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Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP)
Directive Principle of State Policy provides guidelines to central & state government in India, to be kept in mind while framing laws & policies & mentioned in part 4 of the constitution.
- DPSP + FR >> Conscience of Indian Constitution
Basic aim of DPSPs is to set up social & economic goals before the law makers
- To bring socio-economic change in the country
- To fulfill the basic needs of the common man
- To reshape the structure of Indian society in direction of greater socio-economic equality.
DPSPs are fundamentals in governance of the country & shall be considered dutifully by the state while making laws, but DPSPs are not enforceable in court of law
- If state fails to fulfill these obligations, one cannot go to court of law
- DPSPs only provides a yardstick for measuring success or failure of the government
Articles 36 to 51 deal with the provisions of the Directive Principles & are broadly classified into
- Socialist principles
- Gandhian principles
- Liberal intellectual principles
Socialist Principles
- To secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
- To strive to minimise inequalities of income i.e. operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment;
- ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good;
- Equal justice and free legal aid.
- Ownership and control of material resources of the community shall be so distributed so as to subserve the common good.
- Equal pay for equal work.
- Health & strength of workers, and the tender age of children must not be abused.
- Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.
- Provision of just and humane conditions for work and maternity relief.
- Participation of workers in the management of the industries.
- Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
- Children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.
The Western Liberal Principles
- Uniform Civil Code for the citizens.
- Provide free and compulsory education for children below 14 years.
- Separation of Judiciary from Executive.
- To promote international peace and amity.
- Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance
- Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.
The Gandhian Principles
- Organization of Village Panchayats & to promote cottage industry.
- Promotion of educational and economic interests of the SCs, the STs and the other weaker sections of the society.
- To bring about the prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs that are injurious to health.
- Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines to prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught animals.
97th Amendment: Promotion of cooperative societies
Directives in other parts of the Constitution (Except part IV)
Article 350 A: It enjoins every State and every local authority within the State to provide adequate facilities for the instructions in the mother tongue at the primary stage to children of linguistic minority areas.
Article 351: It enjoins the Union to promote the spread of Hindi Language so that it may serve as a medium of expression of all the elements of the composite culture of India.
Article 335: It says that the claims of SC/ST shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with affairs of the Union or of a State.
Under the implementation of DPSP, Zamindari, Jagirdari & inamdari systems were abolished & actual tillers of the soil were made owner of the land.
DPSPs v/s FRs
|FRs provide the foundation of political democracy in India||DPSPs spell out the character of social & economic democracy in India|
|Lays down negative obligation / restriction on the state i.e. FRs are prohibitive in nature||DPSPs are positive / moral obligations of state towards the citizens|
|FRs have been laid down in clear legal language in constitution||DPSPs are laid in general terms and are sort of moral obligations|
|FRs represent something static i.e. to preserve certain rights which already exist||DPSPs represents a dynamic move towards the betterment of the citizens|
|FRs are justifiable in nature & can be enforced in court of law||DPSPs are non-justifiable in nature & can not be enforced in court of law|
What if laws made by state giving effect to DPSP’s violates FR, can they be valid? This question was raised before SC in 1951 in Champakam Dorairajan case !
- SC held that they are supplementary to each other & no as such inherent conflict is between them, thus, as far as possible, should be interpreted harmoniously. However, if it is not possible, FRs will prevail over DPSPs means DPSPs can not override FRs, hence such a law is void.
- On this ground, SC held Bank nationalisation act & Privy purse (abolition) act unconstitutional
- In 1971, 25th amendment introduced a new article 31-c, which states that “if state enacts any law giving effect to two directive principles viz. Equitable distribution of wealth (article 39-b) & Prevention of concentration of wealth in fewer hands (article 39-c), & in that process if the law violates FRs (article 14, 19 & 31), it can not be held void merely on this ground.
- Article 31-c further states that such a law giving effect to 39 – b & 39 – c, can not be questioned in court of law.
- 25th amendment was challenged in Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), in which SC held that only first part of the article 31-c (overriding article 14, 19 & 31) is valid, but second part which bars judicial review held unconstitutional.
- 42nd amendment, 1976 further amended article 31-c & widened its scope & gave precedence for all DPSPs over article 14, 19 & 31 & hence made them immune to judicial review.
- Minerva Mills case, 1980: SC struck down the changes introduced by 42nd amendment in article 31-c & held them unconstitutional on grounds that total exclusion of judicial review would offend the basic structure of the constitution.
Presently, only article 39-b & 39-c can be given precedence over articles 14 & 19
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There is no national law that specifically regulates outsourcing in Turkey.
On the other hand, general provisions of the Turkish Code of Obligations, Turkish Commercial Code, Turkish Civil Code, etc. are applicable to outsourcing transactions depending on the type of transaction.
Public institutions must comply with Public Procurement Law for the purchase of goods or services from suppliers. In these transactions, suppliers must execute a contract, certain provisions of which are pre-drafted and announced by the relevant public institution in accordance with the Public Procurement Law and Public Procurement Contracts Law.
Please note that public-private partnerships and build-operate-transfer models, which are subject to specific laws and regulations, are excluded from this analysis.
Outsourcing of a support service by banks is subject to “Regulation on the Procurement of Support Services by Banks”. Pursuant to this regulation, a bank can outsource a support service provided that (i) outsourcing of such activity is not prohibited under such regulation, (ii) prerequisites such as preparation of risk management plan, risk analysis plan and technical qualification reports are met, (iii) qualifications regarding the supplier (e.g. certain conditions relating to its shareholders, directors etc.) are met, and (iv) certain provisions set forth in such regulation are included in the contract. Some services such as catering, transportation, cleaning, maintenance, repair, consultancy (including legal consultancy/dispute resolution services) and advertising services are not subject to such regulation.
