermine customer experiences.
Many departments or teams implement initiatives without considering how well those programs align with the organization's identity. This approach results in silos that limit performance and stifle progress. Instead, leaders should objectively review their organizational identity and decide whether their performance systems and processes align -- then promote messages that are consistent with their desired identity. | https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/195506/few-workers-apply-company-values-jobs.aspx |
What is a company mission and vision statement? What is the difference between Company Mission, Core Values and Vision Statements?
- A mission statement is a formal description of the purpose of an organization. It refers to the company’s objectives and states a way for the organization to meet them.
- A vision statement is where a company states their plans for the organization and how this relates to overall company goals. It describes the long-term aspirational goal for the organization.
- Company values (or core values) are the principles that support the organization’s culture and overall philosophy. Values bring character to the group, and can help leaders and management guide teams through ethical and performance concerns. These are the standards that organizations can cling to in times of uncertainty and transition.
Why is a company mission and vision statement important?
By having mission and vision statements, companies can better focus on their strategic objectives, allowing them to stay competitive in their industry.
Mission and vision statements can shape organization’s culture and help integrate a meaningful performance management system that is based on shared values and purpose. They also help improve relationships with clients. Learn more:
(5 Steps) Effective Performance Management: How to Coach Employees?
8 Powerful Habits of Companies Who Build Great Client Relationships
Part 1
How to create company Mission and vision Statement?
Awesome template
Company mission and vision statement should include a concise summary of the company’s purpose and ambitions, taking into account the business’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Additionally, it should be tailored to reflect the company’s unique identity and focus on its target market.
Writing a mission and vision statement requires careful consideration of both short-term objectives and long-term objectives, as well as the resources available to achieve them. When creating a mission and vision statement, consider what your company stands for, what it hopes to accomplish, and who it serves. In general, the main point to understand is the following: “How will our company measure success?”
Below you’ll find a useful template to create a one-statement representation of what the organization is all about. It answers the question of why the business exists, how they plan to solve the problem they were created to answer, and what they stand for in a matter of one or two sentences.
Answer the following questions and use the template below to formulate the mission and vision statement.
1) What is our purpose?
2) How do we want to accomplish this?
Template:
“Why [our purpose] + how [how we want to accomplish this].
– Establish the purpose of your business by identifying why it exists and what makes it unique from other companies: this could include providing quality services or products, building relationships with customers or creating innovative solutions to meet customer needs.
– Think about how you can make a difference in the lives of customers or society as a whole with what your business does.
Examples:
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Sweetgreen
“To inspire healthier communities by connecting people to real food.”
– Sweetgreen (stylized as sweetgreen) is an American fast food chain that specializes in serving healthy food to customers. The mission statement not only talks about their purpose for existing (spurring healthy communities by serving healthy and authentic food), but they make the customer feel that the mission will directly benefit them as well.
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American Red Cross
“Prevent and alleviate human suffering in the face of emergencies by mobilizing the power of volunteers and the generosity of donors.”
– The American Red Cross provides a host of services for people who have faced severe emergencies. They talk about their ties to helping those in suffering and connect them with the solution: the power of volunteers and generosity of donors.
Useful mission and vision statements connect the “why” with the “how” in one to two sentences.
Examples of mission and vision statements for your industry:
We created an inspiring list of mission and vision statements examples for different industries: 1500+ Best Company Vision and Mission Statements (by Industry)
Mission, vision, and values of a company are usually influenced by a particular leadership style. Are there any qualities and values that your leadership style reveal to you? This answer can help you define the mission, vision, and core values more authentically.
Check these articles to get inspired and find your answers:
Qualities and Values of 10 Leadership Styles
These in-depth articles will provide more inspiration:
What Is Visionary Leadership? 7 Traits of a Visionary Leader
Charismatic Leadership: The Good, Bad, and Best Practices
What Is Transformational Leadership?
What Is Democratic Leadership?
What is Affiliative Leadership? The “People First” Approach
5 Main Principles of Laissez-Faire Leadership
What is Servant Leadership? 5 Must-Have Principles
What is Strategic Leadership? [Pros and Cons]
How to Create company Core Values?
Company core values are the fundamental beliefs and principles that guide a company’s decisions and actions. They provide a common understanding of what is important and help establish trust between employees, customers, suppliers, shareholders, partners and other stakeholders. Core values are important because they represent the basis of your company’s culture.
List 5 to 6 values (nouns or verbs).
– Think about how these values align with the beliefs of employees and can help foster an environment of trust and respect within the workplace. Remember that company values help shape the culture of your organization and attract and retain the right talent.
– Consider that these values will also send a message to customers about your organization’s core beliefs.
Examples:
- Facebook –
Focus on Impact, Move Fast, Be Bold, Be Open, Build Social Value.
All of these values make sense for the social network. Facebook is created to have a global impact, rapidly follow social trends, develop opportunities for boldness and openness, and ultimately create social value. It would make sense that the company would also instill values that impact their workers.
- Proctor and Gamble –
Integrity, Leadership, Ownership, Passion for Winning, Trust.
P&G is responsible for creating a large number of products that cover a wide variety of industries, many of whom involve health aspects and childcare. It would make sense that integrity and trust would be a theme that runs through their core values.
- Build-A-Bear –
Reach, Learn, Di-bear-sity, Colla-bear-ate, Give, Cele-bear-ate.
Build-A-Bear is a company that invites children to create their own bears. The additions of “bear” to their core values highlights the playful and kid-friendly culture they want to cultivate for customers and employees. Children are encouraged to learn and become creative, two critical values for a company like Build-A-Bear.
Examples of company core values for your industry:
You can find more examples of company core values for different industries in this article: 250+ Best Inspirational Company Core Values (Examples by Industry)
Helpful tips:
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Brainstorm and Collect Feedback
Create an environment where no answer is a wrong one, and encourage all involved to name elements they think of when they think about the function of the company. Get everyone’s take on how others might see the company and identify keywords and principles that could be used to capture its purpose.
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Decide What Sets You Apart
Is charity going to be a big part of the mission? Is the focus on efficiency or providing a streamlined customer experience? What principles should employees make important in how they operate? These are sample questions to answer when crafting these statements.
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Rank Each Element and Ensure Accuracy
Rank the words used for the mission statement and core values by their level of importance to what the organization does. Guide the discussion through each term and discuss how essential each one is to capture what they do. Make sure that statements do not create a hyperbole and box the company into doing something it does not offer.
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Create a Mission and Value Statement That Compliment Each Other
Successful mission and value statements usually complement one another; they look like they come from the same train of thought. If the core values are transparency and trust, then the mission statement could expound on these ideas and discuss why they are essential to what the organization does.
Part 2
Why do companies have mission and vision statements?
Mission and vision statements provide guidance and direction for the company, ensuring that all stakeholders are on the same page. For internal stakeholders, mission and value statements can define performance standards, drive strategy and become a broad idea to hold onto, establish a structure for ethical behavior, and provide focus and shared goals. For external stakeholders, mission and vision statements serve as a PR tool, create bonds with customers, provide a basis for streamlining communication between customers, suppliers, and partners. Also, the right mission and vision statements can motivate employees and create a sense of purpose.
How to maintain Mission Statement and Company Values?
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Make the Statements a Part of the Conversation
Whenever goals, objectives, or performance standards are discussed, the dialogue should come back to the mission and values of the company. Leaders can even include both in email signatures and office memos to continue to make these visible to employees. If employees see leaders treating these components like they matter, then employees will more than likely do the same.
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Stay Tuned to Straying Away
As companies evolve with the time, it is vital for leaders to stay tuned to this and make sure they examine any proposed changes, mergers, or new initiatives to the mission and values. It is entirely possible to stray and make the mission and values obsolete, so leaders need to keep this in mind when any new projects or expansions are proposed.
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Don’t Be Afraid to Change Them
With the previous point in mind, change does happen. Companies grow in size, priorities change, and leaders will transition in and out. There are times when it is important to see if the mission and vision outlined in the beginning still describe what the organization does. Review the statements to ensure they still reflect your company’s vision and objectives. Alterations may need to happen, just make sure they occur with the input of internal and external stakeholders.
Part 3
Best Practices:
mission, Vision Statement and core values
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Make Them Vital to the Culture
While the mission and core values should influence operations and procedures, it should also permeate throughout the culture. Whether it is a company outing or volunteer event, senior leadership should exemplify these components and encourage employees to do the same.
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Drive Them Home Through Team-Building
If the mission involves environmental sustainability, then leaders could work with a nonprofit organization to have employees volunteer with this cause. If a core value relates to innovation, then creating spaces or labs where employees can collaborate and come up with new ideas that benefit themselves and the company should happen. No man is an island, and if the mission and values are connected to team building, then it is easier for these ideas to become a part of the work environment.
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Make Them a Part of the Onboarding Process
The first ideas that new hires should interact with are the mission statements and core values. These should be on full display, so new employees understand how important they are, and they can begin to understand the internal culture of the organization.
Part 4
Examples of Mission Statements
We created an inspiring list of mission and vision statements examples for different industries: 1500+ Best Company Vision and Mission Statements (by Industry)
Examples of Core Values
You can find more examples of company core values for different industries in this article: 250+ Best Inspirational Company Core Values (Examples by Industry)
Read more:
(5 Steps) Effective Performance Management: How to Coach Employees? | https://status.net/articles/mission-vision-statement-template-company-values/ |
Business and technological solutions may be changing every day, but your concept for launching a successful startup in the first place doesn’t always have to. In today’s tight and uncertain economy, full of new ideas, services, products, and platforms, how do you ensure that the team will continue to align and carry out your company’s initial values and expectations?
To equip other leaders worried about these same issues, experts from Fast Company Executive Board provide 15 ways to keep your original company concept and mission top of mind and in place. The team can continue a focused journey on where the company stands, which also includes flexibility and openness to innovative ideas about the future of daily workflow.
1. WRITE IT DOWN.
Much like goals, a mission not written is only a wish. Writing down the mission and vision statement for an organization and regularly reemphasizing and reiterating it as an internal mantra and battle-cry is critical to maintaining the original mission of the founder and his or her organization. Implementing this in the startup phase ensures you map out your corporate direction for years to come. – Tyrone Foster, InvestNet, LLC
2. HONOR COMPANY CULTURE.
I think that it’s difficult to honor the founder’s original mission in this day and age when startups need to be flexible and pivot quickly from failure. However, it’s more important to focus on the culture of the company and make sure that it’s honored. – Carl Hung, Season Group
3. EMBED ‘MISSION MOMENTS.’
Embed “mission moments” in everyday interactions. How are your efforts supporting and tied back to your mission? It starts with new employee orientation and policies and procedures that go above and beyond to create an emotional connection to the company’s mission. – Britton Bloch, Navy Federal
4. CREATE AN ACTION PLAN.
Honoring a founder’s mission is at the heart of the work, acting as a compass for the overall journey. It needs to be intentionally put at the forefront of the work. Although the world of business and technology may change on a daily basis, startups can keep the vision in the forefront by leading with a mission in their actions and planning and by creating metrics that connect to mission-oriented outcomes. – Leigh Burgess, Bold Industries Group, Inc.
5. DON’T COMPROMISE YOUR IDENTITY.
Founders or entrepreneurs usually challenge the status quo, which leads them to unchartered territories with lots of unknowns and challenges. But what really keeps them going is the mission and vision, which are the key drivers. If these get compromised, the organization starts to lose its identity. Hence, I think it’s really important for new leaders to honor the original mission. – Avik Pal, CliniOps, Inc.
6. FOCUS ON THE THINGS THAT MATTER.
At my company, we understand that the true boss is our customer, and all decisions are focused on our caffeinated customer experience. Focusing on the experience and explaining it to our executives is on the top of my daily tasks – Brandon Pena, BIP Media Group
7. BE REPETITIVE.
Repetition is key. Beat the culture drum over and over. Document the “why” clearly and integrate the mission into all daily work activities. Hire those who are not only just a good fit but who can also evolve the founder’s mission and create something greater. Reassess frequently. People respect what you inspect. – Jacob Warwick, ThinkWarwick
8. HIRE THE RIGHT TEAM.
Are you hiring the right team to help achieve your founder’s mission statement? It’s important to ensure the talent joining your team shares the same core values and passion and is joining the company for the right reasons. – Mo Ghoneim, Arts Help
9. REVIEW AND REEVALUATE YOUR MISSION.
Identify ways that the original mission can be incorporated into every aspect of the company from marketing and finance to operations. Allow employees to review and make changes to processes, ensuring the changes are still aligned with the mission. Empowering employees to review and reevaluate the mission keeps the ideas alive and relevant, reminding them of why the business was started. – Alice Hayden, H2 IT Solutions
10. ENGAGE AND EMPOWER EMPLOYEES.
Having a thriving company culture is a great reference point for businesses to stay on track with their original mission. Culture influences your hiring decisions, which in turn impacts your product. Employees should feel empowered while also feeling engaged and connected with their work. At sunday, we make sure everyone has one day working in a restaurant to truly understand the impact that we are having on the industry. – Christine de Wendel, sunday
11. SPREAD AND ADOPT CULTURE.
It’s all about spreading and adopting the culture, but as easy as it sounds, one of the main challenges and obstacles for any start-up is adopting the culture. But how to do it? Your purpose and mission have to be bold and simple. The owner or founder must walk the talk and lead with action. Finally, be repetitive and establish a manifesto that’s easy to follow. – Fernando Anzures, EXMA Global
12. MAKE IT MORE ACCESSIBLE.
Executives need to inculcate the original mission and values of a company’s founders by distilling them into everyday practices like objectives and key results, performance reviews, team standups, and more. By breaking it all down and making it all more accessible to each employee, executives can ensure they’re honoring the founder’s vision. – Suchit Tuli, Quantime
13. KNOW THE ‘WHY.’
Know why your company exists and why you came to be in the first place. Founders bring a solution to a need, creating a better way to do something, born out of their distinct life experiences and perspectives. If you are clear on the “why” of your business’s origin, even as products evolve over the years, the essence of your brand will remain authentic to the founder’s ethos. – Liza Streiff, Knopman Marks Financial Training
14. ALIGN CLEAR VALUES EARLY.
Founders often struggle to hand off key functions because they don’t trust that their vision will be honored. I see this again and again, and if not managed, it can limit a company’s growth potential. This is why leaders need to clarify their values early on and align everything they do with these values. This is particularly important when recruiting talent. – Camille Preston, AIM Leadership, LLC
15. PLANT THE SEED AND PREACH. | https://www.fastcompany.com/90721855/business-changing-15-ways-to-keep-the-original-mission-intact |
What are the values that fuel your business? What was the reason your business was founded in the first place? What sense of mission and purpose has emerged since then?
Knowing these values and using them to align everything else you do and create and communicate as a business is essential to shaping a compelling and powerful brand story. Does everyone in your brand’s community (customers, clients, employees, stakeholders, etc.) know what your values are?
As a business leader, do you provide a way to share stories of your values in action within your community? How about beyond your community? Do you yourself lead by example in tangible ways?
At Axle Creative, we’re about empowering people to have a greater positive impact in the way they communicate. We seek to equip people to build their business and share their stories in truly powerful, transformative, purpose-driven ways. Everything we do as a business comes back to that. | https://axlecreative.com/articles/positive-impact |
For 2016, let’s get out of the weeds and focus on the big picture view of business. Let’s focus on the forest, not the trees.
In the green industry, we hear that statement a lot, “can’t see the forest for the trees.” But what does it really mean? According to the Urban Dictionary, It means that if you look at things one at a time, you might not realize that a branch of separate “trees” go together to make a “forest.”
When you are too close to a situation you need to step back and get a little perspective. When you do, you will notice there was a whole forest you couldn’t see before because you were too close, and focusing on the trees. More simply that you have focused on the many details and have failed to see the overall view, impression or key point.
Whether we are planning, organizing, leading or controlling, we need to step back and take a deep breath, empower our employees to do their work and focus on the business as a whole. I know, it’s hard.
So many of us started in the field and are passionate about our craft. As wonderful as it is to have passion, it can also hold us back. Remember what I shared in my first STT column as one of the 20 principals of management: Hire Superstars. Many managers fear superstars because they don’t want to be outdone or challenged. Be secure enough to hire the best and never hire anyone unless they are as good as you or better than you in skills and/or potential.
Taking that first step back, not in progress, but in reflection, can be daunting. Let’s break it down to just a few key triggers and ideas. Start with your planning process. Define the why, how and what of your organization to provide employees with a big-picture view.
Employees typically focus on daily tasks without an understanding of the big picture—the core principles and goals that should unite and guide everyone. When employees understand how their daily activities align with the organization’s purpose, values and goals, then work becomes more meaningful. And when employees see the organization from this broad perspective, they focus on results that make a difference.
To gain a big-picture view of your company, look at the “why,” “how” and “what.”
The “why” of an organization defines its purpose and mission. Businesses exist to make a profit, but they also exist to make a difference or to provide a service or product that meets a need. Employees must understand how their daily activities help to achieve the purpose.
Once you and your employees have identified the “why,” communicate the purpose and live by it. Create a culture that illuminates it. Do the people who work for you genuinely care about the cause? Are their daily activities contributing to that purpose?
The “how” is the collection of values that inspire and guide behavior—the organization’s guiding principles. These layers of principles form your competitive advantage. We often refer to these principles in the “organizing” function of management.
The “how” creates the mind-set that influences attitudes, drives behavior, and thus characterizes the organization and its employees. It’s not just what you do in life that matters; it’s how you do it that can make the difference. We establish roles and procedures that keep us working toward common goals and quality service. Of course as managers we need to overlay management principals such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to the equation to make sure we are utilizing the right keys for motivating employees and inspiring them to also focus on the forest.
The final ingredient of the big picture is the “what” of the organization—its vision and goals. Employees must align their actions with the vision and goals. A clear picture of the vision and goals establishes desired results. Employees must understand what actions will support the health of the organization.
The “what” provides quantifiable measures to gauge results. Employees must be able to make smart choices in how they spend their time. With a clear vision and goals—the “what”—expressed in ways that are descriptive and quantifiable, employees can construct individual objectives and gauge how well they are making a difference through their work.
Many times this will start with a SWOT analysis – where we evaluate the strengths, weaknesses opportunity and threats that exist not only inside the organization but outside in the environment as well. From this point we can start to formulate where we want to go as an organization and begin to focus on the forest.
Put the Picture Together. When employees have a passion for the “why,” live by the “how” and focus on accomplishing the “what” of the organization, then they see the big picture. Employees don’t need to be micromanaged. Motivated by “why,” guided by “how” and targeted to achieve “what,” they can evaluate their daily activities to determine what they should be doing and how they should be doing it.
Just like our urban and community forests, the forest of our businesses need care. Caring for your business entails surrounding yourself with good people that will grow with you and lead your business into the future. Create ways to evaluate the progress and benchmark it. Revisit your plan often enough that you can make adjustments and decisions along the way that lead to success. Be careful to give autonomy and responsibility to your grove and allow them to grow. May the forest be with you in 2016. | http://swtreesandturf.com/focus-forest-not-trees-new-perspective-new-year/ |
The success of an organization or an individual depends greatly on planning for the future and the actions taken to materialize the plans. In the case of Organizations it is necessary to share these plans with its members and this is normally achieved by coining suitable vision and mission statements. However mere coining of the vision and mission statements and displaying it in the premises of the organization will not alone guarantee its success. It is equally important for the management at all levels in the organization to ensure that these statements are well understood by its members and all its policies, procedures and actions are aligned with it.
The vision statements are normally written in a simple but an inspirational manner so that the members could comprehend it and contribute towards its achievement. A vision statement defines what an organization wants to achieve over a period of time whereas the mission statement defines the present state or purpose of the organization. The bigger the organization the more important it is to have the vision and mission conveyed to its members and ensure that measures are implemented to align them towards achieving the organization’s vision. Vision and mission statements also play a key role in justifying the organizational changes and in change management. For an organization which is undergoing a major change, it is very vital to communicate the vision and mission to its members as it not only helps to clarify their roles in the organization but also encourage them to align themselves in the best possible manner to cope with the change and move forward.
It is very important for the top management to ensure that the organization’s missions are strategically aligned with its vision not only at the top-level but also for the missions at all levels of the organization. When the missions of an organization are strategically aligned with its vision, it provides a direction to the organization and its members. Able leadership coupled with effective management methods are necessary to lead the organization to achieve its vision. Mission in an organization is journey it undertakes to reach its destination – which is the Vision. Each member of an organization may have their own short term and long term goals in accordance with their vision for their future. If the individual visions of the personnel occupying key influential management positions, do not align with the organization, it may have a very negative impact on the organization’s performance and this impact could be very severe if these individuals try and wangle the organization’s missions to achieve their individual goals which are unaligned with the vision of the organization. Therefore utmost care should be taken while selecting anyone for such roles and this aspect has to be given due weightage while reviewing their performance periodically.
It is important that vision and mission of the organization is embedded in its culture and is constantly communicated to its members by the Management. Having a clear vision and mission statement would not only strengthen the organizational processes but also improve the camaraderie among the members through a shared unified sense of purpose. It is the responsibility of the management to strategically plan and implement suitable measures to ensure the alignment of the members with the Vision and Mission of the organization. When such an alignment is positive it increases the productivity of the organization and any kind of negative alignment leads to troubles and failures. Efforts should be made by the management to identify the members who are not supportive towards the achievement of the shared vision and mission and necessary corrective actions are to be taken to either realign such negative members with the organization’s vision or to de-link them from the organization so that the energy of all its positive members are not wasted. | https://tkays.com/2013/06/10/vision-mission-and-alignment/ |
If you pay attention to business trends, you may have noticed some chatter about creating a mission-driven culture. That’s shorthand for a company that is aligned with its purpose and the difference it hopes to make in the world.
Research shows millennials care about social issues more than previous generations. In fact 68 percent of millennials say creating change in the world is a personal goal they actively pursue (42 percent of baby boomers feel the same way). This easily translates to the work world: millennials want to know what an employer stands for before they inquire about salary. So if the rising workforce generation often chooses a company partly or wholly based on an aligned set of values, you can understand why having a company mission is so important in the first place.
It sounds like a nice idea, but few business leaders feel they have the means to unite their team around a shared sense of purpose. Even if it’s tempting to forego these discussions in favor of attending to the daily grind, there are serious consequences to ignoring your company’s mission. According to a Gallup poll, around 41 percent of employees know what their company stands for and how it is distinguished from its competitors. Additional Gallup research suggests fewer than 30 percent of Americans are engaged at work. Those two data points are related: When employees aren’t inspired by their company’s mission, they’re much less likely to stay engaged at work. That spells bad news for companies that don’t get on board with the growing body of research suggesting a mission-driven culture is key to a bottom line.
For example, a Deloitte survey found 80 percent of respondents from companies with a strong mission felt encouraged to innovate, while a measly 35 percent of respondents from companies without a strong mission felt the same way. That means companies without a shared sense of purpose miss out on opportunities to develop innovative products and services and stand out.
Not only that, but failing to define a clear mission may also result in more employee turnover, decreased employee and customer engagement, murkier planning, reduced work performance, and more.
In contrast, establishing a mission-driven culture in which every employee is well-versed in, and aligned with, the company’s purpose can yield major benefits. Here’s why creating a mission-driven culture really matters—and how to do it right.
How to Develop a Mission-Driven Company
Ready to reap the benefits of a mission-driven culture? Start by implementing the following four strategies.
Collaborate with the team to define shared values
Don’t just ask your executives to write a mission statement and then post it in the employee break room. Instead, involve employees at every level of the organization.
Solicit team members’ feedback about core values and vision for the company, then draft a mission statement that speaks to unifying themes. Before finalizing the mission statement, allow the entire team to read it and provide additional feedback. Be willing to revisit and update this statement as your company scales and evolves.
Get buy-in from managers
Gallup’s research suggests mission-driven leadership is essential for creating and sustaining a mission-driven culture. Thus, it’s essential to ensure managers at all levels of the company align with the company’s mission and commit to incorporating that mission into their leadership. If managers lack the skills or knowledge to do so, they should be provided with training to develop that skill set.
Hire in accordance with mission
It’s important to select new team members who are passionate about your company’s values because they’re more likely to engage in making that vision a reality over the long haul. In that spirit, make a point of incorporating questions about mission and cultural fit into your company’s recruitment processes. Once new team members are hired, emphasize mission during the onboarding process.
Practice what you preach
It’s not enough to talk about mission; your company and its leaders need to walk the walk. To that end:
- Consider the company’s mission and values during all decision-making processes.
- Regularly communicate with team members about how their respective roles contribute to the company’s mission.
- Ensure internal and external communications reflect your company’s mission and values. Everyone from team members to customers, vendors, and shareholders should be able to articulate your company’s purpose.
- Provide employees with the autonomy and resources they need to think creatively in alignment with your mission.
- Hold leaders accountable for violations of the company’s mission. Veering from the mission can create negative ripple effects throughout the team and extend to your company’s customer base.
Creating a mission-driven culture doesn’t happen overnight. It’s a long process that requires building trust among team members and consistently prioritizing mission-alignment at every level of the company. The payoff for this commitment will be greater engagement from employees and customers and a higher-functioning company overall. | https://zerocater.com/blog/2018/06/25/how-to-establish-a-mission-driven-culture/ |
Coursalytics is an independent platform to find, compare, and book executive courses. Coursalytics is not endorsed by, sponsored by, or otherwise affiliated with ILR School.Full disclaimer.
Description
Gaining the commitment of others, identifying those who add value to your organization, and giving them the tools to succeed is the bedrock of leading others toward success. Master critical communication and management skills to effectively manage employees, establish priorities, and delegate responsibilities. Learn to identify the leadership values important to you and expertly communicate these to your team. Be steadfast in your knowledge about the results you want to achieve, the environment you want to create, and how to will develop talent. Become an effective leader with the ability to build relationships and manage workplace communications in order to be heard and understood by others.
Key Outcomes:
- Align the work of your team with the goals of the organization to achieve desirable results.
- Focus how you will address work and the efforts of others by successfully managing time, prioritizing tasks, and effectively delegating responsibilities.
- Build and maintain productive relationships through impactful communication approaches from listening effectiveness to assessing and appropriately reacting to what you heard.
- Assess the effects of your communication behaviors and the influence on others.
- Demonstrate assertive communication skills and how to maintain positive rapport during difficult conversations.
- Explore different communication styles and how to communicate with those viewed as difficult in the workplace as well as how emotions play a role in whether or not we can achieve a successful outcome.
- Create and develop an action plan for accelerating trust.
Approach and Features
This two-day workshop embeds the skills necessary for building trust, setting goals, managing expectations, and effectively delegating for optimal results. Additional topics covered include: | https://coursalytics.com/courses/leadership-skills-for-success-engaging-employees-and-building-teams-ld250-ilr-school |
Table of Contents
- What Is a Vision Statement?
- How Does a Vision Statement Differ From a Mission Statement?
- Examples of Vision Statements vs. Mission Statements
- What Are the Key Components of a Good Vision Statement?
- Things to Avoid When Writing a Vision Statement
- How to Write a Vision Statement in 5 Steps
- 5 Best Practices for Writing a Vision Statement
- Top 20 Vision Statement Examples
- Get Started on Your Vision Statement Today
Key Takeaways
- Vision statements convey an organization’s overarching future purpose.
- They clarify a company’s “why” while mission statements communicate “how.”
- Vision statements combine a company’s mission, core values, uniqueness, and goals.
- They serve as the company’s “north star” and guide all business actions.
Starting a business can be an exciting undertaking, reaping many promises of reward and economic benefit. Amidst this motivation and excitement, the temptation to jump right in and get started can be overwhelming. Navigating the new waters of a business successfully, however, requires thoughtful planning and strategy. You can be easily knocked off-course by the waves of uncertainty if you don’t know where you’re going, even if you have some of the finest tools and sailors.
In this article, learn to distinguish the importance of having a vision statement, mission statement, core values, goals, and strategy. Then, explore how to craft a powerful vision statement that fosters business success by learning from 20 examples of the world’s top companies.
What Is a Vision Statement?
A vision statement is an organization’s guiding description of future objectives. The vision statement communicates what the organization’s existence strives to accomplish. Goals and strategies outlined within the mission statement lean on the vision statement for direction and alignment.
Vision statements are short, clear, and specific while conveying what makes the organization unique. Ultimately, vision statements serve to inspire employees to work together to achieve company goals by connecting to an organization’s core values.
How Does a Vision Statement Differ From a Mission Statement?
A vision statement communicates future aspirations. Where does the organization want to be in ten years? What is it that the organization is working toward achieving? Rather than providing detailed plans, vision statements serve as a light post that inspires and guides actions.
Mission statements, by contrast, communicate tangible details and plans. Mission statements are grounded in the present, conveying the daily steps an organization promises to take to achieve the bigger vision.
Important
An organization’s mission statement, vision statement, goals, and strategy should all work in tandem to achieve a common outcome.
Examples of Vision Statements vs. Mission Statements
While some may use the two terms interchangeably, a vision statement and a mission statement serve different purposes. Here are examples of each for three large companies.
Vision Statement: “Create economic opportunity for every member of the global workforce.”
Mission Statement: “To connect the world’s professionals to make them more productive and successful.”
Apple
Vision Statement: “To make the best products on earth and to leave the world better than we found it.”
Mission Statement: “To bring the best personal computing products and support to students, educators, designers, scientists, engineers, businesspersons, and consumers in over 140 countries around the world.”
Southwest Airlines
Vision Statement: “To be the world’s most loved, most efficient, and most profitable airline.”
Mission Statement: “To connect people to what’s important in their lives through friendly, reliable, and low-cost air travel.”
What Are the Key Components of a Good Vision Statement?
The purpose of a vision statement is to communicate an organization’s mission and direction to both internal and external stakeholders. To do this effectively, it must contain several key components.
A good vision statement:
- Defines an organization’s core focus.
- Reflects the organization’s new and existing core values.
- Provides direction for the organization.
- Inspires and excites employees and customers.
- Demonstrates what makes the organization unique.
Things to Avoid When Writing a Vision Statement
To craft a powerful vision statement that is clear and compelling, avoid:
- Trying to include everything.
- Making it too lengthy or wordy.
- Trying to be catchy or clever.
- Being generic or vague.
- Using buzzwords or cliché language.
Ultimately, your vision statement should be as understandable and unique as your products and service are. Use concise but meaningful language to convey your organization’s unique vision of success.
How to Write a Vision Statement in 5 Steps
1. Get Clear on Your “Why”
Identifying your organization’s “why” for existing is the first step in determining how to create a vision. In Start with Why, leadership and business expert Simon Sinek shares, “Very few people or companies can clearly articulate why they do what they do. By why, I mean your purpose, cause, or belief.” Yet, identifying and articulating your organization’s purpose is critical to its success. This is because people connect—as consumers, partners, clients, or employees—with organizations they trust and understand. Without clarity of purpose, there can be no trust or understanding.
Start determining your “why” by:
- Considering why you started or joined the organization; what do you want to accomplish?
- Thinking about the need you’re trying to fulfill. Is it a cultural need? Health need? Global need?
- Contemplating how you see working with others, the community, and partners to fulfill that need.
- Visualizing any improvements, movements, or shifts you’d like your organization to incite.
For continued learning, read Start with Why: A Powerful Way to Lead with Purpose.
2. Visualize the Future
Practicing visualization is an incredible way to clarify an organization’s purpose. Once you’ve determined the “why,” set aside time to visualize that further. Brainstorming can be done in any manner, from letting words and ideas flow freely onto paper to journaling or meditating. No matter how you do it, making time for this step when writing a vision statement is crucial for understanding the path more deeply and intuitively. It also helps you practice inspiring leadership by allowing you to communicate to your team what brighter vision of the future they’re working toward.
Questions to ask yourself while visualizing:
- What do you want your organization to have accomplished in five years? Ten years?
- How do you see the phases or stages of achieving these things aligning?
- What is the impact you see yourself making on the local and global community?
- Who is involved? What does your team look like?
- Is the organizational culture light and fun? Efficient and diligent?
- What is it that sets your organization apart from the competition? How are you doing things differently?
3. Draft Your Statement
Once you have your “why” and ultimate clarity on the vision supporting it, it’s time to draft your vision statement. To do this, identify the three main points you want your statement to convey. What must be communicated about your organization’s vision? Picking only three points will help remove any unnecessary language while establishing the foundation of your statement.
The vision statement for Adidas, for example, is “To be the design leaders with a focus on getting the best out of the athletes with performance-guaranteed products in the sports market globally.”
The three main points of this vision statement are:
- “To be leaders in performance design.”
- “To help athletes perform at their best.”
- “To be a global provider of performance products.”
Once you have your three main points, begin weaving them together. As you do, focus on remaining present, clear, and concise while avoiding jargon or unnecessary language.
4. Revise for Clarity
Now that you have a draft of your business vision, examine it more closely. Is it clear to others? Does it effectively communicate your organization’s three main vision points? Are there any statements or words that can be eliminated without compromising the message? Taking time to sharpen your vision statement will help ensure it’s meaningful without being confusing.
Tips for refining your vision statement:
- Have a mentor, colleague, or advisor review your statement and provide feedback.
- Organize a brainstorming session with others to dissect the statement collaboratively.
- Meet with members of your leadership team or executive board to get different perspectives.
5. Implement, Communicate, and Intentionally Restate It
Once your vision statement is finalized, begin putting it into action. Start by presenting the vision statement to team members and internal stakeholders. Then, communicate the company vision to external stakeholders and consumers. For your employees to align deeply with the vision, it must be part of daily, weekly, and quarterly conversations. There can’t be any question as to what the vision is. Ultimately, the more prevalent it is, the more powerful it will be.
Tips for communicating your vision statement:
- Organize one-on-one meetings with employees to discuss it.
- Include it in any hiring and onboarding documents.
- Be sure it’s added to the company website and other important locations.
- Begin instituting policies and modeling behavior that supports the vision.
- Schedule a company-wide meeting to share the statement and answer any questions.
5 Best Practices for Writing a Vision Statement
While a vision statement can take on any format, there are a few specific traits that the most impactful statements have in common. Here are five best practices to consider.
- Be sure it includes your goals: What are your business goals? Do they align with and support what’s in the vision statement? Be sure your goals and vision are cohesively working together.
- Keep it short and impactful: Successful vision statements are straight and to the point. Keep it precise by avoiding too much detail or “fluff” language.
- Orient it toward the future: Mission statements are about the here and now, but a vision statement should be set in the future. What is the future state you’re trying to achieve?
- Make it inspirational: Does your statement inspire and excite? Is it confident and empowering? The best vision statements incite action and investment, no matter how ambitious they may sound.
- Give it stability: A successful vision statement will withstand economic, technological, or cultural challenges. Make sure your statement is sturdy and can apply long-term.
Top 20 Vision Statement Examples
Reading the vision statements of successful businesses is a great way to glean inspiration for crafting your own. Here are 20 powerful company vision examples to explore.
1. Reddit
“Reddit is the world’s largest and best platform for online communities to share and connect.”
2. Spotify
“To be a cultural platform where professional creators can break free of their medium’s constraints and where everyone can enjoy an immersive artistic experience that enables us to empathize with each other and to feel part of a greater whole.”
3. Make-A-Wish
“That people everywhere will share the power of a wish.”
4. Verizon
“To inspire tomorrow’s creators to use technology to build brighter futures for themselves, their families, and the world.”
5. Calm
“To build Calm into one of the most valuable and meaningful brands of the 21st century.”
6. Asana
“To help humanity thrive by enabling the world’s teams to work together effortlessly.”
7. PayPal
“To make the movement and management of money as simple, secure, and affordable as possible.”
8. Toyota
“To attract and attain customers with high-valued products and services and the most satisfying ownership experience in America.”
9. Facebook
“Giving people the power to build community and bring the world closer together.”
10. Tesla
“To accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy.”
11. TED
“Spread ideas.”
12. Netflix
“Becoming the best global entertainment distribution service.”
13. Habitat for Humanity
“A world where everyone has a decent place to live.”
14. Disney
“To make people happy.”
15. Google
“To organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.”
16. Pandora Music
“To enrich people’s lives by enabling them to enjoy music they know and discover music they’ll love, anytime, anywhere.”
17. Target
“To make Target the preferred shopping destination for our guests by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovation, and exceptional guest experience by consistently fulfilling our Expect More. Pay Less. Brand Promise.”
18. Planet Fitness
“To provide a workout environment in which anyone and everyone can be comfortable.”
19. Audible
“We will build a new medium that will redefine and enhance the nature of spoken information, education, entertainment, and other modes of verbal expression we will help create ourselves.”
20. Slack
“Make work-life simpler, more pleasant, and more productive.”
Get Started on Your Vision Statement Today
“Business as usual produces predictable results. But if you want something fresh, something new, that takes vision. Greatness only happens by design.”Michael Hyatt, The vision driven leader
Getting started on your vision statement can feel like a daunting task. However, approaching it piece by piece can help you generate clarity and momentum. Using questions and prompts can be a great way to dive in.
To begin crafting your business vision, fill in the blanks on these questions:
- “Our organization will know that the vision became a reality when ___________.”
- “People will be better able to ____________ with our vision.”
- “The world will be __________________ if our vision is achieved.”
- “The organization is committed to ________________ to achieve the vision.”
- “We expect to achieve this vision statement within ______ years.”
As Simon Sinek shares, “For me, vision is about just cause—a cause so just that we would willingly sacrifice in order to help advance this cause.” What greater cause do you want your organization to have an impact on? | https://leaders.com/articles/company-culture/vision-statement/ |
In part one of this two-part series, we discussed the gender study Harvard University conducted over the last two years, and the changes the institution is implementing as a result. We also introduced the term “second-generation gender bias,” and defined it as the cultural engagement and policies in workplaces and academia that impact men and women differently.
In this week’s blog, we’ll discuss the research of Deborah Kolb, professor emerita at the School of Management for Simmons College, as well as recommendations for both employees and corporations to address second-generation gender biases in the workplace.
As the part of her role at Simmons, Deborah focuses on gender issues in negotiation and leadership. She recently co-authored an article titled, “Women Rising: The Unseen Barriers,” which is featured in this month’s Harvard Business Review.1
“It’s not enough to identify and instill the “right” skills and competencies as if in a social vacuum,” writes Deborah and her colleagues. “The context must support a woman’s motivation to lead and also increase the likelihood that others will recognize and encourage her efforts—even when she doesn’t look or behave like the current generation of senior executives.”
Deborah’s advice is to begin by educating everyone about second-generation gender biases. She suggests that companies create safe identity work spaces to help women transition to bigger roles by encouraging coaching relationships, women’s leadership programs, and peer support groups.
When it comes to the double-bind—the scenario where a women’s assertiveness is perceived as either too brash or too kind—Deborah recommends that women anchor their development efforts with a sense of purpose in what the organization and what teams need.
“Effective leaders develop a sense of purpose by pursuing goals that align with their personal values and advance the collective good, “writes Deborah and her colleagues. “This allows them to look beyond the status quo to what is possible and gives them a compelling reason to take action despite personal fears and insecurities.”
The idea here is to be authentic and transparent enough for your colleagues to trust you. This is also about taking risks “in the service of shared goals.” But don’t go it alone. It’s important to connect others to this larger purpose to inspire commitment, boost resolve, and help them find purpose in their work.
10 Tips to address second-generation gender biases
Here’s a rundown of steps to help address second-generation gender biases at both the corporate and individual level:
For corporations
- Educate employees about second-generation gender bias.
- Create women’s leadership programs and/or peer support groups.
- Encourage coaching relationships.
- Examine workplace policies to see if they impact one gender differently than another.
- Revise policies that provide advantages to one gender over another.
For employees
- Examine your own personal biases.
- Remove names and gender-specific pronouns from resumes before passing them on to senior leadership for review.
- Work with a sense of purpose, guided by the needs of your organization and team.
- Dress conservatively (especially in the finance industry) and speak confidently.2
- Seek networking opportunities, and participate in mentor programs as well as peer group discussions.
To hear more on addressing second-generation gender biases, listen to a recent edition of On Point3 where Tom Ashbrook interviews Deborah Kohl about her studies in leadership and genders issues.
References
Women Rising: The Unseen Barriers. Hbr.org. Available at: http://hbr.org/2013/09/women-rising-the-unseen-barriers/ar/1. Accessed on September 4, 2013.
How to Network Your Way Into Finance Without Getting Hit on or in Your Own Way. Mergersandacquisitions.com. Available at http://www.mergersandinquisitions.com/finance-networking-females/. Accessed September 4, 2013.
Women, the Workplace, and ‘Second Generation’ Gender Bias. Npr.org. Available at: http://onpoint.wbur.org/2013/09/03/women-workplace. Accessed September 4, 2013. | https://www.kinlin.com/second-generation-gender-bias-part-ii/ |
People want to be involved in their work, enthusiastic about the organization they work for, and committed to their work fellows. As far as it gets along with the business’ interests, increasing team engagement becomes more than just “a nice thing to think about later.” Let’s dive deeper and see how your team can solve it.
What does engagement really mean?
Investopedia describes employee engagement as the level of enthusiasm and dedication a worker feels toward their job. Engaged employees care about their work and the company’s performance and feel that their efforts make a difference. However, at Chpokify, we believe that engagement is when a person not only cares but also acts. The organization, in turn, should put all the needed efforts into creating the conditions in which employees are able to turn intentions into movements.
How important is team engagement?
Employee engagement affects key business outcomes. When a team is engaged, it’s more likely to invest in the work it does, which leads to:
- long-term employee retention, which leads to...
- higher levels of productivity, which leads to...
- a higher quality of produced work, which leads to...
- more revenue, which leads to… You’ve got it :)
According to Gallup researches, engaged teams (with the engagement rate above the median) outperform disengaged teams on customer ratings (10%), profitability (22%), and productivity (17%). Highly engaged teams also show 24% to 59% less turnover, 28% less shrinkage, 70% fewer safety incidents, and 41% less absenteeism.
How to enhance engagement within the team?
Emotional engagement is not always enough. Besides being authentically caring, every team member should understand how to perform in a particular environment to achieve the team goals successfully. And this is where organization comes into play.
With these points in mind, we define three important steps to follow while building a team where engagement is an acknowledged common good:
Step 1. Measure
Measurement is the first step to take before implementing meaningful actions to improve engagement.
Think about if you and your team members can state the following:
- I know my team’s goal and my individual tasks
- I see how my actions affect the results
- I am sincerely willing to contribute
- I clearly understand how to contribute
Checking if your answers align with the statements would be a nice start. However, if you’d like to get a more detailed result, some deeper analysis would be needed. Here’s a copy of survey we use to measure engagement. It actually may work as a roadmap as well!
Note: If you are going to tie engagement efforts to business outcomes, don’t forget to measure ones. Indicators will likely look different for every business, but generally and as determiners of a company's health and its growth potential, it may be EPS, profitability, productivity, and customer ratings.
Once you manage to keep up with consciously and regularly measurements, your team gains a competitive advantage to keep the progress moving forward.
Step 2. Set clear goals
Engagement happens when every team member pursues the team’s goals (both long- and short-term ones) in their day-to-day interaction, with the company’s mission in mind. It is, in turn, possible when goals are always timely communicated and the mission, alongside values, is clearly defined and thoughtfully developed.
We understand that such an individual thing as developing mission and values can’t be implemented in a snap of a finger. Still, we do know a lot about setting tasks efficiently.
First thing first, communication is key to ensure everyone is aligned and understands what goals are being set and why. While planning, it’s crucial to:
- Set realistic goals;
- Assess each task from different members' points of view;
- Have an open discussion.
And there is a number of methods and tools to get planning right. For example, poker planning is a great ready-to-go solution that naturally increases engagement. Also, it's just fun!
Step 3. Create proper environment
Employee engagement is based on trust, two-way commitment, and communication between an organization and its members. At Chpofiky, we believe the foundation of a good workplace is to establish trust between people. If each teammate's work is significant, people will do their best. People want to be trusted, heard, recognized, and that’s completely fine. Moreover, if those needs are met, the whole team benefits from higher engagement and productivity. And this is what we are aiming for, isn’t it?
Wrapping up
While increasing engagement may seem a complex task (and it is so), setting it as a priority is likely to benefit your team and the organization. As each team is different, you may try various approaches until you find one that works best. Don’t be afraid to explore!
You are welcome to discuss the topic with the Chpokify team in our Community Hub on Telegram. There, you also can: | https://blog.chpokify.com/how-to-improve-your-team-engagement-guide-template/ |
Entrepreneurs face many risks when starting a company, and they must contend with a wide range of struggles on their way to success. For many entrepreneurs, the primary motivation to persevere lies in an intense sense of purpose. Purpose gives entrepreneurs a reason to accept risk and continue pushing when hopes are running particularly low.
In general, entrepreneurs are motivated by a desire to address a societal problem or to improve the daily life of others—and believing in themselves to follow through is a critical element to success. With a strong sense of purpose, entrepreneurs can ensure that their actions bring them closer to achieving their goals. Some strategies for cultivating a greater sense of purpose through entrepreneurship include the following:
1. Define your intention.
Purposeful entrepreneurs are motivated less by their specific business ideas and more by their intentions. When you invest in an idea and it fails, it can seem like your whole enterprise is doomed. By focusing instead on an intention, you can reposition yourself to learn from that failure and devise a new strategy for working toward your goals. When you have intention, you focus more on the journey than the destination, which is key to moving past occasional setbacks.
2. Create a network.
Once you define your long-term goals and understand what you hope to accomplish with your work, it is important to find a community of other individuals with a similar sense of purpose. These can be peers or mentors, both of whom provide a different perspective.
A like-minded community can be crucial in getting you through difficult circumstances or offering guidance when it comes to making important decisions. People with similar senses of purpose can inspire each other to explore new pathways and help cultivate more creative approaches to longstanding problems.
3. Inspire employees.
Employees perform best when they buy into the greater vision behind the work. You should seek out employees who have similar values as you and inspire you with their sense of purpose.
When employees align their drive with the greater purpose behind the company, they will feel more satisfaction at work, which can mean lower turnover and higher productivity for you. As the brains of the business, you can clearly see the link between what the company is currently doing and its greater goals, but making this trajectory clear to your employees allows them to understand why their work really matters and how it could make a difference in the future.
4. Engage the community.
Entrepreneurs are likely not the only individuals in a community with a vision for a better future. Defining a sense of purpose may mean engaging members of the community, who can perhaps look at an issue from a different angle. Entrepreneurs have their own influential power—they can create a real movement by selling their vision to the larger community.
Community members are more likely to get involved with a purpose that will directly affect their lives or that they can personally relate to. Organizing community events is a great way to get people excited about your ideas and build key connections at your company.
5. Feel free to experiment.
When entrepreneurs are motivated by a sense of purpose rather than a specific idea, they learn the value of experimentation. Through experimentation, you can figure out what works best for moving you toward your long-term goal. You will also become more comfortable putting something imperfect onto the market to see how customers respond, which, in turn, provides invaluable information for how to make that product better. If you get more attached to an idea of a product than an ultimate purpose, you will find the product harder and harder to let go of, keeping you from achieving your goals.
6. Get customer buy-in.
Consumers will not typically purchase a product just because it serves a higher purpose. However, they will often choose a product that serves a greater purpose over an equivalent one.
Millennials and members of generation Y have demonstrated their eagerness to support organizations that are driven by purpose. These customers will often pay slightly more for a product that makes a real, tangible impact in the world.
You should show your customers how they can make a difference by supporting your company and then demonstrate the difference that your organization has already made. Doing this will help secure buy-in from customers and ensure that the company gets the cash flow it needs to continue toward your long-term goals.
7. Take stock of your values.
When you understand your personal values, you can ensure that your professional goals align with them. Aligning values with work is one of the best ways to discover a true sense of purpose in the workplace. You should have a clear sense of what you consider important and ingrain these values into the fabric of your company. Doing this helps to attract employees with similar values. Companies thrive when everyone is on the same page and has similar goals. | https://joannariley.net/7-of-the-best-tips-for-becoming-a-more-purpose-driven-entrepreneur/ |
World Diabetes Day 2022
World Diabetes Day falls on Wednesday 14th November. The purpose of this one day is to raise awareness of a condition that millions of people all around the world live with every day.
