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Clinical trials are necessary for cancer research, and monitoring and ensuring safety is crucial. As a result, standards exist to protect the rights, safety and well-being of all people participating in clinical trials.
Every clinical trial is designed with several levels of safeguards and a set of rules called a protocol, which must be followed. The protocol defines the eligibility criteria, specifies the tests to be done and the procedures to be used, describes the medications and dosages and establishes the duration of the study. All participating clinics, hospitals, universities, cancer centers and medical offices, regardless of their size or location, are subject to the same protocol. Before the study begins, a scientific review panel evaluates the protocol carefully to make sure the trial is based on sound science.
These protections are overseen by three main groups: the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). Each oversees different aspects of the trials.
The FDA has regulated the conduct of clinical trials since the 1970s and is responsible for the safety, efficacy and security of drugs. It also works closely with pharmaceutical companies to ensure the integrity of new treatments and medications. Several steps in the drug development process are monitored by the FDA, which requires extensive research and applications before and after clinical testing.
The DSMB oversees clinical trials to confirm they are safe for participants. IRBs monitor clinical trials to ensure they are safe, fair and correctly designed.
The National Research Act, established in 1974 by the U.S. government, identifies three basic ethical guidelines to follow when biomedical and behavioral research involving people is conducted:
To ensure compliance with all scientific and ethical guidelines, all studies are conducted under the direct supervision of physicians and expert research professionals. These regulatory requirements for drug studies address safety and efficacy issues unique to the use of drugs in clinical research, and the requirements are designed to guarantee the safety of all participants in a clinical trial.
Failure to meet the FDA’s regulations can have legal and financial consequences for those conducting the research as well as for the institutions associated with the research activities.
Another safeguard is the Informed Consent process, which protects participants throughout the duration of a clinical trial. This process requires the research team to explain all the details about the trial, including the purpose, tests and treatment involved and the possible risks and benefits so you can make an informed decision about volunteering for the trial.
All drugs must pass a series of tests and undergo a rigorous evaluation process by the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) to ensure they are safe and effective for human use before they’re made available to the public.
A team of CDER doctors, chemists, pharmacologists and other scientists carefully analyzes the medications at various stages during the approval process. When the health benefits of a drug outweigh the known risks, approval to move forward is granted. However, when issues arise, the process is delayed or even stopped.
If any issues are identified, the CDER will send a letter of explanation to the drug sponsor (the pharmaceutical company). Upon receiving the letter, the drug sponsor can choose to meet with a CDER official for further discussion, ask for a hearing, correct the problem(s) and submit new information, or withdraw the application altogether.
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https://www.patientresource.com/Clinical_Trials_Seeking_Approval.aspx
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Are Facebook’s Unannounced Experiments Improving Ethically?
Following the publication of a Facebook data scientist’s study on whether the emotional manipulation of users’ News Feeds could affect their behavior and the emotional content of their Facebook posts — and the public outcry and PR disaster that ensued — the social networking giant has amended the policies that govern the research it conducts on its users. The company is implementing a formal review process for proposed research projects, and will also collect all of its published research on one central website.
Contrary to Sheryl Sandberg’s statement this summer — where she apologized only for the poor communication about the purpose of the study, not for its methods or the study itself — Facebook’s latest statement offers something of an apology for the way the company experimented on users without their consent or knowledge. A news release on Facebook’s site, titled simply “Research at Facebook,” explained that the company is now aware that, “We should have considered other non-experimental ways to do this research. The research would also have benefited from more extensive review by a wider and more senior group of people. Last, in releasing the study, we failed to communicate clearly why and how we did it.”
The post also includes the line: “It is clear now that there are things we should have done differently.” So, will Facebook do things differently when it studies users’ behavior in the future? To find out, let’s look at what Facebook has said it will do to ensure that research is conducted ethically, and how its intentions measure up against more traditionally ethical and accepted methods of conducting behavioral research.
What are Facebook’s new guidelines?
Mike Schroepfer, Facebook’s chief technology officer, wrote in the news release on Facebook’s website that the company is updating the way that it conducts research. He wrote that after considering its research methods for the past three months, the company is implementing “a new framework that covers both internal work and research that might be published,” complete with “clearer guidelines” for researchers and a panel that will “review projects.”
“Guidelines: we’ve given researchers clearer guidelines. If proposed work is focused on studying particular groups or populations (such as people of a certain age) or if it relates to content that may be considered deeply personal (such as emotions) it will go through an enhanced review process before research can begin. The guidelines also require further review if the work involves a collaboration with someone in the academic community.
Review: we’ve created a panel including our most senior subject-area researchers, along with people from our engineering, research, legal, privacy, and policy teams, that will review projects falling within these guidelines. This is in addition to our existing privacy cross-functional review for products and research.
Training: we’ve incorporated education on our research practices into Facebook’s six-week training program, called bootcamp, that new engineers go through, as well as training for others doing research. We’ll also include a section on research in the annual privacy and security training that is required of everyone at Facebook.
Research website: our published academic research is now available at a single location and will be updated regularly.”
For now, while published research will be available at Research.Facebook.com, Facebook has not offered any further information on how it evaluates potential research projects, or exactly what kind of research its new panel will allow employees to conduct. The “User Experience” section of the research website notes that research topics in the area include “Human-computer interaction,” “Computer-mediated communication,” “Personal influence and diffusion of innovations,” “Social networks,” “Computer-supported collaboration,” “Digital identity and self-presentation,” and, notably, “Compassion and emotion in online communication.” The site does not indicate whether the company’s research on any of these topics involves experiments with actual Facebook users.
What are the standards of academic research?
One of the most important ethical rules for research involving humans is that participants give informed consent before taking part in a study. The U.S. government — via the jurisdiction of the Office for Human Research Protections, or OHRP– requires that researchers at federally funded institutions who conduct any research on human subjects must provide participants with specific information about the study before the research commences, including “a statement that the study involves research, an explanation of the purposes of the research and the expected duration of the subject’s participation, a description of the procedures to be followed, and identification of any procedures which are experimental.”
Participants should also be provided with information such as a description of foreseeable risks, an explanation of whom to contact with questions pertinent to the research, a statement that participation is voluntary, and that participants can choose to end their involvement with the research.
Another important component of assuring that research on humans is conducted ethically is each research plan’s review by an Institutional Review Board. An IRB is a panel that reviews plans for research involving humans before a study can begin. According to the OHRP, the IRB determines not only that risks are minimized and reasonable in relation to the benefits expected from the study, but that subjects are fairly selected, their privacy and data are protected, and that informed consent will be sought and documented. The IRB has the authority to approve, require modification to, or disapprove research plans.
In the case of cooperative research projects — those “which involve more than one institution” — each is responsible safeguarding the rights and welfare of subjects, and with complying with all of the OHRP’s research policies. With the approval of the department or agency, the institutions can arrange for a joint review to avoid duplicating efforts, but each is still responsible for compliance.
In 1979 — admittedly, well before the advent of the technology that would eventually make Facebook’s research efforts possible — the OHRP summarized the ethical principles of its guidelines for biomedical and behavioral research on humans in a document called the Belmont Report. The basic ethical principles cited were “Respect for Persons,” “Beneficence,” and “Justice,” and those principles were to be applied through informed consent, assessment of risks and benefits, and fair selection of subjects.
Additionally, the ethical principles and code of conduct (PDF) of the American Psychological Association specifies that for studies where deception is necessary, researchers should “explain any deception … as early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection, and permit participants to withdraw their data.”
Where do Facebook’s policies deviate from academic standards?
As The New York Times noted, Facebook’s announcement of its new research policies is short on details. None of the actual guidelines have been disclosed, and the company has not explained whether it intends to ask Facebook users for their consent before conducting another study like the News Feed experiment. While Schroepfer says that the social network has “taken to heart the comments and criticism” on its research methods, there’s just enough information in Facebook’s blog post to make it clear that the new policies won’t be enough to satisfy the academics and consumer advocates who have called Facebook’s ethics into question.
While Facebook is training its engineers on the ethics of research, it’s unclear how extensive that training will be, or of what it will consist, though The Times learned from a person involved in drafting the new policy that the training teaches researchers engineers to ask important questions before conducting experiments. Those questions include considerations such as “what are the benefits of this test? Who will be affected? How would you feel if you were a subject of the experiment? Is there a better way to achieve the same result?”
While the decision to create a review panel “including our most senior subject-area researchers, along with people from our engineering, research, legal, privacy, and policy teams, that will review projects” seems to be in the spirit of an institutional review board, it’s unclear how large or how diverse this team will be.
The OHRP specifies that an IRB should have at least five members, diverse in professional background, race, and gender, and knowledgeable of the institution’s professional and legal commitments, regulations, and standards of conduct. The New York Times notes that Facebook is not inviting anyone outside of the company to objectively review its research projects, a solution that some have advocated as a way to ensure the ethics of Facebook’s experiments.
To find where things get sticky with Facebook’s past experiments, you don’t have to look far into the study that spurred mass outcry over the summer and led to Facebook’s revision of its research policy. The Washington Post reported that in the case of the News Feed study, which involved a Cornell University professor and a former Cornell doctoral student, Cornell’s independent ethics board — the Cornell University Institutional Review Board — did not pre-approve the study.
Instead, the experiment was conducted before the university’s IRB was consulted. At the time of the study’s publication, it wasn’t entirely clear what role Cornell and the affiliated professor and former doctoral student played in the research. But in the fallout after the study was published in in the June 17 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the university distanced itself from the research, noting that Professor Jeffrey Hancock and Dr. Jamie Guillory, who co-authored the study along with Facebook data scientist Adam D.I. Kramer, did not participate in the collection of data, had no access to user data, and therefore were not directly engaged in human research.
If they had been, the study would have been subject to review by the Cornell Human Research Protection Program, which operates in concert with the university’s IRBs and cites the ethical principles of the Belmont Report as key to the review process that must take place for “all research that involves human participants, regardless of the source of financial support.”
Facebook’s researchers claimed that the terms and conditions that users agree to when they sign up for the site were equivalent to the informed consent that participants of a traditional academic or clinical study knowingly give — even though clauses referencing “research” were not added until after the study was conducted in January 2012, and participants weren’t notified of the research before or even after the study concluded. In fact, Facebook still hasn’t revealed which users were involved in the study, or if minors were included.
Is Facebook doing enough to protect users and win back their trust?
Or, in other words, is the social network’s News Feed experiment an ethics violation it can’t bounce back from? Not necessarily, but Facebook hasn’t done enough to assure users and academics that it will play by the ethical rules with future research. Jeffrey Hancock, the Cornell professor who was a co-author on the News Feed study, told The New York Times that he considers it important to know what standards Facebook will use to judge the ethics of proposed research projects.
While Hancock is pleased that Facebook is creating internal review panels, he thinks that the company needs to publicly share its guidelines, both to get feedback and to properly disclose the kind of research that it will conduct. It’s unclear if Facebook will continue to conduct research similar to the emotional manipulation study and simply not publish them, or if the newly created review panel will reconsider that type of research. Hancock also notes that Facebook has not yet made any mention of informed consent or participant debriefing in explaining what the new research policy covers.
It’s interesting to note that while Facebook’s blog post specifies that, “The guidelines also require further review if the work involves a collaboration with someone in the academic community,” Schroepfer notes later in the post that, “It’s important to engage with the academic community and publish in peer-reviewed journals, to share technology inventions and because online services such as Facebook can help us understand more about how the world works.”
That makes it sound like Facebook wants to play by the rules of academic research, but its policies will likely need further revision for an academic institution to partner with the social network in studying its users’ behavior in the future.
To some, the key to understanding why Facebook conducts its experiments the way it does is to stop measuring Facebook’s efforts against the standards of research methods. Those who defend the principle of Facebook’s research efforts — if not the exact method of the News Feed study — argue aptly that experimentation on users is ongoing in aspects of almost every online business.
The results of Facebook’s data analysis made it past the Cornell IRB, which concluded that the research did not need to be evaluated by the Cornell Human Research Protection Program, perhaps neglecting to take into account the methods that Facebook used to obtain the data. The Washington Post points out that if Facebook were a government agency, or a federally funded institution, the approval could be considered an ethical lapse. But because Facebook is neither of those — and is, in fact, a private company that isn’t legally bound by the ethical standards for academic research — Facebook is technically just another web company running A/B tests on its users without their knowledge and without the approval of an outside regulatory body.
It may very well be Facebook’s presentation of its results as science that prompts us to ask whether the work upholds the standards of academic research — clearly, it doesn’t — as Brian Fung points out in The Post, when we should consider it merely a commercial A/B test that most companies choose to not make public, much less present as social science.
But it’s undeniable that even Internet users who are very aware of how their data is collected and used everywhere and all the time were less than happy to learn that Facebook intentionally manipulated users’ emotions, and failed to tell them about it either before or after the fact.
In a way, Facebook has two choices: either be transparent about the experiments conducted on users, informing people and getting their consent. Or, forgo the publication of social science experiments and keep all research internal, where users won’t know if their News Feed is being manipulated in ways that deviate from the company’s usual experiments with its algorithm. Either way, the academic community and the public will need a significantly more detailed press release to trust Facebook’s ethics again — even with their expectations appropriately adjusted with the knowledge that Facebook isn’t legally obligated to comply with the same ethical principles as a university or a hospital, even when it comes to research on real, human Facebook users.
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https://www.cheatsheet.com/technology/are-facebooks-unannounced-experiments-improving-ethically.html/
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Angle:
An angle is the rotation of a ray from an initial point to a terminal point.
Types of Angles:
There are majorly six types of angles in geometry:
- Acute angle: It lies between 0° to 90°.
- Obtuse angle: It lies between 90° to 180°.
- Right angle: The angle which is exactly equal to 90°.
- Straight angle: The angle which is exactly equal to 180°.
- Reflex angle: The angle which is greater than 180° and less than 360°.
- Full rotation: The complete rotation of an angle equal to 360°.
Unit Angle:
- An angle is measured with units called degrees (ᵒ).
- An angle that turns through 1 / 360 of a circle is called a unit angle.
Examples of angles with their measurements:
Measure with Unit Angles
Unit angles are measured using a smaller angle to measure a larger angle by repeating the unit.
Unit angle
Example:
What is the measurement of the smaller angle formed by the clock hands when it is 5 o’clock?
Measure and Draw Angles
Measuring angles with a protractor
Angles are measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is a small circle °.
Protractor
- The full circle is 360° (360 degrees).
- A half-circle or a straight angle is 180°.
- A quarter-circle or a right angle is 90°.
How to measure an angle with a protractor?
A protractor is a tool that is used to measure and draw angles.
Protractor
- Place the midpoint of the protractor on the vertex of the angle.
- Line up one side of the angle with the line zero of the protractor
(Where you see the number 0).
- Read the degrees where the other side crosses the number scale.
Example:
Draw ∠ABC=60° with a ruler and a protractor.
- Draw a straight-line AB.
- Place a dot at B. This dot represents the vertex of the angle.
- Place the center of the protractor at B and the baseline of the protractor along with the arm BA.
- Find 60° on the scale and mark a small dot at the edge of the protractor.
- Join the vertex B to the small dot with a ruler to form the second arm, BC, of the angle.
- Mark the angle with a small arc as shown.
Add and Subtract Angle Measures
Finding the measure of an unknown angle by using the known measures.
If ∠ABD = 107°, what is the measure of ∠ABC?
We know that:
∠ABC + ∠CBD = ∠ABD
Plug in the known: n + 37° = 107°
Use the inverse operation to isolate the variable n = 107° – 37° = 70°
So, ∠ABC = 70°.
Exercise:
- Use a protractor to draw an angle measure for 650.
- How many 600 angles does it take to make a full turn?
- How many degrees are in a twelfth of a full turn?
- What fraction of the circle does a 1200 angle turn through?
- What are the measures of an angle?
- What are the 5 types of angles?
- What is a zero angle?
- Find the following missing angles.
- Find the unknown angles from the figure below.
- What is the value of x?
What have we learnt:
- To use and apply vocabulary associated with angles.
- To identify examples of different types of angles.
- To measure and draw angles with a protractor.
- To understand angles and unit angles.
- To add and subtract angle measures.
Concept Map:
Comments:
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How to Solve Right Triangles?
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https://www.turito.com/learn/math/angles-grade-4
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CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.4.MD.C.6:
"Measure angles in whole-number degrees using a protractor. Sketch angles of specified measure."
These worksheets can help students practice this Common Core State Standards skill.
Worksheets
Measuring Angles
Worksheet
Measuring Angles
Put that protractor to good use! In this geometry worksheet your student will practice measuring each of these angles using a protractor.
4th grade
Math
Worksheet
Protractor Practice
Worksheet
Protractor Practice
Help students learn how to use a protractor.
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https://www.education.com/common-core/CCSS.MATH.CONTENT.4.MD.C.6/worksheets/
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The aim is to establish the maximum distance traveled by a rubber band under a constant release strength. To shoot a rubber band as far as possible. How does the angle of release affect the distance traveled? Hypothesis When the angle of release is increased, the distance will increase up to 45 degrees which is the optimum, and it will decrease after 45 degrees. Constants/Variables Constants – Height of Release (60cm from the ground) – Length of extension of the rubber band (25cm) – Use of the same rubber band for the entire experiment Variables.- Angle of Release (from 0 degree to 75 degrees with 15 degrees increments) Apparatus Measuring tape, Ruler, Protractor, Rubber band Method 1. Set down the measuring tape first.
2. Measure each of the angles of release with protractor, from 0 degree to 75 degrees. 3. Release it at 60cm from the ground with an extension of 25cm.
4. Repeat it three times for each angle. 5. For each angle, if the data is considerably higher or lower than the other measurements, ignore it and do it once more to obtain more accurate data. Data Collection & Data Analysis Angle of Release Distance traveled (m)In degrees Trial Conclusion & Evaluation As you can see from the graph, releasing the rubber band at an angle of 45 degrees provides the greatest distance, we can call the optimum.
It gradually increases from 0 degree and at 45 degrees, has the greatest distance, and it decreases afterwards. The reason why the rubber band travels the furthest at an angle of 45 degree is because it is closer to the parabolic curve.During the experiment, certain measurements were really off the mark. For example, when measuring for the angle of 15 degrees, a result of 6 meters was recorded while the probable range was near 4 meters. There is no clear explanation for that but it seems that the release strength may not have always been constant.
It is also possible that during the experiment some settings like height and angle of release may have been inadvertently modified by the operator. It would therefore be advisable to do more than 3 trials for each release angle in order to obtain more accurate data.
Hi!
I'm Simon!
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https://graceplaceofwillmar.org/rubber-band-lab/
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- The student will analyze and measure angles using a protractor.
- The student will identify angles as right angle, acute angles, and obtuse angles.
- The student will build and draw right, acute, and obtuse angles.
Connection to Bloom’s Taxonomy
- Analysis
- Application
- Comprehension
- Synthesis
Lesson Materials
- Construction Paper
- Crayons or Colored Pencils
- Glue
- Index Cards
- Pencils
- Protractor
- Toothpicks
- Worksheets for lesson plan 3 (see sidebar)
Making Connections
Angles are a very important concept in geometry though they are not often thought about in our daily lives. However, angles impact our lives in more ways than we think. Explain to students that we all use angles without even realizing. Ask students to brainstorm how angles are used in the world around us. Create a list from the brainstorming session.
Discuss the following questions:
- How do people in various professions use angles to complete their work?
- How do all people use angles in their everyday lives?
- How do you ( as a child/student ) use angles?
Some possible ideas include the following:
- A baseball player moves across the field at various angles to catch a ball
- A football player throws a pass at the correct angle for a receiver to catch the ball
- When parking a car a driver uses the concept of angles to park in a particular space, especially when parallel parking
- A pilot maneuvers an airplane using a variety of angles to fly and land
- A contractor uses angles to build a house, a school, or any structure
- A cook holds a knife at various angles to chop and prepare foods
- A child uses angles to build a skateboard ramp or a bike jump
- A child skis or sleds at various angles to complete a downhill run
- A nurse adjusts a bed to create an angle that is comfortable for a patient
- A student places books on a shelf at a slight angle to prevent them from tipping over
- Umbrella’s can be tilted at an angel in order to stop rain or provide shade
Exploring and Learning
- Take the students on a walk around the school, both inside and outside. Have students work in pairs to identify and list angles they see in and around their school. The list may include the following: bike wheel spokes, pizza slices, clothing hangers, binders, hands of a clock, a playground slide, an open door, door stopper or wedge, chair, and even a pencil is held at an angle when used for writing.
- Gather the class and ask each team to share two examples of angles. Create a class list of angles on the board, flipchart, or overhead:
- Next, provide each student with a copy of the Angle Facts Worksheet (PDF). Guide students through each bullet on the worksheet. Draw examples of a straight line, right angle, acute angle and obtuse angle on the board or overhead.
- Have students create vocabulary index cards with drawings and definitions for each of the bolded words on the worksheet; vertex, degrees, right angle, obtuse angel, and acute angle.
- Direct student attention back to the class list generated in #2, above. Ask if there are any right angles on the list? Most likely students did not identify right angles. We tend to forget that a straight corner measuring 90 degrees is actually an angle. Instruct students to look around their classroom and identify at least five right angles. Items might include a television screen, computer monitor, calendar, book, window, and folder. This step can be repeated using acute angles and obtuse angles.
- Present students with the following scenario:
RG and Hannie are working at the Raymond Geddes Elementary School Store. They are setting up a new sales display that includes several different math tools which includes rulers and protractors. RG and Hannie are not familiar with a protractor.
RG asked, “What is a protractor?"
Can you help RG and Hannie solve some problems using a protractor?
- To help complete the scenario, ask students to define a protractor. Explain that a protractor is a tool used to measure angles. Ask the students if they have seen or used a protractor before.
- Next, pair students together and provide each group with a protractor. Instruct students to make a list of observations based on the physical appearance of the protractor. Create a class list of observations by allowing each group to share 1 or 2 observations. The list may include the following:
- It is shaped like a semi circle (although some protractors can be a full circle)
- It looks like a ruler
- It has numbers labeled from 0 to 180
- There are two rows or scales of numbers
- The upper scale starts with 0 on the left side and increases to 180 on the right
- The lower scale starts with 180 on the left side and decreases to 0 on the right
- The upper scale measures angles with openings on the left
- The lower scale measures angles with openings on the right
- The protractor is clear so that the angle can be seen and measured accurately
- Demonstrate how a protractor is used. Draw an angle on an overhead transparency or the board. Align the straight edge of the protractor along the bottom of the angle. Align the center of the protractor at the vertex of the angle. Use the scale to measure the angle accordingl.
- Pair students together and provide them with a copy of Angle Worksheet. Instruct students to use a protractor in order to find the angle degree and the type of angle. Students can refer to the Angle Facts Worksheet for help in identifying the types of angles.
- Additional measurement and angel identification can be done by having students create angles out of toothpicks. Angles can be created out of simple toothpicks and glued to construction paper creating a sheet of angles. Students can exchange angle sheets and then measure each angle with a protractor, record the measurement in degrees, and identify the angle.
- Using the toothpick models, ask students to identify some objects that might resemble or contain each of the angles created. For example, a rectangle end table contains right angles at the corners, a recliner set back might resemble an obtuse angle, and the beak of bird may look acute.
- Provide students with crayons or colored pencils to turn the toothpick models into images and drawings. Display the creative work of your students.
Extended Learning and Practice
- Discuss another measuring tool called the geometric compass. The school store might even have these for sale. Have students research who invented the geometric compass and its purpose. They will learn that the geometric compass was invented by Galileo and is a tool used to create a perfect circle.
- Visit Mathisfun.com for additional information about angles and protractors. This site has an animated tutorial on how to use a protractor for measuring angle. Most angles can be defined as right, obtuse, or acute. Using the Mathisfun website, locate the name of an angle that is exactly 180 degrees (straight angle) and one that is greater than 180 degrees (reflex angle).
Assessment
The lesson objectives can be assessed by evaluating the Angle Worksheet (PDF) with the Angle Worksheet Key (PDF). Use the Assessment of Student Progress (PDF) to assess students’ overall abilities to meet the lessons learning objectives which include identifying, drawing, and building various angles.
Closure
Provide each student with an index card and have them answer the following questions on one side of the index card:
- What are two new things that you have learned?
- What else would you like to learn about this topic?
On the back side of the index card, instruct the students to draw a picture of something they learned about during this lesson. The index cards can be hole punched and held together with a simple shower curtain ring.
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https://www.raymondgeddes.com/measuring-all-angles
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Until quite recent times, all woodworkers made theirs own squares and similar tools, using suitable pieces of hard, well-seasoned wood. The most common types were large, L-shaped squares for testing the work and smaller tools for setting out, marking mitres and so on, the latter usually having a stop or fence along the shorter stock. Tools of this type remained in general use until about the middle of the eighteenth century, when the carpenters tool makers of London and Sheffield introduced try squares with steel blades and ebony or rosewood stocks edged with brass and fancy inlaid riveting, borrowing the methods of their colleagues, the cutlers and pocket knife makers.
Try Square
Size: Blade: 150mm to 300mm
Handle or Stock: 25mm to 30mm
Material: Blade-steel, Stock-cast iron, plastic, hardwood
Use: To mark out or check the work for square
The try square is used to mark a line at right angles to an edge and to check that the corners of a frame or joint are accurate. The parallel sided metal blade is mounted at one end in the center of a wider stock and secure by rivets. A superior try square has an L-shaped blade which extends down the length of the stock, which is riveted in either side. This type of square is always accurate, whereas the accuracy of those mounted at the top only can be affected by rivet wear. The tool forms and accurate 90 degrees. both on the inside and the outside edges and on some squares on the top inside corner of the stock is cut to angle of 45 degrees for marking a 45 degrees line. The effective length of the blade can be extended by resting a steel rule against the edge when the tool is in position.
Carpenter's Steel Square
Size: Blade Length- 300mm to 600m, Tongue Length- 200mm to 400mm
Material: Steel
Use: To mark out the work for squaring and to check the angles used in the construction of roof framing
A standard carpenters steel square is marked out in inches or millimeters and is used to set out a job on building boards or to check the squareness of a large frame. Being made from one piece of steel, it is extremely accurate. Standard metric and imperial numerical markings run outward from the right angle. Many squares are also marked with various tables which enable the carpenter to set out staircases or rafters and to calculate areas or, given the other dimensions, the hypotenuse of a triangle.
Mitre Square
Size: Blade Length- 200mm to 300mm
Material: Blade- Steel or Hardwood
Use: To mark out both halves of a mitre joint at 45 degrees
A mitre square is constructed like a square, but the blade projects from both sides of the stock to form internal angles of 45 degrees and 135 degrees. A line can be marked to 45 degrees to a true edge by pressing the stock against the edge and aligning the blade with the mark. In this way to halves of mitre joint can be marked out. The mitre square can also be used to check the accuracy of the angle when the joint has been cut.
Sliding Bevel
Size: Blade Length- 190mm to 330mm
Material: Blade- Steel, Stock- Hardwood, plastic
Use: To mark out or check angles on the work
The sliding bevel has a parallel sided steel blade, which can be adjusted to form any angle with the stock. Extending approximately half the length of the blade is a slot which enables the blade to be projected or retracted to suit the circumstances. A locking lever secures the blade finger tight at any angle. Other patterns have a slot head screw, which must be tightened with a screwdriver. Set the bevel to the required angle with the aid of a protractor. Alternatively, Set up the required angle from a true edge of a board, or a bench top and align the bevel to that.
Centre Finding Gauge
Size: up to 150mm in diamter
Material: Steel
Use: To mark the center of round stock
The center finding gauge is a simple tool which enables you to rapidly and accurately locate the center of a round metal bar or turned wooden section. The tool has a 90 degrees notch cut in one side, and a blade which bisects the notch with its straight edge. The center finding gauge is rotated approximately one third of the circumference of the work and a second mark made, intersecting the first. For absolute accuracy the tool should be rotated once more and a third mark made. The center of the work is indicated by the intersection of the lines.
Combination Square
Size: Blade Length- 300mm, Head Length- 110mm
Material: Blade- Steel, Head- Steel, Cast Iron
Use: To work as a steel rule, try square, mitre square and leveler.
The combination square is a steel rule, securely clamped in a square head. A rounded groove runs along the center of one side of the rule. When the rule slides into the head, the groove then engages a spring loaded pin which is locked in place by tightening a knurled nut. The head can be adjusted to any position on the rule. The tool can be used as a try square with a blade length of up to 250mm while the 45 degrees face on the head transforms the tool into mitre square. it can also be used as a depth gauge to measure the depth of a mortice for instance. (The measurement is read where the rule enters the head). The square head is also fitted with a level vial and a removable scriber may be provided with the square head.
Combination Set
Size: Blade Length- 300mm to 600mm
Material: Blade- Steel, Head- Steel
Use: To work as a try square, mitre square, protractor, center square, level and rule.
Although the combination square is commonly sold with a square head only, combination sets are available which clamp to the steel rule in the same way to form a center square or protractor. The tool can also be placed over a beveled edge to measure the exact angle. The center head is slipped on to the rule and locked in any position. It can be used to find the center of a disk of up to 460mm in diameter. The protractor head can be used to mark off or measure any angle through 180 degrees. When the protractor head is fitted with a level vial it can measure the level of any vertical or horizontal surface.
Engineer's Try Square
Size: Blade Length- 75mm to 1000mm, Stock Length- 65mm to 535mm
Material: Steel
Use: To mark out or check metal for square
Engineers try square are made entirely from metal to guarantee constant accuracy. although larger squares with long blades are used in engineering workshops, the smaller tools with blades up to 150mm in length are more common in home workshops. A notch is cut in the stock in line with the inside edge of the blade for accurate measurement even when there is a burr on the edge of the work.
Engineer's Sliding Bevel
Size: Blade Length- 75mm, Stock Length- 75mm
Material: Steel
Use: To mark out or check angles on metal
The engineers bevel is a small, accurately machined tool, which is used to mark out or measure various angles on metal work. Once the blade has been adjusted to the required angle it is locked in place by a knurled nut.
Dovetail Template
Size: As required
Material: Wood or Brass
Use: To mark out dovetail joints
Dovetail templates, which are used to set out dovetail joints, are often homemade tools. The shoulder locates over the end of the wood and the sides of the tail are marked against the edge of the template.
Glazier's T Square
Size: 600mm to 1800mm
Material: Boxwood
Use: To guide a glass cutter square across a sheet of glass
The glaziers T square is in effect a wooden rule morticed at 90 degrees into a stock. The stock is pressed against the edge of a sheet of glass and a glass cutter is used to score a line against the ruler.
This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional.
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https://discover.hubpages.com/living/Squares-and-Bevels-for-Wood-Working-Purposes
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What is an Angle?
Angle is a term used in geometry and trigonometry and is defined as the figure which is formed by two intersecting lines. These lines are called the sides of an angle. The point where these lines (or line segments) meet is known as the “point of intersection” or vertex of the angle. The magnitude of the angle is measured in terms of how far apart these two lines are, and is termed as the amount of rotation. Angles are measured in degrees, radians, points, and grads.
Mathematically, an angle is defined as the ratio of two lengths, multiplied by a scaling constant k. Since the two lengths cancel each other out, an angle is considered dimensionless. Angles can be measured in both directions - clockwise or anticlockwise. If measured anticlockwise the angle is termed as positive, and if measured clockwise, the angle is termed as negative.
Angles are also used in geography to determine the location of any point on the Earth, and in astronomy to measure the separation of two celestial objects.
Measuring Angles
An angle is denoted by the symbol θ (Theta). Angles are measured by using a protractor, which is divided into 180 degrees and is shaped like a semi-circle. One whole revolution or circle is equal to 360 degrees, 2π radians or 400 grads. Hence, 180 degrees is equal to π radians.
In order to measure an angle, an arc is drawn with the centre at the vertex and the angle θ is then equal to,
θ = length of the arc / radius of the circle
Radius of the circle can be chosen arbitrarily since it has no effect on the size of the angle. The above ratio is multiplied by a constant, k, which is dependent on the choice of units. We know that a full rotation in degrees is equal to 360, so the value of k will be n/360 in degrees or n/2π in radians, where n represents a full circle. Depending upon these measurements, the units can now be defined as,
The degree is equal to 1/360 of a full circle and is denoted by o. The radian (abbreviated as rad) is equal to 180/π degrees. The grad is equal to 1/400 of a full circle.
Types of Angles
There are many types of angles depending on the size or magnitude of an angle. These types are acute angle, right angle, obtuse angle, straight angle, reflex angle, and full angle.
- An acute angle is between 0 and 90 degrees. It is also defined as an angle less than a right angle.
- A right angle is equal to 90 degrees (or a quarter of a full rotation). The lines, which make up a right angle are said to be perpendicular to each other.
- An obtuse angle measures between 90 and 180.
- A straight angle is defined as half of a full rotation or 180 degrees.
- A reflex angle is greater in measurement than a straight angle but less than a full angle.
- A full angle is equal to 360 degrees or a complete circle.
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https://calculator.org/properties/angle.html
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As Hewey Lewis sang, it’s hip to be square. If he was right, we woodworkers are pretty hip. Square means everything in woodworking, as you know. Walls stand up straight, frames have even sides, and windows close tight against the wind, all because they are square.
They got that way because we used a square to measure angles, the singular purpose of all squares. Some squares have other talents and can do more things, but that is the primary purpose of a square. The most common angles they measure are 90-degree angles and 45-degree angles.
The picture frame, for instance, has pieces of wood connected at 90 degrees in each corner. Each piece was cross-cut at 45 degrees, and basic math tells us that 45 + 45 = 90. While squares don’t do math for us, and we must do the math for ourselves, they will measure the factors that lead to the sums we want for square.
In This Article
Types of Squares
We have quite a few types of squares to choose from, and the squares we choose will be, to an extent, project- or work-specific. The shop woodworker, for instance, might not need a rafter square, while the contractor who builds houses would.
Here are a few of the squares you might choose for your project or job:
- The try square. This is about as basic a square as you will find. Measure, mark, and confirm the square of a piece – that’s about it. You “try” how square a piece is, and thus the name. You want the face and edge of your piece to be straight, flat, and square and the try square is the tool for the job.
- The miter square. We mentioned math and the common presence of 45-degree angles in our shop work, and the miter square is the one we each use here. Most are made to measure and mark 45-degree angles and also 135-degree angles (90 + 45 = 135).
- The speed square. This square is also called the rafter square we mentioned earlier, and it’s a multi-purpose square. It is not to be confused with a roofing square or a framing square, although a framing square is also used for rafters, but each is a different animal. The speed square is common for measuring out rafters and stair stringers, those cut-out 2 x 6 lengths that steps and risers are attached to for stairways. It’s a good layout tool to have in your shop, and its triangular shape and markings make it easy and speedy to use.
- The combination square. This layout tool is commonly seen and used in most woodworking shops because of its versatility and ease of use. It is a steel ruler that slides through a protractor head that is easily adjusted and set on the ruler at the desired measurement by a lock bolt. You might remember from your high school geometry class that a protractor is a device used to measure angles. In the case of the combo square, the protractor head has one side that is 90 degrees against the ruler and another that is 45 degrees against it.
There are other types of squares, but that’s enough to draw some distinctions between the more common ones apt to be found in shops and on job sites. We want to look a little closer at the last two for this article.
The Speed Square and Its Talents
This triangular tool is used by carpenters and contractors for a variety of purposes for marking out. Its uses include those that other squares are suitable for, too, making it a versatile addition to your shop.
The base of a speed square has a slight flange that you can put up against your woodpiece’s edge, allowing you to mark a cut line that will be perfectly square to the edge of the piece. You can also mark a 45-degree miter line. The speed square is also used to serve as a fence for crosscutting.
The diagonal on the triangular tool includes markings for laying out angles for rafters, roof trim, and stair angles on a stringer. Beyond that, its uses might include laying out perpendicular cut marks and angles. It is very accurate in its use, and measurements are easy to follow with black gradation markings against a usual heavy-gauge aluminum that is die-cast for increased accuracy over laser etching.
It was invented in 1925 by Albert Swanson, who founded the Swanson Tool Company for its manufacturing. In essence, the speed square is 5 squares in 1 tool:
- Try square
- Miter square
- Saw guide
- Line scriber
- Protractor
Speed Squares commonly come with its black gradation markings for common, hip, valley, and jack rafters. After saying that, we probably ought to explain what that means for those of you who have not done any roofing work (a difficult but enjoyable summer job while in college, along with driving heavy equipment on the job site).
Hip rafters are used when building hip roofs and variants like mansard roofs. Their difference from the standard rafter is their 45-degree angle to the ridge board. It’s the diagonal angle and downward slope that gives that distinctive shape.
Common rafters are simply what the name implies. They’re the main support rafter of the slope between the eaves (the edge of the roof that overhangs the house’s outer wall) and the ridge.
Anyway, the speed square gradations can help you mark all of these angles and features and do it well. Measuring, marking, and confirming right angles on any board, marking 90-degree angles, marking 45-degree angles, marking 135-degree angles, and all of that roof “stuff” makes the speed square one you will want to have in your shop.
They come in several sizes, and a 7” speed square can also fit easily in your apron pocket.
Speed squares are not especially expensive. Ranging from as little as around $10 for a 7” Swanson to around $25 for a 12” model, there really is no budgetary excuse for not having one in your shop.
We turn to one of our favorite resources, This Old House, for a simple video on speed squares.
See it in action with the crew and learn a little bit about its use.
The Combination Square and Its Talents
When it comes to talent and versatility, you’ll be hard-pressed to find one more so than the combination square. As we noted earlier, it’s a steel ruler (a removable blade) that slides through a protractor head. The head can be adjusted and moved along the ruler to your desired measurement and locked into place with a lock bolt.
This combo square can be used to measure both inside and outside angles. It’s also a marking device, a miter square, a try square, and a plumb all-in-one tool, and the ruler can be used as a simple straight edge for any purpose as well. Heads will also include a simple bubble level that will indicate…well, level.
The ruler is calibrated as any other ruler and is usually broken down into inches, eighths, sixteenths, and thirty-seconds. The ruler has a center slot that allows the head to slide along easily and smoothly once the lock bolt is loosened.
One side of the head is at 90 degrees to the ruler, and the other side is at 45 degrees. The head is wide enough on either side of the ruler to allow butting it up against the piece being measured/marked tightly enough to maintain the accuracy of the 90-degree and 45-degree angles.
We consider the combination square the most versatile measuring device in our shop and would not be without it.
You can spend as little as $11 – $12 for a decent 12” combo square and less for a 6”, or you can break the bank and go for a Starrett 12” for around $150 and less for a 6” model. The Starrett will last your lifetime, though, due to its quality build (considered the best in the industry) at their manufacturing facility in Massachusetts.
- Designed for Precision – The ruler has a 4R graduation type with 8ths, 16ths, quick reading 32nds,…
- Built to Last – Able to withstand even the harshest environments as our combination squares are…
- Variety of Uses – The square head can be used for a variety of purposes such as scribing right…
- Quality Made – The blade is made of hardened steel, offering exceptional durability and resistance…
There are a variety of heads to choose from, too, among the many brands, each performing their tasks in different ways to measure different aspects of your woodworking project. The heads are interchangeable, of course, simply by loosening the lock bolt and removing one from the ruler, and sliding another one on.
Here’s a beginner’s lesson in the use of a combination square, and we think there may even be some experienced woodworkers that might learn something they haven’t done yet with their combo square.
Should You Have Both a Combination Square and a Speed Square In Your Shop?
These two squares do not cancel each other. Each has its place and use in the woodworking shop, and it’s not a question of one over the other. Prices are not so high for either that you can’t afford to have both. We’re sure you will find uses for each that will make you glad you have each.
Whether you choose from a 7″, an 8″ or a 12″ speed square or a 6″, a 12″, or a 24″ combination square, and their corresponding prices, each will have a use that makes having at least one of each worth it.
Square is everything in woodworking, as we said. And we do want to be hip.
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https://www.obsessedwoodworking.com/combination-square-vs-speed-square-whats-the-difference/
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Naming Conventions For Polygons
The endpoints of each side of a polygon are the vertices of the polygon. The vertices are also referred to as corners of the polygon.
Points A, B, C, and D are vertices for the rectangle above. Polygons can be named by their vertices as long as they are listed in consecutive order. The rectangle above can be named as ABCD, CBAD, or other sequences, but not ACDB.
The vertices of a polygon are also the vertices of the interior angles of the polygon. The pentagon ABCDE below is one example.
How Do You Identify Adjacent Angles
Being able to identify a common side and a common vertex is the simplest way to identify an adjacent angle. If two angles share one side and both derive from the same corner point, then they are adjacent angles.
Its important to remember that adjacent angles must have BOTH a common side and common vertex. Therefore, if you see two angles that are coming from the same corner but there is another angle in the middle, it means that they do not share any sides. This means that they are not adjacent angles as they dont share a side AND a vertex.
Identifying adjacent angles becomes easier with practice and seeing examples will help you understand what you are looking for.
Adjacent Angles Sample Questions
Here are a few sample questions going over adjacent angles.
Question #1:
Which angles are not adjacent?
Answer:
C is the correct answer because a and b because although they share a common side, they have two different vertices. Therefore, they are not adjacent. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they all show angle pairs with common sides and a common vertex.
Question #4:
Juan is studying leaf veins and notices adjacent angles in the plant structure. He draws the diagram below and records four pairs of adjacent angles. One of Juans adjacent angle pairs is incorrect. Based on the diagram, which pair of angles is not adjacent?
GDI and WDI
Answer:
D is the correct answer because DEO and WDI are not adjacent angles. They do not share a side or a vertex. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because these answer options list angle pairs with common sides and a common vertex.
Question #5:
Keisha and James are looking at a map of city streets and notice a lot of adjacent angles. James draws the image shown to illustrate the angles they find. Keisha points out that AOE and COD are adjacent because they share a vertex and one side. James disagrees. He says that these angles do not have a common side. Who is correct, and why?
James is correct because both angles share the same vertex but they do not have a common side.
Keisha is correct because both angles share the vertex O and line AD.
James is incorrect because AOE and COD do not have the same vertex.
Answer:
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Vertices Of Line Segments And Angles
When two line segments intersect, the point of the meeting of the two lines is a vertex. This is true, regardless of whether the lines cross or meet at the corner. Therefore, the angles also have vertices.
Angle measures the relationship of the two-line segments. Furthermore, these are called as rays and they meet at a specific point. So, on the basis of the above definition, one can notice that this point is also a vertex.
What Are The Properties Of Adjacent Angles
In order to further help you visualize what adjacent angles look like, heres a quick list of their properties:
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How To Measure An Acute Angle
Let us try to measure the given AOB.
- Step 1: Align the protractor with the ray OB as shown below. Start reading the inner scale from the 0° of the protractor.
- Step 2: The number on the protractor that coincides with the second ray is the measure of the angle. Measure the angle using the inner scale of the protractor. Thus, AOB = 37°
How To Construct Angles
We use a protractor to construct angles. Let us draw an angle of 50°.
- Step 1: First, draw a ray OB and align the protractor with OB as shown.
- Step 2: Using the inner scale of the protractor, mark a point A above the marking on the protractor that corresponds to 50°.
- Step 3: Remove the protractor and draw a ray beginning at O that passes through this point A. Thus, AOB is the required angle, that is, AOB = 50°.
Note: If the ray extends in the other direction, we measure the angle using the outer scale from the 0° mark on the bottom-left.
The figure given below shows how to draw an angle of 50° when the ray is pointing in the other direction.
After placing the protractor on OB, we use the outer scale and mark 50° as shown. Then, we mark that point as A and join it to point O. This forms angle AOB = 50°
Important Notes on Angles
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Properties Of A Vertex
- A figure or object that does not have any sides or edges does not have any vertex. For example, sphere, cylinder, and circle do not have any vertices.
- When two lines meet at a point to form a vertex, they also form an interior angle of the figure.
Examples
Q. Find the number of vertices in the given figure.
Q. Find the number of vertices in the given figure.
Q. Find the number of vertices in the given figure.
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How To Construct An Angle
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To know more about angles, click here.
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Sum Of Angles Around A Point
The sum of all the angles around a point is always 360 degrees.
For example, Sum of angles around point O is 360 degrees.
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Step 3: Approach and Working out
To find Y-X, we need to find Y and X first.
Measure of angle Y:
- We are given AFC = 100° and,
- AFC + BFC = 180° as the sum of angles on the same side straight line is 180°
- 100° + BFC = 180°
Measure of angle X:
- We are given BFE = 45° and,
- DFE + BFE + BFC = 180° as the sum of angles on the same side straight line is 180°.
- X + 45° +80°= 180°
Hence, Y X = 80° 55° =25°.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.
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Vertices In Computer Graphics
In computer graphics, objects are often represented as triangulated polyhedra in which the object vertices are associated not only with three spatial coordinates but also with other graphical information necessary to render the object correctly, such as colors, reflectance properties, textures, and surface normal. These properties are used in rendering by a vertex shader, part of the vertex pipeline.
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Vertex Angle Of A Parabola
When we graph a quadratic equation, we get a parabola. The vertex definition of a parabola is the point where exactly it turns which is also called the minimum point. When the parabola, opens down the vertex is called the maximum point. The parabola vertex lies at the axis of symmetry. Look at the image below for reference.
In the standard form, we write the quadratic equation as ax2 + bx + c. In the standard form, the vertex of the parabola is given by:
where D is the discriminant. \
The vertex equation of a parabola is of the form \^2 + k\)
The vertex of the parabola is at the coordinate
Example: Graph of \ = 1 – 2x -3\) is as shown below . Find the vertex of the parabola.
Solution:
The coordinates of the vertex are.
Note that the parabola will open downward is negative), but the vertex has a positive y-coordinate.
Therefore, vertex of the parabola is at \
Number Of Vertices Of A Polyhedron
Any convex polyhedron‘s surface has Euler characteristic
- V ,
where V is the number of vertices, E is the number of edges, and F is the number of faces. This equation is known as Euler’s polyhedron formula. Thus the number of vertices is 2 more than the excess of the number of edges over the number of faces. For example, since a cube has 12 edges and 6 faces, the formula implies that it has eight vertices.
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Interior And Exterior Angles
In case of a polygon, such as a triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, etc., we have both interior and exterior angles.
- Interior angles are those that lie inside the polygon or a closed shape having sides and angles.
- Exterior angles are formed outside the shape, between any side and line extended from adjacent sides.
For example, an image of a pentagon is given here, representing its interior angles and exterior angles.
Vertex Angle In Solid Shapes
Not just plane shapes, even solid shapes have vertices that are formed where the edges meet. The lines do not intersect each other to form the vertex, however, it is the corners or edges of the solid shape that form the vertex. For example, look at the image of a cube, the corners or the edges of the shape are considered as the vertex making a total of 8 vertices. Vertices sometimes are also indicated as the top or apex of a shape such as triangles and pyramids. This vertex or apex is the top corner above the base of the base. For example, look at the image of a tetrahedron, it has 4 vertices.
To find the vertices in a solid shape, we can use Euler’s formula that is given as:
F + V – E = 2
- F is the number of faces
- V stands for the vertices
- E is the number of edges
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Angle Based On Rotation
Based on the direction of measurement or the direction of rotation, angles can be of two types:
- Positive Angles
- Negative Angles
Positive AnglesAn angle measured in the counterclockwise direction is a positive angle. In other words, positive angles are those angles that are rotated from the base in the anti-clockwise direction.
Negative AnglesNegative angles are those angles that are measured in a clockwise direction from the base. In other words, negative angles are those angles that are angles are rotated from the base in the clockwise direction.
What Are Adjacent Angles
Based on our definition and the above examples, we can conclude that all pairs of adjacentangles share two properties: a common vertex and a common side. If they are missingone of these components, then they are not adjacent. We can classify pairs of angles asadjacent or not adjacent by looking for these two properties.
There are many special relationships between pairs of angles. Identifying adjacent angles willhelp you recognize other angle relationships, such as supplementary and complementaryangles.
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Definition Of A Line Segment
A line segment is a segment of a line, or in other words, we can say that a line segment is a line with two endpoints.
For example, The diagram shows a line L and one segment of this line is AB.
In a plane, there can be many lines or line segments.
And, these lines can be divided into a few types based on the relative positioning of a line with another line.
Vertical And Adjacent Angles
When two straight lines intersect at a point, four angles are formed, for example, “A,””B,””C,” and “D” angles.
A pair of angles opposite each other, formed by two intersecting straight lines that form an “X”-like shape, are called vertical angles or opposite angles. The opposite angles are mirror images of one another. The degree of angles will be the same. Those pairs are named first. Since those angles have the same measure of degrees, those angles are considered equal or congruent.
For example, pretend that the letter “X” is an example of those four angles. The top part of the “X” forms a “V” shape, that would be named “angle A.” The degree of that angle is exactly the same as the bottom part of the X, which forms a “^” shape, and that would be called “angle B.” Likewise, the two sides of the “X” form “> ” and “< ” shapes. Those would be angles “C” and “D.” Both C and D would share the same degrees, as they are opposite angles and are congruent.
In this same example, “angle A” and “angle C” and are adjacent to each other, they share an arm or side. Also, in this example, the angles are supplementary, which mean that each of the two angles combined equals 180 degrees . The same can be said of “angle A” and “angle D.”
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Angle Definition In Maths
What is an angle? In Plane Geometry, a figure which is formed by two rays or lines that shares a common endpoint is called an angle. The word angle is derived from the Latin word angulus, which means corner. The two rays are called the sides of an angle, and the common endpoint is called the vertex. The angle that lies in the plane does not have to be in the Euclidean space. In case if the angles are formed by the intersection of two planes in the Euclidean or the other space, the angles are considered dihedral angles. The angle is represented using the symbol . The angle measurement between the two rays can be denoted using the Greek letter , , etc. If the angles are measured from a line, we can find two different types of angles, such as a positive angle and a negative angle.
Positive Angle: If the angle goes in counterclockwise, then it is called a positive angle.
Negative Angle: If the angle goes clockwise direction, then it is called a negative angle.
How to Label the Angles?
There are two different ways to label the angles. They are:
Method 1: Give a name to the angle. Generally, the angle is named using the lower case letter like a, x, etc or by using the Greek Letters alpha , beta , theta , etc.
Method 2: By using the three letters on the shapes, we can define the angle. The middle letter should be the vertex .
For example, ABC is a triangle. To represent the angle A is equal to 60 degrees, we can define it as BAC = 60°
How to Measure the Angle?
What Is An Angle
Mathematically, an angle is defined as a figure that forms when two rays meet at a common point. It is represented by the symbol . An angle is usually measured in degrees, denoted with ° . The term angle comes from the Latin word angulus, meaning corner.
A degree is a measure of rotation. A full rotation around a point gives us a full circle which measures 360°, a half rotation gives us a half-circle, which is 180°, and a quarter rotation gives us a right-angle measuring 90°.
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Naming Conventions For Angles
The vertex of an angle is the common endpoint of tworays that make up the angle’s sides.
The vertex for angle BAC, written BAC, is point A. The angle can also be named as CAB or by only its vertex, A. When using three points to name the angle, always put the name of the vertex in the middle. So, BAC is not the same angle as ABC or BCA.
Be careful when naming an angle that shares a common vertex with other angles.
BAC above cannot be named by only its vertex since angles CAD and BAD both have A as their vertex. In this case each angle must be named by the points on each side making up the angle and the angle’s vertex.
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https://www.tutordale.com/vertex-of-an-angle-definition-geometry/
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On August 9, presidential elections are planned to be held in Belarus. This year, instead of the usually predictable campaign, several events placed these elections to a center of attention and debates.
What is happening in Belarussian now?
The first major shift happened with the detention of activists on a meeting, launched on May 29 in support of presidential candidate Svetlana Tikhanovskaya. During the peaceful manifestation, several activists were arrested, including a famous blogger Sergei Tikhanovsky.
The other repressions against non-Lukashenka candidates were aimed at Viktar Babaryka, head of Belgazprombank. He was arrested together with his son Eduard on June 18, claimed to be connected with cases of corruption and ‘dubious ways’ of financing his electoral campaign. Besides, the accounts of Babryka have been arrested, and the search was carried in the premises of Belgazprombank days before charging Babaryka himself.
These actions were also supported by threatening other citizens who were not afraid to openly protest against the actions of the government. Physical violence, arrests on far-fetched occasions and fake evidence, dismissal from work - this is just a small list of measures against the protesters. These actions were aimed at journalists, artists, athletes, human rights defenders, and other activists. The latest example was an arrest of Igor Losik, a moderator of the Telegram news channel “Belarus golovnogo mozga”, for ‘organizing mass riots’.
Overall, 103 people received punishment in form of arrest for approximately 1,388 days on all administrative charges used for political prosecution. At least 120 people were charged with fines, in total equal to the amount of 105,000 Belarussian rubles. More than 20 people were recognized as political prisoners. The mass repressions were condemned by the EU , OSCE , Amnesty International , and other world actors.