Outsourcing of a support service by insurance or pension companies is subject to Regulation on Insurance Support Services. Pursuant to this regulation, an insurance or pension company can outsource a support service provided that (i) outsourcing of such service is allowed in such regulation, (ii) a report on risks of outsourcing is prepared and electronically submitted to the Insurance Information and Monitoring Centre, (iii) the supplier is based in Turkey for the services to be rendered in Turkey, (iv) qualifications regarding the supplier are met, and (v) the certain provisions set forth in such regulation are included in the contract. Some services such as consultancy (including legal consultancy/dispute resolution services and tax consultancy) and advertising services are not subject to such regulation.
Under the Communiqué on Management of Information Systems, certain institutions and public companies, which are subject to Capital Markets Law, can outsource services regarding information systems provided that they (i) establish a monitoring structure for risk allocation and management of relationship between supplier and customer, (ii) prepare a technical qualification report on the supplier, and (iii) execute a written contract which includes certain provisions set forth in such communiqué.
Under the Regulation on Payment Services, Electronic Money Issuance, Payment Institutions and Electronic Money Institutions, a payment or an electronic money institution (“e-money institution”) can outsource a service provided that (i) the scope of the service specified in a written contract, (ii) it complies with the obligations set forth in such regulation. Some services such as catering, transportation, cleaning, maintenance, repair, training and also consultancy (including legal consultancy/dispute resolution services) and advertising services are not subject to these restrictions.
Outsourcing of a service on information systems by e-money institutions are subject to Communiqué on Management and Audit of Information Systems of Payment Institutions and Electronic Money Institutions. Pursuant to such communiqué, e-money institutions can outsource a service on information systems provided that (i) a monitoring structure for risk allocation is established, (ii) the certain provisions set forth in the communiqué are included in the contract, (iii) access to information systems of the supplier is limited to necessities for the provision of the relevant service, (iv) the supplier hosts the system and its back-ups in Turkey, and (v) if the supplier provides cloud services for the processing hosting, transferring sensitive payment data or personal data, such cloud services are provided as “private cloud service model” over a hardware and software, which is specifically allocated to such e-money institution.
Outsourcing of a service by payment and securities settlement system operators is subject to Regulation on Activities of Payment and Securities Settlement Systems. Pursuant to such regulation, a system operator can outsource a service on information systems provided that it (i) informs the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey on obtaining such outsourcing service, and (ii) takes necessary measures set forth in relevant legislation.
such relationship may be regarded as “subcontracting” under Turkish Labour Law (TLL).
In a subcontracting arrangement, the customer and the supplier shall be jointly liable towards supplier’s employees with respect to employees’ rights under TLL such as their severance pays, annual leaves, etc.
Please see our response to question 1.2 above.
In principle there is no requirement for an outsourcing contract/transaction to be governed by local law.
On the other hand, depending on the type of transaction, certain restrictions in Turkish Private International Law may be applicable. For instance, if the contract/transaction relates to a real estate, then the law of the country, in which the real estate is located, shall be applicable.
Furthermore, although there is no clear restriction in Public Procurement Contracts Law, this piece of law states that Turkish Code of Obligations shall be applicable with respect to matters, which are not regulated under such law. Hence, in practice, Turkish law is usually chosen for such contracts as per the request of the relevant public institution.
■ Direct outsourcing: In this structure the supplier and the customer enters into a contract and the suppliers carry out the work.
■ Indirect outsourcing: In this structure the supplier and the customer enter into a contract and the supplier subcontracts the work to different sub-suppliers.
■ Multi outsourcing: In this structure the customer enters into a contract with several suppliers for different parts of the outsourced work.
■ Joint venture: In this structure the customer and the supplier establish a joint venture for the provision of the outsourced work.
Moreover, depending on the type of transaction, usually master service contracts, intellectual property licence or transfer (undertaking for transfer) contracts and immovable goods transfer contracts are executed.
In the private sector, the customer collects requests for proposal from the relevant suppliers and evaluates such proposals, then enters into a contract with the chosen supplier.
As for the public sector, there are four main procurement processes defined under Public Procurement Law and Public Procurement Contracts Law, namely open procedure, restricted procedure, negotiated procedure, negotiated procedure and direct procurement. The public institution may initiate one of the procedures based on the required service, technical necessities and fees.
Turkish law does not impose a maximum or a minimum term for outsourcing contracts.
There is no rule that regulates the length of the notice period to terminate an outsourcing contract.
On the other hand, certain regulations may impose certain requirements for the continuation of the service, for instance, outsourcing contracts between a bank and a supplier must include a termination provision that imposes an obligation on the supplier to continue the provision of the support services until the bank provides this service by itself or finds another supplier.
■ Interim payment or per piece method: Payment is made upon the completion of certain stages or delivery of each piece of goods.
■ Hourly/daily-fee method: Payment is made based on the effort spent on man/hour or man/day criteria.
■ Retainer-fee method: A fixed payment is made periodically.
■ Lump-sum payment method: A fixed payment is made one time.
■ Transportation and food costs.
■ Incremental costs (arising from the changes in the minimum wages, taxes, raw material costs, etc.).
■ Extra charges (in case changes are requested as to the scope of the services).
Movables: Movables can be transferred and leased without being subject to any formalities. However, vehicles must be transferred by executing a contract before a notary public.
Real Estate: Real estate can only be transferred by executing an official transfer deed before the relevant Land Registry Directorate. If parties wish to transfer a real estate in the future they may execute a promise to sell (preliminary contract to sell) agreement before a notary public.
Acquisition of property of real estate by a foreign real and legal persons is subject to certain limitations under Land Registry Law.
Copyrights: Financial rights over an existing (i.e. already created) intellectual or artistic work can be transferred or licensed freely by executing a written contract. However, if such work is not yet created at the time of the execution of the contract, parties can only execute an undertaking for the transfer of such work. In such a case, a separate transfer contract must be executed when such work is created. The supplier cannot transfer moral rights over an intellectual or artistic work but may authorise the customer to use such moral rights.