Essentially, diabetes is about the body’s ability (or lack of it) to produce the required amount of a hormone called insulin to control glucose levels in the blood. There are broadly two types of diabetes: Type 1 requires daily administration of artificial insulin by means of injection or insulin pump. Type 2 is more generally managed by a combination of dietary control and medication in the form of tablets.
It’s very important that people with diabetes maintain good control of their condition to help reduce and avoid long-term complications, and there have been huge advances in this area over recent years. However, it is vitally important that development work continues, to ensure people with the condition can live as normal a life as possible. | https://www.serturner.com/post/world-diabetes-day-2022 |
The American Diabetes Association has received questions concerning what a person with diabetes should do in an emergency. It is difficult to give advice that will be correct for every person involved, as each person’s situation with diabetes may be different.
Identify yourself as diabetic. The most important priority should be to identify yourself as having diabetes so you can get the care you need. Relief workers make decisions as to where a person should go and how he or she should be cared for based in part on the seriousness of the medical condition. Identify yourself as having diabetes and any diabetes-related complications (such as heart or kidney problems) significantly increases the chance you will get the care you need.
Avoid dehydration. In situations like the one witnessed with Hurricane Katrina, the greatest concern for people with diabetes is the effect of ongoing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) leading to dehydration. When the blood glucose level is abnormally high, the body attempts to reduce the glucose level by dumping glucose into the urine so it can then be eliminated from the body. To do this, water must leave the body with the glucose. Over time, this can lead to dehydration unless a person can drink enough fluids to keep up with the increased urination. Given the increased temperatures in the South, additional fluid loss can occur through perspiration or sweating. With ongoing dehydration, serious medical problems can occur. One of the most important things that a person with diabetes can do is to make sure he or she takes in enough fluids to meet the body’s needs. Obviously, this must be done safely, and the best choices for fluid intake are clean water or noncarbonated fluids. Dehydration can also be a particular problem for those taking the diabetes medication called metformin (Glucophage).
Avoid hypoglycemia. A second short-term complication of diabetes is hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). This occurs only in a person who is taking medications that lower blood glucose (insulin and/or pills that cause the body to make more insulin). If at all possible, a person with diabetes should try to keep something containing sugar with him or her at all times to treat hypoglycemia should it occur.
Each person reacts to hypoglycemia differently, but these are some symptoms:
- shakiness
- sweating
- irritability, sadness, or anger
- impatience
- chills and cold sweats
- fast heartbeat
- light-headedness or dizziness
- stubbornness or combativeness
- nervousness
- drowsiness
- lack of coordination
- blurred vision
- nausea
- headaches
- tingling or numbness of lips or tongue
- strange behavior
- confusion
- passing out
- personality change
Prevent infections. A third area of concern is the prevention of infectious disease, particularly foot infections. People with diabetes are at higher risk to develop infections of the feet because of nerve and blood vessel problems. It is important that they do their best to avoid walking through contaminated water or injuring their feet. A diabetic person should inspect his or her feet visually on a regular basis to look for any cuts, sores, or blisters so he or she can get proper care. If he or she sees any of the usual signs of infection (redness and/or discharge from a wound), he or she should get immediate medical attention.
Maintain blood sugar. In response to questions about what a person with diabetes should do if he or she does not have access to usual diabetes medications, only general advice can be given. People with Type 1 diabetes are at greatest risk because they are completely dependent on injected insulin. These patients usually take insulin a number of times per day. If insulin is not available, the patient should reduce consumption of carbohydrates, if possible. If a person with Type 1 diabetes does not have any access to insulin, the most important priority should be to take in enough fluids to avoid dehydration. As quickly as insulin becomes available, these individuals need to return to their usual insulin regimen, keeping in mind that their requirements for insulin may be quite different at this particular time. If one’s usual type or brand of insulin is not available, using a different type or brand of insulin as directed by medical personnel is safe.
For a person with Type 2 diabetes, who may or may not be on insulin, not receiving his or her medications on a regular basis presents fewer problems, but medicating should be restarted as soon as possible. Again, avoiding hyperglycemia, which can lead to dehydration, is the most important priority. As medications become available, they should be restarted cautiously, keeping in mind that a person’s needs for a particular medication and dosage may have changed if significant weight loss has occurred or a person has gone without adequate intake of food for a significant period of time.
In some affected areas, pharmacies may let you get your medicines without a prescription if you have the pill bottles. Many people with diabetes take medicines for high blood pressure and cholesterol as well. These should also be restarted as soon as possible.
Know the Differences
Hyperglycemia
Higher-than-normal blood glucose levels (a reading of 140 mg/dL to 170mg/dL for people with diabetes). Symptoms include frequent urination, blurred vision, unusual thirst, and feeling tired.
Hypoglycemia
Lower-than-normal blood glucose levels (a reading of 70 mg/dL to 110mg/dL for people with diabetes). Symptoms include sudden weakness, headache, dizziness, anxiety, or extreme hunger.
Diabetes and You, HE-0291
Used by permission of the Mississippi State University Extension Service.
No guarantee, endorsement, or discrimination among comparable products is intended or implied by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. This publication is for information purposes only and should not be a substitute for recommendations or treatment by a health care provider. | https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/emergency-handbook-home-family/diabetes-in-an-emergency/ |
Over a half of individuals with diabetes experience hypoglycemia which is a medical condition in which an individual has low blood glucose. According to the Mayo Clinic, more than 200,000 Americans have been diagnosed with hypoglycemia every year though not all are also diagnosed with diabetes. Not so surprising, having low blood glucose can be accompanied by a whole host of symptoms including:
- Dryness of mouth
- Shakiness
- Lightheadedness
- Excessive cravings or hunger
- Mental fog
- Physical fatigue
- Profuse Sweating
- Nausea or vomiting
Individuals with type I and type II diabetes may experience symptoms of hypoglycemia when blood glucose levels become unusually low, typically 70 mg/dL or lower. The cause of hypoglycemia can vary person to person, but may include not eating enough, noticeable increase in physical activity, prescribed medications, and consuming alcohol. Determining the cause of hypoglycemia in order to avoid its symptoms especially while exercising requires balancing food intake before or after exercise, proper medication and insulin dosages, as well as some hard work and patience on your end. Here are a few tips and facts to help you fine tune your exercise and hypoglycemia treatment.
- Before physical activity be sure to check your blood glucose levels to ensure it is sufficient to engage and sustain your preferred exercise routine.
- Know when your insulin is in peak action. Peak insulin action refers to when the insulin is working the hardest which can vary person to person as well as with the insulin type. The general rule of thumb is to avoid exercise during peak insulin action. Learn more about average peak times here.
- Choose to replenish your blood glucose with simple carbohydrates like fruit juices, glucose tablets or hard candies followed by a protein to sustain normal glucose levels.
- Alcohol converts to sugar in the body and can greatly impact the insulin response. It’s best to take precaution rather than face the potentially severe symptoms.
- Exercise at the right time of day. Generally you should partake in physical activity no later than 2 hours before bedtime. This prevents severe spikes and/or lows in blood glucose.
- Check your blood glucose right after exercise. To avoid drops in blood glucose after exercise you may need to check your glucose more frequently two to four hours after exercise. More intense workouts may cause drops in your glucose for the next 24 hours post-exercise, so continue to keep a measure until you have determined the appropriate intervals for you.
Wellview’s Certified Diabetes Educator, Sherree Telford, provides some practical advice.
“Depending on the blood glucose levels some people will need to eat before and during exercise to sustain blood glucose levels. The blood glucose needs to be between 100 and 250 prior to exercising. Eating a balanced meal one to one and a half hours prior to the workout like a turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread with ¼ of an avocado, lettuce, tomato, and 1 cup of carrots is a good choice. If you are short on time try a hard-boiled egg with 1 cup berries, 1 cup of cottage with ½ cup of pineapple, or 1 to 2 tablespoons of peanut butter and an apple.”
The best way to determine if you or a loved one experiences hypoglycemia with exercise is to check your blood glucose levels before and after exercise. If symptoms persist or are severe seek immediate medical attention. Click here to learn more.You may also want to speak with a Certified Diabetes Educator to do this safely and responsibly. Click HERE to learn more about the Wellview services available to you. We can’t wait to work with you! | https://www.wellviewhealth.com/post/avoiding-exercise-hypoglycemia-with-diabetes |
Diabetes is a condition that is typically controlled through a change in lifestyle or the use of medication, but some people are not able to control the disease. When it cannot be controlled, the complications of the disease may allow a person to be found eligible for social security disability (SSD) benefits.
What Is Diabetes?
A person can suffer from either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Both forms of the disease are considered to be metabolic disorders that affect the body’s ability to produce insulin, and some people who suffer from type 2 may have an inability to properly metabolize insulin even if it is available to the body.
Sufferers are generally able to control their diabetes through the use of medication or changes in lifestyle. A change in diet and increase in physical activity may reduce or eliminate complications of diabetes for people who are suffering from type 2 diabetes. However, older individuals may find that their diabetes can no longer be controlled through the use of medication.
Uncontrolled diabetes has the potential to cause damage to the internal organs, and it is possible for organ failure to occur. Vision problems that occur may lead to permanently blurred vision or even blindness. Blood flow to the limbs is reduced when it is not controlled, and it is possible for a person to require an amputation of one or more limbs.
Heart disease, stroke and depression are other complications that can be suffered when diabetes is not controlled. Nerve damage that may result from diabetes can make it difficult for a person to hold objects, stand or walk.
Can You Qualify For SSD Due To Diabetes?
In order for a person to prove to the Social Security Administration (SSA) that they are not able to work due to uncontrolled diabetes, the disease must make it impossible for the sufferer to work for a minimum of 12 months. Damage done by uncontrolled diabetes must be severe enough to permanently limit a person’s ability to perform work tasks.
Complications may be listed by the SSA as qualifying conditions that make a person eligible for SSD benefits. Kidney failure, an inability to heal from infections, amputation, permanent nerve damage and heart failure are all complications of the disease that are listed by the SSA. However, it is important for a person who has uncontrolled diabetes to prove that they are suffering from a serious complication.
Qualifying for disability benefits often comes down to being able to prove that serious complications are affecting the sufferer. It is important to consult a medical professional whenever a symptom or complication occurs to ensure that an accurate, complete medical record is being kept. These medical records will be used by the SSA to determine eligibility.
Getting Help With Your SSD Claim
When you are suffering from a disability that reduces your quality of life and makes it impossible for you to work, getting the benefits that you need to pay for bills is important. Unfortunately, many people find that the process of applying for benefits is a long, difficult one that requires the completion of a confusing application. Denials are very common when people file for benefits, and many denied applications are rejected due to simple errors that could be avoided if a person was able to better understand the application process. An experienced lawyer can help you with your SSD claim. Attorneys who have spent time working on SSD claim cases understand how to make the process easier for their clients. Contact a legal office to schedule a consultation.
To discuss SSD and SSI claims or appeals, please call (215) 464-7200 or contact our attorneys using the form below.
The initial consultation is free, and we never charge a fee until we win your case. | https://myphiladelphiadisabilitylawyer.com/disabling-conditions/diabetes/ |
Hyperglycemia, or high blood glucose, is a symptom that characterizes diabetes. Insufficient insulin production, resistance to the actions of insulin, or both can cause diabetes to develop.
When a person eats carbohydrates, the body breaks them down into simple sugars that enter the bloodstream. Once this occurs, the pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin is a hormone that allows the body’s cells to absorb and use sugars from the blood for producing energy.
When the body does not make any or enough insulin, or when the cells are unable to use the insulin correctly, blood sugar levels increase.
In this article, we look at the relationship between hyperglycemia and diabetes.
People with prediabetes, in which blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not as high as they would be in diabetes, are at risk of developing diabetes.
Doctors tend to diagnose prediabetes at a fasting glucose level of 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) and diabetes at 126 mg/dl.
People with prediabetes would score 140–200 on an oral glucose tolerance test. Those with diabetes would score 200 and higher.
Diabetes causes high blood sugar levels through two possible mechanisms: insufficient insulin production in the pancreas, or resistance to the action of insulin elsewhere in the body.
In type 1 diabetes, the immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. In type 2 diabetes, the body’s cells resist the action of insulin, and the pancreas does not respond appropriately. It does not put out enough insulin.
People with type 1 diabetes need to take supplementary insulin to keep their blood sugars under control. Some people with type 2 diabetes might need insulin, though they may also take noninsulin oral medications.
All people with diabetes, regardless of type, should monitor their blood sugar levels to make sure they stay within a safe range.
Several behaviors can worsen hyperglycemia in people with diabetes, such as:
- eating too many carbohydrates
- exercising less than usual
- taking an insufficient amount of insulin or other diabetes medications
- experiencing stress from either other illnesses or life events
- undergoing treatment with other medications, such as steroids
People with diabetes may need to take extra medication to keep their blood sugar levels stable during times of illness or stress.
Dawn phenomenon, or a surge of hormones occurring roughly between 4 and 5 a.m., can also push blood sugar up. This is a cause of high blood sugars in the morning.
Hyperglycemia can be dangerous, as it often does not cause symptoms until glucose levels are very high.
People who have had type 2 diabetes for several years may not have any symptoms despite having high blood sugar. Many people have undiagnosed type 2 diabetes.
Prolonged hyperglycemia increases the risk of diabetes-related complications, such as kidney disease, eye disease, and neuropathy.
Typical signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia include:
- frequent urination
- increased thirst
- increased hunger
- blurry vision
- weight loss
- fatigue
- cuts or sores that do not heal
- high sugar levels in the urine
- weight loss
Complications
One complication of uncontrolled diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In DKA, ketones, which are waste products of the body’s breakdown of fats, build up in the blood.
Ketoacidosis develops in response to an inability to use existing glucose in the bloodstream. Without insulin, or if the body is highly resistant to insulin, the body is unable to use sugar as energy.
This causes the breakdown of fats for energy, creating ketones as a waste product. Both resistance to insulin and a lack of insulin in the body can cause DKA.
However, the people most at risk are those with type 1 diabetes. Ketoacidosis is rare for people with type 2 diabetes, but it can occur.
DKA is a life-threatening condition and requires immediate treatment. Symptoms include:
- fruity-smelling breath
- nausea and vomiting
- shortness of breath
- dry mouth
- weakness
- confusion
- coma
- stomach pain
Another complication of uncontrolled diabetes is hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome. This occurs when the blood sugar levels become very high.
Without treatment, diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome can be life-threatening and lead to severe dehydration and possibly coma.
This syndrome is quite rare and usually occurs in older adults with type 2 diabetes. It is most likely to occur when people are sick and have difficulty hydrating themselves regularly.
Typically, a co-occurring illness such as infection or stroke causes hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome in diabetes.
Long-term complications
Developing hyperglycemia as a result of uncontrolled diabetes can cause serious long-term complications. They may include:
- blood vessel damage that increases the risk of heart disease and stroke
- nerve damage
- kidney damage or failure
- damage to the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to vision loss or blindness
- cataract, or clouding of the lens in the eye
- foot problems that can lead to serious infections
- bone and joint problems
- skin problems, including infections and nonhealing wounds
- tooth and gum infections
A person can monitor their blood sugar at home with the help of a fingerstick or a continuous glucose monitoring system.
During a doctor’s visit, they may draw blood for an exact determination of a blood sugar. An A1C test is a blood test that indicates average blood sugar control during the previous 3 months.
The A1C test works by measuring the percentage of glucose in the bloodstream that has bound to hemoglobin, which is the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. A score of higher than 6.5 on this test suggests the presence of diabetes.
The American Diabetes Association suggest the following blood sugar targets for most adults with diabetes who are not pregnant:
- Before a meal: Blood sugar should be 80–130 mg/dl.
- Around 1–2 hours after the beginning of the meal: Blood sugar should be under 160–180 mg/dl.
Ranges can vary depending on age and any underlying medical conditions, such as a heart, lung, or kidney disease. Ranges also vary for people who are pregnant or experiencing complications from diabetes.
All people with diabetes should use a glucose meter to monitor blood sugar at home and make sure they stay within their goal range. Home monitoring allows people to quickly notice any potentially harmful changes and immediately report problems to a physician.
Over-the-counter urinary ketone level test kits are also available to determine the presence of DKA.
If a person is experiencing any of the symptoms above, getting a positive test means that their body may be in the early stages of DKA, and they should consider seeking treatment immediately.
A doctor can adjust the drug regimen accordingly for a person with diabetes who is also experiencing symptoms of hyperglycemia. Doing so can return the person’s blood sugar to a safe level.
Visiting the emergency room might be necessary if certain symptoms occur or do not resolve, including:
- symptoms that suggest DKA
- blood sugar levels not responding to home management
- a co-occurring illness, such as stroke
Prevention
As well as talking to a doctor about managing their blood sugar levels, people can take the following steps to help avoid hyperglycemia:
- Stay active: Regular exercise is an effective way to control blood sugar. Steady-state, cardio-type exercises tend to lower overall glucose levels better than high-intensity interval training. Take a long walk or bike ride to help the body utilize existing glucose.
- Medication: People with diabetes should always take medication and follow the doctor’s instructions closely. They can adjust a prescription to suit the ongoing needs of the person with diabetes.
- Eating: Doctors or dietitians can help a person with diabetes develop a healthful eating plan.
- Managing stress: Taking steps to manage stress and illness may be an effective way to reduce stress-related blood sugar spikes.
Hyperglycemia is a key sign of diabetes, which is a serious condition.
People with diabetes must keep track of their blood sugar, stay within their target levels, follow a dedicated eating plan, exercise, and always take their medicine.
They should report any abnormal symptoms to their doctor. This can help people with diabetes prevent hyperglycemia and receive early treatment with a view to preventing long-term complications.
Q:
What is the best diet for keeping blood sugar within a normal range?
A:
Many types of diet can benefit people with diabetes. Eating carbohydrates, for example, directly impacts blood sugars, so doctors recommend a carb-controlled diet.
Ketogenic diets have become popular, as they lead to rapid weight loss. However, they may have some negative health effects, so individuals should talk to their doctor before beginning any extreme diet.
Moderation is the best advice, with about 45 percent of a person’s calories coming from low-glycemic carbs such as legumes, whole grains such as stone-ground, whole-wheat bread, oatmeal or barley, and non-starchy vegetables and fruits.
Deborah Weatherspoon, PhD, RN, CRNA Answers represent the opinions of our medical experts. All content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice. | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311204 |
An intriguing film was shown at this year’s ADA Scientific Sessions in Boston. Journey of a Miracle: Freedom from Insulin tells the story of several families who had children who were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, but actually had monogenic diabetes. Dr. Louis Philipson of the University of Chicago introduced the film to the standing-room-only crowd that packed into the room. Dr. Philipson supervised the development of the first registry for people with monogenic diabetes, which was funded in part by the American Diabetes Association. The film’s story highlights the importance of research and how it can change the lives of those living with disease.
“While there are far fewer people with this form of diabetes than have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, there’s still an enormous number of people in the United States alone that have one of these forms of diabetes. We estimate somewhere between 250,000 and 500,000 people in the US and upwards of 5 million people throughout the world have one of these forms of diabetes,” Dr. Philipson said. He also estimates that ninety-five percent of cases are misdiagnosed.
Monogenic diabetes is the result of a mutation of a single gene that controls the body’s ability to make insulin. By taking a medication called sulfonylurea, the channel is able to open and close normally, and insulin is produced. While people will need to take this medication for the rest of their lives, they are no longer dependent on insulin and no longer have to count carbs or check their blood sugar.
The only way to properly diagnose it is through genetic testing, which is analyzed through a blood or saliva sample. To date, the patient registry contains information on more than 1,000 families, of which 350 have been diagnosed with a form of monogenic diabetes. In addition, “Lilly’s Law” (named after one of the girls featured in the film) was established in Illinois in 2009, and requires all children there who were diagnosed with diabetes prior their first birthday to be registered with the state’s department of public health for a pilot program to better understand the cause of the disease.
An international effort, the Journey to a Miracle took five years to complete and researchers from 8 countries were consulted, and dozens of families affected by the disease were interviewed. The film was shown each day over the course of the Scientific Sessions—and every time, passersby were drawn to the room, curious as to what session had crowds spilling into the hallway. It was certainly a unique topic that stood out among the many presentations outlined in the 450-page program guide handed to conference participants.
To learn more, please visit the University of Chicago’s Kovler Diabetes Center. | https://myglu.org/articles/new-film-explains-monogenic-diabetes |
Type 2 diabetes is a significant public health problem in the United States. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2022, 37.3 million people in the United States had diabetes, which represents about 10.5% of the population. Of these, about 95% had type 2 diabetes.
According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2020, the age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes among adults in Maryland was 12.2%. This means that about 12.2% of the adult population in Maryland had been diagnosed with diabetes.
It’s important to note that this number may not reflect the total number of people in Maryland who have diabetes, as some people with diabetes may not have been diagnosed. The prevalence of diabetes can vary by region, and it is generally higher among certain groups, such as older adults, racial and ethnic minorities, and people who are overweight or obese.
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body does not properly use and store glucose (a type of sugar). Glucose is the body’s main source of energy and comes from the foods we eat. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps the body use and store glucose. In people with type 2 diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or the cells in the body do not respond properly to insulin, which is called insulin resistance. As a result, glucose builds up in the blood instead of being used for energy, leading to high blood sugar levels.
Type 2 diabetes can have serious health consequences, including an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, and vision loss. It can also lead to other health problems, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
The diabetes epidemic in the United States is driven by a combination of factors, including unhealthy eating habits, lack of physical activity, and obesity. Addressing the diabetes epidemic will require a multifaceted approach that includes efforts to promote healthy behaviors, such as eating a healthy diet and getting regular physical activity, as well as addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to unhealthy behaviors.
Issues with access to medication & cost of insulin in the US
Insulin is a life-saving medication that is essential for the treatment of diabetes. However, there have been concerns about the cost and access to insulin in the United States.
One issue is the high cost of insulin. The price of insulin has been rising in recent years, and many people with diabetes struggle to afford their insulin prescriptions. This can lead to rationing or skipping doses, which can have serious health consequences.
Another issue is the lack of access to insulin for some people with diabetes, particularly those who are uninsured or underinsured. Some people may not be able to afford the out-of-pocket costs for their insulin, even if they have insurance. Others may not have insurance coverage for insulin or may have high deductibles or co-payments that make it difficult to afford their insulin.
There have been efforts to address these issues, including efforts to increase transparency around drug pricing, expand access to generic insulin, and improve insurance coverage for insulin and other diabetes medications. However, more work is needed to ensure that all people with diabetes have affordable and timely access to the insulin they need to manage their condition and maintain good health.
Why Americans are buying insulin & other medication from Canada
In 2019, Sen. Bernie Sanders traveled with a caravan of Americans with type 1 diabetes to Canada in order to purchase insulin at Canadian pharmacies. It was reported that patients were saving one-tenth of their usual cost per vial of insulin.
Many Americans travel to Canada to fill their prescriptions due to the substantially lower prices. There are several reasons why insulin is lower in Canada.
One reason is that the Canadian government regulates the price of prescription drugs, including insulin, through a system called the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board (PMPRB). The PMPRB sets a maximum price for patented drugs based on a number of factors, including the price of the drug in other countries. This helps to ensure that the prices of prescription drugs, including insulin, are reasonable and affordable for Canadians.
In contrast, the United States does not have a similar system for regulating the prices of prescription drugs. Instead, drug prices in the United States are largely determined by the market. This can lead to higher prices for prescription drugs, including insulin, as compared to other countries.
Another factor that may contribute to the difference in insulin prices between the United States and Canada is the difference in the healthcare systems. In Canada, the healthcare system is publicly funded, which means that the government pays for a portion of the cost of healthcare services, including prescription drugs. This can help to reduce the cost of insulin for Canadians. In the United States, the healthcare system is largely private, and people with diabetes may have to pay for their insulin out-of-pocket or through private insurance. This can contribute to the higher cost of insulin in the United States.
Why Americans are buying medication from Canada
There are a few potential benefits to buying insulin online, such as:
- Convenience: Buying insulin online can be more convenient than purchasing it in person at a pharmacy. You can place an order from the comfort of your own home, and the insulin will be delivered to you.
- Cost savings: In most cases, buying insulin online from Canada is cheaper than purchasing it in the United States. As previously discussed, the cost of medication is regulated in Canada thus offering cheaper prices.
- Availability: In some cases, it may be easier to find certain types or brands of insulin online than it is to find them at a local pharmacy.
How Americans can buy insulin online & SAVE UP TO 90%
With a prescription from their doctor, thousands of Americans are easily & securely ordering their insulin and other medication online with cost-savings of up to 90% through Buy Canadian Insulin.
For example, the cost of a vial of Humalog can cost over $300 in the United States. Through Buy Canadian Insulin, patients can order a vial of Humalog for only $70 per vial or get 8 vials for $256.
Buy Canadian Insulin has helped many Americans facing drug cost issues due to being uninsured or having fallen into the “donut hole”; or facing drug shortages.
The website carries thousands of medications, not limited to insulin. Top insulin brands such as Humalog, NovoLog, and Lantus can be found. Patients can take advantage of bulk savings and order up to a 90-day supply.
Cold medications such as insulin and other medication (such as Ozempic) are shipped in insulated packaging to maintain the integrity of the medication. All medication is express shipped from Canada directly to the patient’s address within 7-10 business days via Canada post.
Patients can order their medication online at www.BuyCanadianInsulin.com or by calling the toll-free number (1-888-525-1815) during regular business hours. | https://marylandreporter.com/2022/12/30/thousands-of-diabetic-americans-are-buying-insulin-online/ |
Introduction: Post cardiac surgery, tight glucose control is standard of care. A subset of non-diabetic patients with stress hyperglycemia (SH) still requires treatment at discharge. Objective: To evaluate predictors and outcomes of prolonged glucose lowering treatment in non-diabetic patients 1 year after the implementation of an electronic medical record (EMR). Methods: Patients with SH (A1c <6.5%, not on medication) who were discharged on any antidiabetic agent following cardiac surgery, were included. Outcomes of interest were antidiabetic medication at discharge and at follow up and clarity of discharge instruction. Results: A total of 598 patients without diabetes received insulin during the study period. AM glucose was >180 mg/dL at discharge in 51 patients who were not discharged on glucose lowering therapy, 47 of whom did not have a diabetes consult. Another 37 patients were discharged on glucose lowering therapy and served as the study sample of interest. Cardiac bypass (CB) was performed in 49% and 40% had valve surgery (VS). Discharge regimen included oral agents only (27%), insulin only (41%), or both (32%). At 6 weeks, 56% of patients were still prescribed at least one antidiabetic agent. VS was associated with less insulin the day prior to discharge (p=0.01) and less oral agent use at follow up (p=0.02) compared to non-VS. CABG had no effect on treatment compared to non-CABG. A diabetes consult was obtained in 68%. Those with a diabetes consult were more likely to be discharged on oral agents than those without (80% vs.17%, p=0.0007). Discharge instructions were unclear for 20 patients. Issues included inconsistencies between the instructions and prescriptions, incomplete information (lack of or unclear frequency of insulin use, no detail regarding sliding scale). There was a trend for decreased clarity of discharge instructions in patients without a diabetes consult (44% vs 75%, p=0.09). Discharge instructions were more likely to lack clarity in those who were discharged on insulin (p=0.002). Conclusion: We found that treatment requirements for SH may be prolonged in 16% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, but differ by procedure. Although the EMR is meant to enhance discharge procedures through features such as medication reconciliation, the interface for insulin dosing is sub-optimal. Discharges may be improved with the assistance of a diabetes consult in this group of patients new to antidiabetic agents. | https://endo.confex.com/endo/2013endo/webprogram/Paper7125.html |
By now, we have managed to find out the cure for almost all kinds of diseases, while the solution isn't triumphant enough for many of them. There are diseases about which people have a huge misconception, and the mass isn't aware of the possible consequences. This article will revolve around one such disease about which the people are not sufficiently educated and are prone to believe the stereotypical ideas instead of accurate knowledge. Diabetes is one of India's most common diseases that can be seen in almost every age group and has been identified as a pathway to many more chronic diseases. Let us start with knowing what this disease is, followed by its types, causes, and prevention.
Diabetes is a situation when the blood sugar of the body is high in the longer run. In
sulin hormone is responsible for transporting glucose from the food eaten to the body cells for energy. In diabetes, the insulin, which is secreted by the pancreas, isn't produced enough to make the blood glucose reach body cells. This results in glucose accumulation in the blood, making way for diabetes in a person over time.
The carbohydrates extracted from the food we eat are transformed into glucose which is further provided to the body cells to produce energy. This failure to produce enough insulin makes the glucose level high in the body, also known as Hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that causes high blood sugar levels. It can be chronic for a human, and the only way to curb it is by identifying it in its initial stage. The blood pressure doesn't remain at the prescribed level but is on the higher side, because of which the body fails to produce insulin.
The causes of diabetes are significant and vary from natural to artificial. The most common causes of diabetes are as follows:
1. Obesity and overweight
2. Lack of physical activities
3. Genetics and Family Health History
4. Age
5. Genetic Mutations
6. Hormonal diseases
Diabetes generally is of two types: Type 1 and Type 2; however, there are some more kinds of it, like Gestational Diabetes which is only subjected to pregnant females. Let us now begin a detailed discussion about the types of diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is a condition when the human body’s immune system attacks the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans responsible for producing insulin. These cells are in the pancreas, and the actual reason for their destruction by the immune system is unknown, but it is considered that the immune system “mistakenly” destroys these pancreatic cells.
Type 1 diabetes is also regarded as Juvenile Diabetes as this type is primarily seen in the younger age group. And in these cases, the human body fails to produce insulin, and a person has to be dependent on the external source of insulin for proper functioning. This is also called artificial insulin and is fed daily to the body.
This insulin-dependent diabetes is the most dangerous and serious one as the person has to rely on artificial insulin, which makes him/her vulnerable. It is not that the person who develops Type 1 diabetes necessarily belongs to a younger age group, but the disease can be found in people of all age groups.
Type 2 Diabetes is considered more common than Type 1. Unlike Type 1 diabetes, this kind is common among people of higher age groups. In this kind of diabetes, the body can produce some natural insulin, but it may not be sufficient for the body's proper functioning. In Type 2 diabetes, Insulin Resistance is a common process in which the insulin fails to open the body's pancreatic cells that facilitate the entry of glucose. The primary causes of Type 2 diabetes are more of the external type. Among the people facing Type 2 diabetes, many of them are obese or have unhealthy habits.
Let us study Type 2 diabetes in a vice-versa approach and have a deeper familiarity with it. In Type 2 Diabetes, the insulin-targeted tissues demand a higher amount of insulin, but the beta cells fail to fulfil their demand as they are damaged during the initial processes.
1. Symptoms
The symptoms of both Type 1 as well as Type 2 differ from each other. A person with Type 1 condition will experience the symptoms more rapidly than the person suffering from the Type 2 condition. The symptoms of Type 2 diabetes are slower-appearing than Type 1.
2. Regulation
When it comes to managing these two types of diabetes, there are few differences. Type 1 diabetes can be managed by taking artificial insulin, while in Type 2 diabetes, there are several ways to tackle the disease like appropriate medication, a healthy diet, artificial insulin, etc.
3. Cure
It is widely known that Type 1 diabetes cannot be entirely cured as its causes are natural, like genetics, etc., while Type 2 diabetes can be tackled with the help of consuming a proper diet, weight management, etc.
4. Risk Involved
People with Type 1 diabetes are more likely to catch infections and viruses than Type 2 patients. The immunity level of a person gets affected in Type 1 diabetes, while Type 2 diabetic people are more prone to be obese and overweight.
Among type 1 diabetes patients, the chances of cardiovascular diseases are higher, along with some risk of heart attack, kidney problems, difficulties in vision and hearing, etc. While in Type 2 diseases, problems like late healing occur.
The primary similarity among the two types is that both occur in humans when the body fails to regulate glucose, which provides energy to the cells. Another important part where Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes coincides with each other is their effect on Cardiovascular Diseases. Both types of diabetes have a similar effect on cardiovascular diseases.
It is now well-established that both Type 1 Diabetes, as well as Type 2 Diabetes has a large number of differences that have been classified concerning various categories. The similarities among these two kinds tell us that there may be the difference when we study these types in a deeper sense. Still, while looking at a larger picture of diabetes, the disease itself is an extremely potent disease that can affect the human body in the longer run. We have established that the causes of Type 1 diabetes are out of human control, while Type 2 diabetes can be cured with proper medical supervision, diet, and weight management.
The key to prevent both types of diabetes is by keeping a regular check on the blood sugar levels with the help of medical experts or by other means like portable devices. Thus, diabetes can be prevented to a certain extent, but when the condition becomes intense, the complications of the disease are chronic, and it provides a way for many severe diseases too. Stay aware of this life-changing disease by managing your daily habits and keeping a regular check on your overall health like lifestyle, diet, etc. We urge you to pledge towards living a healthy life and work to spread awareness about this chronic disease.
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Storage of liver fat can only occur when daily calorie intake exceeds expenditure. Sucrose overfeeding for 3 weeks has been shown to cause a 30% increase in liver fat content (37). The associated metabolic stress on hepatocytes was reflected by a simultaneous 30% rise in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and both liver fat and serum ALT returned to normal levels during a subsequent hypocaloric diet. Superimposed upon a positive calorie balance, the extent of portal vein hyperinsulinemia determines how rapidly conversion of excess sugars to fatty acid occurs in the liver. In groups of both obese and nonobese subjects, it was found that those with higher plasma insulin levels have markedly increased rates of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (2,38,39). Conversely, in type 1 diabetes the relatively low insulin concentration in the portal vein (as a consequence of insulin injection into subcutaneous tissue) is associated with subnormal liver fat content (40). Initiation of subcutaneous insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes brings about a decrease in portal insulin delivery by suppression of pancreatic insulin secretion and, hence, a decrease in liver fat (41). Hypocaloric diet (42), physical activity (43), or thiazolidinedione use (23,44) each reduces insulin secretion and decreases liver fat content. Newly synthesized triacylglycerol in the liver will be either oxidized, exported, or stored as hepatic triacylglycerol. Because transport of fatty acid into mitochondria for oxidation is inhibited by the malonyl-CoA produced during de novo lipogenesis, newly synthesized triacylglycerol is preferentially directed toward storage or export. Hence, hepatic fat content and plasma VLDL triacylglycerol levels are increased.
Jump up ^ Qaseem A, Vijan S, Snow V, Cross JT, Weiss KB, Owens DK; Vijan; Snow; Cross; Weiss; Owens; Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians (September 2007). "Glycemic control and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the optimal hemoglobin A1c targets. A guidance statement from the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 147 (6): 417–22. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00012. PMID 17876024. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
Gene therapy can be used to manufacture insulin directly: an oral medication, consisting of viral vectors containing the insulin sequence, is digested and delivers its genes to the upper intestines. Those intestinal cells will then behave like any viral infected cell, and will reproduce the insulin protein. The virus can be controlled to infect only the cells which respond to the presence of glucose, such that insulin is produced only in the presence of high glucose levels. Due to the limited numbers of vectors delivered, very few intestinal cells would actually be impacted and would die off naturally in a few days. Therefore, by varying the amount of oral medication used, the amount of insulin created by gene therapy can be increased or decreased as needed. As the insulin-producing intestinal cells die off, they are boosted by additional oral medications.
Known as gurmar, or “sugar destroyer,” in Aryuvedic medicine, Gymnema has consistently shown benefits in patients with diabetes. The most active part of Gymnema seems to be gymnemic acids, and many products list the percentage each capsule contains. Analyses of the herb for diabetes have shown it may be helpful in lowering high blood sugar levels. It can delay glucose absorption from the intestine. It was shown to regenerate pancreatic tissues, allowing more insulin to be produced, and help regulate insulin secretion. It also increases the utilization of glucose by the cell, reducing insulin resistance and decreasing appetite, especially for sweets. I usually use it in capsules, or in liquid form in some patients. Due to Gymnema having a very similar shape to glucose, it can fit into the taste bud receptors for sugar; it thus has unbelievable power to actually prevent the taste of sweets in the mouth for up to 1.5 hours. When I have a patient who is still struggling to not eat cake and cookies and so forth at parties or celebrations (or just in general), I will give her a tincture of Gymnema sylvestre. This is one of my favorite herbs for diabetes. In capsule form doses of 400 to 2,400 mg a day are recommended.
“The degree of carbohydrate restriction that we recommend to establish and then maintain nutritional ketosis depends upon individual factors such degree of insulin resistance (metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes?) and physical activity. These starting levels of carb restriction typically vary between 30 and 60 grams per day of total carbs. The best way to determine one’s carbohydrate tolerance is to directly measure blood ketones with a finger-stick glucometer that also accommodates ketone testing.
Type 2 diabetes has long been known to progress despite glucose-lowering treatment, with 50% of individuals requiring insulin therapy within 10 years (1). This seemingly inexorable deterioration in control has been interpreted to mean that the condition is treatable but not curable. Clinical guidelines recognize this deterioration with algorithms of sequential addition of therapies. Insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction are known to be the major pathophysiologic factors driving type 2 diabetes; however, these factors come into play with very different time courses. Insulin resistance in muscle is the earliest detectable abnormality of type 2 diabetes (2). In contrast, changes in insulin secretion determine both the onset of hyperglycemia and the progression toward insulin therapy (3,4). The etiology of each of these two major factors appears to be distinct. Insulin resistance may be caused by an insulin signaling defect (5), glucose transporter defect (6), or lipotoxicity (7), and β-cell dysfunction is postulated to be caused by amyloid deposition in the islets (8), oxidative stress (9), excess fatty acid (10), or lack of incretin effect (11). The demonstration of reversibility of type 2 diabetes offers the opportunity to evaluate the time sequence of pathophysiologic events during return to normal glucose metabolism and, hence, to unraveling the etiology.
Blood sugar level is measured by means of a glucose meter, with the result either in mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter in the US) or mmol/L (millimoles per litre in Canada and Eastern Europe) of blood. The average normal person has an average fasting glucose level of 4.5 mmol/L (81 mg/dL), with a lows of down to 2.5 and up to 5.4 mmol/L (65 to 98 mg/dL).
11. Get regular eye exams: Diabetic retinopathy is caused by elevated levels of blood sugar, which can happen when diabetes goes out of control. The disease can damage the blood vessels around the eye and retina, leading to blurred vision and blindness. Diabetic retinopathy cannot be cured, and often has no early symptoms, which makes it difficult to catch. Diabetics should make sure they get regular eye exams, for early detection and treatment.
Treatment for diabetes requires keeping close watch over your blood sugar levels (and keeping them at a goal set by your doctor) with a combination of medications, exercise, and diet. By paying close attention to what and when you eat, you can minimize or avoid the "seesaw effect" of rapidly changing blood sugar levels, which can require quick changes in medication dosages, especially insulin.
Pramlintide (Symlin) was the first in a class of injectable, anti-hyperglycemic medications for use in addition to insulin for type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. Pramlintide is a synthetic analog of human amylin, a naturally occurring hormone made by the pancreas to help control glucose after meals. Similar to insulin, amylin is absent or deficient in person with diabetes. | http://thediabetesrepair.com/what-diabetes-causes-does-sprouted-wheat-cures-diabetes.html |
Insulin dose and type 1 diabetes leaflets published
Advice on managing insulin doses at mealtimes and what do if someone with type 1 diabetes is unwell has been published by a leading diabetes nursing organisation.
The Managing Mealtime Insulin and Type 1 diabetes: What to do when you are unwell leaflets have been uploaded to the Training, Research and Education for Nurses in Diabetes-UK (TREND-UK) website for members to access and to pass onto the people they treat with diabetes.
The insulin document explains the importance of keeping blood glucose levels in target and how the mealtime insulin injection impacts the body. Suggestions to help the reader ensure their mealtime insulin works for them, such as injecting at the correct time and finding a suitable injection site.
The type 1 diabetes document was drafted because becoming unwell with the condition can affect the person’s blood glucose control so it is important advice is issued to prevent complications.
The advice includes plenty of rest, keeping hydrated, treating symptoms with over-the-counter medication and more importantly regularly checking blood sugar levels.
To read the Type 1 diabetes: What to do when you are unwell leaflet, click here.
To read the Managing Mealtime Insulin leaflet, click here. | http://diabetestimes.co.uk/insulin-dose-and-type-1-diabetes-leaflets-published/ |
Alternative Approaches to the Treatment of DiabetesDiabetes is a general term for a disease caused by defective carbohydrate metabolism and characterized by abnormally large amounts of sugar in the blood and urine. Diabetes is usually classified into two types. Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes, formerly called juvenile-onset, usually occurs in children and young adults; and, Type II, or non-insulin dependent diabetes (formerly called adult-onset diabetes) is found in persons over 40 years old and progresses slowly (Funk and Wagnalls 183).
Diabetes is considered a group of disorders with multiple causes, rather than a single disorder. The human pancreas secretes a hormone called insulin that promotes the entry of sugar glucose into all tissues of the body, providing energy for bodily activities. In a person with diabetes, however, the entry of glucose is impaired, either as a result of deficiency in the amount of insulin produced or of a blocking of the action of the insulin. Consequently, sugar builds up in the blood and is discharged in the urine. In a Type I diabetic, the problem is almost always a severe or total reduction in insulin production.
In Type II diabetes, the pancreas often makes a considerable quantity of insulin, but the hormone is unable to promote the entry of glucose into tissues (Funk and Wagnalls 183). There are many short and long-term complications from diabetes. If untreated Type 1 diabetes can be quickly fatal. It is accompanied by nausea, excessive thirst, frequent urination, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, and rapid deep breathing. Failure to respond with injections of insulin can result in a diabetic coma, or death (Medical Advisor 319). Long-term complications of diabetes include damage to the eyes, nervous system, kidneys, and cardiovascular and circulatory systems, as well as weakening of the bodies overall resistance to infection.
Complications from diabetes are the primary cause of adult blindness in the United States. Within 10 years of their diagnosis over 50 percent of all diabetics develop a disorder called diabetic retinopathy. This weakens the capillaries that supply blood to the retina, and eventually effects vision. Diabetics are also more likely to develop cataracts and glaucoma (Medical Advisor 319). People with diabetes have a higher chance of heart disease and circulatory problems such as high blood pressure, hardening of arteries, heart attacks, and strokes. A number of people with diabetes suffer from a condition known as diabetic neuropathy, which causes a gradual deterioration in the nervous system.
Many develop slowed reflexes, loss of sensation, numbness and tingling in legs, impotence, and circulatory problems (Medical Advisor 319). Treatment for both forms of diabetes requires adjustment of insulin levels in the body and strict management of diet and exercise. If you have Type 1 diabetes, it is essential that you receive supplementary insulin every day, at least twice a day to promote your bodies use of blood glucose. Since insulin is a protein and is destroyed by digestive enzymes, it cannot be taken orally, it must instead be injected directly into the body at set intervals (Medical Advisor 319).
Most insulin in use today is processed synthetically, although some is still derived from animal hormone. Insulin comes in three types: short acting, taking effect in 30 to 40 minutes and lasting 6 hours, intermediate acting, taking effect in 3 to 4 hours and lasting up to 24 hours, and long acting, taking effect in 6 to 8 hours and lasting up to 30 hours. By monitoring you own blood glucose level, you can track your bodies fluctuating insulin demand, and better regulate it (Hull 285). For most people with Type 2 diabetes, diet and exercise are sufficient to keep the disease under control.
Others require drug therapy, which may include insulin or an oral hypoglycemia medication (Hull 285). Since diabetes that is incorrectly treated can be life threatening, a person should never try to treat the disease without the help of a doctor, and any and all treatments should be discussed thoroughly. However, there are alternative supplemental treatments that can vary diet, or offer supplemental vitamins and other minerals that can restore blood levels, or treat secondary effects of the disease. Even stress reduction practices may help lower blood glucose levels(Funk and Wagnalls 184).
An old therapy has recently been applied to the treatment of diabetes – acupuncture. Stimulation of certain points with acupuncture needles may help relieve some of the pain associated with diabetic neuropathy. Acupuncture has also been found to boost the immune system and minimize circulatory system complications. It should be noted that the use of acupuncture to assist in the treatment of diabetes, or any other disease, should only be through a consultation with a licensed practitioner (MEDICAL ADVISOR 320). Herbal therapies for the treatment of illness have been around for thousands of years.
The use of herbal therapies is only effective in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes – people with Type I who need insulin to manage their diabetes will not benefit from any herbal substitute (Medical Advisor 320). There are several types of herbs that can benefit the Type 2 diabetic. Blueberry leaves have been found to lower blood glucose levels and help maintain the vascular system. These herbs may also prevent hemorrhages in the eyes if diabetic retinopathy has developed. Blood flow can be maintained at adequate levels with supplements of Ginkgo extracts. Other benefits of Ginkgo help in the treatment of other long term effects of diabetes such as heart disease, hypertension (high blood pressure), and elevated cholesterol levels.
Onion has been known to free up insulin, thus lowering blood glucose levels. One study showed that diabetics who had a powdered form of burdock after a starchy meal had a lowered incidence of hyperglycemia (Medical Advisor 321). Perhaps the most non-chemical, non-herbal aid in fighting diabetes is life style. Diabetes like many other chronic illnesses can benefit from reduced levels of stress, increased levels of exercise, and overall well being. Tests have proven that diabetics under stress often eat more, and sometimes forget to take their insulin.
However, there is also evidence that stress directly creates physiological changes that make the diabetes worse. Tests have shown that during periods of high anxiety, the body produces large quantities of the stress hormones to provide extra energy for battling the source of the stress. One of the major components of this activity is increased blood sugar level. In normal people, the sugar is readily used by the cells as extra fuel, but in diabetics, it simply accumulates in the blood, aggravating the condition (MIND BODY 134-135). Before the discovery of insulin in 1921, the most common remedy for diabetes was rest.
Therefore, the use of relaxation and biofeedback techniques are common tools known to lower levels of stress hormone, and thereby reducing levels of blood sugar. However, these tools has not proven effective in people with Type I diabetes, only those with Type 2 have benefited. The bottom line is that high levels of stress have physiological effects that influence glucose metabolism and can increase blood sugar levels, making diabetes more difficult to control (MIND BODY 141). Diet is the central control point for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. A diabetic diet needs to be customized to individual calorie and nutritional needs.
In general, however, experts have found that diets that are low fat and fiber-rich work the best. Diets high in starches help the body process glucose more efficiently. Foods that are rich in soluble fiber slow the absorption of food into the blood – thus helping to prevent sharp swings in blood sugar levels. If a diet is low in fat, the body doesn’t have to work as hard to metabolize the fat, so there is more freedom to concentrate on processing carbohydrates. And lastly, the high- fiber low-fat diet generally promotes weight loss, which in turn lessens the severity of diabetes (Healing Foods 176-177). Exercise has been shown to increase the tissue levels of chromium, which the body uses to regulate blood glucose and cholesterol levels.
For those with Type 1 diabetes, exercise has been found to increase the body’s ability to use available insulin so that fewer insulin injections are needed. Type 2 diabetics often benefit from moderate exercise, but should avoid heavy lifting and straining. This can lead to an increase in blood pressure, which could aggravate diabetic retinopathy. The relationship between stress and bodily function has been studied for many years.
Yet, there is little proof that stress can lead to diabetes. Genetics is more likely the cause. However strong the notion that personality trait cannot cause diabetes, there are many experiments that suggest that there is a strong mind/body connection with diabetes. For example, a person who is shy and withdrawn may not have the curiosity about the world, and therefore be less likely to adhere to a strict care regiment.
Likewise, people who are aggressive, hostile, or urgent, may experience more problems from diabetes during times of stress (Mind Body 139-140). Despite current trends to self-treat bodily malfunctions with diet, vitamins, exercise, and relaxation, strong cautions are warranted in relation to diabetes. First, no change in prescribed medication should be undertaken without a consultation with your doctor. But, any diabetic wishing to better control their disease needs to first look at basic, fundamental lifestyle changes, all of which promote good health. A doctor specializing in functional medicine or nutritional medicine is a good source for finding a combination approach to healthy living. | https://artscolumbia.org/alternative-approaches-to-the-treatment-of-diabetes-62490/ |
^ Jump up to: a b c d Emadian, Amir; Andrews, Rob C.; England, Clare Y.; Wallace, Victoria; Thompson, Janice L. (2015-11-28). “The effect of macronutrients on glycaemic control: a systematic review of dietary randomised controlled trials in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes in which there was no difference in weight loss between treatment groups”. The British Journal of Nutrition. 114 (10): 1656–66. doi:10.1017/S0007114515003475. ISSN 1475-2662. PMC 4657029 . PMID 26411958.