The reaction of society and further challenges
The actions of the government lead to an active public response. Belarussians are involved in collecting signatures for opposition candidates, fundraising and other support for political prisoners, as well as participating in demonstrations against the governmental repressions. The latter could be shown on the example of so-called “Chain of solidarity”, where people stand hand-by-hand in support of unlawfully arrested and showing their desire for change. This idea for protest was supported not only in Belarus, but also in Poland, Germany, the US, Belgium, and other places worldwide.
Until July 14, Belarus should pass the stage of presidential candidates’ registration, where several violations have already occurred. The electoral commission rejected Yuri Gantsevich, Valery Tsepkalo, and others in registration because they allegedly "did not collect the required number of signatures." From the subsequent stages of the presidential race (i.e. election campaigning and ‘early voting’), one should also expect Lukashenka's next attempts to confront the opposition in various ways.
Why the flow of presidential elections has changed dramatically?
The governmental response to the COVID-19 pandemic has raised negative reactions to society and only contributed to the death dynamic, and placed a major burden on the already shaken health care system in Belarus. The other factor here could be the recent set of summits for the ‘unified state’ with Russia, which was negatively treated in Belarusian society.
The internal reasons mostly concern the broken promises of Lukashenka given during his 25 years in the office. The economic stagnation, deterioration of living standards, and constant repressions from the governmental side – these are the factors of the growing discontent with Lukashenka’s regime.
Instead of conclusion
The sharp change in the usual ‘boring’ presidential race is not only a matter of resonance but also an indication of the underlying problems of the Belarusian administrative apparatus. At the same time, these elections represent hope for Belarussians to finally get the changes for which they have been waiting for almost 25 years.
The anti-power mood provoked a tough response from the government. Lukashenka and his supporters, not accustomed to such a zealous rebuff, use the good old methods of terror and intimidation, including the public insult of presidential candidates, conducting an unfair electoral campaign, repression against those opposing, as well as several other actions.
In such a situation, it is necessary for the Europeans to show the support to the people of Belarus, and to finally formulate clearer policy guidelines regarding Belarus in the new realities.
Sources:
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https://www.fomoso.org/en/opinions/blog-en/presidential-elections-in-belarus-time-for-changes/
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Barack Hussein Obama was re-elected President of the United States on Tuesday, November 6th, 2012. He served a second term as the nation's first black president.
The 2012 presidential election was the 57th quadrennial election in the United States. The Democratic Party Candidate, President Barack Obama, sought re-election for his second and final term as president. Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney ran as the Republican candidate.
Requiring 270 electoral votes to win the election, Obama received 303 electoral votes, while Romney earned 206. His victory was much narrower than his electoral victory in the 2008 Presidential Election against Senator John McCain. Obama carried Colorado, Iowa, Ohio, New Hampshire, Virginia, and Wisconsin, many of the often decisive battleground states in presidential elections. Obama also carried a small advantage in Florida.
In his second term, President Obama will continue to face a divided political climate, with a Democratic Senate and a Republican House, often leading to stalemate in the Congress. Obama tackled many of the large issues he campaigned about before the 2008 Presidential Election, including immigration reform. The economic crisis, the growing deficit, and America's longest undeclared war were the biggest obstacles to Obama's re-election. Days prior to the 2012 Presidential Election, Hurricane Sandy hit the East Coast, devastating many states in the Mid-Atlantic and New England regions.
Mitt Romney was highly criticized during his campaign due to his personal wealth. While he lost the popular vote by a slight margin, a much greater margin in the electoral college necessitated his loss.
The two other presidential candidates included Green Party nominee Jill Stein and Libertarian Party nominee, New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson. While unlikely, both possessed the ballot access to mathematically win the majority of the Electoral College and, accordingly, the election.
The major policy issues at stake in the 2012 election were: the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and health care reform; the ongoing economic crisis; tax reform; women's rights; and American foreign policy.
Nominations
The Democratic nomination was uncontested with the incumbent, President Barack Obama, running for reelection . The Republican primaries were more complex, with many different candidates winning different contests. Romney won New Hampshire, Senator Rick Santorum of Pennsylvania won in Iowa, and former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, Newt Gingrich, won South Carolina by a surprising margin. Santorum suspended his campaign in April, leaving Romney as the frontrunner for the Republican nomination. Romney was officially declared as the Republican Party's nominee at the Republican National Convention on August 30, 2012 .
Mitt Romney
Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts was the Republican candidate for the 2012 presidential election.
Barack Obama
Incumbent President Barack Obama was the Democratic candidate for the 2012 presidential election. On November 6th, 2012, Obama was re-elected President for a second term.
Electoral College Changes and Controversies
Population changes indicated by the 2010 U.S. Census changed the apportionment of votes in the Electoral College, potentially changing the allocation of votes among swing states. Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Nevada, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, and Washington gained votes. Conversely, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania lost votes. The change in electoral allotment shifts the allocation of votes across the Democratic-Republican divide, as pundits predicted that the Democratic Party would lose electoral votes in states previously won in the past three presidential elections, and the Republican Party would gain votes in states won by Republican candidates in the last three elections.
Some states enacted new electoral laws in 2011. For example, Florida and Iowa banned felons from voting, and various states shortened their voting periods, eliminating the option of early voting. These measures were criticized as strategies to impede voter blocs, including college students, African Americans, and Latino Americas.
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http://oer2go.org/mods/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/campaigns-and-elections-8/recent-elections-65/the-2012-presidential-election-364-6167/index.html
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Tuesday, Nov. 3, 2020 marks one of the more memorable Election Day contests in U.S. history. Featuring an outspoken incumbent POTUS, a former Vice President, and an unprecedented series of geopolitical and social events, Election Day 2020 will have a profound influence on financial markets around the world. Among the most heavily impacted assets could be the United States dollar (USD).
So, how will the greenback fare after Election Day 2020? The answer to that question depends upon the pending COVID-19 economic recovery, central banking policy, and, of course, the final tally come November 3rd.
The US Dollar After an Election
2020 has been a historic year for the US dollar, with uncertainty being the only rule governing valuations. During the onset of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the USD became the world’s premier “safe haven” asset. In mid-March, the USD Index (DXY) spiked above 104.00 to heights not seen since 2002.
The mass capitulation that followed the COVID-19 outbreak created a liquidity crunch―one that was quickly addressed by the United States Federal Reserve (Fed). In an aggressive series of policy moves, the Jerome Powell-led central bank launched an unlimited Quantitative Easing (QE) program.
Under unlimited QE, the benchmark Federal Funds Target rate was cut to 0.00-0.25% indefinitely and the FED vowed to purchase an “unlimited” amount of U.S. Treasuries as well as mortgage-backed securities. Over the course of the summer months, the historic injection of liquidity set the stage for a slumping USD.
Given the implementation of unlimited QE, where will the US dollar stand after Election Day 2020? Currency market specialists predict a variety of eventual scenarios, from strong to weak. However, given the presence of heightened electoral, societal, and COVID-19 uncertainty, there’s significant guesswork involved with accurately predicting what the US dollar will look like after the election.
Post-Election USD: Strong or Weak?
When it comes to projecting the USD’s post-election value, there is a philosophical divide between the banking industry and market analysts. Ultimately, the arguments around the US dollar rate after the election fall into one of two categories:
Stronger
Most major banks are projecting the USD to finish 2020 on a stronger note, at least compared to the world’s other major currencies. This prediction is based upon three issues:
● hopes that the US economy will lead the COVID-19 global recovery,
● political risks will ease post-election day,
● and the Fed will eventually relax its aggressive QE policies.
If these factors develop as expected, the value of the dollar after elections this fall may increase versus its major rivals.
Weaker
A common theme among currency market experts is that the USD is likely to lose market share no matter the outcome of the 2020 election. According to data compiled by BCA Research, growing U.S. income inequality and lagging social mobility have led to increased populism and civil unrest. These two factors prompted BCA’s geopolitical strategist Matt Gertken to state that “the market is waking up to the fact that Trump and the Republicans have a much greater chance of entirely losing control of the government.” In addition, Gertken predicts that “the market is reacting to stimulus now...but policies look to turn a lot tougher on business,” regardless of which party wins in November.
Essentially, the strong vs. weak USD discussion boils down to political and COVID-19 uncertainty. No matter which side you’re on, Fed policy, social unrest, and political turnover are poised to play key roles in the value of the US dollar after Election 2020.
The beauty of active forex trading is that buying and selling the USD is relatively straightforward. With Forex.com, the process is simple: open an account, choose a platform, and make a deposit. After that, the potential of the USD is at your fingertips.
The COVID-19 Question
Over the course of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has been the quintessential, if unexpected, forex market driver. From periodic rallies in safe haven pairs such as the USD/CHF and USD/JPY to a short-term exodus from the USD itself, the pandemic has raised uncertainty to epic proportions.
Perhaps the greatest impact that COVID-19 will have is on the outcome of November’s US presidential election. The effects of the pandemic have been widespread, creating dramatic economic fallout and increased social unrest.
To address this phenomenon, BCA Research has developed its own set of COVID-19 Social Unrest Rankings. The rankings are based on related factors such as initial economic conditions, healthcare capacity, the Gini and Misery Index, as well as the likelihood of political instability. BCA’s COVID-19 Social Unrest Rankings place the United States in 12th place, last behind Greece, Spain, and Italy. Sweden, Germany, and Korea took the top 3 spots, respectively, while China was excluded from the survey.
COVID-19 will play a key role in Decision 2020 and the state of the US dollar after Election Day. Ultimately, enhanced uncertainty stemming from pandemic-sparked economic and social unrest may entice investors to sell the US dollar. However, if sweeping U.S. government stimulus packages such as the CARES Act prove successful, a strong recovery may boost the USD toward the end of Q4 2020.
Conclusion
By New Year’s Eve 2020, the calendar year will have seen several landmark political, economic, and societal events. Namely, the U.S. has faced a hot trade war with China, an unrivaled COVID-19 economic downturn, widespread social unrest, and a presidential election. If nothing else, these items have factored into historically high levels of capital market uncertainty.
Nonetheless, many experts project a positive US dollar after the election becomes final. For example, predictions from BCA strategist Matt Gerken allude to “investors fleeing to the dollar in the event of any global crisis, even if it originates in the United States.” So, while there is much angst surrounding the greenback, it is still positioned as a go-to safe haven for investors around the globe.
Whether you’re looking to the US dollar as a temporary safe haven, long-term investment, or speculative trading instrument, Forex.com can help. Featuring Standard, Commission, and STP Pro Accounts, we have everything you need to get up and running well ahead of Election Day 2020.
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https://www.forex.com/en-uk/news-and-analysis/the-future-of-the-us-dollar-after-the-2020-election/
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Political context. The Republic of Moldova is a parliamentary republic, but the President of the state is elected by universal suffrage. Even if the powers of the President of the Republic of Moldova are limited, the competition for this position has a high potential to mobilize the electorate.
The pre-election period has been marked by the following socio-political trends: party switching, especially within parliamentary parties, continues to be a feature of a weakly institutionalized party system; lack of a stable and constant parliamentary majority; impact of the pandemic on the effectiveness of governmental policies; bringing geopolitical issues back on the electoral agenda.
Legal framework. In the year before the election, only three amendments, mostly technical, have been made to the Electoral Code. Promo-LEX considers that due to a faulty public consultation process, the CEC missed the chances to approve, until the beginning of election period, the amendments that would respond, albeit partially, to the referrals of the Constitutional Court submitted in 2016. It should be emphasized that these changes were initiated immediately before the start of the preparations for the presidential elections of November 1, 2020. In addition, Promo-LEX considers that the Parliament failed to respond adequately to the pandemic challenges and to identify alternative voting mechanisms that would ensure an acceptable turnout (for example, providing for at least two days of voting for citizens residing abroad).
Regarding the election date, the Promo-LEX OM considers that the date set by the Parliament – November 1, 2020 – complies with the legal provisions of the Electoral Code and does not contravene the constitutional norms providing for setting the date for the presidential elections in the Republic of Moldova. At the same time, we are bewildered by the CEC’s decision to start the election period on August 25, 2020. Starting from the concept of election period, set out in the Electoral Code, it started on May 26, 2020 (the day when the public is informed of the election date) and, contrary to the maximum ceiling set by the same rule, it would by far exceed the term of 90 days, specified in the Electoral Code.
It should be pointed out that of the 45 recommendations to improve the legal framework for the presidential elections in the Republic of Moldova, developed by the Promo-LEX Observation Mission following the presidential elections of October 30, 2016, only 15 were fully or partially implemented. At the same time, the approval of the draft law no. 263 of 19.01.2020 could have contributed to the full or partial implementation of five other recommendations made by the Promo-LEX Association. In particular, we emphasize the relevance of the recommendations that remained unsettled, and that are also reflected in the referrals of the Constitutional Court.
In this context, Promo-LEX brings to the attention of the CEC the fact that in its capacity of a body responsible for the organization of elections and issuance of mandatory normative acts, the electoral authority could solve, within the limits of its own competence, the referrals of the Constitutional Court.
Electoral bodies. In the monitored period, the Central Electoral Commission convened a total of 13 meetings, both in online and mixed format, of which 10 ordinary and 3 extraordinary. The CEC managed to ensure its functionality amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. The CEC accredited, at the request of Promo-LEX, the first 69 national observers for the presidential election.
With regard to the manner the CEC managed the pre-registration procedure, Promo-LEX OM concludes that the importance and value of the procedure is greatly affected by the following factors: lack of certainty that all prior registrations submitted will be taken into account; the difference in numbers of prior registrations submitted in the previous elections by voters from the Transnistrian region and those from abroad; the lack of explicit regulation of pre-registrations in paper format, including collective claims.
State register of voters (SRV). The number of voters in the SRV continues to grow, but at a slower rate compared to the previous years. We remind the reader that since 1999, the Republic of Moldova has been registering a negative rate of natural increase of population (RNI). According to the SRV, as of August 1, 2020, the number of voters was 3,286,304, which is by 410 more compared to the same period in 2019.
The increase in the total number of voters is mainly due to the growth of the number of voters with no domicile or residence and of those registered in the Transnistrian region, given that the number of voters in the other ATUs of the Republic of Moldova, as a whole, is declining.
Potential electoral competitors. In the case of presidential elections, the status of electoral competitors is held by the candidates for the position of President of the Republic of Moldova registered by the CEC. All candidates for the presidential office, be it supported by political parties, or independent candidates, shall submit to the CEC subscription lists, containing signatures of at least 15,000 and no more than 25,000 voters.
Promo-LEX observers found that the PPPDA, PAS, PUN and MPU performed activities that can be qualified as early nomination of candidates. Additionally, observers reported political campaigns with a potential electoral impact in the case of at least five political players – PRO Moldova, the PN, PAS, PUN, MPU, while in the case of the current President and two parties – the PSRM and the PPS – activities that can be qualified as taking credit for actions performed at public expense have been reported.
Financing of electoral activities will be monitored both during the period preceding the campaign, and during the election campaign itself. In the pre-election period (2 September – 1 October), the OM will monitor the spending of initiative groups, set up to collect signatures in support of presidential candidates, while during the election campaign (2 – 30 October, and possibly 2 – 12 November) the expenses of electoral competitors will be surveyed.
Regarding the normative aspects that required attention, the OM mentioned funding of election campaign and initiative groups which, according to the Promo-LEX OM, were not settled in the previous presidential elections, in particular, the need to adjust the normative framework of the CEC to the changes made in electoral legislation; the need to include Initiative Groups (IGs) in the Criminal and Contravention Codes as subjects to sanction, as well as the need to harmonize the sanctions described in the Contravention Code with those of the Criminal Code, in accordance with the guidelines of the Venice Commission.
Hate speech. Starting with the new local elections and the local referendum held in Chisinau in November 2017, Promo-LEX has been monitoring the public performances of electoral competitors to identify cases of hate speech.
Monitoring has revealed that the phenomenon of hate speech is increasingly popular in public and mediatic space of the Republic of Moldova and it intensifies in the electoral context. Currently, there is no relevant legal framework or mechanisms to combat this phenomenon, and the authorities do not have a response to hate speech in an electoral context.
Voter information and voter education campaigns. In the context of Presidential Elections of November 1, 2020, the Promo-LEX Association will carry out a voter information and voter education campaign to raise the awareness of Moldovan citizens entitled to vote. The campaign will include 25 debates broadcast by TV and radio stations; creation and dissemination of a video spot; an online apolitical information and voter mobilization campaign, as well as grants for projects to promote participation in election.
The CICDE and CEC carried out training activities (for registrars and other representatives of LPAs) and voter information activities (online conferences, publication of periodicals, presentation of training courses, etc.) about the preparation for the presidential election and the specifics of election in pandemic conditions. However, we believe that some issues that are crucial for the monitored period, such as promoting the pre-registration, require a more nuanced and systematic approach from the CEC.
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https://www.epde.org/en/news/details/id-1st-observation-mission-report-of-pre-election-period.html
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COVID-19 broke out in the period that Uganda was due to have presidential and parliamentary elections, posing a very precarious human security challenge. The ruling party (National Resistance Movement; NRM) faced the challenge of passing power to the Speaker of parliament if elections were not to be held. To mitigate the public health challenges and maintain power, the government acquiesced to an election process without public campaigns. Instead, campaigns were to be held over the radio, TV, and social media in what came to be known as ‘scientific elections.’ However, in a country hamstrung by massive political and bureaucratic corruption and an entrenched regime that uses violence against opponents, little attention was paid to the fairness of the process, especially in terms of access to media resources by the opposition. Conversely, as elections are about crowds and showmanship, the Ugandan Electoral Commission struggled with the ever-evolving electoral campaign process, especially as large spontaneous crowds sprang up on the campaign trail of the political candidates. The opposition needs a large crowd for legitimacy and a show of popularity. To mitigate this, the ruling party used violence against opposition members as an excuse to enforce standard operating procedures (SOPs) for the prevention of COVID-19, yet its candidates were left to gather crowds. This radicalized some of the opposition that used media outlets to call for violence and ethnic cleansing. This qualitative study delves into the extent to which the ‘scientific elections’ process was designed to produce a fair outcome of the 2021 elections in Uganda. This study uses the rational choice theory to explore the calculations of different stakeholders. The study relies on secondary data, especially available in media outlets, but also primary data through reports and social media and speeches of key figures in the political landscape in Uganda. The study finds that the Independent Electoral Commission was caught between two highly sophisticated opponents and did not have the capacity and agency to enforce the rules in the political game. In the end, the key facets of the ‘scientific elections’ process were found wanting and did not produce a fair outcome of the 2021 elections in Uganda.
Keywords: scientific elections, Uganda, National Resistance Movement, COVID-19, Uganda Electoral Commission, election management
JEL Classification Codes: D72, D78, I18
Błąd „wyborów naukowych” w erze COVID. Odkrywanie wyzwań związanych z zarządzaniem wyborami 2020–2021 w Ugandzie
Streszczenie
Pandemia COVID-19 rozpoczęła się w okresie, gdy w Ugandzie miały się odbyć wybory prezydenckie i parlamentarne, co stanowiło wyzwanie dla bezpieczeństwa ludności. Partia rządząca (Narodowy Ruch Oporu) stanęła wobec sytuacji przekazania władzy przewodniczącemu parlamentu, gdyby wybory miały się nie odbyć. Aby złagodzić problemy związane ze zdrowiem publicznym i utrzymać władzę, rząd zgodził się na proces wyborczy bez kampanii publicznych. Zamiast tego miały zostać przeprowadzone kampanie w radiu, telewizji i mediach społecznościowych, w tak zwanych „wyborach naukowych”. Jednak w kraju ogarniętym masową korupcją polityczną i biurokratyczną oraz z zakorzenionym reżimem, który stosuje przemoc wobec przeciwników, niewiele uwagi poświęcono sprawiedliwości tego procesu, zwłaszcza w kwestii dostępu opozycji do zasobów medialnych. I odwrotnie, ponieważ w wyborach chodzi o tłumy i popisy, Ugandyjska Komisja Wyborcza zmagała się z ciągle ewoluującym procesem kampanii wyborczej, zwłaszcza że na szlaku kampanii kandydatów politycznych pojawiły się spore spontaniczne tłumy. Opozycja potrzebuje dużego tłumu dla legitymizacji i pokazania popularności. Partia rządząca użyła przemocy wobec członków opozycji pod pretekstem egzekwowania standardowych procedur operacyjnych w celu zapobiegania COVID-19, ale jej kandydaci mogli gromadzić tłumy. Doprowadziło to do radykalizacji części opozycji, która wykorzystywała media do wzywania do przemocy i czystek etnicznych. Opisane w artykule badanie jakościowe sprawdza, w jakim stopniu proces „wyborów naukowych” został zaprojektowany w celu uzyskania sprawiedliwego wyniku wyborów w 2021 r. w Ugandzie. Badanie wykorzystuje teorię racjonalnego wyboru do zbadania kalkulacji różnych interesariuszy. Opiera się na danych wtórnych, zwłaszcza doniesieniach medialnych, ale także na danych pierwotnych z raportów, mediów społecznościowych i przemówień kluczowych postaci ze sceny politycznej Ugandy. Z badania wynika, że niezależna komisja wyborcza miała do czynienia z dwoma wysoce wyrafinowanymi przeciwnikami i nie miała możliwości ani sprawczości do egzekwowania reguł w grze politycznej. Ostatecznie okazało się, że kluczowe aspekty procesu „wyborów naukowych” były niesprawcze i nie przyniosły sprawiedliwego wyniku wyborów w 2021 r. w Ugandzie.
Słowa kluczowe: wybory naukowe, Uganda, Narodowy Ruch Oporu, COVID-19, komisja wyborcza Ugandy, zarządzanie wyborami
Kody klasyfikacji JEL: D72, D78, I18
Since its independence from the British Crown on October 9th, 1962, Uganda has suffered from several dictatorships, coups d’état, and internal instability. It could be said that the milestone in Uganda’s history that shaped the actual reality of the nation was the occupation of Kampala by the former National Resistance Army (NRA) leader, Yoweri Museveni in 1986. It was an end to 20 years of violence that had begun with the ousting of the Kabaka Muteesa II in 1966. This was followed by the coup by Idi Amin against Obote in 1971. His 8‑year rule came to a violent end with the help of Tanzania in the 1978–1979 conflict. The transition saw three interim presidents appointed and deposed in less than a year. These included Yusufu Lule who lasted 68 days. Godfrey Binaisa managed 327 days, and Paul Muwanga governed for 10 days. The subsequent elections of 1980 saw Milton Obote come to power, but this intensified guerrilla warfare against the regime led by Museveni’s NRA.
The motivation of the rebellion by Yoweri Museveni in the 1980s was the outcome of the 1980 election in which he contested under the Uganda people’s movement but lost. He claimed that the election had been rigged (The Monitor, 2011). The recourse to violence was justified on the notion that there was no alternative. The system was bad and the wheel had to be broken. Museveni captured power in 1986 and oversaw the writing of the Ugandan Constitution in 1995. Museveni has been the President of the Republic of Uganda for 35 years and is currently starting his 6th mandate, after his alleged victory in the January 14th elections (Oficina de Información Diplomática, 2021).
A history of contested elections
Uganda has had a history of suspicious elections outcome, which has put the masses at odds with the organizers and forces behind the eventual outcome. It has become a rule of thumb that the most popular candidate has not always won the elections, especially in a few instances. For example, when the British were handing over power to the Ugandans, two main political parties were in the run for power. The Democratic Party (DP) led by Benedict Kiwanuka and the Uganda People’s Congress (UPC) led by Milton Obote. Although DP was primed to take over power after the initial elections in 1961, it was largely Catholic and was not favored by the protestant part of Buganda. In the final elections held before independence in 1962, an alliance between UPC and the Buganda Kingdom, which constituted a party called Kabaka Yekka (KY), was formed and snatched post-independence power (Hancock, 1970).
Similarly, in 1980, DP under Kawanga Semwogerere had a strong chance of winning the election but the military interference from the occupying Tanzanian forces and open rigging in favor of Milton Obote’s political party prevented it. For example, blocking candidates from getting nominated (Sserunjogi, 2014) made the task of getting elected hard. It is also widely acknowledged that the elections in 2001, 2006, and 2011 were massively rigged (Ahluwalia, 2016) in favor of President Museveni. The 2001 voting was marred with violence as presidential allies like Kakooza Mutale led a civilian group known as Kalangala Action Plan (KAP) that beat people in rural areas (Rukooko, 2017).
Moreover, since 1996 Museveni has used his incumbency as an unfair advantage against his opponents in the campaigning process. For example, the military and police have been used to limit the movement of presidential hopefuls. Other tactics have involved the use of trumped-up charges to keep the opponent in court or prison during the campaign process (Tangri, Mwenda, 2010). But this has also served to discredit them in the eyes of the public. In a society built on masculine domination, the brutalization of opponents has displayed them as weak, while portraying Museveni as the only person who can handle power.
Coupled with that has been the notion of controlling the military (Khisa, 2020). In a country that has a history of military abuse of civilians, coups d’état, and violation of the masses, Museveni has tended to portray himself as the only viable candidate for the role as he has control over the army.
Nevertheless, the 1995 Ugandan Constitution developed an electoral system where the candidates had to win more than 50% of the votes to gain power in the executive and Parliament (Oficina de Información Diplomática, 2021). Article 60 of the 1995 Uganda Constitution stipulated that the elections were to be organized, conducted, and managed by the Electoral Commission of Uganda (EC). Other functions included demarcating constituencies, declaring and publishing electoral results. The EC was also tasked with determining the complaints arising from the electoral processes. More to that, the EC was to formulate and implement civic educations and take on other roles as prescribed by the Parliament (Uganda Electoral Commission, 2021). Yet, the Commission has been accused of not being impartial, as will be explained further on.
The key turnabout in Uganda’s democratic processes took place in 2005 and 2017. In 2005, the maximum two-term limit in office (ten years) was eliminated by a Parliamentary decision (Library of Congress, 2021). In 2017, the Parliament approved the Law of Constitutional amendment no. 2, which established an upper age limit for the President, changing it from 35 to 18 years old, and removed the lower age limit which was previously set at the age of 75 (Oficina de Información Diplomática, 2021).
The later changes in internal politics drove Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, better known as Bobi Wine, the actual leader of the National Platform Party (NUP) and greatest opposition in the 2021 elections, to run for President. As he explained in a phone interview to African Arguments, the abolition of the age limit was seen by his then own political pressure group, People Power, as a representation of Museveni’s dictatorial tendencies. It was then that he decided to become more than a Parliamentary representative and created his political group in July 2020: the National Unity Platform (NUP). He further explained:
“While I know that pressure groups and political movements are provided for in the law, we had to find something that unifies us, a common symbol and a common agenda. And because business in Parliament is formal, we had to formalize it in such a way. We may have wanted to register the People Power movement as a political party, but for more than a year, we were blocked by the regime. … I had hoped to run [for president] under the Democratic Party, but the then President of the Democratic Party denied us that opportunity, and so did the Forum for Democratic Change. That is why we, under extreme concealment, went ahead to join the National Unity Platform, which later elected me to be its President and leader, and then I invited masses to join me” (Melchiorre, 2021).
Digital transformation, COVID-19, and the advent of ‘scientific elections’
The Ugandan government has been struggling with the rise of social media as a platform for political expression, especially as it cannot be policed. With a subscription of mainly young people, social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook have proved elusive for the ruling regime, especially as it has not fashioned a strong narrative on numerous occasions to steer the debate. Yet before the outbreak of COVID-19, this had not been a debilitating factor for the Museveni government as most people were accessible through campaigns, radios, and TVs. The outbreak of COVID-19 presented a challenge to the ruling government as the need for social media experts was important to access a lot of the population. This was due to the limitations in movement and the fact that campaigns were not to be as pivotal as before.
However, key challenges persisted in that the Museveni government began restricting civil rights in Uganda like the establishment of a tax on social networks and media as well as the surveillance of electronic communications, aiming to control freedom of expression. A year later, Uganda’s government issued a daily tax on social media that requisited all users to obtain a license and to agree not to participate in “distortion of facts” of sharing/publishing content “likely to create public insecurity” (Siegle, Cook, 2021). Furthermore, the Freedom House Index also denounced that even though the country holds elections, its credibility deteriorated over time due to the media regulation, the police use of force in protests, the detention of activists and politicians, and the lack of Rule of Law (Freedom House, 2021).
The novelty of this last election is its form. The EC, following Art. 61 (2) of Uganda’s Constitution, organized Presidential and Parliamentary elections within 120 days before the expiry of the terms. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it decided to create ‘scientific elections,’ which established the political campaigns through digital and traditional communication sectors, to create “a safe and healthy environment during the pandemic” (Mumbere, 2020). The epidemic in the Republic of Uganda initially had a low impact on hospitalizations and death cases (with less than 50 deaths daily in late 2019). The fact that 78% of its population is under 35 years old led experts to draw a conclusion that there was no collapse of the healthcare system due to the high asymptomatic percentage of this population strip. Moreover, the country had one of the most severe confinements of the continent. Nevertheless, the government aimed to immunize around 20% of the population (Oficina de Información Diplomática, 2021).
Many opponents and international organizations were critical of ‘scientific elections’ due to their perceived unfairness. For instance, Ms Shamdasani, Spokesperson for the UN Human Rights Office, declared: “We have increasingly observed that the COVID-19 restrictions have been enforced more strictly to curtail opposition electoral campaign activities in a discriminatory fashion” (UN News, 2021). Kyagulanyi denounced that “the scientific election cannot deliver a free and fair election” since the logistics of the country and the restrictive measures previously explained do not enable it to do so. According to Uganda’s Communications Commission, in 2019 – the latest date available – the country accounts for 36 TV stations and 309 radio stations, to which, respectively, 70% and 90% of the population have access. The issue with these channels is that they are mostly owned by politicians, hampering fair play in elections. Furthermore, there are just 26.7 million mobile subscribers, of which only 16.9 million have Internet access, representing less than the 50% of the population. It was also criticized for the incongruence of the digital development of the campaigns with the physical voting system (Mumbere, 2020).
Moreover, by moving the electoral date to January 14th, 2021, the EC shortened the campaign period by 3 months. This decision, and the late announcement of the establishment of the ‘scientific elections’ in June 2020, was also criticized for being a measure to limit the mobilization of opposition parties’ supporters. The 2021 elections showed that the National Resistance Movement (NRM), to which Museveni belongs, was fearful of the threat posed by the opposition, especially from NUP (Siegle, Cook, 2021). As Bobi Wine explained in the African Argument’s interview, the Ugandan population, which is the second youngest in Africa after Guinea, formed what he coined as ‘Facebook generation’ that relied on social media platforms to spread their message. This group was born after Museveni seized power with the aim for a non-corrupt democracy, since they saw it as responsible for the economic hardships that they suffered. Therefore, this group made it inevitable for the government to set up measures to control social media and the Internet at large (Melchiorre, 2021).
With a history of poor election management and an electoral system designed for a winner-takes-it-all scenario, the Electoral Commission, and the whole electoral process proved to be caught between a rock and a hard place. A key aspiration of delivering a fair electoral result proved challenging, and the advent of COVID-19 made it more difficult. The key research question, therefore, is to what extent the ‘scientific elections’ process was designed to produce a fair outcome of the 2021 elections in Uganda.
The study uses qualitative research methods to delve into the role, capability, and capacity of the Uganda Electoral Commission to manage the elections in Uganda in light of the political manoeuvres by the different political players to win the elections. The work further uses exploratory research design and relies on secondary data, especially presented in media outlets but also primary data through reports and social media and speeches of key figures in the political landscape in Uganda. The study uses content analysis to analyze the data. The paper will proceed with a discussion on the rational choice theory. Thereafter it will continue with a review of some cases where elections have been held or not held to explore the rationale and ability to produce a fair outcome. The rationale for the section is mainly because not enough literature exists on the topic of ‘scientific elections.’ The paper will then delve into key findings and conclusions.
The rational choice theoretical approach
According to Green (2002), the rational choice theory is based on the idea of the individual’s self-interest and the maximization of self-interest, and Sato (2013) further notes that the theory explains the social phenomenon by assuming the rational choice at the actor’s level. The theory assumes that an actor chooses an alternative that he/she believes will bring about a social outcome that optimizes his/her preferences under subjectively conceived constraints. A set of various alternatives is available to an actor under subjective constraints. Therefore, if the actor chooses one, the alternative of a social outcome is realized, thus, implying that the outcome is not individual but rather social. This then means that the outcome is a product of alternatives that get to be chosen by more than one actor.
Wittek (2013) concurs with Sato (2013) as he argues that this theory is an umbrella term that encompasses several models which are concerned with explaining a social phenomenon as the outcomes of individual action that can in a way be constructed as being rational. Rational behavior is the kind of behaviour that is deemed suitable for the realization of specific goals, which are thus given the limitations that are imposed by a situation. The main argument of this theory, as stated by Wittek (2013), is that all the rational choice explanations are based on individual preferences, beliefs as well as constraints. The theory is crucial to exploring the different calculations by key actors in the Ugandan political terrain during the 2021 elections, especially the presidential aspirants and the electoral commission.
To hold or not to hold elections during the COVID-19 pandemic: a review of some cases in Africa
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, most African states had been going through a process of consolidating some gains from the democratic process that had been given a new lease of life in the post-Cold War period. Although most African leaders at independence took power through the electoral process (Cowen, Laakso, 1997), this was not straightforward, and the process soon collapsed as many African states got caught up in the Cold War dynamics. Thus, the post-Cold War period proved a turning point as neo-liberal economic and political policies became pivotal to aid (Levitsky, Way 2005; Dietrich, Wright, 2015) allocated to African states. The electoral process entailed the opening up of political space through multiparty democratic elections (Olsen, 1998; Kumah-Abiwu, 2011). By 2019 most countries had had at least 5 cycles of elections. African states use different electoral systems like first past the post, proportional representation, and the mixed electoral system.
Yet the electoral process was not without challenges as election rigging (Adejumobi, 2000; Atuobi, 2008) was prevalent. Moreover, some leaders scrapped term limits (Baturo, 2010) to ensure they get re-elected while others engaged in coups to abrogate constitutions. Still others scrapped the age limit (Reyntjens, 2020) to ensure that they do not get excluded from the electoral list. There was a growing perception that elections were being held without democratization taking place (Levitsky, Way, 2002), leading to the rise of authoritarianism (Morse, 2015).
The COVID-19 pandemic presented different options for different states that were due to hold elections. Some like Burundi (Maizland, 2020), Tanzania, Malawi, and Guinea (International Federation for Human Rights, 2020), among others, went ahead with the elections, including open campaigns, while others chose to postpone the elections. In unpacking the above developments, it should further be highlighted that the 21st century has witnessed an increasing fragility of democracy, which has become a fragile political system. The uprising of the new phenomena of grey zones and hybrid systems have spread illiberal democracies all over the world. Separations of powers, the rule of law, civil rights, and freedoms are often violated by governments, creating an illusion of democracy in the eyes of its population, while transforming the political system into an autocracy. Africa, as it has been analyzed in Uganda’s case, suffers from this trend (Matlosa, 2021). Cheeseman and Klass have studied the six steps of the manipulation of election in Africa, concluding that it possesses the features of: “(a) gerrymandering, (b) vote-buying, (c) repression, (d) electronic hacking, (e) ballot box stuffing, and (f) playing the international community” (Cheeseman, Klaas, 2018).
The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened this situation as states have faced a new dilemma of whether to ensure human/health security or protect democracy through the right to vote. In some cases COVID-19 crisis has given some illiberal states a blank cheque to abuse their powers in the name of emergency to constrain political rights in the short and long term (Ellena, 2020: 1). Some international and regional agencies have argued that the challenge could be solved with the mediation of bodies like UNOWAS or the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to establish proper campaigning measures, voter registration, and any other measured needed to assure the good development of elections (Matlosa, 2021).
Furthermore, although the COVID-19 pandemic has not been as devastating as previously predicted in Africa, it has had other socio-economic (Ozili, 2022) effects like food insecurity, diversion of health budget and workforce to fight the pandemic. This diversion of resources has left many people with other diseases unattended. The lockdowns have led to job losses and collapses of companies plus investments. With the largest section of society employed in the informal sector, food shortages (Arndt et al., 2020) and recourse to urban violence have become widespread. Moreover, many African states face infrastructural challenges when it comes to mitigating the dangers of a health crisis like COVID-19 during an election period (Gyimah-Boadi, 2015).
The decisions to hold elections were supported by different motivations ranging from constitutional restriction to desire for normalcy and COVID-19 denialism, as was the case in Uganda and Tanzania. Thus, although postponement of the elections was going to serve President Museveni’s interests in keeping the National Resistance Movement in power, he was supposed to hand over power to the Speaker of Parliament. Yet even though Ms Kadaga, the Speaker, was in the NRM party, there was no certainty about her true game plan as she was not within the inner circle of the ruling party.
In Tanzania, the late President Magafuli declared COVID-19 non-existent (Buguzi, 2021), so he proceeded with the elections. This argument was further strengthened by the low number of COVID-19 cases in Africa at that time. Thus, countries like Malawi and Burundi followed the same path as Tanzania and held elections. Something unique to them was that they went ahead with open-air campaigning, unlike Uganda, which introduced the ‘scientific elections’ perspective.
In Mali, elections were postponed since 2018 due to terrorist activities, especially in the central and northern areas of the territory. Nevertheless, when a final date was settled, March 29 and April 19, 2020 (first and second round), two new factors entered the mix: public protests against the then President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita and COVID-19. The turnout was especially low, with just the participation of around 35% of the eligible voters, accounting for just 13% in Bamako, the capital city, in the first round and about 23.3% in the second one. This data exposes the reality of Mali’s political situation (Matlosa, 2021).
Secondly, Malians were concerned about COVID-19. The country has 14,429 accumulated cases and 3,842 deaths so far. Even though the incidence was low, the accumulated cases represented just 0.07% of the population. A survey conducted by Premise in 2020 denoted that 85% of the respondents were concerned about the spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, even though the government deployed protective equipment at polling stations, Malians were unhappy about the shortages mainly of face masks and disinfectants (Guthrie, Ksenjek, 2020).
Thus, for Mali, the rational choice involved an inability to stave off postponement, especially as elections were not held in 2018. So, using COVID-19 as a pretext to postpone the elections again was going to be difficult to uphold.
Yet, there are countries like Ethiopia that indeed postponed elections in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The National Electoral Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) argued that COVID-19 had made it impossible to carry out electoral preparations for parliamentary elections (Matlosa, 2021). Opposition parties and part of the population were critical of these measures, arguing that the pandemic was being used as a means by the ruling coalition to repress and centralize power (Matlosa, 2021).
Later, on 10 June 2020, the Prime Minister’s tenure and that of the regional and federal governments were extended by a period of nine months by the House of Federations (HoF), with possible revision, under COVID-19 allegations. This decision was taken after Ms Keria Ibrahim, the Speaker of the HoF, resigned and declared: “I can’t be an accomplice when the Constitution is being violated and a dictatorial government is being formed … I have resigned not to be a collaborator with such a historical mistake” (Endeshaw, 2020).
On 29 June, Hanchalu Hundessa, an activist and popular pop star was assassinated. This event led to several protests around the country, public transport, business, and the Internet were shut down, and property was destroyed. Official numbers reported included 166 deaths and 1,084 arrests, although the numbers could be higher. More importantly, among the arrested, there are three Oromo opposition leaders. This growing instability also provoked the displacement of around 10,000 persons. The outcome of these actions is a polarized society over ethnicity, but more importantly, around the prolongation of the current administration by the postponement of the elections due to COVID-19 (Matlosa, 2021).
Another important event took place in November 2020. Abiy launched a military operation, with the Ethiopian National Force, against the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), the former ruling party of Ethiopia that follows ethnic nationalist discourse. The Prime Minister justified this decision as a response to the attempt to steal the Northern Command of artillery and military equipment by the TPLF. Although Abiy was declared winner, the tensions with the TPLF continued (Matlosa, 2021), resulting in a counter offensive, which led to heavy government forces exposing the capital to a Tigray takeover (The Washington Post, 2021)
Elections finally took place on 21 June 2021, being the first multi-party ones since 2005. Provisional results were set for 27 June 2021, but NEBE had technical difficulties. Abiy was confident that the will of the Ethiopians was guaranteed regardless. Nevertheless, voters faced harassment and threats of violence. Furthermore, voting was cancelled in 110 of the 547 constituencies of the country. Some due to insecurity and others because they did not receive ballot papers. Finally, the EU’s High Representative for External Affairs, Josep Borrell, cancelled the EU observation mission arguing that no guarantees had been given on the independence of the elections (Gaveriaux, 2021).
As it can be seen, the postponement of elections has worsened the situation in Ethiopia. The already existing ethnic-based tensions were triggered, provoking violence, insecurity, and displacements, all in the name of democracy and health security.
Regarding other continents, namely Western countries, the dilemma has not been such a problem. These states account for a stronger democratic base, a greater health infrastructure, and more means to cope with elections and COVID-19. For example, in Israel, polling stations were covered by plastic, and electoral officials wore protective clothing. In the USA, the vote via postal service was encouraged. In Europe and South Korea, masks were obligatory, as well as washing one’s hands before entering the polling stations and keeping a safe distance (Ahidjo-Iya Hounkpe, 2021). The African countries faced the challenge of not having enough personal protection equipment. Moreover, they did not have enough personnel and the budget to enforce standard operating procedures like social distancing.
Hence the African states were caught between a rock and a hard place. Postponing elections was seen in some cases as dictatorial, like in Ethiopia. In other cases, they were viewed as opportunistic by the ruling government. Yet holding elections further increased the risk of COVID-19 outbreak in most countries in Africa. This was deemed to be debilitating due to their lack of adequate medical infrastructure to deal with a massive outbreak. This placed Uganda in a unique position when the Electoral Commission came up with the idea of ‘scientific elections.’
Key findings on ‘scientific elections’ in the 2021 Uganda elections
On June 16, the EC issued a revised strategic road map for the Ugandan election. This was dubbed the ‘scientific elections,’ which was to involve mainly the use of the media channels like TV, the radio, social media to campaign. Candidates would not interface with the public physically but through media channels (Ngubwagye, 2021). The EC argued that this was due to the spread of COVID-19, which required the country to adhere to standard operating procedures, which included, among others, maintaining social distancing.
The presidential election was contested by eleven opposition candidates, certified by the Electoral Commission. Those within political parties included: Yoweri Museveni (National Resistance Movement), Bobi Wine (National Unity Platform), Patrick Oboi Amuriat (Forum for Democratic Change), Mugisha Muntu (Alliance for National Transformation), and Norbert Mao (Democratic Party). The independents included John Katumba, Wily Mayambala, Fred Mwesigye, Henry Tumukunde, Joseph Kabuleta, Nancy Kalemba.
The key challenge with these processes was, firstly, the lack of access of most Ugandans to radio and TV stations to listen to their candidates. Nyagah (2021) notes that in 2014 Uganda had a voting population of 17 million. Only 3.4 million Ugandans had radio access, with only 1 million having access to a television set. Thus, 7 years later, that number could have gone up but not exponentially. Secondly, social media in Uganda had an over-the-top (OTT) tax imposed on it, plus it would get blocked now and then by the government to restrict access. But just like in the case of radio and TV stations, not many Ugandans have Facebook or Twitter accounts to access their candidates. For example, according to a report by Samuel-Stone (2021), Uganda has an Internet penetration of 24%, which amounts to 10.67 million users, of which only 2.5 million are active in social media. Thus, the ‘scientific elections’ limited the unknown or new candidates, as they were unlikely to introduce themselves to the masses. The incumbent President, who had been in power for over 30 years, had an unfair advantage as being well-known throughout the country. Moreover, his political party had representation at all levels nationwide.
Secondly, elections in Uganda had always been organized on an open campaign basis giving the candidates the ability to reach as many people as possible in a location without spending a lot of resources. Using social media, for example, would require committing a lot of money and workforce to this endeavor. Moreover, the candidates did not receive much funding from the EC. Besides, they needed to mobilize funds from well-wishers, some of whom were not in social media, for example. Hence most of the candidates were severely handicapped. On the other hand, President Museveni had the state machinery to draw to mount a social media, TV, and radio campaign. Due to the power he has in the country, the privately-owned TV and radio stations could not refuse him or his supporters access to the media to put his message across. Moreover, as a sitting president, he had the unfair advantage of using national emergencies like COVID-19 to spread his message as to why he had to be elected. As noted by Nyagah (2021), Museveni had access to his own media team under the presidential press unit, which transmitted information through state-owned Uganda broadcasting services and the New Vision multimedia network.
Since most radio and TV stations are owned by private citizens who are not compelled by law to allow every presidential candidate to present his or her campaign, the actual campaign period saw most members of the opposition denied coverage on radio and TV stations (The Observer, 2021; Wandera, 2021). Sometimes they were chased out of towns (The Independent, 2020) and hotels during the campaign period (Reuters, 2020). Thus, it is evident that the ‘scientific elections’ were a rational choice to curtail the ability of the opposition to President Museveni to provide the most minimal of a challenge to his power.
The media and social media platforms were used by the incumbent Museveni to silence the opposition and the Electoral Commission. A case in point was when Patrick Amuriat was harassed by the security forces on the nomination day, and his shoes were taken. He had to walk barefoot to the Electoral Commission to be sworn in as a candidate in the full glare of the media. On the same nomination day, Robert Kyagulanyi was violently arrested in broad daylight as he drove home from the nomination venue. To the ruling party, this had always been a policy to brutalize the opposition in full view of the masses in a calculated move to get them perceived as weak and unable to protect citizens. The adage was that if they could not protect themselves, how they could protect the state.
The ruling party under Museveni was found to have used fake accounts linked to the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology in Uganda on Facebook to impersonate users, duplicate accounts, attack individuals online, and re-share posts to make them look popular (Reuters, 2021; Samuel-Stone, 2021). At the same time, it was using the state machinery to crack down on the opposition when it deemed them to be going contrary to the rules set out by the Electoral Commission. Thus, Museveni was acting as the enforcer when others were deemed to have broken the rules, while he broke the rules and did not receive any reprimand.
Moreover, the ground was not level, as noted by Samuel-Stone (2021), who argues that although opponents like Kyagulanyi got a lot of coverage in the print media, most of it was negative contrary to Museveni’s positive coverage. Thus, the use of the ‘scientific elections’ strategy gave Museveni a head start above his rivals due to his unfettered access and control of most media operations.
Furthermore, Museveni went ahead to ban social media before elections in retaliation for the closure of accounts linked to his campaign (Reuters, 2021). However, this seemed to be an over-the-top reaction because it was not a blanket closure but a few individuals. The total blockade of social media showed a deeper fear of the organizing strengths by the opposition through social media. The banning of the social media use further handicapped the opposition in their final push to get votes. Without funds to mount a wider campaign, the blockade on social media disadvantaged them by denying them access to the voters who could at least access the Internet.
Nevertheless, the opposition groups also engaged in social media manipulation and the spread of messages of hate. For example, key social media activists like Fred Lumbuye were active in spreading anti-government propaganda and fomenting sectarianism. This was prevalent in the aftermath of Kyagulanyi’s arrest while on the campaign trail. Lumbuye blamed ethnicities like Banyarwanda and Banyankole for the crisis in Uganda and called on the masses to rise and attack government facilities and operatives. Other videobloggers were known for using abusive language x-rated comments against Museveni and his political party.
Hence it became apparent that although Uganda was to engage in ‘scientific elections’ with mediums like media platforms pivotal to the process, these became contested in the process. The resulting fallout led to government censorship of these platforms, heavily tilting the election in favor of the ruling government. The belated intervention by social media companies to curb government use of the same platforms to spread propaganda only hurt further the opposition as the Internet and social media were shut down by the government.
***
In conclusion, COVID-19 has posed a challenge regarding the sustenance of democratic systems. This threat has been especially concerning on the African continent, where the lack of basic infrastructure to overcome the risks of the virus has jeopardized the ability of governments to assure a fair electoral process. It could be said that the pandemic has been used by governments with dictatorial tendencies as an opportunity to instore their power. Regardless of the method employed, postponement or the development of ‘technological’ electoral processes, a general dissatisfaction of the population in the region has sprouted, revealing their exhaustion by the attempts of abuse of power by its rulers.
Regarding Uganda, it can be argued that to a large extent the ‘scientific elections’ process was designed to produce an outcome that favored President Museveni in the 2021 elections. This was a rational choice by some key stakeholders to tilt the election in their favor. Political actors do not necessarily design a policy to create a level playing field for everyone.
This new electoral process, which could have broadened the presence of the presidential candidates with the technological facilities that are available today, created more inequality regarding political campaigns. The challenge for Uganda is that institutions like the Electoral Commission are not independent, and this makes them ineffective in designing a public policy that creates a level playing field for everyone. Hence, since the Electoral Commission operatives are appointed by the President, they are usually under his or her control during the election process.
Therefore, there is a need for a change in the law concerning the appointing of Electoral Commission officials. The Chair and Deputy Chair of the Electoral Commission should be independently appointed by the Parliament. The Electoral Commission should have equal representation of the ruling and opposition parties in key positions to ensure transparency and equity. The body should also assure an equal national founding to all candidates as well as equal access to national media. This structure will alleviate the mutual suspicion between contestants and, therefore, ensure free and fair elections. Moreover, this will grant the Electoral Commission legitimacy and, as a result, the ability to develop policies on holding, managing, and declaring elections more transparently.
The legislative changes regarding the electoral process in Museveni’s last term also denoted the fallacy of the ‘scientific elections’ process in Uganda. With only 24% of Internet penetration in the country, the tax on social media and Internet multiple shutdowns, it is unreasonable to have expected success with this methodology. Thus, it came as no surprise that the relevance of traditional media in this process left Museveni with a great advantage for his power to use national media or by his influence to use private media.
The final step would be the revocation of the non-age and non-term limit legislation in addition to the social media restrictions. These measures would reinstate the democratic principles of the rule of law, control of the abuse of power, liberty of speech, and transparency, which are all the requirements of fair elections and a democratic state. If this project is carried out, then a fair and equal, thus democratic, process of ‘scientific elections’ could take place in Uganda.
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The US faces a history of social disparity, targeted inequality, and a growing distrust amongst social sectors. From the Civil Rights Era to the current Black Lives Matter Movement, social inequality has always been a target issue in American society. This article will look at the socio-economic and socio-demographic structure of American society and examine paths forward for the Biden administration.
2020 acted as a transformative year in American society. What other countries experienced as a time of following governmental guidelines and restrictions to limit the spread of Covid-19, many in the United States had other concerns. During the pandemic, the US witnessed mass social unrest with millions of protestors ignoring quarantine mandates to callout police brutality all around the nation (Buchanan et al. 2020). Although not a direct cause of the massive viral spread witnessed in the latter months of 2020 (Ramjug 2020), the rise in social unrest could have increased the risk of infection for those participants and made them more vulnerable to catching the virus.
However, to these participants, raising attention to the harsh treatment of communities of color by law enforcement officials was deemed necessary and trumped even their own safety and health. The Covid-19 pandemic has been a worldwide phenomenon, but in the US, can be best understood by placing it within the context of a nationwide social movement and protest against police brutality, an obvious display of the faults in the US healthcare system, and a growing, but always present, inequality in the treatment of classes and social sectors of American society.
The US faces a history of social disparity, targeted inequality, and a growing distrust in public institutions amongst social sectors. This faulty social structure has spread through most sectors of society, from education to healthcare, where minority groups are often left with limited resources and opportunities. From the Civil Rights Era to the current Black Lives Matter Movement, social inequality has always been a target issue in American society. This article will look at the socio-economic and socio-demographic structure of American society and how its changes in the last half century have left effects on US society, both politically and socially.
1 The Civil Rights Movement and its Societal Changes
During the 1950s and 1960s, the US went through a major social transformation. Before the civil rights movement, American society was segregated by race, where African Americans and “colored people” had limited access to restaurants, transportation, and other public facilities because of the color of their skin. Throughout the years the blatant discrimination and racism seen during the majority of US history continued to still be present in American society, just in a covert manner.
Instead of having laws disallowing African Americans from voting, state governments in the American South disenfranchised them through the enactment of Jim Crow laws (Fremon 2000), which imposed voting restrictions like literary tests, poll taxes, and property-ownership requirements, among others. It took years of peaceful protests and acts of civil disobedience led by Black nationalist leaders like Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., Congressman John Lewis, and Minister Malcom X to gain advancements in equality and against racism. In response to these different forms of actions, the US government attempted to create a different societal structure by evening the playing field for minority groups.
This movement ended centuries of segregation and discrimination, at least under legal terms. However, its advancements only came after years of peaceful protests and civil disobedience, which were often met with violence and hatred. It wasn’t until the end of the 1960s that African Americans were finally able to make progress in their fight against discriminatory voting rights, housing discrimination, and employment practices (Dierenfield 2013). Due to this movement, racial segregation is now against the law.
However, there is still persistent inequality targeted against African Americans and other communities of color in American society. After the US Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” was unlawful, obvious and deliberate acts of racism and discrimination were now discouraged but still present. Legal segregation was replaced by housing discrimination, limited opportunities and lack of resources for communities of color. Voting restrictions have now been replaced through gerrymandering and other forms of voting suppression.