Industrial Property Rights: Under the Industrial Property Law, certain industrial property rights (i.e. trademark, design, patent and utility models) can be transferred by executing a transfer contract before a notary public. These rights may be licensed by a written contract.
Commercial Enterprise: Under the Turkish Commercial Code, a commercial enterprise can be transferred by a written contract and such transfer must be registered with the Trade Registry and announced in the Trade Registry Gazette.
All conditions and rules for transfer of real estate shall also be applicable for transfer of land.
Foreign, legal and real persons must submit a construction project within two years upon acquisition of such land and obtain an approval from the ministry regarding such project.
There are no post-completion actions required for copyrights or movable goods (except for vehicles). As for the other rights, the registrations set forth in question 6.4 must be made.
(i) Transfer of immovable property is registered by the Land Registry Directorates at the execution of the sale, (ii) transfer of vehicles is registered by the notary publics at the execution of the sale, (iii) transfer of commercial enterprise is registered with the trade registry by the application of parties, and (iv) transfer/license of industrial property rights is registered with Turkish Patent and Trademark Office by the application of the parties.
Under the TLL, when a workplace or a part of workplace is transferred to a third party (i.e. sale or rent of workplace, establishment of usufruct right on a workplace, death of the owner of workplace, privatisation or nationalisation of workplace), the employees of transferor are automatically transferred to transferee.
In case of the existence of a subcontracting relationship between the client and the supplier as explained in question 1.2, employees of the supplier remain employed by the supplier but the customer shall be liable towards such employees for their rights under TLL.
In case of such transfer, all rights and obligations arising out of the employment contract (e.g. salary, term of employment, annual leave rights, food and transfer allowance, etc.) shall also be transferred to the transferee.
The transferor shall be jointly liable with the transferee for any obligation towards the employees that is due at the time of the transfer for two years upon the transfer. However, such two-year limitation shall not be applicable to the severance pay to be paid to the employees.
In practice, the transferor provides the transferee with the information that it keeps in accordance with the TLL.
Neither the customer, nor the supplier is entitled to terminate an employment contract only due to such transfer. However, the transferor and transferee’s right to terminate the employment contract (i) due to economic, technological or organisational necessities, or (ii) based on valid or justified grounds as per the TLL, remains unaffected.
The transferred employee’s work conditions should remain the same with the conditions of its former workplace. If the transferee wishes to harmonise these conditions with those of its existing workforce, it must obtain the transferred employee’s consent.
The transferee must register the transferred employees under its payroll and must pay the social security premiums to the Turkish Social Security Institution.
In case of a transfer of an employee from abroad to Turkey, a work permit should be obtained for such employee.
Moreover, certain services can only be carried out by the Turkish citizens such as legal services on Turkish law, customs consultancy services and private security services, etc.
Turkish Data Protection Law (DPL) is applicable on matters relating to data security and data protection. If “data relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (personal data)” is processed/transferred in the course of executing of an outsourcing contract or provision of outsourcing services, such process/transfer must be either based on the consent of the data subject or one of the exemptions (e.g. legitimate interest) set forth in DPL.
Two main roles, with respect to processing of personal data, as defined in DPL are as follows: “Data Controller” is a real/legal person who determines the purposes and means of processing of personal data, and who is responsible for establishment and management of the data filing system. “Data Processor” is a real/legal person who processes personal data on behalf of the Data Controller based on the authority granted by such Data Controller.
The Data Controller is obliged to ensure that processing of Personal Data be compliant to DPL. Data Processor is only jointly responsible with Data Controller to take adequate technical and administrative measures to provide the security of personal data. Therefore, the most material matter is to determine the roles (i.e. Data Controller/Data Processor) of the customer and the supplier and to draft the outsourcing contract based on their roles.
■ one of the exemptions set forth under the DPL is applicable and (i) there is an adequate level of data protection in the country, where the data will be transferred, or (ii) – if there is not an adequate level of data protection in such foreign country – then Data Controllers/Data Processors in Turkey and in such foreign country (a) undertake that the data will be protected in an adequate level imposed by the DPL, and (b) obtain the Data Protection Board’s approval for such transfer.
The list of the foreign countries which have an adequate level of data protection has not yet been announced by Turkish Data Protection Board as of 20 June 2018.
The customers, who transfer personal data abroad for instance by way of outsourcing hosting or using cloud services, must take into account the above-mentioned rules on the transfer of personal data abroad.
A stamp duty is applicable to written contracts (save for certain exemptions). It varies based on the type of the contract; but for a standard service contract it is 0.948% of the monetary amount of the contract. It is levied for each counterpart of the contract. The maximum amount of the stamp duty for 2018 is TRY 2,135,949.30.
Save for certain exemptions, VAT shall be applied to service fees to be paid by the customer to the supplier. VAT varies between 1% and 18% depending on the type of service.
If the customer and the supplier are based in Turkey, there will be no VAT leakage as the customer and the supplier will be able to offset the paid and received VAT amounts.
If the supplier is based outside of Turkey and the customer is based in Turkey, then the customer is required to calculate and pay to tax authorities in Turkey a VAT for those services received by the supplier. However, the customer is also entitled to offset such VAT from the VAT that it receives from its own customers.
If the customer is based outside of Turkey and the supplier is based in Turkey, unless the service is provided to the customer outside of Turkey, the supplier is required to apply VAT for such service fees. As the customer is based outside of Turkey; it will not be able to offset such Turkish VAT with any tax paid by it in its country. In this scenario, there will be a VAT leakage against the customer.