In addition, avoid processed foods with added sugars of any kind. Pay attention to ingredients in food labels that indicate the presence of added sugars. These include terms such as sweeteners, syrups, fruit juice concentrates, molasses, and sugar molecules ending in “ose” (like dextrose and sucrose).
Jump up ^ Lo HC, Hsu TH, Chen CY (2008). “Submerged culture mycelium and broth of Grifola frondosa improve glycemic responses in diabetic rats”. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 36 (2): 265–85. doi:10.1142/S0192415X0800576X. PMID 18457360.
A different person leaving than on arrival. I have a lot of energy, flatter tummy, brighter skin and a more positive outlook on life. I will definitely be returning. Melissa Lilley – 10th December 2015
Step #3: Boil 1 Liter of purified water for 5 to 7 minutes. Do not use tap water, it defeats the purpose of this. If you can’t obtain purified water, boil tap water for 30 minutes (no less) to rid it of chlorine.
Visit an independent testing center…NOT a hospital. You’ll notice (maybe to your amazement) that you no longer need insulin injections or to hold yourself to a strict, no-sugar diet. I don’t give you this information lightly. I only provide information I’ve done extensive research on, talked to real-life case studies, or things I’ve tried on myself.
As a general rule, juicing vegetables delivers many more health benefits than juicing fruits, and that’s especially true for a person dealing with diabetes. Juicing can be an effective nutritional therapy, but it must be done properly and with the right ingredients. Diabetics should avoid juicing too many fruits because they are unable to properly metabolize the high natural sugar content of fruit juices.
The kidneys diabetes detox important to cleansing and detoxification because they filter the blood (210 quarts a day) by eliminating toxins and waste materials from the blood, and for maintaining the electrolyte balance by selectively eliminating some electrolytes while retaining others, according to the body’s needs.
The rise in blood glucose levels signals important cells in the pancreas, called beta cells, to secrete insulin, which pours into the bloodstream. Within 10 minutes after a meal insulin rises to its peak level.
2. I’ve started to fast for 14-16 hours a day for the past week. So if I stop eating at 10:00pm, I wont eat until 1:00pm the next day. Do you suggest that I eat after the saline flush or just juice that day? Also how often should I flush?
The two major forms of diabetes are type 1, previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes, and type 2, previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or maturity-onset diabetes.
Jump up ^ Chandalia, M; Garg, A; Lutjohann, D; Von Bergmann, K; Grundy, SM; Brinkley, LJ (2000). “Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (19): 1392–98. doi:10.1056/NEJM200005113421903. PMID 10805824.
Type 2 diabetes requires the reduction of sugar levels. An Amchara detox provides the option to juice fast or eat health low sugar nutritious food. The detox is supervised and you are carefully monitored during your stay. Clinical trials provide evidence that lifestyle intervention around dietary change can significantly improve the reliance of Type 2 Diabetes medication for sufferers. One such trial has been the Newcastle Univeristy Clinical Trial, funded by Diabetes UK. The results show that the people, within the experiment cohort, who reduced their calorie intake to 600 calories per day over an 8 week period, all no longer required type 2 diabetes medication after the trial and 7 out of the 11 did not need it 3 months later.
Diabetes is running rampant in our country. If you are one of the several million who have this condition, then this article is for you. It will teach you how to manage your food and therefore manage your blood sugar.
Type 1 diabetes is rarely reversed, but with the right dietary changes major improvements in blood sugar levels can be seen and a person can often reduce his or her dependence on insulin and medications. | https://www.bestdiabetesdetox.com/how-can-okra-cure-diabetes-_diabetes-cure-in-10-years/ |
Here is a list of common terms every diabetic person should know be it T1, T2 or Prediabetics. Let us know if there is anything else that needs to be added.
A1C is a type of hemoglobin formed by attachment of glucose to the hemoglobin. A1C test is a test which measures how much of your hemoglobin has got attached to glucose and reflects the level of blood glucose in a person over the past 3 months.
It is a condition seen in people suffering from pre-diabetes or Type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by patches of dark, velvety skin on the folds of the skin or in the armpits, groin, neck, elbows, knees, knuckles, lips, palms and soles of the feet.
It is one of the oral medications used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. It works by blocking the enzymes that digest starch in the food.
ACE is an abbreviation for angiotensin converting enzyme. It is an oral medication that is mainly used to decrease blood pressure; however, it can be used to decrease kidney damage in diabetic patients.
It is the opposite of chronic, and it is used to describe something that happens for a short time and suddenly.
It is a term used to describe Type 2 diabetes – which typically starts in adults, although today there are an increasing number of children who get this disorder.
Albumin is a type of protein, and albuminuria is a condition in which there is a large amount of albumin in the urine. It is usually a sign of kidney damage.
These are a type of cell in the pancreas that produce the hormone glucagon. Glucagon is released when the blood level of glucose is very low.
It is a condition where there are low numbers of red blood cells, which results in decreased oxygenation of the body cells.
It refers to disease of the blood vessels like arteries, veins or capillaries. Lymphangiopathy is the disease of lymphatic vessels.
These are proteins synthesized by the body to protect it from bacteria and viruses and any protein that the body considers to be foreign. In Type 1 diabetes, the body mistakenly synthesizes antibodies against insulin producing pancreas cells leading to their destruction.
It stands for angiotensin receptor blocker, which is an oral medication used to decrease blood pressure.
A condition of the blood vessels characterized by hardening of the arteries.
The large blood vessels that carry the blood from the heart to the body are called arteries.
It is an artificial sweetener that has almost no nutritional value and no calories.
It is the condition of narrowing and hardening of the blood vessels in the body, which may lead to serious complications such as a stroke or a heart attack.
It is a disease caused by the faulty functioning of the immune system of the body. The immune system attacks some part of the body causing the condition.
Beta cells are cells of the pancreas and they responsible for the synthesis of insulin that regulates glucose levels in the blood.
One of the oral medications used in the treatment of Type2 diabetes.
Glucose is the main sugar found in the blood and is a source of energy for the body.
The amount or the level of glucose in a certain amount of blood.
It is a device used mainly by diabetic patients in order to measure the level of blood glucose regularly.
The process of measuring and checking blood levels of glucose regularly in order to manage diabetes.
Blood vessels are the tubes that carry blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart.
It is a measurement used to check a person’s weight compared to his/her height in order to check for obesity.
It is a term used to describe impaired glucose tolerance or early stages of Type2 diabetes.
It is a short peptide (made of 31 amino acids) that connects the two insulin chains of the proinsulin molecule, a precursor of insulin. The C-peptide test is used as a measurement to know how much insulin the pancreas releases and can distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
The smallest blood vessels in the body.
A doctor who specializes in the management of patients suffering from heart problems.
A disease that affects the cardiovascular system such as the heart or the blood vessels.
A condition that affects the eye resulting in clouding of the eye’s lens and causes impaired vision.
A diseases or a condition that is characterized by damage to the blood vessels of the brain.
It is a condition that results from nerve damage leading to damage to the soft tissue and joints of the foot.
It is the opposite of acute, and it is used to describe a condition that last for longer times.
A state or a condition in which the person is not conscious, cannot be awakened, does not respond normally to stimuli like pain or light or sound, does not have normal sleep-wake cycles and cannot perform any action voluntarily.
A pill that includes different types of medications.
The use of different types of treatment and management in order to manage patients with Type2 diabetes.
Harmful effects that may result from a certain disease or condition. In the case of diabetes, there are many complications that may affect the heart, the blood vessels, the nervous system, the kidneys, and the eyes.
A disease or a condition affecting the coronary vessels that supply the heart.
The loss of large amounts of fluids from the body by not drinking enough water, or through sweating, urination, vomiting, or diarrhea.
A condition or a disease that is affecting the skin.
It is a sugar that is the main source of energy of the body.
A condition that is characterized by symptoms similar to those seen in diabetes mellitus including excessive thirst, weakness, and heavy urination, but the blood glucose levels are normal.
A condition characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood. There are two types of diabetes mellitus depending on whether beta cells in the pancreas are functional or not.
A condition that usually affects patients suffering from Type 1 diabetes mellitus (but can occur in Type 2 diabetes mellitus as well) which results in very high levels of glucose in the blood, lack of insulin, and the presence of ketones in the urine and blood.
It is a rare condition that affects the breasts of patients suffering from type 1 diabetes where there are lesions in the breast tissue.
A condition that is characterized by damage to the spinal cord which affects patients suffering from diabetes.
Damage to the tiny blood vessels in the retina in diabetic patients.
A doctor who specializes in the management of patients suffering from diabetes.
Swelling in some parts of the body as a result of fluid accumulation.
An endocrine gland is a group of specialized cells that are responsible for the release of some hormones.
A doctor who specializes in the management of patients who have problems with their endocrine glands.
A protein that performs or aids a chemical reaction.
The state in which the glucose levels in the blood are normal.
A test used to measure the blood glucose level in a person after fasting for 8 to 12 hours.
Mainly a plant sugar, naturally found in fruits and honey.
It is a condition that is characterized by the death of part of the body tissue as a result of the lack of blood supply.
A type of neuropathy affecting the stomach. It involves the paralysis of muscles of the stomach leading to improper emptying of food from the stomach.
A type diabetes of mellitus which develops in women during pregnancy.
A condition of the gums that may also affect patients suffering from diabetes. which is characterized by inflammation and bleeding of the gums.
A condition that is characterized by increased pressure in the eye leading to damage.
It is an oral medication belonging to the class “sulphonylureas” that stimulate the production of insulin by the pancreas in a glucose-independent manner. It is used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
It is an oral medication used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes, which helps the pancreas release more insulin and decreases the level of sugar in the blood. It belongs to the “sulphonylurea” class of oral diabetic medications.
It is a measurement used to measure the kidneys’ ability to filter urine and remove waste products.
It is a hormone released by the alpha cells of the pancreas which increases the blood glucose levels by causing liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose.
It is a combination drug consisting of of metformin and glyburide which is used in the management of Type 2 diabetes.
It is an oral drug of class sulphonylurea and is used in the management of Type 2 diabetes. It decreases the levels of glucose in the blood by helping the pancreas release more insulin.
It is the form of glucose sugar found in the muscles and the liver.
A condition characterized by the presence of glucose in the urine.
When a condition or a trait is passed from a parent to a child.
It is a phase of remission that some patients suffering from Type 1 diabetes have. During this period, the pancreas releases some insulin; however, this phase is temporary.
It is a chemical that is released by the body in order to regulate some functions or to trigger some actions in the body.
The state of increased blood glucose levels.
A condition that is characterized by high levels of insulin in the blood.
A state characterized by increased levels of cholesterol and fats in the blood.
An emergency condition characterized by very high levels of blood glucose with no ketones in the urine or blood.
A condition in which the blood pressure is higher than normal.
A condition characterized by low levels of glucose in the blood.
When the patient does not recognize the symptoms of hypoglycemia, this state is called hypoglycemia unawareness.
Blood pressure lower than normal.
A term used to describe Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
A medication or a drug that suppresses the immune system of the body.
When the result of fasting blood glucose test is higher than normal but it is not high enough to confirm the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
A small insulin pump that can be implanted inside the body of diabetic patients.
Inability to maintain an erection during sexual activity.
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps in the control of blood glucose levels.
A device that has a pen-like shape which is used by diabetic patients to inject themselves with insulin.
A device that pumps insulin to the blood continuously at a basal level and/or whenever needed.
Lipid is another term for natural fats.
A blood test that is used to measure the blood levels of fats like triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol.
It is an oral drug of the class “biguanides” used in the management of Type 2 diabetes. It works by lowering the amount of glucose produced by the liver and enhances the body response to insulin.
A condition characterized by damage to the kidneys.
A condition or a disease that affects the nervous system.
An organ in the body which secretes digestion enzymes and insulin.
The condition of excessive urination which could be a sign of diabetes.
It means that there are proteins in the urine which could be an indicator for damage of the kidneys.
One of the oral drugs of the class “meglinitides” used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. It works by increasing the insulin secreted from the pancreas after meals.
When diabetes develops as a result of another condition or drug, it is called secondary diabetes.
A group of oral drugs used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. These work by increasing the insulin secreted by the pancreas and making it more useful to the body.
A group of oral drugs used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes which work by making the cells more sensitive to insulin resulting in the movement of glucose into cells.
A condition that usually develops in young patients. It is characterised by increased levels of blood glucose due to the lack of insulin. It is considered an autoimmune disease meaning that the body’s immune system attacks the pancreas and destroys the cells responsible for the secretion of insulin.
It is a condition that usually develops in middle-aged or older patient. It is characterized by high levels of blood glucose because of either the lack of insulin or the body’s inability to use the available insulin.
Diabetes Common Terms. American Diabetes Association. http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/common-terms/. Edited April 07, 2014. Accessed May 06, 2016.
Lynn Yoffee. A Glossary of Key Diabetes Terms. everyday HEALTH. http://www.everydayhealth.com/diabetes/glossary-of-diabetes-terms.aspx. Updated March 11, 2009. Accessed May 06, 2016.
Glossary of Diabetes Terms. WebMD. http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/diabetes-glossary-terms. Accessed May 06, 2016.
Glossary of diabetes. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_diabetes. Accessed May 06, 2016. | https://www.thediabetescouncil.com/diabetes-dictionary-common-terms-to-know-for-diabetics/ |
Diabetes occurs when the body does not make enough insulin or doesn’t respond to insulin properly.
To understand diabetes, you need to know what insulin is and why your body needs it.
Insulin is a hormone that helps move sugar into your body’s cells for energy.
Your cells need energy for almost every job your body does.
Your body prevents the insulin it does make from working properly (known as insulin resistance).
Your body may make some insulin but not enough.
If you have type 2 diabetes, you are not alone. In the United States, 90% to 95% of adults with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. It is estimated that 80% of people who have type 2 diabetes are overweight.
Most people who have type 2 diabetes will need to combine staying active and eating healthy with diabetes medication to help keep their blood sugar levels in target range. Your health care provider will work with you to design the right treatment plan to help you reach and maintain your type 2 diabetes management goals. | https://www.ozempic.com/about-type-2-diabetes/what-is-diabetes.html |
ALTON, IL – John Sanders went to orientation for his new job and was excited to get started. The next day he woke up feeling drained. He knew his blood sugar was high, but was hesitant to go to the hospital because his insurance wouldn’t kick in for 90 days.
“When I went to the emergency room, my blood sugar was 800,” said Sanders. “‘They said ‘How did you walk in here? You should be in a coma.’ I was terrified.”
Sanders was immediately admitted and spent seven days in the hospital. Before he was discharged, the pharmacy filled his insulin prescription. His bill was $600.
“I thought I’d have to sell my car to pay for my medication,” he said. “I have a 9-year-old daughter, and she is counting on me.”
“The price of insulin has skyrocketed in recent years,” said Lisa James, diabetes educator at Alton Memorial Hospital. “One vial of insulin can cost approximately $230 for those without insurance. When we think of this, we must remember that many people take more than one type of insulin, and depending on their dose, they could be using multiple vials of insulin monthly.”
The Diabetes Education team met with Sanders to teach him about healthy eating choices and encouraged him to apply for assistance for his medication
through Alton Memorial Health Services Foundation’s Vera Bock Fund. The fund helps patients with diabetes cover the cost of medication and supplies.
AMH is holding a trivia night at 7 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 16, at the Godfrey Knights of Columbus Hall, 1713 Stamper Lane in Godfrey. All proceeds will benefit the Vera Bock Diabetes Fund and help more people like John Sanders.
Admission to the trivia night is $20 per person for tables of up to eight people. To reserve your space or for more information, call 618-463-7526. Checks should be made payable to the Alton Memorial Health Services Foundation.
“It felt great to know that there are people out there who are willing to help people like myself who are going through a tough situation,” Sanders said.
This year, the Vera Bock Fund helped 15 patients by paying nearly $5,000 to provide life-saving medication and supplies.
“I have energy again, high hopes,” Sanders said. “Once I get back on my feet, I want to find a way to give back to the Foundation myself.”
If you would like to support the Vera Bock Fund, please contact Kristen Ryrie at 618-463-7701 or [email protected]. | https://advantagenews.com/news/trivia-night-on-nov-16-benefits-diabetes-fund/ |
Type 1 diabetes occurs when cells responsible for the production of insulin, found in the pancreas, are destroyed by the body’s immune system. This is why this type of diabetes is called an “autoimmune” disease. In order to function, a person whose pancreas isn’t producing any insulin or very little must rely on daily medication – the intake of insulin – to regulate their blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes typically develops in children and youth, but can also occur in adults.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form. It happens when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or the body cannot properly use the insulin the pancreas produces. The risk of developing this metabolic disorder is higher in certain ethnic populations and people who are physically inactive, overweight, or obese. Type 2 diabetes usually affects adults over the age of 40, but can be found in children and youth.
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs only in pregnant women, when high blood sugar levels develop during pregnancy. Although it is temporary and usually disappears weeks after delivery, women who have it are at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes later.
About 10% of Canadians with diabetes have type 1 and 90% have type 2. [PHAC 2011]
Diabetes is more common among adult men (11.8%) than women (10.0%), while in children and youth, the rates are the same for boys and girls.
While only 0.3% of diabetes cases are among Canadians between the ages of 1 to 19, 55% of the cases are among Canadians aged 65+. | https://bigcountrypcn.com/diabetes-in-canada/ |
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is a form of diabetes that is distinct from type 1 or type 2 diabetes and is common in people with cystic fibrosis (CF), an inherited disorder of the secretory glands which affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices.
In the past, the expected life span for a person with CF was very limited due to serious lung complications caused by the chronic disease. However, with better treatment of respiratory and other infections commonly found with the condition, individuals with CF are now living longer: the life expectancy of patients with CF has increased from less than one year in the 1950s to more than 40 years in 2013. And thus, CFRD is becoming a more common disease complication, occurring in approximately 20 percent of adolescents and 40 to 50 percent of adults with CF.
How does Cystic Fibrosis cause CFRD?
In addition to lung problems, the thick, sticky mucus produced in people with CF causes scarring and damage to the pancreas. This damage prevents the pancreas from producing enough of the hormone insulin. This is a condition known as insulin deficiency, a feature of type 1 diabetes in which antibodies attack the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. In addition, individuals with CFRD may not respond appropriately to the insulin they make. This is known as being insulin resistant and is a feature of type 2 diabetes. Symptoms of CFRD vary from person to person. Initially, some people may not experience any symptoms until the disease worsens. Others will experience symptoms common with other forms of diabetes, such as increased thirst and urination along with unexplained weight loss.
Are the diabetes complications of CFRD different from those of typical types of diabetes?
The short answer is yes...and no! Research suggests that there might be a stronger link between fasting hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugars) and the risk of developing specific diabetes-related complications than if fasting blood sugars are normal. In a study of 37 patients with CFRD who had diabetes for more than 10 years and also had fasting hyperglycemia, 14 percent had increased urine protein (a sign of kidney damage) and 16 percent had evidence of diabetes-related eye changes (retinopathy). In another study, of 59 patients who underwent full nervous system testing, 42 percent had at least one abnormality. Gastrointestinal symptoms were found in about half of subjects both with and without fasting hyperglycemia. These symptoms were more common with longer diabetes duration or worse blood sugar control, suggesting that diabetes may aggravate the gastrointestinal abnormalities that typically underlie cystic fibrosis.
But the prevalence and severity of retinopathy and diabetes kidney disease may be lower in CFRD compared with other forms of diabetes because the hyperglycemia in those with CFRD tends to be less severe. Additionally, because those with CFRD can still be producing some insulin (the loss of production typically being slow), this factor also contributes to decreased risk of some diabetes complications. Moreover, cholesterol levels typically are low in CF, hypertension occurs but usually is mild, and insulin resistance tends to be lower unless an acute illness process occurs. Therefore, some of the metabolic factors that physicians worry about in more typical diabetes cases are less likely to be present in CFRD, lowering the risk of developing what is called large vessel disease (heart attacks, stroke and poor circulation in the legs).
How is CFRD diagnosed and treated?
CFRD is diagnosed with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed over a two-hour period following an overnight fast. This test consists of drinking a very sweet sugar mixture, with blood tests obtained at various time intervals to check the level of sugar in the blood. The less insulin produced, the higher the blood sugar. A person without diabetes will show the same level of sugar over time, because the body makes and releases into the blood the precise insulin amount needed to keep the blood sugar normal. If there is not enough insulin, the blood sugar rises. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) care guidelines recommend that all individuals with CF who are 10 years of age and older be tested each year using an OGTT.
The goal of treatment is to keep the blood sugar levels as close to normal level as possible. This can be achieved through a combination of medication, dietary modification to limit sugar intake and regular exercise.
The best medication used to treat cystic fibrosis-related diabetes is insulin. There are different types of insulin that may be prescribed, including longer- and shorter-lasting formulas or a combination of the two. Other diabetes medications used to treat type 2 diabetes, such as pills and injection medications, are not recommended in treating CFRD, as the main treatment goal is to replace the insulin not being produced. Making the insulin work harder, as is typically the effect of pills, is ineffective.
Researchers worldwide are making significant progress in their understanding of cystic fibrosis and how best to treat this disease, with the goal of better treatment of the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis and CFRD, rather than just the symptoms. To learn more about CF and CFRD, visit: www.cff.org. | https://www.pacificmedicalcenters.org/physician-articles/cystic-fibrosis-related-diabetes/ |
The secretive US Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court yesterday renewed the authority of US intelligence agencies to collect data on millions of Americans' telephone calls in a programme that had sparked a legal battle over privacy rights.
In a news release, the office of the director of national intelligence James Clapper said, the court allowed the intelligence community to collect metadata from phone companies.
Though there were no details about the ruling, Reuters quoted a US official as saying the authority was renewed for three months, and that it applied to the entire metadata collection program.
In the past the orders were sometimes issued to individual telephone companies, but according to the official, the latest order covered all companies from which metadata had been collected under recent previous court authorisations.
News about the National Security Agency tracking telephone calls of Americans by collecting metadata of who they contacted and when, among the main revelations by former spy agency contractor Edward Snowden last year that triggered a public outcry over government spying.
Two US district judges delivered conflicting rulings on the legality and constitutionality of the security agency's bulk metadata collection.
According to Shawn Turner, a spokesman for the office of the director of national intelligence, such periodic requests were somewhat formulaic but required since the programme started in 2006, Associated Press reported.
Turner said in a statement that 15 judges on the US Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court on 36 occasions over the past seven years had approved the NSA's collection of US phone records as lawful.
Also yesterday, government lawyers turned to US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to block the decision of a federal judge that jeopardised the NSA phone records programme.
According to the opposing lawyer who spearheaded the effort leading to the ruling, he hoped to take the issue directly to the Supreme Court.
The justice department, in a one-page filing of notice of appeal asked the appeals court to overturn US district judge Richard Leon's ruling last month that the programme was quite likely unconstitutional.
According to Larry Klayman, who filed the class-action suit against President Barack Obama and top administration national security officials, he intended to petition the federal appeals court next week to send the case directly to the Supreme Court.
He added, the move was justified because the NSA case was a matter of great public importance. | https://www.domain-b.com/industry/telecom/20140104_telephone.html |
A pair of NSA recruiters gave a presentation to University of Wisconsin language students about why they should consider a career with the NSA. Typical stuff for a college career fair. But it’s doubtful that the recruiters anticipated being barraged with questions about the recent controversies surrounding the agency. The Huffington Post reports:
[Madiha] Tahir, a PhD candidate at Columbia University currently attending the University of Wisconsin for a summer class, reported that she spoke up about half an hour into the recruiters’ presentation, challenging them on their use of the word “adversary” to describe seemingly all potential surveillance targets, therefore including European allies like Germany. They argued about syntax, and the back-and-forth continued: Students pressed the representatives to defend the legality of the agency’s massive data collection programs, called them out on lies told by their superiors, and were asked, in response to the recruiters’ descriptions of a fun-loving office culture, if NSA employees really “just dress up in costumes and get drunk?”
The Huffington Post’s piece includes audio of the students’ questions and statements to the NSA recruiters. Needless to say, this was no average career pitch. | https://www.pocketfullofliberty.com/nsa-recruiters-student-backlash/ |
NSA Phone Records: We Know Tapping Phones Is Legal, But Is It Effective?
Although The Guardian's controversial article on Wednesday revealing NSA collections of Verizon phone records has had sparks flying yet again in Washington, the article has not uncovered anything new. The U.S. government has held blanket authority to collect call data from major phone carriers for years under measures held in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), and a recent court renewal authorizing access to massive Verizon phone records allows for more of the same. And as anger has been brewing, the Obama administration has been quick to defend such practices (gaining support from various senators and security personnel jumping to the administration's defense), calling government access to the phone records "a critical tool in protecting the nation from terrorist threats."
The question remains, after a year marked by terrorist scares and havoc, just how crucial is this tool for defending the nation against future attacks — and, if crucial, to what degree should Americans be willing to sacrifice their civil liberties to shore up our national security?
To be sure, critics have been quick to criticize the practices as appalling infringements on basic constitutional rights. Senator Rand Paul (R-Ky.) called the recent NSA collection of records an "astounding assault on the Constitution." A recent New Yorker blog posting has bashed the practice with hilarious jabs at both the president and phone company giant.
And yet, FISA measures allowing for government seizures of phone records have been longstanding for years, and criticism is not falling strictly along party lines.
"Everyone's been aware of it for years, every member of the Senate," said Senator Saxby Chambliss (R-Ga.), as Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) urged that everybody should "just calm down."
The phone surveillance program allegedly seeks out phone calls made between domestic lines and known terrorist locations globally. Since the 2005 revelation of the NSA's warrantless surveillance program, Congress has long debated the legality of the agency's domestic surveillance. In 2008, Congress amended the law governing warrants issued by the FISA court to permit it to issue broad warrants to collect communications from various categories of people, allegedly expanding its scope.
Senate Intelligence Committee Chairman Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) has defended the program as fully "lawful" and fully "approved." “It began in 2009 — what appeared in the Guardian today, as I understand it, is simply a court reauthorization of a program. The court is required to look at it every three months.” The most recent court order in question is available here.
But beyond the constitutionality of the matter, many have been quick to discuss an entirely different angle of the matter — that is, the sheer practical utility of the practice in keeping the country safe. Can the practice be adequately defended by simple evidence that the records seizures are keeping Americans safe from real, pertinent terrorist threats?
While this point can be difficult to prove, House Intelligence Committee Chairman Mike Rogers (R-Mich.) told reporters at a news conference on Thursday that the NSA program helped prevent a "significant domestic terrorist attack" in the U.S. "within the last few years."
A senior Obama official echoed these claims, defending the move by claiming the phone information "allows counterterrorism personnel to discover whether known or suspected terrorists have been in contact with other persons who may be engaged in terrorist activities, particularly people located inside the United States."
“There have been approximately 100 plots and also arrests made since 2009 by the FBI,” Senator Feinstein has said. “Terrorists will come after us if they can, and the only thing we have to deter this is good intelligence.”
All in all, these types of arguments will be crucial to maintaining public support for the unpopular, uncomfortable practice of government snooping in phone records.
The problem is, without greater and more specific evidence of the practice's necessity and transparency in how these programs function, public criticism will be constant and rising. The practice is, on the surface, a painful infringement on some of the most basic privacy concerns. And yet, the fear remains that more transparency required to help justify these practices and their alleged counterterrorism power may undermine their ability to thwart terrorists, providing aggressors more information about these security processes which may help them to further subvert intelligence.
The push and pull of this issue is nothing new. Since 9/11 the long-standing tension between "civil liberties" and "security" has been interpreted as a cut-and-dry zero-sum equation, where defending one will necessarily impede the other. But more information helping inform more serious scrutiny into how certain practices may protect or harm citizens' rights and/or security can help provide hope for some middle ground and eliminate at least some of the discomfort Americans feel in light of apparently opaque government practices.
The best part about this controversy is that it will hopefully spark renewed attention and debate on the longstanding issue which has made numerous top policymakers and citizens alike uncomfortable for years. Americans are right to fear a slippery slope in which the "fear" of terrorist threat can justify massive violations of privacy for years to come. But the best way to preserve a healthy middle ground is for the Obama administration to more clearly communicate how many of these policies are "critical" to security. Without a clear and compelling national security argument, the policies can — and should — remain uncomfortable for this (and any) administration to defend. | https://www.mic.com/articles/46845/nsa-phone-records-we-know-tapping-phones-is-legal-but-is-it-effective |
7 facts every HR manager should know about wrongful discharge
In today’s litigious workplace atmosphere, employers need to be mindful of the possibility of wrongful-discharge lawsuits from employees who have been let go — and are angry about it.
In today’s litigious workplace atmosphere, employers need to be mindful of the possibility of wrongful-discharge lawsuits from employees who have been let go — and are angry about it.
A federal judge soon will rule on the legality of a law allowing employees to bring guns to work. The judge’s first reaction to the law: He said it’s “stupid.”
Our team of experts fields real-life everyday questions from HR managers and gives practical answers that can be applied by any HR pro in the same situation. Today’s question: We got a report about an employee’s drug-related arrest. What action should we take?
As organizations of all kinds prepare to reopen facilities and bring employees back onsite as the COVID-19 crisis eases, HR pros need to be ready to advise leadership of both potential legal risks and how to protect against long-term damage to their reputation. And there is one risk factor that many executives, and even legal […]
HR pros need to step up their efforts to make workers feel safe by ensuring a secure environment – or risk lost productivity, reputational harm, and legal expenses.
Employers are scrambling to determine what they should be doing now to prepare for the very frightening and growing threat of the coronavirus. And that massive challenge comes at the same time as this influenza season, which is well on its way to being the worst in a decade. The impact of these viral illnesses […]
Can an employer require its employees to be clean shaven if workers wear facial hair for religious reasons? The situation gets even more complicated when workplace safety is involved.
An investigation into how an employee contracted COVID-19 in the workplace has caused the CDC to change its definition of “close contact.” This impacts contact tracing and renews emphasis on workplace controls. Previously, the CDC defined “close contact” as someone who spent at least 15 consecutive minutes within six feet of a confirmed coronavirus case. […]
Some analysts are predicting 2015 will be a big year for hiring. That’s good news. But the bad news is some employers have glaring holes in their hiring processes.
Under former Labor Secretary Hilda Solis, the DOL drastically increased the enforcement of wage and hour laws. Now Thomas Perez is running the agency, and he seems poised to kick things up a notch.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has set its sights on a common business practice: The use of criminal background checks on job applicants.
Can you discipline an employee who has recently complained about harassment? Yes, but you must be ready to prove the discipline was unrelated to the complaint. Attorney Bob Neiman breaks down a recent lawsuit that shows some of the circumstances under which this can be done.
A federal district court in California tossed a woman’s claim that her husband’s employer was liable for causing her to contract COVID-19 by failing to maintain adequate safety standards. The court rejected the wife’s claims of negligence and public nuisance against the husband’s employer. According to the complaint that was filed in the case, Robert […]
employer found a way to get back to socializing
Here’s another example of how scorned ex-employees will look to sue you for just about anything.
Federal courts haven’t exactly been clear on what qualifies as an “adverse action” on an employer’s part when it come to retaliation claims. So a recent ruling in Connecticut comes as good news.
Get up to date with our Blueprints. | https://www.hrmorning.com/workplace-safety-2/ |
Author: Jessica Zhang
Sharp declines in stock prices due to COVID-19 are making companies more vulnerable to shareholder activism and hostile attacks. Boards of directors and management should proactively prepare to respond to potential increases in shareholder activism.
COVID-19 has significantly impacted and continues to cause uncertainty and unprecedented volatility in the global financial markets. Depressed valuations of companies can create opportunities for increases in shareholder activism and opportunistic M&A activities, similar to the surge in activism following the 2008 global financial crisis.
Although it is still too early to assess the overall impact of COVID-19 on shareholder activism, it would be prudent for companies to anticipate and proactively prepare for potential increases in shareholder activism.
Shareholder Activism in Canada
While shareholder activism is traditionally less prevalent in Canada than in the United States, Canada can be an attractive jurisdiction for shareholder activism due to its shareholder-friendly regulatory framework that includes:
- rights of shareholder to requisition meetings with a 5% ownership interest;
- ability of shareholders to communicate with up to 15 shareholders without the requirement to file and mail proxy solicitation materials or publicly disclose their solicitation intentions;
- ability of shareholders to accumulate 10% of a company’s shares before disclosing their interest;
- ability of shareholders to include proposals on the election of directors in management proxy circulars;
- entitlement to shareholder lists and ability to be reimbursed for costs associated with proxy contests; and
- fewer structural defences in Canada than in the United States.
Preparing for Shareholder Activism
While the primary focus of many companies in the current environment is on their employee health and safety, business continuity and financial stability, boards of directors and management should not lose sight of the potential increases in shareholder activism and be prepared to defend against any hostile attacks.
- Shareholder Communication and Engagement. Shareholder communication and engagement is crucial to maintaining shareholder confidence. It is important for companies to be able to respond to shareholders in a meaningful manner, address concerns and misinformation and ensure open and transparent communication with their shareholders. A corporation’s board and management should prepare key messages with respect to the impacts of COVID-19 on the company, what steps the company is taking to mitigate the impacts and risks, and address its liquidity needs, the overall health of its business, and the company’s ability to rebound from the crisis. Companies should utilize public disclosure as an opportunity to engage with shareholders and communicate results, strategy, objectives and opportunities in a clear manner to enhance shareholder confidence. It is also important to ensure that the messages delivered provide a transparent assessment of the current and anticipated future impacts of COVID-19 on the company and not to create unrealistic and unreasonable expectations for shareholders.
- Activist Response Team. Companies should consider establishing an internal team dedicated to dealing with activist shareholders and developing immediate and comprehensive responses to potential shareholder activism. This team should be composed of the most knowledgeable internal resources, including the chief financial officer, general counsel, and additional senior personnel from the finance, investor relations, and corporate communications departments. It should also leverage external resources, including external counsel, proxy solicitation firms, and public relations firms to assist in defending the corporate strategy and objectives, and to co-ordinate coherent and timely responses to shareholders.
- Monitor and Assess. Management should regularly monitor and review the company’s shareholder base, objectives and investment strategies of the shareholders as well as changes in trading patterns in the company’s stock (e.g. stock surveillance), in order to stay alert to early signs of an opportunistic acquiror. Additionally, management should conduct a comprehensive assessment of the company’s vulnerabilities to shareholder activism and identify any activists that could be potentially interested in targeting the company.
- Shareholder Rights Plan. A shareholder rights plan, also known as a poison pill, is a defensive measure used by public companies to defend against hostile takeover attempts by third parties. Shareholder rights plans in Canada have not historically been effective in stopping hostile bids but have been effective in providing boards with more time to consider strategic alternatives. In preparation for shareholder activism or takeover threats, companies that do not already have a shareholder rights plan may consider preparing one and keeping it “on the shelf” (fully drafted and ready for adoption). TSX requires the adoption of a shareholder rights plan to be ratified by shareholders within six months of adoption. Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”) will generally support a shareholder-approved rights plan that conforms to its “new generation” rights plan best practice guidelines. Similarly, Glass Lewis will generally support shareholder rights plans adopted in response to COVID-19 and the related economic crisis if the plans have a duration limited to one year or less and the company discloses a sound rationale for adoption of the plan as a result of COVID-19.
- Advance Notice Requirements. An advance notice provision affords protection against a “surprise attack” at or shortly before a shareholders’ meeting as it requires shareholders to provide advance notice to the company if they wish to propose nominees to the board of directors. In preparation for shareholder activism or takeover threats, companies may consider adopting an advance notice board policy or provisions in the articles or bylaws that require advance notice of any intention to propose nominees for directors. ISS and Glass Lewis will generally support advance notice provisions that meet their guidelines.
- Corporate Governance. Corporate governance weaknesses is one of the attributes that tend to attract activist shareholders. Companies should ensure corporate governance standards are frequently evaluated and strictly followed to prevent activists from exploiting weaknesses or inconsistencies. Management should stay up-to-date on the evolving legal and regulatory developments as well as voting recommendations by proxy advisory firms, such as ISS and Glass Lewis, and consider how to best comply with best practices guidelines.
- Employee Investment. Employees are generally among the company’s most loyal investors. The decline in stock prices can be an opportunity for companies to revise existing or implement new incentive programs to encourage employee investment in the company by enhancing stock purchase plan provisions and amending long-term incentive compensation plans.
Note: This article is of a general nature only and is not exhaustive of all possible legal rights or remedies. In addition, laws may change over time and should be interpreted only in the context of particular circumstances such that these materials are not intended to be relied upon or taken as legal advice or opinion. Readers should consult a legal professional for specific advice in any particular situation. | https://www.mltaikins.com/corporate-governance/impact-of-covid-19-on-shareholder-activism/ |
Constitutional expert sees key areas he believes will not stand up to legal scrutiny
Almost as soon as the Coalition Avenir Québec government’s Bill 96 was passed into law on Tuesday last week, Montreal constitutional rights lawyer Julius Grey was announcing the creation of a legal team to contest the legislation updating the province’s 45-year-old Bill 101 language law.
Wide ranging measures
The sweeping measures contained in Bill 96 stand to affect everything under provincial jurisdiction, including immigration, education, health care, business, municipalities and the legal system.
Perhaps most controversially, the legislation grants the Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF) search and seizure powers without the need for a warrant to ensure compliance.
Long fight ahead
In several interviews with media since last week, Grey has said he expects a long and drawn-out fight over the constitutionality of Bill 96, possibly going beyond the Supreme Court of Canada to international courts.
Two days after the bill was passed in the National Assembly, the English Montreal School Board announced it would be launching a legal fight of its own, while the Quebec Community Groups Network, which represents dozens of English-language groups across Quebec, is also joining the fray.
QCGN’s position
“We will also be supporting upcoming legal challenges to the law, while ensuring that its nefarious impacts on Quebecers are brought to the public’s attention and are debated in the upcoming election campaign,” the organization led by Marlene Jennings said in a statement.
Although the exact nature of legal challenges to Bill 96 hasn’t yet been revealed, last week Julius Grey highlighted several important areas of Bill 96 that his legal team will probably be focusing on. Here are two of them:
‘We will also be supporting upcoming legal challenges to the law,’ says QCGN regarding its role in upcoming court contestations
● Bill 96 would make citizens pay for French translations
According to Grey, the basic right to justice in Canada can’t be overruled by the notwithstanding clause, which the Legault government is relying on to pre-emptively defend Bill 96 against constitutional challenges. As such, he believes forcing people to pay to translate certain documents submitted to courts in Quebec won’t withstand a challenge.
● The OQLF could search lawyers’ and notaries’ offices
The OQLF monitors the use of French in Quebec at workplaces and in public settings, such as on signage. Although its powers are made greater in Bill 96, including searching business computers for materials that violate the language law, Grey believes some things in the work of lawyers and notaries must remain untouchable – including notaries’ or lawyers’ files – and abrogating this will not withstand a legal challenge. | https://www.lavalnews.ca/montreal-lawyer-julius-grey-to-head-legal-team-challenging-bill-96/ |
Application of Human Rights to Communication Surveillance
Tech Liberty is proud to be a co-signatory of the International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communication Surveillance.
Tech Liberty's purpose is to defend civil liberties in the digital age. One of the key challenges has been the way that advances in technology have made mass surveillance dramatically cheaper and easier to implement. We can see this battle currently being fought with the GCSB and TICS Bills in New Zealand and the recent revelations about pervasive government spying in the USA, UK and other countries.
The principles give us a valuable tool to analyse proposed surveillance measures and score them against a set of well thought out principles. The principles are:
- Legality: Any limitation on the right to privacy must be prescribed by law.
- Legitimate Aim: Laws should only permit communications surveillance by specified State authorities to achieve a legitimate aim that corresponds to a predominantly important legal interest that is necessary in a democratic society.
- Necessity: Laws permitting communications surveillance by the State must limit surveillance to that which is strictly and demonstrably necessary to achieve a legitimate aim.
- Adequacy: Any instance of communications surveillance authorised by law must be appropriate to fulfill the specific legitimate aim identified.
- Proportionality: Decisions about communications surveillance must be made by weighing the benefit sought to be achieved against the harm that would be caused to users’ rights and to other competing interests.
- Competent judicial authority: Determinations related to communications surveillance must be made by a competent judicial authority that is impartial and independent.
- Due process: States must respect and guarantee individuals' human rights by ensuring that lawful procedures that govern any interference with human rights are properly enumerated in law, consistently practiced, and available to the general public.
- User notification: Individuals should be notified of a decision authorising communications surveillance with enough time and information to enable them to appeal the decision, and should have access to the materials presented in support of the application for authorisation.
- Transparency: States should be transparent about the use and scope of communications surveillance techniques and powers.
- Public oversight: States should establish independent oversight mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability of communications surveillance.
- Integrity of communications and systems: States should not compel service providers, or hardware or software vendors to build surveillance or monitoring capabilities into their systems, or to collect or retain information.
- Safeguards for international cooperation: Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) entered into by States should ensure that, where the laws of more than one State could apply to communications surveillance, the available standard with the higher level of protection for users should apply.
- Safeguards against illegitimate access: States should enact legislation criminalising illegal communications surveillance by public and private actors.
Posted by Thomas Beagle
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- New content now added at NZ Council for Civil Liberties
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- Does the TICS Bill really give the GCSB control and oversight of NZ telecommunications? | http://techliberty.org.nz/application-of-human-rights-to-communication-surveillance/ |
Even before Ed Snowden leaked his first document, human rights lawyers and activists were concerned about law enforcement and intelligence agencies spying on the digital world. One of the tools developed to tackle those concerns was the development of the International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance (the "Necessary and Proportionate Principles"). This set of principles was intended to guide governments in understanding how new surveillance technologies eat away at fundamental freedoms, and outlined how communications surveillance can be conducted consistent with human rights obligations. Furthermore, the Necessary and Proportionate Principles act as a resource for citizens—used to compare new tools of state surveillance to global expectations of privacy and due process.
We are now able to look at how the NSA's mass surveillance programs, which we have learned about in the past year, fare when compared to the Necessary and Proportionate Principles.
As you might expect, the NSA programs do not fare well. To mark the first anniversary of the Snowden disclosures, we are releasing Unnecessary and Disproportionate, which details how some of the NSA spying operations violate both human rights standards and the Necessary and Proportionate Principles.
Some of the conclusions are as follows:
- The NSA surveillance lacks "legality" in that NSA surveillance laws are largely governed by a body of secret law developed by a secret court, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), which selectively publishes its legal interpretations of the law;
- The NSA surveillance is neither "necessary," nor "proportionate," in that the various programs in which communications data are obtained in bulk violate the privacy rights of millions of persons who are not suspected of having any connection to international terrorism;
- The NSA surveillance programs are not supported by competent judicial authority because the only judicial approval, if any, comes from the FISC, which operates outside of normal adversarial procedures such that the individuals whose data are collected lack access to the court;
- The NSA surveillance programs lack due process because the FISC presents no opportunity for a public hearing;
- The NSA surveillance programs lack user notification: those whose data is obtained do not know that their communications have been monitored and hence they cannot appeal the decision nor get legal representation to defend themselves;
- The NSA surveillance programs lack the required transparency and public oversight, because they operate in secret and rely on gag orders against the entities from whom the data are obtained, along with secret, if any, court proceedings;
- The NSA surveillance programs damage the integrity of communication systems by undermining security systems, such as encryption, requiring the insertion of surveillance back doors in communications technologies, including the installation of fiber optic splitters in transmission hubs; and
- The US surveillance framework is illegitimate because it applies less favorable standards to non-US persons than its own citizens; this discrimination places it in violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).
More broadly, the United States justifies the lawfulness of its communications surveillance by reference to distinctions that, considering modern communications technology, are irrelevant to truly protecting privacy in a modern society. The US relies on the outmoded distinction between "content" and "metadata," falsely contending that the latter does not reveal private facts about an individual. The US also contends that the collection of data is not surveillance—it argues, contrary to both international law and the Principles, that an individual's privacy rights are not infringed as long as her communications data are not analyzed by a human being. It's clear that the practice of digital surveillance by the United States has overrun the bounds of human rights standards. What our paper hopes to show is exactly where the country has crossed the line, and how its own politicians and the international community might rein it back.
This article first appeared on the Electronic Frontier Foundation and is reproduced here under Creative Commons license. Image by Wasfi Akab under Creative Commons license. | https://gizmodo.com/exactly-how-the-nsa-violates-international-human-rights-1583679391 |
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WASHINGTON — The U.S. Supreme Court is set to hear arguments Monday in two cases that could make it easier to challenge the regulatory power of federal agencies in disputes involving the Federal Trade Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Judges are considering an appeal by Axon Enterprise Inc, based in Scottsdale, Arizona, after a lower court dismissed the Taser maker’s lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the FTC’s structure in an attempt to counter a related antitrust lawsuit to its acquisition of a rival.
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In a separate case, judges will consider the SEC’s appeal of a lower court’s decision reviving a challenge by a Texas accountant named Michelle Cochran to the legality of her house court after it questioned its audits of listed companies.
In either case, the question is whether the targets of an agency’s enforcement action can challenge its structure or processes in federal district court or must first undergo the agency’s administrative process. , which can be time-consuming and costly.
The role of the FTC is to protect consumers from anti-competitive and fraudulent business practices. The job of the SEC is to maintain fair and orderly markets and to enforce investor protection laws.
Reducing the regulatory authority of federal agencies — which can enforce laws and rules in important areas such as energy, environment, climate policy and workplace safety — has been a key goal of many business groups. businesses and conservatives, who complain about what they call the “administrative state”.
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The Supreme Court has a 6-3 conservative majority. Its conservative justices have expressed skepticism of broad regulatory power and the duty of judges under Supreme Court precedent to respect that authority. . The eventual decisions in the two cases, expected by the end of next June, could be based on the recent decisions of the authority of the court’s control agency.
A ruling last June, with the majority Conservative justices and dissenting Liberals, limited the Environmental Protection Agency’s power to issue sweeping regulations to cut carbon emissions from power plants. In 2019, the court curtailed a legal doctrine that gave agencies leeway to interpret their own rules.
The Federal Trade Commission Act and the Securities Exchange Act direct judicial review of adverse agency orders to federal appeals courts once those orders become final. The Justice Department, representing the agencies, said in a legal filing that the statutes allow Axon and Cochran to pursue their claims after the agencies’ rulings end, not before.
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“The question here is whether Axon and Cochran can circumvent the review programs established by Congress by preemptively suing in district court to enjoin the agency’s proceedings. They cannot,” the Justice Department filing said.
Axon sued the FTC in 2020 in federal court in Arizona following an investigation by the agency into its 2018 acquisition of Vievu, a rival body-camera provider.
The company said the agency was acting as “prosecutor, judge and jury” in violation of the U.S. Constitution’s Fifth Amendment guarantees of due process and equal protection under the law, and that its administrative law judges were illegally isolated from the president’s power to control the executive branch. officers under Article II of the Constitution.
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In 2021, the 9th United States Circuit Court of Appeals, based in San Francisco, dismissed the case, ruling that under FTC law, Axon must first assert its claims under the administrative procedure.
In Cochran’s case, an SEC judge found she failed to comply with auditing standards, fined her $22,500, and barred her from practicing as an accountant before the committee for five years.
After the Supreme Court ruled in 2018 that the manner in which SEC judges were appointed violated the Constitution, the agency reversed the decision against Cochran and gave his case to a new, duly appointed judge.
Cochran filed a lawsuit in 2019 to end the enforcement action, like Axon challenging internal SEC judges under Article II.