Although manipulating boundaries of electoral constituencies in favor of a particular party has occurred since the 1800s (Engstrom 2013), it is now more restrictive than ever and with real consequences: an electoral result is determinant of what resources are allotted to certain demographics over others in a society.
2 Changes in US Society and Immigration
However, tension and discrimination against communities of color was not limited to only African American communities. Throughout the years, the US re-established itself as a melting pot where any individual, no matter their social standing, could work to accomplish success. Its title as the “land of opportunity” has become the reason why over one million immigrants migrated to the US each year (Budiman 2020). Throughout the decades these migrants changed from mainly European to Asian and Latin American descent. This change in demographics contributed to growing tensions and divisions based on race and ethnicity throughout the nation.
Twenty years ago, a publication by the United Nations and affiliated agencies described a “marked increase in discrimination and violence directed against migrants, refugees and other non-nationals by extremist groups in many parts of the world” (International Labour Office et al. 2021). Although not new sentiments, racism, discrimination, and xenophobia can be seen today from the comfort of our own couches. We can witness these growing tensions in the countless videos shared on social media where communities of color have been the typical targets of having the police called on them for behavior that would not have been read as suspicious had they been white (McNamarah 2019), or have been told by a white individual to “go back to your country” (CBS News 2019) when speaking a foreign language in a public setting or simply not fitting the mold of a white American.
With the passing of the Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) in the mid 1990s, US Congress created a mandate to increase border security. This Act increased the number of Border Patrol and immigration and Naturalization Service agents. This law also created the implementation of a physical border fence between the US and Mexican border. With a new focus on immigrants, the social structure changed from seeing African Americans as the “other” in society to seeing migrants as the new outsiders. This growing tension against immigrants only worsened after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. This attack demonstrated faults in visa processing, internal enforcement and information sharing between departments. As the largest ever terrorist attack on US soil with close to three thousand deaths (Rubin/Verheul 2009), the attack affected the US public perspective on immigration. It fueled acts of anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim aggression and hostility. This change in perspective and increase in hatred towards outsiders continues to be present in current policy.
This anti-Muslim sentiment likely influenced President Trump’s January 2017 executive order calling to “Protect the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States”, as referred to by its official title. This order suspended entry of immigrants from seven Muslim-majority countries – Syria, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Yemen, and Somalia for 90 days and stopped all refugees from entering the country for 120 days, with Syrian refugees being banned indefinitely. This ban has crippled the diplomatic relationships the US once had with these Muslim-majority nations, which the US has fought wars to establish, and has negatively influenced overall tension in the Middle East.
In order to reestablish itself as a great power, the US needs to first reestablish its own domestic reputation and regain the trust of its citizens, in particular those who have been most marginalized throughout history. Trust in government encourages legitimacy and sustainability of political systems.
These examples all show how deep discrimination and racism had been maintained in American society. Its influence is still felt in US society structure and even policy. Possibly now more than ever, because of the disruption created by the pandemic, trust in public institutions is vital for governments’ ability to respond rapidly and to secure citizen support. Communities of color have a deeply rooted, and understandable, distrust in the institutions of government and policing. Communities of color like the ever growing Latinx communities and other racial minorities will continue to grow over the year, becoming the country’s main demographic engine of population change in future years (Poston 2020). As these minority groups see a growth in their political, economic, and even social power in the near future, governments from the local to the federal level will need to rebuild their relationship between its citizens.
3 Effects on the 2020 Elections – How Political Division Divided the Country
The racism and discrimination witnessed by communities of color throughout the years played a strong role in the societal division leading up to the 2020 US Presidential elections. Although it would never be stated in campaign slogans or proposals, political parties in the US have had different strategies to dealing with social unrest prompted by racial tension. The Democratic party sees itself as liberal and progressive, considering itself as fighters of social justice. Yet even their most progressive party leaders only began to publicly denounce police brutality against communities of color after the Black Lives Matter movement became a nationally covered media event. On the other hand, the Republican party is more conservative, often upholding more restrictive traditional values like opposition to same-sex marriage, abortion, and marijuana. Their differences in ideologies have only deepened over the years and have been a growing obstacle to governmental cooperation and even policy making.
Even before the election of presidential candidates President Trump and now President Biden, the tension between racial inequality had been a growing topic of interest for the American public. The Black Lives Matter movement as a fight against police brutality in communities of color created mass protests all around the nation. These protests have taken place in American society since the first widely broadcasted acquittal of the killing of an unarmed Black man in 2012. Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old teenager, was shot and killed by George Zimmerman, a member of the community watch, who was later acquitted from all charges by a jury (Jones/Yancy 2013). Following his death, rallies, marches and protests were held across the nation and became the first story of 2012 to be featured more on media coverage than the 2012 presidential race, where according to the Pew Research Center, the Martin case emerged as the No. 1 story in the mainstream press the week of March 19-25, 2012. That week, the Martin case became the first story in 2012 to generate more coverage in a single week than the presidential campaign (Anderson 2020).
However, racial tension wasn’t the only issue that the American public was grappling with during the recent years. Immediately after being sworn into office in 2016, President Trump signed an executive order to reverse the Affordable Care Act (ACA) (Hudgins et al. 2017). However, repealing the law would have meant that the 20 million Americans that obtained health insurance through the ACA would lose their health insurance. As no concrete laws were made to replace the ACA, Americans with lower socio-economic status can still gain the healthcare services they require. Nonetheless, the disinterest in healthcare policy from the Trump Administration left a flawed healthcare system, one in which public institutions saw themselves unable to provide the care needed to the growing number of patients that now required it due to the pandemic.
Nonetheless, healthcare is not the only problem that lower-class Americans have worried about, in particular in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Before the pandemic, the unemployment rate maintained an average rate of less than four percent (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2020). His administration also helped Congress pass a historic tax cut and relief that was intended to help Americans and increase US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. However, this act was least helpful to low-income families, giving them the least amount of savings. The true winners of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act were mainly businesses, which paid 22.4 percent less in income tax in 2017 than in 2018 (Tax Policy Center 2020). This continued inequality in American society will only worsen after the effects of the pandemic.
Now unemployment rates have peaked at unprecedented levels since the pandemic, hitting racial and ethnic minorities especially hard. In April 2020, the US experienced the highest rate of unemployment ever seen since data collection started in 1948: unemployment rates were 16.7% for Black workers compared to 14.2% for White workers, and 18.9% for Hispanic workers compared to 13.6% for non-Hispanic workers (Congressional Research Service 2020). If high unemployment continues at such a rate, it would only deepen the inequality haunting American society. To tackle this, the Biden administration needs to implement targeted policy to redirect resources and opportunities to the most marginalized sectors of society and focus on reestablishing social mobility within society.
4 Next Steps – A New Beginning for the Biden Administration
The year 2020 will go down in history as a transformative year for all countries alike. In the US, the destructive pandemic will leave behind millions of infected individuals, a potentially dire economic recession, and distrust in public institutions. Only a strong and united administration and Congress can bring back the trust that is needed for the American public. The following policies, some which are already law, are what the US needs to rebuild trust and strengthen the American government during the first 100 Days of the Biden administration and beyond.
One of President Biden’ first legislative proposals was the U.S. Citizenship Act of 2021. This immigration bill, if passed, would increase refugee protections, reunite families that were separated and implement new technology along the border for protection. If passed in Congress, this bill would allow undocumented individuals to apply for temporary legal status and provide the ability to apply for green cards after five years if they pass criminal and national security background checks and pay their taxes. The bill would add resources to process migrants legally at ports of entry and would invest $4 billion over four years in distressed economies in the hopes of preventing people from fleeing to the United States because of security and economic crises. It also protects migrant and seasonal workers and increases penalties for employers who violate labor laws.
However, many opponents of the law call it partisan and denounce it as divisive and controversial. Due to the current partisanship in Congress, the bill is not expected to pass as several moderate Democrats and a majority of Republicans are unlikely to support it. Republican representatives, like Representative Jim Jordan of Ohio, see this bill as a partisan proposal that “fails to secure the border, and incentivizes further illegal immigration” (Shear 2021). Many believe the bill budgeted too little investment in border security, an issue that is very important for Republicans. Yet supporters of the bill like Democratic Representative Linda T. Sánchez are unwilling to negotiate on more enforcement at this time. Without bipartisan support of some sort, this bill, like various potential policy proposals, will face scrutiny and dismissal during the Biden administration. Yet, these hurdles must not discourage lawmakers from pursuing policy that would bring justice to and build trust with so many communities across the country.
Income Inequality
Additionally, the Biden administration also needs to target the growing inequality between low-income and high-income Americans by implementing equity-based legislation. This pandemic will leave millions of Americans unemployed and vulnerable. The net worth of many higher earners, those whose jobs have remained intact during and after the pandemic, will continue to boom after initial setbacks in the spring. While those that faced difficult situations due to paralyzed sectors of an economy and unemployment will only become more vulnerable as the unemployment rate remains high and the continued US governmental response is uncertain due to political disagreement. Wealth inequality can be damaging for an economy and should be targeted through stimulus. For longer-term solutions, a vast array of equity-oriented policies ranging from student debt cancellation to raising the Federal minimum range to securing universal health care would address these inequalities from several important angles.
The American Rescue Plan
The Biden administration has already signed one historic bill into law. As an attempt to alleviate such hardships, the Biden Administration helped pass the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 through the US Congress. The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 is a United States Congressional bill that aims to provide relief to facilitate the recovery process of the Covid-19 pandemic. The $1.9 trillion relief package includes funding for $1,400 stimulus checks for qualifying individuals, extends unemployment benefits, sets a moratorium on evictions and foreclosures, among other aid for the American public. This comprehensive stimulus plan is expected to ease the lives of millions of Americans and potentially begin a process back to normalcy for the US economy and society. As a reflection of the growing bipartisan present in the US political system, this bill received no votes from Republican representatives. And notably, the Senate passed the American Rescue Plan with a simple majority vote using a legislative procedure called budget reconciliation. This procedure may only occur twice a year, meaning any other debated policy proposals will require the filibuster-proof threshold of 60 votes.
As a result, Republicans in the Senate will still have the power to block every single progressive priority using the filibuster, which requires at a minimum 60 votes to advance legislation. As long as the filibuster remains in place, Republican legislators will use it to block democracy reforms like climate change legislation, gun violence prevention legislation, and an increase to the minimum wage, among other controversial, yet important issues. This erodes public trust in the Federal government and requires a solution, so that the Biden administration can continue moving forward with its agenda.
Conclusion
The Biden administration should prioritize lessening the distrust and division between different sectors of society, in particular those marginalized communities most affected by recent Trump era policies. It will have to reinstate and perhaps advance progressive Obama era actions like the Affordable Care Act, support of comprehensive immigration reform, criminal justice reform, and other bold legislation. The Black Lives Matter Movement that shook American society during the midst of a global pandemic was more than a focus on police brutality. It was a way to highlight all of the injustices and inequalities that communities of color and minorities communities alike have to endure in American society. Providing opportunities to those most marginalized will help restructure American society and create a more equitable structure for those in the bottom to succeed as well.
Eliminating the tension will not be an easy task for the Biden administration to perform. However, addressing the pressing challenges mentioned above are a step forward in reestablishing faith in the US government. These actions all focus on creating a more tolerable lifestyle for those minority communities most affected by them. Increasing tolerance and opportunities for marginalized communities will allow the American society to once more see itself as the land of opportunity and can be the step needed to regain the public trust in the government that has been lost in the last half century.
¹Gerrymandering: The practice of setting boundaries of electoral districts to favor specific political interests within legislative bodies, often resulting in districts with convoluted, winding boundaries rather than compacted areas.
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The territorial unit with boundary distinctions in representative elections is commonly termed the constituency, district, or precinct, and serves as both a region for the tabulation and study of the electoral result. These boundaries are defined in various methods, which are unique to each state, and can cause alterations or skewing of aggregate vote results and by extension the true decision of the electorate.
Election mechanics
Electoral geographers require the knowledge of the local and statewide laws and procedures for conducting elections, though it has been claimed that it is not within their purview to attempt to correct any observed flaws. The details of voting or the parameters of the election in various states or in constituencies within the state are critical factors, which affect the levels of participation and can characterize the outcome. The mechanics of an election are fully described through identifying the pattern of constituencies, franchise qualifications and changes, and the method of the election. The patterning of constituencies is related to the spatial orientation and drawing of boundaries as detailed previously. The franchise qualifications define the eligible voter bloc, the electorate, and thus determine the range of relevant, critical issues, which apply to those who vote in an election, and alterations in enfranchisement can greatly alter the nature of the electorate and the outcome of the election. The methods of election are critical to analyzing the results, as it is impossible to adequately assess the proportionality of representation or validity of an electoral outcome without understanding how votes are cast and counted. For example, single-vote, winner take all systems can greatly disenfranchise minority voters as their selection is ultimately irrelevant in a two-party dominant system. However, in systems which employ proportional voting or ranked voting techniques, the extreme minorities receive greater opportunity for representation.
Electoral distortion and bias
Regardless of the means by which boundaries are drawn, including by non-partisan or independent governmental associations, bias in electoral regions can always be observed. The United Kingdom serves as an example as the constituencies are established by a non-partisan commission and yet bias toward Labour has been observed in general elections since 1979.
Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering is a selective drawing of constituency boundaries in order to alter the results of an election. The popular or numerical election results within a constituency, precinct, or electoral district can be distorted by the act of gerrymandering. Common alterations to election results caused by gerrymandering are:
- Splitting or dilution of the concentrations of votes for one party so as to make that party the minority in a large portion of the constituencies in conjunction
- Concentrating the votes of one party into a selected few constituencies such that many of their votes are ‘wasted’, while creating many constituencies with only slight majorities in favor of the other party
- Placing two or more incumbents of one party within a single revised constituency, thus removing control of seats for that party
- Creating "winner takes all" multi-member districts with one party in the majority
Malapportionment
Malapportionment is unequal and disproportionate representation electoral systems with multiple constituencies. It is a violation of the democratic principle of “one person, one vote” in that constituency boundaries enclose populations of various size, which means that the votes of people in regions of lower population have greater representation per vote than those in regions with a higher population. The effect of malapportionment is observed when equivalent percentages of the total vote results in different numbers of seats for each party due to one party having greater control in smaller constituencies and another in larger constituencies.
Geographic context
The spatial distribution and variation of the voting populace in conjunction with the demographic characteristics and delineation of voting regions provide a geographic context for the analysis of elections. Along with purely physical characteristics, distribution of economic resources, lines of communication, governmental and party platforms, and gender, ethnic, or class groups creates an interwoven fabric of people and opinion, which is accounted for in electoral analysis. A population settles for various social, economic, and cultural reasons which create a defined contour of both population density and related political opinion. However, this contour is not a static condition and changes in electoral results must be considered with respect to the change in the type of people and not just the change in their chosen politics. The distribution of politics has been attributed to various factors, one of which is described as a convergence of external stimuli. These stimuli can come in the form of state-supplied information, local cultural norms, religious affiliations, economic opportunity, and media presentation of issues. The degree of effect for each particular stimulus is then a result of the susceptibility of a particular geography. For example, policy dealing with the governmental treatment of an urban population would have greater importance to those in a territory with an urban densities and a far smaller importance in a sparser region. A state or its political organizations has some power to affect these stimuli and are therefore considered as a contributing factor in the changes of election outcomes.
Physical contour
Electoral geography considers the way in which the physical characteristics of a territory directly affect the population and thus the election decision of these people. The geographic location and associated natural factors are directly related to the potential in a specific region for political development and have an additional relationship with the electoral processes and policy decisions of the region. The study of electoral results has been shown to identify the regions of specific politics and the relative cohesion amongst these similar regions. Regions which share large numbers of physical or demographic characteristics, or both as these two factors are related, will demonstrate significant similarities in voting participation and patterns of outcome.
Economics, communications, and infrastructure
The economic development within a given region is also related to the development of its politics and the issues which are important to the electorate. A state with disproportionate economic development will necessarily come under pressure from the poorer constituencies to take action to redistribute wealth and level the economic prosperity, which will be observable in the electoral results. The range and availability of communication and issue awareness can affect perception of issues and skew rational decision making. If a populace is generally unaware of the implications of policy decisions they are less able to make informed decisions and are more readily manipulated by candidate or party claims and marketing techniques, which can make analysis difficult as no predictable rationale may exist for voting outcomes.
Culture, demographics, and political parties
Background information detailing the established political parties, issues being contested in an election, and the mechanics of the election process also help to contextualize and understanding contributing factors in each individual election. Over time these factors may be changed as parties are formed or disbanded and policy issues are brought to vote or become obsolete, which can explain the shifting appearance of the electoral result over a period of time. The governmental and party platforms serve as categories into which voters are forced to classify themselves even though it is likely that no one party platform accurately captures the entirety of the opinions held by a voter. This makes consideration of the party platform or recent party activities critical in understanding the changes or stability of electoral results over space and time. Gender, ethnic, and class disparity can cause voting that is related to shared background qualities and experience as opposed to political opinions. This means that candidates from a particular area or common ethnicity can receive votes from the citizens of that area irrespective of their party affiliations or national because of their shared experience and mutual acquaintance. This has been referred to as the “friends and neighbors effect”.
Determinism
There is a distinction amongst geographers between considering the effect of geography to be fully deterministic and merely having only a partial effect amongst other effects. Deterministic electoral geography would result in predictable results regardless of candidate or proposed policy as the sum of physical geographic traits would entirely control voting decisions. This interpretation has been widely rejected by geographers. Instead, it is more fully accepted that geography plays some role in conjunction with other cultural and interpersonal effects. The “neighborhood effect” is an observed altering of electoral results due to the tendency of people who are spatially close to vote similarly because of daily interactions. Arguments against determinism also rely on observed anomalies in voting results. An example arises in comparing results of presidential elections in the United States to the expectation of favoring Democratic or Republican candidates in urban or rural locations respectively or the expectations for preference on the county scale based on racial composition with minority groups favoring the Democratic party. The results indicate that anomalies occur in distinct voting areas where the Republican or Democratic candidate won counties that had opposite characteristics of their traditionally carried counties. These anomalies are attributed to the historical, economic, and cultural geographies which serve to override the territory traits that were used to predict the electoral results. In this way voters are motivated by factors outside their geography to vote in a way that is unexpected and often even contrary to their individual interests.
Electoral mapping
The spatial variations of support for particular policies are routinely mapped in order to pictorially represent the electoral geography of a territory, which can allow for the recognition of patterns of location. Ron Johnston considers the entire process and outcome of the election through the examining lens of territory maps. He claims that electoral results are the outcome of superimposing the map of cultural, economic, religious, and demographic characteristics with the determined map of electoral districts and applying the issues on the ballot. The selection of mapping paradigms using color, patterning, brightness or darkness effects is employed in order to visually detail aspects and characteristics of interest in elections, such as voter participation, intensity of support, population density, and constituency boundaries which may not easily be noticed by considering words and numbers. An example of a mapping paradigm is observed in United States elections in recent history, wherein results in favor of Democratic candidates are marked by coloring the constituency blue and using red for results in favor of Republican candidates. This has been used to a wide degree and is thus readily acknowledged by United States citizens in the media and academic display of election results. However, the variations in electoral results over a territory or place cannot be directly equated to the land areas represented by mapping as the voting populace is the subject of interest and study in electoral geography and not the particular territory they live on during a given election. Human movement is an ongoing progress, which consistently redefines the distributions of policy preference and thus the associated election decisions. Thus the passage of time must be incorporated in electoral analysis through the duality of Electoral geography also deals with the alterations of election results in a given place over an extended time interval encompassing many elections. This effect can be mapped using various techniques which help to show changing opinions and changing populations in the constituencies of the state over a time interval. Electoral geography relies upon detailed and accurate mapping techniques with appropriate contextualization and background knowledge in order to successfully visualize and analyze the results of an election.
World electoral geographies
Canada
Canadian electoral geography is typified by a high degree of political regionalism, with most disputes interpreted as conflicts between provinces or regions. Notably, class consciousness is quite low in Canada as compared to the former mother country, Britain.
Because of the disparity in the population size of the various provinces, their importance in electoral geography varies substantially. As well some provinces are small enough and similar enough to their neighbours that they vote similarly, while others are large enough to have considerable internal divisions. The smaller Atlantic Provinces might be considered as unit, but Ontario might be subdivided between the urban, suburban, rural, and remote regions, or between north, south, east, and west, or into more specific regions like the Golden Horseshoe or the Greater Toronto Area.
In federal politics, a winning coalition must be composed of various sub-regions, identified not only by place but by ideology. A winning coalition might include Western social conservatives, suburban Ontario moderates, and Quebec soft nationalists (Brian Mulroney, 1984, 1988), or Ontario moderates, Quebec federalists, and most of Atlantic Canada (Jean Chretien, 1993, 1997, 2000), or most of the West and Atlantic Canada, plus rural and suburban Ontario (Stephen Harper, 2011).
When the main parties are not seen to serve the interest of a particular region, protest parties or movements often emerge. This has included several Quebec nationalist parties, parties arising from the phenomenon called Western alienation, and the Maritime Rights Movement. Partly for this reason, Canada has typically had a multi-party system for much of its history rather than the two-party system that is typical of first past the post elections. This has in turn led to several minority governments in Canada.
Regionalism in Canada is such that is also notable within provinces on the stage of provincial elections. There is considerable distinction between the politics of Montreal and those of the Saguenay or the Gaspe, and likewise between the Lower Mainland and the BC Interior.
United Kingdom
In the present United Kingdom, electoral geography is studied extensively and has been compared to the method in the United States of elections and regionalization, by employing UK methods of class cleavage, where the Conservative Party tends to be favoured by the white-collar class and the Labour Party by the UK’s working class. Comparing the methods of sectionalism in the UK and the US places emphasis on location; instead of basing support for a party by class, the US does so by location. In the UK, some areas are more heavily populated than others, giving differences in population relating to the geography of each individual voting district.
In the UK, to extinguish regional identity, England was divided into nine regions. It was thought that people who congregate seem to vote alike, rather than voting on one’s own opinions. This is what is known as the "neighborhood effect". Even with nine distinct regions, the voting patterns are seemingly disproportionally divided between the two dominant parties. This forces researchers to question what causes regional differences in voting outcomes.
The voting method in the UK differs from that of the United States. To produce an outcome, "all voting takes place in the context of a particular electoral system. There has to be some agreed way of aggregating votes to produce a result. Votes indicate individuals’ preferences and in the public elections these have to be translated into seats by some formula". This formulaic approach ends in an outcome giving a translated number of seats for each party in Parliament.
England is not alone in selecting its electoral system. “… A cross-national study found seventy different systems in twenty-seven democracies.” When choosing which system a government will use, great consideration has to be made. A serious question arises during this process; What should this election be designed to achieve? General answers have been:
- To enable the representation of voters’ opinion in rough proportion to their strength in the electorate
- To allow for the representation of geographically defined areas
- To decisively confer power on a team of leaders or a party.”
Voter awareness in terms of the reasoning, motivation, and methods of an election are critical for shoring up public support for the legitimacy of elections and elected officials.
Russia
The electoral geography of Russia is marked by the obvious territorial cleavages between North and South, urban and rural territories, etc. One phenomenon of territorial cleavages in electoral preferences in Russia is known as the "red belt" (compact located regions with high support for the Communist Party).
In the first democratic elections in the history of contemporary Russia it was noticed that liberal and democratic politicians had much higher support in the northern regions, whereas the south of Russia appeared more conservative.
Both capitals in Russia - Moscow and the "northern capital" Saint Petersburg - significantly differ in electoral results from the rest of the country. Only in these cities is there strong electoral support of liberal and democratic politicians. Support for United Russia is less than in other regions.
United States
The electoral geography of the United States is a description of regional political differences, which in recent years has been popularized by the red and blue paradigm to pictorially represent Republican and Democratic Election results. The presence of a two-dominant party system creates a great potential for disenfranchisement of minority voters and their opinions. Qualities of “northeasterliness”, “westerliness”, and “southerliness”, which constitute the expectations for Democratic, Republican, and volatile Republican voting results, have been used in order to understand and define the political landscape. However, culturally driven anomalies in this general expectation have been observed.
Debate has been common in recent elections in regards to the election of the President of the United States via the electoral college. The debate stems from the fact that the electoral college is a malapportioned body., and thus provides for a scenario whereby a candidate may win the election via the electoral college without carry a plurality of the popular vote.
See also
- Electoral geography of Russia
- Electoral geography of the United States
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Agnew, John. 1996. “Mapping politics: how context counts in electoral geography”. In Political Geography, Volume 15, Issue 2, pp. 129-146. Elsevier: London, United Kingdom.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jones, Martin, Jones, Rhys, and Woods, Michael. 2006. “Democracy, participation and citizenship”. In An Introduction to Political Geography: Space, Place and Politics, Second Edition, pp. 137-157. Routledge: New York.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Johnston, Ron. 2002. “Manipulating maps and winning elections: measuring the impact of malapportionment and gerrymandering”. In Political Geography, Volume 21, pp. 1-31. Elsevier: Atlanta.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Prescott, J.R.V. 1959. “The Function and Methods of Electoral Geography”. In Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Volume 49, Issue 3, pp. 296 – 304. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Morrill, Richard, Knopp, Larry and Brown, Michael. 2007. “Anomalies in red and blue: Exceptionalism in American electoral geography”. In Political Geography, Volume 26, pp. 525-553. Elsevier: Atlanta.
- 1 2 3 Johnston, Ron. 2005. “Anglo-American Electoral Geography: Same Roots and Same Goals, but Different Means to Ends?”. In Professional Geographer, pp. 580–587. Blackwell Publishing: Oxford.
- ↑ Denver, David. Elections and Voters in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan: New York.
- ↑ Demko, George, K. and Wood, William, B. Reordering the World. 1994. Westview Press: Oxford.
- ↑ Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution of the United States
- ↑ "2006 Census estimates". Census.gov. 2009-01-07. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2009-12-23.. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ↑ Electoral College Mischief, The Wall Street Journal, September 8, 2004". Opinionjournal.com. http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110005582. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
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http://library.kiwix.org/wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2018-09/A/Electoral_geography.html
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It’s only fitting that the 2020 presidential election outcome is still undecided. In a year in which so much has already been put on hold, what’s one more delayed decision? As expected, President Trump is likely to lose the popular vote by a notable margin. However, as votes are still being counted in many crucial swing states, neither President Trump nor former Vice President Biden have secured enough Electoral College votes to win the presidency. And it could take weeks to tally all the votes.
Sadly, both Republicans and Democrats have begun trading accusations of foul play — and lawsuits will escalate following all the mudslinging. This type of environment will only further fuel people’s anxieties and frustrations.
In such an unprecedented year, this plot twist is almost expected. In fact, a Gallup Poll found that in the closing days of the presidential campaign, just 21% of Americans expected that the outcome would be known on November 3. Perhaps that partially explains why market volatility has remained muted as investors await an election outcome.
In an election that we’ve called a defining moment for America, Biden and Trump offered voters two very different paths forward. With such stark differences between the candidates on everything from COVID-19 and health care to taxes and foreign trade, most voters made up their minds early. As a result of the pandemic, more than 100 million Americans cast their ballots before November 3. That is more than 71% of all the voters in the 2016 presidential election.
Ironically, voters sure enough of their decision to vote early contributed to the indecision on election night. That’s because while states like Ohio and Florida could begin counting votes as they came in, other states had to wait until Election Day to begin. And due to the precautions in place because of the pandemic, mail-in votes take even longer to process — and there were a record number this year. Further complicating the counting, while some states require that ballots be received by Election Day, others require that ballots be postmarked by Election Day. For example, the swing state of Pennsylvania, with 20 electoral votes still on the line, will accept postmarked ballots until November 6.
This isn’t the first time we haven’t had a decision on Election Day. Most recently, in 2000, it took 36 days before we knew that George W. Bush had defeated Al Gore.
To some extent, the uncertainty reflected in the pre-election Gallup Poll has been priced into the market. However, a prolonged delay or contested result could spark periods of volatility. Despite all the unknowns that surround this delayed election outcome, the backdrop for risk assets remains attractive. Historically, risk assets have performed well over most time periods, regardless of which party controls the White House and Congress. We continue to encourage investors to ignore the election outcome noise. Instead, they should focus on a long-term investment horizon with a disciplined investment approach and embrace the benefits of diversification. Often, increased market volatility provides investors with an opportunity to purchase attractive investments at lower prices.
Investors concerned about increased market volatility may want to consider bolstering portfolios with investments such as long-term Treasuries, gold, and low-volatility and high-quality stocks. Once the election outcome is determined, negative real interest rates, generous monetary and fiscal policies, the remarkable rebound in the economy and corporate earnings, and the anticipated defeat of COVID-19 will likely support the market rally continuing into next year.
Regardless of whether your candidate wins or loses, the dust will soon settle on Election 2020 — and hopefully the pandemic, too — empowering all of us to move forward more confidently into 2021.
The views expressed in this material are the views of Michael Arone through the period ended November 4, 2020 and are subject to change based on market and other conditions. This document contains certain statements that may be deemed forward looking statements. Please note that any such statements are not guarantees of any future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially from those projected. Investing involves risk including the risk of loss of principal. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
The information provided does not constitute investment advice and it should not be relied on as such. It should not be considered a solicitation to buy or an offer to sell a security. It does not take into account any investor’s particular investment objectives, strategies, tax status or investment horizon. You should consult your tax and financial advisor. All material has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. There is no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the information and State Street shall have no liability for decisions based on such information.
The whole or any part of this work may not be reproduced, copied or transmitted or any of its contents disclosed to third parties without State Street Global Advisors’ express written consent.
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https://www.ssga.com/nl/en_gb/institutional/etfs/insights/known-unknowns
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New for the 2019 school year, our printable Explainers introduce key terms and ideas that are essential to understanding today’s news.
This Explainer describes the standards that governments need to meet before, during, and after an election to ensure that the election is "free and fair."
This Explainer defines the term political polarization and provides information on how it impacts US politics and society.
This explainer describes key characteristics of white nationalist ideology and clarifies related key-terms, such as “alt-right” and “white power.”
This Explainer presents statistics on migration around the world and defines key terms such as migrant, refugee, and asylum seeker.
Our Teaching Ideas help you address specific events and issues in the news. With a variety of accessible resources and engaging teaching strategies, they can be used for all or part of a class period. We also offer on-demand webinars on a range of topics for professional learning that fits your schedule.
Use these activities to help students reflect on the themes in Amanda Gorman’s Inauguration Day poem and consider how their unique experiences and voices can help America “forge a union with purpose.”
In this Teaching Idea, students learn about the history of democratic and anti-democratic efforts in the United States and examine sources that illuminate this tension from Reconstruction through today.
This Teaching Idea guides students to use an iceberg diagram to synthesize the events of January 6, 2021, and outline the complex array of causes at work.
Pause. Take a breath. In the past few years and, more urgently, in the past months and weeks, some Americans have used the language of division to describe the United States—a "divided society." We are and have been. Using these kinds of labels helps, I think, because they allow us to begin giving language to our problems and then open up possible solutions. We have many fractures. There's not one thing that divides us. In other countries, people speak more freely of identity-based conflicts—sectarian, racial, and ethnic. We, too, have identity-based conflicts—this is one legacy of our unredressed history of racial injustice, violence, and oppression. We are also divided by additional vectors of inequality and we are divided by partisanship.
This Teaching Idea is designed to help guide an initial classroom reflection on the insurrection at the US Capitol that occurred on January 6, 2021.
This Teaching Idea contains guidance on how to discuss the election with your students and activities to help them process their responses, find accurate information, and consider the impact of the results.
This Teaching Ideas uses our Free and Fair Elections Explainer to help students reflect on the importance of elections, define the phrase “free and fair elections,” and learn about electoral systems in their region.
At Facing History, we stand with educators who are working to disrupt rising white nationalism.
This Teaching Idea examines how bias in policing operates at the individual, community, city, and societal levels, and then invites students to use this framework to begin a discussion about creating solutions to the issue of biased policing.
This Teaching Idea asks students to wrestle with the complexity of policing, public safety, and bias by exploring a variety of contemporary sources on policing.
This Teaching Idea provides a brief overview of the history of policing in the early United States and then examines how laws, and biased enforcement of those laws, were used to control the lives of Black Americans in the South following the Civil War.
The history of debate and civil discourse between candidates running for political office in the United States has long been held up as a pillar of our elections process and our democracy. Typically used as a means to debate policy publicly, defend positions, and appeal to voters, debates bring candidates into the same space and ask them to adhere to a set of agreed upon rhetorical rules of engagement.
This Teaching idea prepares students to engage in conversations about policing, bias, and racism by inviting them to co-create class norms and reflect on the emotions and experiences they and their classmates bring.
This Teaching Idea provides students with an opportunity to deepen their understanding of democracy and a framework for making meaning of news stories about the tensions and conflicts in democracies today.
This Teaching Idea uses the story of the Robert E. Lee monument to help students consider the power of symbols and explore the summer's protests through the lens of voice, agency, and solidarity.
Explore the origin and legacy of the Take A Knee protest in the NFL, the significance of the more recent athlete boycotts, and the long history of athletes protesting racial injustice in the United States.
How do we talk about issues that matter? The exchange of ideas, perspectives and arguments is essential to democracy and humane societies.
Prepare to discuss current events themes from spring and summer 2020 including the Black Lives Matter movement, monument removal, global responses to COVID-19, and changes to elections around the world. See articles sharing perspectives that educators might consider as they prepare to greet students and colleagues.
As the George Floyd protests continue in cities around the country, debate continues to mount about the future of policing. A wide network of activist groups have been calling for the nation’s police departments to be defunded, insisting that attempts at incremental reform have failed and alternative approaches to public safety must be implemented.
This Teaching Idea is a guide for teachers to begin conversations with their students about George Floyd’s death and the events that surround it.
This Teaching Idea is designed to help students reflect on how the movies, shows, and books we consume can reinforce stereotypes about Muslims and the harmful impact stereotyping has on people's lives.
Help students explore the underlying causes of racial inequity in coronavirus outcomes with the activities in this Teaching Idea.
This Teaching Idea features Google Slides with activities that prompt students to reflect on the difficult ethical questions we’re all facing during the coronavirus crisis.
Inform students about the rising number of antisemitic incidents in the United States and explore the story of one teacher’s response to an antisemitic incident involving high school students in her community.
This Teaching Idea provides facts about the new coronavirus and allows students to explore instances of discrimination related to COVID-19.
This teaching idea provides an overview of the ERA and a look at the history behind the struggle to ratify the amendment that would formally guarantee women equal rights to men under the US Constitution.
Use this Teaching Idea to inform students about recent episodes of racism and antisemitism in schools across the US, probe their causes and impact, and consider positive ways that communities can respond to hate.
The Iowa caucuses are the first chance voters in the US have to cast a ballot in support of a presidential candidate. Help students understand how the caucuses work, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of voting in person, and explore the question of whether Iowa should be the first state to vote.
Explore media bias using recent news coverage of controversial events and help students think about what healthy news habits they want to adopt.
As people living on American soil await a decision from the U.S. Supreme Court on the fate of DACA—the immigration policy that has permitted some 700,000 undocumented youth to remain in the U.S. after being brought here as children—one figurehead of the undocumented movement is urging young immigrants to be fearless in building their lives here, with or without the right papers.
The news cycles of the last few years have captured countless instances of racist violence perpetrated by white people against black people—a continuation of a long history of antiblack violence in the United States. And amid this legacy of violence, a number of black figures have done the unimaginable: they have publicly expressed forgiveness to avowedly racist white people who murdered their relatives and community members.
As public presidential impeachment hearings begin in the US House of Representatives, American middle and high school educators face a number of unique challenges. Here are 4 strategies that can help you make the impeachment inquiry a teachable moment.
Reading “laterally” is a key media literacy strategy that helps students determine the quality of online sources. This Teaching Idea trains students to use this technique to evaluate the credibility of the news they encounter on social media feeds or elsewhere online.
The Kurds are the largest ethnic group in the world without a state, and they often play important roles in politics and conflicts in the Middle East. This Teaching Idea helps students answer questions like “Who are the Kurds and why are they divided among so many countries in the Middle East?”
This past fortnight has seen an alarming number of antisemitic and racist incidents in the news: in Germany, two people were killed and many more terrorised in a mass shooting attempt that targeted a synagogue; in Bulgaria, football fans taunted players with racist chants and Nazi salutes; in Hertfordshire, a teacher allegedly “joked” about sending primary school pupils who failed to complete their work “to the gas chamber”(and then told them not to tell anyone); and in politics, another Labour politician resigned from the party citing the rise of antisemitism as the reason for her departure.
Provide students with historical context for understanding the protests against the Thirty Meter Telescope on Maunakea and help them explore the reasons why many Native Hawaiians oppose its construction.
With reparations in the news, this Teaching Idea helps students define the term, learn what forms reparations can take, and consider what reparations should be offered for slavery and other racist policies.
Explore with your students why young people are calling for action against climate change and some of the strategies they can use to make a difference on this issue.
Deepen students’ understanding of the issue of migrant detention by having them consider the diverse perspectives of detained migrants, an immigration lawyer, a border guard, and an immigration judge.
Help students understand how the United States’ complex asylum process works. Invite them to consider the question, who has an obligation to asylum seekers?
Exploring why people migrate is essential to understanding migration at the US–Mexico border. Use these activities to examine migration from El Salvador to the US and the factors that drive migration.
This teaching idea contains strategies and activities for supporting your students in the aftermath of a mass shooting, terrorist attack, or other violent event.
Explore ideas around access to voting by learning about India’s general election and the country’s commitment to ensuring that all voters are close to a polling station.
More than 60 years after Brown v. Board of Education, give students an overview of the problem of school segregation in the United States today and open a discussion about possible solutions.
Facilitate discussion in your classroom around the recent attacks in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim places of worship, and explore with students how communities respond after incidents of hate.
Explore how dress codes can unfairly target the appearance of certain groups of people and help students consider what fair school dress codes look like.
These activities are designed to help students reflect on the devastating attacks in Christchurch, New Zealand.
Teach students about Representative Shirley Chisholm’s groundbreaking career and connect her story to today’s 116th Congress—the most diverse federal legislative body in US history.
Created in partnership with Girl Rising, this teaching idea invites students to engage with the story of a young refugee and to consider the power of storytelling to spark empathy.
Provide students with context for understanding China’s ongoing persecution of the Uighur Muslims and encourage them to consider the experiences of this religious minority group targeted with discriminatory policies and incarceration.
Use this teaching idea to introduce students to the story of Governor Northam, examine the history of blackface in the years before the Civil War, and consider how leaders and citizens should respond today.
Help students analyze recent trends regarding receding Holocaust memory and the resurgence of antisemitism in Europe, and prompt them to consider how history can help us confront hate in the world.
Help students develop a framework for analyzing and discussing the incidents of racial bias they’re seeing in the news and on social media.
Use the UDHR as a framework to help students understand the progress that has been made since the document's adoption and the areas where we continue to fall short in protecting and promoting human rights today.
Use this Teaching Idea during the 2020 election season to help students explore the expansion and constriction of voting rights throughout US history.
Students reflect on the role of freedom of the press by exploring the recent story of two journalists arrested in Myanmar while investigating the killings of Rohingya civilians.
Use recent photographs to help students connect to the experiences of migrants and to better understand the scale of global migration.
Inform students about the Trump administration’s family separation policy and help them emotionally process the human side of this news story.
Help students to examine recent events and statistics about the rise of antisemitism in Europe and to consider how we can respond to hate.
Use these activities and resources on Japanese American incarceration during World War II to introduce students to this history while exploring questions about American identity, racism, and citizenship.
Many students considered participating in the national school walkouts to protest gun violence following the Parkland, Florida school shooting. Use this teaching idea to explore the rich history of youth activism from the 1960s to present day. You'll prepare them to think critically as they examine current events through a historical lens and equip them with tools and strategies to engage in difficult conversations.
Use this teaching idea to help your students draw connections between the long history of black women’s activism against sexual violence and gender discrimination with the #MeToo movement today. The questions and activities focus on the experiences of Recy Taylor, Rosa Parks, and Essie Favrot.
Use the following lesson and activities with your students to provide context for the 2018 U.S. immigration debate over who can come to the United States, who can stay, and what it means to be American. Recent news and debates may seem especially combative, but they echo earlier moments in US history when Americans questioned who could become a citizen.
Students place this ongoing crisis in historical context, view footage from a refugee camp, and reflect on survivor testimony.
Use these teaching strategies and resources to strengthen your students' media literacy skills.
Reading “laterally” is a key media literacy strategy that helps students determine the quality of online sources. This Teaching Idea trains students to use this technique to evaluate the credibility of the news they encounter on social media feeds or elsewhere online.
Help students identify and analyze the key characteristics of the three most common types of news articles.
View our teacher checklist for preparing to teach current events to middle and high school students. We include recommended news sources, key questions to ask yourself as you plan, and strategies for navigating emotionally difficult or complex topics.
Help students become informed and effective civic participants in today's digital landscape. This unit is designed to develop students' critical thinking, news literacy, civic engagement, and social-emotional skills and competencies.
Our partners at the News Literacy Project developed the media literacy resource Checkology, a set of lessons designed to help students learn how to critically evaluate and interpret news sources.
Explore media bias using recent news coverage of controversial events and help students think about what healthy news habits they want to adopt.
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https://www.facinghistory.org/educator-resources/current-events/resources-teaching-about-current-events-classroom
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A Rundown of the 2020 Presidential Election
The United States presidential election is right around the corner. 2020 has been a tough year for everyone all around the world due to the coronavirus pandemic and emerging social issues. These issues have impacted how citizens view each candidate running for office. They will vote for who they feel have been more responsive to their individual views. The Class of 2021 has over 1,000 students and about half of them will eligible to vote in this election cycle. As new voters, they will make decisions that will help make the path for the future of our country.
This year’s major electoral candidates are Donald Trump and Joe Biden.
The Republican candidate for this year is incumbent President Donald Trump. He and his vice-president, Mike Pence, are running for their second term. As Republican candidates, their platform focuses on strong national views and limiting immigration. They have made many statements about keeping a strong economy and free-market capitalism.
The Republican Party also generally opposes raising taxes and favors spending more on military and armed forces. The Republican Party also leans more towards fewer government regulations. Trump has previously supported the expansion of school choice, which would allow students and their families to have more choice over the school they attend. His platform includes a lot of discussion on strengthening the economy. This is currently being widely discussed due to how COVID-19 has affected the economy. The dramatic loss of jobs and lack of employment have been a major result of the pandemic.
Both candidates have very different policies and political positions due to their different political parties. The Democratic candidate for this year’s presidential elections is Joe Biden. Biden will be running with Kamala Harris as his vice-presidential candidate and both will represent the Democratic Party.
Their stance focuses on healthcare, education, gun reform, and safety. Their platform also supports higher taxes and are generally not opposed to using those taxes to fund the government. They also believe in less spending on military issues. In addition, Biden’s focus includes equal rights (and specifically mentions in the workforce), national security and climate concerns. Environmental issues are currently being debated due to wildfires plaguing the United States. This is not a new issue, as California has been suffering with these disasters more so in the last several years.
Both sides are currently campaigning, and their interviews are being covered in newspapers, radio shows, and television news programs. This is a unique year as the candidates cannot campaign like they usually would. CDC guidelines have been limiting how much travel they can do. In addition, both candidates have their own website where voters can sign in to receive voting information. Through these websites, voters can request mail in ballots and join their mail/email distribution. Voters have to be proactive to seek candidate information due to limited travel.
You can find your polling location on https://registertovoteflorida.gov/
No matter which side the Ferguson voters are appealing to, the most important thing one can do is stay well-informed. Keeping track of websites and news channels that cover each candidate’s political views can drastically influence the voting turnout. Believe it or not, student voters can impact the election and the divisive political climate. Florida has a large amount of electoral college votes, so young voters have the potential to sway elections. Florida is a swing state, which means that we have similar levels of support among voters for both major political parties. This means that our state is important in determining the overall result of a presidential election.
As exciting as an election is, it also is a privilege and a responsibility. At the end of the day, we are a part of choosing who will run our country. It is important that the elections be taken seriously.
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http://fergusontalon.com/a-rundown-of-the-2020-presidential-election/
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because it appears to be a state endorsement of religion.
Provisions of the Ninth and Tenth Amendments
convey divisions of power between state and federal governments
In the twentieth century the Supreme Court became increasingly more willing to
protect individuals against intrusive state actions. What instrument gave the
Supreme Court this authority?
The Fourteenth Amendment’s due
process clause
The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees
in all criminal cases the accused shall … have the assistance of Counsel for
his defense
In the case of Barron v. Baltimore (1833) a private citizen
attempted to apply the U.S. Constitution’s Fifth Amendment as the basis for a
state level civil suit. The court’s ruling
made the U.S. Bill of Rights not applicable to the state governments
In the case of Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court held that
provisions of the Bill of Rights
and the Fourteenth Amendment create a “zone of privacy.”
In the 1940s and 1950s, members of the Communist party were convicted for their
advocacy of _______, or calling for the overthrow of an existing system of
government
sedition
The Fourth Amendment has been used in defense of the
right of the people to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures
The idea that the best test for truth is to present all arguments, valid and
invalid, is an example of
the “marketplace of ideas.”
The legal rule requiring that all evidence illegally obtained by police in
violation of the Bill of Rights must be excluded from admission in a court of
law is called the
exclusionary rule.
Why did the Framers of the Constitution, such as James Madison, believe that a
Bill of Rights to guarantee individual rights was unnecessary at the federal
level?
They believed the federal
government had only the powers it was explicitly given.
Who makes the determination that a particular action or law is in violation of
the free exercise clause of the First Amendment?
The U.S. Supreme Court
Charles Schenck, a leader of the American Socialist Party, was jailed for
distributing anti-draft leaflets during the early months of American involvement
in World War I. In the case of Schenck v. United States, the Supreme
Court rejected Schenck’s request for release and thus established the test of
free speech that
speech may be restricted when a “clear and present danger” exists
The primary purpose of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was to
remove artificial barriers to voter participation such as literacy tests and
poll taxes
Passive resistance to a law that is perceived as unjust by refusing to obey it
is known as a
civil disobedience.
The Civil War Amendments were a series of three race-related Constitutional
Amendments. These amendments were the
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and
Fifteenth.
Which type of law, passed in southern states during Reconstruction, required a
payment to the government before an individual could be allowed to vote?
Poll tax
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which
banned discrimination in accommodations, both public and private, and
employment
A social condition in which members of different groups possess substantially
the same rights to participate actively in the political system is referred to
as
political equality
Which term refers to equality and fair treatment within the various
institutions, both public and private that serve the public at large?
Social equality
Among other provisions, the Fourteenth Amendment provided for
full citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States
In the “Civil Rights Cases” the Supreme Court held that
private individuals may
discriminate on the basis of race.
Which term applied to the variety of laws enacted by state and local governments
across the South in the late 1800s and early 1900s that required and enforced
racial segregation?
Jim Crow laws
The purpose of the Twenty-fourth Amendment, ratified in 1964, was to
prohibit the use of state poll taxes in federal elections
Which of the following is NOT true of public opinion polls?
They are the only means of
reliably expressing public opinion.
An unscientific poll that gathers the opinions of people who are conveniently
available in a particular gathering place is called
a straw poll.
The most common method used to
determine public opinion isAnswer
the public opinion poll.
Many scholars use as a general definition of public opinion the
summation of individual opinions
on any particular topic.
What is the normal confidence interval percentage with a poll?
95 percent
Often there are many factors and institutions that have a particularly relevant
impact on one’s socialization to politics. These factors and institutions are
known as
agents of political socialization
According to the National Council on Public Polls, which of the following need
NOT be disclosed about any poll that is released publicly?
The names of interviewers
Which of the following is true concerning the political orientations of
Americans?
Political orientations tend to be
very stable and lasting.
According to most research, how long is the process of acquiring political
values, beliefs, and opinions?
A lifelong process beginning in
childhood
The amount of error in a poll that results from interviewing a group of people
rather than the whole population under study is referred to as
sampling error.
Beyond an “iron triangle,” a broader set of actors who all have a vested
interest in an area of public policy and try to collectively influence their
policy area is generally referred to as
an issue network.
Three sets of actors interact to produce policy: congressional committees,
executive agencies of government, and private interest groups. This grouping of
actors and interests is referred to as the
iron triangle
While membership numbers are important to an interest group, the wealth of its
members is also important. This is because
wealth impacts the level of financial contributions to political campaigns
During periods of rapid growth in federal spending, such as the New Deal of the
1930s and the Great Society of the 1960s, what has been the corresponding
response of interest groups?
The number of organized and active interest groups increased significantly
Which of the following would NOT be included in a list of economic interest
groups?
Animal rights groups
Which of the following would NOT be an advantage of interest group activity?
Interest groups work to concentrate benefits for the few while distributing
costs to the many
How many Americans are estimated
as belonging to at least one interest group?Answer
Approximately 80 percent
Between 1960 and 2000, the number of official associations (interest groups)
increased by about
400 percent
An organization of people with shared goals that tries to influence public
policy through a variety of activities is called
an interest group.
Which theory says that public policy largely results from a variety of interest
groups competing with one another to promote laws that benefit members of their
respective groups?
Pluralism
How are interest groups legally protected in the United States?
Through the First Amendment of
the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees the right of the people “to peaceably
assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances”
Often an individual will join and support a certain interest group to receive
tangible advantages from that membership. These advantages are referred to as
material benefits
Which of the following is NOT a method that interest groups use to lobby for
their causes?
Boycotting businesses
Which of the following is the most influential interest group that lobbies for
the needs of the elderly?
American Association for Retired
People (AARP)
Which theory says that public policy is a product of whatever the majority of
citizens prefer?
Majoritarianism
The period between the national party conventions in the summer of the
presidential election year and the actual election in November is referred to as
the
general election campaign.
A handful of states do not hold elections for individual parties to select their
candidates. Instead, the party members are invited to attend local meetings at
which they choose delegates who make a commitment to a candidate for the party
nomination. This process is called
the caucus
How does a candidate “win” the presidency in the Electoral College?
He/she must receive an outright
majority of all electoral votes.
The term “battleground state” refers to a state that
either party has a chance of
winning in the presidential election.
Which of the following is NOT a major source of campaign funding?
Foreign investors
All states have a minimum of three electoral votes. The state with the most
electoral votes in the Electoral College is
California.
Campaign contributions that go directly to the candidate are called
hard money.
In 1824 Andrew Jackson was the first presidential candidate in American history
to win the popular vote but not win a majority of the Electoral College vote.
What happened as a result?
The House of Representatives
selected the president from the top vote getters.
The final determination of which candidate wins the presidential election is
based upon
the official results of the votes cast by electors in the Electoral College
A statewide election that selects delegates who will represent the state at the
party’s national convention is called a
presidential primary.
Most states require that voters declare their party affiliation ahead of time
and, at the time of voting, can only vote in that party’s election. This process
is called
a closed primary
Which of the following is NOT true of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of
2002?
It requires that all federal candidates accurately disclose campaign
contributions
One theory states that certain elections can produce sharp changes in patterns
of party loyalty among voters, such as the election of 1860 in which Abraham
Lincoln won the presidency. This theory is called
critical election theory.
In regards to political parties, the term ”de-alignment” refers to
the decline in voter attachment to both parties
Which of the following was NOT a purpose of the earliest national party
conventions?
Forum for open debate between the
two major national political parties
Woodrow Wilson’s victory in 1912 was the only Democratic presidential win
between 1896 and 1932. To what do most experts credit Wilson’s win?
A third-party campaign by former
Republican president Theodore
Roosevelt
If a third-party candidate has no expectation of winning an election, what would
be a positive reason for him/her to run for the presidential office?
To raise awareness of a
particular ideology or cause
Which of the following is NOT a function of political parties?
Establishing networks of business
relationships
Which of the following is true of voter turnout?
Women are slightly more inclined to vote than men
Which of the following is NOT an explanation for low voter turnout?
The rise in general “social
capital”
What constitutional amendment guarantees women equal voting rights with men?
Nineteenth Amendment
In the 1828 presidential election Andrew Jackson won decisively. Which of the
following was NOT a result of this important election?
It solidified a one-party system by making it difficult to oppose this dominant
party
What constitutional amendment lowered the voting age to 18 in all local, state,
and federal elections?
Twenty-sixth Amendment
The Whig Party was a dominant party for the 20 years immediately preceding the
Civil War By the 1850s the Whig Party began to witness serious divisions that
led to its demise. What was the basis of this split?
Serious differences over the
legality and morality of slavery
The person regarded as the father of the national party system is
Andrew Jackson.
The presidential proclamation of 1823 that there should be no further attempts
to colonize North and South America by European powers is known as the
Monroe Doctrine
A foreign policy that is the opposite of isolationism, one that advocates
economic and military actions to secure boundaries and interests worldwide is
known as
internationalism.
Which political ideology opposes American interventions in distant wars or
involvement in permanent military alliances?