If the supplier is a legal person it is required to pay a corporate tax of 20% of its income (corporate tax). If the supplier is a real person, then he/she is required to pay an income tax between 15% and 35% of his/her income depending on the amount of his/her income (income tax).
If the customer and the real person supplier are both based in Turkey, then the customer is required to pay 20% of the net invoice amount as withholding tax.
The most common method to ensure adequate service quality is inserting a clear and precise SLA (service level agreement) in the outsourcing contract. The SLA provisions are usually strengthened by a penalty to be applied in case of a breach of the SLA.
Service credit mechanism is not very common under Turkish law practice but can be seen in the agreements derived from US law-based agreements.
Under the TCO, in case the supplier breaches the contract, the customer is entitled to (i) request from the supplier to fulfil its obligation under the contract and compensate the customer for the delay, (ii) request from supplier to compensate all damages arising from not fulfilling its obligations under the contract, or (iii) to terminate the contract and request compensation for all damages arising out from such termination.
The most common protection methods for the customer in outsourcing contracts are inserting provisions which (i) give a prolonged time period for the customer to examine the work, make the payment only after approving/accepting the work, and (ii) entitle the customer to a penalty in case of a breach of the contracts.
■ to warrant that the workmanship is free from defects if the goods are delivered (and offer a free repair or change of goods in case of a defected good for a certain amount of time – usually two years).
Certain types of insurances may be considered to cover risks involved in an outsourcing transaction depending on the type of transaction, such as professional liability insurance, employer’s liability insurance, third-party financial liability insurance, construction insurance and electronic equipment insurance, etc.
If the contract is executed for a definite term: As a general rule, any party can terminate the contract if the other party breaches a material obligation in a contract and continues with such breach for a time period specified in the contract upon the receipt of a notice from the non-breaching party (or a reasonable amount of time, if a notice period is not specified in the contract). However, if providing a time period will not be effective based on the particulars of the case, then the non-breaching party may terminate the agreement with an immediate effect.
Parties may also agree in the contract that either party or one of the parties may be entitled to terminate the agreement without a cause by giving prior notice to the other party.
If the contract is executed for an indefinite term: Either party is entitled to terminate the contract by giving a prior notice (for a reasonable period of time) to the other party.
Yes. Parties may exclude or agree on additional termination provision.
There is no mandatory regulation that overrides the termination rights of the parties of outsourcing contract.
However, outsourcing contracts between bank and support services must include (i) a termination provision that imposes an obligation on the supplier to continue the provision of the support services until the bank finds another supplier, and (ii) a provision that gives a bank a right to terminate the contract if the bank decides that such transaction/supplier prevents the audit and creates risks affecting the bank or Banking Regulation and Supervision Authority requests from the bank to terminate the agreement.
Intellectual property rights are protected under specific laws such as the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, Industrial Property Law, etc.
Transfers of intellectual property rights are subject to certain formalities set forth in questions 6.1 and 6.4. Hence, unless parties specifically agree to transfer such rights and satisfy the formalities, such rights will remain with their owner.
Turkish Criminal Law imposes imprisonment from one year to three years and a judicial fine (corresponding to) up to 5,000 days on persons, who disclose to unauthorised persons the commercial secrets, which are obtained as a matter of their title or duty, occupation or profession. However, this provision is very rarely applied.
Moreover, any act of unauthorised use of know-how, trade secrets or confidential information may be regarded as unfair competition under Turkish Commercial Code provided that the other conditions in the law are met. In such a case, an injured party may request compensation and prevention of the action that constitutes unfair competition.
Turkish Commercial Code also imposes imprisonment or a judicial fine of up to two years on persons who commit unfair competition. However, this provision is also very rarely applied.
Usually, parties agree on a penalty to be paid in the disclosure or misuse of know-how, trade secrets or confidential information of the parties.
There is not an implied right for the supplier to continue to use licensed IP rights post-termination. However, parties may specifically agree that the licence is granted without being subject to a time limit.
14.4 To what extent can the customer gain access to the supplier's know-how post-termination and what use can it make of it?
There is no law or established practice on the use of know-how post-termination. Hence, this matter must be regulated in the contract. Usually, confidentiality provisions in the contracts do not allow the use of supplier’s know-how post-termination.
A party to an outsourcing contract can limit or exclude its liability arising out of its slight negligence by a prior contract. Neither of the parties may limit nor exclude its liabilities arising out of its gross negligence or wilful misconduct.
Parties are liable for the damages that are caused by their assistants or associates. However, parties can limit or exclude their liability arising from the actions of their assistants or associates by a prior agreement.
On the other hand, if a service provided by the supplier can only be carried out based on the licence based on the law or granted by the state, the supplier cannot limit or exclude its liability by prior agreement (including those arising from slight negligence or actions of its assistants or associates).
Parties can determine a financial cap on liability, which is subject to restriction as in question 15.1 above.
Usually parties choose the Turkish courts to resolve disputes arising out of an outsourcing contract.
Mostly in cross-border transactions, parties very often prefer arbitration.
Istanbul Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Centre, which can be authorised if one of the parties is a member of the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce, and recently established Istanbul Arbitration Centre, are reputable and commonly used arbitration institutions in Turkey.
Under the Turkish Civil Code, every person must act in good faith and in an honest manner in exercise of its rights and in the performance of its obligations. However, there is no established test for fairness or reasonableness. Courts take into consideration the good faith and honesty principle on a case-by-case basis. | https://iclg.com/practice-areas/outsourcing-laws-and-regulations/turkey |
Work Contract: Administrative Rights
First first of all we must point out in general that the employment contract is an agreement where two parts or more make a willing agreement between the worker and the employer for the provision of a personal and subordinate service, what does this mean? It means that it is a legal agreement in which a worker provides personal services on behalf of an employer, in a subordination relationship in exchange for remuneration (in exchange for a salary) this can be done either informally or formally, throughA contract or either with the simple agreement to work with the person there is already a working relationship.