A Texas federal judge dismissed Cochran’s challenge, but the New Orleans-based 5th Circuit Court of Appeals in 2021 revived the case. | https://2000c.net/u-s-supreme-court-plans-to-ease-ftc-and-sec-challenges/ |
We are also hiring for two full time remote positions:
- Research Associate: Access to Knowledge Programme: Apply by August 13 [link]
- Communication Designer: Apply by August 20 [link]
Cybersecurity, Privacy, and Emerging Technology
- Following the MCA notification mandating disclosures of crypto currency holdings by companies, Aryan Gupta, in an issue brief, discusses the policy landscape in the United States of America, United Kingdom, and Japan with particular emphasis upon definition, accounting practices, and taxation, with respect to crypto currencies. [link]
- We submitted comments in response to the Supreme Court E-committee’s draft vision document of phase III of the E-courts project. Aman Nair, Arinjay Vyas, Pallavi Bedi and Garima Saxena submitted their general comments and recommendations, and comparatively analysed the integration of digital technology into the judiciary in both South Asia and Africa. [link]
- Google’s new Privacy Sandbox platform promises to preserve anonymity when serving tailored advertising. But does this new framework help users in any way? Maria Jawed’s analysis reveals that Google’s gambit to reorient the ad-tech ecosystem under the garb of privacy, ultimately ends up undermining it. [link]
- Pandemic technology is taking a toll on data privacy, especially in the absence of any legal framework; these tools are being used for purposes beyond managing the pandemic. In an article published in the Deccan Herald, Aman Nair and Pallavi Bedi argue that India’s digital response to the pandemic has stoked concerns that surveillance could pose threats to the privacy of the personal data collected. [link]
- In a piece for The Wire, Aman Nair analyses Tether, a lesser known crypto currency that is at the heart of a $3 trillion market. Issued by Tether Limited, Tether forms the foundation for modern day crypto trading and could potentially be one of the biggest schemes in financial history. [link]
- India has 500 million internet users — over a third of its total population — making it the country with the second largest number of internet users after China. With this comes several kinds of digital threats that an average digital consumer in India must regularly contend with. Pranav M.B. attempts to identify the existing state of digital safety in India, with a report that maps digital threats in the country. [link]
- Since last year, there have been regular questions around the anti-competitive practices of digital platforms. After 46 US states filed an antitrust case against Facebook along with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in December 2020, Kamesh Shekar analyzed these developments in a blog post. [link]
- Recently, the Indian government mandated online messaging providers to enable identification of originators of messages on their platforms. In an academic paper for the NUJS Law Review, Gurshabad Grover, Tanaya Rajwade and Divyank Katira conduct a legal and constitutional analysis of this ‘traceability’ requirement, how it can be implemented, and how these methods come with serious costs to usability, security, and privacy. [link]
- The National Digital Health Mission: Health Data Management Policy seeks to establish a digital health ecosystem by creating a unique health identity (UHID) for every Indian citizen. Pallavi Bedi points out that hasty implementation of the policy without adequate safeguards not only risks the privacy and security of medical data, but also undermines trust in the system leading to low uptake. [link]
- In our comments to the proposed amendments to the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020, our analysis focuses on eight points: Definitions and Registration, Compliance, Data Protection and Surveillance, Flash Sales, Unfair Trade Practices, Jurisdictional Issues with Competition Law, Compliance with International Trade Law and Liabilities of Marketplace E-commerce Entities. [link]
Freedom of Expression, Intermediary Liability and Information Disorders
- The recent “Infodemic” clearly shows that disinformation costs people’s lives. CIS, and the Global Disinformation Index have published a report that examines the risk of disinformation on digital news platforms in India, creating an index that is intended to serve donors and stakeholders with a neutral assessment of news sites that they can utilise to defund disinformation. [link]
- Torsha Sarkar, Gurshabad Grover, Raghav Ahooja, Pallavi Bedi and Divyank Katira examine the legality and constitutionality of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, highlighting potential benefits and harms that may arise from the rules, and making recommendations to retain the rules within constitutional bounds, and retain consistency with human rights based approaches to content regulation. [link]
- The passage of the Intermediary Liability Rules, 2021, has also formalized the legal requirement for the utilization of automated tools in content moderation. In a blog-post for the KU Leuven’s Centre for IT and IP (CITIP) Blog, Shweta Mohandas and Torsha Sarkar analyze the requirement in light of concerns of freedom of expression of Internet users. [link]
- Our comments to the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2021, authored by Tanvi Apte, Anubha Sinha, and Torsha Sarkar, examine the constitutionality and legality of the Bill and whether the proposed amendments are compatible with established constitutional principles, precedents, previous policy positions and existing law. [link]
- Tanvi Apte and Torsha Sarkar, in a submission to the Facebook Oversight Board in Case 2021-008-FB-FBR: Brazil, Health Misinformation and Lockdowns, answer questions set out by the Board which concerned a post made by a Brazilian sub-national health official, and raised questions on health misinformation and enforcement of Facebook's community standards. [link]
- In an essay for the Indian Journal of Law and Technology (IJLT), Torsha Sarkar analyzes issues rising out of the recent litigation between Trump and Twitter. Torsha examines intermediary liability issues under American law, and draws parallel for India, in light of the ongoing litigation around the suspension of advocate Sanjay Hegde’s Twitter account. [link]
Copyright & Access to Knowledge
- The Indian Parliamentary Standing Committee on Commerce’s report weighs on several aspects of the Indian IPR system and issues of protection and enforcement. In a blog post, Anubha Sinha summarily notes the observations and recommendations of the Committee on the Copyright Act, 1957 which stand to impact access to knowledge. [link]
- The 41st edition of the Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) organized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was held from 28 June to 1 July. Anubha Sinha participated in the event as a speaker and delivered statements on the Protection of Broadcasting Organisations [link], and on Limitations and Exceptions [link]. Readers can access the notes from Day 1 [link], Day 2 [link], and Days 3 & 4 [link].
- The CIS Access to Knowledge team published a comparative analysis of two prominent Wikimedia initiatives, Wikipedia Asian Month and Project Tiger, to understand prevailing challenges and opportunities, and strategies to address the same. Nitesh Gill in a two-part report outlines the research questions and methods of this study [link], and then presents some of the observations and learnings [link]. | https://editors.cis-india.org/about/newsletters/june-july-2021-newsletter |
Down Syndrome ( Ds ) Or Trisomy 21 Essay
Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21 is caused by the presence of an extra copy of all or a part of the p arm of chromosome 21 predisposing to complex and multisystemic phenotypes1. DS is one of the most common chromosomal disorder and the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability 2. Around half of children born with DS develops congenital heart disease 3. The most common cause (95%) of DS is non-disjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis of gametogenesis while other rare mechanisms such as translocation and mosaicism account for about 5% of DS cases 4,5. In this essay the DS disease phenotypes, disease incidence, history of gene identification, cause of disease in terms of gene and chromosome abnormalities, gene function and related phenotypes, current treatment approaches, potential future treatments and ethics around screening of disease will be discussed. | https://www.cram.com/essay/Down-Syndrome-Ds-Or-Trisomy-21/PKDZWRHLCXXQ |
How does Down syndrome occur in meiosis?
In translocation, a piece of chromosome or a whole chromosome breaks off during meiosis and attaches itself to another chromosome. The presence of an extra part of the number 21 chromosome causes the features of Down syndrome.
Does Down syndrome occur in meiosis 1 or 2?
Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities. The majority of full trisomy 21 is caused by chromosomal nondisjunction occurring during maternal meiotic division (∼90%). Errors occur more frequently in the first maternal meiotic division than the second (73% vs.
How chromosomal abnormalities can occur during meiosis?
Normally, meiosis causes each parent to give 23 chromosomes to a pregnancy. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the union leads to a baby with 46 chromosomes. But if meiosis doesn’t happen normally, a baby may have an extra chromosome (trisomy), or have a missing chromosome (monosomy).
How is trisomy 18 causes?
In most cases, trisomy 18 is caused by having 3 copies of chromosome 18 in each cell in the body, instead of the usual 2 copies. The extra genetic material from the 3rd copy of the chromosome disrupts development, causing the characteristic signs and symptoms of the condition.
When does trisomy 18 mutation occur?
Trisomy 18 and 13 are usually caused by spontaneous genetic mutations that occur at the time of fertilization. Normally, each egg and sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes. The union of these cells creates 23 pairs, or 46 total chromosomes, half from the mother and half from the father.
Why does Edwards syndrome occur?
Edwards syndrome is a genetic condition in babies that causes severe disability. It is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 18 and babies born with the condition usually do not survive for much longer than a week.
What phases of meiosis does the Nondisjunction occur to cause Down syndrome?
DS results from nondisjunction (NDJ) of chromosome 21 during either of the two stages of meiosis, meiosis I (MI) or meiosis II (MII), or after the first few divisions (mitosis) of the embryo. | https://dyslexiclibrary.com/genes/how-does-trisomy-18-occur-during-meiosis.html |
What is trisomy give an example?
The term “trisomy” is used to describe the presence of an extra chromosome — or three instead of the usual pair. For example, trisomy 21 or Down syndrome occurs when a baby is born with three #21 chromosomes. In trisomy 18, there are three copies of chromosome #18 in every cell of the body, rather than the usual pair.
What is trisomy in pregnancy?
A “trisomy” means that the baby has an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells. In the case of trisomy 18, the baby has three copies of chromosome 18. This causes many of the baby’s organs to develop in an abnormal way.
What does trisomy mean in science terms?
trisomy. [ trī-sō′mē, trī′sō′- ] n. The condition of having three copies of a given chromosome or chromosome segment in each somatic cell rather than the normal number of two.
What causes trisomy?
Trisomy 18 and 13 are usually caused by spontaneous genetic mutations that occur at the time of fertilization. Normally, each egg and sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes. The union of these cells creates 23 pairs, or 46 total chromosomes, half from the mother and half from the father.
What is monosomy and trisomy with example?
Trisomies and monosomies are two types of chromosomal abnormalities. Specifically, a trisomy is when a person has three of a particular chromosome, instead of the usual two. A monosomy is when they just have one chromosome instead of the usual two.
What is an example of Tetrasomy?
Examples of tetrasomy are as follows: tetrasomy 9p. tetrasomy 18p. tetrasomy 12p (Pallister-Killian syndrome)
How can trisomy be prevented?
Researchers don‘t know how to prevent the chromosome errors that cause these disorders. There is no reason to believe a parent can do anything to cause or prevent trisomy 13 or 18 in their child. If you are younger than 35, the risk of having a baby with trisomy 13 or 18 goes up slightly each year as you get older.
What are the signs of trisomy 18 in ultrasound?
In trisomy 18 the features may include agenesis of the corpus callosum, meningomyelocele, ventriculomegaly, chorioid plexus cysts, posterior fossa anomalies, cleft lip and palate, micrognathia, low-set ears, microphtalmia, hypertelorism, short radial ray, clenched hands with overriding index fingers, club or rocker …
What is trisomy short answer?
A trisomy is a chromosomal condition characterised by an additional chromosome. A person with a trisomy has 47 chromosomes instead of 46. Down syndrome, Edward syndrome and Patau syndrome are the most common forms of trisomy.
What is trisomy and when does it occur?
Trisomy is the presence of an extra chromosome. This can arise as a result of non-disjunction, when homologous chromosomes fail to separate at meiosis resulting in a germ cell containing 24 chromosomes rather than 23.
What does Polysomy mean?
[ pŏl′ē-sō′mē ] n. The state of a cell nucleus in which a specific chromosome is represented more than twice. | https://dyslexiclibrary.com/genetic-diseases/what-do-you-mean-by-trisomy.html |
An extra copy of chromosome 18 present along with a pair causes the condition known as trisomy 18 or Edward’s syndrome; a type of numerical chromosomal abnormality.
Trisomy 21, trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 are common among chromosomal aberrations and a kind of aneuploidy in which one extra chromosome increases the genetic content.
Though the reasons behind the occurrence of trisomies are unknown; unbalanced chromosomal distribution/ non-disjunction is the possible reason. Unlike DNA or gene mutations, trisomies are non-inherited in most cases. meaning, it can’t pass down to progenies.
Gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations are two broad categories of genetic mutations. Changes in the number of chromosomes and changes in the structure of chromosomes are classified as chromosomal aberrations.
Chromosomes are present in pairs and referred to as “inheritance units” (on which genes are located). 23 chromosomal pairs are there in the human genome of which 22 pairs are autosomes. Paired chromosomes are referred to as diploid which is 23 while a total of 46 chromosomes are present in an organism’s cell.
A change in the chromosome number, we know as aneuploidy is a category in which the trisomies included. Here copy numbers increase and instead of 46, a total of 47 chromosomes are reported in a cell. This causes serious health-related congenital issues for a fetus.
Here is the article, explaining one of the most common aneuploidies, trisomy 18, its symptoms, the reason for occurrence and other related information. We also have explained methods to diagnose the condition.
The content of the article is:
What is trisomy 18?
A trisomy 18, also known as Edwards’ syndrome is a rare form of chromosomal aberration and a type of congenital genetic abnormality that causes serious health problems. In 1960, John Hilton Edwards first reported it, from his name it is also known as Edward’s syndrome.
1 in ~7000 newborns suffers from trisomy 18 worldwide. Sadly, babies with Edward’s syndrome die before or immediately after birth. It is the second most common type of autosomal trisomy after Down syndrome.
Autosomal trisomy– trisomy occurs in an autosomal chromosome is known as autosomal trisomy.
Cytologically the condition of trisomy 18 is known as 47 XX/XY, +18
There are three common types on which the severity of the disease and mortality rate depends.
Complete trisomy 18:
Complete trisomy is when an entire/ whole chromosome 18 is present in a genome with the pair, meaning 3 different chromosomes 18 are present instead of or two and a total of 47 chromosomes are there in the cell. Complete trisomy 18 is present in the majority of cases and is a non-inherited condition.
It occurs by birth during the meiosis cell division, the baby may die during the pregnancy or immediately after birth. This condition has a higher mortality rate.
At a molecular level, the entire set of genes located on chromosome 18 gets triplicated and increases copy number (genetic content). Majorities of Edward’s syndrome are complete trisomy 18.
Partial trisomy 18:
Yet another form of trisomy observed is the partial one! in which instead of the whole chromosome, some portion, arm, or part is present with the pair. This means a change in the copy number depends on which portion is present. Interestingly, the severity of the disease depends on the amount of portion copied and genes present in it.
Scientists still don’t understand the mechanism behind partial trisomy and how it occurs.
Recent findings suggest that the partial trisomy may occur in one of the parents and possibly inherited from them. In comparison to the complete trisomy, babies with this condition may live up to adulthood, although complex physical and mental problems are reported.
Mosaic trisomy 18:
Mosaic trisomy condition is also reported in a few cases. Here two different cell populations; one with trisomy 18 and one with normal diploid chromosome 18 are present in a fetus. Put simply, some cells have 47 chromosomes while some have 46.
This complex condition is rare but has a definite effect on phenotypes, as the severity of the conditions depends on the amount of mosaicism.
10% trisomy 18 cases are mosaic. Babies with this condition may live up to adulthood with complex physical and mental conditions. the present condition is caused by the partial non-disjunction during either meiosis 1 or 2.
Now, let’s move to the next section explaining the possible reasons or cause of trisomy 18, how it occurs?
Cause of trisomy 18:
Non-disjunction, the event occurs during the cell division is the reason for trisomy 18 and cause serious physical and mental problems. When germ cells fuse (egg and sperm), the embryo forms. Aneuploidies like Edward’s syndrome happens when non-disjunction causes an error during meiosis 1 or miosis 2 of either germ cell division.
This leads to an imbalance or improper distribution of chromosomes in germ cells. consequently, abnormal fetus forms, having imbalanced chromosome numbers in all or some cells.
As we discussed, germs cells are haploid in nature, meaning, only have single pair of 23 chromosomes. Each germ cell contributes 23 chromosomes and forms a diploid fetus.
The second round of meiosis (in most cases) of one of the germ cells causes trisomy. It is believed that the origin of the trisomy is maternal with more than 90% of cases of complete trisomy. Trisomy 18 is caused by the nondisjunction process of uneven chromosomal distribution.
Definition of Trisomy 18:
“Trisomy 18 is a type of chromosomal aberration in which an extra copy of chromosome 18 occurs with a pair through the process of non-disjunction.”
Symptoms of trisomy 18:
A wide range of mental as well as physical symptoms is shown in trisomy 18. Some of the common symptoms are:
- Low birthweight
- Comparatively small jaw and mouth
- Abnormal and smaller head
- Low-set ear
- Cleft palate
- Underdeveloped small thumbs and fingers with clenched feet
- Breathing problem
- Heart, kidney and problems with other organs as well
- Urinary and lung infection (frequent)
- Learning and mental disabilities
- Curved spine
- Small body
- Intellectual and mental disabilities
Note: nearly 100K cases of trisomy are reported in India.
Pictures of trisomy 18:
Here in this section, we have extracted some pictures showing the abnormalities associated with the present condition, which dictate the scenario well.
Cognitive and psychomotor disability, growth deficiency, craniofacial feature, overriding figures and distinctive hand posture, nail hypoplasia, short sternum and hallux are other common abnormalities reported in Edward’s syndrome.
Pregnancies with trisomy 18 are at high risk of stillbirth, fetal loss and fetal death.
Diagnosis of trisomy 18:
Ultrasound and karyotyping- a type of genetic test are commonly used as a diagnostic tool for screening the trisomy 18 in which the karyotyping is employed to validate the results of the ultrasound.
In addition to this, a new age genetic test is also now utilized for screening of present condition which we will discuss in this part later.
Ultrasound:
The preliminary screening method for any kind of trisomy is the ultrasound, however, results should be validated or cross verified using other genetic testings.
Indications are observed during 10 14 weeks of pregnancy using ultrasound. if any abnormality reported, experts refer patients for genetic testing to get more information.
Karyotyping:
Karyotyping or fetal karyotping is a technique commonly utilized for screening trisomies or any other aneuploidies associated with the fetus and is also known as chromosome test; a form of genetic testing method to observe and analyze chromosomes.
Here first, amniotic fluid (amniocentesis) or chorionic villi sample is taken from the fetus and send to the genetic laboratory.
The genetic professional grows the metaphase cells to obtain metaphase chromosomes and then performs karyotyping to find our genetic aberrations associated with chromosomes.
Using the G banding or Giemsa banding technique chromosomal aberrations can be encountered if any.
A karyogram is prepared using the help of computer software which helps in finding numerical or structural chromosomal anomalies associated with it.
Besides trisomy 18 other trisomies like trisomy 21 or trisomy 13 can also be encountered using this method. Although the method is painful- invasive and the chance or risk of pregnancy loss is higher. This article may help you to learn more on karyotyping: A Karyotyping Protocol For Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Culture.
Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis:
Nowadays scientists are using the non-invasive method to screen the trisomy 18 known as NIPD, often known as cell-free fetal DNA testing. During the pregnancy, some amount of fetal DNA is also circulating in the mother’s blood, called cell-free DNA.
From the mother’s blood, fetal DNA is isolated and using which a genetic test is performed to encounter the trisomy 18. Generally, quantitative PCR employed to do so. The fetal DNAs are very less thus sometimes it can not give results, though, it is non-invasive.
Henceforth, unlike conventional karyotyping, it can not practice frequently. More research, protocols and validation are required to use the non-invasive techniques in diagnostics.
The expert also advises other tests around 21 weeks to rule out any genetic abnormalities.
Life expectancy:
The average life span of babies with trisomy 18 or complete trisomy 18 is 2 days to 2 weeks. Most babies die in the womb or immediately after birth.
Babies with mosaic or partial trisomy can live up to adulthood though. Up to 80% of babies with Edwards’ syndrome die within 21 hours.
5-10% of babies with trisomy 18 may survive beyond the age of 1 year with mild to moderate other mental and physical problems.
Interestingly, approximately 80% of cases of trisomy 18 are female, we can say pregnancy with a female fetus is at more risk of trisomy 18.
-The prevalence of Edward syndrome is high in female babies, however, the rate of fetal mortality is higher in a male fetus.
Suggestions for parents for making a decision:
No one can force anyone for aborting their child, it is the parents’ own decision, especially, it is a mother’s decision. Many social and emotional issues are associated with it, therefore, we can advise a couple what to do next if the pregnancy is diagnosed with trisomy 18 positive.
First of all, don’t be panic or emotional, immediately contact your doctor.
Stay calm and explain the situation to your doctor and understand what they are saying regarding it.
Keep in mind that, there are fewer chances, the fetus with trisomy 18 may survive even after a year.
Even if it may, parents have to suffer emotionally, economically and socially; no one wants to see their child suffering from pain.
So if your doctor or genetic counselor advises for abortion; calmly think about it.
It is a non-inherited condition and totally random, until and unless one of you has any chromosomal abnormalities associated with chromosome 18.
None of you (not you or your husband) is responsible for it, so do not blame each other for that and understand the situation.
Even if one of you does not want to abort it, respect each other’s decision and go ahead.
Remember, the chance of occurrence of trisomy 18 increases as the maternal age increases. Females over the age of 30 are comparatively at high risk of trisomy 18.
Conclusion:
No such treatments are available for trisomy 18 thus prenatal screening programs are must required to prevent genetic abnormalities like trisomy 18. Trisomy 18 does not follow any specific inheritance pattern, so the chance of inheritance in the next pregnancy is negligible.
A fetus can’t live longer with it so parents have to make decisions wisely, however, it is tough as well. Developmental, cognitive and mental issues are associated with trisomy 18.
Resources:
Cereda A, Carey JC. The trisomy 18 syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012;7:81. Published 2012 Oct 23. | https://geneticeducation.co.in/trisomy-18-definition-symptoms-pictures-diagnosis-and-life-expectancy/ |
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Quiz
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In humans, females are normally determined by what chromosome arrangement?
XX
How would you describe an organism that is Tt?
Heterozygous or hybrid
Individuals with an extra chromosome result when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, this is called
non-disjunction
If a trait is not evident in the parents and it shows up in the offspring, the trait must be
recessive
When short pea plants (tt) are mated with tall pea plants (TT) only tall pea plants are produced. This illustrates the principal of
Dominance
If an indiviual corn plant is Rr for a trait, how many different kinds of sperm can be produced for this trait only,
two
What are the possible genotypes for an individual with Type A Blood?
AA or AO
An individual with trisomy 21 has what disorder?
Down's syndrome
A diagram that traces inheritance through several generations of a family is called a
pedigree chart
If a cell has 44 chromosoems and it goes through meiosis, how mnay chromosomes will the resulting cells have?
22
A student describes eye color as blue. Blue describes the organisms ___________________.
phenotype
A student describes someone's eye color as BB. The students is describing the person's _________________
genotype
Give an example of a sex-linked trait
Hemophilia, color blindness, muscular dystrophy
How can you tell if a pedigree chart shows a sex-linked trait?
More boys have the disorder than girls
How can you tell if a pedigree chart shows a recessive trait?
The trait skips generations
Give an example of a 2n+1 mutation
Trisomy 21 or
XXY Kleinfelter's Syndrome
Give an example of a 2n-1disorder.
XO Turner's syndrome
What type of cells are made during meiosis?
sperm or egg
How can you tell you are looking at a male in a pedigree chart?
It is a square
In order to see the recessive trait, how many copies of the recessive allele must be present? | https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=145500 |
Down syndrome is the most commonly occurring chromosomal condition. Approximately one in every 700 babies in the United States is born with Down syndrome, that is about 6,000 each year. Down syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs in people of all races and socioeconomics levels. The incidence of births of children with Down syndrome increases with the age of the mother. But due to higher fertility rates in younger women, 80% of children with Down syndrome are born to women under 35 years of age (ndss, 2017).
Down syndrome can result from three types of chromosomal abnormalities.
The majority of persons with Down syndrome (93-96%) receive 47 chromosomes (23 pairs + 1) with a third copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) as a result of a nondisjunction that occurs during Meiosis I or Meiosis II.
Consider visiting the YouTube Biologybyme's channel video for a thorough explanation.
Nondisjunction is not a heritable defect, rather it is a random event that occurs during the formation of one batch of reproductive cells. The result is a reproductive cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes. For example, an egg or sperm cell may gain an extra copy of chromosome 21. If a child results from the fertilization of such an atypical reproductive cells, the child will have an extra chromosome 21 in every somatic cells.
Three to four percent of Down syndrome results from translocation, that occurs when some chromosome 21 genes are added to another chromosome. The most common chromosome to accept additional genes from 21 is 14, although it is also known to attach to 13, 15, 21, and 22. Translocations can be inherited from an apparently unaffected parent. The parent may have a balanced translocation in which segments are swtiched between chromosomes. Unbalance translocations result in Down syndrome when extra genetic material from chromosome 21 is present in the genome.
Trisomy 21 increases the risk for premature aging and certain medical conditions such as congenital heart defects, respiratory and hearing problems, Alzheimer's disease, childhood leukemia and thyroid conditions. Many of these conditions are now treatable, so most people with Down syndrome lead healthy lives, with a life expectancy of approximately 60 years (ndss, 2017).
Adults with Down syndrome almost always have some degree of cognitive delay, but it is usually in the mild (IQ of 50-70) to moderate (IQ of 35-50) range and ocassionally severe (IQ of 20-35), (Bull, 2011). There is a wide variation in the communicative and cognitive status of adults with Down syndrome. Some speak clearly and understandably, others have significant issues with grammar and articulation, and a small number depend on augmentative communication devices. Many adults with Down syndrome attain functional levels for reading, writing, and math; others have been less successful in these areas. While there is usually some degree of impairment in both fine and gross motor skills, many adults with Down syndrome are good athletes and hold responsible jobs.
Adults with Down syndrome often have certain medical conditions. | http://www.rnceus.com/adown/over.htm |
The outcome of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) is profoundly influenced by patient age. The ART Surveillance—United States (2000) published by the Centers for Disease Control (1) provided data on 99,629 procedures performed that year. The delivery rate for <35 years was 38%, 35-37 years was 33.0 %, 38-40 years was 24%, 41-42 years was 14.3 %, and >42 years was 6.0 %. Dew et al (2) reported on 779 patients and found that those over forty years of age had lower ovarian responses, fertilization rates, pregnancy rates and worse pregnancy outcomes. This general trend has been seen for the past 2-3 decades in ART. This, in general, is related to factors in the oocyte (egg) and how age affects them. In general, the miscarriage rate increases with age just as the risk of Down’s Syndrome increases. Down’s Syndrome is trisomy 21, where an extra chromosome 21 is present and is responsible for the condition. Recently pre-implantation genetic testing has been attempted to help improve outcome in the older patients undergoing ART.
The decline in pregnancy rates appears to correlate with increasing aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome number) rates in older patients. Munne et al (3) found that aneuploidy increased with maternal age in non-arrested embryos analyzed by FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) and that this may contribute to the lower pregnancy rates in older patients. Kuliev et al (4) analyzed 6733 human oocytes with FISH for pre-implantation diagnosis of age related aneuploidy by assessing the 1st and 2nd polar bodies for chromosomes 13, 16, 18, 21, and 22. They found 52.1 % of the oocytes were aneuploid. Overall 41.8 % of oocytes had meiosis I errors, 30.7 % had meiosis II errors, and 27.6 % had both meiotic division errors. Aneuploidy rates in cleavage stage embryos increased with age. Marquez et al (5) found that 3.1 % of embryos in patients 20-34 years of age were aneuploidic compared to 17 % of embryos in patients 40 years of age or greater. Pellestor et al (6) examined 1397 unfertilized oocytes in IVF and found two mechanisms of non-disjunction in female meiosis. Whole chromosome non-disjunction and chromatid predivision contributed to anueploid oocytes. Groups E and G chromosomes had more non-disjunction than others, though non-disjunction was present in all groups. Munne et al (7) uses PGD to assess numerical abnormalities in older patients using single blastomere biopsy and FISH for several chromosomes (X,Y, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21,22, plus a ninth probe -1,7,14, or 17). When they replaced presumptively normal embryos on day 4 they had 19.2 % pregnancy rate compared to 8.8 % in the controls. PGD may therefore help with age related aneuploidy. Clearly, age affects the outcome of IVF through the increased incidence of chromosomally abnormal offspring.
The decreased ovarian response to stimulation is related to diminished ovarian reserve, essentially the depletion of follicles that normally occurs with age. A precipitous decline occurs after the age of 38. This may explain the increased requirement for gonadotropins (medicines typically used in IVF to produce multiple eggs) in this age group. While older patients have decreased implantation and pregnancy rates, oocyte donation has essentially normal pregnancy rates characteristic of younger women. This tells us that it is ovarian/oocyte factors more than endometrial factors that are paramount in the decreased outcome seen in older patients.
In summary, age is a major factor and the ‘biological clock’ is real.
1. ART Surveillance United States -2000.
2. Dew JE, don RA, Hughes GJ, Johmnson TC, Steigard SJ. The influence of age on the outcome of assisted reproduction. J Assist Repro. Genet. 1998;15 (4); 210214.
3. Munne S, Alikani M, Tomkin G, Grifo J, Cohen J. Embryo morphology, developmental rates, and maternal age are correlated with chromosome abnormalities. Fertil. Steril. 1995. 64(2);382-391.
4. Kuliev A, Cieslak J, Ilkevitch, Verlinski Y. Chromosomal abnormalities in a series of 6733 human oocytes in preimplantation diagnosis for age-related aneuploidies. 2002 RMB online, 6(1);54-59.
5. Marquez C, Sandalinas M, Bahce M, Alikani M, Munne S. Chromosome abnormalities in 1255 cleavage-stage human embryos. 2000 RBM Online 1 (1);17-26.
6. Pellestor F, Andreo B, Arnal F, Hummeau C, Demaille J. Mechansims of non-disjunction in human female meiosis:the co-existance of two modes of mal-segregation evidenced by the karyotyping of 1397 in-vitro unfertilized oocytes. Hum. Reprod. 2002. 17(8):2134-45.
7. Munne S, Sandalinas M, Escudero T, Velilla E, Walmsley R, Sadowy S, Cohen J, Sable D. Improved implantation after preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy. RBM Online. 2003, 7(1):91-7. | http://ivf-indiana.com/education/age-and-ivf.html |
Down syndrome: genetic recombination and the origin of the extra chromosome 21.
Hassold T, Sherman S
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Abstract:Despite the clinical importance of trisomy 21, we have been ignorant of the causes of meiotic nondisjunction of chromosome 21. Recently, however, genetic mapping studies of trisomy 21 families have led to the identification of the first molecular correlate of human nondisjunction; i.e. altered levels and positioning of meiotic recombinational events. Specifically, increases in 0 exchange events or in distal-only or pericentromeric exchanges are significantly increased in trisomy 21-generating meioses. These observations have led to the idea that chromosome 21 nondisjunction requires 'two hits': first, the establishment in prophase I of a 'vulnerable' bivalent and second, abnormal processing of the bivalent at metaphase I or II.
My comments: Some quick background:
The cells in our body have two sets of chromosomes, so they're called diploid cells. The act of a diploid cell producing a cell which only has one set of chromosomes (haploid cell) is called meiosis. Meiosis I is the act of splitting up the chromosomes into two (hopefully) equal halves; Meiosis II is another division but without splitting the number of chromosomes. If the chromosomes don't split equally, the result is called "non-disjunction" and trisomies occur.
"Recombination" is the normal process by which chromosomes exchange genetic material with each other during meiosis. The area where the recombination occurs is an "exchange."
In the egg, the first meiosis (MI) begins in the female fetus. MI is suspended, and is completed only after ovulation of the egg, which is quickly followed by MII. 90% of all cases of trisomy 21 can be traced back to the egg.
Now, for the important points in the paper:
Most, if not all, cases of human trisomies are due to alterations in recombination. Mistakes in recombination seem to increase the risk of nondisjunction. Since recombination occurs prenatally in MI, then this suggests that most, if not all, cases of nondisjunction is initiated at the start of MI, in the fetus.
Studies also indicate that nondisjunction may require a second event, or "hit," involving the degredation of a meiotic process (a protein integral to the meiotic event). This "hit" could occur in MI or MII. If there is an environmental risk to DS, this is where it could have influence.
The increase risk of maternal age could be explained by the length of time between the beginning of MI and the completion of MI, possibly due to age-dependent degradation of meiosis-specific proteins.
And finally, there does appear to be a significant association between maternal smoking at the time of conception in women under 35 years of age and having a child with trisomy 21. This seems to be associated with errors in MII. This has only been found in one study, and is deemed preliminary at this time. | https://www.ds-health.com/abst/a0004.htm |
1. What is Down Syndrome Definition?
1. What is Down Syndrome Definition?
Ans. According to Down syndrome definition biology, it is a chromosomal anomaly in which an error in cell division leads to an extra copy of chromosome 21 in the body. It is divided into 3 types – Trisomy 21, Mosaic Down syndrome and Translocation.
2. What are Down Syndrome Symptoms?
Ans. Most common physical attributes include around and flat face, eyes that slant upwards, nose with a low bride, smaller mouth cavity, etc. Also, they may show signs of mild to moderate cognitive disabilities.
Ans. It is often diagnosed immediately after birth by judging the child’s clinical features. However, it is only confirmed post blood test. Similarly, prenatal tests often help to detect the case of down syndrome effectively.
Did you know there is at least one case of Down syndrome in every 700 pregnancies? Research also suggests that the older a mother, the more likely she is to give birth to a child with Down syndrome. However, there are several other factors which are also deemed responsible for giving rise to this disorder. Understandably, this turns out to be a vital topic which must be understood by every student of Biology. Read along to find more about the Down syndrome symptoms, features and types! What is Down Syndrome? The Down syndrome definition describes it as a chromosomal disorder, wherein, an error in cell division leads to an extra copy of chromosomes in the body. This extra chromosome 21 tends to affect the physical and cognitive abilities of affected individuals. Additionally, individuals with Down syndrome often run a higher risk of suffering from various health disorders. Notably, it is not a disease rather a term that best describes the features which arise due to it. On that note, let us proceed to find types of Down syndrome and their differences. Types of Down Syndrome Typically, there are 3 types of Down syndrome – 1. Trisomy 21 It is the most common of the three types and accounts for almost 95% of the cases. It is mostly caused by the irregular separation of chromosome 21 during meiosis either in egg cells or sperm. When the fertilized egg develops, it transfers an extra copy of this chromosome to each cell in the body. [Image will be Uploaded Soon] Fig: Trisomy 21 2. Translocation It accounts for 4% of the total cases. It must be noted that in this particular type, the extra chromosome is transferred to new cells differently. It occurs only when a significant part of chromosome 21 breaks off amidst the replication process and gets attached to another chromosome. This leads to a cell with 46 chromosomes and a little extra chromosome 21. [Image will be Uploaded Soon] Fig: Translocation 3. Mosaicism This particular type accounts for as little as 1% of the total cases. Notably, in this form, the error in separation takes place right after the egg is fertilized. The role of timing is the most noteworthy here. Also, the fact that not all cells have an extra chromosome makes the symptoms of mosaic Down syndrome less prominent. Do It Yourself: Define Down syndrome and mention its types. Down Syndrome Features These are some Down syndrome features – A. Physical Features
Eyes have an additional fold on the upper eyelid
A large gap between the large and second toe
Intellectual disability ranges from mild to moderate level
Other than these, individuals with Down syndrome are prone to health problems like – congenital heart defect, epilepsy, respiratory disorders, hearing difficulty, leukaemia, Alzheimer’s, thyroid, etc. One can diagnose this anomaly through a screening test and other prescribed diagnostic tests. This image below highlights the Down syndrome symptoms. [Image will be Uploaded Soon] Fig: Down syndrome symptom diagram Test Your Knowledge: Highlight the differences between the 3 types of Down syndrome.
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The extra chromosome 21 leads to the physical features and developmental challenges that can occur among people with Down syndrome. Researchers know that Down syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome, but no one knows for sure why Down syndrome occurs or how many different factors play a role.
What does the chromosome 21 do?
Chromosome 21 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Chromosome 21 is both the smallest human autosome and chromosome, with 48 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) representing about 1.5 percent of the total DNA in cells.
…
|Chromosome 21|
|RefSeq||NC_000021 (FASTA)|
|GenBank||CM000683 (FASTA)|
What happens if you have Trisomy 21?
It is also called trisomy 21. It includes certain birth defects, learning problems, and facial features. A child with Down syndrome also may have heart defects and problems with vision and hearing. How severe or mild these problems are varies from child to child.
Can you survive with an extra chromosome?
A condition in which every cell in the body has an extra set of chromosomes is not compatible with life. In some cases, a change in the number of chromosomes occurs only in certain cells.
Where does the extra chromosome 21 come from?
In the majority of cases, the extra copy of chromosome 21 comes from the mother in the egg. In a small percentage (less than 5%) of cases, the extra copy of chromosome 21 comes from the father through the sperm. In the remaining cases, the error occurs after fertilization, as the embryo grows.
Can a Down syndrome child look normal?
Some of the children with Mosaic Down syndrome that we know do not actually look as if they have Down syndrome – the usual physical features are not obvious. This raises some important and difficult social issues and identity issues for both parents and children, which parents have discussed with us.
What are the signs of Down syndrome during pregnancy?
Some common physical signs of Down syndrome include:
- Flat face with an upward slant to the eyes.
- Short neck.
- Abnormally shaped or small ears.
- Protruding tongue.
- Small head.
- Deep crease in the palm of the hand with relatively short fingers.
- White spots in the iris of the eye.
Can you tell if a baby has Down syndrome in an ultrasound?
An ultrasound can detect fluid at the back of a fetus’s neck, which sometimes indicates Down syndrome. The ultrasound test is called measurement of nuchal translucency.
Can Down syndrome be prevented?
Down syndrome can’t be prevented, but parents can take steps that may reduce the risk. The older the mother, the higher the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome. Women can reduce the risk of Down syndrome by giving birth before age 35.
Is trisomy 21 more common in males or females?
Overall, the two sexes are affected roughly equally. The male-to-female ratio is slightly higher (approximately 1.15:1) in newborns with Down syndrome, but this effect is restricted to neonates with free trisomy 21.
What are the 3 types of Down syndrome?
There are three types of Down syndrome:
- Trisomy 21. This is by far the most common type, where every cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two.
- Translocation Down syndrome. In this type, each cell has part of an extra chromosome 21, or an entirely extra one. …
- Mosaic Down syndrome. | https://autismpluggedin.com/genetics/what-happens-if-you-have-an-extra-21st-chromosome.html |
There are many different types of children with a myriad of needs in our school system. Included within this group of students are those who are diagnosed with Down syndrome. There are more than 250,000 people living in the United States with a Down syndrome diagnosis (Genetics). Down syndrome is not a hidden disability rather it has physical attributes that can make the diagnosis obvious. Furthermore, individuals with Down syndrome and their families have to cope with multiple health issues, cognitive limitations, and the stigma of having a disability. In order to understand the struggle that people with Down syndrome must face from the beginning of their life, we must first understand where the diagnosis came from.
Down syndrome was first classified by Dr. John Langdon Haydon Down, who referred to persons with down syndrome as mongoloids because of their facial features being similar to those who are from Mongolia, particularly the slanted eyes (Moran). As a result this disorder was known as mongolism, but this is now considered offensive and has been recognized as Down syndrome since the early 1970s (Moran). Though Dr. Down didn't have down syndrome, he became an advocate for the proper treatment for people who were mentally handicapped. Dr. Down was the pioneer of discovering the similar traits of those who had down syndrome. However, it was the geneticist Jerome Lejeune who discovered the gene abnormality which in turn manifests the physical and mental traits Dr. Down was studying (Moran). Dr. Down showed us what Down syndrome looks like, but Jerome Lejeune showed us where it came from.
Down syndrome is a disorder that happens when a baby is conceived, not something that happens after they are born or as they continue to grow into adulthood. This is due to Down syndrome being a chromosomal disability where a mutation occurs in cell division resulting in the individual having an extra genetic chromosome 21(NCDS). The error is known as non-disjunction, which occurs in cell division at the moment of conception (Olney). Though scientists have been able to pin point the origin of down syndrome to this specific moment, there is little knowledge as to why the non-disjunction occurs in the first place. Early detection is possible through amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, which is a test done to check for any chromosomal abnormalities while the baby is still in utero (Olney). Women that are over the age of 35 are recommended to have this test completed because they are at risk of the abnormalities occurring (Olney) One of the abnormalities is that they have a higher chance of having a child that has Down syndrome. Even without early detection tests it is still possible to determine if a person has Down syndrome. This is done through karyotyping which is a test of the number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells (Crocker). The test also looks at the size and the shape of the chromosomes. This testing helps to identify if... | https://brightkite.com/essay-on/living-with-down-syndrome |
National Down Syndrome Society, Despite these impairments many individuals are characterized as being generally pleasant, affectionate and happy people. Down Syndrome may be caused by Trisomy 21, which refers to the condition of having a an extra copy of chromosone 21, meaning three copies, instead of two, in each cell.
The second part of the study provides four aspects of Down syndrome phonology. Children with Down syndrome have similar features such as small mouth, the deficient in the facial and tongue muscles, muscle weakness, and protruded tongue. The second factor affects Down syndrome phonological system is the differences in anatomy and physiology.
It happens in the early development stages of a fetus as a random occurrence in cell division, resulting in some cells having the normal duo of chromosome 21 copies, while some cells have three copies.
But many errors can occur during cell division. Although they do not have signs of Down Syndrome, people who carry this type of balanced translocation are at an increased risk of having children with the condition.
Smith, ; Stoel-Gammon, This must be aggressively diagnosed and managed because this hearing loss may turn out to be one of the major factors that may Children with down syndrome essay the spoken communication abilities of Down syndrome children to rate significantly lower than their actual cognitive abilities.
National Library of Medicine, 18 Nov. An error such as this is called non-disjunction. It follows, then, that recruitment may lead to sound intolerance. This is where the name trisomy 21 originated from.
Some infants with Down Syndrome have difficulties with swallowing or they may have blockages in their bowels.
This step of meiosis is called disjunction. This accumulation of cerumen is made worse by the fact that it may be more copious and harder than normal, and the impacted ear wax may then block the external auditory meatus.
The extra genes cause the characteristics that we know as Down syndrome. Upper respiratory infections or allergies may result in a swollen Eustachian tube which may entrap bacteria and may result in otitis media. Schwartz, and Richard M. Search our thousands of essays: A mistake such as this is called non-disjunction.
Ear wax is meant to protect the skin of the canal, especially when it is filled with water. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality that causes severe developmental problems for children afflicted with this terrible disease. The diagnosis for this is aided by a simple macroscopic examination of the canal or a standard otoscopic examination.
Those who fail the screening should be tested with visual reinforcement audiometry at the devlopmental age not chronological age of ten months and conditional play audiometry when they reach the developmental age of two years. Genetics Down Syndrome is a chromosomal condition related to chromosome It is important to note that these children frequently exhibit comparatively good development of language in their infancy and toddler stages, this is particularly true when the children are enrolled in early-intervention After this period of time, however, in the first school years the rate of language development noticeably slows down.
Eustachian tube dysfunction may result in otitis media with effusion glue earwhich can result in a conductive hearing loss. Works Cited Bacciu, A. Investigations of prelinguistic development suggests that infants with Down syndrome are nearly typical in this domain.
The pressure equalization tubes will be pushed out of the tympanic membrane after a few months to a year of having them in place, but if they are placed correctly they are extremely effective, allowing the fluid to leave the middle ear space.
In terms of intervention in this domain, Yarter suggested physiotherapy and exercises to improve speech-motor deficits related to hypotonicity. Many adults with Down syndrome have jobs and live independently.
During meiosis, the chromosomes are supposed to split and go to different areas of the cell. Removal may be beneficial because it is behind the adenoids that glue ear may reoccur after pressure equalization tube placement.
This study demonstrated that cholesteatoma can be difficult to completely eradicate in a patient with Down syndrome, and an emphasis should always be put on early diagnosis and prevention especially in light of the challenges presented by the orofacial and craniofacial anatomy of children with Down syndrome.
BMJ Evidence Centre, There are special considerations to take into account when Down syndrome individuals are to receive hearing aids because their ears tend to be smaller. In general, increased use of complex babble in the prelinguistic period is linked to better performance on the speech and language measures after the onset of speech and in the years that follow.Down Syndrome: An Informative Essay Children with Down syndrome have limited intellectual ability, however, the level of retardations usually in the mild to moderate range.
Children with Down syndrome have more similarities to other children that they have differences. The most grow up to live independent and productive lives.
Free Health essays. Down syndrome is the most common genetic disordered that causes developmental delay. Children with Down syndrome are very social, however, in some case it is difficult to communicate with them as most people cannot understand their speech.
Down syndrome is genetic disorder that causes lifelong mental retardation, developmental delays and other problems. Down syndrome varies in severity, so development problems range from moderate to serious.
Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause of severe learning disabilities in children. “Down Syndrome affects about one in every one thousand children born around the world. Research shows that Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by certain chromosomal abnormalities”.
Chromosomes within cells are collected of “proteins and genetic information in the form of DNA. Trisomy Down Syndrome Essay half of the children will also have Down Syndrome, and there are usually complications such as miscarriage. One of the ways it almost always appears is a decrease in IQ and mental capability. | http://hopykacira.killarney10mile.com/children-with-down-syndrome-essay-87519cof6780.html |
In June last year, then aged 16, Ben was finally given the correct diagnosis - Mosaic Down's syndrome - a rare form of Down's syndrome where the extra copy of chromosome 21 is scattered. Song is The Dragon Hun There are also very rare forms of Down syndrome (less than 6%) called Translocation Down Syndrome or Mosaic Down Syndrome in which not all of the chromosome is triplicated or not all cells of the body carry the extra chromosome. 3. Down syndrome is the most frequently occurring chromosomal disorder and the leading cause of intellectual and.
Mosaic Down syndrome e masani ona faʻamatalaina e ala ile pasene. Ina ia faʻamaonia mosaic Down syndrome, o le a faʻavasega e fomai chromosome mai 20 sela. Afai e 5 sela e i ai 46 chromosome ma 15 e i ai 47 chromosome, o le pepe ua i ai se faʻamaoniga lelei mosaic Down syndrome. I lenei tulaga, o le pepe maua 75 pasene tulaga o mosaicism Mosaic Down syndrome facts show that only 1% of people born with Down syndrome have this type. (NDSS) This is the least common type of Down syndrome. Mosaicism happens after the fertilization of the egg when the nondisjunction of chromosome 21 happens in only one cell after the division. This way, there is a mixture of cells with different.
Mosaic and Non-Mosaic Down Syndrome - Condition and Symptoms Down syndrome is a condition in which there are three copies of chromosome 21 within the cells of the body instead of two. The extra chromosomes result in delayed physical development and mental retardation. There are three types of Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, Translocation, and Mosaic Down syndrome Mosaic Down syndrome, atau mosaicism, adalah bentuk sindrom Down yang langka. Sindroma Down adalah kelainan genetik yang menghasilkan salinan ekstra kromosom 21. Orang dengan sindroma Mosaic Down memiliki sel campuran Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is a genetic disorder. It includes certain birth defects, learning problems, and facial features. A child with Down syndrome also may have heart defects and problems with vision and hearing. A mother's age at her child's birth is the only factor linked to the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome International Mosaic Down Syndrome Association. 5,279 likes · 5 talking about this. The International Mosaic Down Syndrome Association is designed to assist any family or individual whose life has..
mosaic down syndrome Speech Therapy Exercises For Children with Down Syndrome. Children with Down syndrome often have difficulties with their speech, language and communication skills, hence speech therapy for Down syndrome and it plays an important role in the child's speech and language development A diagnosis of Down syndrome after birth is often based initially on physical signs of the syndrome. But because individuals with Down syndrome may not have these symptoms, and because many of these symptoms are common in the general population, the health care provider will take a sample of the baby's blood to confirm the diagnosis In most cases, Down syndrome occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. This form of Down syndrome is called trisomy 21. The extra chromosome causes problems with the way the body and brain develop. Down syndrome is one of the most common causes of birth defects The presence of beta-amyloid plaques is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. By age 40, most people with Down syndrome have these plaques, along with other protein deposits, called tau tangles, which cause problems with how brain cells function and increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's symptoms. Estimates suggest that 50% or.