Isolationism
The “preemption doctrine” can be understood as
the right of the U. S. use advance strikes to stop states from developing WMDs
Which of the following is NOT a basis of the president’s increased power over
foreign policy?
He has been given extensive and
specific constitutional powers to undertake the responsibilities of conducting
foreign policy.
Though World War I began in Europe in 1914, the United States did not enter the
war until 1917. The primary reason for this delay was due to the fact that the
United States
advocated and pursued a policy of isolationism and neutrality
The “new world order” declared by president George H. W. Bush in 1991 referred
to
numerous nations working together
for collective peace, security, and the rule of law.
Which of the following is NOT a program of the U.S. Department of State?
Oversight of homeland
security
Politicians and presidential advisors who call for aggressive military action
wherever hostile forces may be found are often referred to as
hawks.
What term is used to describe a nation’s activities directed at relations with
other countries?
Foreign policy
What is the executive body that plays a critical role in formulating and
implementing U.S. foreign policy through management of the nation’s military?
Department of Defense
Policy that deals with how to raise revenue through taxation and how to spend
the revenue generated is called
fiscal policy.
In the policy making process, the recognition/definition stage is one in which
the
objectives to be fulfilled and goals to be pursued are first identified and
defined
The amount of money spent by the government over and above what it collects in
taxes and other revenue in a single year is referred to as
budget deficit.
Medicaid was designed to provide healthcare to the
poor.
In the policy making process, the stage in which the policy under consideration
assumes the authority of law through an act of Congress or regulations issued by
administrative agencies is called the ________ stage.
adoption
The period in which the budget process must be completed from start to finish is
the first Monday in February
through October 1.
In the policy making process, the
stage in which the policy is assessed for its worth and effectiveness in meeting
its original objectives and goals is called the __________ stage.
Answer
evaluation
Regulation of the money supply and interest rates by a central bank, such as the
U.S. Federal Reserve Board, in order to control inflation and stabilize currency
is called
monetary policy
What is one practical use by the federal government for the Consumer Price Index
(CPI)?
It helps determines the cost of
living increases in federal social security benefits.
An economic slowdown
characterized by higher unemployment, reduced productivity, or some other
negative economic indicators is known asAnswer
recession.
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the federal budget?
It sets limits on the
profitability of key industries and service companies.
Approximately how long after the creation of social security were Medicare and
Medicaid added to the American social welfare system?
30 years
What are guaranteed government
benefits that certain citizens depend upon for subsistence?Answer
Entitlements
A set of laws, regulations, and rules that affect the whole of society is
referred to as
public policy.
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https://freezingblue.com/flashcards/246515/preview/final-exam-govt
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Why Media Measurement Must Change
As marketing becomes increasingly fragmented and complex, and as consumer demands and regulation around data privacy change, it's becoming clear that measurement needs to change as well.
March 2020
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Accenture’s withdrawal from media auditing and management services
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CES 2020: industry analysis
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2020 vision: five predictions for marketing in the year ahead to fuel brand building
For many brands, 2020 planning is now in full swing. Getting future strategies and focus areas right requires a clear understanding of where the market is heading and what’s becoming important. Right now, there are five central issues that ...
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https://www.ebiquity.com/news-insights/blog/?page=6
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We expect you to be very experienced in digital and content strategy and to be familiar with marketing, communications, social media, public relations and promotional events.
Responsibilities
- Development and management of inter-agency relations.
- Develop clear and coherent digital, content and social media strategies in line with the brand and its objectives.
- Always apply consumer knowledge and a data driven approach within the strategic methodology, having the ability to support strategic ideas with sound analytical reasoning.
- Ensure that strategies are deployed effectively in collaboration with other teams, partners and general objectives of the brand and the company.
- Work closely with the Creative, BI, and Data & Analytics teams to drive world-class, data-driven strategic results that drive our brands forward.
- Assist in the compilation of weekly reports on the social media platform with conversation and community trends and campaign reports in collaboration with the Data and Insights team.
- Track social media campaign performance, content, and the overall health of assigned social handles with regular reporting entries to the data and insight team.
- Be the point of contact in all strategic digital releases.
- Help compile timely crisis reports while measuring and reporting on reach, influencers, conversation drivers and level or threat to brand reputation.
- Find new ways to communicate, identify new opportunities and ways to solve business / brand issues.
- Ensure constant monitoring of campaigns and projects, to ensure compliance with the strategic direction.
- Support the different brands in building their marketing strategies and brand plans by staying ahead of technology, platforms and digital tools.
- Act as a brand custodian for the brands you work on, generating strategic solutions that drive transformation and marketing excellence.
- Take responsibility as a digital and content strategist on the brands you work on, connecting with the relevant teams to drive strategic excellence.
Diploma / experience
- Five years and more of experience as a strategist in a digital agency
- Qualifications in digital strategic marketing
- Proven ability to create cross-channel and content strategies
- A solid understanding of digital marketing and social media is crucial
- Experience in developing, managing and presenting solutions in a creative environment
- A solid understanding of media planning, content distribution and syndication
- Building the customer relationship
Skills:
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https://inigo-tech.com/digital-content-strategist-job-johannesburg/
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Qualification Graduate in any stream / BBA / BMS / BMM
Skills-Experience Excellent communication and presentation skills.
A great team leader.
Deep understanding of marketing principles.
Analytical.
Strong multitasking skills.
Strong analytical skills and data-driven thinking.
Budget-management skills and proficiency.
Up-to-date with latest trends and marketing best practices.
Excellent command of the English language.
Duties-Responsibilities Analysing how our brand is positioned in the market and crystallise targeted consumers insights.
Taking brand ownership and provide the vision, mission, goals and strategies to match up to.
Translating brand strategies into brand plans, brand positioning and go-to-market strategies.
Lead creative development and create motivating stimulus to get targeted population to take action.
Establishing performance specifications, cost and price parameters, market applications and sales estimates.
Measuring and reporting performance of all marketing campaigns, and assess against goals (ROI and KPIs).
Coaching the team and get the best from everyone.
Monitoring market trends, research consumer markets and competitors activities to identify opportunities and key issues.
Oversee marketing and advertising activities to ensure consistency with product line strategy.
Monitoring product distribution and consumer reactions.
Innovative growth strategies.
Align the company around the brands direction, choices and tactics.
Age 28 to 45
Experience: Minimum 5 years of experience. Candidates from Media / Advertising background will be preferred.
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https://m.timesjobs.com/mobile/job-detail/brand-manager-riyo-advertising-mumbai-5-to-8-yrs-jobid-YFayUYdejhdzpSvf__PLUS__uAgZw==&bc=+&sequence=6
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This research has been done to test the relationship between consumers’ self-concepts and relevant aspects of their consumer behaviour with the perception of brand personality that they have with respect to three brands of sportswear. The congruence between these two aspects has been studied.
It is a well known fact that consumer products have significance that goes beyond their utilitarian, functional and commercial value (Czikszentmihalyi and Rochberg-Halton, 1981; Levy, 1959; Mick, 1986). Bhat and Reddy (1998) have said that brands have both functional as well as symbolic meaning for customers.
Onkvisit and Shaw (1987) suggested that self-concept is significant and relevant to the study of consumer behaviour as many purchases made by consumers are directly influenced by the image individuals have of themselves. This view has been reinforced by a number of other researchers (for example Feinberg et al., 1992; Schwer and Daneshvary, 1995; Sirgy and Ericksen, 1992).
RESEARCH BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES
Self concept may be defined as “the totality of one’s thoughts and feelings having reference to himself as an object.” (Sirgy, 1982; Wily,1961). The self concept is a cognitive structure which in turn is associated with many emotions and feelings. It is also postulated that self concept is the knowledge of oneself which includes the driving thrust of other behaviours. (Zinkham and Hong, 1991). Grubb and Grathwohl (1967), building upon the theory of individual self enhancement (Rogers,1951) , proposed that self concept is formed in an interaction process between an individual and the people around him, and the individual shall strive to enhance the self concept in due course of the process.
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Traditionally, it was assumed that a person has a stable set of personality traits and therefore he or she should behave in a similar fashion across various contexts (Aaker, 1999; Sirgy, 1982). The above assumption has been challenged at various points of time in the last couple of years. Individuals can have multiple selves (Markus and Kunda, 1986; Markus and Nurius, 1986) where in they act varyingly with different customers and under various situations. The basic idea behind this is that different personality traits can be accessed differently in different situations (Aaker, 1999; Markus and Kunda, 1986).
Consumer behavior identifies Self Concept as a multidimensional concept consisting of the following five components: the ideal self, the apparent self, the social self, the perceived self and the actual self (Burns, 1979; Markins, 1979; Rosenberg, 1979 and Sirgy 1981,1982,1986 ). The various concepts are described by Markins (1979) at length. Each of them is described as ” the perceived self is how one sees oneself; the social self is how a person thinks others perceive them; the ideal self is the model person one aspires to be; and the apparent self being how the people actually see the person. The actual self, hence, is the composite of all the aforementioned self concepts.”
The multidimensional self concept, as explained above, could be used to explain an individual’s behavior with reference to reference groups, salespersons and competing brands. This, in turn, could be utilized by marketers to design and subsequently tweak their marketing campaigns to cater to the target segments classified as per their self concepts.
The aforementioned point was substantiated by a number of studies conducted over the years. Schiffman and Kanuk (2000) proposed that the one’s self perceptions are closely related to one’s personality in the sense that the individual tends to buy brands whose personalities closely correspond to individual’s own self images. Consumers tend to purchase brands whose personalities are perceived to be congruent with one’s own personality (Aaker, 1999; Kassarjian, 1971; Sirgy, 1982).
Brand Personality
Aaker (1997) defines Brand Personality as the set of human characteristics that consumers associate with a brand. Brand personality, by means of the traits associated with it, provides the consumer additional reasons to connect with a brand (Keller, 1998). Brand Personality provides an identity for consumers that conveys symbolic meaning for themselves and to others (Holman, 1981; Solomon, 1983). Aaker used the “Big Five” Personality Model to come up with a framework that consisted of five brand personality dimensions. These dimensions were: sincerity (wholesome, honest, down to earth) , excitement (exciting, adventurous, daring) , competence (intelligent, confident), sophistication (charming, glamorous, smooth), and ruggedness ( strong, masculine).
The NK Malhotra Scale (1981) also supports the measurement of the brand personality by means of measuring the product concepts.
To the extent that different brands can develop different personalities, they can be differentiated in the minds of the consumer and subsequently, the choice preferences of the customer can be altered (Freling and Forbes, 2005; Crask and Laskey, 1990). It was McCracken (1986) who went on to suggest that consumers might search for brands whose personalities match their own self concept.
Brand Personality in sport has become a hot topic in the last few years ( Gladden and Funk, 2002; Gladden and Milne, 1999; Parent and Seguin, 2008). In addition to concentrating primarily on the athlete’s personality, many studies have focused on the development of Brand Personality for a lot of sports brands or equipments (Gladden and Funk, 2002; Gladden and Milne, 1999; Parent and Seguin, 2008).
Brand Personality in Sport is affected by a variety of factors including : packaging, distribution, communication strategies (Gwin & Gwin, 2003), consumer interaction with the brand (2005) etc.
All the aforementioned strategies have to be taken into mind before designing a marketing campaign for sports goods or sportswear.
Self – Image Congruity
Self congruity indicates the degree of similarity between a consumer’s self image or self concept and that of a brand. It is the degree of consistency between the self image and the brand image (Sirgy, 1992).
The significance of self-concept lies in the fact that in a lot of cases what a consumer buys is largely influenced by the image or concept that the consumer has of himself or herself( Zinkham and Hong, 1991). The consumers, in effect, use products to display their self concepts to themselves (Sirgy, 1982; Wallendorf and Arnould, 1988).
Since purchase and consumption are good enough media of self-expression, therefore consumers put in an effort to purchase and consume products whose image matches those of theirs which results in Self image Product image congruity , better known as “Self-image congruity”.
Congruency impacts are desirable as they affect a consumer’s self image in a positive manner. On the other hand, inconsistencies and incongruities are likely to result in the feeling of inadequacy and dissatisfaction with the choices made (Johar and Sirgy, 1991; and Sirgy and Su, 1992). The above study has been followed by various studies that substantiate the aforementioned postulates. Previously conducted researches indicate that self – image congruity can influence consumer’s purchase intentions and their final purchase decisions (Ericksen, 1996; Mehta, 1999). Ericksen (1996), in a study conducted for a European automobile manufacturer, figured out that a relationship did exist between Self image Congruity and the final product purchased.
Products that are conspicuous in nature and require a strong brand image / personality might lend heavily to the self concept (Mehta, 1999; Zinkham and Hong, 1991). However, the above assumption made is not a given across all product categories. The self image congruity theory has been tested across various product categories. Some of these product categories include : shoes, car, clothing, beer etc.
Measurement of Self Concept
Traditionally, the self concept could be measured by using the semantic differential scale or Likert type scale. (Malhotra, 1981; Sirgy et. al 1997; Wylie 1981). The self concept of the individual using the given Likert scale is obtained. Similarly, the individual’s perception of the Brand Personality is obtained by asking him to rate the Brand on certain parameters. By comparing the two scores, the gaps or matches between the person’s self concept and his or her perception of the brand personality.
The NK Malhotra scale was developed in 1981 to measure self concepts, product concepts and person concepts. The scale was developed on certain sound theoretical considerations which were obtained directly from the work of Osgood, Suci and Tannenbaum (1957). The author selected a semantic differential scale on the reference made in a study which read ” the semantic differential scale has enjoyed a popularity in market research that is unmatched by any other psychological scaling process”( Green and Tull 1978, p. 191). An initial pool of 70 items was developed to measure the self concept which was shortened down to 27 items after independent evaluations by 4 judges. After conducting surveys with two samples of 167 students and 187 students each regarding self concepts and automobiles and self concepts and actors respectively, a factor analysis was conducted on the 27 items. This was followed by a cluster analysis and subsequently a regression analysis to fit these 27 items into a reduced multi-dimensional scale. At the end of it, a scale of 15 items was obtained which came to be known as the NK Malhotra scale.
However, Sirgy et al. 1997 was critical of the traditional methods to compute the self concept and brand personality. The critiques included:
The usage of discrepancy scores
The possible use of irrelevant images
The probable use of compensatory decision rule
Sirgy et .al, 1997 therefore subsequently proposed an alternative method to evaluate the individual’s self concept. The alternate method computed the self-image congruence directly rather than indirectly measuring it through the use of product user images and self images. The predictive validity of the new method conducted under six different surveys provided significant support for the relatively higher predictiveness of the new method over the older one.
HYPOTHESES
H1: There is correlation between Self Image and Brand Personality
H2: The congruity between Self Image and Brand Personality influences buying behaviour
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In conducting this research, it was necessary to find physically equivalent products with different brand names. This situation was found to pertain in the sportswear brands which were more or less identical in design and usage but were offered to the customers under different brand names. The three brands used were Nike, Reebok and Adidas.
Sample
The population used for the research consisted of post graduate students who had purchased one of these brands at least once in the past six months.
The questionnaire was floated on the web. After filling up the self concept scale, the respondents were shown the advertisements of the brands before they filled up the Brand personality scales for the respective brands.
A total of 168 useful responses were received. All responses were used for the purposes of data analysis.
The research instrument included 15 traits for each of the four parameters being measured, viz. self-concept and the brand personality for the three brands taken for the study. All of these were scored on scales of one to seven.
In the initial phase, respondents were asked to rate themselves on the scale. Then, they were shown the advertisements of each of the three brands which were part of the study, and the respondents were asked to rate each brand on the scale, considering the brands as persons.
After a time gap, respondents were questioned about their choice among the three brands if they would be making a purchase decision, and their responses were recorded.
The analysis on the collected data was done in four stages:
Factor Analysis was conducted on the 15 items of the scale for all the four parameters under measurement, namely Self-Concept and Brand Personality for the three brands to find out the factors
Canonical Correlation was performed between the self-concept factors and the brand personality factors to identify which self-concept factors are related to which of the brand personality factors
The responses were tested for Congruence with respect to each brand with the respondent’s self concept
Finally, Logistic Regression was performed to gauge the impact of self-brand congruity on purchase decisions
ANALYSIS
Factor Analysis
The scale designed by Naresh K. Malhotra, which is used for measuring self-concept and brand personality, is a 15-point scale. The 15 points constituting the scale are as below:
Congruence studies have been performed earlier in the west, but this study gives an insight of the impact of congruity on purchase decisions in an Indian context. From the marketers’ perspective, the results of this study have multiple ramifications.
It will help marketers segment the market and target their promotions effectively. It also reveals which traits play a more important role in influencing purchase decisions in case of each brand. Thus, it identifies the “differentiating attributes” in terms of creating consumer perception for each brand. Similarly, which parameters do not create an impact strong enough to influence purchase decisions can also be identified.
Hence, the study can also serve to gauge the impact of promotional campaigns.
Finally, this study helps in understanding the behavioural aspect of consumers of sports equipments.
LIMITATIONS
The main limitation of this study was that it relied on a convenience sample of university students, not necessarily representative of all university students or the general population. The sample was also skewed with more men than women. Results of this study should not be generalized beyond the group of students in the sample.
The use of students may have introduced a bias of greater homogeneity of perceptions of self than might exist for a broader based population. The three branded products selected for the test limited the general applicability of the results.
The scale used is the N.K. Malhotra scale developed in 1981. Its relevance in the present day is an issue of contention.
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The Director of Digital Marketing is responsible for managing and executing the company’s corporate digital marketing and media strategy. This newly-created position will help impact the organization’s strategic growth plan and customer experience initiatives. This person will work with key partners across the enterprise to help define an overarching strategy that best utilizes digital technology to meet both the parent company and business brand’s goals and objectives.
Works collaboratively with Kemper’s sales, marketing and technology teams in our business brands to develop and support strategies and campaigns. The Director of Digital Marketing will think strategically and be execution-oriented to drive a fully integrated digital marketing approach. The role is also responsible for championing digital approaches throughout the department and enterprise.
Position Responsibilities:
- Develop and drive overall digital marketing plan to build our brands online with our core constituencies and grow our leadership position in a competitive space.
- Advise and partner with business brand sales, marketing and technology teams to:Advocate and implement digital marketing strategies and emerging technologies to support lead acquisition, engagement and conversion.
- Help drive SEO/organic growth and inbound traffic through optimization of content and other recommendations.
- Provide strategic counsel and direction on the full range of digital opportunities and issues.
- Oversee renovation and ongoing management of Kemper.com; key partner on business brand websites. Evolve Kemper’s web presence, enhancing mobile capabilities, and search engine optimization.
- Develop and direct social media strategy to build and support the brands; create, implement and evaluate data-driven social media campaigns.
- Identify and implement innovative tactics to attract, engage, convert and grow our target markets, and build our brand online.
- Analyze market trends, including focus on customers and competitors; develop and implement strategies and tactics to optimize parent company and business brand marketing and positioning.
- Analyze the productivity and effectiveness of all digital and web efforts and develop meaningful metrics and reports for internal stakeholders.
Position Qualifications:
- Bachelor’s degree in marketing or related field and 8+ years of digital marketing experience with a measurable impact; or equivalent combination of education and experience.
- Effective at designing, implementing, and optimizing digital marketing initiatives, measuring and reporting on digital marketing’s impact on the business, and proposing improved ways of operating based on the data.
- Demonstrated execution-level expertise and experience in all digital channels including websites, mobile, social media, content management systems, SEO/SEM, and email marketing.
- Experience in leading website design and development efforts, including integration of digital assets.
- Demonstrated experience at explaining and building support for digital and technical initiatives.
- Results-driven personality with a high level of enthusiasm, energy and confidence.
- Self-directed and ability to prioritize, action-oriented, and energetic problem-solver.
- Critical and analytical thinker, proactive in proposing tests, ideas, solutions, optimization tactics, and channel strategies.
- Excellent organization, task and project management skills.
- Strong interpersonal and communication skills, both written and verbal.Familiarity and proficiency with managing agency relationships.
- Ability to travel up to 25%.
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https://chiefinternetmarketer.com/career-planning/digital-marketing-jobs/director-of-digital-marketing-for-kemper_4F2DBDEB-008A-2497-FEFFD09A968FF0F7/
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Keywords : brand valuation, multivariate statistical analysis, durable goods.
Citation Information : Statistics in Transition New Series. Volume 18, Issue 1, Pages 75-90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/stattrans-2016-058
License : (CC BY 4.0)
Published Online: 03-July-2017
Nowadays, due to changes in the market and new trends in consumer behaviours, intangible assets, such as brand, have gained fundamental importance. The more frequent conviction that a product with a well-known name is better than other
products contributes to the case of replacing the price of a product by its brand name as the predominant factor in the purchase decision process. Thus, for many companies the strengthening of brand equity has become one of the key elements of marketing strategy.
The main aim of this study is an attempt to improve the process of analysing the position and value of brands using selected multivariate statistical analysis methods (hedonic regression, multidimensional scaling, classification and linear ordination
methods). In the conducted research the direct approach to the evaluation of the position of the brands for a selected ICT good – smartphones – have been applied. The measurement was performed on two levels: the product level, in which the
prices of branded products were compared, and the consumer level, where the perception and attitudes of consumers towards the brands were studied. The analyses have been carried out on two sets of data, which enabled fuller and more comprehensible understanding of decision rules that guide consumers in choosing the brand.
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https://www.exeley.com/statistics_in_transition/doi/10.21307/stattrans-2016-058
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Powerful brands are founded on more than transactions between a business and a consumer: they’re built on emotional connection, shared values, and the force of habit. With data-backed design strategies and a holistic understanding of human behavior, behavioral insights are transforming the way brands connect with consumers, revealing new ways to approach market segmentation and forge relationships that last. See how we’re helping brands boost loyalty, target clients more effectively, and increase profitability throughout the marketing lifecycle.
3 Applications Of Behavioral Economics In The Real World
My main mission is to figure out the application of Behavioral Economics in the commercial world. Let’s dive into three useful applications.
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https://thedecisionlab.com/function-marketing/
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Matt Andrew has over 9 years of experience building marketing strategies and analysing brand performance within FMCG, Retail, Banking, Travel and Automotive industries, successfully optimising spending to maximise performance and engaging customers in typically 'low interest' categories.
At Ekimetrics, Matt leads operations for the UK office, working with clients across the globe and across verticals on Marketing Performance, Operational Excellence, Data Transformation and customised data solutions. These topics include marketing mix modelling (MMM), unified measurement, attribution, customer strategy and CRM excellence, automated personalisation, data governance and training programmes and delivery of media planning, simulation and smart data visualisation tools.
Previously, while working with Clive Humby and Edwina Dunn at Starcount, Matt worked on the development of new analysis techniques and methodologies, using the latest concepts to create leading edge solutions in social analysis and customer segmentation. He also worked in the UK and internationally for Colgate-Palmolive, with a career focused on using data-driven techniques to build Go-To-Market strategies and provide robust analysis of return on marketing investment (ROMI).
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https://www.i-com.org/src-board-with-biogs-1/matt-andrew-senior-manager-ekimetrics-uk
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I am a creative and goals-orientated marketing professional with more than 10 years experience conceptualizing, developing and implementing sales and marketing strategies that build brand value. Over the years, I have recommended and led customized marketing campaigns such as direct mail, e-commerce and traditional media for some of the top brands in the world including Samsung and Verizon. My interpersonal and relationship building skills are strong. I excel in influencing buying decisions and winning business in highly competitive markets. I am looking for a marketing management position with a consumer product or service company where my strengths in vendor relations and brand and product management will be fully utilized to drive revenue, profit and market share growth.
Skills
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http://www.naymz.com/davidstene1927711
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In our annual analysis of how the top 100 global brands (per Interbrand’s report) performed on YouTube, we took a hard look at how this year’s brand safety issue played out on the platform. These top brands published a total of 3% fewer videos in 2017 than last year, but that didn’t slow audience engagement of brand-owned videos.
And according to our analysis, major advertisers are returning: 50% of brands that saw a decline in viewership on YouTube (largely attributed to paid spend) in Q2/early Q3 had resumed their activity on YouTube by September.
Why are brands back on YouTube? How did individual brand behavior differ in response to brand safety? What is a smart approach to brand safety in 2018?
Download our white paper to access our data-backed findings, and understand why now is not the time for brands to retreat.
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https://www.pixability.com/blog/break-response-youtube-brand-safety-stir-pixabilitys-white-paper/
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), also known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a psychological affliction characterized by the emergence of two or more distinct personalities within a single individual. These divergent personalities, or alter egos, can exhibit distinct traits, such as varying names, ages, genders, or behavioral patterns. Individuals with DID often struggle with recalling crucial personal information and may experience lapses in their memory.
DID is a relatively uncommon condition, with estimates suggesting that it affects only a minute fraction of the general population, ranging from 0.01-0.1%. The disorder is more prevalent among women than men and tends to occur in individuals who have undergone significant traumatic experiences, such as physical or sexual abuse. Due to the elusive and complex nature of DID symptoms, it is plausible that the disorder may be underdiagnosed, and the actual prevalence may be higher than current estimations.
The exact cause of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is not well understood, but it is believed to be related to trauma or extreme stress. DID often occurs in people who have experienced severe physical or sexual abuse, especially during childhood. It is thought that the condition may develop as a way for the mind to protect itself from the traumatic memories, by separating them from the rest of the individual's consciousness. Other factors that may increase the risk of developing DID include a history of mental illness in the family, a history of substance abuse, and other forms of trauma, such as natural disasters or being a prisoner of war.
The symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) can vary depending on the individual, but some common signs of the condition include:
There is no specific test for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), and the condition can be difficult to diagnose. A mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, will typically diagnose DID based on a thorough evaluation of the individual's symptoms and history. This may include a physical examination, psychological testing, and interviews with the individual and their loved ones. The mental health professional will also rule out other conditions that may be causing the symptoms, such as substance abuse or other mental health disorders.
There is no known way to prevent Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), as the exact causes of the condition are not well understood. However, there are some things that may help reduce the risk of developing DID, such as:
Treatment for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) typically involves a combination of therapy, medication, and support from loved ones. The goal of treatment is to help the individual integrate their different personalities into a single, cohesive identity, and to reduce the symptoms of the disorder.
Treatment for DID can be a long and difficult process, and it may take several years before the individual is able to fully integrate their different personalities. However, with the right support and treatment, most people with DID are able to improve their symptoms and lead fulfilling, healthy lives.
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https://birdpersonality.com/about-dissociative-identity-disorder.html
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disorders and illnesses, however, how far is too far?
In the 2016 movie Split, starring James McAvoy as the main antagonist Kevin
Wendell Crumb and directed by M. Night Shyamalan, this movie explores the mental
disorder called dissociative identity disorder, known as DID. If you have seen the movie
Split, then you can assume how extreme they characterized this disorder. The Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition states DID as, “dissociative identity
disorder (DID) is described as a disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct
personality states or an experience of possession” (American Psychiatric Association).
In simpler terms, an individual is experiencing split personalities where they can alter
their identity which will change how you will perceive them. This disorder is trauma-based.
People who have suffered severe childhood trauma, such as sexually, physically, and
emotionally can be at risk for DID. Adults who have suffered overwhelming stress and
trauma in their childhood develop DID to cope with the trauma. DID being triggered within
these adults is a psychological response to interpersonal and environmental stressors.
Dissociative identity disorder’s relations to trauma symptoms are memory loss, sense of
identity, the way the world is perceived, and the connection to their physical body. DID
develops within a person by presenting amnesia, detachment of themselves and their
emotions, distorted of the world around them, and a blurred identity. People suffering from
DID struggle with depression, mood swings, and trust issues in relationships.
In Split, the main antagonist Kevin Wendell Crumb is suffering from DID and is
experiencing 24 split personalities which alter his identity throughout the day. Kevin is
experiencing constant disruptions of his identity throughout the day due to his personalities
clashing together. The symptoms he displays are paranoia, memory loss, anxiety, suicidal
tendencies, and delusions. As he undergoes another personality his identity completely
changes, how you perceived him before is unrecognizable now.
Regarding DID as a disorder, this movie overexaggerates how a person suffers from
dissociative identity disorder. The movie covered how disruptive and remarkably high
maintenance this disorder is; however, the actions are a complete misconception. Due to the
lack of coverage DID gets, many people are unaware of this disorder and may feel to
overgeneralize this disorder after seeing this movie. The audience may feel people suffering
from DID are a threat to society and need to be institutionalized. They may feel DID is this
supernatural unknown condition where it becomes monstrous. Dissociative Identity Disorder
is purely a disorder where an individual is suffering from many personalities which alter their
identities.
Diverse types of treatment for people suffering with DID include psychotherapy,
cognitive behavioral therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and dialectical
behavioral therapy. Types of resources for people suffering with DID include psychotherapy,
in-patient hospital visits, and medication. Psychotherapy involves talking to your therapist
about your disorder and your issues, which can help understand why you dissociate and give
you ways to cope with DID. In-patient hospital settings are more clinical and effective if your
symptoms are very severe. The types of medication which control symptoms of DID are
antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, and antipsychotic drugs.
If you or a loved one is suffering from DID, here are some steps you can take to
support yourself and your loved ones. Working with a trained profession to address your trauma and symptoms in a clinical setting is important. Working through painful memories within a supportive environment will give you clarity on what is exactly happening to you. Do not push yourself to expect quicker results. Trauma-focused work is a gradual process. Your mind is the key reminder of how strong you are and the pace you should be at in the healing process. Building trust with your caretaker is important for adapting to new coping methods, not forcing yourself and being at ease will help jumpstart the healing process naturally.
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https://www.growingthroughgrace.info/post/dissociative-identity-disorder-the-portrayal-of-hollywood-vs-reality
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Dissociation is a common, naturally occurring defense against childhood trauma. When faced with overwhelming abuse, children can dissociate from full awareness of a traumatic experience. Dissociation may become a defensive pattern that persists into adulthood and can result in a full-fledged dissociative disorder.
Formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a condition in which a person has two or more distinct identity or personality states, which may alternate within the individual's conscious awareness. The different personality states usually have distinct names, identities, temperament, and self-image. At least two of these personalities repeatedly assert themselves to control the affected person's behavior and consciousness, causing long lapses in memory that far exceed typical episodes of forgetting. Additionally, physiological conditions, such as direct effects from substance use or general medical conditions such as seizures, must be ruled out.
Having a loved one who has DID can be painful, confusing, and may evoke all kinds of emotional reactions. If you become aware of the abuse, you may feel angry, anxious, sad, or disgusted, along with empathy and worry. It may be hard keeping track of all the personalities (or "alters") if you have experienced them. Often, persons with DID cannot tell which of the alters is out at a given time and do not expect their loved ones to know either. A major adjustment for relatives and friends is the constant switching between personalities. Integration can bring about significant changes in a personality as the different alters grow and change dramatically. Although you may feel like the person you knew no longer exists, the part that you knew before integration still exists. Now you know more of him or her.
The main cause of DID is believed to be severe and prolonged trauma experienced during childhood, including emotional, physical or sexual abuse.
Many symptoms of DID are similar to those of other physical and mental disorders, including substance abuse, seizure disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
The diagnosis of DID requires medical and psychiatric evaluation which can include specific questions about dissociation, prolonged interviews, and journals between visits. Specially designed questionnaires are used to screen and diagnose DID.
Seek professional medical help if you (or a loved one) have significant, unexplained memory loss, a chronic sense that your identity or the world around you is blurry or unreal, and you experience a major change in behavior when under stress. Immediate emergency care should be sought if there are serious thoughts of self-harm, suicide or homicide.
Early intervention and psychotherapy for experiences of abuse/trauma in both children and adults can help prevent the formation of dissociative symptoms and dissociative disorders.
Left untreated, DID can last a lifetime. While treatment for DID may take several years, it is effective. Persons with DID may find that they are better able to handle the symptoms in middle adulthood. Stress, substance abuse, and sometimes anger can cause a relapse of symptoms at any time. As a good standard of care, persons with DID should be treated by a mental health professional with specialized training and experience with dissociation. Since physical illness can sometimes mimic or contribute to a psychological disorder, a complete physical examination by a physician is warranted when there are concerns about physical conditions. For significant mood disorders and psychiatric conditions, a psychiatric consult is necessary.
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https://www.aamft.org/Consumer_Updates/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder.aspx
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We used to refer to Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) as multiple personalities or Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD). The creation of multiple identities occurs often in response to extreme abuse in childhood. Individuals who have developed different identities have described the experience as a way to escape the abuse.
Recently, an Australian judge made a landmark ruling allowing six of Jeni Haynes’s personalities to testify against her father for the horrific abuse she suffered as a child. In response to the extreme and persistent abuse, the woman created 2,500 different personalities to survive.1 The ruling is a precedent where a person diagnosed with Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) — or Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) — testified in their other personalities. As a result of the testimony, the father was convicted and sentenced to 45 years in jail by a Sydney court.
In the words of Jeni Haynes, when asked about one of her personalities, a 4-year-old girl named Symphony, she explained, “he wasn’t abusing me, he was abusing Symphony.” Splitting into different people allows for an escape from a situation that cannot be escaped from.
While the ruling in Australia is modern, the phenomenon that we describe as Dissociative Identity Disorder is not new. In fact, it is already described in ancient Chinese medical literature.4
Is it possible to recover from Dissociative Identity Disorder?
The short answer is yes. But what does recovery from DID look like? The goal of treatment for DID is integrated function and fusion. A person with multiple identities may feel like several different people each who have their own distinct personalities complete with individual names, memories, likes, and dislikes. However, these separate selves are part of one whole adult person. The subjective experience of the person with DID is very real and the goal of treatment is to achieve fusion of each personality so the person can begin to function as an integrated whole. Fusion occurs when identities merge together and become a unified whole. It is important to understand integrated function as a process that occurs over time, and fusion as an event where two aspects of identities merge together.
Helping each identity become aware of the others and learn to negotiate conflicts is an important part of the therapeutic process.2 Established guidelines for the treatment of DID state that each personality must be acknowledged and allowed to participate in the therapeutic process. Disruptive or unpleasant personalities should not be ignored or treated as undesirable. The goal of therapy is to integrate each unique identity into the whole self. Therefore is is unhelpful for the therapist to encourage “getting rid of” any of the unique identities that exist within the person rather, each must be acknowledged and accepted by the therapist.
What does recovery look like?
Successful treatment outcome results in an integration of each individual identity as part of the self. In addition to this, harmony among the alternate identities is desirable.3 When an individual achieves harmony among identities and ultimately merges each into one unified person, they can begin to feel whole and are no longer subjected to the feeling of being fractured within themselves.
Not all individuals who experience Dissociative Identity Disorder are able to achieve complete and final fusion of each identity due to the difficulty of confronting painful memories. However, treatment is still helpful in moving towards recovery as it allows the individual to receive support and work to resolve past trauma. Healing can be achieved even without complete fusion and resolution of all trauma.
Dissociative Identity Disorder is best treated with a practitioner who is experienced in complex trauma. Not all practitioners are aware of the relationship between DID and past trauma.5
References
- Mao, F. (2019). Dissociative Identity Disorder: The woman who created 2500 personalities to survive. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-49589160
- International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation. (2011). Guidelines for treating dissociative identity disorder in adults, third revision. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 12(2), 115-187.
- Kluft, R. P. (1993). Clinical perspectives on multiple personality disorder. American Psychiatric Pub.
- Fung, H. W. (2018). The phenomenon of pathological dissociation in the ancient Chinese medicine literature. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(1), 75-87.
- Connors, K. J. (2018). Dissociative and complex trauma disorders in health and mental health contexts: Or why is the elephant not in the room?. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(1), 1-8.
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https://psychcentral.com/lib/can-you-recover-from-dissociative-identity-disorder/
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Dissociative Identity Disorder is also referred to as multiple personality disorder, in which an individual's identity dissociates, or fragments, creating additional identities that exist independently of each other within the individual (Gale 2001). Each personality is specifically distinct from the other, such as tone of voice and mannerisms, vocabulary and posture (Gale 2001). Most people exhibit only one or two personalities, however, there are cases in which an individual will have more than a hundred identities (Gale 2001). hether one or a hundred, the criteria for diagnosis is the same (Gale 2001). Until the publication of DSM-IV, this disorder was referred to as multiple personality disorder, a name abandoned due to psychiatric explicitness, hence, the name should reflect the "dissociative aspect of the disorder" (Gale 2001).
The DSM-IV lists four criteria for diagnosing someone with dissociative identity disorder. The first being the presence of two or more distinct 'identities or…… [Read More]
Dissociative Identity DisorderWords: 373 Length: 1 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 14729843
Dissociative Identity Disorder
The most severe and chronic manifestation of dissociative disorders is dissociative identity disorder (DID) and is believed to be extremely rare (eber 1003-1004). Clinical dissociation occurs when disconnections between consciousness, memory, perceptions, and identity form, and with DID, distinct and largely mutually-exclusive personalities develop that alternately cope with different aspects of the host's life. The most prominent diagnostic feature is an inability to recall events an alternate personality experienced. DID personalities therefore tend to live completely different lives, including cognitively.
The book "Sybil" was published in 1973 by the professional author Flora Schreiber, in collaboration with the psychiatrist Cornelia ilbur, which described a patient who was alleged to have DID (Lynn and Deming 289). A movie was subsequently made and the combination popularized DID, and this phenomenon is blamed for the dramatic increase in the number of cases from less than 100 to over 40,000 in just…… [Read More]
Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociation IsWords: 2734 Length: 9 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper #: 77139839
Certain Christian communities offering support of this kind are guided by the Scriptures, specifically Isaiah 61, concerning their possessing of the Spirit of the Lord and being anointed (Grace 2002).
One group that provides assistance to persons suffering from DID is called the Christian Survivors Ministries (Grace 2002). It makes available an environment of love and acceptance where the afflicted survivors can and will not be rejected or feel ashamed and where they can feel aware of the value of their lives. It offers hope to those who feel hopeless. It encourages survivors to confront and actively and productively work through their problems. It encourages and enables survivors to allow God to work with them in safe ways to be healed. It encourages survivors to accept and live by the truths about themselves so that they can be set free from the abuses they have been subjected to. Its staff…… [Read More]
Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative DisordersWords: 1202 Length: 4 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper #: 77311217
clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2800/2819.asp?index=9786&src=news.,2002).
Dissociative fugue -- In this kind of dissociative disorder, the person is found to have lose his or her sense of personal identity and impulsively wanders or travels away from home for a temporary period of time. People with dissociative fugue often become confused about who they really are and may even create new identities. Outwardly, people with this disorder show no signs of illness, such as a strange appearance or behavior (http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2800/2819.asp?index=9786&src=news,2002).
Depersonalization disorder -- This involves a person's sense or feeling that he or she is disconnected or detached from his or her body. T he disorder is sometimes described as being numb or in a dream, or feeling like you are watching yourself from outside the body (http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2800/2819.asp?index=9786&src=news,2002).
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) -- This is believed to be the most severe type of dissociative disorder, was formerly called multiple personality disorder. As a coping mechanism, a…… [Read More]
Dissociative Identity Disorder Did Is the NameWords: 993 Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Research Paper Paper #: 94199299
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is the name that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV-Text evision (DSM-IV-T) uses for the disorder previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). Dissociative disorders are a heterogeneous set of disorders described in the DSM-IV-T that all involve some form of identity loss (APA, 2000). The concept of a personality describes, in fairly generalized terms, a sense of integration regarding the way one feels, thinks behaves. Even though a single personality can have many different aspects to it, the concept of personality relates a sense of oneness to the self. DID is a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more totally separate and distinct personalities, each determining the attitudes and behavior of the person at the time that it is dominant. DID is considered one of the more serious of all the psychiatric disorders listed in the…… [Read More]
Dissociative Effect and the Butterfly EffectWords: 1545 Length: 5 Pages Document Type: Research Paper Paper #: 19835813
utterfly Effect
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA?
Evan Treborn, the main character of the movie, lived a life of severe traumas (ress & Gruber, 2004). These experiences resurface in adulthood in the form of blackouts, especially during times of extreme stress. His early life traumas include being compelled to participate in child pornography by their neighbor George Miller; nearly dying from strangulation by his own institutionalized mentally ill father Jason; his father's getting killed right before him by guards; a mother and her infant daughter dying from the dynamite he and his friends were playing with; and witnessing his dog die by burning by Tommy, son of their neighbor George Miller (ress & Gruber).
It was seven years later when he discovered that he could travel into the past and redo parts of it (ress & Gruber, 2004). It turned out that his travels to the past coincide with his blackouts as a…… [Read More]
Conversion Disorders for Whom AreWords: 580 Length: 2 Pages Document Type: Research Paper Paper #: 86298810
Cognitive triad (Beck). Negative views of the self, environment, and the future.
14. Seligman's learned helplessness theory. Failure to respond to a threatening situation even if there is an obvious mode of escape due to past experiences of being unable to escape from situations.
15. Difference between bipolar I and bipolar II. Bipolar I consists of periods of mania and depression; bipolar II consists of periods of hypomania and depression.
16. Adjunctive psychotherapy. Psychotherapy in addition to other forms of treatment (here therapy is considered secondary).
17. Know that the chance of recovery for someone receiving effective therapy for depression is about 60%. OK
18. Suicide
a. Attempts vs. completions. Males more successful than females due to means (e.g., gun vs. pills). Two groups: Adolescents and Elderly adults are more successful. Depression, substance abuse, and co-morbid psychiatric disorders with depression are also prevelant.
b. Do we have a good way…… [Read More]
Jane Appears to Be Suffering From DissociativeWords: 969 Length: 2 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper #: 16627477
Jane appears to be suffering from dissociative identity disorder based on the first three diagnostic criteria for this condition (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). A person with dissociative identity disorder maintains multiple mutually-exclusive personalities in order to distance themselves from past traumatic events. Her behavior when interacting with the therapist suggests that she experienced at least two distinct personalities (criterion A) that recurrently appeared (criterion B) and had mutually-exclusive psychological experiences (criterion C). Jane's self-reported history of sexual assault and exposure to violence is consistent with this diagnosis, and could be contributing to her depressive symptoms. The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis could in fact be a sign that Jane also suffers from borderline personality disorder, since impulsivity is included as a relevant symptom. ADHD is commonly diagnosed in children and involves severe focusing problems, impulsivity, and an inability to be calm. Borderline personality disorder represents a condition of…… [Read More]
Pharmacological Treatment Multiple Personality or Dissociative DisorderWords: 1886 Length: 7 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 14430740
Pharmacological Treatment
Multiple personality or dissociative disorder is an exceptionally uncommon mental disorder in which an individual has two or more different personalities. Each of these personalities has unique characteristics such as mind-set, emotions behavioral patterns. Frequently, the personalities are totally differing and take over the real individual at unusual times. This transition takes place in sudden switches when the patient is triggered by painful events or miserable reminiscences. Each personality is perhaps completely uninformed about the others. However, the person is usually acquainted with the fact that there were mysterious gaps in times he/she remembers ("multiple personality," 2013).
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, dissociative disorders are "characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states, each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self, that recurrently take control of the individual's…… [Read More]
PTSD Treatment Modalities Evidence-Based RecommendationsWords: 4461 Length: 14 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper #: 17783376
Trauma-elated Disorders and ecommended Treatment
Clinical Presentation of Trauma-elated Disorders and ecommended Treatments
On January 13, 2015, Andrew Brannan, a 66-year-old Vietnam veteran was executed in Georgia for killing police officer Kyle Dinkheller in 1998 (Hoffman, 2015). At the time, Brannan had been living in a bunker on his mother's property without water or electricity and had stopped taking his medications. According to the Veterans Administration (VA), he was 100% disabled due to combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). He also suffered from bipolar disorder, had lost two brothers to a military plane crash and suicide, and lost a father to cancer. Veterans groups, death penalty critics, and mental health advocates, all petitioned the Georgia Supreme Court for a stay of execution unsuccessfully. The veterans groups were particularly interested in preventing the death of yet another veteran who developed severe psychiatric problems while serving his or her country.
Trauma in general…… [Read More]
Metropolitan Development Affect Rates ofWords: 1924 Length: 5 Pages Document Type: Research Proposal Paper #: 81802379
Contrary to what is often seen on the nightly news programs, there are still many people in this country and throughout the world who want to live in safe places and who would be interested in making their town better. Often, they do not know what they can do to improve the poorer parts of town, so they simply choose not to live or work there. This only leads to the decay of those areas and the rising crime rate. While unfortunate, it is not entirely unexpected. However, urban revitalization has begun in a lot of cities and towns, both big and small, in recent years. Although the economy has slowed some of that, there are still many areas where it is moving forward. This will, in time, lower the number of sexual assaults and other crimes in those revitalization areas. If more people would help to improve their neighborhoods,…… [Read More]
Dorrepaal, Thomaes, Smit, van Balkom, et al. (2010) address the topic of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Complex PTSD) which often occurs following a history of child abuse. Complex PTSD has associated features in addition to the normal symptoms of PTSD that make it much more difficult to treat. As social workers will most likely encounter clients/patients suffering from PTSD symptoms and patients suffering from child abuse this topic is relevant to social work practice.
The researchers are primarily interested in knowing if stabilizing treatment normally used for PTSD and other psychiatric disorders is effective for patients with Complex PTSD, particularly women with PTSD and childhood sexual abuse. The research question is evaluative.
Literature eview
As this study is in the brief communications section does not contain an in depth literature review. The literature review in this study simply describes the features associated with Complex PTSD and presents the questions of…… [Read More]
Psycho 1960 Film Movie AnalysisWords: 617 Length: 2 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 23661421
Movie Analysis: Psycho (1960 film)
The movie's most relevant cast for this discussion includes Norman, Norman's mother (Mrs. Bates), and Marion. After the death of his dad, Norman becomes entirely dependent on the love, attention, and support of his mother. It is for this reason that when she (Norman's mother) takes in a lover, Norman feels as if he is no longer a priority in his mother's life -- he feels as if he has been replaced. Apparently, he can't stand sharing her and as a result of his intense jealousy, he ends up killing not only his mother's lover but also his mother, through poisoning. However, he elects to preserve the corpse instead of having it buried -- in what could be seen as an attempt to perpetuate the illusion that his mother is not dead but is, instead, still alive. As a consequence, he begins to not only…… [Read More]
Spousal Violence and Abuse Effects on ChildrenWords: 1497 Length: 5 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper #: 68247745
Spousal and Child Abuse
Child and spousal abuse is an intentional act that results in physical and/or emotional or psychological injury on a child or spouse (or partner) by a parent or a mate, respectively (Gelles 2004). In a child, abuse more often takes the form of neglect. Child and spousal abuse and violence are major social concerns today.
The extent that children are abused by their parents or adult caretakers is difficult to measure, although it appears to occur most frequently among lower-income communities and certain ethnic and religious minorities. Abuse of children ranges from physical and emotional abuse and sexual abuse to physical and emotional neglect (Gelles). Effects of physical abuse are varied and visible: unexplained bruises, fractures and burn marks. Emotional abuse destroys the child's sense of security and self-esteem. Sexual abuse includes all acts that expose them to the sexual satisfaction of the parent or adult…… [Read More]
Criminal Justice Forensics Undercover Is aWords: 11198 Length: 35 Pages Document Type: Thesis Paper #: 97252031
However, as criminals become more aware of undercover tactics, the covert officer is required to provide more and more proof that he is indeed a criminal- which leads to the officer committing acts that compromise his or her integrity for the sake of maintaining cover. y understanding the often conflicting nature of these goals, deception and integrity, we can see how an undercover officer can become confused, lost, and susceptible to temptation (i.e. criminal behavior).
y examining both aspects- environmental factors and personality factors- we take into account both sides of a complex relationship. These two groups of factors, when combined together, shed some light on the exact nature of criminal tendencies amongst police officers.
Definition of Terms
Covert: another term for undercover, meaning the use of deception for the purpose of gathering information or intelligence.
Non-covert: police officers that, even in plain clothes, maintain their own true identity instead…… [Read More]
Military Retirees Are Entitled toWords: 12717 Length: 46 Pages Document Type: Thesis Paper #: 18599361
First of all only a scant few of these Veterans groups will acknowledge the "promise" of free health care; for the most part these groups will tout the benefits already promised by the Veterans Administration and assert that cuts in these benefits are the same a broken promise-or contractual breach in legal terms. The idea of the United States military making a "promise" or forging a legally binding agreement between individual veterans or groups of veterans is barred by the United States Constitution. As will be demonstrated in the Literature eview, specific Constitutional language from Article I give Congress and only Congress the express authority to make laws and regulations pertaining to the armed forces. Therefore, the idea the military breached a contract with service members is, ultimately, inherently inaccurate. Combining the lack of specific language within the materials provided by any governmental agency with the clear language of the…… [Read More]
He has never liked this name and becomes very angry when it is used. His specialty is car theft, bootlegging and armed robbery. He has already served several years in prison for auto theft and bank robbery charges. Just last year, while being returned to prison from a bank robbery trial, he escaped. That is why he is here in the South. He is seeing me, because the episodes are becoming more often and more severe.
His mother told him that he was always an ill-tempered and spoiled child. Many people say that he is the toughest and most heartless of the gangsters and even other criminals stay away from him. He remembers that even as a young boy he used to have mood swings from being very boisterous and rebellious to sad and even crying, which he had to hide from the gang. Now when he goes into his…… [Read More]
Cognitive and Behavioral Techniques TherapyWords: 1586 Length: 4 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper #: 9470176
Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive and behavioral techniques / therapy
Cognitive Therapist Behavioral Techniques
Case of the Fat Lady
Cognitive behaviorist therapy is a blend of two therapies; cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. Cognitive therapy first developed by Aaron Beck in 1960 has its focus on individual beliefs and their influences on actions and moods. Its core aims are to alter an individual mindset to be healthy and adaptive (Beck, 1976; athod, Kingdon, Weiden, & Turkington, 2008). Behavioral therapy focuses on individual aims and actions towards changing patterns in unhealthy behaviors (athod et al., 2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy assists an individual to focus on their current difficulties and relate on how to resolve them. Active involvement of both the therapist and the patient helps in identification of the thinking patterns in distort bringing into foresight a recognizable change in thought and behavior (Leichsenring & Leibing, 2007). Exploring and encouraging discussions…… [Read More]
Faludi Violent Effects of DisassociationWords: 1938 Length: 6 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 71896931
What is key about both of these quotations is the loss of identity that is endemic to both of them. The cadets who have survived the fourth-class system and who inflict ritualistic violence in the form of hazing on others have lost something of their true "selves," something that was stripped away to lead them to believe that they could rightfully engage in this sort of behavior to inflict pain upon others. Therefore, the cadets who are guilty of said violence are perpetuating it because they have lost their own identities through disassociation -- in much the same way that Seth lost most of the moments of his life to this same phenomenon.
In conclusion, several of Stout's ideas about disassociation both apply to and help explain the tradition of obedience in the violent, misogynistic rituals that take place at the Citadel. The similarities between the effects of disassociation and…… [Read More]
Schizophrenia, Dissociative Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
While some symptoms of schizophrenia, dissociative disorder and bipolar disorder might seem similar, prompting individuals to suspect that the three different mental health disorders are interchangeable, the reality is that these three problems are quite distinct. This paper will discuss the broad differences between them as well as way to educate the client about his or her disorder, his or her family about it, and ways to reduce stigma.
As the DSM-5 points out, schizophrenia a mental disorder that causes the patient to experience hallucinations, delusions, irrational speech patterns, anti-social behavior, a loss of willpower/motivation, or even a possible catatonic state at times. Symptoms include incoherent speech, paranoia, distorted perceptions, confused or disordered thinking, and an inability to concentrate. This broad spectrum of symptoms should be seen for at least a month, with behavior being monitored for up to six months (American Psychiatric Association,…… [Read More]
Attachment was believed by owlby to be a critical aspect of the normal development of human behavior. Attachment is inclusive of the following characteristics:
1) Proximity Seeking - the infant seeks to be near the maternal figure;
2) Separation distress or protests - when separated or distant from the material figure the infant becomes distressed and signals this by vocalizing these feelings and changes in affect.
3) a secure base - when the infant develops a healthy attachment, the mother becomes a 'secure base' from which the child can venture forth into the world and securely explore their surroundings.
Ainsworth is noted as the first to conduct empirical research assessing patterns of attachment behaviors in infant attachment relating to the mother being under stress. Infant attachment behavior was categorized as: (1) secure; (2) avoidant; and (3) ambivalent. Since then the behavioral patterns of infants has undergone intensive assessment and study…… [Read More]
Compulsive Hoarding Due to ChildhoodWords: 4019 Length: 15 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper #: 62247855
" (p. 12) According to Cromer (2005) the literature that addresses the relationship between stressful life events and obsessive compulsive disorders does provide some degree of support implicating traumatic life-stress as being a factor in the onset and maintenance of the obsessive compulsive disorders however the exact relationship between the SLE and OCD "remains an empirical questions" specifically relating to "traumatic negative life events" (2005; p.13) Most of studies in this area investigation the association between SLEs and OCD have held limitations of: (1) small sample sizes; and (2) difficulty of establishing retrospectively the temporal relationship between onset and SLEs; and (3) a limited scope with regard to the effect of SLEs on OCD. (2005; p.13) Cromer relates that "mounting evidence suggests that early life-stress, in particular may preferentially incline individuals to develop adult psychiatric disorders." (2005; p.13) McCauley et al. (1997) states evidence from a large epidemiological investigation that…… [Read More]
Creative Case Identifying Information LisaWords: 961 Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Case Study Paper #: 93153295
Lisa finds it hard to meet other kids her age who are like her. Most of her peers "do not care about school" and don't understand anything about the issues she cares about such as environmentalism and Tibet. Lisa worries excessively about external, global events such as global warming and wars in Africa. Many of the people she refers to as "friends" are much older than she is, although she admits most of them are mentors.