We can also define that the employment contract is one that aims to provide private services and economic (remunerative), by which one of the parties gives a remuneration or reward in exchange for enjoying or serving, under itsdependence or direction is another more specific way to say that there is the employment relationship depending on its presence together to define it, otherwise it will be another type of legal relationship, but not work. The work provision of services, subordination and remuneration are the essential elements that define a employment contract.
The administrative career is a social institution that allows citizens to exercise the right and duty to provide their services. Based on merits and grades in the good performance of their functions and within a uniform structure of occupational groups and levels. We can define how the set of principles, norms and processes that regulate entry The rights and duties that correspond to public servants provide permanent services in the public administration.
The State will act as an employer since it hires personnel, under subordination and also dependence, under different regulatory regimes, as well as with different rights, to perform the same permanent function in the same public sphere and nevertheless its unique and indivisible character asLegal and political organization of the society to which said personnel belonged. It should be noted that not all contracts made by the public sector (the State) are administrative, but there are also more branches to which we can direct these can also be civil, commercial, labor and stock market.
We must also know how to differentiate or know howWe define that one of the contractors is part of the public administration, so as with the naked eye we deal with the public administration this is of a nature of ” administrative contract ”, we cannot say that it is the same as a contract so to speak normalAmong individuals because here we already deal with the public administration, they are different does not mean that all contracts are administrative when we deal with this area may exist other type of private contracts, a contract can be administrative according to how its clauses are defined, this does notcan overcome ordinary right what does this mean? That we cannot grant more than the ordinary to the individual we hire, for example to grant powers, or different faculties with third parties, impossible to confer according to private law.
It can also be considered that it has an exorbitant clause because in order to perform the area in the public administration, different clauses must be made according to laws and regulations to achieve those effects, the public nature of a contract will be administrative because it will havecertain purposes, which are very different from those of a private contract, such as the achievement of objectives for the benefit of public utility, public services or public interest.
The rights that can be given to the personnel subject to the administrative contract, according to the law they can be the following:
- Receive remuneration payment not less than legally established minimal remuneration.
- Maximum 8 -hour day daily with a top of 48 hours of service provision per week.
- Use of food time.
- Perceive bonus.
- Holidays.
- Permissions with enjoyment for maternity, paternity and other permits to which the workers of general labor regimes are entitled.
- The enjoyment of other permits by the staff: in addition to the aforementioned permits, it is possible that the personnel subject to the special employment contract can use in their favor, the permits applicable to the general labor regimes.
- The permissions due to illness, due to the death of the spouse, children or brothers;with remunerative enjoyment.
- There will also be permissions without remuneration are equally applicable to personnel, such as those applicable for particular reasons or by unofficial training.
- In the same way, it can be benefited by the permits on account of the holiday period, that is, of marriage permits, due to serious disease of the spouse, father and children, in the same way of use by the personnel at the service of the subject subject to thisSpecial employment contract.
- Enjoyment of the rights regulated in the Social Security Law.
It should be noted that the worker works or not for the interest of the public sector always retains rights even if it voluntarily deprives one or more, that is, the rights recognized by the workers are inalienable, this principle is protected “the inalienable nature of the rights of the rightsrecognized by the Constitution and the Law ”and every pact to the contrary to this principle is also void.
In this regard, the worker with interest in the public sector can only have labor rights, but which happens with labor rights that are not available for workers but of course if they are contemplated for private activity workers such as: compensationFor time of services, family assignment, bonuses, schooling bonus, job stability, protection against arbitrary dismissal enjoying rights to compensation or replacement;That means that the State as an employer excludes those recognized and inalienable rights that in principle of reality be recognized by those that the Administration (State) has omitted to de fact or law in this legal relationship to workers.
The administrative contract is configured by a series of elements, objectives, subjective and formal, which must be in due form for the contract to be valid is composed of non -essential elements, which are very important. These two types of elements will be developed below:
The subjects on the one hand, the individual and on the other, the public administration that their objective is to enter into a contract if they are legal persons, their representatives must prove their due personality.
There is the consent that is the manifestation of the total agreement of two people in order to be forced each to one benefit from the other. We must also remember that these have the ability to be an active or liability subject of legal relations interests us a little more to know the capacity of the administration, the competence of the administration is the set of powers that have been attributed to it;It is the competence for public administration that the capacity is for individuals. This is explained because state entities cannot contract freely, but within what is indicated by administrative laws. Every contract requires an objective on which the will can fall, the object is the purpose of the parties to generate the rights and obligations in administrative contracts, the idea of cause or determining reason is more important than in private law contracts, because it presupposes that the public interest or objective of the institution referred to is these contracts.
Administrative contracting obeys this diametrically opposed principles to those governing civil matters, in these following the Roman tradition, in which the obligation or contract was valid, that they were made in any way that seems that some wanted to force each otherWith another to make a contract with him.
Special legal regime is the one that is subject to a regime of strict public law, only by exception must be sent to private law. It is through the regulatory clauses, as the law ensures the maintenance of the general interest, which cannot be left at the discretion of individuals.
The term is determined in accordance with the nature of the contract that is concluded commutability. This element is the proportion that must exist between the benefits that occur in the contract, it is the proportion that must exist in the public procurement processes;It is considered that it follows from the principles of equality and justice is also the non -transferability that is when the administration ensures that its contractor is suitable, which is why in principle it is forbidden to transfer these contracts, there will be a section wherespecify your guarantees since it is a means to ensure compliance with the obligations assumed as well as sanctions because it is used as a penalty or repression. It is the law that orders a penalty against those who violate it;At another important point is the penalty that is agreed by the breach of the contract and not only with administrative contracts this will be applicable to any type of contract. Here is where we can observe the sanctioning power of the State, since before the breach of the contractual clauses or the contract itself, the Administration has the power to unilaterally have sanctions to the detriment of the one that breaches the contract.