The Down Syndrome Federation provides a range of supports and services for people with Down syndrome, their families and supporters. We also provide services to schools, health professionals and other professionals who want to learn more about Down syndrome. You can visit your local state or territory association page for information about. Down syndrome or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is usually associated with physical growth delays, mild to moderate intellectual disability, and characteristic facial features. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental ability of an 8- or 9-year. Studies from the 1980's indicated that most children with Down syndrome were staying dry day and night by age 4or 5. More recent studies (from the mid-1990's) found that only 35% of kids with Down syndrome were daytime trained by age 4, and that at age 11, 1 in 3 was still enuretic (having urinary accidents during the day) Down syndrome is by far the most common and best known chromosomal disorder in humans and the most common cause of intellectual disability. It is primarily caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (see the image below), which gives rise to multiple systemic complications as part of the syndrome Mosaicism or mosaic Down syndrome is diagnosed when there is a mixture of two types of cells. Some have the usual 46 chromosomes and some have 47. Those cells with 47 chromosomes have an extra chromosome 21. Mosaicism is usually described as a percentage. Typically, 20 different cells are analyzed in a chromosome study
When a baby is born with Down syndrome, th. Search by Physician Name or Specialt In Down syndrome, the number of chromosomes from the egg or sperm is 24, not 23. While there must be 23 chromosomes coming from eggs or sperm, the 21st chromosome is double. When merged, an individual with Down syndrome has 3 chromosomes, not 2 in the 21st chromosome. What is Mosaic Down Syndrome? In mosaic down syndrome, there are 46. Down syndrome (DS) is the most common aneuploidy in liveborns with an estimated frequency of 1 in 650-1,000 births. Approximately 1-2% of all live-born DS individuals have mosaicism. The correlation between the percentage of mosaicism and the severity of the phenotype in mosaic trisomy 21 has been determined in previous studies Mosaic down syndrome is a type of broadly defined Down's syndrome. It is rare syndrome and often remains undetected as the symptoms are milder with good IQ of the child. Pregnancy after the age of 35 years increases the probability of Down syndrome, which also includes mosaic variety
Mosaic downs syndrome. Mosaic triploidy syndrome. Sogren s syndrome. Sjogren s syndrome. Hershberger s syndrome. Klinefelter s syndrome. Down syndrome. Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. Talk to a doctor now . 24/7 visits - just $39 After months of debate and discussion and doctor visits, the pediatrician finally came up with a brilliant idea: a blood test. Turns out, Baby Girl (now Little Girl) has a relatively rare form of Down syndrome called mosaicism. I'm not Science Girl, but basically it means that where every one of my Sophie's cells is affected by Trisomy 21. J.M. Willhite. Those with mosaic Down syndrome have some cells with three copies of chromosome 21 and some cells that have two copies of chromosome 21. Mosaicism is a condition where an individual's cells are genetically variegated. Also known as Gonadal or chromosomal mosaicism, this condition is congenital and can affect any type of cell
trisomy 21 mosaicism (mosaic down syndrome) Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) is the most common chromosomal abnormality amongst livebirths, with an incidence of 1/800. It is estimated that 80% of all trisomy 21 pregnancies conceived end as spontaneous abortions or as stillbirths; approximately 2% of spontaneous abortions and 1% of stillbirths will. Mosaic Down syndrome. This is the rarest type, where only some cells have an extra chromosome 21. You can't tell what type of Down syndrome someone has just by how they look. The effects of all. Mosaic Down Syndrome Symptoms. Photo by desby from Flickr. People with mosaic Down syndrome may have fewer characteristics of the condition than people with trisomy 21 Down syndrome. Some physical characteristics including: Almond-shaped eyes that tend to slat upward Mosaicism (or mosaic Down syndrome) is diagnosed when there is a mixture of two types of cells, some containing the usual 46 chromosomes and some containing 47. Those cells with 47 chromosomes contain an extra chromosome 21. Mosaicism is the least common form of Down syndrome and accounts for only about 1% of all cases of Down syndrome About 95 percent of the time, Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21 — the person has three copies of chromosome 21, instead of the usual two copies, in all cells. This is caused by abnormal cell division during the development of the sperm cell or the egg cell. Mosaic Down syndrome
Down syndrome is a complex disorder characterized by well defined and distinctive phenotypic features. Approximately 2-3% of all live-born Down individuals are mosaics. Here we report a boy with suspected Down syndrome showing mosaicism for two different cell lines where one cell line is unexpected Mosaic trisomy occurs in about two percent of people with Down syndrome. Depending on whether the affected person has more normal or more trisomal cells, the Down's syndrome characteristics are differently pronounced The clinical and cytogenetic findings associated with mosaicism for trisomy 21/Down syndrome are the focus of this review. The primary topics discussed in this overview of the extant literature.
Mosaic Down's syndrome. Mosaic Down's syndrome can also occur. About 2 in 100 people with Down's syndrome have mosaic Down's syndrome. In this case, only some of the cells in the body have an extra chromosome 21. People with mosaic Down's syndrome tend to be more mildly affected and have less obvious features of Down's syndrome Mosaic Down syndrome has a more positive outcome, in contrast to the classical form of pathology. The prognosis is due to the fact that healthy cells partially compensate for the genetic defect. But the child will still have external signs of trisomy and a characteristic lag in development . Mosaic Down Syndrome - Pictures, Characteristics, Lif Mosaic Down Syndrome occurs when you have some cells with the normal two copies of chromosome 21 and some cells with an extra copy of chromosome 21. When this occurs, there is a mixture of two types of cells. Mosaic Down Syndrome occurs in only 1-2 percent of people with Down Syndrome, and there is a wide range in the level of severity of the.
Down Syndrome and Difficulty Swallowing. Children with Trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome can be at increased risk for feeding and swallowing problems. This is primarily due to anatomical differences, such as low tone. Low oral muscle tone (weak muscles in the mouth including the lips, cheeks, tongue) can result in weak lip closure, poor suction on. Down's syndrome is more than just a diagnosis or definition, hear from Liam Bairstow about what having Down's syndrome means to him. Down's syndrome and learning disability A person with Down's syndrome will have some degree of learning disability, but the level of ability will be different for each individual Mosaicism. Mosaicism is a condition in which cells within the same person have a different genetic makeup. This condition can affect any type of cell, including: Blood cells. Egg and sperm cells Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder that occurs when a person has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. It's characterized by a variety of distinctive physical features, an increased risk of certain medical problems, and varying degrees of developmental and intellectual delays (Translocation Down syndrome and mosaic Down syndrome have different recurrence risks). Chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome can often be diagnosed before birth by analyzing cells in the amniotic fluid or from the placenta. Fetal ultrasound during pregnancy can also give information about the possibility of Down syndrome, but. | https://joeyfottuto-tuvo.com/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/causesad031117gb |
Aneuploidy Classification and external resources ICD-10 Q90-Q98 ICD-9 758 MeSH D000782"XXXY" redirects here. It is not to be confused with XX/XY.
Aneuploidy is an abnormal number of chromosomes, and is a type of chromosome abnormality. An extra or missing chromosome is a common cause of genetic disorders (birth defects). Some cancer cells also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Aneuploidy occurs during cell division when the chromosomes do not separate properly between the two cells. Chromosome abnormalities occur in 1 of 160 live births. The most common extra chromosomes among live births are 21, 18 and 13.
Different species have different numbers of normal chromosomes and thus the term "aneuploidy" refers to the chromosome number being different for that species.
Contents
Chromosomes
Every cell in the human body, apart from enucleated red blood cells and the haploid gametes, has 23 pairs of chromosomes (for a total of 46). One copy of each pair is inherited from the mother and the other copy is inherited from the father. The first 22 pairs of chromosomes (referred to as autosomes) are numbered from 1 to 22, and are arranged from largest to smallest in a karyotype (see figure). The 23rd pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes. Normal females have two X chromosomes, while normal males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
During meiosis, when germ cells divide to create sperm and egg (gametes), each half should have the same number of chromosomes. But sometimes, the whole pair of chromosomes will end up in one gamete, and the other gamete will not get that chromosome at all.
Most embryos cannot survive with a missing or extra autosome (numbered chromosome) and are spontaneously aborted. The most frequent aneuploidy in humans is trisomy 16, although fetuses affected with the full version of this chromosome abnormality do not survive to term (it is possible for surviving individuals to have the mosaic form, where trisomy 16 exists in some cells but not all). The most common aneuploidy that infants can survive with is trisomy 21, which is found in Down syndrome, affecting 1 in 800 births. Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) affects 1 in 6,000 births, and trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) affects 1 in 10,000 births. 10% of infants with trisomy 18 or 13 reach 1 year of age.
Changes in chromosome number may not necessarily be present in all cells in an individual. When aneuploidy is detected in a fraction of cells in an individual, it is called chromosomal mosaicism. In general, individuals who are mosaic for a chromosomal aneuploidy tend to have a less severe form of the syndrome compared to those with full trisomy. For many of the autosomal trisomies, only mosaic cases survive to term. However, mitotic aneuploidy may be more common than previously recognized in somatic tissues, and aneuploidy is a characteristic of many types of tumorigenesis (see below).
Terminology
In the strict sense, a chromosome complement having a number of chromosomes other than 46 (in humans) is considered heteroploid while an exact multiple of the haploid chromosome complement is considered euploid.
Number of chromosomes Name Description 1 Monosomy Monosomy refers to lack of one chromosome of the normal complement. Partial monosomy can occur in unbalanced translocations or deletions, in which only a portion of the chromosome is present in a single copy (see deletion (genetics)). Monosomy of the sex chromosomes (45,X) causes Turner syndrome. 2 Disomy Disomy is the presence of two copies of a chromosome. For organisms such as humans that have two copies of each chromosome (those that are diploid), it is the normal condition. For organisms that normally have three or more copies of each chromosome (those that are triploid or above), disomy is an aneuploid chromosome complement. In uniparental disomy, both copies of a chromosome come from the same parent (with no contribution from the other parent). 3 Trisomy Trisomy refers to the presence of three copies, instead of the normal two, of a particular chromosome. The presence of an extra chromosome 21, which is found in Down syndrome, is called trisomy 21. Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13, known as Edwards and Patau Syndrome, respectively, are the two other autosomal trisomies recognized in live-born humans. Trisomy of the sex chromosomes is possible, such as in (47,XXX), (47,XXY), and (47,XYY). 4/5 tetrasomy/pentasomy Tetrasomy and pentasomy are the presence of four or five copies of a chromosome, respectively. Although rarely seen with autosomes, sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy have been reported in humans, including XXXX, XXXXX, XXXXY and XYYYY.
Mechanisms
Nondisjunction usually occurs as the result of a weakened mitotic checkpoint, as these checkpoints tend to arrest or delay cell division until all components of the cell are ready to enter the next phase. If a checkpoint is weakened, the cell may fail to 'notice' that a chromosome pair is not lined up on the mitotic plate, for example. In such a case, most chromosomes would separate normally (with one chromatid ending up in each cell), while others could fail to separate at all. This would generate a daughter cell lacking a copy and a daughter cell with an extra copy.
Completely inactive mitotic checkpoints may cause non-disjunction at multiple chromosomes, possibly all. Such a scenario could result in each daughter cell possessing a disjoint set of genetic material.
Merotelic attachment occurs when one kinetochore is attached to both mitotic spindle poles. One daughter cell would have a normal complement of chromosomes; the second would lack one. A third daughter cell may end up with the 'missing' chromosome.
Multipolar spindles: more than two spindle poles form. Such a mitotic division would result in one daughter cell for each spindle pole; each cell may possess an unpredictable complement of chromosomes.
Monopolar spindle: only a single spindle pole forms. This produces a single daughter cell with its copy number doubled.
A tetraploid intermediate may be produced as the end-result of the monopolar spindle mechanism. In such a case, the cell has double the copy number of a normal cell, and produces double the number of spindle poles as well. This results in four daughter cells with an unpredictable complement of chromosomes, but in the normal copy number.
Somatic mosaicism in the nervous system
Mosaicism for aneuploid chromosome content may be part of the constitutional make-up of the mammalian brain. In the normal human brain, brain samples from six individuals ranging from 2–86 years of age had mosaicism for chromosome 21 aneuploidy (average of 4% of neurons analyzed). This low-level aneuploidy appears to arise from chromosomal segregation defects during cell division in neuronal precursor cells, and neurons containing such aneuploid chromosome content reportedly integrate into normal circuits. These results suggest the possibility that somatic mosaicism in the brain (and perhaps, by extension, other tissues) may contribute to the diversity between individuals.
Somatic mosaicism in cancer
Somatic mosaicism also occurs in many cancer cells, including trisomy 12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and trisomy 8 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, these forms of mosaic aneuploidy occur through mechanisms distinct from those typically associated with genetic syndromes involving complete or mosaic aneuploidy.
Loss of p53 creates genomic instability that most often results in the aneuploidy phenotype.
In addition, genetic syndromes in which an individual is predisposed to breakage of chromosomes (chromosome instability syndromes) are frequently associated with increased risk for various types of cancer, thus highlighting the role of somatic aneuploidy in carcinogenesis. Studies indicate that aneuploidy directly contributes to carcinogenesis by disrupting the asymmetric division of adult stem cells.
Partial aneuploidy
The terms "partial monosomy" and "partial trisomy" are used to describe an imbalance of genetic material caused by loss or gain of part of a chromosome. In particular, these terms would be used in the situation of an unbalanced translocation, where an individual carries a derivative chromosome formed through the breakage and fusion of two different chromosomes. In this situation, the individual would have three copies of part of one chromosome (two normal copies and the portion that exists on the derivative chromosome) and only one copy of part of the other chromosome involved in the derivative chromosome.
Diagnosis
Germline aneuploidy is typically detected through karyotyping, a process in which a sample of cells is fixed and stained to create the typical light and dark chromosomal banding pattern and a picture of the chromosomes is analyzed. Other techniques include Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH), Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of Short Tandem Repeats, Quantitative Fluorescence PCR (QF-PCR), Quantitative Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) dosage analysis, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, and Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH).
These tests can also be performed prenatally to detect aneuploidy in a pregnancy, through either amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. Pregnant women of 35 years or older are offered prenatal diagnosis because the chance of chromosomal aneuploidy increases as the mother's age increases. For more information, see prenatal diagnosis.
Recent advances have allowed for less invasive testing methods based on the presence of fetal genetic material in maternal blood.
Types
key color significance lethal normal female phenotype normal male phenotype Turner's syndrome (abnormal female) Klinefelter's syndrome (abnormal male) Non-autosomal 0 X XX XXX XXXX XXXXX 0 00 X0 XX XXX XXXX XXXXX Y Y0 XY XXY XXXY XXXXY XXXXXY YY YY XYY XXYY XXXYY XXXXYY XXXXXYY YYY YYY XYYY XXYYY XXXYYY XXXXYYY XXXXXYYY YYYY YYYY XYYYY XXYYYY XXXYYYY XXXXYYYY XXXXXYYYY YYYYY YYYYY XYYYYY XXYYYYY XXXYYYYY XXXXYYYYY XXXXXYYYYY key color significance case where complete non-mosaic trisomy can never survive to term case where complete non-mosaic trisomy can occasionally (barring other complications) survive to term case where complete non-mosaic trisomy can always (barring other complications) survive to term Autosomal # monosomy trisomy 1 Trisomy 1 2 Trisomy 2 3 Trisomy 3 4 Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome Trisomy 4 5 Cri du chat
5q deletion syndrome
Trisomy 5 6 Trisomy 6 7 Williams syndrome Trisomy 7 8 Warkany syndrome 2 9 Trisomy 9 10 Trisomy 10 11 Jacobsen syndrome Trisomy 11 12 Trisomy 12 13 Patau syndrome 14 Trisomy 14 15 Angelman syndrome
Prader–Willi syndrome
Trisomy 15 16 Trisomy 16 17 Miller-Dieker syndrome
Smith-Magenis syndrome
Trisomy 17 18 18q deletion syndrome Edwards syndrome 19 Trisomy 19 20 Trisomy 20 21 Down syndrome 22 DiGeorge syndrome Cat eye syndrome
Trisomy 22
See also
- Ploidy
- Polyploidy
- Chromosome abnormalities
References
- ^ Sen S (January 2000). "Aneuploidy and cancer". Current Opinion in Oncology 12 (1): 82–8. doi:10.1097/00001622-200001000-00014. PMID 10687734.
- ^ Driscoll DA, Gross S (June 2009). "Clinical practice. Prenatal screening for aneuploidy". The New England Journal of Medicine 360 (24): 2556–62. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0900134. PMID 19516035.
- ^ Griffiths, Anthony JF; Miller, Jeffrey H; Suzuki, David T; Lewontin, Richard C; Gelbart, William M (2000). "Chromosome Mutation II: Changes in Chromosome Number". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3520-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.3080. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ Linden MG, Bender BG, Robinson A (October 1995). "Sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy". Pediatrics 96 (4 Pt 1): 672–82. PMID 7567329.
- ^ Rehen SK, McConnell MJ, Kaushal D, Kingsbury MA, Yang AH, Chun J (November 2001). "Chromosomal variation in neurons of the developing and adult mammalian nervous system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (23): 13361–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.231487398. PMC 60876. PMID 11698687. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60876.
- ^ Rehen SK, Yung YC, McCreight MP, et al. (March 2005). "Constitutional aneuploidy in the normal human brain". The Journal of Neuroscience 25 (9): 2176–80. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4560-04.2005. PMID 15745943.
- ^ Yang AH, Kaushal D, Rehen SK, et al. (November 2003). "Chromosome segregation defects contribute to aneuploidy in normal neural progenitor cells". The Journal of Neuroscience 23 (32): 10454–62. PMID 14614104. http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14614104.
- ^ Kingsbury MA, Friedman B, McConnell MJ, et al. (April 2005). "Aneuploid neurons are functionally active and integrated into brain circuitry". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (17): 6143–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408171102. PMC 1087909. PMID 15837924. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1087909.
- ^ Clemens A. Schmitt; Fridman, JS; Yang, M; Baranov, E; Hoffman, RM; Lowe, SW (April 2002). "Dissecting p53 tumor suppressor functions in vivo". Cancer Cell 1 (3): 289–298. doi:10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00047-8. PMID 12086865.
- ^ Zhang F, Zhao D, Wang S, Hong L, Li Q (2007). "Aneuploidy directly contribute to carcinogenesis by disrupting the asymmetric division of adult stem cells". Medical Hypotheses 68 (1): 237–8. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.06.007. PMID 16890378.
- ^ Zhang F, Zhao D, Chen G, Li Q (2006). "Gene mutation and aneuploidy might cooperate to carcinogenesis by dysregulation of asymmetric division of adult stem cells". Medical Hypotheses 67 (4): 995–6. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.04.043. PMID 16790321.
External linksCategories:
- Cytogenetics
- Chromosomal abnormalities
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Look at other dictionaries:
aneuploidy — aneuploidy. См. анеуплоидия. (Источник: «Англо русский толковый словарь генетических терминов». Арефьев В.А., Лисовенко Л.А., Москва: Изд во ВНИРО, 1995 г.) … Молекулярная биология и генетика. Толковый словарь. | https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/185205/Aneuploidy |
A diploid organism has two copies of each chromosome. If it has four chromosomes, there are two pairs, A and A’ and B and B’, not four different chromosomes A, B, C and D. One copy of each chromosome came from its father (e.g. A and B) and one copy of each came from its mother (e.g. A’ and B’). Meiosis is the process of reductive division whereby a diploid organism generates haploid germ cells (in this case, with two chromosomes), and each germ cell has a single copy of each chromosome. In this example, meiosis does not generate germ cells with A and A’ or B and B’, rather it produces cells with A and B, or A and B’, or A’ and B, or A’ and B’. The homologous chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids, are paired during the first phase of meiosis, e.g., A with A’ and B with B’ (Figure 8.3; see also Figs. 1.3 and 1.4). Then the homologous chromosomes are moved to separate cells at the end of the first phase, insuring that the two homologs do not stay together during reductive division in the second phase of meiosis. Thus each germ cell receives the haploid complement of the genetic material, i.e. one copy of each chromosome. The combination of two haploid sets of chromosomes during fertilization restores the diploid state, and the cycle can resume. Failure to distribute one copy of each chromosome to each germ cell has severe consequences. Absence of one copy of a chromosome in an otherwise diploid zygote is likely fatal. Having an extra copy of a chromosome (trisomy) also causes problems. In humans, trisomy for chromosomes 15 or 18 results in perinatal death and trisomy 21 leads to developmental defects known as Down’s syndrome.
If this diploid organism with chromosomes A, A’, B and B’ underwent meiosis without homologous pairing and separation of the homologs to different cells, what fraction of the resulting haploid cells would have an A-type chromosome (A or A’) and a B-type chromosome (B or B’)?
The ability of homologous chromosomes to be paired during the first phase of meiosis is fundamental to the success of this process, which maintains a correct haploid set of chromosomes in the germ cell. Recombination is an integral part of the pairing of homologous chromosomes. It occurs between non-sister chromatids during the pachytene stage of meiosis I (the first stage of meiosis) and possibly before, when the homologous chromosomes are aligned in zygotene (Figure 8.3). The crossovers of recombination are visible in the diplotene phase. During this phase, the homologous chromosomes partially separate, but they are still held together at joints called chiasmata; these are likely the actual crossovers between chromatids of homologous chromosomes. The chiasmata are progressively broken as meiosis I is completed, corresponding to resolution of the recombination intermediates. During anaphase and telophase of meiosis I, each homologous chromosome moves to a different cell, i.e. A and A’ in different cells, B and B’ in different cells in our example. Thus recombinations occur in every meiosis, resulting in at least one exchange between pairs of homologous chromosomes per meiosis.
Recent genetic evidence demonstrates that recombination is required for homologous pairing of chromosomes during meiosis. Genetic screens have revealed mutants of yeast and Drosophila that block pairing of homologous chromosomes. These are also defective in recombination. Likewise, mutants defective in some aspects of recombination are also defective in pairing. Indeed, the process of synapsis (or pairing) between homologous chromosomes in zygotene, crossing over between homologs in pachytene, and resolution of the crossovers in the latter phases of meiosis I (diakinesis, metaphase I, and anaphase I) correspond to the synapsis, formation of a recombinant joint and resolution that mark the progression of recombination, as will be explained below.
Figure 8.3.Homologous pairing and recombination during the first stage of meiosis (meiosis I). After DNA synthesis has been completed, two copies of each homologous chromosome are still connected at centromeres (yellow circles). This diagram starts with replicated chromosomes, referred to as the four-strand stage in the literature on meiosis and recombination. In this usage, each “strand” is a chromatid and is a duplex DNA molecule. In this diagram, each duplex DNA molecule is shown as a single line, brown for the two sister chromatids of chromosome derived from the mother (maternal) and pink for the sister chromatids from the paternal chromosome. Only one homologous pair is shown, but usually there are many more, e.g. 4 pairs of chromosomes in Drosophilaand 23 pairs in humans. During the meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes align and then separate. At the zygotene stage, the two homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids, pair along their length in a process called synapsis. The resulting group of four chromatids is called a tetrad or bivalent. During pachytene, recombination occurs between a maternal and a paternal chromatid, forming crossovers between the homologous chromosomes. The two homologous chromosomes separate along much of their length at diplotene, but they continue to be held together at localized chiasmata, which appear as X-shaped structures in micrographs. These physical links are thought to be the positions of crossing over. During metaphase and anaphase of the first meiotic division, the crossovers are gradually broken (with those at the ends resolved last) and the two homologous chromosomes (each still with two chromatids joined at a centromere) are moved into separate cells. During the second meiotic division (meiosis II), the centromere of each chromosome separates, allowing the two chromatids to move to separate cells, thus finishing the reductive division and making four haploid germ cells. | https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Book%3A_Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_II%3A_Replication%2C_Maintenance_and_Alteration_of_the_Genetic_Material/8%3A_Recombination_of_DNA/8.03%3A_Meiotic_Recombination |
Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, and its occurence is random 95 percent of the time. The condition can be detected during pregnancy, and intervention during infancy can greatly improve outcomes for children with Down syndrome. Learn more about this condition, which affects 350,000 Americans, in the following St. Louis Post-Dispatch article by WUSM pediatrician Kathy Grange.
Early assistance helps kids with Down syndrome
(Republished with permission from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. This article originally ran in the Health & Fitness section on Monday, February 7, 2005)
By Dr. Kathy Grange
Down syndrome is a common genetic condition associated with developmental disabilities and birth defects. It occurs in about 1 in 800 newborns and affects all racial and ethnic groups.
More than 350,000 people with Down syndrome live in the United States, and about 5,000 babies with Down syndrome are born each year. Here are a few questions and answers to explain the condition:
Q: What causes Down syndrome?
A: It is caused by an abnormality of the chromosomes, the structures inside each cell of the body that contain all of our genetic information. Humans usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46, but people with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome No. 21.
Q: How is it diagnosed?
A: It is usually suspected soon after birth, because of characteristic physical features including differences in the shape of the head, flat profile of the face, upslanting eyes, small ears and minor changes of the hands and feet, in association with low muscle tone. A blood test is done to examine the chromosomes. Sometimes Down syndrome is diagnosed during pregnancy after an abnormal maternal blood screening test or abnormal fetal ultrasound.
Ninety-five percent of the time, Down syndrome occurs by chance in a family. About 2 percent to 4 percent of cases are caused by a chromosome abnormality called a translocation, which may have been inherited from one of the parents. About 1 percent of cases of Down syndrome are due to mosaicism, which means that some cells of the body have an extra copy of chromosome 21, while other cells have normal chromosomes. Mosaic Down syndrome may be milder.
Q: How does Down syndrome occur?
A: During cell division of the egg or sperm cell, the chromosomes do not separate properly, resulting in an extra chromosome No. 21. The underlying cause for the failure to separate is poorly understood.
Older mothers have a higher risk of having a child with Down syndrome, so aging of the egg cells likely plays a role. However, the extra chromosome No. 21 can come from either the father or the mother.
Eighty percent of babies with Down syndrome are born to women under 35, because the women in this age group are giving birth to more babies overall. Mothers at age 20 have a 1 in 1,400 chance of having a baby with Down syndrome; the risk rises to 1 in 350 at age 35, and 1 in 100 at age 40.
Q: What are the developmental concerns in people with Down syndrome?
A: People with Down syndrome typically have developmental delays, but their abilities can vary widely. A few function in the lower range of normal intelligence, but most have mild to moderate mental retardation.
We now realize that developmental intervention beginning early in infancy, including physical, occupational and speech therapy, can greatly improve the long-term outcome for people with Down syndrome. Special-education programs are extremely important in helping people with Down syndrome achieve their fullest potential.
Many children with Down syndrome can be in regular classrooms, with differing levels of educational support. Most graduate from high school, and some may enroll in vocational programs.
Often, people with Down syndrome can live semi-independently in apartments or group homes; others may live with parents or siblings. Many adults have jobs in the community or in sheltered workshops.
Q: What are the health concerns in people with Down syndrome?
A: About 50 percent of babies with Down syndrome have a congenital heart defect. All newborns with Down syndrome need to have an echocardiogram (an ultrasound of the heart) and may need to be evaluated by a pediatric cardiologist.
About 10 percent of infants have a birth defect involving the gastrointestinal tract; these defects can include a blockage in the upper intestine or colon. Fortunately, almost all of these defects can be detected early and repaired surgically.
Every child with Down syndrome needs the same medical care as other children, including regular check-ups and vaccinations. However, there are some additional medical concerns that may require special attention:
Many children with Down syndrome have narrow ear passages and have recurrent ear infections, which can lead to hearing loss.
Eye problems also are common; most people with Down syndrome will need glasses.
About 15 percent of people with Down syndrome develop hypothyroidism (low thyroid gland function).
With proper medical care, the life expectancy for people with Down syndrome has increased; many live into their 50s and 60s, and sometimes longer.
Q: Where can families find help?
A: Go online to the National Down Syndrome Society (www.ndss.org) and the National Down Syndrome Congress (www.ndsccenter.org). Locally, the Down Syndrome Association of Greater St. Louis (www.stlouisdsa.org, 314-961-2504) provides support and advocacy for families.
The new Down Syndrome Center at St. Louis Children’s Hospital offers comprehensive medical care for those with Down syndrome from infancy to age 21. For more information, call 314-454-6093, go online to stlouischildrens.org, or e-mail [email protected].
With a supportive family, appropriate medical care and special educational services, people with Down syndrome can lead full and healthy lives.
Dr. Kathy Grange is the division director of the Down Syndrome Center at St. Louis Children’s Hospital and an associate professor of pediatrics at Washington University School of Medicine.
Copyright 20045 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Inc. | https://source.wustl.edu/2005/02/children-with-down-syndrome-can-greatly-benefit-from-early-treatment/ |
As of 2022, Trisomy 21 is the most common type of trisomy, or a condition where the person has three instead of the normal two copies of one of the chromosomes. Trisomy occurs when abnormal cell division takes place leading to an extra copy of a chromosome. That extra copy of chromosome 21 results in a congenital disorder called Down syndrome, which is characterized by a cluster of specific traits including intellectual disabilities, atypical facial appearance, and a high risk of heart disease.
Format: Articles
Subject: Reproduction, Disorders, Ethics
National Association for Down Syndrome (1960–)
The National Association for Down Syndrome, or NADS, is an organization that was founded in 1960 by Kathryn McGee in Chicago, Illinois, to support people with Down syndrome and their families in improving their quality of life. Originally named the Mongoloid Developmental Council, NADS is one of the oldest organizations serving people with Down syndrome and their families in the United States. According to NADS, Down syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs in one in every seven hundred ninety-two people and that causes delays in physical and intellectual development.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders, Organizations, People, Ethics
John Langdon Down (1828–1896)
John Langdon Down studied medicine in England in the nineteenth century and was one of the first people to develop a complete description of the disorder that would later be known as Trisomy 21, or Down Syndrome. Down Syndrome is a condition caused by the presence of an extra chromosome, which may cause a person to be born with certain impaired learning abilities and physical features such as a short neck, flattened face, and almond-shaped eyes.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
Dandy-Walker Syndrome
Dandy-Walker Syndrome is a congenital brain defect in humans characterized by malformations to the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls movement, and to the ventricles, the fluid-filled cavities that surround the cerebellum. The syndrome is named for physicians Walter Dandy and Arthur Walker who described associated signs and symptoms of the syndrome in the 1900s. The malformations often develop during embryonic stages.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders
Dandy-Walker Syndrome
Format: Graphics
Subject: Disorders
Thesis: The Genesis of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
This is a project about medicine and the history of a condition called premenstrual syndrome (PMS), its “discovery” and conceptual development at both scientific and socio-cultural levels. Since it was first mentioned in medical literature, PMS has been explored empirically as a medical condition and conceptually as a non-somatic cultural phenomenon. Many attempts have been made to produce scientific, empirical evidence to bolster the theory of PMS as a biological disease.
Format: Essays and Theses
Subject: Reproduction
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) Caused by Fertility Treatment
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, abbreviated OHSS, is an atypical reaction that women may experience in response to excessive hormones, and often occurs during fertility treatments. OHSS is typically triggered by hormonal medications designed to mature eggs in the ovaries, which can cause blood vessels within the ovaries to leak fluid. Sometimes that can lead to painful tenderness or swelling. In severe cases of OHSS, that fluid can leak into the abdominal cavity in large amounts, causing vomiting, blood clots, and severe pain.
Format: Articles
Subject: Reproduction
Jérôme Lejeune (1926−1994)
Jérôme Lejeune was a French physician and researcher who studied genetics and developmental disorders. According to the Jérôme Lejeune Foundation, in 1958, Lejeune discovered that the existence of an extra twenty-first chromosome, a condition called Trisomy 21, causes Down Syndrome. Down Syndrome is a condition present in an individual since birth and is characterized by physical and developmental anomalies such as small ears, a short neck, heart defects, and short height as children and adults.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
Dissertation: Fetal Risk, Federal Response: How Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Influenced the Adoption of Alcohol Health Warning Labels
In the fifteen years between the discovery of fetal alcohol syndrome, or FAS, in 1973 and the passage of alcohol beverage warning labels in 1988, FAS transformed from a medical diagnosis between practitioner and pregnant women to a broader societal risk imbued with political and cultural meaning. In this dissertation, I examine how scientific, social, moral, and political narratives dynamically interacted to construct the risk of drinking during pregnancy and the public health response of health warning labels on alcohol.
Format: Essays and Theses
Subject: Disorders, Reproduction, Legal
Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)
John Hilton Edwards first described the symptoms of the genetic disorder known as Trisomy 18 - one of the most common forms of trisomy, which occurs when cells have an extra copy of a chromosome, in humans - in 1960. Trisomy 18, also known as Edwards Syndrome, occurs approximately once per 6000 live births and is second in frequency only to Trisomy 21, or Down's Syndrome, as an autosomal trisomy. Trisomy 18 causes substantial developmental problems in utero.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders
Using Digital PCR to Detect Fetal Chromosomal Aneuploidy in Maternal Blood (2007)
In 2007, Dennis Lo and his colleagues used digital polymerase chain reaction or PCR to detect trisomy 21 in maternal blood, validating the method as a means to detect fetal chromosomal aneuploidies, or an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. The team conducted their research at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in Hong Kong, Hong Kong, and at the Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts.
Format: Articles
Subject: Experiments
The Discovery of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
The term Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) was first published in 1973 in an article published in the British medical journal The Lancet. In that article, a group of pediatricians and psychiatrists at the University of Washington Medical School helped to define the morphological defects and developmental delays that can affect children born to alcoholic mothers. Those observations include pre- and post-natal growth deficiencies, minor facial abnormalities, and damage to the developing brain that can result in behavioral, learning, and cognitive abnormalities.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders, Reproduction
Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)
Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can occur in children whose mothers contracted the rubella virus, sometimes called German measles, during pregnancy. Depending on the gestational period when the mother contracts rubella, an infant born with CRS may be unaffected by the virus or it may have severe developmental defects. The most severe effects of the virus on fetal development occur when the mother contracts rubella between conception and the first trimester.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders
Noninvasive Fetal Aneuploidy Detection for Trisomy 21, 13, and 18
Noninvasive fetal aneuploidy detection technology allows for the detection of fetal genetic conditions, specifically having three chromosomes, a condition called aneuploidy, by analyzing a simple blood sample from the pregnant woman. Dennis Lo and Rossa Chiu researched methods of detection of aneuploidies in the early twenty-first century. Their research has been specifically applied to three trisomies, trisomy twenty-one known as Down syndrome, trisomy eighteen known as Edwards Syndrome, and trisomy thirteen known as Patau Syndrome.
Format: Articles
Subject: Technologies
Role of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) in Alcohol-Induced Craniofacial Abnormalities
Prenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) results in a continuum of physical and neurological developmental abnormalities that vary depending on the timing, duration, and degree of alcohol exposure. Heavy exposure during development may lead to the condition Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), characterized by growth deficits, neurological deficiencies and minor facial abnormalities. Alcohol is a known teratogen, an agent that causes birth defects and acts upon developing embryos through mechanisms that are not yet fully understood.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders
Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Cerebellum Development
Prenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) results in a continuum of physical, neurological, behavioral, and learning defects collectively grouped under the heading fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most severe combination of these defects under this heading, and is characterized by pre- and postnatal growth deficiencies, facial abnormalities, and defects of the central nervous system (CNS).
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders, Reproduction
Corpus Callosum Defects Associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Prenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) can result in a continuum of developmental abnormalities that are highly variable depending on the severity, duration, frequency, and timing of exposure during gestation. Defects of the corpus callosum (CC) have proven to be a reliable indicator of prenatal alcohol exposure as it affects the brain. Structural abnormalities of the CC occur along a continuum, like most alcohol-induced anomalies, whereby more severe prenatal exposure results in a greater expression of the abnormal trait.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders, Reproduction
“Of Pregnancy and Progeny” (1980), by Norbert Freinkel
Norbert Freinkel’s lecture Of Pregnancy and Progeny was published by the American Diabetes Association’s journal Diabetes in December of 1980. In the lecture, Freinkel argued that pregnancy changes the way that the female body breaks down and uses food. Through experiments that involved pregnant women as well as infants, Freinkel established the body’s maternal metabolism and how it affects both the mother and the infant. Freinkel’s main focus of research in the latter part of his life was diabetes, specifically in pregnant women.
Format: Articles
Subject: Publications
Angelman Syndrome
Angelman syndrome is a disorder in humans that causes neurological symptoms such as lack of speech, jerky movements, and insomnia. A human cell has two copies of twenty-three chromosomes for a total of forty-six-one copy from its mother and one from its father. But in the case of Angelman syndrome, the maternal chromosome numbered 15 has a mutation or deletion in its DNA and a gene on the paternal chromosome 15 is inactivated in some parts the brain. The result is the paternal gene is silenced during development of the sperm, which is called genetic imprinting.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders
Meiosis in Humans
Meiosis, the process by which sexually-reproducing organisms generate gametes (sex cells), is an essential precondition for the normal formation of the embryo. As sexually reproducing, diploid, multicellular eukaryotes, humans rely on meiosis to serve a number of important functions, including the promotion of genetic diversity and the creation of proper conditions for reproductive success.
Format: Articles
Subject: Processes, Reproduction
VACTERL Association
VACTERL association is a term applied to a specific group of abnormalities involving structures derived from the mesoderm. Although the defects of this disorder are clearly linked, VACTERL is called an association rather than a syndrome because the exact genetic cause is unknown. "VACTERL" is an acronym, each letter standing for one of the defects associated with the condition: V for vertebral anomalies, A for anal atresia, C for cardiovascular anomalies, T for tracheoesophageal fistula, E for esophageal atresia, R for renal anomalies, and L for limb defects.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Its Treatment with Artificial Surfactant
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, previously called hyaline membrane disease, is a respiratory disease affecting premature newborns. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome involves shallow breathing, pauses between breaths that last a few seconds, or apnea, and a bluish tinge to the infant’s skin. The syndrome occurs when microscopic sacs called alveoli in infant lungs do not produce surfactant, a liquid that coats the inside of the lungs and helps them inflate during breathing.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders
Hans Asperger (1906-1980)
Hans Asperger studied mental abnormalities in children in
Vienna, Austria, in the early twentieth century. Asperger was one of
the early researchers who studied the syndrome that was later named
after him, Asperger's Syndrome. Asperger described the syndrome in
his 1944 publication Die Autistischen Psychopathen im
Kindesalter (Autistic Psychopathy in Childhood). At that time,
the syndrome was called autistic psychopathy, and Asperger noted
that characteristics of the syndrome included lack of sympathy,
Format: Articles
Subject: People
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a human disorder in which an individual's genetic sex (genotype) differs from that individual's observable secondary sex characteristics (phenotypes). A fetus with AIS is genetically male with a 46,XY genotype. The term 46,XY refers to the chromosomes found in most cells of the fetus. Most cells have a total of 46 autosomes, or non-sex chromosomes, and a pair sex chromosomes, XX for genetic females, or XY for genetic males.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
The concept Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) refers to a set of birth defects that occur in children born to mothers who abused alcohol during pregnancy. The alcohol-induced defects include pre- and post-natal growth deficiencies, minor facial abnormalities, and damage to the developing central nervous system (CNS). | https://embryo.asu.edu/search?text=Down%20syndrome |
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder that occurs when there is an abnormal cell division, which results in an extra copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material is the cause of some developmental changes and physical features of DS.
A baby is typically born with 46 chromosomes, but in babies with Down syndrome, there is an extra copy of the chromosome, chromosome 21. This extra chromosome changes the baby’s body and brain development, which can cause mental and physical challenges for the baby.
People with Down syndrome usually look alike. But despite the similarities in facial appearances, each person has different abilities. They usually have low IQ and are slower to speak than other children.
Symptoms of Down syndrome
Down syndrome may be mild, moderate or severe. Some patients are healthy while others may have significant health challenges such as heart defects. Some of the common features of DS include:
- Small head
- Short neck
- Protruding tongue
- Small ears
- Poor muscle tone
- Small hands and feet
- A single line across the palm of the hand
- Shorter height as children and adults
Types of Down syndrome
There are three types of Down syndrome; nevertheless, without diagnosis it is hard to spot one type from another, because, the physical features remain the same.
Trisomy 21
In this type, which is about 96%, each cell in the body has 3 separate copies of chromosome 21 instead of the normal 2 copies.
Translocation Down syndrome
This can occur when a portion of chromosome 21 becomes translocated onto another chromosome, before or at conception. The child would have the two copies of chromosome 21 and yet another copy of genetic material from chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome.
Translocation Down syndrome accounts for a small percentage of people with DS.
Mosaic Down syndrome
This is a rare form of Down syndrome. In Mosaic DS the child or children have 3 copies of chromosome 21 in some cells and 2 copies in normal cells. They may have fewer features of the condition due to the presence of some normal cells with normal 2 copies of chromosome 21.
Is Down syndrome inherited?
Down syndrome actually occurs due to a mistake in cell division during early development of the fetus. However, translocation DS can be passed from parent to child. Nevertheless, only a small percentage of children with translocation DS inherited it from one of their parents.
In this case, one of the parents has some rearranged genetic material from chromosome 21 with no extra genetic material. He or she has no symptoms of DS, but can pass an unbalanced translocation to the child that will result in Down syndrome.
Causes and risk factors
The main cause of DS is the extra genetic material of chromosome 21, which leads to the physical features and developmental challenges that is seen among people with DS.
Some of the risk factors are:
Age
The older a woman becomes, the greater the chances of having a child or children with Down syndrome. Women who are 35 years or older are at high risk of having their fetus affected by DS than women who become pregnant at their younger age.
Being carriers of genetic translocation for Down syndrome
As indicated above, both parents can pass the genetic translocation for Down syndrome on to their children.
Complications associated with Down syndrome
Heart defects: About half of the children with DS have some heart defects, which may be life threatening and may require surgical operations in early infancy.
Dementia: people with Down syndrome are at greater risk of dementia at older age, say 50 and above. Having DS also increases the chances of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
Leukemia: The children have increased risk of leukemia. Other complications include:
- Obesity
- Spinal problem
- Seizures
- Underactive thyroid
Life Expectancy of people with Down syndrome
Unlike in previous ages, life expectancy for people living with DS has dramatically increased. Some people can live for more than 60 years, depending on the severity of health complications.
Management/Treatment
There is no cure for people with DS; but some services can be offered to such people that can improve their physical and intellectual capabilities. These services include speech, occupational and physical therapy.
Leave a Reply
You must be logged in to post a comment. | https://clinicalbiochem.com/down-syndrome/ |
Fluid mechanics is one of the oldest and broadest fields of engineering. It deals with the properties and behavior of fluids, i.e., liquids and gases at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics). Because of their ability to flow, liquids and gases have many properties in common not shared by solids.
Fluid statics or hydrostatics includes the study of pressure, density, Pascal’s law, and Archimedes’ principle.
Fluid dynamics includes the study of streamlines (see streamlining), Bernoulli’s law, and the propagation of waves.
Engineers use fluid mechanics in the design of bridges, dams, and ships. Physicists use it in studying the structure of the atomic nucleus, and astronomer uses it to explain the spiral structure of some galaxies.
The study of fluids in motion, or fluid dynamics, makes up the more significant part of fluid mechanics. Branches of fluid dynamics include hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion) and aerodynamics (the study of gases in motion) as well as vortex dynamics, gas dynamics, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), convection heat transfer, flows of turbomachinery, acoustics, bio-fluids, physical oceanography, atmospheric dynamics, wind engineering, and the dynamics of two-phase flows. The modern design of aircraft, spacecraft, automobiles, ships, land and marine structures, power and propulsion systems, or heat exchangers relies on a clear understanding of the relevant fluid mechanics.
Fluid dynamics (fluid flow)
A fluid flow may be described in two different ways: the Lagrangian approach (named after the French mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange), and the Eulerian approach (named after Leonhard Euler, a famous Swiss mathematician).
In the Lagrangian approach, one particle is chosen and is followed as it moves through space with time. The line traced out by that one particle is called a particle pathline.
A Eulerian approach is used to obtain a clearer idea of the airflow at one particular instant. One can look at a “photograph” of the flow of, for instance, surface ocean currents at a particular fixed time. The entire flow field is easily visualized. The lines comprising this flow field are called streamlines (see streamlining). Thus, a pathline refers to the trace of a single particle in time and space, whereas a streamline presents the line of motion of many particles at a fixed time. The question of whether particle pathlines and streamlines are ever the same is considered next.
Of primary importance in understanding fluid movements about an object is the concept of a steady flow. On a windy day, a person calls the wind steady if, from where she stands, it blows continuously from the same direction at a constant speed. If, however, the speed or direction changes, the wind is “gusty” or unsteady. Similarly, the flow of a fluid (both liquid and air) about an object is steady if its velocity (speed and direction) at each point in the flow remains constant – this does not necessarily require that the velocity be the same at all points in the fluid. This means that for unsteady flows, particle pathlines (the Lagrangian point of view) and streamlines (the Eulerian approach) are not equivalent. For a steady flow, however, a particle pathline and streamline are equivalent, and the Lagrangian point of view is the same as the Eulerian approach for flow visualization.
As well as steady or unsteady, fluid flow can be rotational or irrotational. If the elements of fluid at each point in the flow have no net angular (spin) velocity about the points, the fluid flow is said to be irrotational. One can imagine a small paddle wheel immersed in a moving fluid. If the wheel translates (or moves) without rotating, the motion is irrotational. If the wheel rotates in a flow, the flow is rotational.
According to a theorem of Hermann von Helmholtz, a German physicist who contributed much to theoretical aerodynamics, assuming zero viscosity, if a fluid flow is initially irrotational, it remains irrotational. In real life, viscosity effects are limited to a small region near the surface of the airfoil and in its wake. Most of the flow may still be treated as irrotational. A simplifying argument often used to aid in understanding basic ideas about fluid flow is that of one-dimensional fluid flow. Flows may be considered one-dimensional where the flow parameters (for example density, velocity, temperature, pressure) vary as a function of one spatial variable (for example, length) and variations in the other two spatial dimensions (i.e., y and z) are negligible by comparison.
Simplifying assumptions about fluids are made: the first is that fluid is considered to be inviscid (no viscosity); the second is that it is incompressible. Further, the flow is considered steady and one-dimensional. Fluids with these characteristics are said to be ideal fluids or perfect fluids. Once solutions of problems relating to the lift and drag of ideal fluids, or the inviscid flow, have been made, a solution of the viscous flow in the thin boundary layer allows the effects of skin friction drag to be calculated. | https://en.encyclios.org/fluid-mechanics/ |
In 1951, the author introduced the first edition of his book, entitled "Aerodynamic Drag". It is the author's objective in this book, to present information on drag or fluid-dynamic resistance in a comprehensive, generally-valid and intelligible manner to students, engineers and researchers. The text is not always a "handbook", however, giving ready results. The reader is expected to work out the desired information himself, considering cause and effect involved in the problem he wants to solve.
It is primarily the aeronautical engineer who is interested in aerodynamic drag problems, so that he can predict and possibly improve the performance of airplanes. The principles of aerodynamic drag, many detailed data, and some special sections in this book should, however, find interested readers in several other fields of engineering as well - in the design of automobiles, in shipbuilding, in the construction of chimneys (wind loads), in the design of high-speed railroad trains, in machines applying aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces, and finally in the design of ventilation systems.
"Aerodynamic Drag" was originally written in 1945 and 1946, as a result of the author's experience in German research and industrial organizations (such as Junkers and Messerschmitt). Many additional and more recent data have been added, however, during the translation in the following years.
Besides air, the medium of water is most predominant in practical applications of fluid dynamics. In the second edition another chapter has also been added, presenting wind loads on various types of structures, especially buildings. Appearance of the text and readability of the illustrations have been improved. The 1965 edition differs from the preceding one, as follows: A number of misprints and some mistakes have been eliminated. "Drag in cavitating flow", in Chapter X, has been rewritten. Hypersonic characteristics such as in missiles and re-entering vehicles, are presented in an added chapter. The "atmospheric properties" in Chapter XIX, have completely been rewritten. A section has been added, dealing with the aerodynamic drag, ranging from base-vented hydrofoils to characteristics at supersonic speeds, has been collected in this chapter.
In the second edition of his book, Dr. Hoerner has added two chapters on hydrodynamics; the title has been changed accordingly. It is certain that this expansion of scope will meet with approval from all who are working in the field of "fluid dynamics". Dr. Hoerner has succeeded in producing an outstanding treatment of the subject; so that we now have an entire book concerned with but one of the six components of the total aerodynamic force. And it is not just another book. It is an exceptionally well written, systematic treatise showing a splendid balance between the theoretical and the experimental approach. The presentations are always made with great clarity.