A person with generalized anxiety disorder finds it difficult to control worry. Lisa has been unable to control her worry successfully via Buddhist meditation or tai chi. She writes regularly in a journal and claims that this does help but not enough. Although she finds temporary relief in music and schoolwork, her feelings of worry and anxiety creep back into her consciousness as soon as she is doing something else. She experiences the most…… [Read More]
Real-Life Case Study the Research Informant SelectedWords: 2434 Length: 6 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper #: 67730139
eal-Life case study
The research informant selected is a soldier who was deployed in Iraq who is 35 years of age and who was in the army for 15 years. He suffered from drug and alcohol addiction along with post traumatic stress syndrome. At this time he is still battling both of these conditions. When interviewing him, the clear purpose of this project was stated without a doubt, and he was informed of his voluntary participation, along with the fact that he was allowing us to use all the data that he provided. He was reassured of the complete and utter privacy of his responses and how all of his data was going to be kept confidential. For example, he was told that he name was never going to be recorded, none of the researchers would ever have it; instead he was going to be given a number. Furthermore, while…… [Read More]
Discuss the criteria used to define abnormality (abnormal behavior / mood disorders)
There are no established criteria to define what is abnormal. On the other hand, every individual trait can be said as abnormal on some social plane. (Oracle think quest, 2010) Some of the preferred ideas to define abnormality are as given below:
Statistical Norms Deviation: Certain population facts such as height, weight and intelligence are measured and recorded. Most of people come in the middle range of intelligence. Those who fail in general terms and falls below the so-called intelligence scale are termed as abnormal. But then, the people with extra intelligence also become abnormal. Furthermore, intelligence is a subjective issue. (Oracle think quest, 2010)
Social Norms Deviation: People going again social norms and trying to make their idiosyncratic identity are also termed as abnormal. Galileo was abnormal and he was brutally punished for his abnormality, he suggested…… [Read More]
Women Who Were Sexually AbusedWords: 2058 Length: 8 Pages Document Type: Research Proposal Paper #: 70236015
We are extremely close.
Amazing - I've found someone I can really trust. I feel really lucky at the moment because all my other relationships have been *****.
Too good. it's really hard to describe. Unreal! I guess I now can't live without him. it's too good. He's grown on me.
I think I need to clarify I'm still married. I feel that in a marriage there ought to be a sexual relationship but in the last four years, I have been unable to give that and nor do I desire resuming it with my husband.
Fairly close but since I broke up with my husband I find it difficult to trust somebody. He tells me I'm a lot closer to him than I realize. I find it difficult to relax and believe it's too good to be true. I'm always looking for something to be wrong.
Excellent. He's very…… [Read More]
Personality Assessment Inventory PAI PersonalityWords: 1199 Length: 4 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 1198736
The two interpersonal scales are Dominance and Warmth. Many of the clinical scales, as well as the aggression scale, also have a number of subscales to provide more nuanced information bout each of the clinical conditions. For example, the Borderline Features scale has four subscales: Affective Instability, Identity Problems, Negative elationships and Self-Harm.
The resulting score profiles can be compared to either normative or clinical populations. aw scores are converted to T-scores using tables provided in the scoring manual. These tables were generated using either normative or clinical samples that were census matched and standardized (Morey, 2007). The manual provides average scores for each of the subscales, for example, the average T score for Borderline Traits is 59, indicating that individuals falling below this number are emotionally stable and do not reflect borderline traits. The individual mean scores for each scale vary and are presented within the testing manual (Morey,…… [Read More]
What We Use to Recognize PeopleWords: 2147 Length: 7 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 22799953
FFA & STS COMBINED
The concepts and use of the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) in terms of facial recognition and the Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) in terms of voice recognition are not new on their own. However, those individual technologies and concepts have evolved on their own and now they are being analysed in terms of how they are perhaps used concurrently when one person does (or tries) to recognize another person. This report will cover what the FFA and STS are in general, prior ideas, frameworks and outcomes that have informed and influenced current research and what the future holds, at least based on current trends for the use of FFA and STS in combination or on their own.
FFA & STS Combined
Subject of Discussion
There is a great amount of debate with the circles that exist in the neuro-psychological field regarding the direct integration, or lack thereof,…… [Read More]
Generational Boundary Dissolution Among AdoptiveWords: 5932 Length: 18 Pages Document Type: Research Proposal Paper #: 43913994
The research will address the following research questions, in addition to the central hypothesis.
How malleable are generational boundaries? In other words, how willing are teens to adapt to new generational boundary styles?
Are generational boundaries set during the early childhood years?
How frequently do teens assume a parental role in dysfunctional families?
What techniques could help tends and their adoptive parents reach a compromise that results in the development of healthy generational boundaries within the new family unit?
These research questions, in addition to the research hypothesis will help to contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field of family therapy.
Contribution of This esearch
This research will play an important role in the field of family therapy. It will be specifically targeted towards helping develop new techniques and methods for helping adoptive families and their teens establish healthy generational boundaries within the new family. This is…… [Read More]
How Sexual Child Abuse Can Effect the Child's Psychological DevelopmentWords: 2187 Length: 8 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper #: 25023031
Sexual Child Abuse
Child sexual abuse involves a broad range of sexual behaviors that take place between a child and an older person. These sexual behaviors are planned to erotically stir the older person, commonly without concern for the consequences, choices, or outcome of the behavior upon the child. efinite conducts that are sexually offensive frequently involve bodily contact, such as in the state of sexual kissing, touching, fondling of genitals, and oral, anal, or vaginal contact. Nevertheless, behaviors might be sexually abusive even if they do not entail contact, such as in the case of genital exposure, verbal force for sex, and sexual abuse for purposes of prostitution or pornography.
For efinitions propose four main types of child abuse (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child neglect), but seldom if ever does one form of abuse happen alone. The suggestion in itself is illogical. Physical abuse and sexual…… [Read More]
Psychedelic Therapy Psychedelic or HallucinogenicWords: 2192 Length: 7 Pages Document Type: Term Paper Paper #: 95412737
" Long-term use may develop psychoses, like schizophrenia and severe depression. The use of MDMA may produce psychological difficulties, like confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety and paranoia, even weeks after the use of the drug. MSMA develops symptoms, such as muscle tension, nausea, blurred vision, rapid eye movements, faintness, chills, sweating, and increased heart rate and blood pressure. it, therefore, poses a special risk for those with heart disease. Overuse can lead to death (Kurtzweil).
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https://www.paperdue.com/topic/dissociative-identity-disorder-essays
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Multiple Personality.
As far back as the 1800s, multiple personality disorder has been discussed in many writings of this period. Multiple personality disorder has become known as a severe mental disorder. It has been defined in the Ghana medical journal (2004) as, ‘a condition in which the patient shows multiple identities as if he possesses two or more selves at different times in the same body.’ The distinct identities have its own characteristic moods, memories and behaviour (Spanos, 1994). Through famous case studies in this period such as Pierre Janet’s (1859 -1947) and most recent case studies such as Sybil (1973); it has been noted that each identity takes over the patient’s behaviour for a period of time. These particular identities typically take on a distinctive life style or history, name and even voice and in some bizarre cases different sexual orientation. Multiple personality disorder has always been the focal point for psychoanalysis researchers but became predominant during the 1880s and it still significant today. The idea of Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) was looked at by Janet who popularized the concept of dissociation and he is deemed the godfather of the field of ‘dissociative disorders’ (Hacking, 1998). In this essay I will discuss two unique case studies and consider how these writers came to explore the idea of multiple personality. The first case study is ‘Achille’ by Janet and the second case study is the strange case of ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ by Stevenson
In 1889, the book ‘Psychological Automatism’ by Pierre Janet introduced his dissociation theory which was used to describe mental states in which a disruption of conscious awareness occurs. The dissociation period was characterised by two insights. The first is the awareness of dissociation which is a split in the mind leading to the formation of distinct identities. The second is the finding of the cause...
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https://www.studymode.com/essays/Multiple-Personality-1608817.html
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By Gio Chang
Dissociation is a mental process in which an individual may disconnect from their thoughts, memories, feelings, and the surroundings (Wiginton, 2019). This is something that everyone would have experienced before, but dissociative disorders, on the other hand, are a group of mental disorders in which people have severe dissociations such that there are problems in carrying out everyday functions (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2017; Wang, 2018). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), there are three main types of dissociative disorders: dissociative amnesia, depersonalisation-derealisation disorder, and dissociative identity disorder (Black & Grant, 2014).
Dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is a condition characterised by having two or more distinct identity or personality states. (AAMFT, n.d.) These different states usually have different names, characteristics, and mannerisms, (AAMFT, n.d.; NAMI, 2020) and a person with DID may feel like there are one or more voices in their head trying to take control (NAMI, 2020). People with DID generally do maintain their original identity, which is more likely to have a passive role, with the shifts in their identity or personality states generally occurring in the presence of a certain stressor or trigger (www.medicalnewstoday.com, 2020). As people with DID shift through their different identities and personalities, they frequently experience memory loss for certain periods of time, have gone through events which they were not aware of, and episodes of feeling disconnected from their body (AAMFT, n.d.). Other symptoms include hallucinations, sudden return of memories of traumatic events, and the fluctuation in the levels of functioning from the ability to carry out everyday skills effectively to nearly disabled (AAMFT, n.d.). People with DID may also have problems with depression, mood swings, anxiety, and unexplained sleep disorders (AAMFT, n.d.).
More than 90% of the DID cases are known to be caused by trauma, examples of such trauma are natural disasters, military combat or violence (Amen Clinics, n.d.). However, it is also known that most of DID is caused by those experienced during childhood, including repetitive episodes of severe emotional, physical, or sexual abuse or by negligence brought about by the absence of a safe and nurturing upbringing (AAMFT, n.d.). Because the human brain continues to develop until approximately age 25, it goes through many stages of growth in which we learn and absorb everything around us. This includes coping mechanisms where we are able to process and regulate emotions and thoughts, but trauma prevents this process occurring and progressing (Amen Clinics, n.d.). It seems as if children of pre-school (age 4-5) and pre-adolescence age (age 8-9) are especially more at risk of dissociating and developing DID in response to ongoing trauma. The development of alternative personalities and identities are thought to be a type of coping mechanism for these individuals which allow them to disconnect from the trauma (Amen Clinics, n.d.). In people with DID, this is carried out by splitting, which is the creation of a new identity, for example, a child who had gone through repetitive physical abuse from their parents may create a new identity and project their fear and trauma onto this new identity (DID Research, n.d.). This is the child’s way of surviving as their brain has not yet learned how to process and manage the situation and is therefore a way for them to cope with the trauma. The theory of structural dissociation, however, puts a slightly different explanation forward. It states that children are not born with a unified personality, but rather have different states for different emotions and needs, such as happiness, anger, and hunger. These states unify as the children develop, but recurrent trauma may inhibit this process, leaving the person with multiple states of identities (Mental Health Today, n.d).
The neuroanatomy behind DID and trauma caused by childhood abuse and neglect have been found to have a lot of overlapping areas. The changes in brain structure caused by repetitive childhood abuse includes a decrease in size of the hippocampus, which is an area of the brain important for learning and memory, a smaller prefrontal cortex, an area that is responsible for regulating behaviour and emotions and perceptions, and an increase in activity as well as a decrease in the size of the amygdala, which is an area that manages emotions, especially those to do with fear, and determines behaviour in response to potentially stressful or dangerous situations. (Holmes, 2003; Blihar et al., 2020) Similarly, people with DID experience changes in a number of brain regions involved with attention, memory and emotions (Amen Clinics, n.d.). Through brain imaging studies, people with DID have been seen to have smaller brain volume in the hippocampus bilaterally (Amen Clinics, n.d.; Blihar et al., 2020). On top of this, a study revealed that participants who have recovered from DID has a much larger hippocampi than those who were not yet recovered (Blihar et al., 2020). The amygdala, again, is significantly smaller in people with DID (Blihar et al., 2020). The reduction in the size of the hippocampus and the amygdala is a part of the defence mechanism carried out to process the trauma and the situations that remind them of the traumatic event and to modulate the emotions (Krause-Utz & Elzinga, 2018; Blihar et al., 2020)
DID is a very rare psychiatric disorder. This may be the reason why it is misunderstood by so many people and surrounded by stigmas. By understanding that DID is normally developed as a coping mechanism in response to trauma, and that it is a disorder where people experience shifts in personality or identity states, we can break the stigmas surrounding this disorder.
References:
- AAMFT (n.d.) Dissociative Identity Disorder. Available from: https://aamft.org/Consumer_Updates/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder.aspx [Accessed 27th June 2021].
- Amen Clinics. (n.d.) Multiple Personality Disorder Treatment | Amen Clinics. Available from: https://www.amenclinics.com/conditions/multiple-personality-disorder-dissociative-identity-disorder/ [Accessed 27th June 2021].
- Black, D. W. & Grant, J. E. (2014) DSM-5 Guidebook: The Essential Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Association. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN9781585624652&redir_esc=y [Accessed 27th June 2021].
- Blihar, D., Delgado, E., Buryak, M., Gonzalez, M. & Waechter, R. (2020). A systematic review of the neuroanatomy of dissociative identity disorder. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 4 (3), 100148. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100148.
- DID Research (n.d.). Splitting. Available from: https://did-research.org/did/identity_alteration/splitting [Accessed 27th June 2021].
- Holmes, L. (2003). How Childhood Abuse Changes the Brain. Available from: https://www.verywellmind.com/childhood-abuse-changes-the-brain-2330401 [Accessed 27th June 2021].
- Krause-Utz, A. & Elzinga, B. (2018). Current Understanding of the Neural Mechanisms of Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports. 5 (1), 113–123. Available from: doi:10.1007/s40473-018-0146-9.
- Mayo Clinic Staff. (2017) Dissociative disorders – Symptoms and causes. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dissociative-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20355215 [Accessed 27th June 2021].
- Medical News Today. (2020) Split personality disorder: Signs, symptoms, causes, and more. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/split-personality#what-it-is [Accessed 27th June 2021].
- Mental Health Today. (n.d.). The traumatic origin of Dissociative Identity Disorder. [online] Available at: https://www.mentalhealthtoday.co.uk/blog/teach-me-well/denying-the-traumatic-origin-of-dissociative-identity-disorder-denies-those-who-live-with-it-a-recovery [Accessed 27th June 2021].
- NAMI. (2020) Dissociative Disorders | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness. Available from: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Dissociative-Disorders [Accessed 27th June 2021].
- Wang, P. (2018) What Are Dissociative Disorders? Available from: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders [Accessed 27th June 2021].
- Wiginton, K. (2019) What Is Dissociation? Available from: https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/dissociation-overview [Accessed 27th June 2021].
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https://imperialbiosciencereview.com/2021/07/02/dissociative-identity-disorders-what-is-it-and-how-is-it-caused/
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For those that aren’t familiar with the term “Multiple Personality Disorder” or the more clinical label “Dissociative Identity Disorder”, I am glad to fill you in direct from the Wiki. Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Person...
A lot of the time, people confuse two uncommon mental disorders: Schizophrenia, and Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), also known as multiple... The post The Differences Between Schizophrenia and Dissociative Identity Disorder ap...
While Toni Collette may have pulled off making dissociative identity disorder (DID) look glamorous and sexy in the recently cancelled Showtime series United States of Tara, the reality of this disorder is much more complex. As fun a...
Scientific research has shed new light on dissociative symptoms and dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder. This condition seems to arise most often when a vulnerable person meets a therapist...
Multiple personality disorder — now known in modern psychological lingo as dissociative identity disorder (DID) in the DSM-IV — is a fairly uncommon mental health concern. But it remains an intriguing one because of its nature: The ...
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http://regator.com/p/277153737/the_puzzle_of_multiple_personality_disorder/
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Dissociative identity disorder (DID) can take shape in a variety of ways, they are not all the same. If you or a loved one is facing symptoms of dissociative identity disorder it may be time to get the help you need and deserve. Previously known as multiple personality disorder, dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a condition in which a person has more than one distinct identity or personality state. At least two of these personalities repeatedly assert themselves to control the affected person's behavior. Each personality state has a distinct name, past, identity ... Looking for online definition of DID or what DID stands for? DID is listed in the World's largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms The Free Dictionary In the case of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative amnesia, patients may present with unexplained, non-epileptic seizures, paralyses or sensory loss. In settings where possession is part of cultural beliefs, the fragmented identities of a person who has DID may take the form of spirits, deities, demons or animals. Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a mental health condition. Someone with DID has multiple, distinct personalities. The various identities control a person’s behavior at different times. The condition can cause memory loss, delusions or depression. DID is usually caused by past trauma. Dissociative identity disorder. Formerly known as multiple personality disorder, this disorder is characterized by "switching" to alternate identities. You may feel the presence of two or more people talking or living inside your head, and you may feel as though you're possessed by other identities. Did Versus Borderline Personality Disorder. In 1993, Lauer, Black, and Keen12 concluded that DID was an epiphenomenon of borderline personality disorder, finding few differences in symptoms between the two diagnoses. Dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly called multiple personality disorder, is a condition that is characterized by the presence of at least two clear personality/self states, called alters, which may have different reactions, emotions, and body functioning. Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare condition in which two or more distinct identities, or personality states, are present in—and alternately take control of—an individual. Some ... Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare and complex psychological condition where a person experiences two or more distinct identities called ‘alters’. It is usually a long-term condition that occurs in response to extreme trauma.
2022.01.25 10:29 Illustrious-Top4022 Some art I did
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2022.01.25 10:29 OutOfTheMavi Troubles with a friend, what to do?
I (26M) have been friends with her (29F) for a year and a half now. We've had our ups and downs normally. She is generally a great person and a friend, but she had times where she were inconsistent, as in one day she's the best friend in the world and the next days she's distant af and borderline aggressive. I had always ignored that part because she was struggling through a shitty illness and I always tried to be there for her whenever she'd come back from her distant self. She traveled a few times alone to another country for treatment, and during her travels, she would become very secretive and non-communicative and would barely answer my worried inquiries about her health and situation, preferring to hang out with her foreign friends instead. I've never went overboard or have raised issue with this, and would simply stop initiating anything after her first aggressive or very short reply. After returning home, she'd start contacting me more and more frequently and would ask why I haven't been in touch. Again, out of consideration of her illness and not wanting to be negative, I would say that I was busy with work and other things (partly true). We would resume our contact and hang outs normally after that. This has happened at least 3 times before.
Later on, she stayed here for a long we grew very close, to the point where we admitted that we were starting to have feelings for each other. Things were great and we would talk daily about pretty much everything. I would help with her work a lot, I helped her get a nice job in my field and continued to guide and support her through it, I would buy her gifts... etc. I really liked making her happy, and that made me happy. Her distant/secretive self would sometimes come back (ignoring my texts all day and preferring to do stuff with her friends online) but very rarely, and I never pried.
A while ago, she had to travel again for treatment, and up until she boarded the plane, she was her usual self. The day after she landed, she became a different person, she wouldn't tell me anything about what she's doing, barely replied to my texts, usually with short or sometimes completely irrelevant answers. She again preferred to hang out with her foreign friends and was clearly distracted. I was genuinely worried about her and her distracted answers barely told me anything, so I asked her whether we could call sometime to catch up, and her response was that she's very busy, that she'd went there to see many friends and do many thing and that she can't make any promises, and that she felt that I had hidden intentions behind this call. Her words felt like a slap to me at that moment, so I immediately wished her good health and asked her to take care. She felt that I was upset and told me that I misunderstood her words, saying that she is so busy she doesn't want make another scheduled thing in her day, and that I could call her any time I wanted, casually. At that point I was upset and I didn't call, but didn't want to upset her because she had a small medical operation coming up after a few days, so I told her to not worry, and explained that I was worried about her. After a very brief chat, her responses became irrelevant again. I was upset with her from then on, and she felt it to a degree and contacted me every day after that, but things were shallow and not like before.
A few weeks ago, after she had returned, she asked me for help with her work a couple of times. I helped her, though not over a call like usual, instead I merely finished her tasks and sent them over. One night, she (out of the blue) told me not to ghost her, and that I'm not talking to her like I used to. I told her that what she did before upset me and that I couldn't understand why she reacted the way she did. She said it was because she was going through a bad time and didn't to talk to anyone, I told her that it doesn't make sense because she was clearly hanging out with her foreign friends, and told her that she could've told me that she didn't want to talk clearly, her reply was a simple "I will next time".
I'm still upset with her, and she keeps contacting me daily in a "trying to be a good friend" persona, but I'm just not comfortable with her anymore. What do you recommend, reddit? I don't know where to proceed and this is starting to weigh on me quite a lot.
Thank you in advance for any and all answers.
Sorry, there is no tl;dr version.
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2022.01.25 10:29 MartianIslander 6 out of 10 Dreamies Amiibo
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2022.01.25 10:29 SuperHotUKDeals 2TB - PNY XLR8 CS3040 M.2 NVMe Gen4 x4 Internal Solid State Drive (SSD) , 5600/4300 MB/s R/W - £198.17 Sold by Amazon US @ Amazon
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2022.01.25 10:29 DakigamesXD When you click on a video and it takes you to youtube
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2022.01.25 10:29 scarl3tk1ng Nope
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2022.01.25 10:29 sipperphoto French Quarter, New Orleans
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2022.01.25 10:29 Snorkelbender These cuts are fresh AF
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2022.01.25 10:29 weedftw_69 A defence of DMTNT now that everybody is hating on it (and why I think that the hate is still justified).
So recently on the sub I have been seeing many posts hating on DMTNT,with many even saying they refuse to acknowledge that it's canon. I absolutely understand this hate, DMTNT had it's flaws and I won't deny them. Henry and Carina were absolutely terribly-writren characters and I HATE their scenes.
However,I still feel that this movie is a worthy addition to the POTC canon.
Firstly, people seem to completely misunderstand why Jack is the way he is here. Is Jack acting different than usual? Yes. Is Jack dumb or stupid now? NO. There are still many classic Jack Sparrow moments,like the Bank escape,the "Next time you raise a sword boy,be the last to die" interaction with Henry, and young Jack scene.
Now,why is Jack Acting different? Bad luck. The movie's entire point is that Jack has lost his Luck,his ship (cause of the events of the 4th film),and eventually,his crew too. Jack,now alone,has fell so low to the point of trading his compass for a bottle of rum,which releases one of his greatest enemies,which forces him to go on an adventure,which by the end of the film rewards him with the pearl,a new crew,and his compass back,which Is why he goes back to his old self by the end of the film.
Jack is not suddenly dumb in this film,the movie just showed him reaching rock bottom.
Secondly,Salazar is arguably an amazing villain. I don't know if it's the way the character is written and directed,or if it's just Javier Bardem's outstanding performance,or a combination of both. He looks intimidating and scary. His introduction is absolutely epic. Everything from the way he walks,the way he talks,and his interactions with other characters is great.
His goal to take revenge on Sparrow,while not anything unique,still makes sense and the background they gave him of wanting to take revenge on piracy overall for his father and grandfather adds on to his role in the film.
Thirdly,imo the damage the plot holes actually did to the lore is exaggerated. The plot holes are perfectly fixable. "but Jack didn't take the compass from his captain" Maybe Jack just took the Compass from Tia Dalma to give it to his captain,then took it back once his captain died,then. The plot holes are easily fixable and pretending like the lore is destroyed now is exaggerating.
Now,I absolutely understand the hate for this film,it has some major flaws too,which I won't try to defend:
Henry and Carina are awfully written characters,and I HATE them. Carina has zero personality, Elizabeth and Angelica were so much better. Carina is so freaking annoying in every scene.
Same with Henry,he has zero personality other than just trying to copy Will. And people say Phillip from POTC 4 had zero personality? At least Phillip was badass in a few scenes.
Also,all the amazing things that were set up in 4 are just straight up ignored or wasted in 5. Blackbeard's sword And ship had so much potential... The mermaids are only referenced once... And events from 4 are only referenced by barbossa two times ("Trapped in this bottle by blackbeard 5 winters ago". "The pearl will not be taken from me again").
To wrap it up,I get the hate for 5,but I still feel that it's a good film and it's a worthy addition to the potc canon. Not as good as the other 4,but still fun and good film.
submitted by weedftw_69 to piratesofthecaribbean [link] [comments]
2022.01.25 10:29 SuperHotUKDeals Western Digital Red+ NAS Hard Drive 10TB £189.99 / 12TB £234.99 @ Western Digital Shop
The description of this deal was not provided by this subreddit and its contributors.
£199.99 - Western Digital Shop
2 x 10TB = £350
2 x 12TB = £420
There's a decent deal on WD at present if you're after some larger WD Red Plus drives.
10TB CMR 256mb cache 7200rpm is £199.99
12TB CMR 256mb cache 7200rpm is £234.99
Full data sheet here: https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/western-digital/product/internal-drives/wd-red-plus-hdd/product-brief-western-digital-wd-red-plus-hdd.pdf
Not bad prices, but for the next couple of days they have a promo running (which isn't well promoted) meaning:
Save £10 off a purchase of £100
Save £25 off a purchase of £200
Save £50 off a purchase of £300
Thus the DEAL :
**2 x 10TB = £350
2 x 12TB = £420
**
In both cases that works out to be £17.50 per TB which is a very competitive rate.
3 Year Warranty too.
Quidco 4% on all sales too.
This deal can be found at hotukdeals via this link: https://ift.tt/3rNVnfx
submitted by SuperHotUKDeals to HotUKGamingDeals [link] [comments]
2022.01.25 10:29 clip_mirror_bot X Slips up and says the n word
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2022.01.25 10:29 pbnj_bb_thx [I ate] a salad
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2022.01.25 10:29 squirrelrampage Raven's New 'Organizational Change' Breaks Up Union Members
|submitted by squirrelrampage to DevUnion [link] [comments]|
2022.01.25 10:29 Goddess422 [01.25.22 ] Daily Discussion Thread
Go Suns! 🔆
submitted by Goddess422 to suns [link] [comments]
2022.01.25 10:29 Delicious-Post-4189 How do I bridge DOV to Hedera?
Any instructions? :)
submitted by Delicious-Post-4189 to DOVUEarth [link] [comments]
2022.01.25 10:29 Vertex_Redditing discord_irl
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2022.01.25 10:29 GrassAltruistic1305 If I have these three scoreboards: sec, min and hour, how can I show them like this in the actionbar: hour: min: sec
submitted by GrassAltruistic1305 to MinecraftCommands [link] [comments]
2022.01.25 10:29 XxPorcelainDollxX Owner took care of the problem
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2022.01.25 10:29 Visser51 Where To Go For An Easy WOF In ChCh?
Hi all!
Where can I take my daily for an easy WOF in Christchurch, Riccarton/Hornby preferred but can travel for the right shop.
Recent trip to that shop for a wof ideal.
Also helpful if they are good with pricing/honest on repairs.
Basically I have a rough daily, failed on bouncy shocks and a tiny bit of boot rust.
Thanks a lot guys 🙂
submitted by Visser51 to chch [link] [comments]
2022.01.25 10:29 crytoloover VeVe Drop: Spiderman Issue #131 🕷 Marvel Digital Comic Book NFT Drop #shorts
submitted by crytoloover to coinmarketbag [link] [comments]
2022.01.25 10:29 cubekiller8a [WFI] Warf-ish Industries | Organisation with multiple operations/events every single day in mining, combat, cargo hauling, touring and even more!
https://youtu.be/Kclcz9sg7Rs
submitted by cubekiller8a to Starcitizen_guilds [link] [comments]
2022.01.25 10:29 SuperHotUKDeals 51 Worldwide Games for Switch £10 @ Tesco Fforestfach, Swansea
The description of this deal was not provided by this subreddit and its contributors.
£10 - Tesco
Reduced from £20, to £15 and now £10.
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http://onexam24.ru/?id=1638770535
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So what is DID?
Wikipedia sites that… “Dissociative identity disorder (DID), previously known as multiple personality disorder (MPD), is a mental disorder on the dissociative spectrum characterized by the appearance of at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that alternately control a person’s behavior, accompanied by memory impairment for important information not explained by ordinary forgetfulness.”
PsychCentral Sites that… “DID typically develops in childhood as a result of severe and sustained trauma. It’s characterized by different identities or “self-states” (there is no integrated sense of self) and an inability to recall information that goes beyond forgetfulness. Prone to amnesia, people with DID sometimes “can’t remember what they’ve done or said,” Brand said. They have a tendency to dissociate or “space out and lose track of minutes or hours.” For instance, it’s “common [for people with DID] to find they’ve hurt themselves [but] don’t remember doing that,” Brand said. The loss of memory isn’t due to drugs or alcohol, but a switch in self-states, she noted…”
WebMD sites that… “Dissociative identity disorder is thought to stem from trauma experienced by the person with the disorder. The dissociative aspect is thought to be a coping mechanism… with some experts believing that it is really an “offshoot” phenomenon of another psychiatric problem, such as borderline personality disorder, or the product of profound difficulties in coping abilities or stresses related to how people form trusting emotional relationships with others.”
For me, the best way that I can describe it is it’s what I would call “Emotional OCD”. Being an overly emotional person, also diagnosed empathetic through a personality test by my psychiatrist, when I get stuck on an emotion, ANY emotion, if it becomes intense it takes over who I am and I am incapable of focusing on anything else going on around me, or remembering it later. Which is why I usually have to meet people several times before I remember them. I can watch movies several times and swear I’ve never seen them before, happens all the time… I’m easily distracted, jumping from one project to the next always forgetting where I left off, which is why I currently have 5 Facebook accounts, 16 Facebook pages, 25 Facebook Groups, 3 Websites, 9 Blogs, and at least 2-3 different social media sites for each website. I have been running all of this pretty much by myself for the last 3-4 years. The biggest part of my social anxiety is that I feel like an enormous asshole when I don’t remember people who clearly remember me. Huge segments of my life are gone most of the time, and other days they are clear as a bell. I live in a constant state of paranoia; sometimes pushed into complete states of hallucinations and delusions (I think) because more often than not, when someone is telling me a story about the past or something we did together or remember about me, I swear they are bold face lying to me. I trust NO ONE easily. And the few that I allow to get close either end up using me or not being able to deal with me, so the agoraphobia don’t bother me too much. Losing people hurts, especially when you don’t understand why.
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https://savethehumans.co/me/so-what-is-did/
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dissociative...
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обо мне
визитки &
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лит-ра
lola rennt
ссылки &
отметиться
дать денег
гостевая книга
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DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
© A. Gonzalez-Mayo, R. Shaner, 2005
Информация на этой странице предназначена исключительно для профессионалов здравоохранения. Не используйте ее для самодиагностики и самолечения. Обратитесь к врачу!
OVERVIEW OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Dissociation is the fragmentation or separation of aspects of consciousness, including memory, identity, and perception. Some degree of dissociation is always present; however, if an individual's consciousness becomes too fragmented, it may pathologically interfere with the sense of self and ability to adapt. Presenting complaints and findings of dissociative disorders include amnesia, personality change, erratic behavior, odd inner experiences (e.g., flashbacks, deja vu), and confusion.
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
Definition
Significant episodes in which the individual is unable to recall important and often emotionally charged memories.
Risk Factors/Etiology
Psychological stress. More common in women and younger adults. Onset is usually detected retrospectively by the discovery of memory gaps of extremely variable duration.
Symptoms
Amnesia that may be general or selective for certain events.
Course
The amnesia may suddenly or gradually remit, particularly when the traumatic circumstance resolves, or may become chronic.
Associated Problems
Mood disorders, conversion disorder, and personality disorders are commonly present.
Treatment
Diagnostic evaluation for general medical conditions (e.g., head trauma, seizures, cerebrovascular disease) or substances (e.g., anxiolytic and hypnotic medications, alcohol) that may cause amnesia. Hypsnosis, suggestion, and relaxation techiques are helpful. The patient should be removed from stressful situations when possible. Psychotherapy should be directed at resolved underlying emotional stress.
Differential Diagnosis
Major rule outs are amnestic disorder due to a general medical condition, substance-induced amnestic disorder, and other dissociative disorders.
DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE
Definition
Sudden, unexpected travel, accompanied by the inability to remember one's past and by confusion about personal identity, or by the assumption of a new identity.
Risk Factors/Etiology
Psychosocial stressors.
Incidence
0,2%.
Onset
Usually sudden, often following a stressful life event.
Course
Most episodes are isolated and last from hours to months.
Outcome
Resolution is usually rapid, but amnesia may persist.
Associated Problems
Mood disorders, PTSD, and substance-induced disorders.
Treatment
Same as for dissociative amnesia.
Differential Diagnosis
Major rule-outs are complex partial seizures, other dissociative disorders, and factitious disorder and malingering.
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (FORMERLY MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER)
Definition
Presence of multiple, distinct personalities that recurrently control the individual's behavior, accompanied by failure to recall important personal information.
Risk Factors/Etiology
Childhood sexual abuse has been postulated as a risk factor.
Prevalence
More common in women.
Onset
Usually occult; clinical presentation is several years later when disturbances in interpersonal functioning are present.
Key Symptoms
Presence of distinct personalities is often subtle; in some cases, it is discovered only during treatment for associated symptoms.
Associated Problems
Chaotic interpersonal relationships, impulsivity and self-destructive behavior, suicide attempts, substance abuse.
Comorbidity
Borderline personality disorder, PTSD, major depressive disorder and other mood disorders, substance-related disorders, sexual disorders, and eating disorders.
Course
Symptoms may fluctuate or be continuous.
Differential Diagnoses
Borderline personality disorder and other personality disorders, bipolar disorder with rapid cycling, factitious disorder, and malingering.
Treatment
Psychotherapy to uncover psychologically traumatic memories and to resolve the associated emotional conflict.
DEPERSONALIZATION DISORDERS
Definition
Persistent or recurrent feeling of being detache from one's mental processes or body, accompanied by intact sense of reality.
Risk Factors/Etiology
Psychologic stress.
Prevalence
Episodes of depersonalization are common.
Onset
Usually in adolescence or early adulthood. Stressful events may precede the onset of the disorder.
Key Symptoms
Associated Symptoms
Are often during episodes.
Treatment
Psychotherapy directed at decreasing anxiety.
Differential Diagnosis
Major rule-outs are substance-induced mental disorders with dissociative symptoms, including intoxication, withdrawal, hallucinogen-induced persisting perceptual disorder, panic disorder, and PTSD.
REVIEW QUESTION
Case Study
A 19-year-old man is brought to the emergency room by volunteers from a homeless shelter. The man claims that he cannot remember who he is. He says that he found himself in Los Angeles but that he cannot remember where he comes from, the circumstances of his trip, or any other information about his life. He has neither identification nor money, but he has a bus ticket from New York.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: C. The symptoms of amnesia, unexplained travel, and identity confusion are most suggestive of dissociative fugue. Because of the generalized nature of his amnesia, substance-induced amnestic disorder an unlikely diagnosis. There is insufficient evidence of distinct alternative personalities to diagnose dissociative identity disorder.
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http://med-stud.narod.ru/med/misc/dissociative.html
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Please check back often for new workshop opportunities!
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Recognition, Diagnostic Assessment and Evidence-based Intervention Strategies
May 22 – VIRTUAL!
Increasingly, the current and frequent exposure to the various types of significant trauma encountered in social work practice demands that effective social work practitioners understand the neurobiological underpinnings, the psychological conceptualizations, successful evidence-based practice interventions and the paradigm of trauma-informed care. The awareness that PTSD is a frequent psychobehavioral outcome of trauma experiences also creates the responsibility of awareness, recognition and professional understanding of dissociation as a correlate of trauma experiences and of PTSD. However, Dissociative identity Disorder (DID) also recognized as a trauma based psychobehavioral disorder, (previously identified as Multiple Personality Disorder), is considered to be a more chronic condition and, as some older literature wrongfully suggests, it is not a rare condition. It can be frequently diagnosed in chronically traumatized individuals. It is characterized by the failure to integrate various aspects of previously dissociated memory, related affect and consciousness into a single multidimensional present self. The unconscious formation/creation of dissociated parts served as a protective function for the traumatized individual during one or more traumatic events during the developmental years. The formation/creation of an individual’s DID dissociated identities (“parts”) is based on one or more traumatic experiences during childhood developmental years ,and which continue to function in the person’s current life. Social Work intervention requires the understanding and mastery of the evidence-based trauma treatment paradigm in order for effective intervention to occur. Treatment is considered long-term and frequently requires the individual to remember dissociated content in order to create a coherent life narrative. This workshop will focus on an overview of the neurobiology of DID, diagnostic assessment of DID, and some evidence-based strategies for intervention will be provided.
Attendees will earn 3.0 Category I Contact Hours.
Presented by Delores Dungee-Anderson, PhD, LCSW, CTST, Professor
Assessing Family Relationships, The Family Life Space Drawing
May 29, 2020 – NOW VIRTUAL!
This workshop will provide training in the use of an expressive task centered assessment tool. This family assessment tool incorporates information from multiple family members while building connections between client and mental health provider. The tool enables clients to share in direct and indirect levels of information.
Course Objectives:
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Participants will review the different types of family assessment.
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Participants will learn the history and connection of the FLSD to systems and experiential therapies.
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Workshop participants will leave the workshop with knowledge and ability to use FLSD as a tool with clients.
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Participants will have an opportunity to personally experience the process and exam their own family life space.
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https://www.naswva.org/continuing-ed-workshops
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Home Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder and Self Harm, Chat with Erika Reva.
Dissociative Identity Disorder and Self Harm, Chat with Erika Reva.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is arguably one of the most misunderstood and controversial diagnoses*, but for those who live with DID, it is very real and can be very difficult to manage. As much as 1-3% of the population lives with DID**, and I’m honored to talk to an amazing survivor and advocate here on the blog, about this very topic.
Having had the opportunity to chat with Erika Reva recently, I was so encouraged by her willingness to share and help others during her own healing journey of living with Dissociative Identity Disorder and Self Harm. Erika’s blog, TheWeInMe.com, is a place where she shares openly, and where all who read it can feel validated in knowing that they are not alone in their struggles. She writes from her own personal experience and gives us a unique insight into the world of DID.
Erika is a writer and photographer who’s spent her life working in the arts in some capacity, as well as working hard with different people, groups and organizations globally spreading awareness about Mental Illness.
For those that may not be familiar with DID – it is explained by WebMD as follows: Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct or split identities or personality states that continually have power over the person’s behavior. With dissociative identity disorder, there’s also an inability to recall key personal information that is too far-reaching to be explained as mere forgetfulness. With dissociative identity disorder, there are also highly distinct memory variations, which fluctuate with the person’s split personality…is likely caused by many factors, including severe trauma during early childhood (usually extreme, repetitive physical, sexual, or emotional abuse).
The topic of our conversation centered around a blog article she posted, “Our Top 5 Self Harm Tips and Alternatives”. As I was contemplating a topic for us to discuss, this blog post jumped out at me because many survivors of abuse live with not only DID, but also use self-harm as a coping strategy. This is a topic that I have been wanting to cover on the blog for quite a while, and the opportunity to talk with Erika was something I simply couldn’t pass up.
In terms of Erika’s DID, we discuss each part having their own voice, story to tell, and unique way of getting of getting their message across to her. You will be able to see first-hand, what it’s like living with this disorder, and also be encouraged by her message of hope and healing. In particular, her passion and talent in the world of Photography and Art have given her a tremendous outlet as an alternative coping skill to the destructiveness of self-harm.
We also discuss her experiences with self-harm, and how her parts used that as a way to try and keep control of what was happening. As Erika points out, working with a professional has helped her to find healthy coping strategies and alternatives to self-harm. Essentially, ways for her parts to express themselves that did not involve any physical harm. She shares those with us on the podcast.
You’ll also hear how Dissociation plays a role in DID, and why the term “blackouts” may not mean what you initially think.
One thing that I found particularly fascinating as I talked with Erika, is how each of the points in her article are intertwined with one another. The strategies and skills in one area also help with the others. While each point is separate and unique in its own way, they all tie together as you’ll see when you listen to Erika talk.
I want to issue a trigger warning when you listen to the podcast. We discuss self harm in particular, as this can be a very sensitive topic. Please be kind to yourself as you listen. Above all, know that there is Hope. There is always Hope. Know that you are not alone and that your story matters. Your healing matters. Amazing survivors like Erika are living proof that our past, and even what we live with right now, does not have to define our future.
Please consider sharing this with someone who may need it. As always, remember that we are all in this together as survivors.
Pictures courtesy of Pixabay. Social Media images created by Matt Pappas using Canva.
Its hard…VERY hard to live with but it can be done. I still live a very lonely existence even with my family all around me. I don’t think it’s safe to let anyone in.
We can definitely understand and relate to this. ????you’re not alone.
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https://www.survivingmypast.net/self-harm-tips-alternatives-with-erika-reva/
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The Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area is located just a few miles west of Las Vegas and encompasses 195,819 acres within the Mojave Desert. Red Rock Canyon is an area of worldwide geologic interest.
Many experienced and amateur geologists alike who visit Red Rock are amazed by the rock formations, natural beauty, and the vivid colors of the rocks. The forces of nature that have formed such a visual display have taken millions of years to create the masterpiece that is now known as Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area. We invite you to explore and view the geological features that make this area unique.
Aztec Sandstone
The great sandstone cliffs at Red Rock, thousands of feet high, are made up of the Aztec Sandstone. This formation, about 180 - 190 million years old, is comprised of lithified sand dunes that formed in a vast desert that covered a large part of the southwestern United States during the Jurassic time. Lithification is the process of changing unconsolidated sediment into sedimentary rock. Massive cross-bedding, typical of aeolian (wind) deposits, is a result of the shifting wind direction across the Jurassic dune field and is seen in the Aztec Sandstone rock outcrops.
Red Color
The red color of some of the outcrops of the Aztec Sandstone is due to presence of iron oxide or hematite. Exposure to the elements caused iron minerals to oxidize or “rust,” resulting in red, orange, and brown-colored rocks. Areas where the rock is buff in color may be places where the iron has been leached out by subsurface water, or where the iron oxide was never deposited.
Iron Concretions
Red spots in the Aztec Sandstone are iron concretions, where subsurface water has precipitated iron oxide around a nucleus in the sandstone. These concretions are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding sandstone, and weather into little balls known as Indian or Moqui Marbles.
Limestone
More than 500 million years ago Red Rock Canyon NCA was at the bottom of an ocean basin. Mostly limestone (and dolomite) accumulated in this ocean basin for over 250 million years during the Paleozoic Era. The limestones contain the fossils of sea life that flourished during that time. Thousands of feet of the gray Paleozoic limestones are exposed at LaMadre Mountain to the northwest of the Scenic Loop Drive.
Dinosaurs
The tracks of small bipedal (two-footed) therapod (meat-eating) dinosaurs have been found in the Aztec Sandstone at Red Rock Canyon in three different places. The small animal tracks made by proto-mammals, early mammals, and arachnids (spiders and scorpions) were also found. Paleontologists are still researching these sites.
Keystone Thrust Fault
As you look at the escarpment to the west you see older gray Paleozoic limestone resting on top of the younger buff and red Jurassic sandstone. This is a result of the Keystone Thrust Fault. Near the end of the Mesozoic Era, about 65 million years ago, the oceanic plate began “subducting” (moving beneath) the western edge of the North American Plate. This resulted in the intrusion of the Sierra Nevada granite batholith, which set up compressional forces in the Earth’s crust that caused the older limestone to be thrust east up and over the younger sandstone. The limestone cap served to protect the weaker sandstone from erosion for millions of years, eventually eroding back to its present location. The compressional thrust faulting at the end of the Mesozoic Era can be traced all the way up into Canada. However, the best exposure of the thrust faulting is here in the Red Rock Canyon NCA.
Click here for more information about the Keystone Thrust formation provided by the Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology.
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https://www.redrockcanyonlv.org/geology-highlights/
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"estabilidad estructural" » "estabilidad estructura", "estabilidad estructuras"
Publication Date: 2013.
Language: Spanish.
Abstract:
Wind erosion is one of most common degradation processes in agricultural soils of Chaco. Little information exists on the effects of wind erosion on agricultural soils of this region. The objectives of this study were to: 1) analyze the behavior of the erodible fraction (FE) and the dry aggregate stability (EES) as indexes of the susceptibility of soils to wind erosion, 2) relateFE to other soil parameters in order to develop equations useful to predict soil wind erosion susceptibility and 3) test if such equations are compatible with those used in the EWEQ model, developed for the Semiarid Pampas. The study was carried out in an area of the Chaco Ecorregion, where forests and grasslands are being replaced by annual cropping practices. The soils studied were classified as Udic Haplustepts, and were under pristine and agriculture conditions. Agricultural soils showed lower EF values, which indicate a lower susceptibility of the soils to be eroded by wind than pristine soils. This unexpected result was probably due to the formation of clods, as a result of tillage operations performed under certain conditions of soil moisture. No relationships were found between FE or EES and the years since the forest clearing. Relationships between FE and texture were not enough to fit a predictive model. The experimental data did not show an association with the FE data calculated with the EWEQ model. EES showed higher values in agricultural conditions than under pristine conditions. Future research must be developed in order to establish a prediction equation for FE for soils of the region. Such equation may allow for a better decision framework for sustainable soil management practices.
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http://repositoriosdigitales.mincyt.gob.ar/vufind/Search/Results?filter%5B%5D=format%3A%22article%22&filter%5B%5D=author_facet%3A%22Buschiazzo%2C+Daniel+Eduardo%22&lookfor=%22estabilidad+estructural%22&type=Subject
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White Giraffes in Africa?
Leucistic Animals Back in 2015 a rare white giraffe was discovered in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. Dr. Derek Lee, an ecologist with the Wild Nature Institute, first spotted the young calf while doing a giraffe survey in Tarangire. Three years later while on safari in Tanzania, my group was fortunate to see this rare giraffe. …Read More
Hiking Namibia’s Sossusvlei Dunes
Namibia is an ideal destination for exploring on foot and hiking the Sossusvlei dunes will take you into a unique and strange landscape. Sossusvlei is classic Namib Desert scenery with magnificent, apricot dunes sculpted by the wind and set against a cobalt blue sky. Hiking the Sossusvlei Dunes can be a surreal experience as you…Read More
What is a Safari Sundowner?
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https://grasstracksafaris.com/category/african-safaris/
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The Pueblo Colorado Wash, an alluvial aquifer, is an important water source for the First Nations Diné (Navajo) Reservation. The name “alluvial” refers to the loose, un-layered nature of the material – often silt, clay, sand, and gravel which are deposited by running water in and around rivers. The Pueblo Colorado Wash aquifer is the main source of drinking water for many First Nations Navajo communities and an integral feature of the cultural landscape.
In this image below, the colors of the river as it cuts across the desert are juxtaposed against the vibrant hues of the different rock layers that make up the base of this magnificent butte.
The butte shown in the middle of this photo is 1,912 feet high (582 m) sits about a half-mile north of the formation known as Five Buttes. A butte is an isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top. The word “butte” comes from a French word meaning “small hill” and buttes usually have a surface area of less than 10,000 square feet.
Buttes such as this are tall, flat-topped, steep-sided towers of rock created through the powerful process of erosion. Millions of years ago the buttes seen in these images were all part of a vast flat elevated area that was either a mesa or plateau. Over time, the overwhelming natural forces of water, wind, and ice slowly cut through the ground and created streams, creeks rivers, and lakes.
This continuous, timeless process slowly eroded away the softer soil while leaving the hard top layer, called a caprock, which resists weathering and erosion. As a result, this formation is about the same height as the original plateau or mesa that surrounded it. Because caprock protects the more vulnerable rock beneath it, buttes are constantly evolving.
The beautiful purple colors around the butte are remnants of fluvial deposits left behind by ancient seas and rivers. Most of those deposits are sandstone, which can come in many colors, depending on their age, erosion, and climate at the time in which they were laid down. These colors appear through the ongoing process of erosion which is why you will see stratified layers of color along the same height throughout the area. The vibrant golden colors of the desert and brush along the Pueblo Colorado Wash are a result of the unique atmospheric optics in effect early in the evening when this image was taken.
An interesting thing about this image below; Looking closely at the river, note that there is a carpet of trees and brush that occupy the entire river bottom. Notice the depth of the main river which is running on the right side of the river channel. Many rivulets drain into the main wash, collecting as much water runoff as possible.
Five Buttes sits at the entrance to the Hopi Buttes Volcanic Field, this volcanic field covers an area of approximately 965 square miles (2,500 km) and contains about 300 such volcanic formations.
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https://whereeaglesfly.tv/pueblo-colorado-wash-2/
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Damaraland and Kaokoveld demand a certain level of respect. Beautiful, but arid and unforgiving, attractions near this area have names like Burnt Mountain, the Petrified Forest, the Skeleton Coast - all aptly named and an indication of the drama found here. Occupying a huge, harsh stretch of landscape to the northwest of the country, even the people and wildlife have adapted accordingly.
The Himba, a tall, slender and statuesque people, rub their bodies with red ochre and fat to protect their skins against the climate. Desert adapted elephants have special behavioral characteristics, large annual and seasonal ranges and a social structure and daily activities to cope with the environment.
Thankfully for visitors, there are many great desert accommodation options, which means you don't have to rough it in Damaraland and Kaokoveld in the slightest.
Etosha National Park
One of the worlds finest game parks. Location of some familiar wildlife, Etosha is home to all of Africas Wildlife "big five" - lion, leopard, buffalo, rhino and elephant. Springbok, wildebeest, eland and zebra range the park and congregate at the water holes in large numbers especially during the dry months of June to December. There are good numbers of lion and leopard and black rhino.
Namib Desert
Namib Desert stretches for nearly a 1000 km along the Atlantic coast. As one of the oldest deserts in the world, its sand takes on a distinctive rust colour and it has some of the highest sand dunes in the world.
Sossusvlei
Sossusvlei means "the gathering place of water" though seldom will you find water here. Instead you'll find the highest sand dunes in the world and perhaps Namibia's most outstanding scenic attraction.
These dunes, part of the Namib Desert, have developed over a period of many millions of years. The result of material flowing from the Orange River dumped into the Atlantic Ocean, carried northward and then returned again to land by the surf. Here the wind continuously shifts the sand further and further inland, reshaping patters in warm tints that contrast vividly with the dazzling white surface of the large deflationary clay pans at their bases. Climbing up one of these dunes provides breathtaking views of the whole area, including Deadvlei, a large ghostly expanse of dried white clay punctuated by skeletons of ancient camelthorn trees, carbon dated between 500-600 years old.
The best time to view Sossusvlei is close to sunrise and sunset when the dunes refract spectacular colors, ranging from burnt orange, red and deep mauve. It's a photographer's dream.
Swakopmund and Walvis Bay
Swakopmund is Namibia's playground, a holiday destination for tourists and locals alike looking to escape the heat of the interior and to have a little adventure.
The city itself resembles a small German town and manages to create a feeling of timelessness with its palm-lined streets, seaside promenades, restaurants, cafes, art galleries and museums. And while there's plenty to do within city limits, the real action happens in the desert surrounding Swakopmund. Quad-biking, sand-boarding, sand-skiing, parasailing and dozens of other guided adrenaline inducing activities are available by reservation from many of the adventure companies operating in the area. At Walvis Bay, visitors can join a dolphin cruise or explore the lagoon on a kayak tour.
Even with all this excitement Swakopmund serves as a good break during a busy vacation. Relax and have fun in a place well suited for both.
The Skeleton Coast
Once upon a time the entire coastline of Namibia was called The Skeleton Coast. Today, the moniker mostly refers to the Skeleton National Park, which stretches the northern one-third of Namibia's shore. The landscape in the park ranges from wind swept dunes to rugged canyons with walls of richly colored volcanic rock and extensive mountain ranges.
The park's ominous name is well earned given the scores of shipwrecks littering the beaches - the work of the Benguela Current, dense fog and rough surf. Bleached whale and seal bones also are visible back from days when the whaling industry was still active. But despite its appearance, the Skeleton National Park houses a great variety of species with its borders - big cats, desert-adapted elephant, black rhino and many more.
You're best to fly-in to see everything, especially the vast display of shipwrecks, but you can also enter between the Ugab and Hoanib rivers and enjoy the coast's superb fishing area.
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https://www.africa-discovery.com/namibia/attractions.php
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Natural Processes are actions or events that have natural causes, which result in natural events. The three main coastal environment processes that operate at Muriwai are Coastal Erosion, Coastal Transportation and Coastal Deposition.