There are public works contracts in this block, we can define public works such as the work done on real estate for public interest purposes we can also use supplies contracts which are concluded with some individual so that it can be provided continuouslyCertain goods or services that the administrative entity requires for its daily tasks so to speak as a supplier class through this contract, this contract is made to obtain certain goods of current use or frequent use of the administration, such as stationery, desktop articles, spare parts, furniture among others.
Now speaking of concession contracts these are those that grant public administration in favor of individuals or large companies, either for appropriations, enjoyment or private uses in the public domain. Concession contracts can be:
- public works;
- public service;
- of natural resources and subsoil
The furniture lease contract: the doctrine does not develop this type of contract, since it includes it in the supply contracts, this for those who consider that the contract is within administrative law, others place it within the sphere of lawPrivate there are different forms of contracting of the public administration an example is when the State as any contractingof seriousness in its realization or execution. The public tender: we define it as ‘an administrative procedure’ of preparation of the contractual will, for which a public entity in the exercise of the administrative function invites those interested so that, according to the bases set in the established conditions, they formulate proposalsfrom which the most convenient is selected.
As can be seen, there are no obstacles for the administration to celebrate any type of contracts or agreements, including the subjects to private law, it is important to know all those points that must contain this type of contract since we are in Mexico and is aplace full of opportunities, in which they attend these types of contracts and of course, we will see perhaps very frequently to their own characteristics;In addition to the specific contracts that we will see, we think that the bodies of the public administration, in the name and on behalf of the Federation, can enter into all kind of contract as any legal entity that is why due to the evolution of administrative law, it is necessary to concludethat there are administrative contracts, which can be defined as those that the administration concludes in order to comply with a public purpose, or that by whose means it is intended to meet a public need. More precisely, it is the State as a legal entity that hires.
It is much that administrative law can do for the good of the citizen. It is the basis of the regulation of the special sectors and more than anything what it is of knowing about electricity, water, telecommunications, transport, among others, if the norms of administrative acts (especially, motivation) are not taken into account, motivation),Of public contracts, the legality of the regulations, among others in a few words we must go more thoroughly than everything we hear and not only believe in what he mentions, I know that several have heard from the contracts but perhaps they did not hearThat it was an administrative contract, so it is importantNamely, we may not work under such a contract, but one day we will have to do it for it, it is important to know the topic thoroughly.
Bibliography
- Güechá Medina, C. N. (2008). A proposal for the disappearance of contractual action, in the control of administrative contracts. Legal opinion, 7 (13), 55–74.
- Borja Colon de Carvajal Fibla. (2010). The collaboration contract between the public and private sector: a legal, political and emotional perspective. BUBOK PUBLISHING SL.
- Zavala van Oordt, L. J. (2018). Should the law rule prevail over the labor legal principle? Analysis of the Administrative Contract of Services. Vox Juris Magazine, 36 (2), 171–201.
- Keumurdji, m. F. . V. (2016). Administrative Law Sources of Law, Public Legal Persons, Public and Private Domain, Contracts and Administrative Law, Prescription, State Responsibility and its Agents, Extinction of State Obligations, Public Instruments, Precautionary Measures. Hammurabi. | https://topicsessay.com/work-contract-administrative-rights/ |
Mr. Chairman, Dear Colleagues!
About the relevance of ageing problem in the world and in Russia
A consistent increase in human life expectancy is an outstanding feature of humanity development.
According to expert estimates, the average life expectancy in the world is 67 years.
As of today, this rate amounts to 73 years in the Russian Federation. In 2024, it is expected to increase by 5 years, as a result of the implementation of the national State project «Health».
However, the process of longevity leads unavoidably to an increase in the number of
Throughout the 20th century, the proportion of elder persons in the world’s population has steadily increased. This trend is expected to continue in the 21st century as well. Therefore, for example, in 1950, the elderly aged 60 years and over amounted to 8% of the world’s population, in 2000 — the index increased to 10%, and in 2050, according to the UN forecasts, the proportion of the elderly population will reach 21%.
Persons over 60 years are projected to exceed the number of children for the first time in the history of mankind by 2050. Thus, the elderly population will reach 2 billion people and will be over 20% of the population.
The Russian Federation constitutes no exception in this matter. The share of older people in Russia has already reached 25% of the population and amounts to 37 million people.
Within older citizens there are women over 55 years and men over 60 years in Russia.
Throughout the pension reform pursued in the country since 1 January 2019, a gradual increase in the retirement age is planned. Hence, the retirement age for women will be 60 years and 65 years for men by 2023.
Thus, the ageing process of population is becoming one of the most significant social changes of the 21st century. This affects almost all sectors of society. Demographic ageing affects labor and financial markets, demand for goods and services, housing construction, transport and social services, as well as family structure and intergenerational relationships.
International dimension on the aging (in the UN instruments)
Over recent 30 years, the United Nations Organization has adopted a number of such fundamental instruments as:
— The Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing;
— The Declaration on Ageing
— The United Nations Principles for Older Persons entitled «Make a full life of the elderly»
— The Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging
These documents emphasize the relevance for ensuring that the elderly population of all countries of the world live with dignity in safe and decent conditions and participate in society as citizens with full rights, that they be protected from violence and discrimination; and the problem of ageing, in its turn, should be considered as a demographic, social, economic and cultural phenomenon.
The international community has also developed the understanding that resolving the problem is possible only if the efforts of governments and all interested groups of civil society are joined.
Policies and principles of the Russian Federation as a social welfare state on ensuring a decent life for the elderly persons
The Russian Federation, as a social welfare state, in accordance with the Constitution, pursues a consistent policy aimed at creating the conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of all categories of the population. Older people in the modern social policy of the state hold a specific place.