It is safe to predict that this volume will be well received, not only by aeronautical engineers but also by all who have any concern whatever with aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag. The whole field of transportation is involved, and many will find here for the first time a readily usable compilation of basic data. Only those who have tried to evaluate, to compile, and to correlate data in the form as it has been done in this book, can fully appreciate Dr. Hoerner's effort.
Dr. S.F. Hoerner studied mechanical engineering at the Institute of Technology in Munchen (Dipl.Ing.) he earned a degree as Dr.-Ing. in aerodynamics at the Institute of Technology in Braunschweig, and he obtained a degree as Dr.-Ing..habil. from the TH Berlin. He served at one time as research assistant at the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt Fur Luftfahrt (DVL, near Berlin), as aerodynamicist in the Fieseler Corporation (working on the first STOL airplane, the "Stork") and later for a time as head of design aerodynamics in the Junkers A.G. He was then research aerodynamicist at the Messerschmitt A.G. After World War II, he was invited to come to the United States, where he worked in aerodynamics at Wright Field, Ohio. For some years he has been acting as specialist for aerodynamics and hydrodynamics in the field of naval architecture at Gibbs & Cox, Inc., New York City. | https://shop.darcorp.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=67 |
POP students work through building instructions to build exciting models such as a submarine, a hydraulic platform, a hydrostatic tower, communication vessels, a siphon device and a catamaran.
Island 5 Fluid Dynamics-Archimedes Principle, Buoyancy and Streamlines.
Using Engino Fluid Dynamics
Fluid Dynamics-Archimedes Principle, Bouyancy and Streamlines.
One of the most important areas in physics is the study of fluids and their fundamental principles. dWater and air are the two most important elements for life and both are categorized as fluids. Air motion is what determines the temperature in our rooms. Pipelines are providing water to our homes. Industrial and construction machines use hydraulics to easily lift heavy objects. Airplanes and ships change direction by using aerodynamics and hydrodynamics respectively. Have you ever wondered why objects sink into water, while others float? How does blood flow in our body? How do water tanks operate? POP students will build six different models, including a boat and a submarine, as well as various experimental rigs to learn all about fluid dynamics! | https://www.smartlabpopcs.org/copy-of-island-4 |
Module provides an introduction to relevant aerodynamic concepts, followed by development of specific understanding of vehicle aerodynamics and the associated requirements for overall vehicle design. Aerodynamic drag is considered in the context of streamlined and bluff body type vehicle flows. Aerodynamic lift/downforce in ground effect is covered, including consideration of high performance vehicles. The impact of aerodynamics on vehicle stability is discussed. Computational and experimental approaches for prediction of aerodynamic performance and their use in industry is introduced.
Module provider
Mechanical Engineering Sciences
Module Leader
DOHERTY John (Mech Eng Sci)
Number of Credits: 15
ECTS Credits: 7.5
Framework: FHEQ Level 6
JACs code: H440
Module cap (Maximum number of students): N/A
Overall student workload
Independent Learning Hours: 106
Lecture Hours: 11
Tutorial Hours: 22
Captured Content: 11
Module Availability
Semester 2
Prerequisites / Co-requisites
N/A
Module content
Indicative content includes:
Aerodynamic Terms, Concepts and Forces
Aerodynamics within overall vehicle design process. Terminology. Boundary layer. Reynolds number. Pressure Coefficient. Favourable and adverse pressure distributions. Aerodynamic forces leading to drag, lift (downforce) and moment coefficients. Breakdown of drag.
Aerodynamic tools and limitations
Spectrum of aerodynamic tools and associated fidelity of fluid dynamics modelling. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Wind tunnel testing and rolling roads. Track/road testing.
Aerofoils and Wings
Aerofoil and Wing definitions. Multi-element devices. Vortices. Induced drag. Ground effect. Wings in ground effect. Add-on features (e.g. End plates, Gurney flaps).
Vehicle Shapes and Aerodynamic Features
Attached flows and streamline design. Separated flows, wakes and base flows. Examples of specific aerodynamic features (e.g. Diffuser, Spoiler). Typical aerodynamic coefficient values. Standard road cars. Commercial vehicles. High performance race cars.
Vehicle Performance
Impact of aerodynamics on vehicle performance and stability.
Assessment pattern
|Assessment type||Unit of assessment||Weighting|
|Coursework||Coursework||40|
|Examination Online||Exam||60|
Alternative Assessment
N/A
Assessment Strategy
The assessment strategy is designed to provide students with the opportunity to demonstrate understanding of theory, standards and modelling, as well as the ability to describe particular aerodynamic features and apply analysis methodologies in the final examination. The coursework element allows students to demonstrate that they can interpret a problem, can undertake appropriate research, can apply relevant methods and tools, can comment on suitability of the methods, can critically analyse results and can report findings concisely.
Summative assessment for this module consists of a coursework report [learning outcomes 2, 3, 4] and an examination [learning outcomes 1, 2, 4, 5].
Formative assessment is given via tutorial and discussion sessions, written feedback is given for the coursework assessment.
Module aims
- An introduction to relevant aerodynamic concepts, standards and terminology
- An understanding of vehicle external aerodynamics, including streamlined flows, bluff body flows and ground effects
- A critical assessment of vehicle aerodynamic drag, lift and stability considerations
- Familiarisation with methods for analysing aerodynamic characteristics and their use for design
Learning outcomes
|Attributes Developed||Ref|
|001||Describe and demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of key vehicle aerodynamic characteristics and performance parameters, in the context of overall vehicle engineering||K||C1, C2|
|002||Demonstrate an understanding of advanced analysis techniques (CFD, wind-tunnel, track testing), including sources of uncertainty||KP||C3, C12|
|003||Demonstrate an understanding of and ability to apply mathematical/computational modelling techniques for aerofoils, wings and multi-element devices, including ground effects as appropriate, together with knowledge of key assumptions, limitations and evidence of validation against experiment||KC||C1, C2, C3|
|004||Describe and demonstrate an understanding of streamlined and bluff body flows, with an associated breakdown of the expected aerodynamic drag and key sources of uncertainty||K||C1|
|005||Assess the impact of aerodynamic performance on overall vehicle performance and stability||KC||C1|
Attributes Developed
C - Cognitive/analytical
K - Subject knowledge
T - Transferable skills
P - Professional/Practical skills
Methods of Teaching / Learning
The learning and teaching strategy is designed to introduce vehicle aerodynamics and design methodology, through a combination of theory, empirical analysis, observation, computational prediction and experimental data. This is delivered principally through discussion/lecture sessions, captured content and tutorial classes.
Indicated Lecture Hours (which may also include seminars, tutorials, workshops and other contact time) are approximate and may include in-class tests where one or more of these are an assessment on the module. In-class tests are scheduled/organised separately to taught content and will be published on to student personal timetables, where they apply to taken modules, as soon as they are finalised by central administration. This will usually be after the initial publication of the teaching timetable for the relevant semester.
Reading list
https://readinglists.surrey.ac.uk
Upon accessing the reading list, please search for the module using the module code: ENG3197
Programmes this module appears in
|Programme||Semester||Classification||Qualifying conditions|
|Automotive Engineering (Dual degree with HIT) BEng (Hons)||2||Compulsory||A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module|
|Automotive Engineering BEng (Hons)||2||Optional||A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module|
|Automotive Engineering MEng||2||Optional||A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module|
Please note that the information detailed within this record is accurate at the time of publishing and may be subject to change. This record contains information for the most up to date version of the programme / module for the 2023/4 academic year. | https://catalogue.surrey.ac.uk/2023-4/module/ENG3197 |
David Le Touzé is deputy director of the Research Laboratory in Hydrodynamics, Energy and Atmospheric Environment (LHEAA) at Ecole Centrale de Nantes and leader of the H2i (Hydrodynamics, Interfaces and Interactions) group. Within that group, he is responsible for activities on fast dynamics flows and multi-physics couplings, and various projects for public research, the navy, and the oil and gas industry. He has worked extensively on the SPH method in engineering, from fundamental development to massively parallel industrial applications. From 2010 to 2015 he was the chair of SPHERIC. In 2015 he received the inaugural Joe Monaghan Prize, along with collaborators, for theoretical work on the treatment of the free surface in SPH.
Dr. Natasha Flyer
Radial Basis Function-Generated Finite Differences (RBF-FD): New Opportunities for Applications in Scientific Computing
Since 2003, Natasha Flyer has been a computational mathematician at the US National Center for Atmospheric Research, with a focus on furthering understanding in the geo- and solar sciences through different aspects of numerical algorithm development. Her work encompasses formulating novel numerical approaches for modeling physical phenomena to benchmarking computational efficiency against state-of-the-art codes to ensuring suitability of the developed novel numerics for high-sustained performance on advanced accelerator architectures. Her primary focus has been on radial basis function-generated finite differences (RBF-FD), a novel local numerical methodology for approximation whose algorithmic simplicity is independent of dimension and geometry. Recently, she has oriented her attention to the potential of combining RBF-FD with machine learning algorithms that would accelerate model prediction. To date her areas of application modeling have been: solar corona, atmospheric electricity, mantle convection, weather, and turbulence.
Lecture slides (PDF) | movie 1 (youtube) | movie 2 (avi)
Prof. Stefan Hickel
Whither European Research Community On Flow, Turbulence And Combustion?
Stefan Hickel is Professor of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Chair of Aerodynamics at the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering of TU Delft. He obtained his PhD from TU Munich for research into the design of consistent numerical methods and turbulence models for large-eddy simulation in 2008 and was appointed full professor at TU Delft in 2015. Professor Hickel and his students develop models and methods for high-performance computational thermo-fluid dynamics with which they perform numerical experiments on a broad range of turbulent flows. Typical applications are, for example, waves and turbulence within Earth’s atmosphere, shock-turbulence interactions in supersonic aircraft and rockets, interactions of high-speed fluid flows with elastic structures such as aircraft wings, and turbulence in chemically reacting, multiphase and supercritical fluids, such as fuel injection and combustion in rocket or car engines. In addition, Professor Hickel serves the European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion (ERCOFTAC, of which SPHERIC is a Special Interest Group) as Chairman of the Scientific Programme Committee and TU Delft as Director of the Graduate School of Aerospace Engineering. | http://spheric2018.ie/speakers/ |
... What Are Airplane Aerodynamics? (with pictures) wise GEEK ... Jet engines use fuel and other energy sources in creating and sustaining thrust.
Aerodynamics is the way objects move through air. ... NASA had to use aerodynamics to figure out how to let the shuttle land safely.
Aerodynamics is the way air moves around things. ... Helicopter rotor blades use this trick. Lift for kites also comes from a curved shape.
What Is Aerodynamics in Physics?. Aerodynamics is the study of how air acts on objects. The study of aerodynamics is used to design or improve vehicles and other high ...
Aerodynamics affects both large and small objects. ... Sir Issac Newton's laws of motion are used extensively in aerodynamics.
aerodynamics definition: ... A simulation of an aircraft in wind tunnel used in the study of aerodynamics. aerodynamics. noun. the branch of aeromechanics that deals ...
Aerodynamic forces are used differently ... Because the center of pressure is not normally located at the center of gravity of the rocket, aerodynamic forces can ...
... airplane aerodynamic, i.e. the way airplanes in particular move through air, ... To use them effectively, pilots need to understand how they operate.
This is a list of the more commonly used aerodynamic accessories. ... Trailer gap reducers and trailer side skirts should be used together.
On the Road to a Fuel-effi cient Truck 3 2 Basics of aerodynamic devices 2.1 Why use aerodynamic devices? At highway speeds, much of the energy used to move a truck goes
Learn how and when aerodynamic car design ... the Airflow was one of the first cars designed with aerodynamics in mind. Though it used some unique ...
Aerodynamics. Aerodynamics is the science of airflow over airplanes, cars, buildings, and other objects. Aerodynamic principles are used to find the best ways in ...
Aerodynamics of Soccer was built for NASA HQ during the 2010 Summer of Innovation Project. ... because of the use of Greek fonts in the graphics, ...
Translations of aerodynamic. aerodynamic synonyms, aerodynamic antonyms. ... Used especially of motor vehicles. aer o·dy·nam i·cal·ly adv. aerodynamic ...
Civil engineers also use aerodynamics, and particularly aeroelasticity, to calculate wind loads in the design of large buildings and bridges. Continuity assumption Edit.
Carbon Mods manufacture a range of performance enhancing carbon fibre ... aerodynamic performance advantage, Carbon Mods offer a ... for use in a range of ...
Planes use their wings to create lift, race cars use theirs to create downforce. ... the fundamental principles of Formula One aerodynamics still apply: ...
Discover the concepts, theories, models, and methods used in the aerodynamic analysis and design of modern aircraft.
Early experiments used fish as the inspiration. ... A summary of key principles and basic rules to follow in order to improve aerodynamic efficiency when designing a ...
What Does a Spoiler Do for Aerodynamics? ... The reason cars that have a fastback use a spoiler is the spoiler reduces the slope of the fastback.
W.H. Mason 2/15/06 5-1 5. Overview of Configuration Aerodynamic Design:∗ including the use of computational aerodynamics 5.1 Introduction This chapter has several ...
Used vehicles; Scania Webshop; Scania Assistance; Print. Share this ... Friend feed; Google Bookmarks; My Space; Reddit; Twitter; Yahoo Bookmarks; Aerodynamics ...
Tips: Aerodynamics. The following tips and information focus on how to optimize aerodynamics. ... Use Aerodynamics to Assist Car Operation.
Aerodynamics Software and Aircraft Design Software from the Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Program at ... Our version is available for student use in the design lab.
Encyclopedia article about aerodynamic. ... aerodromics aeroduct. ... and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, ...
Excessive weight and vehicle attachments that make the car less aerodynamic and also run up your gas usage.
... aerodynamics, aviation history ... What is a vortex generator? ... Three sets of vortex generators are used along the Javelin's outer wing with one set ...
Ask a question about aircraft design and technology, space travel, aerodynamics, ... You use the same equation for an airplane and a helicopter, ...
An aerodynamic automobile will integrate the wheel arcs and lights into the overall shape to reduce drag. ... is used for cooling, combustion, ...
Aerodynamics is the study of forces and the resulting motion of objects through the air. ... because of the use of Greek fonts in the graphics, ...
noun (used with a singular verb) the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases and with the effects of such motion on bodies in the medium ...
aer·o·dy·nam·ics (âr-d-nmks) n. (used with a sing. verb) The dynamics of bodies moving relative to gases, especially the interaction of moving objects with the ... | http://www.finderchem.com/what-are-aerodynamics-used-in.html |
A CIL circuit is a process of continuous leaching of gold from ore to liquid using a counter-current adsorption of gold from liquid to carbon particles in a series of tanks. It concentrates gold from 2.5-3.5 g/t in ore to 10000 to 15000 g/t on carbon, thus playing an important role on the economics of a gold refinery.In this study, a dynamic model of CIL circuits has been developed to study the transient nature of the system. The effect of various operating parameters on the performance of the system has also been assessed. For example, the particle size and cyanide concentration were predicted to play a critical role on the gold leaching. A decrease in the particle size increased the efficiency of the process, whereas an opposite effect was observed on increasing the cyanide concentration. The recovery also increased on increasing the carbon transfer interval. On the other hand, oxygen concentration did not show a significant effect on the efficiency.The hydrodynamics of CIL tanks is also a complex phenomenon, and it affects both leaching and adsorption kinetics. Current models account for the effect of hydrodynamics in lumped manner. One needs to incorporate the hydrodynamic parameters explicitly in order to make the model applicable over a wider range of operating conditions. Therefore, rigorous CFD simulations of CIL tanks have also been carried out in this study. However, current multiphase CFD simulations require validation especially for interphase closures (such as drag). Therefore, simulations have been conducted using a number of drag models. The modified Brucato drag model was found to be the most appropriate for the CIL tanks, and hence was used in conducting the majority of the simulations in this study. Subsequently, the simulations were conducted to study the effect of various parameters, such as solid loading, and impeller speed and type, on the hydrodynamics of CIL tanks.At low solid loadings, the effect of it on the liquid hydrodynamics was minimal, however, at high solid concentrations, substantial impact on the hydrodynamics was predicted. For example, ‘false bottom effect’ was predicted at very high solid concentration indicates the presence of dead zones. Similarly, at higher solid loadings, higher slip velocities were observed below the impeller, near the wall and near the impeller rod. Finally, the higher solid loadings also caused the dampening of turbulence due to the presence of particles, thus resulting in significant power consumption to counteract this dampening.Other than ore particles, CIL tanks also contain the larger carbon particles. The flow of carbon particles is affected by the flow of ore-liquid slurry. No model is currently available for calculating the drag force on the carbon particles. For obtaining the drag force, a novel macroscopic particle model (MPM) based on RDPM approach was used after validation. The predictions from the MPM model were compared with the available experimental data, and a new drag model has been proposed for the carbon particles in the CIL slurry.The research develops a phenomenological model, validates the drag model for ore particles and proposes a drag model for carbon particles. These models along with the methodology presented in the thesis can be applied on the industrial scale CIL tanks for any ore type provided the rate terms and kinetic constants are known. | https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/973 |
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is currently viewed as one of the major tools for investigating aerodynamics of road vehicles. In spite of its well-documented limitations in predicting flows involving complex geometries and flow separations, the RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) approach is still a widely used turbulence modeling methodology in motorsports/automotive industries due to its cost-effectiveness and fast turnaround time. In the past, automotive research and development efforts showed an intensive focus on the external vehicle aerodynamics for improved parasitic drag efficiency. However, as the opportunities of attaining aerodynamic advantage by pure manipulation vehicle?s external body-shape diminish, the industry turns to other areas of the vehicle for further aerodynamic efficiency improvement. One such area is the underhood airflow management, which is challenging for both experimental and analytical approaches due to the complexity and compactness of modern vehicle underhood compartments. Thereby, 3D CFD analyses appear to be a cost-effective alternative to investigate the underhood airflow characteristics during a vehicle's early design stage. Subsequently, one aspect of this thesis involves computational studies using the RANS approach to investigate the role of underhood airflow features on the radiator performance and cooling drag. Additionally, analysis of the impact of the front grille opening size and underhood passive aerodynamic devices on the cooling drag and radiator performance are presented. All of these simulations are based on full vehicle CFD simulations carried out using a detailed realistic model of Hyundai Veloster. It is demonstrated that by properly managing the cooling airflow, simultaneous improvement of radiator performance and total vehicle drag reduction can be achieved.However, existing literature suggests that, for automotive flows, RANS turbulence models often fail to capture the detailed flow features or even the integral aerodynamic quantities, and subsequently sometimes are used to assess the magnitude and direction of a trend. Moreover, even for such purposes, notable disagreements often exist between results predicted by different RANS models. Thanks to fast advances in computer technology, increasing popularity has been seen in the use of the hybrid LES/RANS (Large Eddy Simulation/Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) approaches which have demonstrated the high potential of being more accurate and informative than the RANS approaches. Whilst evaluations of RANS and hybrid LES/RANS models, known as the DES (Detached Eddy Simulation), on various applications are abundant in literature, such evaluations on full-car models are rare. To further the investigations on-road vehicle aerodynamic simulation approaches, the prediction veracity of four RANS models which are widely used in industry, i.e., the realizable k - 𝜖, AKN k - 𝜖, SST k - 𝜔, and V2F models, are evaluated for a full-scale passenger vehicle with two different front-end configurations. The RANS simulated flow-fields are then compared against results from two hybrid LES/RANS approaches to highlight the predictive differences between different CFD simulation methodologies. It is found that the DES approach is superior in predicting the flow-field, but is not guaranteed to predict better correlated integral quantities. Consequently, this study explores the possibility of improving the prediction veracity of the SST k - 𝜔 model, the most promising variant of the RANS approach, by investigating the influence of a few selected model closure coefficients on the CFD predictions. This involves identifying the effect of each individual model parameter on the prediction first, and then formulating the optimized combination of the model closure coefficient values that yields the best correlation with the experiment. This procedure is applied to four different test objects: NACA 4412 airfoil at 12 degree angle of attack, the 25 and 35 degree slant angle Ahmed body, and a full-scale passenger road vehicle. Although some closure coefficients do not influence the CFD results much, the predictions are very sensitive to the choice of certain model constants irrespective of the test object geometry. The study also shows that it is possible to formulate a combination of closure model coefficients that can produce very well correlated CFD predictions of the overall flow-field.
doctoral dissertations
Ph.D.
CFDROAD VEHCILETRANSIENT SIMULATIONTURBULENCE MODELS
Mechanical Engineering
Uddin, Mesbah
Tkacik, PeterBari, SaifulParkhideh, BabakCampbell, Harrison
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2018.
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Copyright is held by the author unless otherwise indicated. | https://repository.charlotte.edu//islandora/object/etd:627 |
Aerospace is a broad term generally used to collectively describe the space, earth, and outer atmosphere. Aerospace activity is highly diverse, with a host of military, commercial and civil applications. Aerospace technology is the study and use of space, particularly in outer space and the aerospace environment. Aerospace is also used in search and rescue operations, and in national security matters.
The aerospace sector produces everything from satellites to aircraft and space shuttles. The U.S. Air Force, NASA, and several defense contractors rely on these industries for their continued existence and operation. Aerospace engineers design, manufacture, and operate all elements of space and aerial vehicles. Many aerospace engineers have received advanced degrees in aerospace science and engineering.
Aerospace material scientists and technologists manufacture all components and parts of an aircraft. Aerodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the interaction of air, space, and the objects in between. This field of study helps to optimize the performance of vehicles and space systems. Aerodynamics engineers determine the lift, weight, and drag of an aircraft and design the most efficient routes for transportation through air. These engineers also inspect the integrity of various air-moving products, such as wings, airframes, landing gears, and control surfaces. They analyze all types of flight conditions, such as flying at various speeds, stopping and climbing, and the distribution of forces on an aircraft.
Mechanics is another branch of aerodynamics that describes how an aircraft is driven and piloted. Mechanics designs build and fly the various components of an aircraft. They are responsible for analyzing, testing, and maintaining the performance of all mechanical systems. They perform flight test activities, develop flight plans, and oversee the maintenance of the aircraft. Some mechanics have involved only in-flight preparations while other work on the airplane’s avionics and computer systems. Mechanics use all the tools of aerodynamic science to design, manufacture, and test components used in a flight.
Propulsion systems are used to alter the path of an aircraft. These are typically either combustion or electric motors or both. Propulsion is one of the most important aspects of aerospace research and development. Aerospace engineers design, build and operate the major components of the various propulsion systems used in aircraft.
As you can see, there is a lot of responsibility involved in the aerospace engineering industry. Many of these positions require long-term commitments, even when a project is complete. However, if you have an interest in becoming an aerospace engineer, you may want to consider astronautical engineering as your future career. | https://newswebsite.com/careers-in-aerospace-engineering-2/ |
Phone number:
Email: [email protected]
Location: Wheatley Campus
Aerodynamics
Thermodynamics
Computer-aided design
ENGR5002
ENGR5005
ENGR6013
Support vector machine (SVM) is regarded as one of the most effective techniques for supervised learning, while the Gaussian kernel SVM is widely utilized due to its excellent performance capabilities. To ensure high performance of models, hyperparameters, i.e. kernel width and penalty factor must be determined appropriately. This paper studies the influence of hyperparameters on the Gaussian kernel SVM when such hyperparameters attain an extreme value (0 or ∞). In order to improve computing efficiency, a parameter optimization method based on the local density and accuracy of Leave-One-Out (LOO) method are proposed. Kernel width of each sample is determined based on the local density needed to ensure a higher separability in feature space while the penalty parameter is determined by an improved grid search using the LOO method. A comparison with grid method is conducted to verify validity of the proposed method. The classification accuracy of five real-life datasets from UCI database are 0.9733, 0.9933, 0.7270, 0.6101 and 0.8867, which is slightly superior to the grid method. The results also demonstrate that this proposed method is computationally cheaper by 1 order of magnitude when compared to the grid method.
The dual-jet air curtain is a novel technology that, acting as a fluidic spoiler, can not only reduce aerodynamic noise but also, compared with a single-jet air curtain, can be designed to have low self noise. To achieve further progress, this paper proposes a combined use of the dual-jet air curtain with a perforated fairing. The concept was evaluated with wind tunnel experiments using tandem rods acting as an aerodynamic bluff body noise source creating suitably high amplitude narrowband and broadband noise output. In the experiment, two configurations of the combined use were tested, i.e. the fairing was located either upstream or downstream to the rods. It was found that the two technologies complement each other with the dual-jet air curtain reducing the high frequency turbulent shear layer noise emitted from the edge of the perforated fairing, whilst the perforated fairing serves to reduce the velocity of recirculating flow in the lee of the aircurtain, thus reducing this potential aerodynamic noise source.
An effective performance-matching design framework for solid rocket motor tailored toward satisfying various thrust-performance requirements is presented in this research paper through an innovative and specialized general-design approach developed to evaluate the general-design parameters. During the general-design stage, a combination of grain web and area ratio is selected as the design variables to be adjusted to obtain the general parameters. Based on the general parameters obtained, a grain-design stage incorporates the level-set method and simulates solid-propellant evolution and internal ballistic analysis, thereby obtaining the thrust performance. Grain-design effectiveness is determined by how closely the designed solid-rocket-motor performance matches and compares to a prespecified thrust curve. An efficient sequential-field-approximate-optimization algorithm is proposed and used to minimize the average rms error between the desired and designed thrusts. Validation of the proposed design framework is carried out by evaluating motor cases possessing different thrust requirements, and results obtained highlight the proposed framework as a practical and efficient strategy for solid-rocket-motor designs.
Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA).
Aerodynamics Noise Reduction Modelling.
Aerospace Design & Optimizations.
Turbulent and Hypersonic Flow Modelling.
Design of Optimization Methods.
Urban Wind Microclimate Modelling.
Thermo-fluids Heat Transfer Modelling.
Advanced Vibration Analysis & Control.
Wave Turbulence & Transport.
Hydrodynamics Modelling.
Fire Dynamics Modelling.
Chartered Engineer (CEng) Ireland.
Member, Institute of Engineers Ireland (MIEI)
Member, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
Senior Consultant at B-Fluid Ltd, providing consultancy and design solutions for aerospace industries, urban micro-climate environments, construction industries, automotive industries, marine industries, and biomedical industries. | https://www.brookes.ac.uk/templates/pages/staff.aspx?wid=PhDStudents&op=full&uid=p0090670 |
SUV Aerodynamics has received increased attention as the stake this segments holds in the automotive market keeps growing year after year, as well as the direct impact it has on fuel economy. Understanding the key physics in order to accomplish both fuel efficient and aesthetic products is paramount, which indeed gave origin to a major initiative to enhance collaborative aerodynamic research across academia and industry, the DrivAer model. In addition to this sedan-based DrivAer model, a new dedicated SUV generic model, called AeroSUV (Zhang C. T., 2019), has been introduced this year, likewise intended to provide a common framework for aerodynamic research for both experimental and numerical simulation validation. The present work provides an area of common ground for SUV bodywork design focused on minimization of aerodynamic drag making use of the new AeroSUV model in its three available configurations, namely estate back, fastback and notchback. This allows for maximum representativeness and utilization of results across the industry and academia. Dimensionless parameters are presented in the form of height- to-width ratios and departure angles, looking at an efficient way to characterize vehicle proportions which can lead to aerodynamic efficiency improvements very early in the concept design stage. Although previous work has been performed on this matter not only for sedans (Le Good, 2011) but for some particular SUV models too (Krishnani, 2009), the present paper is intended to establish a first approach for SUV design which incorporates aero efficiency criteria based on its main drag contributors. Spalart-Allmaras Delayed Detached Eddy Simulations are performed for 6 seconds of physical time, presenting drag coefficient-averages for the last two seconds of the solution as the reported metric to assess the effectiveness of the design parameters investigated. Conclusions are drawn based on a signal-to-noise ratio methodology in order to rank those parameters identified as first order contributors for aero drag and distinguish from those secondary aspects that might have been considered relevant and that CFD results have subsequently proved otherwise.
Author(s):
David Barrera, Arturo Guzman
Affiliated:
FCA Mexico, S.A. de C.V., FCA US LLC
Event:
WCX SAE World Congress Experience
ISSN:
0148-7191
e-ISSN:
2688-3627
Related Topics:
Drag
Fuel economy
Computational fluid dynamics
Aerodynamics
Simulation and modeling
Research and development
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With TechSelect, you decide what SAE Technical Papers you need, when you need them, and how much you want to pay. | https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2020-01-0478/ |
M. Hazim, A. Abdulkadir, K. Iftekhar, A. Firoz, W. Simon,A study on aerodynamic drag of a semi-trailer truck Harun Chowdhury, Procedia Engineering 56 (2013) 201– 205.
S.R. Ahmed, R. Ramm, G. Faltin, Some Salient Features of the Time Averaged Ground Vehicle Wake, SAE Technical Paper Series 840300 3(20) (1998) 104-115.
S. Watkins, G. Vino, The Effect of Vehicle Spacing on the Aerodynamics of Representative Car Shape, J. of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 96(3) (2011)1232-1239.
R. Mathieu, G. Patrick, Analysis and control of the nearewake flow over a square-back geometry, computr& fluids 21(38) (2009) 60-70.
S. Ghaligne, C. Thomas, Active control of the flow behind a two-dimentional bluff body in ground proximity,comptes rendus mecanique 2(341) (2013) 289-297.
A. Spohn, P. Gillieron, Flow separeated generated by a simplified geometry of an automotive vehicle, Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Paper 23(41) (2011) 89-97.
B. Khalighi, S. Zang, C. Koromilas, S. Balkanyi, L.P. Bernal, G. laccarino, P. Moin, Experimental and Computational Study of Unsteady Wake Flow Behind a Body with a Drag Reduction Device, SAE Technical Paper 14(17) (2006) 12-21.
S. Krajnovic, L. Davidson, Flow around a simplified car, part 2, Journal of Fluids Engineering 12(7) (2008) 919-928.
P. Roms, A. Spohn, Flow Separations Generated by a Simplified Geometry of an Automotive Vehicle, SAE Technical Paper 21(12) (2007) 31-44.
S. Krajnović, L. Davidson, Flow Around a Simplified Car, Part 1: Large Eddy Simulation, ASME J. Fluids Eng 127 (2005) 907-918.
H. Charles, A. Bruneau, B. Emmanuel, A. Delphine,c. Gilliéron, Coupling active and passive techniques to control the flow past the square back Ahmed body,Computers & Fluids 39 (2010) 1875-1892.
G. Hugo, B. Castroa, R. Rodrigo, A. Mario, E.Stortib, Computational study of unsteady road vehicle aerodynamics including fluid-structure interaction,Mecánica Computacional 12 (2013) 1409-1425.
K.P. Garry, K.R. Cooper, Comparison of quasi-static. And dynamic wind tunnel measurements on simpli_ed tractor–trailer models, J. Wind Engineerig Ind. Aerodynamic 22(1986) 185-194.
S. Richardson, A. Imam, An experimental study of unsteady vehicle aerodynamics, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 215 (2001) 174-179.
M.A. Ardekani, F. Farhani, Experimental study on response of hot wire and cylindrical hot film anemometers operating under varying fluid temperatures, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 21 (2009) 174-179.
M.A. Ardekani, Hot-Wire Anemometer, K.N. Toosi University 2006.
T. Tunay, B. Sahin, V. Ozbolat, Effects of rear slant angles on the flow characterist ics of Ahmed body, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 57 (2014) 165-176.
H. Lienhart, C. Stoots, S. Becker, Flow and turbulence structures in the wake of a simplified car model (Ahmed model), Journal of Automobile Engineering 205 (2009) 174-183.
A. Pope, K.L. Goin, Low Speed Wind Tunnel Testing, John Wiley and Sons Inc. 1984.
M.A. Ardakani, Low-speed wind tunnel (design principles and application), K.N. Toosi University 2008.
C.P. Van Dam, Recent Experience with Different Methods of Drag Prediction, Progress in aerospace 35(8)(1999) 751.
S. Goldstein, A Note on the Measurement of Total Head and Static Pressure on a Turbulent Stream, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 155(32) (1996) 570-575.
A.E. Von Den hoff, N. Tetervin, Determination of general relation for the behavior of turbulent boundary layer,NACA 1943.
S.L. Dixon, Fluid mechanics, thermodynamics of turbo machiney Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, 2005.
B. Charles-Henri, C. Emmanuel, D. Delphine, G. Patrick, M. Iraj, Coupling active and passive techniques to control the flow past the square back Ahmed body Computers & Fluids, 39 (2010) 1875-1892.
T. Angelina I. Heft, I. Adams, N. , Introduction of a New Realistic Generic Car Model for Aerodynamic Investigations, SAE International 2 (2012) 168-197.
E. Jorgensen, How to Measure Turbulence with Hot-wire Anemometers, Dantec Dynamics 2002.
S. Yavuzkurt, A guide to uncertainty analysis of hotwire data, J. Fluids Engineering 106 (1984) 181-186.
Amirkabir Journal of Mechanical Engineering is licensed under a"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)" | https://mej.aut.ac.ir/article_749.html |
Alloys for high temperature utilization (e.g., superalloys) and light-weight structures (e.g., Mg alloys) are designed and developed in this laboratory. Commercially available software is used in alloy design. Alloy production in poly and/or single crystalline forms usually follows the design stage.
The function of this laboratory is to have an environment to test performance and combustion characteristics of internal combustion engines. An active dynamometer which is able to test internal combustion engines of up to 100 kW capacity is available at the laboratory. The dynamometer’s maximum brake torque is 260 Nm at 4000 rpm. The laboratory also contains auxiliary equipment necessary for an internal engine to operate including a fuel delivery and consumption unit, a cooling circuit, an exhaust system, air ventilation unit and fire extinguishing equipment. The diagnostic devices used in the laboratory include torque and speed measurement devices as well as an indicator system capable of measuring in cylinder and intake/exhaust line pressure at 0.5 crank angle degree intervals. The laboratory is frequently used for graduation projects for the automotive engineering MS degree students and also for demonstration experiments of undergraduate courses. A diesel and a gasoline engine are available for testing in the laboratory.
Vibration and acoustics and various related topics such as fatigue and passenger comfort are among the most important subjects in Automotive Engineering. The laboratory is founded to examine and solve all kinds of vibration and acoustics problems encountered in automobiles. The necessary equipment to conduct the experimental studies have been obtained and carried out in various ongoing projects in the framework of university-industry cooperation. Currently, in the laboratory besides the experimental equipment such as a variety of accelerometers, microphones, tachometers, data acquisition systems, there are a sedan and a body-in-white which investigations are carried out on . In conjunction with these equipment, components used for educational purposes such as many and varied features engines, gear boxes, steering systems, such as parts are also available. Various software and hardware related to dynamics and control of vehicles are used in the same laboratory. The development studies of alternative fuel vehicles participated in various competitions on behalf of our university are also carried out largely in this laboratory.
BURET focuses on renewable energy technologies using low temperature heat sources such as sun, waste heat or geothermal energy to develop more efficient thermal energy conversion systems. An organic rankine cycle test system is designed and produced to observe behaviours of various organic fluids and optimize the cycle for higher power output. In addition, design and test studies of novel expanders are investigated to improve the both efficiency of the cycle and turbine. Further, using a low speed wind tunnel and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) systems, flow analysis of natural and forced convection for enchanced cooling methods are studied.
In Composites Laboratory, research on fibre reinforced composites, reinforced plastics and nanocomposites as well as their production methods is being conducted. Composite parts can be produced using several manufacturing methods such as vacuum infusion, autoclave, hot press, induction or microwave heating. Production of novel composites and nanocomposites as well as novel, energy efficient production methods, prediction of manufacturing deformations in composite parts, micromechanical analysis of composite parts, prediction of damage by using various failure criteria, deformation and failure analysis of composite structures, design and optimization of wind turbine blades are among the research topics of interest.
Theoretical modeling and simulation of flame and heat transfer processes are the subjects studied in this laboratory. The reduction of chemical kinetics of hydrocarbon combustion, modeling of turbulent flames, gas phase radiative heat transfer in flames, prediction of emissions from internal combustion engines are the topics currently studied in the laboratory. The laboratory has relevant software packages and computers to allow for the study of the topics mentioned. Available software includes ANSYS FLUENT, AVL FIRE, AVL BOOST, RICARDO WAVE, KIVA, Fortran Compiler, and Matlab.
This lab is used for design and production of senior projects. A variety of machine elements (gears, nuts and bolts, etc.), electromechanical components (electric motors, electromechanical valves, etc.) and electrical and mechanical measuring equipments are available in the laboratory. Several benches are available for the students’ use as this lab is mostly used for the assembly and test processes.
Laboratory training associated with junior level fundamental mechanical engineering courses are combined into a sequence of two courses: Experimental Engineering I and Experimental Engineering II. Laboratory work is conducted in the Experimental Engineering Laboratory of the department. The laboratory is designed to teach hands-on experimental skills and is equipped with equipment for teaching the fundamentals of measurement and instrumentation with emphasis on sensors and transducers. Test setups related to the disciplines of solid mechanics, thermodynamics, heat transfer and fluid mechanics provide the opportunity of conducting experiments in those fields.
Utilization of the laboratory is, in the average, twenty-five hours per week. The laboratory is capable of accommodating seventy-two students per academic term.
The Experimental Engineering laboratory of the department has been approved in both of the ABET accreditation processes.
In FMS Laboratory, computational modeling techniques are being developed and applied to study engineering problems that cover a wide range of application areas such as Fluid Mechanics, Aerodynamics, Gas Dynamics, Transonic Flow, Non-Newtonian Fluids, Turbulence, Acoustics, Solidification, Combustion, Chemical Vapor Deposition, Two-Phase Flow, and other areas of Computational Science, such as Semi-Conductor Device Simulations.
Haptics & Robotics (H&R) lab is located in KB112 in North Campus of Boğaziçi University.
Physical and mechanical metallurgy of high temperature materials, specifically the superalloys, are investigated in this laboratory. Although current emphasis is on the nano-size precipitate evolution in the Ni-base superalloys, microstructure formation via solid-solid or melt-solid transformations, mechanical (tensile, creep, fatigue) testing, and microstructure-property relationships of materials are also explored.
In Mechanical Testing Laboratory, tests on mechanical behavior of polymers, composite materials, ceramics, metals and alloys are performed. Among the tests done in the laboratory are standard tension/compression/flexure tests, fracture mechanics tests and fatigue tests. In addition to these standard tests, special tests can be done on automotive components such as engine mounts, connecting rods, crank shafts according to the company specifications.
Deformation of parts under loading can be measured using strain gages and propagation of fatigue cracks under constant and variable amplitude loading can be monitored by optical and electronic methods. Damages parts can be examined using KRAUTKRAMER ultrasonic testing system.
This lab specializes on in situ full-field deformation measurement at multiple length-scales. Deformation fields can be mapped with intra-grain resolution over an arbitrarily large area through in house scanning equipment. This provides high resolution and high statistical significance (that normally do not coexist) at the same time. The focus of research is on materials with complicated or multi-physics-coupled constitutive behavior (e.g. coupled thermal-mechanical behavior) and deformation-induced transformation phenomena. Studied topics include deformation physics of hexagonal close packed metals that undergo twin transformation and superelasticity in shape memory alloys that is based on an austenite-to-martensite phase transformation. Multiscale measurement is complemented with multiscale modeling activity that includes polycrystalline averaging techniques and various applications of the finite element method.
Research projects in this laboratory investigate solidification behavior of materials. Effects of process variables like the thermal gradient, convection in the melt, and diffusion at the solid-liquid interface are studied to understand the solute redistribution during solidification. This understanding specifically helps identify the underlying phenomena determining the interface stability, which is crucial in the growth of single crystals. The use of single crystals is essential in many industrial fields such as the electronics industry using single crystal semiconductors to increase the conduction efficiency and the aero-space industry employing single crystal superalloys in jet engines to combat the creep at high temperatures.
Research projects in Space Technologies Laboratory focuses on the development, analysis and testing of plasma thrusters and components for space propulsion applications as well as the study of various terrestrial plasma applications and devices. Satellites and spacecraft moving in an orbit or in interplanetary space use propulsion systems that use the principle of conservation of momentum to provide thrust. Various propulsion concepts that will use external energy sources received from on-board batteries, solar panels, nuclear reactors, etc. are being developed and studied in this laboratory.
Multi-scale modeling and characterization of nano-scale thermal transport.
We are not only focused on contributing to the scientific literature in these areas, but also provide solutions to practical problems using numerical and experimental techniques. Due to the multi-scale nature of these problems, we focus both on microscopic and macroscopic modeling and characterization methods. Moreover, we use novel design and characterization approaches for some of these applications such as inverse design or regularization based tomography techniques.
Vibrations Laboratory is equipped with the instrumentation and software required for measurement and analysis of vibrations of structures and machinery. In the lab, there are two shakers for low frequency high force and high frequency low force applications, data acquisition systems, accelerometers, a laser vibrometer, an oscilloscope, and other miscellaneous electrical and mechanical measurement instruments. Current research in the lab focuses on computational and experimental investigation of vibration isolation systems, passive and adaptive vibration absorber systems, and phononic band gap structures. | http://www.me.boun.edu.tr/?q=content/laboratories |
What is Solid works Simulation?
This article identifies solid works simulation types. Solid works Simulation is a software that allows users to create accurate simulations of objects and assemblies. Solid works Simulation can be used to model physical or virtual objects, assemblies, and systems. The software is used in various fields such as engineering, manufacturing, and architecture for a number of purposes such as designing, simulating, and testing.
Solid Works Simulation Types
Static Simulation
Static simulation is a technique for simulating the behavior of materials over time in order to gain a better understanding of how they will respond under various conditions. By replicating the conditions that the material will experience over time, it is possible to create a more realistic model of how the material will behave. This information can then be used to make better decisions about how to construct or design products using these materials.
Dynamic Simulation
Dynamic solidwork simulation (DSWS) is a technology that enables designers to study the interaction of objects in their environment, including the effects of global and local forces. This technology can be used to create models of physical systems and to predict how they will behave under various conditions.
Solidworks simulation can also be used to simulate the behavior of individual objects or assemblies. The software simulates the behavior of objects under various conditions and uses a blend of three-dimensional visualization, mathematical modeling and simulation software.
Dynamic simulation is often used to study the behavior of systems. It works by creating a model of the system, running it through a series of simulations, and then analyzing the results. Dynamic simulation can be used to study a wide range of systems, including physical systems, chemical reactions, and economic models.
Also Read // Autocad Review | An Engineering Software for Design Work
Thermal Simulation
Solidworks has a feature called thermal simulation which can be used to predict the behavior of a material under different heat conditions. Thermal simulation can be used to help designers make informed decisions about how to heat a product so that it remains functional and meets safety standards.
Heat transfer simulation is often used as an alternative to thermal simulation. The software will show the temperature distribution in a solid and help determine how heat will be distributed through the material. The material will also show heat transfer rates.
The Heat Transfer Simulation Software is used to simulate or to predict the temperature distribution in a material and calculate the amount of heat transferred through it.
Thermal simulation is a powerful tool used in the engineering and sciences to study the behavior of materials in different temperatures. It is a two-dimensional, finite element method that uses computers to solve for the temperature field within a material or system.
Thermal simulation can be used to study the properties of materials under different conditions, understand how heat flows through materials, and predict the performance of systems under various conditions.
Also Read // List of Major Software for Engineers
Fluid Flow Simulation
The Fluid Flow simulation in Solidworks helps users to understand the flow of fluids through complex objects. This simulation can be used to design and create objects that are capable of moving fluids, such as pumps and fans. SolidWorks Thermal Simulation Solidworks Thermal Simulation software helps to simulate the thermal performance of materials and components.
Users can simulate the thermal performance of materials and components. The software has a variety of features that can be integrated and used together such as material database, heat transfer analysis, thermal-fluid simulation, and more.
Conclusion on Solid Works Simulation Types
Simulation types are the ways that Solidworks can represent the behavior of a physical system. The behavior of a physical system can be represented as the response of that system to forces. Simulation types can be used to represent the response of a system to forces in either 2D or 3D space. The response of a system can be complex, with many possible variations in shape and size. This marks the end of our article; Solid Works Simulation Types
Also Read // Is NanoCAD safe to use?? | https://smartexplora.com/solid-works-simulation-types/ |
SummaryThis unit builds upon Newton's Laws of Motion by exploring the force of friction. Students learn about friction and drag — two different forces that convert energy of motion to heat. Student-directed activities demonstrate how friction affects motion, and how texture affects the degree of friction as objects move across the surface of different types of materials.
Engineering Connection
Understanding how friction works helps engineers in designing and using materials. Transportation and automotive engineers make sure that roads and tires provide the right amount of friction because friction provides traction and control for a safe driving experience, especially in icy or wet conditions. Engineers also design ways to reduce the force of friction between moving mechanical parts (in engines, tools, artificial limbs, etc.) so the parts run smoother and last longer.
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Building upon their understanding of forces and Newton's laws of motion, students learn about the force of friction, specifically with respect to cars. They explore the friction between tires and the road to learn how it affects the movement of cars while driving. | https://www.teachengineering.org/curricularunits/view/cub-forces-friction-unit |
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Aerofoil theory; Flat plate lift and drag; Aerofoil lift and drag; Predicting aerofoil data with Xfoil; Boundary layer theory; Aircraft performance; Stability and control in flight; Wind tunnel testing; Glider design, build and test; Propeller design; BEMT method; High speed (compressibility) effects; Wheeled ground vehicles: load transfer, tyre design, traction and rolling resistance, aerodynamics, suspension, steering, and potential flow.
This course teaches the fundamental understanding and some of the design skills required for aerodynamic design in the aviation and automotive industries, with relevance also to the wind and hydroelectric power industries. The course strengthens skills required for almost any industrial application with moving fluids.Theoretical knowledge in the topics above will be taught by lectures and self-paced study with online materials. Practical exercises include modelling aerofoils with Xfoil, measuring aerofoil properties in a wind tunnel, designing and building a hand-launched glider from supplied materials, and modelling wheeled vehicle dynamics in MATLAB.Aerofoil properties:• Flat plate lift and drag• Aerofoil lift, drag and pitching moments• Pressure and shear stress distributions on aerofoils, and their integration to lift and drag• Polar data • Tip vortices and other finite wing effectsAircraft performance:• Equations of motion for flight vehicles• Glide ratio• Thrust required• Power required• Range and endurance• Takeoff and landing• High lift devices• Turning performanceStability and control of flying vehicles:• Control surfaces for fixed-wing craft• Actuators• Longitudinal stability (trim) treated quantitatively• Lateral, directional and roll stability treated qualitativelyPotential flow analysis methods:• Definition of flow potential and streamline functions• Representing simple 2D inviscid flows with potential and streamline methods• Representing superpositions of simple 2D inviscid flowsPropeller systems:• Propeller design considerations• Blade element momentum theory (BEMT) design methodHigh speed effects:• Transonic control• Supersonic control and drag• Supersonic propulsionCompressible flow:• Speed of sound and Mach number• Thermo-fluid dynamics of compressible flow• Adiabatic nozzle flow and applications in flow rate control and propulsion• Normal shocksWheeled ground vehicle dynamics:• Load transfer in cornering• Tyre design, traction and rolling resistance• Ground vehicle aerodynamics• Suspension types• Steering geometry
Learning Outcomes and National Qualifications Framework (NQF)Knowledge outcomes:Solid grasp of the fluid dynamics underlying aerodynamics and methods for computing the pressure distributions and total lift, drag and momentsKnowing where to find and how to manipulate empirical data to estimate drag and lift on simple bodiesKnowing how to represent simple 2D inviscid flows with simple potential and streamline methodsKnowing what determines the performance of systems with compressible flow at Mach numbers greater than 0.3Knowledge of the relationship between flying vehicle configuration, control surface layout and stabilityFundamental knowledge of the forces governing ground vehicle performance and comfort and their relationship to steering, suspension and tyres.Skills outcomes:Ability to choose an appropriate airfoil for a specific applicationAbility to design a body enclosing a given envelope for low aerodynamic or hydrodynamic dragAbility to estimate thrust, power, range, endurance and speed in flightAbility to design and construct simple lightweight glidersAbility to quickly represent common flow patterns with streamline and potential methodsAbility to choose appropriate tyres and tyre pressures for a ground vehicle and calculate power requirements for given speeds.Personal attributes developed:Communicating complex concepts to peersDesigning and constructing optimal systems with limited resources
ENME304 orENME314
Students must attend one activity from each section.