The elements that interact to produce natural
processes
are wind, waves and tides. Each phenomenon at Muriwai's coastal
geographic
environment has been produced by interaction.
Coastal Erosion is a process at Muriwai that gradually wears away the rock particles of the earth's surface, transporting them to another location. There are many types of processes that cause erosion at Muriwai such as wave erosion, wind erosion and wave refraction.
Thousands of years ago when sea levels dropped over years at the Southern end of Muriwai, the sedimentary rock and sandstone was exposed to the air. Rock from volcanic activity mixed with the sedimentary rock; this is called Breccia -- a mixture of all rock. An example of this is at Maori Bay.
Coastal Erosion operates at different rates and different times. Limestone rock is eroded slower than sedimentary rock. The
cliff
at Muriwai made of sedimentary rock was eroded back to expose 'Fisherman's Rock' - the shore platform which, made of limestone -- tended to erode back slower than the cliff.
The types of wave erosion that caused this are -
Hydraulic Action, when waves hit the cliff, air is forced into cracks, and then as the wave retreats this air expands explosively. Over time the cracks enlarge, weakening the base of the cliff causing erosion.
Attrition is the breakdown of rock particles when they hit Otakamiro point and each other causing the base of the headland to erode.
Chemical Erosion/Corrosion occurs due to the content of limestone in the rockface of Otakamiro point. The seawater combined with the limestone produces a weak chemical solution, which erodes the base of the cliff and produces a pitted effect.
Chemical Weathering is when water weakens the structure of the rock and Mechanical Weathering is where water seeps into the rock face causing fragments of rock to break off.
These types of erosion have caused the formation of several phenomena at Muriwai.
Motutara Island (stack) was produced by the formation of two caves on either side of the headland -- forming an arch and the roof slowly erodin...
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...ll build up the dunes and travel inland.
Surface Creep occurs when landing sand particles remove the larger and heavier particles, pushing them forward.
Suspension is the picking up of sand by wind. This is when sand is airborne and then deposited anywhere.
Coastal Deposition is the third main natural process occurring at Muriwai's coastal geographic environment.
It is the process of sediment being deposited to form natural features.
This is when the rock fragments from Otakamiro Headland are ripped away by waves, broken down by attrition and transported along the coast where they are deposited as beaches and sand dunes. The movement of the material is called Longshore Drift; the direction of the deposit depends on the direction of the winds.
Titomagnetite sand (black sand) was deposited at Muriwai when it was bought from the south by Longshore Drift.
Coastal Erosion, Coastal Transportation and Coastal Deposition are natural processes that have occurred at Muriwai's coastal geographic environment. These processes outlined have formed such phenomena as Motutara Island (stack), Otakamiro Point (headland/cliff), Fisherman's Rock (shore-platform), cave and the blowhole.
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https://www.123helpme.com/essay/How-Natural-Processes-Operate-at-Coastal-Geographic-70285
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Geology 101 -- What's the Deal?
The erosion that carves out this fascinating topography began over 60 million years ago and can be seen in various stages even today. As the devastating 1999 earthquakes illustrated, Turkey is caught between the insistent pressure exerted from the Asian and European continental plates. The Erciyes Mountain, Melendiz Mountain, and Hasandag -- all dormant or extinct volcanoes -- are the result of underground forces that thrust these landmasses above water level eons ago. Recurrent volcanic eruptions blanketed the area with boulders, ash, and lava, over time creating layers of sediment, with the underneath layers more solid than the newer, softer upper levels of sediment.
The formation of the fairy chimneys is just an example of wind and water erosion in an extreme state. The early stages of erosion are visible in the graceful channels and dunes of the valleys. But as the elements carve away at the channels, the mass of tufa splits from its supports and forms pillars or pyramids. And without the protection of those teetering basalt boulders caught in the balance of gravity and time, the pillars slowly whittle down to nothing, and the crowning boulder eventually comes crashing to the ground.
Note: This information was accurate when it was published, but can change without notice. Please be sure to confirm all rates and details directly with the companies in question before planning your trip.
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https://www.frommers.com/destinations/cappadocia-and-the-interior/in-depth
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The top layer of the earth’s surface consists of various types of materials and also various forms. Relief on the surface of the earth is mostly bumpy and not flat. The causes of the diversity of landscapes on this earth can vary.
There are those that occur as a result of endogenous processes or processes that take place in the earth, and some are due to exogenous processes or processes that take place from outside the earth. One example of a landscape that can occur as a result of an exogenous process is erosion.
Erosion is one of the causes of the formation of diverse landscapes on this face. So, what is the meaning of erosion and what kinds of erosion are there? The following explanation.
Contents lll
Understanding Erosion
Erosion is also often referred to as erosion. Understanding erosion itself can be understood as the erosion process that occurs on the surface of the earth due to water, wind or ice. So, in essence erosion is the process of eroding the surface layer of the earth.
In the process of erosion, soil or rock masses are broken down and transferred with the help of hydropower, ice, wind, and gravity and others.
When an area occurs a lot of erosion or erosion, the layer of soil flowers will disappear. As a result, the area will become barren faster. The duration of this erosion process can vary. For example, if forests lack more trees or barren, erosion can take place more quickly.
The occurrence of erosion will affect a lot of changes in the earth’s crust. For example, mountains can be reduced in height, sharp mountain peaks will become rounded, lowlands can get higher, seas on the seashore will decrease in depth, canyons will increase in size, and so on.
Erosion can indeed take place in various regions of the earth’s surface, depending on the type of erosion that occurs. There are various types of erosion known. The distribution of types of erosion is generally based on the process or cause of erosion.
Kinds of Erosion
To be clear, the following is a list of the types of erosion that exist, all of which have 10 types.
1. River water erosion
River water erosion takes place due to the volume of water that flows quickly and with a fairly large water discharge, while carrying a variety of solid objects. This water flow will cause erosion upstream so that formed valleys, canyons, rivers, and deep ravines.
Examples due to river water erosion are the Anai valley, Grand Canyon Colorado, Sianok Gorge, and Victoria Rapids.
2. Seawater erosion (abrasion)
Sea water erosion is more commonly known as abrasion. Erosion of sea water is caused by the sea waves that hit the beach cliffs continuously so that damage occurs. Destruction of these beach cliffs is called abrasion or marine erosion.
Examples of landscapes due to seawater erosion or abrasion can be seen in Redondo, the southern tip of the Gulf of Santa Monica, California, USA.
3. Ice erosion (glaciers)
The ice referred to here is more commonly known as a glacier. This ice erosion occurs when a pile of ice moves slowly down then erodes valleys in the mountains. The existence of a current of ice that flows is called a glacier.
Because the erosion that occurs is caused by ice power, the ice erosion is also referred to as exarations. The result of deposition deposited in this process is called moraine.
4. Wind erosion (corrosion)
Erosion that occurs by the wind is also often referred to as corrosion. The process of erosion caused by wind occurs a lot in areas that are rather dry, such as in the desert region.
The results of the destruction of a landscape that has been turned into a very easy to be blown by the wind so that it can form fungi and sand dunes.
5. Erosion splatter ( splash erosion )
Splash erosion is a type of erosion in the form of fine soil splashes that occur due to rain drops when splashed on rocks or soil. This type of erosion can cause the material or soil to become weathered and very easily destroyed.
6. Erosion surface / sheet erosion ( sheet erosion )
Surface erosion is also often referred to as sheet erosion. Sheet erosion occurs by breaking up soil particles in a nearly uniform layer of soil, resulting in a uniform appearance.
This erosion occurs when the topsoil disappears. Surface erosion can cause the soil to become barren because the topsoil that determines soil fertility is lost. (Check out more: How to Maintain Soil Fertility )
7. Erosion groove ( rill erosion )
Groove erosion is a type of erosion that occurs due to soil erosion resulting in grooves in the direction of the slope. The resulting grooves generally have a depth of 30 cm and a width of less than 50 cm.
Groove erosion is very easy to recognize because of its appearance like a groove in the mountain slope. In addition, channel erosion is more common in recently cultivated lands.
8. ditch erosion ( gully erosion )
Trench erosion is a type of erosion caused by water very strongly. Because it is so strong, the slopes affected by the erosion of the trench will be shaped like a trench V or U. The erosion of this trench is also a further form of channel erosion. Trench erosion produces furrows with a depth of more than 30 cm and a width of more than 50 cm.
9. River bank erosion ( stream bank erosion )
River bank erosion occurs when the river valley becomes wider, which is caused by erosion in the river wall (lateral erosion). Generally, river bank erosion occurs in downstream areas of the river.
10. Erosion waterfall ( waterfall erosion )
Waterfall erosion is erosion that occurs when there is a waterfall power that causes erosion. Waterfall erosion is generally vertical. As for the position or location of the waterfall, little by little it will move back towards the river upstream. This is why waterfall erosion is also called mudik erosion.
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https://notesread.com/understanding-10-kinds-erosion/
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The majority of deserts on Earth are not, in fact, covered by sand, but are instead composed of exposed bedrock and desert stone, along with rocky outcrops and clay, depending on the surrounding topography, geological makeup and weather patterns.
When the word “desert” is mentioned, most people envision the undulating dunes of the Sahara, massive piles of shifting sand as far as the eye can see. This is what movies, television shows and popular culture have told us about deserts, but this is far from the whole story. Yes, there is an incredible amount of sand in the deserts of the world, which does beg the question of what is under the golden carpet, but in most areas of the desert, there is very little sand, so we can easily see what lies beneath!
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Desert Formation
In terms of a formal definition, a desert is typically characterized by an extreme lack of rainfall. One of the prime causes behind an area that receives little rainfall is being on the “wrong side of the mountain”. To understand this, you must consider the behavior of air and moisture when it encounters an obstacle. For example, consider a weather system blowing in from the west and bumping into a north-south mountain range. The damp, warm air that rolled up against the base of the mountain will now begin to rise and form clouds. However, as the air rises, it begins to cool, causing it to release its moisture in the form of precipitation.
Rain Shadow
By the time the air moves over the top of the mountain range, it is largely devoid of moisture, save for a few clouds that don’t produce much precipitation. The east side of the mountain is called a “rain shadow”, and the air will descend and warm up, but will not have any moisture to speak of. This often results in hot, dry winds that can exacerbate the formation of a desert over the course of thousands or millions of years.
That being said, some deserts on the planet aren’t located near mountains, and are instead the result of unique weather patterns on a regional scale. High-pressure systems are full of warm, heavy air, and in subtropical or semi-permanent high-pressure systems, such as the one found in the region of the Sahara, that air cannot rise, cool, form clouds and generate precipitation. Furthermore, if a high-pressure system is strong and stable, it makes it very difficult for low-pressure systems to move in and generate variability in weather patterns. As a result, you have a region that receives very little rain, is buffeted by dry winds, and doesn’t benefit from the movement of cold fronts.
While most deserts are characterized by scorching heat, there are also cold deserts, such as the Gobi Desert, the entire continent of Antarctica, or the coastal desert of Peru and northern Chile, where the air is so cold that it cannot hold moisture to generate precipitation. While the surface of the Antarctic desert is snow and ice, gusting crystals of ice and dry winds create similar conditions, with white-out windstorms replacing classic desert sandstorms.
Over the course of millions of years, these weather patterns and topographical factors result in a land that is largely bereft of any vegetative cover, as there is often too little water to support life, and the ever-changing landscape makes it difficult for root systems to take hold. These deserts are also susceptible to temperature shifts, since they gain and lose heat very easily. Unlike cities, jungles and grasslands, desert sand is unable to hold onto its heat effectively, so while it may be extremely hot during the day, the ground doesn’t hold that heat into the night, resulting in drastic temperature swings, yet another obstacle to life thriving.
Also Read: Why Are Deserts Hot And How Are They Formed?
Where Does The Sand Come From?
Although we partially debunked the idea that deserts are completely covered with sand, the question remains—where does the sand come from in the first place? As mentioned in the section above, the drastic shifts in temperature between day and night can put stress on the rocks of a region, which may split and crack.
Combine this with the dry, gusting winds that readily cause erosion, and you get a great deal of sand being formed over the course of millennia. The sand will basically sort itself by size, with the larger and heavier pieces of broken down sand at the bottom, and the fine, silt-like sand on the surface, where it can be whipped around and blown into dunes, or further aid the weathering process of wind erosion.
Sand behaves as a very abrasive substance, and with the wind stripping the earth down to its rocky bones, some very unusual rock formations and outcroppings (Aeolian landforms) may be molded by the power of gusting sand alone. Dune seas are ever-shifting landscapes that are grown and molded by the wind into various recognizable formations, but they may rise and fall in a matter of years.
Finally, not all deserts are composed of sand. There are erg (sand deserts), serrir (pebble deserts) and hammada (rock deserts), each of which is shaped by their unique erosion patterns and climate. Some areas of a desert may be characterized by dunes and sand, but other desert regions may simply be barren, which brings us to the last question of this article.
What Is Underneath The Sand?
Now that you understand where sand comes from, and why deserts form, you may already be able to guess what lies beneath the swirling sand. Roughly 80% of deserts aren’t covered with sand, but rather show the bare earth below—the bedrock and cracking clay of a dried-out ecosystem. Without any soil to cover it, nor vegetation to hold that soil in place, the desert stone is completely uncovered and exposed to the elements.
A desert is not necessarily flat, so there are hills and rock formations that are either weathered down to a flat earth below, or shaped into outcroppings through the forces of erosion. Rolling plains of dunes may also hint at rolling hills that once existed beneath them. The type, color and hardness of the surface rock is dependent on the geologic characteristics of the region. There is a very good chance that the exposed areas of a desert are the same as those that are covered by sand, provided they are geographically close. Furthermore, as deserts “grow”, it isn’t that the sand is spreading out, but rather the ecosystems on the edges of the desert are similarly giving way as the soil blows away, vegetation decreases and the erosive processes begin!
A Final Word
Deserts may seem like forbidding and mysterious places, but they are the result of completely natural processes of erosion and weather patterns. Next time you’re watching a nature documentary and they show a sweeping shot over a sea of dunes, remember that is only a fraction of what the whole desert looks like. The aesthetic beauty of swirling sand can’t compete with the barren and brutal landscape of a rocky desert where the wind-scarred bedrock has been exposed.
Also Read: Why Do Deserts Get Cold At Night?
There will always be secrets hidden under the sand, but what lies at the very bottom is rather easy to discover—simply find another area nearby that has been scrubbed clean over the millennia… it should give you a reliable clue!
How much do you know about deserts?
Question
Your answer:
Correct answer:
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https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/a-desert-is-covered-with-sand-but-what-is-beneath-it.html
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Erosion simply means to wear away or cause to diminish. Erosion is the process that occurs when a surface or substance wears away slowly. It is often the result of corrosion, or of one substance eating into another. There are many types of erosion. Develop a deeper understanding of this scientific concept by reviewing several yellowcomic.com of erosion.
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Water Erosion From Rainfall or Melting Snow
Water erosion occurs when soil ends up being detached, removed, or washed away by water. It can be related to rainfall or running water, such as the movement of a significant quantity of melting snow. There are several yellowcomic.com of this type of erosion.
Splash Erosion
This type of erosion is caused by rainfall. It is the first stage in the process of water erosion. When raindrops hit the soil, they cause individual soil particles on the ground to disperse and splash back down. This makes it difficult for rain to permeate the ground, so the water builds up on the surface and leads to the formation of moving water, in the form of runoff.a small crater forms in bare soil as a result of pouring rainparticles of soil piled up so to form puddles of rainwater
Sheet Erosion
Also caused by rainfall, sheet erosion is a more severe form of erosion than splash erosion. It is the sheet-like washing away of loosened particles of soil. It is caused by runoff resulting from rainfall or a large quantity of melting snow. Sheet erosion commonly, but not always, occurs on land that has a slope.the top layer of soil on a hillside washing away down the slope washing away of soil from fields of farmland that are freshly cleared our plowed
Rill Erosion
Rill erosion can be caused by rainfall or the movement of melting snow. Rather than soil washing away in sheets, rill erosion causes the water to cut through the soil, creating small channels on either side that measure no more than 3/10 of an inch in depth. These shallow flow paths through which rainwater flows are an example of rill erosion.small channels develop on a dirt road after a steady rainsmall channel-like paths develop in a garden through which rainwater flows
Gully Erosion
Rill erosion can progress into gully erosion. When the water movement is powerful enough to increase the channels to larger gully pathways greater than 3/10 of an inch, that is when gully erosion occurs. This type of water erosion can be caused by rainfall or melting snow as it moves. It occurs in areas where runoff water accumulates and flows quickly.lead to rapid onset flash flooding in torrential rainform as channels combine after extended periods of rain or snow melt
Tunnel Erosion
Tunnel erosion is the most severe form of water erosion caused by rainfall or melting snow. With this type of erosion, water drips through a hole in the surface, removing soil underneath ground level and carving out a tunnel. It may not be obvious from the surface that there is a hollow area below, at least in the early days after a tunnel forms. Once a tunnel has been in place for a while, the soil on the surface will begin to give way on its own, if it has not already collapsed due to weight being placed on it.sinkholes form and cave in where tunnels formroad collapses can result from tunnel erosion
Coastal Erosion
Coastal erosion is caused by water, but it doesn’t result directly from rainfall. Instead, coastal erosion refers to the impact that wave action has on the shoreline of oceans, seas and gulfs. As waves crash into land on the shore, the sand, rocks, cliffs or soil along the shoreline gets eroded. Increases in sediment in the water greatly amplifies the impact of coastal erosion.cracks in shoreline cliffs due to joint compression via wave actionwaves pounding on rocky shoreline breaks off chunks of rockcliffs get worn away by particles in seawater.carbonic acid in seawater corrodes rocky shorelinedisplacement of shoreline sediment by prevailing current or drift
River and Stream Erosion
Unlike oceans and gulfs, rivers and streams flow between the banks rather than producing crashing waves. River and stream erosion occurs as a result of the impact of moving water on the soil on either side of a flowing body of water. As water flows, the banks of streams, rivers, creeks and other bodies of water can be worn away due to erosion.shoreline recession as flowing water melts ground ice (permafrost); called thermal erosioncreates dangerous environment for aquatic life forms residing in the bodies of water
Wind Erosion
Wind erosion is erosion caused by wind. It occurs when wind picks up soil from one area, carries it a distance and leaves it somewhere else. It can occur in locations that are windy a lot of the time, as well as places that only occasionally experience wind. The power of wind can move loose soil and also wear down surfaces due to particles carried in the wind.sand dunes can be formed or destroyed by wind erosion mountains can be worn away by wind erosion
Ice Erosion
Ice erosion is caused by the movement of glaciers, which are powerful ice formations. The most powerful yellowcomic.com of glacial erosion occurred long ago, during the Ice Age. There are still some places on earth (Greenland and Antarctica) where this phenomenon still occurs. Glaciers can cause erosion to occur as they move across land, picking up and displacing soil and anything else that they go over.New York’s finger lakes were cut by glaciers Cape Cod and Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts were carved by glaciers
See more: What Is The Gcf Of 64 And 32 ? Greatest Common Factor Of 32 And 64 Gcf(32,64)
The Role of Gravity in Erosion
Gravity plays a significant role in erosion, as gravity impacts the forces that cause erosion. For example gravity impacts how water flows, how water moves on or below the surface of the earth, and the action of waves. It also impacts wind and controls how objects move on the surface of the earth. Gravity plays a role in every type of erosion.mountain slides illustrate the role of gravity in erosionavalanches are also gravity and result in erosion
Learn More About Erosion
Now that you are familiar with some yellowcomic.com of different types of erosion, expand your knowledge of the natural world by studying the difference between weathering and erosion. From there, further explore these two concepts by exploring yellowcomic.com of physical weathering. Chances are that you’ll start to notice yellowcomic.com of erosion and weathering as you go about your everyday activities.
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https://yellowcomic.com/which-event-is-the-best-example-of-erosion/
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As a result of volcanic eruptions that began millions of years ago, the area under the tuff layer was formed in such a way that the sculptors would be jealous in the years as a result of the erosion of wind, rain and rivers. The adventure that started with the discovery of the soft rocks shaped by nature, continued with her making shelter for her, and then inspired her to create living spaces where she could sustain her life.
Cappadocia, located in the heart of Anatolia, hosted the activities of the first settled societies, which were considered to be revolutionary, domestication of animals, and mining. This knowledge accumulation was followed by the fact that respectively Khatians, Assyrian merchants, Hittites, Persians, Phrygians, soldiers of Alexander the Great, Romans , East Romans (Byzantines), Seljuks, Turkish principalities and Ottomans have reached the present day.
Cappadocia, which is one of the monotheistic beliefs, as it is home to polytheistic beliefs, has been the geography that embraced the Anatolian Sufi doctrine after the Muslim people settled in the region.
Nowadays, different valleys, rock carving churches, fairy chimneys, dovecotes, underground cities and nature that create a sense of not belonging to this world share the cultural riches of Cappadocia with those who visit and invite their guests to a mystical world.
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http://www.hatticappadocia.com/en/cappadocia/
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Located on Navajo land near Page, Arizona, Antelope Canyon is an incredible place where water and time have eroded the rock and turned it into a slot canyon. The result is an incredible formation of smooth, flowing rock. In 1997 the Navajo Tribe turned the area into a Navajo Tribal Park, opening up Antelope Canyon for tourism Antelope Canyon was formed by erosion of Navajo Sandstone, primarily due to flash flooding and secondarily due to other sub-aerial processes. Rainwater, especially during monsoon season, runs into the extensive basin above the slot canyon sections, picking up speed and sand as it rushes into the narrow passageways.
Follow the light
Sandstone "Rose with Stem"
Sky Fall
A vibrant underground cathedral where every step exposes a unique scene of depths of exquisite contrast and brilliance. Just gaze and imagine an evolving millions upon millions of years where flowing water and winds carved this sacred wonder.
Sacred and Spiritual.Serene and Mystical
The Wave
Soft blend of ambers, oranges, reds, mixed with more natural light is an incredible rush to someone who's a light-junkie
Shades of Black
Color Gradient
There's an underground World somewhere, Go explore it.
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https://steller.co/s/4LnaeCjWphE
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The Sossusvlei is an ancient salt pan in Namibia's Namib Desert that transforms into an oasis once or twice every decade.
Inside Namibia's Namib-Naukluft National Park sprawl massive dunes that glow orange, pink, and red under the burning sun. These magnificent hills are made of sand so old that it has literally rusted over its millions of years on Earth, and in between them lies an alien desert of white salt known as the Sossusvlei.
"Sossuvlei," which translates to "Dead Marshes" from Afrikaans, is cupped by sand dunes that tower over 1,300 feet tall and are among the highest sandhills in the world. The Sossusvlei basin, along with its similar counterpart known as the Deadvlei, is among the most photographed areas of Sub-Saharan Africa.
The Sossuvlei Is Made Of Ancient Rust
The Sossusvlei is a natural wonder comprised of salt that contains a layer of clay in its subsoil. It remains a dry basin, except for once every five to ten years when it finds itself overflowing with water from the nearby Tsauchab River.
When filled with water, the clay subsoil in the Sossusvlei becomes sticky and plasticized like putty, giving the basin its nickname: the "point of no return."
Visitors from all over the world come to witness the sight when the Tsauchab fills the flat as glassy reflections from the resulting lake make for excellent photography. During this time, the cracked mud basin transforms into an oasis with a blue-green lake, sprouting foliage, and aquatic birdlife.
The basin can hold water for up to a full year before it is re-absorbed by the land. Small animals that can survive with very little moisture live near Sossusvlei including some arthropods, small reptiles, and rodents.
The more stable dunes in the salt basin are somewhat covered with vegetation year-round, as they are watered mainly by several underground rivers, and are thus able to sustain these little critters. The highest dune in the Sossusvlei area proper is called "Big Daddy," and it stands 1,066 feet tall. "Big Daddy" faces another massive dune that is known, of course, as "Big Mama."
The dystopic landscape has made appearances in many movies, and nearly every story or article written about the country of Namibia features a photo of it. In the film The Cell, the desert landscape represents a dream-like virtual reality. It's also featured in the movies The Fall and Steel Dawn.
In The Nearby Deadvlei, Not Even The Dead Can Disappear
But there is another more treacherous "point of no return."
Nearby the Sossusvlei sprawls a second "dead marsh" known as the Deadvlei, which is even more desolate than its neighbor. Here, the dunes block any access that the Tsauchab River may have once originally had to the basin and is thus so dry and arid that even dead trees cannot decompose — they simply scorch black under the sun.
You may think this environment wouldn't be too friendly to flora or fauna. However, there are pockets of life even within the Deadvlei. The landscape is dotted with salsola shrubs, which are part of the saltbush family, and Acanthosicyos horridus, an unusual melon that is actually native to the Namib desert. These organisms manage to sustain themselves on occasional morning mists that blow in from the Atlantic Ocean.
The desert is also populated by the Oryx, a creature similar to an antelope. These creatures can conserve water and withstand extreme heat that would prove fatal to many other animals by cooling the blood that flows to its brain.
Africa's apex predator, the desert lions of Namibia, may also be found wandering the Sossusvlei basin, as well as another drought-adapted animal known as the rare desert-dwelling elephant.
The Namib Desert Is The Oldest On Earth
The Namib-Naukluft National Park, in which the desert resides, takes up around 8,880 square miles of land and protects areas of ecological importance. This park also shares a boundary with the NamibRand Nature Reserve; a private reserve protecting and conserving the ecology and wildlife of the region. It is one of the oldest reserves in Namibia.
The Namib Desert itself, meanwhile, has existed for around 55 million years.
The dystopic plane comes from the ethnic Nama word namib, which also inspired the country's name, which means "vast dry plain."
Then there are the Naukluft Mountains, the southern part of which form the easternmost part of the park. Characterized by high plateaus bounded by gorges, caves, and springs, the mountains themselves are a thing of beauty. The northern part of the Naukluft Mountains, meanwhile, consists of mainly private farms.
If you're looking to visit Sossusvlei, mountain passes provide excellent viewpoints. On the other hand, some of the passes are harder to travel, so you'll also need a vehicle equipped to drive through sand.
Accommodations can be found inside the park, and you can book scenic flights over the dunes. Hot air balloon tours depart from the nearby settlement of Sesriem every morning.
It's a 44-mile trek from the Namib-Naukluft Park gates to Sossusvlei and Deadvlei, and a bucket-list worthy experience is witnessing the sunrise or sunset over the desert dunes. The skies here are said to be among the clearest you'll ever see.
Next, find out how a new African ocean reserve in Gabon will protect sea turtles, dolphins, and whales. Then, for those with an iron stomach, read about the brutal South African punishment known as necklacing, which was reserved for traitors to the anti-apartheid movement.
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https://allthatsinteresting.com/sossusvlei
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We only have one planet with limited resources. As such, we need to protect the natural resources that people and industry depend on which includes accelerating progress on more efficient as well as more renewable solutions.
We are all part of a complex system that requires balance including economic systems, social systems and ecosystems. Progress in these areas will require systems thinking at the global, regional, local and even individual levels as well as unprecedented collaboration between business, government, academia and civil society.
The world needs solutions for big challenges like energy, climate change, water, food, housing and health. For advanced manufacturing this applies to the use of all natural and material resources in the production process, where innovations such as technology clusters help get the most from material inputs along value chains, and to products, where advanced materials and other innovations can significantly increase overall resource efficiency. Greater resource efficiency underpins advanced manufacturing by delivering lower costs for commodities, products and services. The positive correlation between resource efficiency and competitiveness should be an added incentive for every sector to take action.
Learn more about Dow’s Commitment to Sustainability.
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https://corporate.dow.com/en-us/about/public-policy/global/sustainability
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Republican members of the Climate Legislative Executive Workgroup (CLEW), Rep. Shelly Short and Sen. Doug Ericksen, today called for the workgroup to finish the economic and environmental analysis of various carbon reduction policy proposals.
The two legislators said the CLEW process should be extended for another year to continue examining the costs and potential benefits of numerous energy issues in Washington state.
“It is vital that legislators receive accurate information about the economic costs and the potential environmental benefits surrounding any carbon-reduction efforts,” said Ericksen, R-Ferndale and chair of the Senate Energy, Environment and Telecommunications Committee. “We also need real numbers on Washington's actual role in worldwide carbon output.”
The bipartisan workgroup was created through legislation last year. It is comprised of House and Senate Democrats and Republicans, with Gov. Jay Inslee sitting in as a non-voting member.
“Both sides agree that an economic analysis is necessary and we appreciate the governor's willingness, as of late, to consider the importance of Washington's economy before introducing costly carbon reduction policies,” said Short, R-Addy and ranking member on the House Environment Committee.
“We believe the process set in place by CLEW represents a balanced approach to legislative and executive involvement that can lead to common-sense solutions down the road that protect our economy for decades to come,” continued Short. “Any 'go-it-alone' approach by the governor or his office alienates the legislative branch and the hundreds of thousands of citizens we represent.”
Ericksen said he was concerned that while some in Olympia are calling on the Legislature to take drastic and dramatic actions on energy production, much of the information about the economic impacts or environmental benefits that could be achieved in Washington is not readily available.
“The first year of the CLEW process highlighted just how little is known about how a regional or state-only cap-and-trade or carbon tax would impact our state,” said Ericksen. “We also do not have solid data on the potential positive economic impacts that could come from a focus on replacing carbon fuels with nuclear energy, increased hydro power or making conservation a priority.
“I think that some on the panel were surprised at the lack of information currently available and the massive negative impacts that cap-and-trade plans would have on Washington's manufacturing jobs,” said Ericksen. “We need more information and the CLEW process is a legislatively-created tool to get that information.”
- If the CLEW process extends into next year, members of the workgroup could examine any or all of the following proposals:
- Establishing a carbon limits and related market program (e.g., cap/trade);
- Establishing a carbon tax;
- Expanding the use of advanced nuclear power as a replacement for fossil fuels;
- Phasing out coal-fired electrical power generated out-of-state;
- Changes to the fuel mix report to track Renewable Energy Credits, including a study of how the state's projected achievement of its greenhouse gas (GHG) targets might differ if production-based emissions accounting is used instead of consumption-based accounting;
- Accelerating clean technology investments that reduce carbon emissions;
- Increasing energy efficiency in residential and commercial buildings; and
- Changes to I-937 that reduce costs to taxpayers.
This list of policies would be specifically analyzed for economic impacts with oversight by CLEW members and then undergo independent expert economic analysis. However, both Short and Ericksen made it clear that calling for further analysis is not an indication that they or all the other members are in agreement on whether these policies should be implemented.
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https://shellyshort.houserepublicans.wa.gov/2014/01/08/republican-legislators-call-for-continuation-of-climate-legislative-executive-workgroup/
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With the aim of promoting export growth rate, accelerating promote the Decals product development strategies using of advanced technologies. Otherwise, affirm NCI’s ability to compete as the biggest manufacturer and Provider of Decals in Vietnam. The Technical Development Center was established in January, 2020 located in the NCI’s 2nd Factory at Lot 85, Noi Bai Industrial Zone with potential of available resources of the Center in terms of modern machine, equipment and advanced technology.
Our Technical Development center performs the major activities related to:
① Development of new 2D stickers and 3D emblems by innovation of printing and molding 3D technology.
② Strengthen competitiveness by renewing and applying the advanced design and manufacture technology
③ Technical assistance about Decals – Stickers.
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https://www.ncivn.vn/information/establishment-of-technical-development-center
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Financial terms, including financial product type, interest rate and payback period can be tailored to suit each individual project. Naturally, we cannot provide financial terms until we have undertaken a satisfactory assessment and due diligence of the following. Please note, this list is indicative and not exhaustive:
Our Investment Mandate Direction specifies our Portfolio Benchmark Return (PBR) for the performance of funds invested based on a weighted average of the five-year Australian Government Bond Rate.
Proponents should not expect to be able to access the CEFC's funding at the PBR. We take a commercially rigorous approach to our investments and seek to deliver a market-based return on our investments which exceeds the CEFC's PBR. The actual return for any given investment will be a market based risk-adjusted return reflecting the:
Finance will be offered on the least generous terms possible for a given project to proceed.
Projects seeking CEFC finance of more than $20 million must comply with Australian Industry Participation Plans (AIPP) policy.Back to top
You can contact us via email. Details are available on our Enquiries page.Back to top
All proposals and associated information are treated as commercially confidential. Applicants supplying information to the CEFC should be aware that we are subject to the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act (FOI) 1982 and information provided to us may become the subject of an FOI access request. We will always ask your permission before sharing information specific to your proposal with external parties if that information is not already in the public domain.Back to top
You can make an enquiry to check your eligibility for CEFC finance here.Back to top
The application form is a starting point and should be kept concise. The form provides sufficient space to answer specific questions and you can attach additional information if necessary. The better the information we get about your proposal, the more promptly we can respond.Back to top
Our preferred minimum individual investment size for renewable technology projects is $20 million. We have limited ability to process a volume of small individual project transactions and are mindful of limiting transaction costs, meeting performance benchmarks and achieving self-sufficiency. We have a range of programs with co-financiers to assist with smaller transactions and we encourage project proponents to also consider these.Back to top
If your proposal is successful, we will discuss the ongoing reporting requirements we may require after project implementation. In many instances, you may be able to draw on your existing internal organisational reporting.Back to top
We do not provide grants, but we may co-finance or co-invest in projects that have received grant assistance.Back to top
A concessional loan is offered on more favourable terms than could be expected to be available between a private sector lender and private sector borrower. The concession(s) provided may take many forms but typically will be one or more of:
The size of the concession(s) can be quantified for accounting purposes as a concessionality charge.Back to top
Yes. The CEFC Innovation Fund focuses on companies, businesses and projects at early stages of development that are now seeking growth capital, or early stage capital, to assist their businesses get to the next stage of their development. The Innovation Fund is jointly managed by the CEFC and ARENA. You can apply for finance through the CEFC application process.Back to top
A key objective of the CEFC is to seek out innovative structures to address financial impediments to private sector investment in the clean energy sector. Our investments may be in the form of debt products or equity investments or a combination of both. Our diverse portfolio comprises approximately 70 per cent in senior debt investments and 30 per cent in equity or hybrid investments.Back to top
We encourage Australian participation in our investments. For projects of more than $20 million, we are required to ensure that our finance recipients agree and adhere to the Australian Industry Participation (AIP) Plans policy. AIP Plans are designed to increase opportunities for capable and competitive Australian and New Zealand small and medium sized enterprises to participate in major projects.Back to top
Yes. We are committed to attracting additional private sector finance into clean energy and have developed a range of exciting programs with co-financiers to support the transition to renewable energy, and support energy efficiency and low emissions technologies. These are particularly relevant to small businesses, manufacturers and agribusiness, as well as small-scale commercial property. Enquire here.Back to top
The CEFC's Investment Mandate requires that we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of investment proposals in arriving at investment decisions and consider a wide array of factors that a private sector financier would be unlikely to consider. These include:
Positive externalities result from technologies moving faster along the innovation chain, down the cost curve and through greater acceptance in financing markets. They can also flow from improvements in technology design, supply chain depth, construction practices, operating skills, financing structures and market risk appetite.
The positive externalities generated by CEFC investments will over time have a cumulative impact across the sector, leading to reduced carbon emissions and accelerating Australia's clean energy transformation.
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https://www.cefc.com.au/enquiries/faqs/
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effect of science and technology on society
They transcend local boundaries and touches lives of everyone. Society changing and increasing every day by the good impact of technology. Impact of Technology on Society Our society is completely dependent on technology due to increase in the trend of digitalization. The evolution of technology has dramatically changed the way we think, with the rapid new advancements being made with each passing day, to the tremendous opportunities it provides us with. 2012. How does Modern Technology affect the way we think/act? Just 8% of Americans say technology has mostly had negative effects on society. A better understanding of how developments in science and technology influence the creation of new occupations and subsequent changes in educational programs can help decision makers at all levels of our society. But sometimes people misuse science and its inventions and that harms society. The development of hunting and farming tools allowed our ancestors to dominate other hominid species. Positive Impact: The positive impact of technology on society is very high. So when we speak of the impact of science on society we are speaking about the more advanced countries, and when we speculate on the future, it usually concerns the same areas of the world. 300 words Essay on Science and Technology/Paragraph on Science and technology. Evolution of mankind can be seen in terms of technological evolution as well. Wind, water, and animal power, with their limitations of place and capacity, were supplemented and then replaced by the steam engine, which went on to power the factories of the industrial … It’s also Impact of Information Technology on Society. The effect of a ‘Science, Technology and Society’ course on prospective teachers’ conceptions of the nature of science. • New technologies and better understanding of where we live in: Technology and Science go hand in hand, and there is no doubt that we have been engulfed in the technological world. Effects of science and technology in everyday life. For example, accelerating technological advances and monumental societal demands force us to revisit the most basic scientific questions of computing. It is said that the 21 st century is the century of science and technology. Technology and science have played a central role in human history and help shape entire civilizations. Technology has been seeped in with such precision and deftness that we don’t really appreciate it that much. Invention of fire and wheel changed the face of mankind. Technology in Society and Education 1 The Effects of Technology in Society and Education by Brian P. Sutton Spring 2013 A thesis submitted to the Department of Education and Human Development of the State University of New York College at Brockport in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Education ! Logically, technology may not make human to be lazy but from other perspectives, thinking humans as social animals, we’re becoming slaves to technology. It has not only affected and reflected on an individual but also organization and society. Incorporated as a not-for-profit foundation in 1971, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Forum is tied to no political, partisan or national interests. If society needs to be educated about science and technology (and it does) scientists and engineers, too, need to be educated about the effect of science and technology on society, as well as the effect of society on science and technology. Technological progress was key for the emergence and downfall of empires. Within this essay I plan to discuss and debate my and other’s opinions on the matter of technology and not only how it effects the way we think/act, but whether those effects are positive or negatively impactful. Here are some of the most important negative effects of technology on society! Science and technology are essential ingredients of modern life. We’ve lost the real feelings of living together before science and technology become much popular. Negative Impact of Technology on Society Less-Active Lifestyle . The impact of technological interventions on individual people, communities and the environment must also be carefully considered. Humanities and Contemporary World, Podgorico, Montenegro, Jun 2012. Scientific discoveries have little or no meaning unless there are competent business units to produce for people what science has discovered. There are so many interesting things on the Internet, but if we would like to review and comment on everything, one life wouldn’t be enough. Communication is a large positive impact on society. Evidence for this synergy has been found since humanity first started using simple tools. The effect on technology on society is not a new or even relatively recent phenomenon. Technology builds and increasing very fast. While technology has many positives, it can also lead to negative psychological and physical health effects. While the smartphone revolution has made our lives easy, it has also made us lazy. Learn about the adverse effects of technology here. [Figure] Following the advent of molecular biology came the technologies and their applications. These drivers are also measures of the impact of computing research. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN SOCIETY 9 CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN SOCIETY About 200 years ago the pace of technological change in western society began to quicken. The meaning of "technology" is simply the application of science or knowledge, the creation of a tool, and use of the tool to solve a problem. The World Economic Forum is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. Advances in Database technology for example have enabled the governments of various countries to collate and monitor statistical information that they can use to combat fraud, manage the economy in a more … We are living in this smart society by the only value of technology. Technology society and life or technology and culture refers to the inter-dependency, co-dependence, co-influence, and co-production of technology and society upon one another. 2020. International Scientific Forum "COVID and Human … Development of science and technology has a direct effect on our daily lives as well as our social life. In present global situation, numerous powerful technologies have been developed to assist people in households and offices. Society depends on business to keep the stream of discovery flowing into useful goods and services for mankind. (2006). Before 30 years we didn’t think how will be our life! It has also opened several new funding research lines in several governmental agencies around the world. In my talk I will give examples from Microsoft Research of our impact on science, technology, and society. • Call phones to Smart phones. WASTE OF TIME. • Technology is young ,& first to hug the technology is the younger generation of the world.They are always in touch with the updating technology. To do this, science needs to become more multidisciplinary and its practitioners should continue to promote cooperation and integration between the social and natural sciences. 1 Health and societal impact of science and technology advances. Today, the whole world is at our fingertips, and thus we don’t have to work or move around like we did previously to get things done. Yes, science and technology by themselves will not solve the problems of society and nature. People have always been dependent on technology, from the first tools used to build fire or store water to the wheel or the steam engine. Technology’s effect can be felt through business. Fig. Technology can have some adverse effects on your health, but there are ways to reduce the negative side effects so that you can still enjoy the benefits of technology. (Top) Key areas of science and technology, where recent advances have transformative potential for health, medicine, and society. The inter-relationship has continued as modern technologies such as the printing press and computers have helped shape society. The regular and wide use of technology has also impacted the needs and demands of the people. We only have one life and the day lasts only twenty-four hours, so we must use time wisely. Other ways technology is seen to have a positive effect on society include increased knowledge and understanding, improvements in industry and jobs and an interconnectedness of the world as a result of globalization. I will close with pointers to new directions for computing research. The Dream of a Global Knowledge Society, Dubrovnik, Croatia, Sep 2012. But their contribution is necessary to find a solution to such problems. Impact of Technology on Different elements of Society Government: Developments in information technology has helped governments to improve their “service” to their citizens. The impact of technology on society is undeniable. Effects Of Modern Technology On Society 1083 Words | 5 Pages. Science and Engineering – With supercomputers, meteorologists forecast future climate by employing a mix of observations of climate conditions from several resources, a mathematical representation of this behavior of the air, and geographical data. Effects on man kind…. Computers and ICT have brought various changes in our lives and society. Considering communication , the evolution of mobile phones has clearly affected on most of the young people all around the world. Science. As a result of research and development efforts, innovations are achieved, resulting in the creation of new occupations and the demand for employees with expertise in these new areas. As a matter of fact, we experience this impact in our daily lives. WAAS-ELN International Conference on Nuclear Threats and Security, Dubrovnik, Croatia, Sep 2012. Science and technology can be a friend for us if we use it for the benefits of society or development of people. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many science, space and technology institutions and government agencies worldwide, leading to reduced productivity on a number of fields and programs. New technology impacts our daily lives in every field, from the cars, cell phones, computers and networks and power. Faster communication is made possible through mobile phones and the Internet. By integrating reflection on science, technology, and society in modules and projects, rather than offering it as a separate set of courses, the University of Twente goes much further than many other universities in terms of integration and connection to actual issues within specific disciplines and fields. (Middle) Potential risks and societal implications of new advances that will need to be proactively addressed. Now, the technology and human life cannot get separated. Technology and Industrialization: Technology has contributed to the growth of industries or to the process of industrialization. Impact of Science and Technology on Society and Economy, Trieste, Italy, Mar 2013. Research in Science & Technological … Industrialization is a term covering in general terms the growth in a society mainly agrarian of modern industry with all its circumstances and problems, economic and social. We’re losing our unique culture and becoming bind together with technology forces. Impact Of Technology On Society Technology, without a doubt has an impact on society. Impact of Technology Change on Society.
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https://ramashamedia.com/h42t1t6/effect-of-science-and-technology-on-society-ff348d
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Welcome to Mentor-Connect’s Resource Library. The purpose of this library is to provide a comprehensive, interactive collection of resources that can be utilized by STEM faculty, administrators, grant writers, mentors, mentees, etc. to further serve the goal of Mentor-Connect to advance technician education and leadership development by supporting potential, current, and former grantees of the NSF ATE program.
The library contains print resources, webinars, and links to other helpful sites. Users will find the most current grant proposal guides and updates from the NSF, webinars conducted by Mentor-Connect for all aspects of grant writing, sample documents provided by former and current grantees, and a large supply of informational articles.
These resources are provided free of charge for non-commercial purposes only. Each resource contains a record with its sharing permissions. The resources that are in the public domain may be used without restriction. The resources marked “Attribution—Non-commercial—Share Alike” may be used non-commercially as they are or changed by the user, as long as the user credits the author and licenses new creations under the identical terms. Resources marked “Unknown” were provided to Mentor-Connect without an existing fair use statement. Please contact these providers whenever possible to determine permissions.
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Coffee Break Webinar: Annual Reports
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To write effective project reports, PIs must understand NSF’s needs and develop a strategy. This coffee break provides information about planning and report writing and shares strategies for developing and submitting annual reports.
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Coffee Break Webinar: External Evaluator
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An external evaluator is very important and is required for your NSF ATE proposal. This coffee break will discuss how to communicate with your external evaluator with examples of what to share and when to share with your evaluator.
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Tutorial: ATE Grants Management During COVID-19
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This tutorial addresses grant management strategies that may be particularly helpful to the Advanced Technological Education (ATE) community in dealing with the impact of the Covid-19 restrictions on project management. It is based on a June 10, 2020 webinar, hosted by Mentor-Connect, ATE Central, and the American Association of Community Colleges. Topics covered include making project...
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10 Helpful Hints and 10 Fatal Flaws: Writing Better Evaluation Sections in Your Proposals
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What should be included in an ATE proposal’s evaluation plan? What do reviewers want to see? While both of these are important questions, it is also important to make sure you have an evaluation plan in place from the beginning that will provide good information about how well your project is going and what impact you are having. Prospective grantees should consider these things when preparing the...
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Forms Tutorial 2020
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This 17-page tutorial will guide you through the process of filling out the forms that will be part of your proposal to the National Science Foundation’s Advanced Technological Education Program. It is based on a MentorConnect webinar, conducted in May 2020 and available as a recording in the Mentor-Connect resource library (www.Mentor-Connect.org). It includes steps to take before you begin the...
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https://library.mentor-connect.org/
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Available to watch now, IUVSTA, in partnership with Ionautics, Hiden Analytical and Agilent Vacuum Products explore thin film deposition using Bipolar High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering
In this webinar, Daniel Lundin will give an introduction to thin film deposition using Bipolar High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (Bipolar HiPIMS), and how this sputtering technique differs from conventional magnetron processes.
The webinar includes a brief introduction to standard HiPIMS with emphasis on ionization of sputtered atoms, since it enables effective surface modification via ion etching and self-ion assistance during film growth.
Bipolar HiPIMS represents a different approach to increase the energy of the bombarding ions. A positive pulse is applied to the magnetron target after the negative HiPIMS pulse, and the ion energy gain is proportional to the applied positive voltage. We will also look at the important role of the plasma potential for accelerating the ionic species with our goal to identify suitable conditions for achieving ion acceleration independent on substrate grounding.
Experimental results and simulations, based on industrially relevant material systems, will be used to illustrate mechanisms controlling the film growth.
Daniel Lundin is a visiting professor in the Plasma and Coatings Physics Division at Linköping University, Sweden. He is also the co-founder of the Swedish thin film technology company Ionautics. He obtained his PhD in 2010 and his Docent Degree/Habilitation in 2016 at Linköping University, Sweden. He has previously worked as a senior researcher at the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)/Paris-Saclay University, France, as a researcher at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden, and as a guest professor at Kiel University, Germany. Throughout his entire career, Daniel has been at the forefront of international research efforts on developing and characterizing new plasma-based methods for synthesizing thin films, in particular the thin film deposition technique High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS). His current research is focused on plasma process control for film deposition using reactive gases, such as oxygen or nitrogen, where he has discovered new ways to enable stable and repeatable high-rate deposition of all types of compound coatings. For his work, he has received several awards and honours including the Institute of Physics Prize for novelty, significance and potential impact on future research and ranked as one of Sweden’s young “Supertalents” by the Swedish business journal Veckans Affärer. He is also the editor and main author of a book from Elsevier on the HiPIMS process (first in its field), published in 2020. He has published approximately 80 papers in refereed journals with more than 2600 citations. Daniel is a national representative in the Plasma Science and Technique Division of IUVSTA, a member of the board of the European Physical Society Technology and Innovation Group (EPS-TIG), and a member of the AVS Advanced Surface Engineering Division Executive Committee.
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https://physicsworld.com/a/introduction-to-bipolar-high-power-impulse-magnetron-sputtering/
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The FHWA aims to hear from state, local and industry partners regarding ideas for accelerated deployment of tested processes or strategies that carry the potential to provide efficiencies and improvements in all levels of the transportation system.
|Sponsored Links|
The Every Day Counts Innovation Initiatives will focus on two pillars of innovation, specifically Accelerating Technology and Shortening Project Delivery.
In the process of identifying the innovations under such pillars, the FHWA will consider the technology's impact, readiness, affordability, urgency and scale.
Any state, local government and industry partners including non-profit and for-profit organizations are eligible to participate in the Every Day Counts Innovation Initiatives project as long as they are capable of providing credible information that is essential in the success of the project.
The Department of Transportation (DOT), the mother agency that is funding the Every Day Counts Innovation Initiatives project, is the federal government agency's leading agency that is concerned with the nation's transportation.
The mission of the DOT is to "serve the United States by ensuring a fast, safe, efficient, accessible, and convenient transportation system that meets our vital national interests and enhances the quality of life of the American people, today and into the future."
Every Day Counts Innovation Initiatives - Request for Information
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About The Author
Michael Saunders is an editor of TopGovernmentGrants.com one the the most comprehensive Websites offering information on government grants and federal government programs.
He also maintains Websites providing resources on environmental grants and grants for youth programs.
+SocialGood summit, a United Nations Foundation initiative, enables entrepreneurs, leading business innovators and social changemakers to discuss and share their cutting-edge approaches to some of the world’s most pressing social problems.
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https://www.grants-gov.net/content.php?article=Every+Day+Counts+Innovation+Initiatives+-+Request+for+Information&page=2
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Without the right context, decisions made with AI support can create ethical and legal dilemmas for many enterprises.
January 14, 2020
New technology might be great, but without proper user adoption training and resources, enterprises aren't getting the full value out of their investment.
November 08, 2019
A collaborative contact center is the best way to achieve customer experience excellence, as you'll learn in this Enterprise Connect Research report.
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Explore why you should consider making meeting recordings a standard part of the employee collaboration and communication experience.
December 12, 2019
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Join this animated conversation that will break down cloud into three concepts that matter most as we move forward in this accelerating world.
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https://www.nojitter.com/
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Academic Programs and Opportunities
The global effect of COVID-19 confronted college and university leaders with sudden and complex challenges. But the pandemic’s context also presents opportunities for colleges and universities to think creatively about innovative and fiscally efficient ways of delivering quality education and research.
One critical component of that equation is achieving strategic and financial alignment within the context of the academic portfolio. After all, the academic portfolio is the foundation upon which most institutions deliver their core value, while also being a significant contributor to the institution’s financial performance, student experience and faculty productivity.
While there are a variety of approaches for institutional leaders to consider, success involves effectively using relevant data and engaging faculty and other key campus stakeholders. Institutions focused on strategic alignment of academic and financial resources will be better positioned to implement transformational change while they clarify mission, strengthen sustainability and deliver a positive impact on society.
In the context of the current public health crisis, it’s important to recognize that achieving enhanced academic portfolio alignment is a formative, multistep process that evolves through collaboration between academic leaders and faculty alongside the finance department (that can help all stakeholders understand the financial opportunities and ramifications). Higher education leaders in the face of this pandemic likely find themselves confronting three sometimes overlapping phases in their efforts to better manage the academic portfolio, each of which will require a distinct set of actions.
Academic programs can benefit from a framework Huron developed for higher education’s evolution through this pandemic and economic downturn, and there are implications leaders should consider as they navigate each phase.
Improve and Innovate Online Delivery
The innovation of curricular and cocurricular delivery modalities is unavoidable as faculty and students across the world have been thrust into a remote learning environment. To date, the quality of this experience has been limited by the lack of pedagogically sound technology and the expertise necessary for effective teaching and learning in an online environment. A robust academic portfolio alignment process will enable leaders to develop expertise in multiple learning environments, empowering colleges and universities to achieve academic excellence regardless of delivery platform. Beginning this process now will enable institutions to apply recent lessons learned and better prepare for potential disruptions during the upcoming summer and fall terms.
Position Academic Programs for the Future
While it is appropriate for faculty to maintain authority over curricular decisions, reconnecting curriculum to resource allocation decisions is critical to successful academic portfolio alignment efforts. A robust academic portfolio management system requires a tailored approach to appropriately articulate the costs to deliver instruction on a per-program and even per-course basis. This cost-to-educate model is best built in collaboration with academic leadership and requires customization to meet the needs of the individual institution. Further, the information derived from this effort should be shared with the larger community to provide transparency for the decision-making process.
Allocating resources to in-demand degree programming and noncredit offerings while at the same time reducing the number of low-demand, resource-intensive programs is another approach to achieving academic excellence and financial sustainability. More specifically, recognizing how labor market challenges may impact the demand for certain academic programs is critical for institutions seeking to continue to thrive.
Academic Portfolio as Steadying Force
As college and university leaders reflect upon the pandemic-related challenges and difficult decisions impacting the institutional community, there may be a natural tendency to resume normal planning for upcoming terms. However, the fluid nature of COVID-19, the impact of remote learning on academic quality and the negative impact to the institutional balance sheet should serve as salient reminders that priorities and decisions made today will impact the institution far beyond the terms now in view.