State support for older persons includes: pension payments, being indexed annually; a diversified system of benefits and additional payments, allowances and compensation payments.
For example, retirees are exempt from land tax, provided that the size of the land property is up to six hundredth parts of a hectare in size.
The State Strategy for action in the interests of the elderly up to the year of 2025 was adopted in 2016. The goal is to ensure the sustainable increase in life standards and quality of life of the older generation.
A significant milestone in the elderly persons Rights protection was the ratification by the Russian Federation of the Convention No. 102 of the International Labor Organization «On minimum standards of social security», the provisions of which serve as the international standard for the social rights of citizens, including the right to medical care, old age welfare, social security for illness or disability.
Starting this year and until 2024, within the project 1"Demografiya» the federal project «The older generation» is being carried out. The main objectives of the project are as follows.
Firstly, to increase the period of active longevity and the length of a healthy life.
In particular, by 2024, geriatric centers in all subjects of Russia are planned to be established, there the assistance will be provided to at least 160 thousand citizens of the age older than working age.
In 2020–2024, additional screenings of people over 65 living in rural areas will be conducted in order to identify certain socially important infective diseases that influence the level of mortality of the population.
At least 70 percent of people over working age will be covered by preventive and clinical examinations by the end of 2024.
Secondly, the project provides for the creation of a system of
By 2022, a system of
Thirdly, the project is aimed at development of the social security system for elderly persons.
By the end of 2024 it is expected that the increase of social service establishments will be 100%, and 11 thousand elderly persons will be able to enjoy the services including comfortable living conditions.
If I could direct your attention to the screen. Here is one of the homes for the elderly in Moscow.
A
Fourthly, pursuant to the project, activities for vocational training and additional professional education for people of
In order to accomplish this goal, a Government program of vocational training and additional professional education of citizens of
Within the framework of this program, the training of citizens of
Protection of the rights of pensioners. The role of the Commissioner. Statistical data on the number of complaints and outcomes of investigations
Certainly, the list of documents mentioned above is incomplete. There are also other measures of economic, social and other types of support.
We believe that a comprehensive approach is required in protection of the rights of the elderly. It is not only important to provide the elderly with a certain number of rights, it is also exceptionally important to ensure that those rights are actually being respected and enjoyed.
In this light, the task to ensure the rights to be respected and enjoyed is of particular relevance since in reality, unfortunately, the postulated standards are not always implemented in practice.
For example, it relates to the rendering of medical and social services, such as palliative and hospice aid, to older persons. At present, such aid is provided to no more than 15% of those who need it.
In the Russian Federation there are many state bodies and public organizations aimed at protecting the rights of pensioners. The state human rights protection system takes a special place among those organizations. It consists of the institution of the Federal Commissioner for Human Rights and regional commissioners for human rights who are active in each of 85 Russian federal entities.
The institution of commissioners is aimed at human rights protection by the means of complaints investigation when all other means of the state legal protection have been exhausted.
In 2018, in my capacity of the Federal Commissioner for Human Rights, I received 2614 appeals submitted by pensioners and veterans. The majority of the lodged complaints were thematically related to the issues of pensions, housing rights, and social protection.
Due to the joint effort with the General Prosecutor’s Office, social welfare authorities and many others we are able to reach a positive outcome on each out of 7–8 appeals.
The analysis of the complaints demonstrates that legal education is required for this category of citizens.
In this connection, we launched the legal education project «The legal marathon for pensioners» back in 2015, which aimed to assist in creation of the
It should be noted that the State supports projects of the media to raise awareness of living standards of the citizens of old age.
The print run of the printed media which pursue such projects will reach 500.000 by the year of 2014.
Also, among other things, the Federal Commissioner for Human Rights contributes to the improvement of the legislation submitting legislative proposals to this effect to Parliament.
According to my proposals the Labour Code of the Russian Federation have been amended to provide 2 paid days off a year to undertake medical
Conclusions and proposals to address the issue of aging in the world
Dear colleagues,
Currently, the effective social mechanisms to protect the elderly from social deprivation are insipient. The determined search for effective strategies to establish global and national mechanisms (institutions) is required. Those mechanisms would have helped to change the role of the people of old age in the modern world, turn experience, knowledge and skills of the expanding «third generation» into the source of the economic and social development.
I believe it is of crucial importance to ensure the integration of the elderly and their associations into the State political
The aging of the population encourages societies to establish more effective and less costly systems of provision of social services. A strong trend towards independent living and away from institutional care in favour of home care is a typical example. Thus, family support and relations are again proved to be an important factor. That is why I believe the State support should be provided to maintain family relations.
For instance, more convenient working hours could be provided for individuals who are caregivers for their older relatives or payment for the time consumed by caring of an elderly family member.
I think that the priorities today are to expand the global humanitarian space and to ensure unified standards on the rights of older persons, taking into account countries’
In this regard, I believe the development of State programs of active longevity is required. Such work has been started in Russia. In particular, within the framework of Russia and Japan a cross cultural year there were held a number of events aimed at raising awareness of the citizens of the latest medical technologies and lifestyles to stay young longer.
Currently, as it is well known are being conducted consultations on the draft of a new international instrument (convention) on the protection and promotion of the rights of the elderly. The issue of the «third generation» is increasingly debated in the academia, professional circles and within civil society, the media and social networks.