Mark Jermy
Harassment* Harassment of any sort will not be tolerated. Each UC student is here to learn and to experience a friendly and supportive community.* It is every student's right to expect: respect and courtesy from staff and other students, including freedom from harassment of any sort; fair treatment; the ability to speak out about any issues that concern them, without fear of consequences for their safety and well-being.* Furthermore, each student has the responsibility to: respect the rights and property of others; attend to their own health and safety, and that of others; and behave in a manner towards each other that does not reflect badly on the student body or the University.* If you, or someone you know, has experienced harassment, please talk to your lecturers, directors of study, or head of department.Dishonest Practice* Plagiarism, collusion, copying, and ghost writing are unacceptable and dishonest practices.* Plagiarism is the presentation of any material (test, data, figures or drawings, on any medium including computer files) from any other source without clear and adequate acknowledgment of the source.* Collusion is the presentation of work performed in conjunction with another person or persons, but submitted as if it has been completed only by the named author(s).* Copying is the use of material (in any medium, including computer files) produced by another person(s) with or without their knowledge and approval.* Ghost writing is the use of another person(s) (with or without payment) to prepare all or part of an item submitted for assessment.Do not engage in dishonest practices. The Department reserves the right to refer dishonest practices to the University Proctor and where appropriate to not mark the work.The University regulations on academic integrity and dishonest practice can be found here.
Domestic fee $1,102.00
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* Fees include New Zealand GST and do not include any programme level discount or additional course related expenses.
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Mechanical Engineering. | https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/courseinfo/GetCourseDetails.aspx?course=ENME404&occurrence=20S2(C)&year=2020 |
This academic blog post describes how CAESES was used to design a parametric turbopump inducer geometry in conjunction with Ansys CFX.
Academic Blog: Robust-based Optimization of the Hull Internal Layout of an Oil Tanker
This blog post deals with the improvement of the design of the internal layout of oil tankers targeting safety and economic feedback and considering the incorporated uncertainty.
Novel Approaches for sCO2 Axial Turbine Design
The present work explores novel sCO2 axial turbine designs for waste heat recovery (WHR) applications based on a 10 MW case study. A Kulfan Class Shape Transformation (CST) for 2D axial blade profile design is employed, and considerations are undertaken for aerodynamic efficiency and mechanical stresses.
Protected: Lecture Videos on Simulation-Driven Design: How to Utilize Simulation to Create Better Products
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Academic Blog: Hydro-Acoustic and Hydrodynamic Optimization of a Submarine Bow Form
The main goal of this study is to enhance hydro-acoustics and hydrodynamics performance of a submarine hull with bow form optimization using high-fidelity CFD simulations and an automated workflow.
Academic Blog: Optimization of a Leading Edge for Flat Plate Boundary Layer Experiments
Predicting the transitional boundary layer is still an almost impossible task for arbitrary flow conditions. The consideration of the impact of boundary conditions such as pressure gradient, free-stream turbulence and surface roughness demand improved transition models, which are the interest of a research group at the Karlsruhe University for Applied Sciences. CAESES was introduced as the process integration and design optimization (PIDO) platform to optimize the leading edge contour.
Aerodynamic Bicycle Wheel Design Optimization
The aerodynamic optimization of bicycle wheels can lead to decisive gains in running pace. Nowadays, aerodynamic performance is one of the key factors considered when racing cyclists purchase new equipment. The aim of this project was to investigate the aerodynamics involved in bicycle wheel design, and to optimize and design a very low drag bicycle wheel rim shape using CAESES & TCFD.
Design and Optimization of Valves
The design and optimization of valves is one of many applications where using CAESES® to robustly automate the processes of systematic geometry variation and analysis of the generated variants with a suitable CFD solver can lead to significant reductions in time-to-market, as well as to a truly optimal design within the specified constraints.
ANSYS Geometry Interface: Fast and Easy Automation
The CAESES ACT app is an ANSYS geometry interface by FRIENDSHIP SYSTEMS that allows CFD engineers to automate the entire geometry generation process, for the purpose of running shape optimization and design studies.
Axial Fan Noise Reduction: How To Boost It With Smarter Geometry Models
The design of axial fans typically considers the efficiency but also the reduction of the noise emissions. Axial fan noise reduction is a rather huge and complex topic when it comes to all the details, but there are a few simple CAD techniques that you can apply to your standard blade designs, to immediately enhance the fan’s noise level. | https://www.caeses.com/category/blog/ |
CFD analysis of hull aerodynamics holds the potential to answer many performance questions, including the cause of an infamous side-by-side blow-over of identical high-performance catamarans during competition in Key West in 2019.
In Part 1 of our series “Accommodating Higher Power” (Professional BoatBuilder No. 191) we explored a case study of hull refinement and the practical application of recent advances in computer modeling to the art and science of hydrodynamics. Looking back at the traditions of modern boat manufacturing, we delved into bottom design, old-school versus new-school tooling methods, and learned how builders can update trusted hulls with improved running surfaces.
Here in Part 2 we’ll look at aerodynamics—making improvements above the waterline. —Ed.
Eighty percent of the surface of a standard high-performance monohull or catamaran is out of the water, running through air. I remember as a kid putting my arm out the rear window of our car, twisting my hand right and left, and feeling lift and downforce for the first time. We all have experienced that exercise, and the aerodynamic laws we learned as kids hold true with any object surrounded by air. As boat designers and builders, how much attention do we give to that 80% of the hull surface, and how important is it?
Our Part 1 hydrodynamics case study vessel was a 32‘ (9.75m) Doug Wright Designs open-cockpit catamaran. We performed what CAD designers call reverse engineering. We started with an object in completed form, but we didn’t have modern triangulated point-to-point computerized coordinates to form a CAD file. Thus, with the aid of FARO Technologies (Lake Mary, Florida) we scanned the entire vessel to an accuracy of 0.004“ (0.1mm). Then, with the help of Dimensional Engineering (Houston, Texas), we transformed the raw data into a full-mesh watertight stereolithography (STL) file suitable for the next step: computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the hull’s hydrodynamics and aerodynamics.
See the Air
Before working in performance boats, I was in auto racing and a fan of Dale Earnhardt. He often said he could “see the air” as he entered the corner. I remember watching him come in from the first 100 miles (161 km) of a Super Speedway at Talladega slouched down in the seat, five-point harness loosened, his hands loosely grasping two rungs of the steering wheel. He asked for 1.5 lbs (1.5 psi/0.1 bar) in the right-side tires and half a turn on the left rear suspension. He was conducting seat-of-the-pants “tuning,” because he could see (and feel) the air and the dynamics it had on an object slicing through it at 200 mph (322 kmh) on the back straight. Granted, in a boat we are aware not only of primary forces coming from the right and the left like a race car on a twisty high-speed road course but also oncoming waves, quartering seas, winds from all directions, and shifting loads that can move the center of gravity. But with 80% of the boat’s surface area in the air, let’s look at how we can “see” the air and modify it to enhance boat performance, efficiency, and safety.
From a camera’s point of view at the water’s surface it is easy to see that when traveling at speed, a high-performance catamaran is barely in the water. The weight supported by the water is close to zero, meaning the boat is actually “flying” on a cushion of air.
Headwinds and turbulent wave structures launch the high-speed catamaran and make it airborne often more than 50% of its operational duty cycle. Once the vessel launches, all the hydrodynamic hull design we refined in Part 1 is of little consequence until the next impact with the water. With engines mounted at the aft extremity of the boat momentarily unsupported by water, the stern drops, the bow rises, and the boat becomes an airplane in stall mode without the benefit of wings, ailerons, flaps, or other controls. If it doesn’t flip over backward, it then crashes back into the water transom first, tripping, and then risking stuffing the bow torpedo fashion in the wave ahead of it.
Key West World Championships
During the last Race World Offshore World Championships in Key West (November 6, 2019), an unexpected and unfortunate incident occurred in the Super Stock class race. Boat owners Bill Allen (Allen Lawn Care Race Team) and Loren Peters (Loren Peters Racing) were running side by side in two equally designed Doug Wright 32‘ race-prepared catamarans when they simultaneously flipped 180°, bow over stern. The accidental “blow-over” appeared to be choreographed. Fortunately, no one was injured, but many on the race course that day wondered how two boats running side by side could instantly go from running on a horizontal plane to vertical and then back to horizontal in a split second.
For the drivers, the experience was unbelievably fast and nearly indecipherable as far as aerodynamic analysis goes. Bill Allen (owner/throttleman, Allen Lawn Care Racing) recalled it like this: “I was a little short on room, and I don’t know if they didn’t know I was there or what…. I think, you know, that we got together, and it blew over. So, at the time that we made initial contact, we were at 106 mph. But I can say this, I guess in a boat race when you bump, stuff goes crazy.”
Loren Peters (owner/throttleman, LPC Racing): “Billy Allen was coming up on the starboard side.… I scooted over a little and Billy did the same thing. All of a sudden, we’re right up next to each other. We were deck to deck. I see Billy going up, and right after that, I felt lift. My life flashed before my eyes. We went completely over in a split second.”
Scott Porta (owner/throttleman, Porta Performance) was throttling the catamaran just ahead. He describes the incident: “We were probably running 113 mph. The two boats just behind us were side by side trying to conduct a straightaway pass and positioning for the turn. These two [boats] naturally gathered up next to each other. The compressed tunnel air that normally escapes from under the sides of the boats was stopped when these guys got next to each other. The increased tunnel pressure easily pushed the bows up. Then the wind-drag and momentum took over. Think of it like when you try to slam a refrigerator door as hard as you can and the gasket traps the escaping air and prevents a hard closing of the door. The idea of boats gathering up next to each other and having a blow-over actually isn’t new and is common in single-engine tunnel boat racing. However, this may be a first for an offshore race.”
Porta’s ongoing efforts to refine the running surfaces of these Wright-designed catamarans for competition and recreational use were informed by this dramatic episode as well as by his own accumulated time behind the wheel on that model.
Porta: “Catamarans run on a cushion of air. There are physics issues we felt the need to address. With race and recreational cats running well over 100 mph, our mission has been to improve design: first, to create the largest possible margins for safety in turns and rough water; second, to design for softer landings to reduce driver fatigue and equipment failure; third, to reduce running surface drag for improved performance at lower trim angles. The resulting reduction in frontal area increases speed and stability while creating a larger window of safety. Aerodynamics is the next frontier to explore for the biggest possible untapped gains.”
To simulate the blow-over, we had two options: the conventional wind tunnel and model construction, or computational fluid dynamics (CFD). As in Part 1, CFD was the easy choice for obtaining results quickly and the ability to model subsequent design remedies. Again, we chose TotalSim US (Dublin, Ohio) as our technology partner.
Let’s review the particulars of the case study boat and the theoretical running conditions:
- Doug Wright 32‘ wide-tunnel catamaran
- 5,000 lbs (2,268 kg) fully fueled, ready for passengers
- Twin Mercury 300XS engines (300 hp, approximately 600 lbs/272 kg each)
- Flat water
- Wind speed 0 mph
- Design speed 100+ mph (161+ kmh)
As speeds approach 100 mph, two primary dynamics contribute to lift and resultant speed on this model:
Engine lift—With a bullet-shaped gearcase and the X-dimension raised to a high level, a hydrodynamic phenomenon occurs. The half-submerged gearcase alone generates enough lift to carry the entire weight of the 600-lb outboard.
Hull lift—The shape of the catamaran tunnel captures and traps air between the sponsons, thus providing lift that supports most of the weight of the boat.
The CFD Assessment and Conclusion
Nathan Eagles, principal at TotalSim, and Scott Porta set out to see how the air currents at 100+ mph influence handling, speed, and efficiency of the catamaran. When Eagles saw the footage and spoke with Porta about the tandem liftoff at Key West, his immediate thought was to apply the tools and experience from other motorsports work to help explain why this happened and potentially develop some countermeasures that could reduce the risk of it reoccurring.
At the beginning of the project, Eagles offered a corollary: “Assessing safety and developing countermeasures to reduce the risks posed by aerodynamic forces when vehicles get outside their normal operating envelope is something the motorsports community has worked hard to address for many years. My initial foray was as head of CFD at the Williams F1 Formula One team, where I worked with the F.I.A. [Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile, the sport’s governing body—Ed.] to understand the forces acting on an F1 car as [it] pitched nose up, and at which angle the aero forces overpowered the weight and inertia forces.”
Later, during the development of the aero kits, TotalSim responded to one of the requirements imposed by Indycar. When the nose pitches up, the new bodywork was to be more stable than its predecessor while traveling sideways and/or backward. This meant that as the shape and the form of the car developed for efficient downforce and drag production around the track, TotalSim had to make sure the forces and moments acted to ground the car if it got airborne (its aero kit won the 100th running of the Indy 500 with no serious accidents).
The first step in analyzing the Key West event was to understand the typical forces and moments acting on the Doug Wright 32 when running where Porta was out in front and on his own. To do this, Eagles took the same geometry file Dimensional Engineering had created from the FARO scan and built a CFD model that focused only on the surface in contact with the air.
Eagles: “We set the angle of the hull relative to a flat sea state at several positions (Figure 1) and then assessed the forces and moments at each of those positions (Figure 2). The key forces under consideration are the drag (force acting against the forward motion) and lift (vertical force pushing up away from the water). The result of the combination of the lift and drag forces was a pitching moment (nose-up) about the center of gravity created by these forces.”
We can see from Figure 2 that as the angle of the isolated boat increases from 0° to 50°, the drag and lift forces (and resultant) increase as well, as does the pitching moment. We also see that the resultant is nonlinear, meaning that as the angle changes, the curves get steeper, indicating that doubling or tripling the angle more than doubles or triples the forces and moments. This characteristic implies gross instability, because once the aerodynamic forces exceed the weight of the boat and the bow starts to lift, the forces continue to increase at a rate that makes correction exceedingly difficult.
Having established the characteristics of the isolated boat, the next step was to place the boats side by side to see if anything changed. From the footage and the comments from the pilots, Eagles positioned the virtual boats 3‘ (0.91m) apart, set the angle of attack (AOA) at 5°, and ran the simulation. Figure 3 shows the same isolated boat forces and moments with the two-boat simulation data superimposed on top. The results are quite dramatic.
We see both drag and lift increasing compared to the isolated boat, with the drag on each of the side-by-side boats being equivalent to the drag on an isolated boat at around a 7° AOA (suggesting they may be slowing each other down), while the lift of the side-by-side boats is equivalent to an isolated boat at around 16°.The huge changes in lift and associated pitching moment change are greater than the restoring moment of the weight, so the boats are no longer trimmed out, and the bows begin to rise.
As we saw in Figure 2, as the angle increases, so do the forces; and as the bows come up, the forces go up, the bows rise some more, and this continues until the boat flips over. The CFD force data illustrate a dynamic that would lead to the event we saw in Key West. But why did it happen?
This is where CFD really starts to show its strengths. The forces we have looked at are a result of pressure changes on the surface of the hull. These changes are created by local accelerations and decelerations of the air as it washes over the hull and deck, and CFD can show us how and why these occur. In Figures 4a and 4b the underside of the hull colored by the component of pressure is creating lift for the two different configurations. Yellow depicts low amounts of lift; red is high lift; green is low levels of downforce (the aerodynamic force pulling the boat toward the water); and blue is high downforce.
The plots show that the entire tunnel surface is creating lift whether the boat is alone or side by side, and there is not much change between the two scenarios. However, the sponsons tell a different story. The isolated boat is showing strong downforce coming from both sponsons at the section just ahead of where the hull meets the water (blue patch midway down the sponson). This downforce is generated by the air accelerating in the narrowing gap between the hull and the water surface. This is illustrated in Figure 5a as velocity vectors colored by speed, with blue showing low speed and red showing high speed.
Eagles: “As air enters the tunnel, it starts to slow down as it packs up under the boat, and as it progresses it gets squeezed into a tighter volume and starts to push out at the sides, accelerating (red arrows) as it washes outboard over the hull surface. As the air accelerates, its pressure drops, creating suction, and this in turn generates a force pulling the hull towards the water. There are some effects also happening on the deck side, but these are secondary compared to the hull and have not been covered here.”
Looking at the side-by-side configuration in Figure 4b, we see an effect on the outer sponson similar to what is seen on the isolated boat. However, on the inside sponson we see most of that downforce has been eliminated and replaced by lift across the majority of the surface. This is the source of the liftoff mechanism that caused the blow-over. The velocity vectors of the side-by-side configuration show that air is unable to get out as effectively, as it’s blocked by the sponson of the adjacent boat, as illustrated by the slow-moving blue arrows in Figure 5b. This slow-moving air has higher pressure and therefore does not create the suction we saw in the isolated boat, with the net result that the inside sponsons on both boats now create significantly more lift, disrupting their stable trim and causing the bows of the nearly identical hulls traveling at the same speed to flip quickly and almost simultaneously.
“The simplest way to reduce the risk of this happening in the future is to make sure there is sufficient gap between boats that the air can get out,” Eagles said. “However, racing being racing, when you are fighting for the patch of water leading around the buoy, I suspect that this probably will not be what is at the forefront of your thinking.”
He concluded: “A more practical solution would be to adopt something like Indycar or NASCAR and add a device to the boat that when deployed creates a counteracting force that cancels out the lift and stabilizes the pitching moment. This could be a passive device [auto-deploying] or active [driver initiated] and will require discussion with the governing bodies to make sure it does not adversely impact the racing or create issues of its own. I sense there might be a new project on the horizon.”
Real-World Aerodynamics
Most relevant to designers and builders of recreational powerboats, our case studies show that aerodynamic design really starts affecting a boat above 60 mph (97 kmh). With multiple higher horsepower outboards being bolted on the transom, almost every boat manufacturer has a model capable of that speed, but aerodynamics are relevant on more sedate vessels as well. Builders use phrases like dry ride, acoustically tuned cockpit, comfortable, and wind free to describe the virtues of even a 20-knot boat. That’s no surprise when social media is full of posts about how “car-like” their recent boating experience had been. The current automotive comfort expectations have raised the bar for everyone. Gone are the days of the passengers in a top-down convertible being exhilarated by the wind in their hair on a gusty open highway. Modern convertibles are acoustically and aerodynamically refined. The open sky is still overhead, but engineering has all but eliminated the noise and wind of the convertible.
Let’s say that a boat owner drives to the marina in a quiet and aerodynamically refined convertible before boarding a newly acquired sport boat, a product that may cost twice or three times as much as the car. Shouldn’t expectations for comfort and noise be the same on the boat as in the car?
Jake Fraleigh, president of Eliminator Boats (Mira Loma, California), on the importance of aerodynamics to his recreational models: “In the past we used a higher deck, and we noticed that people in the back of our cockpits were getting lots of wind buffeting. Our newest models have flattened decks. We pulled the ‘bubble’ out of our top deck, and that allowed our new windshield design to positively affect our aerodynamics for cockpit comfort.”
Because Eliminator is installing more outboards, which means the boats go faster, Fraleigh said, “on both our 31 and 33, we are widening our tunnels now and changing the slope of the deck and tunnel entry, therefore creating more tunnel pressure. We have even added 45° angles to the sponson area upper-deck plane entering the tunnel for better entrapment of air under the boat. We have focused on more lift and therefore a faster, more agile boat.”
Nigel Hook, owner of SilverHook Powerboats (Sanford, Florida), confirmed the importance of CFD modeling during design and model refinement. “The SilverHook was designed as perfectly aerodynamic [with the help of CFD] by Ocke Mannerfeldt of the Swedish firm Mannerfelt Design Team. It has wings, although not movable; it has automatic stabilization. The consumer design has the same CFD advantage. It is fast, efficient, and safe. Only through aerodynamics are we able to manifest the true race-proven features.”
Conclusion
For now, the new minimum expectation for North American powerboat buyers is twin outboards, and the new normal is triples or quads on higher end vessels. More power adds speed, and with speed, airflow becomes very important to boat designers and builders. Boats can and do fly, if only for brief intervals, but managing their seakeeping, safety, handling, and comfort at those speeds requires as much attention to aerodynamic design and analysis as to hydrodynamics. To that end, more manufacturers are using CFD modeling to create and simulate the performance of any given design, especially as they pile on more power to meet market expectations. The results can range from understanding and correcting sources of dangerous instabilities and performance flaws, to quieting the ride in the cockpit and keeping the hair out of your eyes. | https://www.proboat.com/2021/07/cfd-for-powerboats2/ |
Throughout the stories of Israel’s slavery in Egypt, Moses and Aaron approach the pharaoh to ask for Israel’s release from servitude. The pharaoh is always unnamed, written with his title only and none of the five personal names the Egyptian king was typically given. The lack of a personal name complicates efforts to figure out who the pharaoh of the exodus was, but is in line with the use of the term ‘pharaoh’ in the 2nd millennium BCE.
The University of Michigan’s football team plays its home games at the ‘Big House.’ The title ‘pharaoh’ has the same connotation. The Egyptian words Pr-aa, which give us the word pharaoh, translate to ‘Great House.’
Over the course of its history, Egypt was ruled by various kingdoms and dynasties. Just as the dynasties changed over time, the use of the term pharaoh changed over time. In the early 2nd millennium BCE Middle Kingdom, the term pharaoh was used in a blessing for the broader palace and kingdom. The ‘Great House’ was more literally referring to an actual building. By the mid-2nd millennium New Kingdom, the term pharaoh refers to the king of Egypt himself. The first known appearance of the term being used in this way may come from the reign of the Egyptian king Thutmose III. But it is clearly used that way in copies of a letter that were found at Gorub, about 100 miles southwest of Cairo. The letter addresses the Egyptian king Akhenaten, “’Pharaoh, all life, prosperity, and health.”
At the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE, the title pharaoh starts to become appended with the personal name of the Egyptian king. This will eventually become common practice. It first appears in southern Egypt in the Karnak Priestly Annals, when it refers to the Pharaoh Siamun. It continues this practice elsewhere with Pharaoh Psusennes, Pharaoh Shoshenq and subsequent pharaohs.
The Bible also follows this pattern. The stories of Israel’s slavery in Egypt take place in the mid 2nd millennium BCE, and the pattern of referring to the Egyptian king as a pharaoh, without a personal name, matches the Egyptian use of the term pharaoh. In the later historical books, the pharaohs are mentioned by their given names. 1 Kings chapter 11 mentions a Shishak, who is commonly associated with the Pharaoh Shoshenq. 2 Kings chapter 23 refers to Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt.
The Torah’s silence about the personal name of the pharaoh has created a cottage industry of historians and theologians attempting to identify the Egyptian king in the exodus story. But the silence on the names seems less about obfuscation and more in keeping with the practice of the times in referring to the ‘Great House.’
The first mention of a pharaoh followed by his name can be seen in the Karnak Temple in Luxor. In the Akhmenu, the Festival Hall of Thutmose III, the Karnak Priestly Annals show a priest who dates his term to the reign of Pharaoh Siamun. | https://thebiblesleuth.com/the-great-house/ |
Quails are cute little birds, tasty to people, cats and other predators. Bobwhite quails are common throughout the United States while pharaoh quails, also known as Japanese quails (Corturnix Japonica) are found in parts of Asia. These diminutive fellows have different looks, homes and habitat.
Physical Description
The bobwhite is bigger than the pharaoh quail, tipping the scale at about 7 ounces and standing around 7 inches tall. The male of this species is reddish-brown on his upper part with a pale, streaked belly. He sports a white stripe above his eye and a white patch on his throat; the lady in the family has a caramel-colored stripe and patch. The pharaoh, or Japanese quail is smaller. The female outweighs the male, weighing around 4 to 5 1/2 ounces, versus 3 1/2 to 5 ounces for the male. The male pharaoh quail shows rusty-brown feathers on his lower breast and upper throat, while the female's feathers in the same area are longer and pointed, as well as a light cinnamon color.
Home
If you live in the United States, you're likely to encounter bobwhites in many parts of the country. Though you won't spot one in the western United States, you'd find bobwhites anywhere from the Midwest to the East Coast, from north to south, where they're popular game birds. You'll have to do some traveling to spot pharaoh quails, who are found in Japan, Korea and China; a few populations have been introduced in Italy in Hawaii. Many pharaoh quails migrate, wintering in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Bhutan and northeastern India.
Habitat and Dining Choices
Pharaoh quails are drawn to open habitats, such as meadows, steppes and dry mountain slopes close to water, though some prefer to live in grasslands. These guys enjoy eating grass seed and plant matter, as well as land-dwelling invertebrates, such as worms and insect larvae. Bobwhites prefer grasslands that offer a mix of exposed ground with the protection of woody vegetation. Their roosting needs may change according to season, depending on what's available for nesting in the spring and summer, and on food availability during the fall and winter. Like pharaoh quails, bobwhites eat seeds, insects and plant matter.
Conservation Status
Both bobwhites and pharaoh quails are considered near-threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Bobwhites are threatened by habitat loss, harsh winters and increasingly aggressive agricultural practices. Pesticides can be harmful, as the birds ingest insects affected by pesticides. Predators such as cats, coyotes, raccoons and snakes are also a problem for bobwhites. Agricultural change and habitat loss are also threats to pharaoh quails, as is hunting, particularly in Japan. | https://animals.mom.com/difference-between-pharaoh-quail-bobwhite-quail-6763.html |
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Description:The recent discovery of a pyramid, presumably the resting place of a long-forgotten Pharaoh, has set the world’s imagination afire. Rumours of treasure and unimaginable wealth have been circulating in the media.
Whether these rumours are true or not, you have always been fascinated by ancient Egypt, so you assembled a team of leading archaeologists to join you on your mission to reach the inner tomb and discover the identity of this mysterious Egyptian king.
Many teams have ventured into the pyramid before, but none have escaped. The mysterious disappearance of these explorers has led many to believe the Pharaoh had his burial chamber cursed. You must discover the inner tomb, identify the Pharaoh, and escape within 45 minutes, or else you too may fall victim to the Pharaoh’s curse! | https://worldofescapes.in/kollam/quests/the-escape-room-in-the-egyptian-pyramid |
Ladies in Leadership: From Tanach, Israeli Politics and Foreign Affairs
Ever since elementary school, I knew I was passionate about representing Israel in a significant way, my love of the country played a huge role in my life even then. I remember completing my fourth-grade book report on Golda Meir, Israel’s first female Prime Minister, and feeling so inspired writing about such a strong and powerful woman. We were asked to dress up as the person we wrote about in our report, and I remember instantly falling in love with the matching suit jacket and skirt my mother bought me for the occasion.
Over the years, after learning more about Israel, I discovered the lack of female politicians and diplomats in the country’s history, even in the past few decades. You might say, well Israel is a young country, but even relative to its size the numbers don’t add up. Since its establishment in 1948, the state of Israel has had only one female Prime Minister, and at the time the first Knesset was sworn in it only included 11 women. Additionally, the Israel Democracy Institute published research this past year stating that women constitute less than 30% of all Knesset members and the percentage of female cabinet members in the Israeli government has never been more than 24%.
Nevertheless, strides have been made over the years in the area of Diplomacy where, two years ago the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs hosted a virtual “Women in Diplomacy Network ” event. Together with the governments of the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Bahrain, the all-female panelists discussed and stressed the need for women in promoting peace and security in the Middle East and in the rest of the world.
Furthermore, the UN Security Council has cultivated a resolution advocating for stronger female involvement in Diplomacy. On October 31st, 2000, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1325 which reaffirmed the important role of women in peace negotiations, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, and humanitarian response. The resolution stressed equal participation, and that women must be involved in all efforts in maintaining and promoting peace and security. The resolution urged all UN security initiatives and efforts to involve women and incorporate a different gender perspective. Lastly, the resolution also called for all parties of the UN to specially take interest in creating measures that protect girls and women from gender-based violence and abuse in situations of armed conflict.
We’ve come so far as a society in understanding the potential and power of a female voice. In the diplomatic sector, we’ve facilitated a change in perception. There are many female leaders and ambassadors serving all over the world, continuing to change the status quo and making a tremendous impact. But with regards to our beloved country, there is a lot of work we still have to do. Women constituting less than 30% of the Knesset is not enough. It is wonderful to see that we are not the same country with the same Knesset that only had 11 women, but we have 120 seats in our legislative branch, and I’d like to think that at least half of these seats can be filled by women.
The topic of female leadership is vast and one that appears often in Tanach and biblical text. Parshat Shemot tells us the story of a leader, beginning with the birth of Moshe. Moshe’s journey is a path paved by the remarkable and courageous women that stood by his side.
Firstly, Yocheved, Moshe’s mother, during the time of Pharaoh’s horrible decree to throw all Jewish-born boys into the Nile, had the courage to have a child, hide him, and create a plan to ensure his safety. She saved his life and in doing so ensured the future redemption of the Jewish people. But it doesn’t stop there, Miriam, his sister takes it upon herself to continually watch over him until he reached the safe hands of Pharaoh’s daughter. In the very first few months of his life, these three women recognized Moshe’s potential and defied Pharaoh’s decree endangering their lives for Moshe’s safety.
The Mifarshim (commentators) on the Tanach explain in detailed account Miriam’s astounding leadership ability. The midrash tells us that when Pharaoh decreed that every male Jewish baby boy would be drowned in the river, Amram, Moshe’s father, led the Jewish men to divorce their wives so that no children would be born. Amram seemingly decided that it wasn’t right to bring children into the world with a fifty percent chance that they’d be killed at birth. However, his daughter Miriam completely disagreed. Miriam argued with her father and persuaded him to change his mind telling him that his decree was worse than Pharaoh’s. That his decree affected only boys, but Amram’s behavior affected everyone, even in bringing baby girls into the world.
Parshat Shemot at first glance tells the origin story of Moshe, the remarkable leader of the Jewish people. But three women are greatly responsible for Moshe’s survival. Without Miriam, Yocheved, and Pharaoh’s daughter there would have been no leader for the Jewish people.
Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks zt”l expands on this very idea and writes that without these extraordinary women there would not have been a Moshe. He explains that Miriam and Yocheved, and Pharaoh’s daughter are three women who belong to a large collective of strong female role models throughout Jewish History. From biblical heroines like Ruth, and Esther, to religious scholars like Nechama Leibowitz to more secular women like Golda Meir and Anne Frank.
Rabbi Sacks continues, and asks a powerful question: if women are transcendent and symbols of such leadership and strength, how were they excluded from leadership roles within Jewish law? Sacks answers his question by explaining that women were excluded from both the kehuna “crown of priesthood” and the “crown of Kingship”. Priesthood went to Aaron and his sons, and leadership of the Jewish people went to David and his sons. These two roles Rabbi Sacks emphasizes were built on the principle of succession through male bloodlines. But the “crown of torah” women were not excluded from. There were prophets and prophetesses.
Rabbi Sacks offers a final point citing the “Binyan Av”, Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron, who highlights the difference between “samchut”, official authority, and “hanhagah”, actual leadership. He explains that leaders who hold positions of authority, CEOs, Prime Ministers and diplomats, may not be leaders at all if they have no followers and are unable to inspire and excite people. If a leader in a position of authority cannot garner a desire to emulate them, then he is not an actual leader. On the other hand, a leader is someone who may not have “samchut” an official position, but has great influence, is able to give advice, is admired by those that listen to him/her and seek out their help. Women who enter leadership roles in the torah community are adding a much-needed perspective. They are filling a void of women role models and enabling Jewish women to have someone to look up to and identify with. Rabbi Sacks finishes his point by citing Max Weber, the well-known German sociologist; “charismatic authority” as Weber phrased, can be attained without an office or a title. And such authority within a man and a woman can enable them to be an impactful leader.
The worlds of Israeli politics, Diplomacy, and Jewish religion surround my daily life. Seeing the common feminist thread in these three facets of my life fulfills me with purpose and passion. From understanding the power of the biblical heroine, to the importance of a female voice in the legislative branch of the Israeli government and an ambassador of Israel abroad, I am confident in my ability to affect change. In essence, female leadership is a concept that has been a part of Jewish heritage for many years. And in the year 2021 we have made tremendous progress and stride in changing the status quo. 30% is not such a terrible number, my wish is that in the coming years we see this number only increase and inspire a new generation of female leaders. | https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/ladies-in-leadership-from-tanach-israeli-politics-and-foreign-affairs/ |
In terms of visual impact from afar, there is no rival to Hatshepsut’s Temples. The unique multi-tiered structure nestled up against the limestone cliffs at the shoulder of the river valley is a truly stunning sight. The uniqueness of its layout mirrors that of the pharaoh responsible for building it.
Hatshepsut was the only female pharaoh in the history of Ancient Egypt. She came to power during the New Kingdom after the death of her father, Tuthmose I, and her half-brother and husband, Tuthmose II, who succeeded her father on the throne.
She originally served as queen-regent to her husband's son by another wife, Tuthmose III, but seized the throne from him and managing to hold onto power until her death. However, Hatshepsut’s status as the only female to rule Egypt is not the only reason for her fame.
She was also a very successful pharaoh. She ruled over an era of peace and prosperity, expanding lucrative trade routes to the land of Punt in the south.
This accomplishment is immortalized in the relief carvings at her temple. She also contributed significantly to many temples, including Karnak. The temple was in ruins when it was discovered in the mid-19th century, having been heavily vandalized by Tuthmose III after he assumed the throne, presumably because Hatshepsut had kept him from power.
The site was also used as a monastery during the early centuries AD, which probably contributed to its deterioration. As a result, it has been heavily restored.
Most of the columns are not original and much of the relief paintings have not been well preserved. For this reason, the temple can be a bit disappointing close-up, especially given its popularity with tour groups.
This accomplishment is immortalized in the relief carvings at her temple. She also contributed significantly to many temples, including Karnak.
It developed over a period of 1500 years, added to by generation after generation of pharaohs and resulting in a collection of temples, sanctuaries, pylons, and other decorations that is unparalleled throughout Egypt.
While the height of its importance was during the New Kingdom and famous pharaohs such as Hatshepsut, Tuthmose III, Seti I and Ramesses II all contributed significant additions to the complex, construction continued into the Greco-Roman Period with the Ptolomies, Romans, and early Christians all leaving their mark here.
Karnak is divided into three compounds: the precinct of Amun, the precinct of Mut, and the precinct of Montu; however, for most visitors the largest of these, the precinct of Amun, is enough. Its complicated layout alone dwarfs every other site that you will visit in Egypt.
The precinct of Amun contains all of the most famous sections of the Karnak complex, including the dizzying Great Hypostyle Hall. This hall of 134 massive columns is one of the most impressive places in all of Egypt. Going into the detailed description of the different elements that make up the complex is a near endless task that we will leave to a tour guide.
Instead, we will simply suggest that you allow plenty of time to explore this huge complex and admire the many impressive sights within it. Imagine how awe-inspiring it must have been over 2000 thousand years ago when these huge structures were newly constructed. | https://www.memphistours.com/Egypt/Egypt-Wikis/Luxor-Attractions/wiki/Temple-of-Hatshepsut |
The Song of Songs (שׁיר השׁרים) is one of the great works of Hebrew dramatic poetry. In an ancient, pre-literate world, the great works of literature were not written for the page. They were to be presented publicly. Although these stagings were not as elaborate as modern plays and were presented for moral, polemic or cultic reasons, they nonetheless share a great deal with modern stagecraft.
Dramatis Personae
This dramatic poem is presented from the perspective of a character we call The Love (רעית) or more commonly, The Bride. This character is a strong female lead who presents the overwhelming majority of the lines of the play. She is also identified as The Shulammite (6:13), a curious word which does not appear anywhere else in the Hebrew text. It appears to be a female form of the name Solomon.
The Bride sings to her groom, My Beloved (דוד). He is variously presented as a king, a shepherd, a husbandman and a lover. There is strong internal evidence to identify The Beloved with Solomon (3:7-11, 8:11).
To the voices of the Bride and her Beloved, the author has added a choir, called The Daughters of Jerusalem (1:5). They will often respond to the Bride’s songs, and elsewhere they are possibly identified with the royal wives and concubines of Solomon (6:8).
Who Is the Bride?
There are as many theories about the origin and chronology of the Song of Songs as there are readers of the Song. There are few indications as to who the Bride is or where she fits in Solomon’s life.
It is my opinion that the Bride is actually Solomon’s first wife, the daughter of Pharaoh (1 Kings 3:1).
Her appearance matches that of an Egyptian of the Third Intermediate Period, which was a period of domination of southern peoples darker even than the Egyptians of earlier periods. She describes herself as “very dark” (שׁחר), a curious word that is used to describe dark hair (Lev 13:31, 37; Song 5:11, Zech 6:2-6). She offers a comparison to “the tents of Kedar,” a reference to the black tents of the Arabian bedouin. Later, the Beloved will compare her to the mares of Pharaoh’s chariot (1:9).
There are also hints in her poetic representations that she is an older woman who has been pushed aside by younger women. She describes her role as “keeper of the vineyards but my own vineyard I have not kept.” (1:6) Elsewhere, the vineyard is used to describe a sexual relationship (8:12) and this may be an indication of the Bride as an older wife who tends to the king’s harem.
The Bride uses the poetic language of the garden to represent the physical pleasures of marriage. When she and her Beloved were married she could sing, “Blow upon my garden, let its spices flow. Let my beloved come to his garden, and eat its choicest fruits” (4:16). But now, he has gone to his own garden, to a bed of spices (6:2). This sounds like a woman who has been put aside, as the daughter of Pharaoh was after twenty years of living in Solomon’s house (1 Ki 9:24).
One of the Bride’s refrains is a warning not to awake love (2:7, 3:5, 8:4). This may be an indication of an unrequited love she feels for her Beloved. It was once experienced, but now it is a memory. She also sings about pleasures “new as well as old” (7:13) which may give an indication that she has prepared something special for her husband, and it has been a long time since they have been together.
A Song of Restoration
It is my opinion that the Bride has been recalled to the bedchamber of the king. All of the clues point toward sense of renewal of the relationship which exists in the opening lines (1:4). Having long been separated from her Beloved, the Bride is now being recalled. After years of dreaming of his return to her bedchamber, there are hints of a chance encounter (beginning in 6:11).
Thus, the Song of Songs is a dramatic presentation of the enduring love of Solomon’s first wife. She tends to the needs of his growing, polygamist household. She longs for the love of their youth, before he became the great man. Where he had once regarded her as unique among all women (2:2), she had been veiled in the midst of his many companions (1:7). Somehow, he noticed her again, and she is recalled to that former love.
As she journeys on her return to her Beloved’s bedchamber, she recounts the love they once had. The portions of the book that have him speaking are recollections of what they once had. She wonders aloud if they can reclaim that love, or if he is too lost and the man she is seeking is no longer there.
The Daughters of Jerusalem, Solomon’s other wives and concubines, all rejoice in the restoration. She is loved by all around her, and when he recalls her, they dress her (1:11) and they sing for joy (1:4). Solomon even observes them singing for her (6:8-9).
The Final Moment of Love
In the last few verses of the book reflect the final restoration. As the Daughters of Jerusalem ask whether a woman should ever open herself to love (8:8-9), the Bride confesses, “I was a wall, and my breasts were like towers; then I was in his eyes as one who finds peace.” (8:10) She surrenders her defenses. Her vineyard is once more Solomons (8:11-12).
The great act of Solomon then is to take his Bride in his arms. He turns to speak to the audience, beginning with the metaphor for physical relations, “O you who dwell in gardens, with companions listening for your voice, let me hear it.” In other words, don’t give up on love.
And then the Bride takes his hand and steps behind the veil of their marriage bed and calls out to him, “Make haste, my beloved, and be like a gazelle or a young stag on the mountains of spice.” (8:14)
The curtain falls and the audience is left with the satisfying notion that the Bride’s Beloved steps behind the veil to once more make love to the wife of his youth. | https://www.bedfordroad.org/the-identity-of-solomons-bride/ |
Hatshepsut was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, who was one of the few females to rule as the king in Egypt. Her name means “foremost of noblewomen.” Daughter of Thutmose I and wife of her half-brother Thutmose II, she became the de facto ruler after the early death of her husband. She is recognized as the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1549 BCE to 1292 BCE). Her rule from 1479 BCE to 1458 BCE was a time of peace and prosperity for Egypt due to which Hatshepsut is regarded as one of the most successful pharaohs. Know all about Hatshepsut through her biography, most interesting facts about her and her major accomplishments.
SHORT BIOGRAPHY
Hatshepsut was the daughter of pharaoh Thutmose I and his wife Ahmose. She had a sister named Nefrubity. Thutmose I had a son from a secondary wife who would become Thutmose II. After the death of her father, Hatshepsut became queen when she married her half-brother, Thutmose II, around the age of 12. The only known child of the couple was a daughter named Neferure. Thutmose II died young and the throne again went to a son from a secondary wife. This son would become Thutmose III, one of the great warrior kings of Egypt. However, at the time of his father’s death around 1479 BCE, he was too young to rule and thus, as per tradition, Hatshepsut became the regent.
By the seventh year of her regency, Hatshepsut would become the de facto ruler of ancient Egypt. The reason for this is debated with modern scholars believing that it was most probably a political crisis that led her to take this step. Hatshepsut, officially a co-ruler with Thutmose III, remained the de facto pharaoh of Egypt from 1479 BCE to her death on January 16, 1458 BCE. Her reign of 20 years is the most by a female pharaoh from an indigenous dynasty of ancient Egypt.
Hatshepsut was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She is regarded as one of the most successful pharaohs as she oversaw a period of peace and prosperity; re-established trade relations; and oversaw the completion of some of the finest construction projects in the history of ancient Egypt. Due to her achievements, she has been called “the first great woman in history of whom we are informed.”
After her death, Hatshepsut was succeeded by her step-son and co-ruler Thutmose III. During the later half of his reign, Thutmose III systematically removed her image from monuments, reliefs, statues, cartouches and the official list of Egyptian rulers. According to modern scholars, the reason for this might have been that he wanted to maintain the line of royal succession from Thutmose II to himself. Hatshepsut remained in obscurity till she was rediscovered in 1822 through hieroglyphics at Deir el Bahri. Since then, she has remained one of the most famous pharaohs of ancient Egypt.
Main Sources:-
B. Wilson, Elizabeth. (2006). “The Queen Who Would Be King“. Smithsonian Magazine.
Jarus, Owen. (2018). “Hatshepsut: Powerful Female Pharaoh“. Live Science.
INTERESTING FACTS
#1 The theory that she usurped the throne is now mostly rejected.
#2 She was not the first female pharaoh. The first confirmed female pharaoh was Queen Sobeknefru (c. 1807-1802 BCE), the last monarch of the 12th Dynasty of Egypt.
#3 Hatshepsut is depicted in statues as a male with a beard. This might have been a way to reemphasize her right to rule as a pharaoh.
#4 She was perhaps the world’s first arborist as she led a successful attempt at transplanting foreign fauna.
#5 The theory that her close advisor Senenmut was her lover is now mostly rejected.
#6 After her death, Thutmose III, and then his son Amenhotep II, attempted to erase her reign from Egyptian history.
#7 The reason for this is debated. It is likely that Thutmose III wanted to “prevent the possibility of another powerful female ever inserting herself into the long line of Egyptian male kings.”
#8 Her reign was rediscovered in 1822 through hieroglyphics at Deir el Bahri.
#9 Her mummy was found in 2007 with the help of a tooth.
#10 Recent evidence suggests that Hatshepsut might have suffered from a skin disease. The lotion she used to get relief from it contained a carcinogenic substance that probably led to her death.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
#1 Hatshepsut was one of the very few female pharaohs. According to Egyptologist Ian Shaw: “In the history of Egypt during the dynastic period (3000 to 332 B.C.) there were only two or three women who managed to rule as pharaohs”.
#2 Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female pharaoh of an indigenous dynasty of ancient Egypt, ruling for 20 years.
#3 She oversaw the most famous Egyptian expedition to the Land of Punt.
#4 Hatshepsut was one of the great builder pharaohs. The construction projects of Hatshepsut were arguably more numerous and grander than her Middle Kingdom predecessors.
#5 The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut is widely regarded as one of the architectural wonders of the ancient world. | https://learnodo-newtonic.com/hatshepsut |
When we meet someone wearing a dress and heels, it is automatic to think of that person as a ‘she,’ whether or not they identify as a female.
This is a problem.
With the LGBTQ community getting more attention, issues like this should be hard to ignore, but they are not. There are many larger issues society needs to address in relation to the LGBTQ community, and something as minimal as using the correct pronoun may not seem like a big deal. And it’s not a big deal when compared to job discrimination of transgender people or refusing adoptions to gay couples.
But, it’s something people can address easily and, in a small way, change how they view those who are “different.”
With transgender people, there is often a refusal to use the pronoun that corresponds with the gender they identify as. This is a very simple matter; if someone identifies as female, use feminine pronouns. Don’t use male pronouns and don’t call them ‘it.’ It is rude and demeaning.
In other instances it is a matter of being uninformed.
Though many people see others as a ‘he’ or ‘she,’ it’s not that simple. Our ignorance can often be construed as disrespect, though that is not the intention.
We are taught from the earliest age, people are male or female, him or her and there are no other types of identity.
Society conditions us to place people in these two categories and some people become derogatory when they come in contact with those who can’t fit in these boxes.
For individuals who are gender fluid — their gender identity varies over time — it can be difficult to know what pronoun to use. People who are gender fluid can at times identify as male, female, multigender or other non-binary identities, and there hasn’t been much information given on what pronouns to use.
Often, people who are gender fluid will accept the use of the pronoun that matches their biological sex because there isn’t a good alternative or others find gender-neutral pronouns confusing.
Sometimes ‘they’ is used as a pronoun for people who identify as gender fluid, but there are two gender-neutral pronouns that exist. One set of gender neutral pronouns, called the Spivak pronoun, has been proposed, where people are referred to as ‘E.’ The other option is the pronoun ‘ze.’
People who are gender fluid should not have to accept being addressed incorrectly because of others’ lack of understanding.
Though gender-neutral pronouns take some getting used to, we should make an effort to use them or respectfully ask what a person’s preferred pronoun is. A brief transitional period is something we can bear to show acceptance and respect to everyone’s self-identity. | https://www.theoakleafnews.com/opinion/2015/10/27/understanding-gender-neutral-language/ |
Earlier, Egypt’s royal acquisitions had primarily relied on the female blood-line; as Ancient Egypt dynasties had been ruled by a number of female Pharaohs for a long period of time. All this can be inferred by knowing the importance of female Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. Some great female monarchs of Ancient Egypt include Hatshepsut, Sobekneferu, Cleopatra, Arsinoë II, and other. Some of these female queens have reigned longer than any other male monarch of the indigenous Egyptian dynasty. Have a look!
Page Contents
1. Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut was the fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Officially, she ruled jointly with Thutmose III. She was the chief wife of Thutmose II, father of Thutmose III. Hatshepsut is regarded as one of the most successful Pharaohs who had a long and victorious reign marked by remarkable buildings and trading journeys.
The Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, the Djeser-Djeseru, is located beneath the cliffs at Deir el Bahari on the west bank of the Nile near the Valley of the Kings in Egypt.
2. Khentkaus I
Khentkaus I, also referred to as Khentkawes, was a queen of Ancient Egypt during the 4th dynasty. She was claimed as the daughter of Pharaoh Menkaure and the wife of both kings Shepseskaf and Userkaf. Khentkaus I was the mother of Sahure. Khentkaus I was the genealogical link between the succession lines of the 4th and the 5th dynasties of Egypt.
Khentkaus I was buried in Giza. Her tomb is called LG 100 and G 8400, and is located in the Central Field, near the Pyramid of Menkaure.
3. Merneith
Merneith was the first female Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt during the first dynasty. Officially, she is the earliest queen regnant in the recorded history of Ancient Egypt. Merneith is believed to be the daughter of Djer and was probably the senior royal wife of Djet.
Merneith was buried in Necropolis at Abydos. Queen Merneith ruled from about 2946 BC to 2916 BC.
4. Sobekneferu
Sobekneferu was the daughter of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. She became Pharaoh after the death of her brother Amenemhat IV. Sobekneferu was the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty of Egypt and ruled for almost four years from 1806 BC to 1802 BC.