Adapting an approach to standardize and assess academic performance data will provide a foundation for creating a more proactive and agile organization. With this information, academic leadership can begin to establish key metrics to maximize academic quality and efficiency. At nearly all colleges and universities, these data points are readily available by leveraging curriculum, coursework, compensation and financial information systems currently in place.
Additionally, academic leaders and faculty should assess the impact of recently developed remote delivery modalities and catalog strengths and opportunities related to this effort. Wherever possible, learning outcomes from online experiences should be compared with traditional learning outcomes to establish a baseline for improving remote work to more effectively prepare for unforeseen future emergencies.
To maximize the effectiveness of today’s decisions, institutional leadership should plan for a future that will enable timely and informed decision making, and critically assess current curricular and cocurricular delivery models.
Access other educational resources on our COVID-19 resource page. For more information, contact us.
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https://www.huronconsultinggroup.com/insights/academic-programs-and-opportunities
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These statements come from Nicolas Audier, Chairman of the European Chamber of Commerce in Vietnam (EuroCham), at a dialogue themed “Administrative Reforms: Key Role in Implementation of EVFTA” held in Hanoi on June 30 between EuroCham and the Government’s Advisory Council for the Administrative Procedure Reform.
Audier noted that the country could potentially become a role model globally in terms of dealing with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic following its initial success in having contained the disease in recent times.
This therefore marks an appropriate time for Vietnam to successfully implement the EVFTA as it is now undergoing a recovery from the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, while the EVFTA will help to promote relations between both the EU and Vietnam, outlined the executive.
To make full use of the EVFTA, Audier believes that Vietnamese authorities, the EU, and the business community should come together to implement solutions aimed at ensuring the efficiency of its enforcement. Measures include the establishment of the EVFTA business council which would review challenges that occur during the implementation and co-ordination process.
It is therefore important for Vietnam to make a greater effort to accelerate administrative reforms once the EVFTA comes into full effect in August. This should be done by streamlining business conditions and improving the overall investment environment in order to create an open and transparent environment for businesses to operate in, Audier stressed.
The EuroCham leader said this is the key reason for EuroCham to publish the Whitebook 2020, its 12th edition, aimed at sharing FDI attraction goals with the Government. The annual publication offers a summary of recommendations and important issues that the government should address in an effort to improve their respective business environment, increase trade and investment ties with the European Union.
|Delegates share ways to accelerate administrative reforms, considering them key role in implmenting the trade deal|
Mai Tien Dung, Chairman of the Government Office and Chairman of the Advisory Council for the Administrative Procedure Reform, acknowledged the EuroCham’s efforts in releasing the Whitebook 2020, adding that the publication substantially reflects the aspirations of the European business community to further enhance the business environment in Vietnam.
Dung stated that the country has been able to successfully curb the spread of the COVID-19 and has entered into a new normal period, with the dual aim of realising goal of epidemic control and economic recovery. Despite its economic growth forecast for the year being only between 2.7% and 4.9%, international organisations consider Vietnam to be one of the few countries likely to achieve positive growth after suffering from less of an impact caused by the epidemic when compared to many other countries.
According to Dung, to cushion the impact of the pandemic, Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc has introduced a range of practical solutions aimed at ironing out business snags, accelerating public investment disbursement, and ensuring social security.
Since the beginning of the year, Dung said the Government has been able to streamline 239 business conditions, therefore saving millions of working days in the process, equivalent to VND3,150 billion. The improvement of administrative procedures and public services through the implementation of the one-stop shop mechanism has so far received positive feedback from both businesses and people.
The Government therefore welcomes, respects, and listens to firms as they share their obstacles and solutions in order to make the business climate more productive, Dung concluded, adding the Government is committed to instructing both ministries and agencies to remove obstacles faced by businesses.
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https://vietreader.com/business/finance/3164-eurocham-executive-believes-golden-chance-lies-ahead-to-implement-evfta.html
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This dissertation consists of three chapters exploring the Solow Residual of the Solow growth model. Two central components of the Solow Residual have been studied in my doctoral dissertation. The first is the structural transformation, an internal adjustment process that helps the economy attain the optimal points on its Production Possibility Frontier by reallocating resources from the low-productivity sectors to the high-productivity sectors. The second is the technology diffusion, a positive externality process that pushes forward the economy's Production Possibility Frontier if it adopts the newer technology.
The first chapter of my dissertation is devoted to a case study of China's structural transformation. As one of the fastest growing economies in the world, China has observed dramatic reallocation of resources from the agricultural sector to the nonagricultural sector over the last three decades. This chapter proposes a two-sector growth model and identifies three driving forces for China's structural transformation. Most importantly, the migration costs can be shown as a significant barrier to the reallocation process after I calibrate the model with real data.
The second and the third chapters of my dissertation are devoted to the study of the technology diffusion. The second chapter is a collaborative effort with Gary Ferrier and Javier Reyes. We approach the cross-country technology diffusion from a novel perspective - the trade network can be viewed as the conduit of the technology diffusion. The question we ask is whether the trade network structure matters in the technology diffusion process. We consider 24 major technologies over the period from 1962 to 2000 and find that, in most cases, there is strong and robust evidence to suggest that the better-connected countries on the trade network tend to adopt or assimilate newer and more advanced technologies faster. However, the better-connected countries tend to have lower technology intensity if the technology has become obsolete. Finally, the third chapter is a theoretical approach to the technology diffusion. In particular, the technology diffusion across countries can be generalized as a learning process on networks. Based on a stylized learning model, this chapter examines the impact of the network structures on the speed of the diffusion process.
Zhu, Zhen, "Essays in Economic Growth and Development" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 839.
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https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/839/
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This lesson explains ways to share your findings with various audiences that go beyond writing a formal report.
When the report has been finalized, you will want to consider a dissemination strategy. If the needs assessment was conducted with several community partners, you may want to present the findings on behalf of the group (e.g. The Coalition on Youth Homelessness). You will no doubt think about writing up a report, but it's a good idea to consider complementary strategies. For example, you can develop a layered strategy that includes social media along with presentations to the community. Regardless of the strategy you choose, you will want to ensure that your findings will reach your intended audience for the greatest impact (Paloma-Wellesley, 2010; 98-100).
Clients
Clients have an interest in and a right to know the results. Sharing the findings informs clients about whether or not the program is meeting or exceeding program outcomes and whether or not there may be some changes in order to improve services to all clients. Sharing of information is an opportunity to build client-staff relationships and demonstrate trust. Clients have a chance to ask questions and make suggestions, and play a role in developing solutions.
Program Staff
Program staff members, like clients, have the right to know, firsthand, whether or not the program is meeting or exceeding expectations. Acknowledging and celebrating successful aspects of the program with staff can be a validating and empowering experience. Additionally, staff play a significant role in developing solutions if areas for improvement have been identified. Other staff in the organization can also benefit by learning about the process, including challenges and triumphs.
Organizations Doing Similar Work
Share your results with other organizations to contribute to a culture of openness and inter-agency sharing and trust. All programs in the non-profit sector are working to find effective ways to bring about positive social change for their clients. Sharing results may help to identify trends and insights which will be useful for policy makers and planners.
What Do You Think?
If you are trying to improve the uptake of your program evaluation results, you may find it is worth investing time to create visually appealing reports. This article from the organization Better Evaluation describes some techniques for creating appealing infographics.
Infographics are visual representations of your data and findings. Infographics have become popular because they are generally visually appealing, but they also make your findings easy to read and understand. Here are some good examples of infographics.
Infographics
This infographic depicts the impact of Nightstop, an intervention for youth experiencing homelessness in the UK.
Here is an infographic that accompanies the EPIC pilot program evaluation.
Finally, here is an elaborate example showing social media, technology and street-involved youth in BC.
Social Media
Consider ways to extend the reach of your dissemination strategy with social media. For each post, choose one key finding to share. Create your content – make sure to include eye-catching visuals – and publish. Be strategic about the platforms you choose and how you use them.
Fig. What to share on various social media platforms.
Sharing outcomes data with clients
Outcomes measurement should focus on the experience of the client or participant more than the logistics of how the program is delivered. This shift signals a broader change of focus to what is being achieved for clients. The table below shows how the differences in service focused and client focused programs.
|Service Focused||Client Focused|
|⇒ focus on service deliverer
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⇒ focus on how you deliver service
⇒ focus on quality of services
⇒ emphasis on improving quality
⇒ measure amount of what you do
⇒ evidence of activities (weak case with funders)
⇒ the task is never finished (demotivating for staff)
⇒ service specified in terms of what is offered
|⇒ focus on client
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⇒ focus on how client changes
⇒ focus on effectiveness of services
⇒ emphasis on improving effectiveness
⇒ measure benefit of what you do
⇒ evidence of results (strong case with funders)
⇒ clients achieve goals (motivating for staff and clients)
⇒ service specified in terms of client need and intended outcome
Create an outcomes orientation within the organization
Without this shift of focus, the outcomes tool may be just another form that is filled in mechanically because it is required. If implemented in this mechanistic way the many potential benefits of using an outcomes tool (described in sections 1.2 and 2.1) will not be realised. (MacKeith, 2010)
Learn more about Participatory evaluation:
- This is an article on Utilization focused evaluation by Michael Quinn Patton.
- Here is another article on utilization focused evaluation from Better Evaluation.
- Listen to this podcast on building intentional communities to learn how a housing program (The Doorway) used outcomes to help clients to plan and track their goals.
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https://www.homelessnesslearninghub.ca/learning-materials/program-evaluation-homelessness-sector/sharing-findings
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Before the pandemic, many financial institutions were either initiating, or making major progress with, digital banking transformation. Since the pandemic, banks and credit unions have had to accelerate their digital transformation efforts to respond to accelerating consumer expectations.
With a hybrid workforce being a new normal, and new technologies impacting both back-office and front-office processes, the complexity and pace of change to a financial institution’s existing business model has never been greater. The question has moved from how do we catch up, to how can we become more future-ready?
Tech Mindset Shift:
The past few years have forced financial institutions to be reactive as opposed to proactive with regard to technology. That must change moving forward.
Banking leaders must approach the future with a challenger mindset, looking beyond today, building a plan for technologies they must consider going forward. To evaluate where emphasis should be placed, we use the 2022 Gartner Hype Cycle as a foundation. This annual analysis identifies 25 emerging technologies that could drive competitive differentiation and efficiency in the next two to ten years. We offer a perspective of which technologies may be the most important to banking in the near term.
The Opportunity (and Risk) of Emerging Technologies
When Gartner discusses the hype cycle for ’emerging technologies’, they reference that there is not a proven path to adoption or certain return on investment. As opposed to technologies where there are already established use cases, emerging technologies are more disruptive, with mainstream adoption occurring in as little as two years or as long as a decade or more.
According to Melissa Davis from Gartner, “Emerging technologies are at an early stage, but some are at an embryonic stage, and great uncertainty exists about how they will evolve. The embryonic technologies present greater risks for deployment but potentially greater benefits for early adopters.” For financial institutions, priorities should be on evolving products and channels to meet customer needs, accelerating investments in new technological capabilities, and improving automation processes.
While most emerging technologies have multiple use cases, financial institutions must prioritize based on greatest potential benefit using proof-of-concept projects to test the feasibility of a technology for any target use case, according to Gartner. Rather than looking at all of the emerging technologies referenced in the Gartner Hype Cycle, we look at some of the more likely technologies that should be tested by the most progressive banks and credit unions around the key themes of immersive experiences, accelerated use of AI, and optimized product, service and solution delivery.
Read More: Four Essential Tech Trends Changing Banking in 2022 and Beyond
Immersive Experiences
Traditional product and channel silos do not facilitate the customer experiences demanded by today’s consumer. People want a financial institution partner that will help them reach their goals, on a personalized basis, across the entire customer journey. Modern technologies must be used to improve product and channel design, deliver contextual content, automate processes and deliver actionable insights in real-time.
The future of customer experience goes far beyond simply customer satisfaction with a physical branch or digital application. Building an immersive experience business strategy involves integrating user experiences on both the digital and human engagement level, providing the tools and resources for employees to easily engage with customers. The focus moves beyond transactions, to partnering with customers for greater financial empowerment and wellness, which increases two-way engagement.
According to Nicole Sturgill from Gartner, organizations must leverage existing and emerging technologies to understand the context of customer financial situations. This approach uses both internal and external data to deliver solutions that are both proactive and hyper-personalized based on timing, channel, and solution desired. The focus moves from product-centric o customer-centric, leveraging both digital and humans across the entire customer journey.
The emerging technologies that support immersive experiences in the future include the metaverse, super apps, Web3, decentralized identity, digital humans, digital twin of the customer, and internal talent marketplaces.
Read More: How Data and AI is Transforming the Future of Banking
Accelerated Use of AI
Despite the vast benefits of using data and AI to improve products, services, processes, and solutions, the deployment of data and advanced analytic solutions in financial services is far less than required for success going forward. Deployed at speed and scale, AI can improve back-office efficiency and automation, realign humans for more effective utilization, and create more accurate predictions and decisions that improve customer experiences.
AI and machine learning can also have a significant positive impact on identifying fraud and money laundering risk. By leveraging large, world-class data sets on how fraud is perpetrated, it enables more accurate prediction, detection, and assessment of trends.
The number of areas AI and machine learning are being leveraged in financial services continues to grow. From automated customer support and real-time fraud detection, to marketing strategy planning, the opportunities are endless.
The Gartner Hype Cycle emerging technologies that support accelerated AI automation are autonomic systems, causal AI, new business models, generative design AI, and machine learning code generation.
To overcome internal hesitation and lack of AI inertia, banks and credit unions need to consider third-party data and AI vendors who are creating new financial services applications and case studies. Organizations also need to continue to build AI talent within existing teams as well as test and learn capabilities.
Read More: Banks Failing to Use Data Analytics to Build Customer Loyalty
Use the Cloud to Enhance Product, Service and Solution Delivery
Beyond the power of data and AI, one of the most impactful ways to optimize and accelerate product, service and solution delivery is with cloud-based ecosystems. While many financial institutions remain concerned about security, control and compliance implications of the cloud, many of these challenges have been addressed by early movers and the third-party providers that support this transition.
Some of the most tangible benefits of cloud computing include:
- Speed. Cloud ecosystems have the ability to capture, store, process and analyze an enormous quantity of customer data in real-time.
- Security. While initial implementations of the cloud had challenges, existing security protocols have surpassed what traditional infrastructure usually offers.
- Insights. Cloud technology is able to generate granular, detailed and rich customer insights faster and with greater accuracy than existing systems.
- Efficiency. The greatest benefit to moving away from an on-premise setup comes from the removal of day-to-day tasks that can quickly consume IT resources.
- Reduced cost. Cloud hosting allows organizations to scale IT deliverables as needed without buying expensive on-site infrastructure. Organizations can not only decrease fixed and variable expenses, but also increase the financial health of IT infrastructure.
Beyond the power of the cloud, other emerging technologies that impact the speed of delivery in the Gartner Hype Cycle include other cloud-based technologies, cybersecurity mesh architecture, dynamic risk governance, OpenTelemetry, and platform engineering.
At a time when the direction of the economy is still uncertain, dedicating resources to emerging technologies may not seem like a priority, especially since so many of the technologies on this year’s Hype Cycle are at an early stage. That said, many of the technologies also provide the potential for the greatest benefits for early movers. At a time of rapid change in competition and customer demands, testing many of these technologies is a strategy that can make a bank or credit union more future-ready.
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https://thefinancialbrand.com/news/banking-technology/what-technologies-will-move-from-hype-to-reality-in-banking-150854/
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From the days of biplanes and open cockpits, the air forces of the United States have relied on the mastery of technology to ensure what, in 1921, Giulio Douhet called “the command of the air.”1 And while the weapons of air warfare have changed, the vital importance of technological superiority to the United States Air Force has not.
Although evidence exists—for example, Government Accountability Office (GAO)2 reports, failed programs, and programmatic breaches in cost, schedule, and technical performance—that the Air Force is currently struggling to incorporate technology in its major systems acquisitions successfully, it is important to note that the path toward technological supremacy has never been a smooth one.3,4,5 Describing the technological travails that he faced 75 years ago while building the
early Army Air Corps, General of the Air Force Henry H. (“Hap”) Arnold told of a reality not unlike that of today:
Planes became obsolescent as they were being built. It sometimes took five years to evolve a new combat airplane, and meanwhile a vacuum could not be afforded…. I also had trouble convincing people of the time it took to get the “bugs” out of all the airplanes. Between the time they were designed and the time they could be flown away from the factory stretched several years. For example … the B-17 was designed in 1934, but it was 1936 before the first test article was delivered. The first production article was not received by the Air Corps until 1939. You can’t build an Air Force overnight.6
Yet the 5 years from design to operation that General Arnold described have now stretched in some cases to 20 years and more, and cost has increased similarly. Much of the delay and cost growth afflicting modern Air Force programs is rooted in the same area that plagued General Arnold: the incorporation of advanced technology into major systems acquisition.
STUDY APPROACH
In response to a request from the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Science, Technology, and Engineering, the National Research Council (NRC) formed the Committee on Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development.7 The statement of task for this study is as follows:
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Examine appropriate current or historical DoD [Department of Defense] policies and processes, including the PPBES [Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution System], DoD Instruction 5000.02, the Air Force Acquisition Improvement Plan, JCIDS [Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System], and DoD and Air Force competitive prototyping policies to comprehend their impact on the execution of pre-program of record technology development efforts.
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Propose any changes to the Air Force workforce, organization, policies, processes and resources, if any, to better perform preacquisition technology development. Specific issues to consider include:
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Resourcing alternatives for Pre-Milestone B activities
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The role of technology demonstrations
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Study and report on industry/Government best practices to address both evolutionary (deliberate) and revolutionary (rapid) technology development.
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Identify potential legislative initiatives, if any, to improve technology development and transition into operational use.
With the task in mind, the committee began a process of evidence gathering in which efforts were focused on gaining a current and accurate picture of the situation in the air, space, and cyberspace domains, through documentary research and through interactions with a large number of government agencies and offices. The committee conducted four data-gathering meetings at which input to the study was provided by the following: senior Air Force leaders, including representatives of several Air Force Major Commands; representatives from the other military departments; senior officials in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD); professional staff members from key congressional oversight committees; and senior industry executives. This effort was followed by an exploration of best practices in which the lessons of technological success stories from academia, government, and industry were studied.
Early in the study, the committee developed a framework, the “Three Rs,” for organizing its findings and recommendations. The framework describes characteristics that, in the committee’s judgment, need to be addressed fully in order for successful technology development to occur. That framework is composed of the following:
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Requirements—clear, realistic, stable, trade-off tolerant, and universally understood;
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Resources—adequate and stable, and including robust processes, policies, and budgets; and
-
The Right People—skilled, experienced, and in sufficient numbers, with stable leadership.
On the basis of this framework, the committee developed a number of findings and recommendations that are presented in Chapters 2 through 4; the full set of recommendations is provided below.8 In keeping with its statement of task, the committee studied the current state of Air Force technology development and the environment in which technology is acquired, and then it looked at best practices from both government and industry. Because the resulting recommendations are in all cases within the power of the Air Force to implement, the committee chose
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8
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The findings and recommendations retain their original numbering regardless of where they appear in the text: for example, Recommendation 4-1 is the first recommendation in Chapter 4.
not to specify any near-term legislative initiatives, the possibility of which was envisioned in the statement of task.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Requirements
There is very little new in the management of technology development. Important lessons have been learned before by the Air Force, and, regrettably, many seem to have been forgotten. At the same time, industry has learned—and the Air Force is seemingly having to relearn—that simultaneously developing new technology within an acquisition program is a recipe for disaster. Just as in Hap Arnold’s day, requirements that are unclear, unrealistic, or unstable inhibit successful technology insertion. In 1922, General Arnold studied the biplane pursuit craft that represented the technology of the day, and he came to understand fully the dangers of shifting requirements in an acquisition program:
[O]nce production had begun, the line must be allowed to run undisturbed. Any new improvements should wait until a specified point…. Mass production requires certain sacrifices in technological advancement, [Arnold] reported; the trick was to be aware of what was needed before production began, “and then to stick to it for a certain period even though it can be improved, until such time as the improvement can be incorporated without materially affecting production.”9
Although the dangers posed by shifting requirements are well known, the temptation to improve systems in development can be hard to resist. This temptation only increases as product development cycles lengthen from years to decades.10
RECOMMENDATION 4-1
To ensure that technologies and operational requirements are well matched, the Air Force should create an environment that allows stakeholders—warfighters, laboratories, acquisition centers, and industry—to trade off technologies with operational requirements prior to Milestone B.
RECOMMENDATION 4-2
To enable (1) a more disciplined decision-making process and (2) a forum in
which all stakeholders—those from the science and technology (S&T), acquisition, and warfighting Major Command (MAJCOM) communities—can focus their attention jointly on critical technology development questions and then make tough strategy and resource calls efficiently at a level where the decisions are most likely to stick, the Air Force should consider adopting a structure similar to the Navy’s S&T Corporate Board and Technology Oversight Group and the Army Technology Objectives Process and Army S&T Advisory Group. A committee-developed notional organization for Air Force consideration (Figure S-1) addresses this potential and is tailored to Air Force missions and organization. In addition, the Air Force should consider allocating funding for technology development, including funding for 6.4, or advanced component development and prototypes, to the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) and Air Force Space Command (AFSPC), unless precluded by law from doing so.
In the opinion of the committee, this recommendation to add another organization to the Headquarters Air Force does not diminish the statutory and mission responsibilities of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) (SAF/AQ)11 and is justified by the seriousness of the need. In the committee’s judgment, no other approach would meet the need to bring together the S&T, acquisition, and warfighting MAJCOM communities at a level that could make the difficult decisions. The fundamental premise of Recommendation 4-2 is the importance of technology to the Air Force, as described in the introductory paragraphs of Chapter 1 and reiterated in introductory statements in Chapter 2. Findings 2-8 and 2-9 (first presented in Chapter 2 and then repeated in the context of the associated recommendation in Chapter 4) identify significant shortfalls in decision making for Air Force technology development and transition—that is, the lack of a process for technology transition and, at a higher level, the lack of a service-wide unifying S&T strategy to guide investments—which, in the judgment of the committee, need to be addressed. The structure proposed in Recommendation 4-2 would give SAF/AQ greater leverage to ensure that the right technology is being developed, matured, and transitioned. Furthermore, the cross-domain character of technology development, addressed in Chapters 1 through 3 of this report, presents challenges that the recommended S&T Board could address efficiently with a diverse set of stakeholders at the table. Finally, given the ever-increasing complexity and budget implications of new weapon systems, in the opinion of the committee the status quo is not acceptable.
Resources
None of the many Air Force presenters who briefed the committee was able to articulate an Air Force-level, integrated S&T strategy, nor could any identify a single office with authority, resources, and responsibility for all S&T initiatives across the Air Force. Instead, there appears to be an assortment of technology “sandboxes,” in which various players work to maximize their organizational self-interest, as they perceive it. In such a system, optimization will always take place at the subunit level, with less regard for the health of the overarching organization.
Processes and procedures to facilitate the successful integration of technology into major system acquisitions were developed by the Air Force long ago, and some were in existence within relatively recent memory. But for various reasons, many of these were ended or allowed to atrophy. Chief among these were initiatives such as the historical Air Force Systems Command’s Vanguard process and the acquisition Product Centers’ Development Planning Organizations (XRs), which for decades formed a crucial link between warfighter requirements on the one hand and laboratory and industry capabilities on the other. Funding for Development Planning was zeroed out a decade ago, and the negative impacts of that decision are now clear. Other such activities, like systems engineering and Applied Technology Councils, also declined in importance in some arenas, with similar harmful results.
Other processes that do exist elsewhere need to be adopted more accurately, effectively, and consistently by the Air Force.12 For example, Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) are a process created by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in which technology is incorporated in operational environments only after it is proven to be mature. The committee observed many examples from industry, NASA, and the AFSPC in which disciplined and objective adherence to rigorous technology readiness principles led to the successful incorporation of new technology into major systems. The Air Force as a whole, however, has yet to demonstrate full commitment to TRL principles.
RECOMMENDATION 4-3
Since DoD Instruction 5000.02 incorporates increased pre-Milestone B work, the Air Force should bring Pre-Milestone B work content back into balance with available resources by some combination of (1) DoD Instruction 5000.02 tailoring and/or (2) additional expertise, schedule, and financial resources. Examples of expanded content include competitive prototyping, demonstrating
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12
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DoD. 2010. Quadrennial Defense Review Report. Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense. Available at http://www.defense.gov/qdr/images/QDR_as_of_12Feb10_1000.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2010.
technology in operationally relevant environments, and completing preliminary design prior to Milestone B.
RECOMMENDATION 4-4
Knowledgeable, experienced, and independent technical acquisition professionals outside the program office should conduct technology, manufacturing, and integration assessments using consistent, rigorous, and analytically based standards. While the Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-23) requires this effort to be executed at the OSD level, this organic capability needs to be developed and assigned to the AFMC and the AFSPC. Once this capability has been effectively demonstrated by the Air Force, legislative relief should be sought.
RECOMMENDATION 4-5
To increase the likelihood of acquisition success, the Air Force should enter Engineering and Manufacturing Development (Milestone B) only with mature technologies—that is, with technologies at TRL 6 or greater.
RECOMMENDATION 4-6
The Air Force should drive greater collaboration between warfighters (to include joint and coalition partners), laboratories, developers, and industry. One approach is to establish collaboration forums similar to the Ground Robotics Consortium and the Army Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center’s National Small Arms Center.
The Right People
The literal decimation of the Air Force acquisition workforce over the past two decades is well known. Although a workforce can be slashed in a very short time, rebuilding it in terms of knowledge, skills, and experience can take decades. The Air Force seems to have recognized the damage done in this regard and is moving to reverse course, with substantial hiring of acquisition specialists at both the trainee and the journeyman level.
Importantly, the present study is focused not on acquisition broadly, but rather on the specific intersection between technology and major systems acquisition. With this in mind, the recommendation in the area of the “Third R” is focused on continuing the reinvigoration of Development Planning. The Air Force has recognized the tremendous cost imposed by the elimination of the XRs, and it has moved to begin to recoup its losses by restoring funding and people to the vital Development Planning function. This is a good start, but as with rebuilding the general acquisition force, more needs to be done, and progress will occur slowly.
RECOMMENDATION 4-7
The Air Force should accelerate the re-establishment of the Development Planning organizations and workforce and should endow them with sufficient funds, expertise, and authority to restore trust in their ability to lead and manage the technology transition mission successfully.
A FINAL COMMENT: “THE DEATH SPIRAL,” AND THE CASE OF THE 137-PERSON REVIEW TEAM
Over the months of this study, the committee found substantial evidence of a condition that, although perhaps beyond the strict limits of the statement of task, was tightly interwoven with the issues of technology and major systems acquisition. That condition is the pervasive lack of trust apparent in the entire DoD systems acquisition process. This lack of trust is both cause and effect, in some ways being created by ineffective technology insertion and in other ways creating its own inefficiencies throughout the process.
Exactly where the Death Spiral began is open to debate, a chicken-or-egg type of argument. Did technological failure and acquisition disappointments create the massive growth of oversight at every level, which slows the acquisition process and saps its energy? Or is it equally plausible that the growth of oversight in fact creates the very failures in cost, schedule, and performance that it is designed to prevent?
What is certain is that an unhealthy and self-perpetuating spiral involving the loss of trust and the growth of oversight does in fact exist. One presenter to the committee spoke of a program to which the contractor had assigned 80 engineers, who stood stunned as a government review team arrived with 137 participants, most of them junior military and civilian employees.13 As was described in the 2008 NRC report Pre-Milestone A and Early-Phase Systems Engineering: A Retrospective Review and Benefits for Future Air Force Systems Acquisition:
The DoD management model is based on a lack of trust. Quantity of oversight has replaced quality. There is no clear line of responsibility, authority, or accountability. Oversight is preferred to accountability…. The complexity of the acquisition process increases cost and draws out the schedule.14
The interaction of technology and acquisition management described in the remainder of this report is a complex subject, and as such it is resistant to easy fixes. Nevertheless, beginning in some way to rebuild the sense of trust that was once present among the participants in these processes would seem a logical place to begin.
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https://www.nap.edu/read/13030/chapter/2
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The Art of Understanding Employee Motivation
We often ask ourselves about what motivates us, and really, there is an abundance of answers to that question. We do something because we like it — but why do we like it? And so the train of questions and answers continues. From a small business and startups point-of-view, we can ask: what is employee motivation and how can we improve it?
In order to ensure the improvement of employee motivation for our businesses, we must first and foremost understand what motivation is and where it comes from.
Understanding Motivation
Motivation, by Pearson Australia‘s definition, is the process by which a person’s efforts are energised, directed and sustained toward attaining a goal. What drives motivation differs from person to person, as well as from situation to situation.
There are a large number of theories that are relevant to learning and understanding employee motivation and the psychology of employees.
Three elements of employee motivation:
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
American psychologist Frederick Herzberg created a framework that can be applied to employee motivation involving two types of factors: Motivators and Hygiene Factors.
Motivators — things that cause job satisfaction, related to intrinsic factors; e.g. challenges, recognition, responsibility, achievement, growth, involvement, sense of importance.
Hygiene factors — things that do not lead to job satisfaction or employee motivation, related to extrinsic factors; e.g. working conditions, policies, salary and benefits, supervision, status, job security, co-workers, etc.
McClelland’s Need Theory
Another American psychologist by the name of David McClelland laid out the three key needs for employees from a manager’s context:
- Need for Achievement — to succeed and excel
- Need for Affiliation — the desire for closer interpersonal relationships
- Need for Power — a high value on discipline and accomplishing goals
Expectancy Theory
First proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management, this theory involves an employee acting in a certain way depending on:
- The expectation that the act will be followed by an outcome, and
- The employee’s perception of how attractive that outcome is
Both of those factors determine whether or not an employee will work to the best of their abilities to complete a task or goal. Basically, the degree of the reward’s enticement, the harder they’ll work.
Goal-Setting Theory
The details of the goals that are set for employees can also determine their motivation in completing them. There are three elements involved in this theory:
- Goal-commitment — the belief in a goal’s importance or significance
- Attainability — the belief that they goal is achievable
- Self-efficacy — the belief in the employee’s self to achieve the goal
Using the SMART goal-setting method, you can further understand how to set Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Timely goals.
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https://www.crucial.com.au/blog/2016/11/23/understanding-employee-motivation/
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In this article we assess the extant literature on women’s careers appearing in selected career, management and psychology journals from 1990 to the present to determine what is currently known about the state of women’s careers at the dawn of the 21st century. Based on this review, we identify four patterns that cumulatively contribute to the current state of the literature on women’s careers: women’s careers are embedded in women’s larger-life contexts, families and careers are central to women’s lives, women’s career paths reflect a wide range and variety of patterns, and human and social capital are critical factors for women’s careers. We also identify paradoxes that highlight the disconnection between organizational practice and scholarly research associated with each of the identified patterns. Our overall conclusion is that male-defined constructions of work and career success continue to dominate organizational research and practice.
We provide direction for a research agenda on women’s careers that addresses the development of integrative career theories relevant for women’s contemporary lives in hopes of providing fresh avenues for conceptualizing career success for women. Propositions are identified for more strongly connecting career scholarship to organizational practice in support of women’s continued career advancement.
Keywordswomen’s career development career success gender career theories
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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10551-007-9465-6
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Research Papers Online - research paper on impact of fdi on indian stock market | supporting your academic career with over 100,000 essays, book reports, thesis, and term papers.
This five page paper examines the performance of the UK stock market between December 2007 and December 2012, using the FTSE 100 index as an indicator. The movements in the stock market are discussed, along with the potential risk associated with this particular stock market and a consideration regarding the benefits of US investors using the London stock market. Three sources are cited in the bibliography this five page paper.
Will Margin Trading in Russia Increasing Volatility and Instability of the Russian Stock Markets?
This 47 page paper assesses the potential impact of margin trading on the Russian stock markets. The paper gives an introduction with aims and objectives and the research methodology based on examining existing literature and models and applying them to modern Russia. An in-depth literature review examines the concept of margin trading and the different theories regarding its impact on the volatility of stock markets. The paper goes on to examine the development of the investment environment within Russia in order to determine the types of investors which at present within the market to facilitate the application of margin trading theories to this developing market. The paper finishes with a conclusion arguing that margin trading is likely to have a negative effect on the Russian stock markets due to the investment culture, stock market pressures and general trading patterns which are already present with in the stock market. The bibliography cites 34 sources.
Over the years many theorists have argued that the stock markets operate in a rational manner, and have sought to develop models to explain the movement of share prices on the stock market. The writer examines the concept of an efficient market, including efficient market hypothesis, and other models such as APT and CAPM in order to determine whether or not there is a strong argument that the stock market is efficient, or whether it is inherently inefficient and as such is likely to produce abnormal returns. Nineteen sources are cited in the bibliography this fourteen page paper.
The paper presents theories regarding the way stocks or shares are priced and the way that the market reacts in order to assess the impact of macro economic factors on the markets and then applied these to the stock market in Nigeria. Twenty sources are cited in the bibliography of this twenty page paper.
In eight pages this paper discusses stock market investment strategies with the emphasis upon options, stocks, and bonds with technology stocks and market trend analyses also provided. Eight sources are cited in the bibliography.
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Question:
The aim of this module is to develop understanding of the psychological factors which influence human behaviour throughout the lifespan and how these apply to health and social care settings
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon the successful completion of this module, the student should be able to demonstrate the ability to:
Understand theories of lifespan development
Analyse how psychological theories are applied to health and social care practice
Examine social and biological determinants of human behaviour displayed in health and social care contexts
READING
Please refer to your module descriptor for relevant reading for this module. Your tutor will also provide links to relevant articles on Moodle, which you will be expected to read and discuss as part of your weekly learning activities.
TASK DESCRIPTION
Students are required to produce a written and logically structured reflective essay (2000 words) that will have a particular focus on the ways in which psychological theories are applied to health and social care practice, with particular emphasis on their own career goals.
Consider the following points:
Reflect on psychological theories and researches you have presented for completing task 01.
Explore your role as a health care professional in applying the learnt psychological perspectives, as your duty to care.
Discuss how you would relate this learning to health and social care practice.
NOTE: The guidance offered below is linked to the five common assessment criteria Research-informed Literature
Your work must be informed and supported by scholarly material that is relevant to and focused on the task(s) set. You should provide evidence that you have accessed a wide range of sources, which may beacademic, governmental and industrial; these sources may include academic journal articles, textbooks, current news articles, organisational documents, and websites. You should consider the credibility of yoursources; academic journals are normally highly crediblesources while websites require careful consideration/selection and should be used sparingly. Any sources you use should be current and uptodate, mostly published within the last five years or so, though seminal/important works in the fieldmay be older. You must provide evidence of your research/own reading throughout your work, using intext citations in the main body of your work and a reference list that is alphabetical at the end of your work. Please use the Harvard referencing system.
Knowledge and Understanding of Subject
Your work must demonstrate the growing extent of your knowledge and understanding of concepts and underlying principles associated with the subject area. Knowledge relates to the facts, information and skills you have acquired through your learning. You demonstrate your understanding by interpreting the meaning of the facts and information (knowledge). This meansthat you need to select and include in yourwork the concepts, techniques, models, theories, etc. appropriate to the task(s) set. You should be able toexplain the theories, concepts, etc. meaningfully to show your understanding. Your mark/grade will also depend upon the extent to which youdemonstrate your knowledge and understanding; ideally eachshould be complete and detailed, with comprehensive coverage.
Analysis
Your work must contain evidence of logical, analytical thinking, evaluation and synthesis. For example, toexamine and break information down into parts, makeinferences, compile, compare and contrastinformation. This means not just describing What! but also justifying: Why? How? When? Who? Where? At all times, you must provide justification for your arguments and judgements. Evidence that you havereflected upon the ideas of others within the subject area is crucial to you providing a reasoned and informed debate within your work. Furthermore, you should provide evidence that you are able to makesound judgements and convincing arguments using dataand concepts. Sound, valid conclusions arenecessary and must be derived from the content of your work. There should be no new informationpresented within your conclusion. Where relevant, alternative solutions and recommendations may be proposed.
1.Extent of research and/or own reading, selection of credible sources, application of appropriate referencing conventions.
2.Knowledge and Understanding of Subject Extent of knowledge and understanding of concepts and underlying principles associated with the discipline.
3.Analysis, evaluation and synthesis; logic, argument and judgement; analytical reflection; organisation of ideas and evidence
4. Practical Application and Deployment Deployment of methods, materials, tools and techniques; application of concepts; formulation of innovative and creative solutions to solve problems.
5. Skills for Professional Practice Attributes in professional practice: individual and collaborative working; deployment of appropriate media; presentation and organisation.
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In this interactive webinar we will explore the following questions:
What do we mean by academic achievement?
What theories are at play?
Contextual factors
More doing better?
What does research tell us?
What do students think?
What does the academic community have to say?
What are employers telling us?
Future factors
- What do we mean by ‘academic achievement’ and what does research tell us about its role in enhancing employability?
- Which theories can help us understand this relationship and what contextual factors do we need to consider?
- What are the thoughts of students, academics and employers about this topic?
- The session is aimed at careers and employability professionals whom are engaged in designing and delivering employability provision across a range of curricula and are interested in the role academic achievement may play in a student’s employability
By the end of the course participants will have reviewed the literature around this topic and considered their own understanding of academic achievement in terms of employability
Further information
This webinar will enable you to:
- Reflect on various interpretations of academic achievement from an employability perspective
- Assess what the literature does and doesn’t tell us in terms of the relationship between academic achievement and employability.
- Explore the various contextual factors and viewpoints which inform this debate.
- Consider the extent to which career professionals need to acknowledge the changing landscape of higher education and how this impacting on attitudes towards academic achievement and subsequent employability.
- Share your ideas, questions and learning with your fellow participants
Benefits
- Refine your understanding of the context of your work
- Develop your understanding of the issue
- Refresh your knowledge of the relevant literature
- Understand the role academic achievement, and other factors, can play in determining the employability of students and graduates.
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https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/employability-and-academic-assessment-recording-tickets-39247279670
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- Name:
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- Description:
- abstract
Description:
Unpublished Thesis (MBA)
Call Number: HF5549.5.J63 .L55 2000 ATDC
Author
Limbong, Nimrod
Date2000-06
Collections
MetadataShow full item record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the ranks of motivational and hygiene factors as indicators of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among employees of AIIAS as perceived and desired. The study also attempted to determine the present emotional disposition of the employees towards their work as they are grouped according to levels of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. This study is delimited to the perceptions of AIIAS employees on how Herzberg’s ten hygiene and motivation factors of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction existed and are desired. The researcher utilized the descriptive survey method of research, with the questionnaire as the main source of data. No sampling technique was used since all questionnaires were collected from all 75 employees (regular workers). Four research questions were posed for the study. The findings show that the rank order of motivational and hygiene factors as indicators of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction (four are selected, from highest to lowest) are motivational factors as perceived and as desired, and hygiene factors as perceived and as desired. Conclusions were that all respondents seemed to desire more than they perceived in some of the ten factors of Herzberg’s theory of motivation (job satisfaction) and hygiene (job dissatisfaction), and the majority of the employees perceived that their “job is the best so far” or either “second best”, even though 29.30% of the total population perceived their present as “a stepping stone”, “job is not what I want”. Or “job is way below expectation”. Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following major recommendations are made: 1. A management audit should be undertaken by the institution to determine if the right person is assigned to the right job. 2. A formal as well as informal training program should be developed, particularly for those in the secretarial, ancillary services and others who need it. 3. A program for career planning is also to be desired, to give employees an assurance of a good career prospect with AIIAS. 4. A performance appraisal to help the administration implement a fair working atmosphere at AIIAS should be considered. 5. Further upgrading through professional development of all employees particularly faculty, department heads, etc., by attendance or sending them to some relevant professional associations, clubs, or groups.
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https://dspace.aiias.edu/handle/3442/453
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Click on any of the term papers to read a brief synopsis of the research paper. The essay synopsis includes the number of pages and sources cited in the paper.
In 2012 the UK entered a second recession making it a 'double dip'. The writer looks at the different influences and policy drivers to assess the degree to which government financial policies and the pursuit of the budget reduction may have facilitated the double dip recession. Seventeen sources are cited in the bibliography of this twelve page paper.
The writer looks at why implementing change during difficult economic conditions may present more challenges than traditional changes in normal situations. The complexities associated with change during a recession and the way that a recession may impact on changes all discussed. The final section of the paper justifies the benefit of studying this issue for individuals pursuing a career in leadership. Four sources are cited in the bibliography of this five page paper.
The writer justifies the need for research to determine potential strategies for firms during a recession. The paper contains a discussion on the problems associated with recession and why primary research is required. The justification also includes an assessment of the benefits of the research for a future leader. Eight sources are cited in the bibliography this six page paper.
In eighteen pages the Singapore tiger economy is examined in terms of the effects of the 2 recessions of the 1980s and 1990s. Twelve sources are cited in the bibliography.
In this paper consisting of eleven pages recession theories are explored along with 1990s data and an examination of global factors to determine the cause of the 2001 economic recession. Ten sources are cited in the bibliography.
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Write a reflective essay about a presenting problem (e.g., alcohol and other drugs; depression; anxiety; family conflict; behavioural issues) relevant to an adolescent client. Additionally, reflect upon how your own family and adolescent history might influence your attitude and approach to working with this client specifically and more broadly as an adolescent and family counsellor.
Your reflective essay is to include:
? identification and analysis of the experiences that the young person is presenting with and relate to the theory you have learned in this unit
? identification of the challenges you might personally face when working with this young person and their family as a result of your own experiences, and how you might navigate such challenges
? counselling strategies you would use with an adolescent who is facing these issues,, including specific examples of questions you would ask
? identification and exploration of potential ethical issues that may arise in such circumstances
? reference to relevant literature, linking your ideas to theory covered in the unit.
Marking criteria
Content
1. Young person?s presenting problems identified and analysed in light of relevant theory
2. Personal challenges in working with adolescents and families identified and analysed
3. Strategies provided for working with the presenting issues, including specific questions the counsellor might ask
4. Ethical considerations outlined and explored
5. Evidence of familiarity with relevant literature and theory
6. Evidence of self-awareness and ability to self-reflect
Structure
7. Appropriate introduction provided that clearly articulates the topic
8. Main ideas clearly and logically presented
9. Appropriate conclusion provided that summarises the key findings/ideas
10. Relevant literature used properly
Please note feedback for the previous work “professional report†on Beth’s case study! Please also note you should kindly use all the resources sent for you for Beth’s case study professional report. Kindly when writing the new essay take the following feedback in to consideration. Additional info for the new order will be updated shortly.
Result 27.5 /50
Comments:
thank you for your efforts with this Report
You became with a summary that provided a good introduction to the topic, however a summary also needs to include an overview of the content of the report and your key findings.
In your summary of Beth?s situation, you have identified her presenting issues and commented on the impact of her parents? divorce. However, you have not identified the key themes which are loss and grief, isolation/relationship difficulties (attachment difficulties) and low self esteem/self-concept.
Beth?s presentation includes indicators of depression and it would be important to explore this. It was good to see that you suggested that assessment should including checking for behaviours and factors that may lead to self harm.
You have provided a good discussion on assessment and suggested a collaborative approach to assessment. Throughout your report you have referred to the use of a multidimensional approach which is suitable when working with a young person.
You have also suggested the use of the SPICC model and given a good overview of the five phases and how they could be used to help Beth.
You mentioned also the theories of Piaget, Erikson, Bowlby and Bandura and these are definitely relevant to assessment and also to Beth?s case. I would like to have seen further discussion on these theories as they are particularly relevant to assessing children.
You have suggested some good questions to be asked of the parents and the school guidance counsellor.
You have identified the process issues involved, including involvement of parents and other professionals, sharing of information, reporting, confidentiality, complying with ethical guidelines
You finalized your report with a very good conclusion that pulled together your discussion, your key findings and recommendations.
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A problem associated with getting students to participate more fully in certain engineering courses, is the imposition, by many university administration’s, on the availability of time and resources which can be expended within an undergraduate programme. In an attempt to overcome this problem, this paper investigates the use of multimedia and computer technology in the delivery of complex non-quantitative topics in undergraduate manufacturing courses. It also discusses the application of these technologies and evaluates their effects on student learning as well as reviewing the specific educational theories and strategies that underlie these concepts.
The ongoing research described in the paper is motivated by a desire to improve student engagement, enthusiasm and capability in undergraduate manufacturing engineering courses, and to assist students in perceiving the topics covered as being coherent and integrated bodies of knowledge, thus reinforcing the CDIO concept of integrated and active participative learning.
We describe the steps taken to confirm a theoretical basis for the development of immersive and narrative based manufacturing engineering education. We draw upon existing research and relevant literature which has been synthesized and filtered to select relevant and appropriate methodologies and pedagogical theories applicable to these issues.
Research results collected from direct observation, questionnaires, interviews and student journals, are evaluated to determine whether enhanced learning outcomes were achieved by the techniques used and to what extent they complement the CDIO concepts.
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http://cdio.org/node/6043
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We build on what is known about the potential long-term health effects of perinatal antiretroviral medication exposure to examine ethical and psychosocial issues associated with disclosure by applying lessons from other health conditions, theories of child and adolescent development and rights, and the relevant literature and legal contexts.
We present 2 cases to highlight potential issues; apply a bioethical framework that includes principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice; and explore other factors, including the current uncertainty about these exposures’ possible long-term health risks.
This ethical framework can help clinicians and researchers consider and balance relevant concerns in deciding whether to inform offspring of HIV and related exposures.
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https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-wqzc-rn28
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effective rate of productivity only when they are satisfied with their job. Whereas,
Incentive theories contend that employees work most efficiently when they have
a precise reward that they are working towards, and so it is a more
“goal-orientated” theory. Furthermore, Intrinsic Theories propose that an
individual works at an optimum rate when they are given a meaningful job and permitted
to get on with it, and the rewards of this are attained though the enjoyment
and fulfilment of the actual task itself. (Burns, 2017)
Satisfaction theories-
Frederick Herzberg’s Theory of
Motivation: (Two-Factor Theory)
Frederick
Herzberg believed that the motivation of an individual could be narrowed down
into two separate categories. Motivators and Hygiene Factors. Motivators refer
to the things that can enhance the persons job satisfaction and Hygiene Factors
refer to the things that do not necessarily cause satisfaction, but can help to
diminish dissatisfaction. (Study.com, 2017)
Herzberg
argued that an individual has a higher level of needs that would have an impact
on their psychological growth. This refers to things such as in-work achievements;
recognition; responsibility; the work itself; and advancement and growth. Along
with this, everyone has a basic level of needs in an animalistic sense, as to
avoid suffering and deprivation. This refers to the Hygiene Factors such as:
Company policy and administration; supervision; working relationships; status
and security; and the wages.
Herzberg
himself had done several research investigations into job satisfaction and job
dissatisfaction, which further supported his initial theories. The research for
the theory suggested that job satisfaction was mainly caused by the Motivators
and that the dissatisfaction in the workplace was mainly due to the working
conditions, such as the leadership styles of the managers, the relationships
that the employees had with the managers and the surrounding environment, which
included the overall hygiene levels of the actual workplace, and the health and
safety regulations etc. (“Frederick Herzberg: the hygiene-motivation
theory.” Thinkers, Chartered Management Institute, 1999.)
The
impact that this would have on a business is that it would provide them with a
basis of what the employees will demand as a basic need, and allow them to
consider which types of motivators will be offered to the employees, such as increased
responsibility, recognition and advancement into a higher level of the
business. This motivation theory also impacts the employees as it enables them
to understand what they are entitled to as a bare minimum in the work place,
whether that is a safe working environment, security of their status or the
different types of relationships in the workplace etc. (“Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory.”
The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, edited by Jacqueline L. Longe, 3rd ed., vol.
1, Gale, 2016, pp. 521-523.)
By
taking this theory into consideration, a business would be able to better
manage their employees. The reason for this is that it would allow them to gain
a clearer understanding on what is required to diminish the dissatisfaction of
their employees, and which types of motivators. In relation to a Multi-cultural
business environment, although the hygiene factors would be quite similar for
all the employees, there would be some vital differences. For example, in terms
of the working relationships, a Muslim man may be more hesitant to work in a
group with mostly women, compared to a non-religious person. This does not mean
that he wouldn’t be a good team member, but it could still have an influence on
his output.
The
business would also need to take into consideration the different types of
employees and their ethnicities and religious beliefs when thinking about the
various Motivators that would be suited to everyone. The reason for this is
that if the business had a Christian working there, a Motivator that could be
used to increase their productivity would be to offer them an extended holiday
over the Christmas period. However, it may be more suitable for a Muslim
employee to be given the extended break over Ramadan instead to focus on their
religious duties.
Incentive theories-
Douglas
McGregor (1906-1964) was a social psychologist, and he believed that there are
two ultimate styles to managing people. Conferring to McGregor, a manager
either confines to being a Theory X or a Theory Y focused manager. (Burns, 2017)
Theory X
According
to ‘The Economist’, “Theory X is an authoritarian style where
the emphasis is on productivity”. (Theories X and Y, 2017). This
means that the managerial style is considerably on the Autocratic style of
leadership. As stated by the ‘English Oxford Dictionary’, Autocratic can be
defined as “Relating to a ruler who has absolute power”, in which they take “no
account of other people’s wishes or opinions; domineering”. (autocratic |
Definition of autocratic in English by Oxford Dictionaries, 2017)
This heavily has a
correlation with Theory X because it is based solely on productivity,
regardless of other factors. Theory X styled managers believe that “employees
lack ambition, dislike responsibility, dislike work and avoid it where it is
possible” (The
Exam Performance Specialists | tutor2u Business, 2017). This suggests that employees only show up to their
jobs because of the money. (MindToolsVideos, 2017)
The impact that this
would have on a business is that it could have a vastly negative affect on the
businesses productivity. The reason for this is that the employees are
characteristically lazy and unmotivated, which means that they would easily get
distracted and lose focus on the task that has been set, and so they would have
to be monitored constantly. (Expert Program Management, 2017). The affect that this has on the employees is that it
would be quite a hostile environment to work in. The reason for this is that the
managers leadership approach would be quite aggressive and so this could cause
a lot of tension in the workplace.
In terms of Multi-Cultural Business
environments, a business could implement this theory to better manage the
different types of people. This could be done by considering each employee and
figuring out whether a ‘Hard Theory X’ or a ‘Soft Theory X’ approach should be
used. A ‘Hard Theory X’ approach refers to the use of aggression, threats and
intimidation. This type of approach would be suitable for the employees that
are ‘thick skinned’ and do not take things to heart, as it would motivate them
to do the work. Whereas a ‘Soft Theory X’ method centralises more towards
keeping an atmosphere of peace in the workplace. Although this does sound to be
more attractive, managers often find that this does not always work because the
employees do not feel as though they will face negative consequences. (The X&Y
Management Theory, 2017)
Theory Y
Douglas
McGregor’s Theory Y is a much more Participative style of leadership and
management. According to ‘The Economist’ this method “assumes that people will exercise self-direction and
self-control in the achievement of organisational objectives to the degree that
they are committed to those objectives” (Theories X and Y, 2017). Theory Y managers believe that their employees enjoy
their work, are enthusiastic, seek responsibility, are good at problem solving,
and set out long-term goals and plan how to accomplish them. (Burns, 2017)
The
impact that this would have on a business is that it would make the workplace
much more relaxed and comfortable as there is no tension due to constant threat
of punishment, as is in Theory X. Because of this, it is much more likely for
the employees to be significantly more productive with their work, and so
increasing the productivity of the business. According to a Journal Article called
‘Douglas McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y’, “Theory
Y assumptions can lead to more cooperative relationships between managers and
workers. A Theory Y management style seeks to establish a working environment
in which the personal needs and objectives of individuals can relate to, and
harmonise with, the objectives of the organisation”. (“Douglas
McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y.” Thinkers, Chartered Management Institute,
1999.). This supports the
context that the Theory Y approach would be more suited to getting the truest
form of high quality productive output from the employees.
A
business manager could implement this theory to get the best out of their
employees in a Multi-Cultural Business environment. The reason for this is that
some of the employees may be suited to lead on certain tasks, whilst others may
be suited to follow. This does not mean that they are not able to collectively
work together, but rather that there would be a greater amount of balance between
the workforce as some would be seeking responsibility, whilst others would be
content with aiding in the contribution towards the overall goal.
Intrinsic theories-
Maslow’s Theory of Motivation-
Abraham
Maslow, 1908-1970, was a psychologist whom argued that each person has five
fundamental levels of needs. They are: Physiological; Safety; Love/ Belonging;
Esteem; and Self-Actualisation. Physiological needs refer to the basics such as
Food, Water and Sleep. Safety discusses the security of the Self-health, the
Family, Property, and Employment. Social/ Belonging needs focus on Friendship,
Family and Sexual Intimacy. Esteem relates to Confidence, Achievements, Respect
of and by others. Self-Actualisation is centred around Morality, Creativity, Spontaneity
etc. These different levels are often looked at as a pyramid, which represents
the hierarchy of the needs. (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, 2017)
The
influence that this has on employees is that it gives them five separate stages
which differentiates their basic needs to their more goal-oriented needs. Due
to their physiological needs, the employee would want to have a job that
provides them with a decent living wage, so that they are able to survive. Then
two tiers above, the employee would have the requirement to socialise, to stay
sane and happy. This may be done by going out with work colleagues, friends or
family, so to relax. Two ranks higher, the employee would have
Self-Actualisation needs in which they would be ambitious to further enhance
their career and lives. This could be quite a reflective process for some
people in which they look back at how far they have come.
In
relation to a Multi-Cultural Business environment, the manager of the
organisation could implement this theory to better manage the employees. For
example, when the bombing of Manchester Arena occurred in May 2017, it was a
very hostile environment for most Muslim people, because they were being
associated with the minority that carried out the vile attacks. A figure quoted
by ‘The Guardian’ stated “Islamophobic attacks
soared more than 500% in Greater Manchester after the suicide bombing
at an Ariana Grande concert last month, police have said”. (Halliday, 2017)
Due
to this, managers would need to ensure that their Muslim employees are
protected and not targeted and made victims of verbal or physical attacks. Doing
so would optimise the productivity of all the employees and ensure that the
business does not implode, even in such tragic circumstances.
Conclusion-
To
recapitulate, I believe that each type of theory can be implemented to effectively
manage employees in a Multi-Cultural Business environment. Herzberg’s theory of
motivation holds some key principles that would be needed to successfully mould
an efficient working environment, in terms of the hygiene factors and
Motivators. There must be a basic level of security in the workplace, even
though this does not necessarily contribute to the motivation of the employees.
The Motivators would influence the employees and encourage them to work
productively. In addition, I believe that McGregor’s theories also could be
effective. However, I personally feel that a ‘Theory Y’ approach would be more
suited to a modern Multi-Cultural environment because it would allow the
different types of people to collectively work together in an atmosphere where there
is not any hostility. Whereas, a ‘Theory X’ approach may cause quite a lot of
tension between employees and managers, and so negatively impact the business’
productive output. Furthermore, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs provides some detailed
insight into the different types of needs, which would help a business to
understand an employee clearly. The first two tiers of needs in this structure
could relate to the hygiene factors from Herzberg’s theory because they both
suggest that each human has a basic need of security, whether it’s based on the
base salary or the food and water requirements etc. If I was a manager, I would
use a combination of the stated theories to manage a Multi-Cultural Business
environment because they each have benefits. However, I would not restrict
myself to only one because the type of motivation would depend on the type of
employees that I have.
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https://laborural.org/identify-of-this-are-attained-though-the-enjoyment/
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Proudly I announce you that International Journal Educational Science and Technology has reached one other nice achievement. The most up-to-date achievement is ACCREDITATED by Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia, Decree No. 30/E/KPT/2018, October 24, 2018. EST UNM published analysis articles on Education, mainly associated to educating, studying, theories and practices in training, Education Policy, Curriculum and Materials Development, Teacher Education, Technology and Media of Teaching, and different relevant actions. Before submission, please ensure the articles refer to the template and writer tips.
International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST 2019) provides a super educational platform for researchers to present the latest research findings and describe emerging technologies and directions in engineering and the pure sciences. National S&T methods determine priorities for addressing important wants. Each nation requires a coherent national framework for actions that instantly affect the promotion of science and expertise. Such a nationwide S&T strategy should be developed by the federal government in session with scientific, engineering, and medical academies of the country.
East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine
Student’ science course of skills inside a cognitive area framework. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, eight, 283 – 292. Gomleksiz, M.N.
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https://www.etu-triathlon.org/tag/towards
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Warning:
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Generate a file for use with external citation management software.
Existing literature on the design of interventions and health policy about self-management have tended to focus on individual-centred definitions of self-care and there is growing recognition of the need to extend consideration beyond individual factors, which determine self-care, to examine wider influences such as the health service, the family and the wider social context.
To explore the theoretical and empirical links between social networks, social capital and the self-care practices associated with chronic illness work and management in the context of people's everyday lives.
A realist review method was used to search and appraise relevant quantitative and qualitative literature.
The review findings indicate that social networks play an important part in the management of long-term conditions. We found that social networks tend to be defined narrowly and are primarily used as a way of acknowledging the significance of context. There is insufficient discussion in the literature of the specific types of networks that support or undermine self-care as well as an understanding of the processes involved. This necessitates shifting the emphasis of self-care towards community and network-centred approaches, which may also prove more appropriate for engaging people in socially and economically deprived contexts.
National Center for
Biotechnology Information,
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20921033
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What Is the Definition of Theoretical Framework?
You begin to work upon an academic paper with a theoretical framework. You should start your dissertation with it to identify the key issue and explain your research’s rationale. The description of the project and its target is the main purpose of it. Therefore, you should take into account such a conceptual model to establish an effective approach in order to guide your work and the nature of your study. The theoretical framework provides a general background that is needed to back up your research and give readers a detailed justification of your study. Note that relevant theories are the base of strong frameworks. A perfect theoretical framework should consist of specific relationships that you wish to figure out and related variables that you should measure. If you want to build a strong case for researching, you should describe a selected theory. You should properly explain and present the research issue.
The main aim is to generate a solid foundation for your future academic project. Utilize it to find methodological, epistemological, and analytical basics of your future discussion and present a clear understanding of the provided subject. You can make smart decisions with the help of a theoretical framework. There are the following elements of popular theories:
- Situational;
- Critical;
- Transformational;
- Behavioral;
- Feminist;
- Cognitive;
- Marxist;
- Gender.
Align all the data in your academic paper. Include concepts, constructs, variables, and questions with a theoretical framework and take them into account when defining the efficient research methods and design.
Finding the best website to buy essay can be easily done with Buyessayclub.com
Why is it needed?
As soon as you make the problem statement, define the research questions. It is important to look for theories and ideas which are somehow related to your selected topic. When you present such information, you begin to frame all your work, demonstrating your knowledge of key models, concepts, and theories in terms of the subject. Selected definitions and models give you further direction. Concentrate on their development and elaboration at various stages of this process. Thanks to the theoretical framework, you get solid scientific justification for your project since it proves that your research is supported by existing theories.
What are the contents of the theoretical framework?
It’s necessary to cite relevant theories and existing ideas, define research questions and key terms, and also identify concepts. How to assess and identify relevant theories, concepts, and models? Utilize a literature review in order to analyze how others made a definition of your key concepts and then compare other such definitions with an aim to select the most efficient for you. Indication of significant links between them is a must. Then you should make a description of the models, which are related to your findings. Make an argument why you should make a decision to apply them to your paper.
Adding extra elements
Don’t hesitate to include a comprehensive review of the relevant state of your subject of research in your theoretical framework. Take into consideration the expectations of your professor in advance. Make a deep analysis of the specific area in order to get a clear idea of similar studies. Clarify the main position of quantitative and qualitative research, grounded on existing knowledge. Take these crucial factors to demonstrate a proper overview into consideration:
- Make a description of existing discussions incredible sources of data.
- Evaluate both similarities and differences between other studies and your project.
- Explain the theories, methods, and models which are utilized by others (define the reason why a specific one is proper for your piece of writing).
- Explain how your research can add extra information to current knowledge.
How would you answer the questions? What are the questions? You can utilize the theoretical framework to do it or evaluate findings and hypotheses that are related to your topic. Utilize it to formulate and analyze your own hypothesis that you would be testing throughout your study and research a little bit later.
What is the structure of the theoretical framework?
Doing this you shouldn’t follow any strict rules. Just create the logical chain of ideas by drawing on hypotheses and key terms. For instance, you can write a section or paragraph, which looks at every question, key concepts, and hypothesis to finish with the most appropriate framework. Exploration of relevant theories and models is a must. What is the size of the theoretical framework? Due to several reasons, all the studies do not require a theoretical framework. That is why you will have to make a conceptual one (if you select other people’s findings and ideas that are not grounded on theories). Such a type relies on various concepts, assumptions, and beliefs that students utilize in order to guide their effective writing, work, or research. So instead of established theories, you should use connected concepts.
Follow these steps to write a good framework:
- Writing a solid introduction with a hook to draw the reader’s attention.
- Explain the basics of your selected problem.
- Make a description of your case study.
- Connect your issue, audience, and research.
First of all, you will need to write an interesting introduction to make readers engaged. You should mention unstudied areas and previous research to define the aim of your work and make a discussion over current knowledge. Make a description of how your study is able to do useful research and complete the gaps of previous research, explaining the basics in broad terms.
Make a description of a definite case and demonstrate relevant references. You should do it since a literature review is a necessary component of your research paper, dissertation writing, and thesis. The other reason for it is that your theoretical framework mentions significant themes of your suggested study. Answer all the questions, connecting the dots between your project, issue, and audience. As soon as you do it, your readers will be able to comprehend its content and context, potential advantages, and future impact on your selected area. You should include the following things to make it a good one:
- Genuine research idea;
- Solid thesis application;
- Examples of relevant credible sources of data.
What information is needed to be derived from the theory?
- The authors’ names.
- The dates of the postulation of this principle or generalization.
- The parts which are linked to your study (utilize references in order to avoid plagiarism and credit authors).
- Synthesize the information through relating to the crucial findings to the theory.
The main aim of the theoretical framework is to make an explanation of the nature of your paper to examiners. Meaning, they should notice something unique, interesting, and informative. For instance, they will need to be aware of the following:
- Your perception of the selected theories.
- The reason why you selected the definite approach.
- Your theories knowledge.
- Possible drawbacks.
There are various ways that you can utilize to interpret theories. Specify why you selected the certain theory with its advantages and concentrate on a certain frame and everything it provides you to generate a solid academic paper. Take into account other scholars that utilized a similar approach and make a decision of what can be derived from their works by you. Define the most significant and crucial aspects of your theory. Take its possible drawbacks into consideration. In case, your research utilizes several approaches, it will be important to provide readers with concise answers to all the possible questions when mentioning why and how you do that. Define whether they are compatible. Then you should fill in the currently existing gaps. As soon as you define the purpose of your theoretical framework and identify your targeted audience, decide how you are going to write in the most astonishing way. Interesting answers and questions. Your theoretical framework is a short summary of your study of a provided subject, and you should elaborate it grounded on a review of your recent research. It also defines the most efficient plan of investigation and interpretation of the findings. It includes a properly supported rationale, which should be organized in a way the readers are able to understand and assess your point of view. Its main aim is to prove that you ground your suggested relationships on serious facts, not your personal instincts or guesses. When you develop your theoretical framework, it will help to clarify your study. You will be able to consider other efficient ways to reduce possible biases in your investigation interpretation. Take other theories that challenge your position into consideration. Concentrate on possible limitations since the theoretical framework suggests the most appropriate method to conceptualize the selected issue’s nature, its basis, and analysis. It defines the way you perceive and interprets the relevant information. Therefore, the explanation of it assists your readers in understanding your key context.
What is the best way to develop a theoretical framework?
Make sure you develop and connect your theoretical framework grounded on your knowledge and review of the selected academic subject. Make up your mind on how you would formulate your investigation issue. You should review the relevant literature in order to find the gaps. You should do it since it will impress professors and enable you to present your writing grounded in the analytical summary. When you describe interesting variables, other people will be able to understand the necessary theorized connections and links. Begin with a description of your existing knowledge. Research other scholars’ theories to define the most appropriate to explain your main idea. You will need to do it since your main aim is to clarify to others why you consider that your variables are still relevant. It’s important to include previous theories and investigations for defending your rationale. Inform readers what they will get to know in the study, apply theories to your investigation issue, state your hypotheses and forecastings.
How theoretical the framework is related to quantitative research?
Your theoretical framework and quantitative research are connected. The final choice of your investigation design is depending on the literature review and aims of your study (which might be time-consuming). Such a design utilizes deductive reasoning that starts with a definition of the most appropriate theoretical framework in order to guide your paper and provide it a proper structure. It establishes the basics of the study. Note that it directs your investigation ways and that your selected methodology gives the audience solid conclusions that are compatible with the theories.
How is it possible to make it easier?
There are 2 main factors that you can utilize to make the necessary concept easier since any theoretical framework includes a rationale for discussion and investigation of the subject. They construct their basis during the composing of the academic essay.
What are the things to check out?
A theoretical framework:
- Is a specific structure which is able to hold or back up your theory;
- Includes existing theories and various concepts for your paper;
- Introduces and describes selected theories which explain the reason why your investigation problem exists;
- Gives a specific point of view to examine your subject;
There are no right or wrong options to utilize when you are examining your subject since you can utilize various perspectives for doing it.
What are the main reasons to utilize it?
It can make your analysis better by defining a list of questions which you will have to ask and a specific point of view to utilize when doing research of your selected subject. How to utilize it?
- You should remain explicit concerning the original theories and the possible modifications of them;
- There must be some explicit connections of your analysis, literature review, and research methodology with your theoretical framework;
- Each part of your piece of writing should be framed and informed.
How does it work?
It:
- Enables your readers to analyze your study critically;
- Provides you with a proper choice of useful investigation methods;
- Connects you with currently existing knowledge;
- Helps to determine the limits of generalizations;
- Forces you to address the necessary questions.
You should place your theoretical framework in a wider context, determine the possible limitations of it, describe relevant theories, models, and concepts.
Conclusion
Composing a theoretical framework you might face some problems. This is because it is a rather complicated task, so you may always ask our professionals for help. We offer round the clock online paper writing service. So don’t hesitate to contact us if you need some assistance and want to get high scores.
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https://buyessayclub.com/blog/theoretical-framework/
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1) Introduction: Briefly introduce the reader to the social problem or challenge. Why is this an important issue? You can briefly refer to evidence you observed, read about or heard from your interviews as a reason.
2) Overview. Here you will address some of the basic information the reader should know.
a. Prevalence. (Look at national and state figures – include local if you have that available)
i. Find most current statistics available
ii. Include indication of change over time, i.e., are there statistics that reflect whether the problem has been reduced, about the same or increased over recent years)
iii. Note differences in prevalence that are based upon factors like gender, race/ethnicity, income, etc.
b. Risk factors. What does the literature say about factors that contribute to a higher likelihood of this social problem occurring. (Protective factors usually refer to factors that protect individuals, families or the community – you can include this if you find this information, but note these as Protective Factors, not Risk Factors)
c. Impact. What does the literature say about the impact this problem has on individuals. Think of domains like health, mental health, education, employment, housing, social relationships. Include impact on family and communities if that information is available.
3) Theories or Conceptual Frameworks. What is or are theoretical or conceptual frameworks that explain the social problem or through which we are asked to understand the social problem. For example, you may find psychological frameworks that explain individual level factors; or structural frameworks that are related to inequality or factors like poverty, race, gender oppression, etc.?
4) Policies.
• What are major federal, state and/or local policies enacted to address this social problem (or are there any that have made it worse?)
• If there are significant policy debates relating to the framing and/or addressing of the social problem, identify the primary differences and policy implications (eg. homelessness – interventions supporting use of food pantries versus building of affordable housing).
5) Interventions. Describe the evidence-informed and best practice interventions (can also include prevention strategies) reported in the literature that have the best or promising outcomes related to this problem or challenge. Be sure to address the populations the interventions have been used with as well as the outcomes or possible challenges in the use of the intervention. NOTE: This is a very important section.
6) Conclusion
Summarize the main points of your paper in relation to practice and policies used to address this problem or challenge.
Discuss the relevance of the literature and interventions to your community including what may need to be changed in order to be relevant.
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https://acedessays.com/the-connection-between-homelessness-and-domestic-violence/
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Motivation and Leadership in Social Work Management
First part of the lecture is dealing about motivation theories which are divided on: content theories of motivation and process theories of motivation. In the first group we can find Maslow's hierarchy of needs which one of the most popular theories in this area. In Maslow's opinion there are five levels od needs which are pshysiological (food, shelter), security (protection from loos of treats), social (affiliation and acceptance), ego (self-esteem, recognition) and self-actualization. He created a pyramid in which all that needs are cointaned. In that hierarchy pshysiological needs are on the bottom and self-actualization is lying on the highest level. Good manager should motivates workers by the need that corespond with the level that they are currently at. The point is that the need from lower level will be not motivating for them. For example if worker has good salary, house and a good car, pshysiological need will not attracted him unless his situation changes.
Another thesis regarding of motivation is Herzberg's Two Factors of Motivator-Hygiene Theory. The basic promise of this theory is that there are two types od needs that motivate workers, ie. hygiene and motivator. Hygiene factors are realated to the work environment and include things like salary, benefits, policies, working conditions and realtionship. They are really important to prevent job dissatisfaction by the worker. Motivator factors are focused on personal growth and self-actualization. They are the best for promoting achievements and satifaction with work. They include accomplishments, recognition and responsibility. In Herzberg opinion there is nothing better for workers to achieve satisfaction with work. From that theory were rised two types of management. Job enrichmen includes providing as many factors as possible. The second one is job enlargement which is necessary when job enrichment is impossible and provides employees with as much variety as possible.
The last one theory in content theories of motivation group is McClelland's Trichotomy of Needs. He claimed that people are motivated by three needs which are power, affiliation and achievement. Every of that needs have impact on worker but it depends on the personal character which need will have the strongly impact on employee. That is why the employer has to know which kind of need will be the most influencial for his worker and then try to provides a chance to fulfill this need. For example employee who are primarly motived by power will perform better when given opportunities for control and influence on others and often have outspoken personalities.
Now I want to describe two theses which are cointained in process theories of motiviaton begging from the Equity or Social Comprasion Theories of Motivation. We all know that workers are likely to look toward their peers to find out how they do their job. They want to compare each other and everybody wants to be the best. This comparing is the motivation factor. Really important is to practice open salary scales and performance structures which permit workers to compare and can be important in managing efectively. Social work menagers should be careful not to ignore the important influence od peers on employees performance. Weiner had an another point of view and he described different theory which is Goals and Objectives as Motivational Theory. He claimed that employees and organizations set goals that influence individual and organizational...
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https://www.studymode.com/essays/Motivation-And-Leadership-In-Social-Work-44009155.html
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Content and process theories of motivation essay
need fulfillment. His theory is based upon two assumptions. Can come easier with equitable outcomes. It is a motivational factor that helps growth. These needs are explained in more detail as follows:. Company policies and administrative rules that govern the working environment. In fact Alderfers theory could easily become a part of Adams theory as a way of determining outputs, for example friendly relationships in workplace is part of Relatedness set of needs and output, which management has provided. Home Essay on Motivation. Wages, salary and other types of employee benefits.
The safety needs look to the future. These are primarily the needs arising out of physiological or biological tension. Long deprivation of a given need, results in fixation for that need. The main difference between these theories lies in the fact that Alderfers one focuses on satisfaction of needs whereas Adams one focuses on creating good and balanced relationship between inputs and outputs of the worker and more importantly good relationship and equality between co-workers, and. Esteem needs: These refer to a persons need to develop self-respect and to gain recognition and approval from others which would induce a feeling of self-worth and self-confidence in the individual. Such altruism, albeit self-referential, does not sit easily under the assumptions of the rational, economic-person model. Self-esteem (recognition and self-belief.
It does not adequately explain interactions in close relationships such as marriage or emotional labor where we may provide care to others at a burdensome cost of declining personal well-being and self-denial. Theories of Motivation - Overview of the Content Theories of Motivation. Alderfers and Adams theories both point out the need of balance between things, however each theory puts stress on different things. 3 Major Types of Motivation Theories Content Theories of Motivation what motivates us Process show more content, that is, if a higher-order need is frustrated, an individual then seeks to increase the satisfaction of a lower-order need. Power motivation when applied positively results in successful leaders and managers who prefer democratic style of leadership. Herzbergs two-factor model is tied in with Maslows basic model in that Maslow is helpful in identifying needs and Herzberg provides us with directions and incentives that tend to satisfy these needs. Longer the process of the levelling takes, longer the employees feel the discomfort of injustice which will inevitably lead to employees satisfaction or motivation dropping or level of stress rising. These are the basic needs for sustaining human life itself, such as food, water, warmth, shelter, and sleep. All the hygiene factors are designed to avoid damage to efficiency or morale and these are not expected to stimulate positive growth. Similarly, a person may not go to the higher needs even when his lower level needs are satisfied. These are the needs to belong and to be accepted by various groups. Thus, when an individual desires a particular outcome the value of V is positive.
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http://zurnalistai.eu/14381-content-and-process-theories-of-motivation-essay.html
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The Guideline for Hand Hygiene has been approved by the AORN Guidelines Advisory Board. It was presented as a proposed guideline for comments by members and others. The guideline is effective September 1, 2016. The recommendations in the guideline are intended to be achievable and represent what is believed to be an optimal level of practice. Policies and procedures will reflect variations in practice settings and/or clinical situations that determine the degree to which the guideline can be implemented. AORN recognizes the many diverse settings in which perioperative nurses practice; therefore, this guideline is adaptable to all areas where operative or other invasive procedures may be performed.
This document provides guidance for hand hygiene and surgical hand antisepsis in the perioperative setting. Hand hygiene is widely recognized as a primary method to prevent health care-associated infections and the transmission of pathogens in the health care setting.1 Health care-associated infections can result in untoward patient outcomes, such as morbidity and mortality, pain and suffering, longer lengths of hospital stay, delayed wound healing, increased use of antibiotics, and higher costs of care.2 Thus, prevention of health care-associated infections is a priority for all health care personnel. Hand hygiene and surgical hand antisepsis are effective and cost-efficient ways to prevent and control infections in the perioperative setting.
Normal skin flora on the hands include transient and resident microorganisms. Transient flora are microorganisms that colonize the superficial layers of the skin. Perioperative team members acquire these microorganisms while caring for patients and when coming into contact with contaminated environmental surfaces. Transient microorganisms are easier to remove by hand hygiene than are resident microorganisms, which are seated in the deeper layers of the skin. Skin and nail condition and the presence of jewelry contribute to the number of transient microorganisms on the hands.
The perioperative registered nurse (RN) plays a crucial role in developing and implementing protocols for hand hygiene and surgical hand antisepsis in the perioperative setting, including involvement in the selection of surgical hand antiseptics and hand hygiene products. This guideline provides perioperative RNs and other perioperative team members with evidence-based practice guidance for hand hygiene and surgical hand antisepsis to promote patient and personnel safety and reduce the risk for health care-associated infections, especially SSIs.
Hand hygiene in health care settings other than the perioperative setting is outside the scope of this document.
A medical librarian conducted a systematic search of the databases Ovid MEDLINE®, EBSCO CINAHL®, Scopus®, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The search was limited to literature published in English from January 2010 through September 2015. Between September 2015 and February 2016, the results of alerts established at the time of the initial search were assessed, and the lead author requested additional articles that either did not fit the original search criteria or were discovered during the evidence appraisal process. Finally, the lead author and the medical librarian identified relevant guidelines from government agencies, professional organizations, and standards-setting bodies.
The search was limited to the concept of hand hygiene to the perioperative setting. Hand hygiene search terms included the subject headings handwashing and hand disinfection, supplemented by the keywords hand washing, handwashing, hand hygiene, hand antisepsis, hand contamination, and hand decontamination. Search terms related to the perioperative setting included the subject headings operating rooms, surgicenters, anesthesia, perioperative care, perioperative period, perioperative nursing, and operating room personnel and keywords such as operating theater, surgical suite, operating suite, and perioperative setting. To retrieve additional relevant articles, the keywords surgical, preoperative, pre-operative, presurgical, and pre-surgical were combined with the keywords hand antisepsis, wash, scrub, rub, and hand preparation. Subject headings and keywords for cross-contamination and infection, fingernails and jewelry, skin irritation and inflammation, and specific antiseptic agents and products also were included.
Inclusion criteria were research and non-research literature in English, complete publications, and publication dates within the time restriction unless none were available. Excluded were non-peer-reviewed publications and literature on hand hygiene in patient care settings other than the perioperative setting. Editorials, news, and brief items were excluded. Low-quality evidence was excluded when higher-quality evidence was available, and literature outside the time restriction was excluded when literature within the time restriction was available (Figure 1).
Articles identified in the search were provided to the project team for evaluation. The team consisted of the lead author and two evidence appraisers. The lead author divided the search results into topics and assigned members of the team to review and critically appraise each article using the AORN Research or Non-Research Evidence Appraisal Tools as appropriate. The literature was independently evaluated and appraised according to the strength and quality of the evidence. Each article was then assigned an appraisal score. The appraisal score is noted in brackets after each reference as applicable.
The collective evidence supporting each intervention within a specific recommendation was summarized, and the AORN Evidence Rating Model was used to rate the strength of the evidence. Factors considered in the review of the collective evidence were the quality of the evidence, the quantity of similar evidence on a given topic, and the consistency of evidence supporting a recommendation. The evidence rating is noted in brackets after each intervention.
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https://aornguidelines.org/guidelines/content?sectionId=173716124
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Students studying nursing are required to write a research paper. There are three parts to a research paper on nursing: the introduction, body paragraphs and conclusion. These sections should be written in accordance with certain guidelines. Be sure to correctly cite your sources so they are acknowledged. This will ensure that you don’t end up in trouble.
Theoretical basis for nursing research
Research papers on nursing can be classified based on their theoretical basis. The theory-guided research in nursing enhances the nursing knowledge by explaining the rationale behind a specific intervention and how it impacts the outcomes of patients. Practically speaking, theories are beneficial as they allow nurses to practice more effectively. They can also be used to expand the depth of knowledge on specific clinical issues.
The library holds a number of books on nursing theory. These pay for essay reddit books include citations of important journal articles that help readers comprehend the principles behind nursing. Additionally they provide background information about a specific subject and can help you in your research. A book on nursing theory, for instance will give you an overview of various theories. This will help you to do further research into a specific topic.
Various theories include assumptions, which explain the connections between concepts. These assumptions clarify the function of concepts and explain their relationships. A theory can be operational or theoretical, based on the nature of the assumptions. The theory of the latter provides an entire perspective on nursing, while the former offers a narrower perspective.
Because nursing is both an art form and a science, it is essential to conduct nursing research within the framework of a theoretical model. Without theory, grademiners reddit research could be just a collection of discrete data without any context. The theory helps define the research questions and assists the researcher in design the analysis, interpretation, and design. Nursing science is a complex combination of unique knowledge and borrowed knowledge which may complicate the connection between research and theory.
Nursing theories are only effective if they are accompanied by definitions and concepts. It must clarify the relationship between the components and how they relate to one another. It must also provide information to enhance the nursing process. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the theory before putting it into practice.
In most cases, nursing theories are developed by nurses themselves. They may influence the work of doctors. Many nurses use multiple theories to support their work. Grand theories provide a complete overview of the nursing profession. Some are middle-range theories which focus on specific aspects and are founded on grand theories.
Body paragraphs
A nursing research paper follows particular structure. The most important elements of a nursing research paper include the Abstract and Main Body and Reference Page. Each of these sections should be named appropriately and provide information about the subject. The title should also grab the attention of the readers. Be sure to stay clear of abbreviations and words that do not have any significance. The abstract should be at least 250 words in length and should also include keywords.
A well-written body paragraph must follow the structure of the thesis statement and include examples that support the main idea. A body paragraph usually is one to two paragraphs in length . It will contain multiple quotes or paraphrases. It should also be justified to the reader. It should be brief but also sensible.
Nursing essays must demonstrate the ability of the student introduce the topic, formulate an argument that is cohesive, and then present the central idea to the reader. The essay should demonstrate the writer’s ability be able to balance general and specific arguments. The student should also demonstrate critical thinking by linking specific concepts to general concepts. The writer should also be aware of spelling, grammar and punctuation to avoid committing mistakes.
When writing a nursing research paper, it is important to collect all the major concepts and arguments before writing the paper. This can be done using a variety of prewriting activities. Brainstorming is one such activity. This activity is designed to collect as many ideas as you can and to create an outline. Mindmapping is another way to help students are able to organize their thoughts in groups.
An outline is essential for any kind of writing. It helps you organize your essay, but also helps you organize your research. When writing an essay on nursing research, outline helps you see the information that you’ve collected. It can also help determine what to concentrate on when writing your essay.
Conclusion
Nursing research papers should conclude with a summary of the main findings. It should also focus on the main themes that support the thesis statement. The conclusion should be an eloquent summary of the research findings. It should not exceed 150 words, but this can differ depending on https://www.reddit.com/r/EssayServicesReviewer/comments/wl6zmd/grademiners_review_reddit/ the school, instructor or publisher.
A valid conclusion must include the research question and the relevant literature. The issue must be clearly defined and relevant to nursing and have a solid foundation. It should also be compatible with the study’s conceptual framework, scientific framework structure and ideology. Finally, the literature review should summarize the existing body of knowledge about the subject.
A compelling thesis statement should be included in the conclusion of a nursing research paper. It should outline the reason for the paper. It should also be precise enough to prove its point. In addition, the evidence that is cited must be reliable and dependable. Additionally, the research paper should adhere to a correct reference style and be written in accordance with the requirements and guidelines of the professor or assignment.
A nursing research paper should clearly outline the goals and procedures. This will aid the reader understand the purpose of the study. A clear conclusion serves as the main https://www.bu.edu/articles/2021/depression-anxiety-loneliness-are-peaking-in-college-students/ focus of the study. It should also be able to be replicated. It should be easily replicated by other researchers. This way, it will become a valuable tool for advancing the field of nursing.
The ethical guidelines for conducting research in nursing should be included. It should be conducted in accordance with highest standards of investigational ethics. It is essential to ensure the integrity of the investigators, the credibility and the appropriate procedures for defining the authorship or ownership.
A nursing research paper may be qualitative or quantitative. The research question will determine the research design. Quantitative research is designed to gather evidence from the empirical. Researchers can then examine whether the results can be applied to other areas. This type of research is suitable for experiments as well as non-experimental ones. Descriptive research is the process of gathering data and describing the phenomenon.
Works referenced
The style of citations for nursing research papers can vary widely depending on the journal that is used. Some journals employ APA style, while others follow Harvard style. In a recent study we compared the style of citations for reference in 39 nursing journals and discovered that a third of the journals gave examples of how to refer to literature in their articles.
Nursing literature is focused on the treatment of the patient. This means that nurses are less likely to publish their own work, and more likely to cite other articles they have read. This is in contrast with the history field that focuses on the development and maintenance of books. However, citation rates in nursing are comparatively low.
If a work is published in a journal or not, it’s important to properly cite its source. It is important to use consistent citations. However, citing data set in the text should follow the same style as the reference list. Authors should steer clear of gender-specific terms. For example, instead of using “nurse,” they should make use of “nurse” or “nurse.”
The Works Cited page should include an overview of all sources used in the research paper. The page’s title should be at the center, and it should be double-spaced. The entries should be centered and have an indentation hanging from the page. Each entry should have its own line flush with the left margin. The following line should be indented by a half inch. The alphabetical order of the list must be used, starting with the last name, or work title of the first author.
When you write a nursing research paper, make sure to follow the APA style guidelines. This style is the one most often used in the literature of nursing. It is also used in professional development programs for nurses. It is crucial to train staff nurses to publish research findings and quality improvement projects or innovative ideas. Knowing how to reference important literature is essential for ensuring accuracy and credibility.
The MLA Handbook eighth edition is shorter and simpler to read. It guides writers through the process of evaluating sources and creating useful entries for the list of works cited. It also gives tips on how to find and use databases to conduct research.
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http://esg.buu.ac.th/uncategorized/how-to-write-a-nursing-research-paper-2/
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the selected film or podcast.
Include identifying data for the significant individual(s): take into consideration the individual’s socio-economic, class, ethnicity, culture, religion, gender, and sexual orientation. You should reference the NASW Standards for Cultural Competence.
a. What are the major propositions of the theories? Describe what the theory explains about human behavior in the social environment presented in the film.
b. Explain the strengths and limitations of each theory in understanding the individual, family, group, or community in the film.
c. Discuss how your two theories would account for the influence of social privileges and social oppression. Do the theories differ in their explanations’ and why?
d. Discuss how these two theories would influence your social work practice with the chosen individual or social group selected. Be sure to indicate under what circumstances each theory would be useful and the kinds of questions each theory might cause you to ask about a client’s challenges.
f. Critically reflect on how cultural, ecological, economic, political, and personal factors influence the lives of the characters and how social workers should engage with people in their practice. This includes an understanding of the ways these factors relate to and affect each other.
g. Use no fewer than five scholarly sources for your paper. This is to include evidence-based, peer-reviewed literature (journal articles and course readings) to offer support documentation of the movie assessment.
APPENDIX B:
Assignment: Multi-Theoretical Assessment of Adult in Context_
Grading:
Recommended sequence of paragraphs/paper Cover Page Into paragraph with topic statement Body/topic paragraphs (as many as needed): written in 3rd person Reflection: written in 1st person Concluding paragraph written in 3rd person APA style
A. Introduction: A brief opening paragraph
about the focus and purpose of the paper. The
introduction should provide a clear sense of
what you are going to address. Identify the
two theories you will be discussing and
relationship to HBSE. Be sure to address how
the theories selected does or does not account
for its influence on social privilege and social
oppression.
B. Using the literature:
Discuss the underlying assumptions and basic
premises of the theories selected regarding the
nature of human behavior;
Identify at least 2 key concepts and
propositions of the theory.
Define each concept, citing appropriately, and
clarify how this concept is useful in
understanding the depicted situation.
How are these concepts
helpful in assessing human behavior.
Analysis of theories influence on SWK practice
with selected identified character or social
group selected
C. Application of theory models: In macro-level context, with explanation, assessment of selected identifid character system; problem and situation. Do not redefine the concepts but use them to explain what is happening in the situation.
D. Reflection/Personal thoughts: Recognition,
understanding, and analysis of cultural,
ecologic, economic political, and personal
factor relate to and affect each other. Be sure
to provide a rationale for your conclusion.
E. Organization: clarity, and demonstration of
well-developed sentences and paragraphs.
Scholarly sources: use of at least three
references beyond readings from this or other
courses. APA format. Use of correct grammar
and spelling.
Excellent: Student put forth two theories and clear explanation/descriptions of and relationship to HBSE and to film in an original and innovative way. Few if any grammatical mistakes. APA format followed.
Very good: Student put forth two theories and clear explanation/descriptions of and relationship to HBSE and to film. Complete analysis of theories, impact, and influence.
Adequate: Student put forth theories, explanations/descriptions sometimes unclear. Thoughtful analysis of theories, impact, and influence.
Minimal: Student put forth less than complete explanation/descriptions of and relationship to HBSE and to film. Sometimes, unclear or inaccurate analysis of theories, impact, influences.
Identify the two theories you will be discussing and
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If you prefer to utilize a movie or digital audio file that is not on the suggested list, you must receive prior approval from the instructor. In this paper, you are asked to analyze the movie or digital audio file from a multi- dimensional perspective. Your paper must incorporate course material, relevant theories, and the influence of cultural, race, and ethnicity has on behaviors, attitudes, and identity. This is not merely a movie or podcast review. This assignment is to write a case analysis focusing on how to engage, assess, intervene, and evaluate practice with an individual, a family, a group, an organization, or a community. I am more interested in your reaction and thoughts on its content than the content itself and your ability to apply human behavior theories to an actual situation
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I need support with this Business question so I can learn better.
Motivation lecture:https://youtu.be/IPYeCltXpxw
The topic of this discussion is…..Your Understanding of MOTIVATION Theories
Please reflect on the MOTIVATION theories we discussed in class. Given your own personal experiences with work or team environments, highlight how the different theories explain your behavior or the behavior of others you observed.
Some areas for thought include: observations regarding intrinsic or extrinsic rewards? The existence of motivating vs. hygiene factors? Were any aspects of goal-setting particularly helpful? Other theories that explain any phenomena that you experienced?
How can you use your knowledge of these theories to further your management development?
Complete as much of the assigned reading as you can before posting your primary responses each week. In general, strive to post as early as possible each week to better support robust online discussions.
- Professionalism -Meaningless agreement is NOT acceptable. Be polite, but also strive to help your peers to see the position from another angle as needed. Ask for clarification when your peers are not clear, and offer additional insights or clarity where you can.
- Quality NOT Quantity – Write concise yet thorough responses in all postings. Reference the text or relevant (and reputable) outside articles to better support your position, and cite in APA.
- Grading Rubric: You can view the rubric by clicking on the three little dots in the upper right corner of the assignment instructions. Choose “view rubric”.
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https://brainessay.com/bus-3161a-stanford-university-my-understanding-of-motivation-theories-paper/
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What do I need to know?
Basics
The rapid expansion of the number of humanitarian actors in recent years, working for or with governments at all levels and often in complex situations, makes humanitarian diplomacy increasingly important. As stated above, humanitarian diplomacy is persuading decision makers and opinion leaders to act, at all times, in the interests of vulnerable people, and with full respect for fundamental humanitarian principles. The framework of the policy is built around this definition and includes appropriate safeguards that protect the fundamental principles and humanitarian space.
- More frequent consideration by decision makers and opinion leaders of the interests of vulnerable people
- Greater access to and influence with decision makers
- Stronger capacity to mobilise all relevant resources
- The facilitation of effective partnerships when responding to the needs of vulnerable populations
Glossary
Advocacy (or Advocacy Campaign): A strategic process aimed at influencing decision makers and opinion leaders to create or change policies, legislation or practices for the benefit of the most vulnerable. An advocacy campaign may be private, using quiet diplomacy to target decision makers, in one on one or small group meetings. It may also be public, using awareness raising to gain support for a topic. This process typically includes multiple steps and methods, such as representation, policy research and analysis, information or mass media campaigns, awareness raising events or seminars, and the development of key messages and Asks, over an extended and fixed period of time. Successful advocacy requires that we provide decision makers and opinion leaders with information and suggested responses to consider, such as policy language or model legislation, connecting evidence and potential solutions to our problem statement and our ‘ask’. Representation To promote or raise awareness of the IFRC, its actions, priorities, key positions and act.
Communications campaign: Releasing vital information or messages to influence thought or elicit action on a specific topic over a specific period of time. This may be done through one or a combination of channels, such as television, radio, print media or social media on an editorial or unpaid basis. This type of campaign tends to be focused on the general public to raise awareness and/or support for a topic.
Information Campaigns: An organized and connected series of actions meant to disseminate information, influence perception or persuade behavioural change through communication materials, guidelines and guidance, position or policy papers, online resources, and evidence based data related to a specific topic. This can be for an internal audience, decision makers or a public audience. Internally the goal may be the identification of a common or shared goal for Red Cross Red Crescent to enable the International Federation or Movement as a whole to demonstrate a consolidated position or policy externally in a cohesive manner. An externally focused information campaign may involve quite diplomacy targeting decision makers or include development of media materials such as media briefs, media releases, media or public events, and engage community spokespeople to impart the message or information to the public.
Social mobilization: A process that increases the number and diversity of people engaging in a specific issue or event to raise awareness of or demand for a specific objective or goal. This may include engagement with internal and external audiences through platforms such as private or public forums, social media platforms, media and endorsements from experts and opinion leaders and influencers.
I would like to CONTRIBUTE
Resources
Get the latest videos and photos, case studies, and training materials contributed by practitioners from around the globe. Visit our Resource Library for more.
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https://www.preparecenter.org/topics/humanitarian-diplomacy
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GT Writing Task 2 / Essay Sample # 111
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
The ownership of cars should be restricted to one per family in order to reduce traffic congestion and pollution.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
Model Answer: [Agreement with the view up to a point]
Traffic jams and pollution are two pervasive phenomena in cities all around the world. Many people argue that governments should restrict one car for each family so as to end the traffic gridlock and environmental contamination. While I agree with the view up to a point, I would argue that governments should also take other measures such as budget on improving public transport and media campaigns, to curb the problem.
Traffic congestion in major cities is going from bad to worse as a substantial number of private cars hit the road every day. It is a common scenario that cosmopolitan cities grind to a standstill with a huge number of private transportations. These private vehicles occupy 60 percent of the street space but carry merely 10 percent of the total commuters. Moreover, private automobiles are large contributors to air and noise pollution. Ownership of private vehicles, therefore, ought to be restricted to one per family by governments to reduce the number of cars on the street.
Besides, a variety of measures should also be taken to alleviate this issue. First, governments should spend a generous budget on developing public transportation system and road infrastructure. With an improved public transportation system, more people will travel by tram, bus or subway instead of private cars. It will ultimately mitigate the situation of traffic gridlock as well as pollution to a great extent. Apart from that, governments should also launch a huge media campaign to raise awareness among citizens about the aftermath of traffic congestion and pollution.
To conclude, restricting ownership of private cars would reduce traffic jams and pollution to some extent. And I believe that improved public transports and media campaigns, along with the one car per family policy, would be more effective in mitigating the condition.
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https://www.ielts-gt.com/writing-task-2-sample/ownership-of-cars-should-be-restricted-to-one-per-family
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An exciting opportunity has arisen for an experienced press officer to join Amnesty International in our newly established Nigeria Section Office in order to shape and develop a media profile for its human rights work across the region.
This is a new post based in Abuja that will take strategic ownership of Amnesty International’s media strategy across Nigeria, creating awareness of human rights as well as bolstering support for Amnesty International and shaping a better future for those in need. You will drive media coverage across national, regional and international media in order to promote Amnesty International’s campaigning, research, advocacy and growth objectives. You will provide communications that help to develop the human rights agenda and raise awareness of Amnesty International’s work in this important region.
You are passionate about Amnesty International’s aims and are experienced in the media industry. You have a strong news sense and know how to place a story to achieve maximum impact. With a background in journalism or public relations in an international setting, you’ll have a detailed knowledge of Nigeria and a strong network of media contacts across the region. You will have experience in developing strategies and running successful media events and will combine sharp news skills with a good understanding of human rights that will enable you to deliver prompt and impactful media response to world events. You will be part of a new team to be based in Abuja covering research and campaigns and will work closely with other communications colleagues and with the media programme in London.
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http://joblanda.com/press-officer-recruitment-at-amnesty-international/
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We Tell the Refugee Story
Syrian Voices partners with StoryCorps to record, preserve and share the stories of refugees from around the world who are now resettled in the United States.
We Connect Refugees to Resources
Syrian Voices helps refugees access the support of American businesses, government and individuals who warmly welcome refugees from around the world.
We Teach the Way Forward
Syrian Voices conducts workshops and seminars that teach refugees how to navigate public life in the U.S.
Helping Syrian Voices Resonate Throughout America
We help enhance the public image of refugees, tell their stories and generate support for them by relating their humanity to the media and American people.
We pursue this mission through education and training for refugees and refugee advocates, public relations campaigns to raise awareness on refugee issues; and by facilitating access to charitable resources.
The vision of Syrian Voices is to eliminate the social and political stigma associated with Syrian refugees, develop a national network of refugee advocates committed to supporting refugees from around the world, not just Syria.
Next Steps…
Send us your audio, video or written story about your experience as a refugee, refugee advocate or your opinion of support for refugees in America. Upload Your Story Here.
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http://syrianvoices.org/
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Models of change
A change in the drinking culture can only happen with grass-roots support for activities, whether they focus on achieving better compliance with the law, parents’ programmes, policy issues or promoting healthier lifestyles.
The value of communities
‘Community’ is a term used to identify a group of people with common interests. Often a community is defined by the fact that its members reside in a particular geographic location. But it may also be that a community is defined by some other characteristic they share for example their ethnicity, sexual orientation or age. Any geographical community will include many smaller communities or groups with a range of common interests. These interests often include community service and could potentially include an interest in reducing alcohol-related harm.
People contribute to the wellbeing of their communities and the nation, both as paid workers and as volunteers. Through a wide range of organisations and groups they provide essential social, environmental and cultural services. Tapping into this vast resource offers many opportunities for influencing New Zealand’s drinking culture – from influencing the way a community group manages its own alcohol use to engaging these groups as champions of change within their wider communities.
Engaging with communities
Effective community engagement relies on ensuring the community is at the heart of a programme. Without community buy-in and involvement, it is hard to gain traction and achieve positive outcomes. The following models present a range of commonly used approaches to engaging with communities.
Community development
Community development is a process where people discover how to manage and change their environment by working together, setting their own goals and achieving them.
A community development approach should bring people together, increase their knowledge and skills and facilitate change that the community owns and drives.
Community development generally has a board aim of community empowerment. It does not start by trying to address a specific health or social goal but rather supports a community in managing and changing its environment by setting its own goals and working to achieve them.
Community development is about process; engaging the community by giving it access to resources and information and community ownership of the issues.
Community development can happen by:
- people becoming aware of an issue that concerns them and starting to look for more information
- people contacting others to see how concerned they are and to gather that additional information
- interested people getting together to discuss the issue, exchange information and identify the skills needed to tackle the issue
- a committee or working group being formed
- if further training or information is required, the committee/working group approaching organisations able to pass these on
- the spokespeople for the committee/working group publicising its actions to increase support
- the committee/working group initiating action leading to a change
Community action
Community action is a process where health professionals and/or other agencies or individuals:
- define the public health issue
- involve community members and groups in developing strategies to address it
- help solve the issue
- work toward transferring responsibility for ongoing programme ownership to the community.
Community action is about mobilising communities. It draws on existing human and material resources in the community to strengthen public participation in public health and social issues.
Community action stimulates environmental change in the systems and structures that support individual lifestyle choices. Change is likely to be successful and maintained when people it affects are involved in initiating and promoting it.
Community action usually relies on the community’s underlying support, even though many members will not have the time to be directly involved in the programme itself.
It is important to recognise that effective community action is built over time, has periods of high and low activity and uses a combination of approaches. A one-off campaign will not generally achieve long-term benefits to the community. The aim is to improve the way organisations in the community work together to achieve positive health outcomes.
Social marketing
Social marketing evolved as a tool to influence social attitudes and behaviours in the 1970s. It has a strong community focus and requires a good understanding of the target population to deliver appropriately targeted strategies. It is strong on needs analysis, communications and product development and testing. It differs from traditional marketing in that it seeks to benefit the target population rather than the marketer. Its product is social change.
Social marketing is about influencing what people think and, ultimately, how they behave. It does this by:
- offering benefits people want
- reducing barriers people face
- using persuasion, not just information.
Social marketing applies commercial marketing techniques to analysing, planning, executing and evaluating programmes designed to influence target audiences’ voluntary or involuntary behaviour in order to improve the welfare of individuals and society (Donovan & Henley, 2003). It also seeks to facilitate environmental change within social structures that will support individuals in their behaviour change (Hastings at al, 2000).
Social marketing has much in common with other health promotion models:
- it is based around the transtheoretical model of change
- it attempts to educate and motivate communities
- it values evidence-based strategies
- it demands a multi-strategy approach to social change.
The media are a crucial component of social marketing and public health campaigns, as information is a key factor in influencing attitudes and behaviours. Media are used to:
- raise awareness of the issue or product (social change)
- raise awareness of the product’s benefits
- raise awareness of where or how the product can be bought
- motivate people to seek further information or trial the product.
A campaign that aims to promote health through behaviour change must be based on much more than information and mass media. Marketers within the alcohol industry and broader commercial environment employ a four-fold strategy in implementing their programmes. Social marketing goes one step further with a five-fold approach that recognises the importance of policy in the marketing mix. These elements are often referred to as the Five Ps: product, price, place, promotion and policy.
Community readiness
Communities vary in their readiness to adopt programmes of change. This readiness plays a considerable part in a programme’s success and the community’s willingness to support it.
The ‘community readiness’ model provides a way of identifying a community’s willingness to develop and implement a public health programme. It is important in emphasising the range of, and the changing needs for, interventions within any given population. It illustrates the need to tailor programmes to the real needs of a community, rather than assuming one programme or approach will suit all.
Community readiness is loosely based on the transtheoretical model of change (Prochaska & Diclemente, 1984). This model describes and explains the different stages of change that appear common to most individuals. It suggests that, as with individuals, community change is a process rather than an event, and acknowledges that communities have varying levels of motivation to change.
Assessing the level of community readiness requires gathering information from the community itself. This can be done using a range of methods.
Having ascertained the level of community readiness, the aim is to move the community to the next stage. While specific answers to the problems need to come from the community itself, the following strategies are general examples of effective approaches. Nine basic stages of change have been identified:
Stage 1. No awareness
The community or its leaders do not generally recognise the issue as a problem. The community may unknowingly encourage the behaviour, although the behaviour may be expected of one group and not another based on gender, class, race, age, etc.
Goal: Raise awareness of the issue
- Visit community leaders and members individually.
- Meet existing and established groups to inform them of the issues.
- Rally potential allies and supporters.
Stage 2. Denial
There is little or no recognition of a local problem, although some community members may acknowledge some issues but feel there is little that can be done about them or that they are others’ problems.
Goal: Raise awareness that the issue exists in the community
- Continue face-to-face visits and enlist support from these people.
- Discuss local incidents related to the issue.
- Point out media articles that describe critical local incidents.
- Use existing networks and community organisations to distribute information.
- Present information to community groups.
Stage 3. Vague awareness
Some members of the community feel there is a local problem and that something needs to be done about it, but have no motivation to address it. No leadership has emerged around the problem, and if it has, the community climate does not serve to motivate leaders.
Goal: Raise awareness that the community can do something
- Present information at local community events and to unrelated community groups.
- Post fliers, posters and billboards.
- Initiate your own events to present information on the issue.
- Conduct informal local surveys/interviews within the community.
- Use the media to tell the community of a local problem.
Stage 4. Pre-planning
There is clear recognition of a local problem and the need to do something about it. There are identifiable leaders and maybe even a committee, but efforts are not focused or detailed. There is discussion but no real planning.
Goal: Raise awareness with concrete ideas to combat issues
- Introduce information about the issues through presentations and media.
- Visit and gain support from community leaders.
- Review existing efforts in the community to determine their success.
- Conduct local focus groups to discuss issues and develop strategies.
- Increase media exposure.
Stage 5. Preparation
Information exists about local problems and the pros and cons of prevention activities, but it may not be based on formally collected data. Leadership is active and energetic, resources are being sought and committed to the programme. The community offers at least moderate support for efforts.
Goal: Gather existing information to help plan strategies
- Conduct community surveys.
- Present in-depth local statistics.
- Determine and publicise the costs of the problem in the community.
- Conduct public forums to develop strategies.
- Use key leaders and influential people to speak to groups and participate in local radio and television shows.
Stage 6. Initiation
Information is available to justify a programme and it is newly underway. Leadership is enthusiastic as limitations and problems have not yet been experienced. The community climate can vary, but there is usually no active resistance and often modest involvement from the community.
Goal: Provide community-specific information
- Plan publicity efforts associated with the launch of the programme or activity.
- Attend meetings to provide updates on the programme’s progress.
- Identify service gaps and improve existing services.
- Begin searching for resources and/or funding.
Stage 7. Stabilisation
One or two programmes are running, supported by decision-makers, and these appear stable. There is little perceived need for change or expansion and no in-depth evaluation of effectiveness. The community generally supports what is happening.
Goal: Stabilise efforts/programme
- Plan community events to maintain support for the issue.
- Provide training for community professionals and community members.
- Hold quarterly meetings to review progress and modify strategies.
- Publicly recognise the efforts of local supporters and volunteers.
- Use media to detail progress and outline future plans.
- Begin networking between service providers and community systems.
Stage 8. Confirmation/ Expansion
Decision-makers support expanding or improving the current efforts. The original efforts have been evaluated and modified and new efforts are being planned or tried to reach new/more members of the community. Resources for new efforts are being sought or committed. Data is regularly collected on the extent of local problems. The community may challenge specific efforts, but is fundamentally supportive.
Goal: Expand and enhance service
- Begin to initiate local policy change.
- Strengthen and expand community networks.
- Use media to inform the community of local statistical trends.
Stage 9. Professionalisation
There is a detailed and sophisticated knowledge of the problem’s prevalence, risk factors and causes. Some efforts may be targeted at the general population while others focus on high-risk factors and groups. Community involvement is high and leaders are supportive of programmes. Effective evaluation is used to test and modify efforts. The community is fundamentally supportive although community members should continue to hold programmes accountable.
Goal: Maintain momentum and continue growth
- Diversify funding sources.
- Continue reassessing issues and progress.
- Use external evaluation and feedback for programme modification.
- Continue more advanced training of professionals.
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https://www.alcohol.org.nz/in-the-community/learn-more/models-of-change
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Jonny joined Action Mental Health in 2017 as the organisation’s communications & fundraising manager and has a wide range of experience with organisations across the private, public, and voluntary sectors.
He has worked on numerous fundraising campaigns during his career, covering different areas of the fundraising mix including individual giving, donor care, community and events, capital appeals, corporate fundraising, and legacy giving.
In his current role, Jonny leads AMH’s fundraising team, with responsibility for media relations, campaigning, and public affairs work to help raise awareness and change perceptions of mental health issues in Northern Ireland. Working closely with the team at Enthuse, Jonny has helped create some really engaging and creative campaigns using new and emerging tech.
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https://resource-alliance.org/speaker/jonny-smyth
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