Sobekneferu was assumed to be interred in a southern pyramid complex in Mazghuna. The pyramidal work of the Queen Sobekneferu was discovered at that place.
5. Neferneferuaten (Nefertiti)
Neferneferuaten governed as Pharaoh toward the end of the Amarna Period during the eighteenth dynasty. The eighteenth dynasty of Ancient Egypt (c. 1550-c. 1292 BC) is perhaps the best dynasty. Queen Nefertiti was the royal wife of Pharaoh Akhenaton and ruled for 17 years.
Neferneferuaten was probably one of the persons buried in the chamber in the Royal Tomb in Amarna.
6. Cleopatra VII Philopator
Cleopatra VII Philopator was the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. She was the mother of Caesarion and was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, a family of Greek origin that ruled Ptolemaic Egypt.
The long-lost tomb is somewhere near Alexandria, Egypt. However, the burial tomb of Cleopatra VII Philopator from 30 BC, is still unknown.
7. Twosret
Twosret was the last known ruler and the final Pharaoh of the nineteenth dynasty of Egypt. She reigned Egypt for about seven years. Twosret is said to be the daughter of Merneptah and Takhat, and the second royal wife of Seti II.
In the tomb KV56, situated in the Valley of the Kings, some of the objects originally belonging to Twosret and her family were discovered. However, there is no other evidence of her tomb.
8. Arsinoë II
Arsinoë II was the first daughter of Pharaoh Ptolemy I Soter. She was a Ptolemaic Queen and co-regent of Ancient Egypt with her brother-husband Ptolemy II Philadelphus.
Arsinoe and Ptolemy were entombed in their royal capital Alexandria.
9. Nitocris
Nitocris is claimed as the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt’s sixth dynasty. She is assumed to be the daughter of Pepi II and Queen Neith. Queen Nitocris ruled for twelve years and at the end of her life had restored order and stability in Egypt.
Nitocris’s most appealing contribution to history was her tomb, which was built on one of the many gates of Babylon. Her tomb had an inscription written on it.
10. Ahhotep I
Ahhotep I ruled during the end of the seventeenth dynasty of Egypt. The Ancient Egyptian Queen Ahhotep I was the daughter of Queen Tetisheri and Senakhtenre Ahmose.
Queen Ahhotep I’s outer coffin was reburied in TT320 in Deir el Bahari. | https://ultimastatus.com/top-10-female-pharaohs-of-ancient-egypt/ |
The Point: Life is a gift from God we are to protect and preserve..
The Birth of Moses: Exodus 1:16 – 2:9.
“When you serve as midwife to the Hebrew women and see them on the birthstool, if it is a son, you shall kill him, but if it is a daughter, she shall live.” But the midwives feared God and did not do as the king of Egypt commanded them, but let the male children live. So the king of Egypt called the midwives and said to them, “Why have you done this, and let the male children live?” The midwives said to Pharaoh, “Because the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women, for they are vigorous and give birth before the midwife comes to them.” So God dealt well with the midwives. And the people multiplied and grew very strong. And because the midwives feared God, he gave them families. Then Pharaoh commanded all his people, “Every son that is born to the Hebrews you shall cast into the Nile, but you shall let every daughter live.” [2:1] Now a man from the house of Levi went and took as his wife a Levite woman. The woman conceived and bore a son, and when she saw that he was a fine child, she hid him three months. When she could hide him no longer, she took for him a basket made of bulrushes and daubed it with bitumen and pitch. She put the child in it and placed it among the reeds by the river bank. And his sister stood at a distance to know what would be done to him. Now the daughter of Pharaoh came down to bathe at the river, while her young women walked beside the river. She saw the basket among the reeds and sent her servant woman, and she took it. When she opened it, she saw the child, and behold, the baby was crying. She took pity on him and said, “This is one of the Hebrews’ children.” Then his sister said to Pharaoh’s daughter, “Shall I go and call you a nurse from the Hebrew women to nurse the child for you?” And Pharaoh’s daughter said to her, “Go.” So the girl went and called the child’s mother. And Pharaoh’s daughter said to her, “Take this child away and nurse him for me, and I will give you your wages.” So the woman took the child and nursed him. [ESV]
“Genocide [1:15-22]. Because the first plan had failed to achieve what the regime wanted, Pharaoh, who is the driving force behind the whole policy, now tries a second, secret scheme. This may not have been the same Pharaoh as was referred to in the preceding verses. It would have taken some time for the ineffectiveness of the policy to become evident, and it is possible that the unnamed king of Egypt is just a mode of expression for royal policy in general. In this period of oppression we are introduced to the first two of five women who take a stand against the unthinking cruelty of the regime. The other three (Moses’s mother and sister, and Pharaoh’s daughter) are introduced in the next chapter. The question is often raised whether these midwives were themselves Hebrew or Egyptian. While the text may be translated ‘midwives of the Hebrews’ or ‘midwives for the Hebrews’, their names have now been attested elsewhere as used during this period by Semitic peoples who spoke languages similar to Hebrew. Presumably these two were at the head of the guild of midwives, and Pharaoh expected them to go along with his plans not only because of his personal authority but also because of the extent to which they had become part of the Egyptian state machinery – and benefited from the rewards and status it conferred. It reveals the attitude of Moses as he wrote this, that the names of these two women who were of insignificant rank are recorded, while the Pharaohs are left nameless. The term Hebrew is used here for the first time in Exodus. In the early books of the Old Testament it seems to be used in a cultural, rather than a racial, sense. Similar words are attested in non-Biblical sources as referring to members of an underclass settling in another nation. The term is often found in situations where the Israelites are being described by a foreigner or where they themselves are relating to someone from a different background. Its use here may reflect Egyptian attitudes towards them. Pharaoh directs the midwives to carry out a policy of infanticide . The birthstool translates a word for ‘a pair of stones’. There would be a space between them, and a woman would sit on them while giving birth. The two senior midwives were expected to instruct their subordinates to ascertain the sex of the child as it was born, and if it was a male, to kill it quietly. Pharaoh thus hoped to reduce the scope for military opposition from the Israelites. If the policy was totally successful, in time Israel would be destroyed. In the meantime, the females could become slave wives. Perhaps part of their potential for population growth could be diverted to the Egyptians. Overall the policy seems to be a measure of desperation. How could it be expected that it would remain a secret? When it became public knowledge, surely the women would do without the services of the midwives. Pharaoh does not seem to be thinking clearly, or else the policy was intended only to be a temporary measure to cut population growth. It certainly seems to have lapsed shortly thereafter, or been quite ineffective, considering the number of Israelite males who participated 80 years later in the Exodus. For the first time God is explicitly mentioned in the narrative . It was many years since there had been a direct revelation from God such as the theophanies He had given to the patriarchs in Canaan. But faith in God had not died out in Israel. The midwives feared God, that is, they had a true respect and reverence for Him which led them to act in a way that they knew accorded with His requirements [9:30; 18:21]. Especially they had a grasp of the sanctity of life as a divine gift, and were not prepared to act contrary to their consciences no matter what political pressure they came under. The state, in the form of the despot Pharaoh, had resorted to having helpless infants slaughtered to further his purposes, but they would not be parties to it. The midwives were not national leaders. They did not seek leadership roles in their community. But their quiet and principled resistance thwarts the cruelty of the tyrant. After some time Pharaoh could not help but notice that his instructions were being disregarded . Pharaoh’s power was absolute in the land. It was no trivial matter to be summoned before a dissatisfied Pharaoh. But the women kept their nerve . There must have been sufficient truth in their reply for Pharaoh to remain silent. Civil government has no right to command or compel anything contrary to the law of God. It too is answerable to God, and its sphere of legitimate action is limited by Him. When the actions of political power run contrary to the requirements of God’s word, we must refuse to comply. We must obey God rather than men [Acts 5:29]. Their reply was certainly evasive as regards what they had done. It may not have been totally true. But did Pharaoh in pursuit of his God-denying policy have any right to be told the truth? If the women lied, then they are not commended for it, but for their actions against the state policy of genocide. They did not say, “We just did what we were told.” They recognized that they were responsible before God for their actions. So God dealt well with the midwives . This is not just a forward looking reference to verse 21. It was through God’s control of the situation that there was no follow-up on Pharaoh’s part to the inquiries he had initiated. God in His providence ensured that Pharaoh did not harm the midwives. Furthermore the policy of genocide failed to work. And the people multiplied and grew very strong . There was also a particular reward given by God to the midwives – a reward that matched the actions they had taken in preserving the infant lives. And because the midwives feared God, he gave them families . Pharaoh, however, was committed to his aim of curbing the growth of the Israelites. He could not be seen to fail, and so he proposed his final solution. Every son that is born to the Hebrews you shall cast into the Nile, but you shall let every daughter live . The male children were to be killed off so that the Israelites would in time die out, and would be no military threat. The female children in the meantime would add to the slave population that could be exploited. It was no longer a secret policy to be carried out quietly by a few. Now all Egypt knew, and were involved. The guilt of complicity is spread throughout all the Egyptians, and all will be involved in the judgmental catastrophe which will be its ultimate consequence. The extent to which Pharaoh’s policy was put into operation is uncertain. The Nile is mentioned. Would this only apply to families living near the river, or were all Egyptian settlements sufficiently close to the Nile to make this feasible? If this policy had been kept up for any length of time, it is impossible to explain the number of Israelite males at the Exodus. It may only have been sporadically enforced, and that in limited areas of the land. The policy that Pharaoh thought would diminish or exterminate the Israelites was overturned by God to become the channel by which he would raise up and equip the deliverer through whom He would set His people free.
Moses’ Birth [2:1-9]. The focus of chapter 2 narrows from that of the situation of the Israelites in Egypt. Now we are introduced to an Israelite family whose quiet but determined reaction to the quandary they face opens the way forward towards the Lord’s deliverance. Still there has been no mighty divine intervention, and we soon learn that eighty years of seeming divine inaction remain. But working in ways that humanly seem improbable, the hand of God is using the weak to shame the strong. Events have consequences that He wants, and thwart the decree of the human tyrant. The chapter relates three incidents in the early life of Moses. First there is his birth and divinely ordained survival so that he can become the deliverer of Israel [2:1-10]. Next there is an incident that occurred when Moses was nearly forty years old and attempted to rescue one of his fellow countrymen from Egyptian oppression [2:11-15]. Even Moses, who will eventually become the deliverer of God’s people, has to learn that he cannot force events forward at his own pace. The final event is Moses’ arrival in Midian and the help he extends to Jethro’s daughters, which leads to his marriage and settlement in that land [2:16-25]. Liberation for God’s people seems even more remote because their deliverer is in exile far from the scene of their plight. But God is providentially controlling matters so that in His good time all will fall into place to the glory of His name.
Moses in the Bulrushes [2:1-4]. The story is tersely related. Moses does not even name his father and mother. He simply says, Now a man from the house of Levi went and took as his wife a Levite woman . Details of Moses’ ancestry are given in Exodus 6:16-20. If there are no breaks in the genealogy there, then Amram, his father, was a grandson of Levi, and his mother, Jochebed, was the daughter of Levi. Such a marriage of nephew and aunt would later be prohibited, but it did not constitute a problem at this stage. Given Moses’ Egyptian upbringing, the double emphasis on Levi, Jacob’s third son, may have been made to stress his Israelite credentials. On both sides of his family he was of true Israelite descent. The phrase house of Levi includes all those descended from him, whether their relationship is close or distant. Whatever the route Moses’ life subsequently took, it would be his own kith and kin he would be leading to freedom. The narrative continues the woman conceived and bore a son . Ordinarily the birth of a son would be a happy event. But Pharaoh’s edict required that all male children of the Hebrews be drowned in the Nile. They lived close to a royal residence and it was unlikely that Moses’ presence would escape detection. However, when she saw that he was a fine child, she hid him three months . What does the fact that Moses was a fine child mean? The text gives no hint that his parents were given special revelation regarding Moses, such as later occurred regarding the birth of Samson [Judg. 13:2-5]. What his parents (and especially his mother) saw about him was that he was a fine child. It was by faith that his mother viewed the baby Moses not just as beautiful but as a gift entrusted to her by God [see Heb. 11:23]. That was why she was determined to save him. The focus here in Exodus on her actions because of her awareness of the divine purpose and sanctity of human life, fits in with the earlier presentation of how the midwives behaved and of the role of women in these early chapters of Exodus in thwarting Pharaoh’s oppression. But the time came when she could hide him no longer . At first they could no doubt pass off any sound of crying as coming from the toddler Aaron, but that could not last indefinitely. Their faith was tested as to what they would do next. She took for him a basket made of bulrushes . Bulrushes or papyrus was a reed that grew abundantly on the banks of the Nile. Its inner pith was split and pasted together to provide a surface for writing, but the Egyptians used it for many other purposes as well. His mother constructed a miniature river boat, and to make it just like them she daubed it with bitumen and pitch to make it waterproof. Clearly this basket was intended to be a means of conveying the young child to safety from threatening catastrophe. The reeds by the river bank would have prevented the basket from being carried away by the current, while providing shade for the baby. Her action transforms the river which Pharaoh had tried to use in his program to eliminate the Hebrew male children into a source of deliverance for her young child. What did she expect would happen? A newly made basket caught in the bulrushes would catch the eye and be worth recovering. By placing it near where Egyptian women might be expected to come to the river, Moses’ mother no doubt expected to attract the attention and sympathy of at least one of them. Moses’ sister is stationed to observe what will happen, but not too closely, lest her presence arouse suspicion. Her courage and initiative place her too among the ranks of the women who are here portrayed as acting in defiance of the oppressive edicts of Pharaoh.
Rescued by Pharaoh’s Daughter [2:5-9]. We do not know how long Miriam had to wait. Probably the care with which her mother had selected the spot meant that it was not too long, but we cannot tell if even she had anticipated quite what did happen. The wall paintings on Egyptian monuments show ladies of rank bathing in the sacred river with various female servants in attendance who walked along the river bank to guard the privacy of the princess. The identity of the princess is no more revealed than that of Pharaoh himself. There were various royal residences throughout the Delta region, many situated close to one of the branches of the Nile. Any one of the daughters of Pharaoh from the royal harem is all that the text warrants. The phrase took pity denotes more than just a feeling of sympathy. It was also compassion and a determination to spare his life. She may have identified him as a Hebrew because of the policy in operation at the time, or she may have seen that he was circumcised. Now Miriam had been watching closely all that occurred, and judging that this was the moment to intervene, she approached the princess . No doubt Miriam acted as naturally as she could, but we may well wonder if the princess did not have some idea of what was going on. However, the suggestion was a practical one in the circumstances (no Egyptian woman would have nursed a Hebrew baby), and so she readily fell in with it . The relief this news brought must have been overwhelming. There would be no delay in Moses’ mother coming to the riverside . The situation was not without its funny side: a mother was now being paid to look after her own baby, and she could do so without fear of the Egyptian authorities. If anyone asked about him, she could name the princess as her defense. The other side of the picture is that in God’s providential oversight of Moses’ early years the instructions given by the princess were not for his mother to come and act as a nurse to Moses in the palace, but to take him away and care for him in his home environment. Moses’ earliest years were thus with his own family, where he would learn about his true identity and the promises God had given to His people. Later when God revealed Himself to Moses, He could meaningfully identify Himself as the God of your father [3:6]. The pious background of his early years shaped the outlook of the growing child and provided the basis for his later faith.” [Mackay, pp. 40-51].
Questions for Discussion:
1. God commends the midwives for their disobedience to the Pharaoh. The Bible teaches that we are to submit to the governing authorities [e.g., Rom. 13:1-7]. When are we to disobey the governing authorities like the midwives did [Matt. 22:21; Acts 5:29]?
2. How do we see the hand of God at work in this passage? How does God use five women from different backgrounds to accomplish His purpose of raising up and equipping His chosen deliverer of His people?
3. What lessons can we learn from this passage? What comfort can we derive from God’s providential work in the events of this passage?
4. One of the things that distinguishes Christianity from secularism is the value given to human life. We see this especially today with the practice of abortion and the movement towards euthanasia. Why does Christianity have a higher view of human life than secularism? What things do you see in our modern culture that reduces the value given to every human life?
References:
Exodus, John Mackay, Mentor.
The Message of Exodus, J. A. Motyer, Inter Varsity.
Exodus, Philip Graham Ryken, Crossway.
Exodus, Douglas Stuart, NAC, B & H Publishing. | https://founders.org/studies/ss-life-2019-01-20/ |
1. Tomb of Tutankhamun
The most famous tomb of the Valley of the Kings – the tomb of Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun, who died at the age of 18, became one of the most famous rulers of Ancient Egypt due to the fact that his tomb was the only royal burial that reached us not plundered. Tutankhamun ascended the throne at the age of 9 and did not leave any significant trace in the history of Egypt: we only know that during his reign in the country, the process of restoration of the old religious traditions and cult of the god Amun as the supreme deity of all Egypt, who were under the rule of the pharaoh, began -heretic Akhenaten were rejected for the supreme solar deity – Aton. Tutankhamun, whose name originally sounded “Tutankhaton”, changed it, thereby emphasizing his desire to revive the ancient cult of Amun.
During the reign of Tutankhamun, Egypt gradually restored its international influence, which was shaken during the reign of the pharaoh-reformer. Thanks to the commander Horemheb, who later became the last pharaoh of the XVIII dynasty, Tutankhamun strengthened the position of Egypt in Ethiopia and Syria. A brilliant future could have awaited him, but he unexpectedly died without leaving an heir-son.
Read More About Tomb of Tutankhamun
2. Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
The greatest buildings of the era of the New Kingdom were the temples, or “houses” of the gods, as they were called by the ancient Egyptians. The waters of the Nile divided Ancient Egypt into two parts: eastern and western, into the Kingdom of the Living and the Kingdom of the Dead. On the east bank of the Nile, the palaces of the pharaohs and huge temples were erected, glorifying the gods; pyramids, tombs, and memorial temples were built on the west bank, where a service was held in honor of the dead and deified pharaohs. One of them is the memorial church of Queen Hatshepsut (1525-1503 BC), dedicated to the goddess Hathor. Hatshepsut was the only female pharaoh in Egyptian history. She was given all the secular and religious honors appropriate for the pharaohs, she was depicted, as it should be for the real pharaoh, with the attributes of Osiris, with a beard tied under his chin. The female pharaoh Hatshepsut was an outstanding person. The tsarina woke the fantasy of novelists for many years and made new mysteries to Egyptologists. After the death of her father, Thutmose I, she married her stepbrother Thutmose II. When he died at a fairly early age, his only heir was the young Thutmose III, the son of one of the youngest wives of the pharaoh. Hatshepsut ruled the state on his behalf and held the throne for 22 years.
Read More About Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
3. Abu simbel
The cave temple of Pharaoh Ramses II in Abu Simbel is one of the most famous monuments of ancient Egyptian culture. Huge, 20 meter high statues of the pharaoh Ramses II, framing the entrance to the temple, today have become the same symbols of Egypt as the pyramids and sphinx. From many covers of guidebooks, the formidable face of this powerful pharaoh, a courageous warrior, a favorite of the gods, looks at us.
Abu Simbel is probably the most investigated monument of Ancient Egypt. The fact is that in the late 1950s, during the construction of the Aswan Hydroelectric Power Station, Abu Simbel was in the territory of the future reservoir, and he was threatened with complete flooding. Various rescue projects have been developed to save the world famous monument, including the creation of an underwater glass dome over the temple. But as a result, they decided to disassemble all the facilities of the complex and move them to a higher place. The salvation of Abu Simbel is the most expensive project of UNESCO. This unprecedented action was carried out in four years, and experts from fifty countries of the world took part in it.
Read More About Abu simbel
4. Valley of the Kings
In the mountains outside the city of Thebes, numerous small valleys begin, the most famous of which is the Valley of the Kings, or “the valley of the royal tombs of Biban al-Muluyuk.” Once it was a gorge, lost among a pile of rocks. Today, despite the fact that people have paved convenient roads here, it remains shrouded in a haze of mystery.
The history of the Valley begins with the unexpected decision of Pharaoh Thutmose I to separate his tomb from the memorial temple and, moreover, to bury his body not in a magnificent tomb, but in a secret place. This decision violated the 1700-year tradition. The master of the pharaoh – Ineni – hollowed out for his master a grave in the form of a well in this secluded valley. A steep staircase led to the burial chamber at the bottom of the well, carved into the rock according to the plan, which was subsequently accepted by all the other pharaohs.
Read More About Valley of the Kings
5. Mount Moses and the Monastery of St. Catherine
Mount Moses and the monastery of St. Catherine – a holy place marked by the Bible, is visited by thousands of pilgrims. According to the Bible, here Moses received from God the famous 10 commandments written on tablets of stone. At the foot of the mountain is a monastery, named after the holy martyr Catherine, who was executed for her refusal to renounce Christianity.
St. Catherine came from a wealthy family, received a good education – she knew many languages, knew mathematics and philosophy. She was a staunch Christian. When the young woman tried to convert the Roman emperor Maxentius to Christianity, he sent her to Alexandria, where in 305 she was martyred. On the site of this monastery, built in the VI century by Emperor Justian, the bush of the Burning Cupids grows, from where God spoke with Moses, sending him to Egypt to save the Israelites from captivity. In 324, the mother of Emperor Constantine Helen ordered the construction of a chapel on the site of the burning bush. | https://www.egyptpyramidstours.com/ancient-egyptian-monuments/ |
Hatshepsut, the daughter of a general who took Egypt's throne without status as a king's son and a mother with ties to the previous dynasty, was born into a privileged position of the royal household. Married to her brother, she was expected to bear the sons who would legitimize the reign of her father's family. Her failure to produce a male heir was ultimately the twist of fate that paved the way for her inconceivable rule as a cross-dressing king. Hatshepsut was a master strategist, cloaking her political power plays with the veil of piety and sexual expression. Just as women today face obstacles from a society that equates authority with masculinity, Hatshepsut had to shrewdly operate the levers of a patriarchal system to emerge as Egypt's second female pharaoh. Scholars have long speculated as to why her images were destroyed soon after her death, all but erasing evidence of her rule. Constructing a rich narrative using the artifacts that remain, noted Egyptologist Kara Cooney offers a remarkable interpretation of how Hatshepsut rapidly but methodically consolidated power-and why she fell from public favor just as quickly.
'The life of Hatshepsut, Egypt's second female pharaoh, was replete with opulent living, complex royal bloodlines, and sexual energy; in short, the kind of drama that fuels Ancient Egypt's enduring appeal...From Hatshepsut's self-perception, political prowess, and lifestyle emerge an image of the 'ultimate working mother' and a compelling insight into ancient gender roles.' Publishers Weekly 'Cooney's detective work finally brings out the story of a great woman's reign.' Kirkus Reviews 'Egyptologist Cooney peels back the layers of the life of Hatshepsut, Egypt's second female pharaoh, providing a multidimensional portrait of a woman of strength, intelligence, and substance.' Booklist 'The Woman Who Would Be King is a fascinating look at one of the most formidable and successful women in all of ancient history. Before Cleopatra there was Hatshepsut. Now, thanks to Kara Cooney, the real Hatshepsut stands before us in all her glory. For the first time we have a full-length biography of her that is not only a great scholarly work but also a marvelous read.' -- Amanda Foreman, author of The Duchess and A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War 'The compelling biography of a fascinating woman: the daughter, wife and stepmother of kings, who defied tradition to rule the most powerful nation in the Mediterranean world as pharaoh. Cooney tells her tale with authority, sensitivity and imagination. It is a tale that deserves to be told.' -- Joyce Tyldesley, author of Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt and Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh 'What Stacy Schiff did for Cleopatra, Kara Cooney has done for Hatshepsut. An absolutely fantastic read about one of the most powerful Pharaoh-Queens in ancient Egypt. Completely unputdownable!' -- Michelle Moran, bestselling author of Nefertiti 'The story of Hatshepsut, the woman who ruled Egypt as Pharaoh, is an amazing tale and Dr Cooney tells it in a very personal way. Readers are going to love this version!' -- Bob Brier, author of The Murder of Tutankhamen 'This biography of Hatshepsut is an ideal blend of historical analysis and an imaginative story. Cooney's narrative flows as if it were a novel, but at the same time illuminates the historical, economic, social, and religious context of Hatshepsut's world, and that of the people surrounding her. The reader is given a glimpse into a vibrant ancient world-one that we oftentimes forget about in the midst of all the granite and mudbrick that remains today. Writing a biography of a woman about whom there is little archival information is difficult, to say the least. Nevertheless, Cooney presents a seamless picture of Hatshepsut's life and her rise to power in ancient Egypt.' -- Professor Kathleen Sheppard, author of The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology 'Engrossing and compulsively readable.' Time 'Kara Cooney has written a lively, engaging, historically accurate account of one of the most controversial of Egypt's female pharaohs, Hatshepsut. Cooney presents an accessible story of Hatshepsut's rise to power until her demise, bringing ancient Egypt, its people, and its rulers to life.' -- Salima Ikram, Professor of Egyptology, American University in Cairo 'With rigorous scholarship and a lively sense of sisterhood, Cooney retrieves Hatshepsut in her own times and liberates her as a woman for ours' The Times 'Hatshepsut's story provides all the ingredients required of a modern bestseller' Mail on Sunday
Kara Cooney is an associate professor of Egyptian Art and Architecture at UCLA in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures. In 2005, she was co-curator of Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Cooney produced a comparative archaeology series with her husband, Neil Crawford, entitled Out of Egypt, which aired in 2009 on the Discovery Channel and is streaming on Netflix. | https://www.macleansbooks.com.au/p/history-the-woman-who-would-be-king-hatshepsut-s-rise-to-power-in-ancient-egypt--2 |
The two leaders who have been chosen for analysis and comparison in this paper are the Empress Wu Zetian of China and the Pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt. Even though it has been a Chinese belief that having a woman rule is completely unnatural, a woman known as Wu Zetian did rule in the Tang dynasty between 690 and 705 AD (Rothschild, 2005). In the Chinese history, Wu Zetian is the only female who once ruled as an emperor. Pharaoh Hatshepsut ruled Egypt between 1478 and 1458 BC. While different Pharaohs have ruled Egypt for thousands of years, the Pharaoh Hatshepsut deserves a special recognition as a great ruler of the country (Wilson, 2006). During their reigns as rulers, Wu Zetian and Pharaoh Hatshepsut brought about numerous changes in China and Egypt respectively which are still of great relevance in modern history.
Read also Compare Tang Empress Wu Zetian (Chinese Culture) with the Pharaoh Cleopatra (Egypt Culture)
Wu Zetian ascended to power at a time when women were given relative freedom, a time when women were no longer required to lead submissive lives. This is the time when women in China were given an opportunity to contribute in areas related to politics and culture. It is because of the freedom of women in society that Wu Zetian was able to go to school and participate in politics which facilitated her recruitment to the court of Emperor (Rothschild, 2005). On the contrary, Pharaoh Hatshepsut ascended to power in a time when women were expected to remain submissive and play kitchen roles. For instance, between 1478 and 1458 BC, Egyptian women were greatly valued in marriage due to their ability to bake bread and cake. Pharaoh Hatshepsut still managed to maintain power despite the fact that women were not viewed as rulers in Egypt.
Read also Constantine the Great Vs Ashoka the Great – Ancient Rulers Comparative Essay
Wu was a transformational leader witnessed in her achievements, but was also ruthless in the manner in which she tried to achieve power. For instance, Wu’s ruthless method of ruling is evident when she killed her relatives to take advantage of her position. Pharaoh Hatshepsut did not use ruthless method of ruling but she was a transformational leader like Wu, demonstrated in her numerous achievements when was the ruler of Egypt. Hatshepsut was also a very authoritative ruler who was able to maintain power for more than 20 years (Wilson, 2006).
Read also Egyptian Heritage Overview – PowerPoint Presentation
As transformational leaders, both Wu and Hatshepsut built new projects as a way of giving their countries a completely new image. For instance, Zetian laid great emphasis on development of agricultural projects. She worked very hard to ensure successful construction of irrigation schemes in China. Additionally, Wu evaluated local officials in terms of their abilities to cultivate land and struggled to ensure that the Chinese citizens benefited from the agricultural projects. Wu’s resourcefulness was demonstrated by her ability to implement new ideas in agriculture. For example she assisted peasant farmers to increase their produce which benefited the entire Chinese population (Rothschild, 2005). Similarly, Hatshepsut pushed for the development of agricultural projects in the ancient Egypt, both in the Lower and Upper parts of the county. Various irrigations schemes in ancient Egypt were constructed following Hatshepsut’s efforts. From these projects, Egyptian farmers could easily water their crops which ensured a constant supply of farm produce in the country (Wilson, 2006).
Read also Egypt’s Political History and Religious History – Research Paper
Both Wu and Hatshepsut appointed powerful people to help them accomplish various tasks during their reigns. For example, both leaders were eager to draw into their governments only talented and competent people. Wu even initiated the practice of interviewing candidates for personality characteristics before allowing them to work in her government. Wu even initiated the practice of interviewing candidates for personality characteristics before allowing them to work in her government. However, when compared with Wu, Hatshepsut’s reign was more prosperous than that of Wu. For example, Hatshepsut re-established trade relations in Egypt which helped to bring great wealth to Egypt (Wilson, 2006).
Wu and Hatshepsut ruled in two separate cultures, that of ancient China and ancient Egypt respectively. The Chinese and Egyptian cultures have got some similarities and differences. For instance, the two cultures were similar in the sense that, their economies were based on agriculture. This explains why both Wu and Hatshepsut encouraged the development of agricultural projects during their reigns. In addition, both Chinese and Egyptian cultures had inherited systems of rule where Emperors and Pharaohs were viewed as absolute rulers. This is evidenced in the existence of Emperor Wu Zetian of China and the Pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt. The main area of difference in the Chinese and Egyptian cultures is on their religions. For example, the ancient Egyptian religion was centered on the divinity of its rulers while the ancient Chinese practiced ancestor worship (Ministry of Culture, P. R. China, 2003).
The leadership qualities of Wu and Hatshepsut are of great significance in the world of modern business, especially for those organizations that are headed by female leaders. An example of a female leader who can employ effective leadership qualities possessed by both Wu and Hatshepsut is Ellen Kullman of DuPont. Specifically, Kullman should struggle to appoint talented people to serve in various positions in the organization. In addition, she should focus on building projects that will promote organizational growth. Kullman must also respect the rights of employees at all times.
Wu Zetian Vs Pharaoh Hatshepsut – Comparing Ancient Female Rulers – Sample Paper 2
Hatchepsut was an Egyptian name that meant foremost Noble Ladies. He was the fifth pharaoh between 1508 and 1458 BC of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. She formally came to the throne of Egypt in 1478BC and ruled in cooperation with Thutmose III who had rose to the throne as a child one year prior. Hatshepsut was the person in command wife of Thutmose II, Thutmose III’s father. She is by and large looked upon by Egyptologists as one of the chief victorious pharaohs, being in power longer than any other woman of a native Egyptian family. On the other hand, Wu Zetian was a Chinese supreme ruler who ruled formally under the name of her self- declared “Zhou dynasty” between 690 and 705. She was the merely female ruler of China in more than four millennia. She had preceding majestic positions, though, under both Emperor Gaozong and his father Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty of China. Wu was a concubine of Sovereign Taizong. After his death she wedded his descendant and ninth son, Monarch Gaozong, formally becoming Gaozong’s empress”, “wife”, or “first consort in 655, even if having substantial political supremacy aforementioned to this. After Gaozong’s incapacitating stroke in 690, Wu Zetian ruled as effectual monarch until 705. She is the only documentated woman to rule China in her personal right.
Wu Zetian’s era of political and military headship comprises the key development of the Chinese kingdom, expanding it far further than its prior territorial confines, profound into Central Asia, and the achievement of the take-over of the upper Korean Peninsula. While on the Hatshepsut era she re-established worldwide trading connections lost for the duration of a foreign activity and brought enormous wealth to Egypt.
Read also Early Social Systems of Egypt, Aksum, and the Inland Niger Delta
In China, besides the more straight end results of her move violently to expand and uphold ultimate power, Wu’s leadership resulted in significant consequences on the subject of social class in Chinese culture and in relation to circumstances hold up for Taoism, Buddhism, edification, and writing (Paludan, 1998).. Wu Zetian also had a colossal impact leading the statuary at the Qianling Mausoleum of the Longmen Grottoes and the “Wordless Stele”, on top of the building of some most important constructions and bronze castings that do not continue to exist. Hatshepsut on the other side recognized the trade system that had been disturbed at some point in the Hyksos profession of Egypt all through the Second Intermediate Period, thus building the riches of the eighteenth dynasty. She kept an eye on the groundings and financial support for an undertaking to the Land of Punt. However, this trading mission to Punt was approximately for the period of Hatshepsut’s ninth year of sovereignty. It position out in her name with five ships, each one measuring 70 feet long bearing quite a lot of sails and obliging 210 men that incorporated sailors and 30 rowers (Will, 1992). Many trade products were bought in Punt, remarkably mryrrh and frankincense.
Read also How Egyptian Pyramids were Built, Their Geometry and Proportions
Despite these imperative features of Wu Zetian time in power, mutually with the propositions of contemporary erudition as to the long-term consequences of some of her improvements in supremacy, much of the consideration to Wu Zetian has been to her femininity, as the jarring superlative self-governing of a incorporated Chinese kingdom, holding for the duration of part of her life the designation of Huangdi in the midst of the line of male monarchs. However, Hatshepsut’s time in power was much longer and more affluent. She was triumphant in fighting early in her sovereignty, but usually is well thought-out to be a pharaoh who established in office a long peaceful period. She made to rule for about 20 years. One of the mainly well-known things that she did was construction of the Hatshepsut’s temple.
Despite her callousness to achieve power and having a lot of noblemen and noblewomen murdered or sent away in the course, Wu Zetian consummate numerous things when she was in authority. She predisposed the spread of Buddhism in China and ultimately made it the administrator religion; putting back Taoism. She was also triumphant in subordinating high taxes and mounting agricultural invention. The Empress passed away in 705 AD at the age of 80. On the other hand, Hatshepsut rose to power through inheritance not with lack of sympathy and loses of lives of individuals. Hatshepsut continued to rule by herself in anticipation of her own death in 1458 BC.
From this comparison it is clear that Hatshepsut and Wu Zetian ruled in different culture though they had a similarity. The Hatshepsut ruled on Christian based culture as illustrated on her main achievement of building the Hatshepsut temple. On the other hand, the Wu Zetian ruled on a mixed religion since it is illustrated by introduction and spread of Buddhism during her reign in power. Additionally from the way Wu Zetian raised to the top, it is clear that she ruled a community that is corrupt compared to that of Hatshepsut which was through inheritance and it was fare. However, the two leaders ruled when the leadership was not obtain through election and people had no say about the selection of their own leader.
Leadership has been illustrated as a procedure of social control in which an individual can join the aid and hold up of others in the achievement of an ordinary task. Women who rose in monarchies to the top dealt frequently with narrow influential, so they may possibly establish themselves and get on with ruling. The broader mystery is that for women, although not for men, there is an exchange in individuality linked with top headship. A woman can be supposed as knowledgeable or as pleasant, but not mutually. | https://uniquewritersbay.com/comparative-essay-empress-wu-zetian-china-pharaoh-hatshepsut-egypt/ |
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Bible Encyclopedias
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature
Handmaid or Handmaiden
(שַׁפְחָה, shiphchah', or אָמָה,amah', Genesis 16:1, etc.; Ruth 3:9, etc.; δούλη , Luke 1:48), a maid-servant (as both Heb. terms are often translated; the latter being rendered "handmaid" only in a metaphorical or self-deprecatory sense). We find on the paintings in the tombs of Egypt various representations of female domestics employed in waiting on their mistresses, sometimes at the bath, at others at the toilette, and likewise in bringing in refreshments and handing them round to visitors. An upper servant or slave had the office of handing the wine, and a black woman sometimes followed, in an inferior capacity, to receive an empty cup when the wine had been poured into the goblet. The same black slave also carried the fruits and other refreshments; and the peculiar mode of holding a plate with the hand reversed, so generally adopted by women from Africa, is characteristically shown in the Theban paintings (Wilkinson, Anc. Eg. 1, 142 sq., abridgm). (See BANQUET). It appears most probable that Hagar was given to Sarai as her personal attendant while she was in the house of Pharaoh, and that she was permitted to retain her when she departed. Jewish tradition reports that Hagar was a daughter (by a concubine, as some say) of Pharaoh, who, seeing the wonders wrought on account of Sarai, said, "It is better that my daughter should be a handmaid in this household than a mistress in another," and therefore gave her to Sarai. She was, no doubt, a female slave, and one of those maidservants whom Abram had brought from Egypt. These females among the Jews, as they still are in the East, are entirely under the control of the mistress of the family. (See SLAVE); (See HAGAR).
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Bibliography Information
McClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Handmaid or Handmaiden'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/h/handmaid-or-handmaiden.html. Harper & Brothers. New York. 1870. | https://studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/mse/h/handmaid-or-handmaiden.html |
In the wake of countless deaths of Black Americans at the hands of police and weeks of subsequent protests nationwide, many celebrities are speaking out. But a recent social media post from Saturday Night Life alum Jay Pharaoh has managed to give credence to both rallying cries for racial justice and a certain amount of privilege granted to well-known Black artists in the entertainment industry.
Back in 2012, there were roughly 780,000 police officers throughout the United States. And while many are quick to point out that not all officers are racist, evidence has shown that systemic racism is built into the very fabric of law enforcement. In fact, the first police organizations in the South were originally formed to bring back enslaved individuals who tried to escape. Unfortunately, not much has changed in the centuries since then. Officers may wear embroidered patches, which are effective for marketing the corporate identity of a given business, as part of their uniforms — but they certainly haven’t been shown to “protect and serve” all citizens in equal measure.
The public outrage following the unconscionable deaths of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery, and numerous others has swept the nation and has caused many Americans to question their own encounters with racism on public forums. Comedian Jay Pharaoh — who is perhaps best known for his stint on SNL where he impersonated Barack Obama, Eddie Murphy, Will Smith, Ben Carson, and other notable Black celebrities — recently took to social media a harrowing incident with law enforcement that took place in Los Angeles roughly a week before Ahmaud Arbery’s death came to light.
In an Instagram post from last week, Pharaoh released a video that included surveillance footage of that encounter with LAPD. As Pharaoh tells it, he was on a jog and wearing noise-canceling headphones when he was approached by police. At first, Pharaoh recounted, the comedian didn’t think the officers were talking to him. But he soon realized, when the officers came “with guns blazing,” that he was being told to put his hands up and to get on the ground.
Pharaoh explained in his post, “I’m not thinking anything of it because I’m a law-abiding citizen. As he’s looking at me, I’m thinking that he’s making a mistake so I’m looking past where he’s looking. I’m looking at him and looking past me because I’m like, ‘whoever they’re about to get, it’s just about to be terrible,’ but no. He was coming to get me.”
As shown in the clip, four officers approach Pharaoh with their guns drawn. Although Pharaoh complied with their instructions, one of the officers then kneeled on Pharaoh’s back.
Pharaoh added, “The officer took his knee, put it on my back… it wasn’t as long as George Floyd, but… I know how that feels.”
When Pharaoh asked the officers why he was being detained, they answered that he fit the description of a Black man in the area wearing sweatpants and a gray shirt. Upon hearing that, Pharaoh indicated to the officers that they should Google him to show they were making a “big mistake” and arresting the wrong man. The officers came back a short while after, apologized, and indicated that Pharaoh wasn’t who they were looking for.
Although nearly one-quarter of DUI arrests that took place in California during 2013 occurred in Los Angeles County, it’s clear that the LAPD didn’t do their due diligence prior to detaining a potential suspect on that day. The Los Angeles Police Department has indicated that they are aware of the incident, which is now under the investigation of the Internal Affairs Division. LAPD spokesperson Drake Madison told USA Today that the department is looking into the footage included in Pharaoh’s video and that the department provided Pharaoh with a misconduct complaint document to file. | https://www.eurthisnthat.com/2020/06/23/former-snl-star-jay-pharaoh-releases-footage-of-harrowing-encounter-with-police/?shared=email&msg=fail |
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The Sphinx. El Dorado. The Shroud of Turin. Our world holds remarkable relics that are full of secrets, written in stone, gold, and blood. Discovering the truths behind their mysteries could change history as we know it. Join us as we travel the globe and come face-to-face with these puzzling treasures. We explore hidden corners, decipher ancient documents, and apply groundbreaking research and forensic techniques with one goal in mind: to discover the truth about these fabled cities, monuments, and remnants, and to share it with the world.
In March 2017, construction work in Cairo's urban outskirts is called to a halt, as the colossal stone head of an ancient pharaoh is uncovered by a forklift. The "Pharaoh in a Slum" makes international headlines, but the real news is that the massive statue represents a ruler lost to history. Researchers combine hieroglyphic research and ancient documents to put together the real story of this "Lost Pharaoh" who brought Egypt back from the brink of collapse and ushered in an artistic renaissance – before his name and memory were wiped out.
In 2011, archaeologists in the Valley of the Kings discover a sealed entrance to a previously undiscovered tomb – the first sealed tomb found in 100 years. Inside are the remains of a dismembered mummy, a pile of rubble and a coffin that is apparently 500 years younger than the tomb it resides in. Scientists identify the dismembered body as a female from the royal court who lived during the golden age of Egypt. Further investigation reveals a tale of ancient Egyptian grave robbing and desecration, as well the rise of the new elite that would eventually overthrow the Pharaohs.
In the cemetery of Egypt's earliest rulers, archaeologists were shocked to find the carefully buried corpses of baboons, jackals, leopards and even a hippopotamus. Forensic evidence shows these animals were not native to Egypt, and were captured at faraway locations. Why did these ancient Egyptians treat these animals like honored guests, even burying them with the royal family? New revelations show that this "world's first zoo" may have been the foundation for the ancient Egyptian religion – and the source of Egypt's mysterious animal-headed gods.
For centuries, scholars, adventurers, saints and thieves have searched for the wealthiest treasure mentioned in the Bible: King Solomon's mines. Though scripture calls Solomon "richer than any other king," ancient Israel seems to have no silver or gold mines that could explain the gold-covered Temple and palaces of Jerusalem. But startling new discoveries in the remote Israeli desert finally reveal the truth behind the legend: a long forgotten mine, an ancient metal-working encampment, and traces of a metal far more precious than gold.
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Ancient Egyptian art frequently depicts people wearing cone-shaped headgear, but none has ever been found.
Now an international team of archaeologists has uncovered the first ever physical evidence of Egyptian head cones in the ancient city of Armarna, 194 miles south of the capital Cairo.
The head cones, made from wax, were discovered at two graves in 2010 and 2015. They were found in fragments but researchers have been able to reconstruct their shape.
They provide the first conclusive evidence that the objects actually existed and were worn by Egyptians, according to the archaeologists.
Due to the lack of material evidence, scholars have previously speculated that the head cones only ever existed as mere depictions in art.
Some believed that they were entirely symbolic – like halos given to religious figures in Christian art – while others argued that they did exist but were made of materials that did not survive.
Cone 1 excavated at the South Tombs Cemetery in 2010, on the remains of an individual estimated to be a 20–29-year-old female
The Egyptian city of Amarna, 194 miles south of the Egyptian capital Cairo, was abandoned in 1332 after being occupied for only 15 years
The graves in which the cones were discovered are thought to have belonged to the non-elite, suggesting that the cones were not a particular mark of status.
‘These are the first archaeological examples of this usual headwear yet known from Egypt, although we have many images of people wearing them’, said Anna Stevens, lead author of the study.
‘Many questions remain about the meaning and function of the head cones – and the excavated examples won’t answer them all.
‘But careful excavation has now shown that the cones certainly existed in 3D form, that they could be worn by the deceased and that they were not only for the elite.’
Spectroscopy analysis of the cones revealed that they were hollow and made of plant or animal wax – most likely beeswax.
It is believed they may have been infused with perfume to purify the wearer so they could engage with the rituals and deities of the afterlife.
Other theories suggest they may be connected with ideas of fertility and resurrection.
Based on cranial and pelvic observations of the human remains found with the head cones, one of the bodies is believed to be of a woman aged between 20-29 years at her time of death, still with well-preserved hair under the cone.
The adult female remains in its original place of discovery, compelete with headcone and well-preserved hair
Excavations taking place at the North Tombs Cemetery in 2017 as part of the Amarna project
The second cone, found in 2015, belonged to a 15-20 year-old of indeterminate sex.
Researchers say it’s probable that these two cones were ‘model’ versions made for a burial environment, and that cones intended to be worn by the living could have been constructed differently.
Ancient Egyptians are often depicted wearing cones in artwork depicting banquets, worship and the afterlife.
Scholars often link the cones with sensuality and sexuality, as they frequently appear in artistic imagery of women – sometimes unclothed.
One popular theory is was that they were an unguent – pieces of fat or wax perfumed, perhaps with myrrh.
As the cone melted, the scent was released, with some ancient Egyptian literature suggesting that this process would scent and cleanse the hair and body.
Head cones are worn by females and males in Ancient Egyptian art depicting banqueting scenes, including those honouring the dead, funerals, or people being rewarded by the king
A reconstruction of the two cones, revealing they are both hollow
It is not known why these cones were included in the burials, but researchers suggest they may have been symbols meant to enhance the rebirth or personal fertility of the deceased in the afterlife.
They have also previously simply been interpreted more broadly as symbols of the tomb owner’s contentedness in the afterlife.
The city of Amarna was built by the pharaoh Akhenaten as home for the cult of the sun god Aten and now contains thousands of graves.
Akhenaten controversially placed much emphasis on the worship of the Egyptian sun, and away from Egyptian tradition of polytheism, the worship of multiple deities.
The city was abandoned around 10 years after the pharaoh’s death, despite only being occupied for 15 years from 1347 to 1332 BC.
But the abandoned city attracted ancient looters, who stole from all four cemeteries at the site.
This has made the task of piecing together all the disturbed burials all the more difficult for archaeologists of the Amarna Project, who have been excavating the site since2005.
The study of the two head cones has been published in the journal Antiquity.
WHO WAS AKHENATEN?
Akhenaten was a pharaoh of 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt.
The ancient Egyptian city of Tell el-Amarna (or simply Amarna) was the short-lived capital built by the ‘heretic’ Pharaoh Akhenaten and abandoned shortly after his death (c. 1332).
It was here that he pursued his vision of a society dedicated to the cult of one god, the power of the sun (the Aten) – seen as heresy at the time.
Akhenaten, upon becoming Pharaoh, ordered all the iconography of previous gods to be removed.
After his death, his monuments were dismantled and hidden and his statues were destroyed.
One of Akhenaten’s sons was Tutankhaten, who went on to become pharaoh and took the name Tutankhamun, one of the most famous ancient Egyptian pharaohs. | https://expressdigest.com/archaeologists-reveal-first-ever-physical-remains-of-egyptian-head-cones/ |
The title "Pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately r, the specific title "Pharaoh" was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the rule of Merneptah in the 19th Dynasty, c. with the title Pharaoh for later rulers First monarch: Narmer (a.k.a. Menes).
Pharaohs were the god kings of ancient Egypt who ruled between B.C. and 30 B.C. (when Rome conquered Egypt). Each time a new family took control of the throne, a new kingdom began in the history of this fascinating nation. While rulers often intermarried with daughters, granddaughters, sisters and brothers to keep the throne within the family the throne still managed to shift hands.
IMDb is the world's most popular and authoritative source for movie, TV and celebrity content. Find ratings and reviews for the newest movie and TV shows. Get personalized recommendations, and learn where to watch across hundreds of streaming providers.
Twosret was a female pharaoh and the last ruler of the 19th Dynasty of the New Kingdom. She might have been Merneptah’s daughter and she was the wife of his son, Seti II. Seti II’s heir was a young boy who had an atrophied leg due to polio. Twosret served as Saptah’s regent and she reigned as pharaoh for at least two years after his death.
Pharaohs built great tombs for themselves so they could live well in the afterlife. The first Pharaoh was a king named Menes who united both upper and lower Egypt into a single country. Khufu is the Pharaoh who built the largest pyramid. Activities. Take a ten question quiz about this page. | https://zoloftzabs.com/988.html |
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