Undoubtedly, all this is important. On my part, I support the adoption of a legally binding document on the protection of the rights of the elderly. However, I believe that advancing along this path it is also essential to bear in mind ideas that it is possible to turn challenges into benefits by establishment of the conditions for better use of the elder generation’s experience, knowledge, skills as a source of the economic development. | http://eng.ombudsmanrf.org/events/news/news_of_the_commissioner/view/statement_by_high_commissioner_at_the_10th_session_of_the_openended_working_group_on_ageing_established_by_the_un_general_assembly_ |
The argument that enhancing the powers of the State for the purposes of combating terrorism simply leads to increased public security appears to misunderstand the very idea of security. As has been outlined above, the concept of human security, for instance, not only encompasses protection against physical harm but also seeks to ensure that individuals are not subjected to oppressive state action. Accordingly, a system of civil liberties and human rights does not just represent an array of individual benefits, but also possesses aspects of a public good. Indeed, as Emanuel Gross has noted, the rule of law and respect for civil liberties and human rights constitute major components of national security.34 Undermining those principles may have adverse effects in creating a security threat that may become greater than the current threat of international terrorism itself.35 It is thus erroneous to suggest that security can be weighed up against liberty through a simple balancing exercise.
A related concern stems from the risk that domestic security may also diminish because the growth in state power resulting from new counter–terrorism provisions is not evenly distributed within the State.36 The executive, freed from traditional checks and balances, assumes central importance and gains a significant amount of autonomy. The citizenry, on the other hand, deprived of the special knowledge (assumedly) available to government, must trust its judgement that the terrorist threat faced by the State is indeed of sufficient magnitude to justify the curtailment of individual liberty. It must also rely on the government’s judgment as to whether the counter–measures adopted will actually address the threat effectively. As a consequence, it is no longer the legislature or the population that decides where the alleged ‘balance’ between security and liberty is to be struck, but the executive. To claim that it is solely the liberty of individuals which is traded off for the security of the community and the State is thus simplistic and somewhat deceptive: the checks and balances placed upon the distribution of power within the State are also compromised.
Two of the most powerful arguments in this regard have been made by the late Harvard philosopher John Rawls and by the legal theorist Ronald Dworkin. While the nuances of the arguments advanced respectively by these scholars cannot be adequately summarised here, it is nevertheless helpful to at least outline some of the key features.
In A Theory of Justice John Rawls argues that a just society would be based on two principles.42 His theory follows from the social contract tradition and develops a view of justice in which principles of justice are themselves the object of a kind of social contract. The first principle of justice states that all individuals have an equal right to liberty. Once this liberty is satisfied, the second principle is to be considered. The second principle states that social and economic inequalities shall be arranged to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society. The hierarchy of the two principles in this order is justified by two rules of priority. The first priority rule, the priority of liberty, states that the principles of justice must be ranked in ‘lexical order’.43 Consequently, liberty can only be restricted for liberty’s sake; that is, liberty can only be infringed in situations where the limitations would strengthen the total system of liberty shared by all, or when unequal liberty is acceptable to those with the lesser liberty.44 The second priority rule, ‘justice over efficiency and welfare’, is concerned with the maximizing of advantages and opportunities. The inequality of opportunities is acceptable when it enhances the opportunities of those with the lesser opportunities, and the excessive rate of saving by those with the most advantage must, on balance, mitigate the burden of those bearing the hardship. In other words, justice is achieved when unequal opportunities are weighted towards the least fortunate and the accumulation of wealth is just when it helps to alleviate the burdens carried by the less fortunate. In contrast to consequentialists and utilitarians, Rawls thus does not allow some people to suffer for the greater benefit of others.
Ronald Dworkin has taken a similar approach. In Taking Rights Seriously he argues that rights claims must generally take priority over alternative considerations when formulating public policy and distributing public benefits.45 Rights are best understood as so-called ‘trumps’, which take priority over those justifications for political decisions that are formulated as goals for the community as a whole. As Dworkin put it:
The existence of rights against the Government would be jeopardized if the Government were able to defeat such a right by appealing to the right of a democratic majority to work its will. A right against the Government must be a right to do something even when the majority thinks it would be wrong to do it, and when the majority would be worse off for having it done. If we now say that society has a right to do whatever is in the general benefit, or the right to preserve whatever sort of environment the majority wishes to live in, and we mean that these are the sort of rights that provide justification for overruling any rights against the Government that may conflict, then we have annihilated the later rights.46
According to Dworkin the notion of rights as ‘trumps’ expresses the fundamental ideal of equality upon which the contemporary doctrine of human rights rests. Treating rights as ‘trumps’ is a means of ensuring that all individuals are treated in an equal and like fashion in respect of the provision of fundamental human rights. Fully realising the aspirations of human rights may not require the provision of ‘state of the art’ resources, but this should not detract from the priority given to human rights over alternative social and political considerations.47
The application of Rawls’ reasoning to the current talk of balance may lead to the conclusion that a trade-off between liberty and security is simply ruled out. Security would fall into the domain of the (second) principle governing social and economic goods and, due to lexical inferiority, could not be ‘balanced’ against the superior principle of liberty. Similarly, considering Dworkin’s argument on rights being ‘trumps’ over societal interests, civil liberties would be practically impervious to social utility arguments. The security of the whole community would constitute a public interest which generally would not be ‘balanceable’ with rights since the latter stand on superior moral and legal planes.
The argument presented here rests on the assumption, of course, that civil liberties are qualitatively equal to rights. One may well argue, however, that anticonsequentialist concepts of liberty and rights, as formulated by Rawls and Dworkin, cannot be applied to civil liberties straightforwardly. It is not the purpose of this paper to explore this problem any further. The brief discussion of consequentialism above merely serves to indicate that a simple balancing exercise may neglect significant aspects of the jurisprudential underpinnings of both liberty and security. | https://essaydocs.org/i-introduction-v8.html?page=2 |
There is significant legislation and public policy relevant to Universal Design in Ireland. The following is an introduction to the legal and policy framework in this area, not a legal reference. It should not be interpreted as guidance or direction on legal matters.
Many European Union Member States, including Ireland, have estimated that approximately half of their legislation is derived from European Union membership, so policy and legislation at both an international and national level is relevant. Key policy areas include Human Rights and Equality, Disability Rights, Social Inclusion, and Sustainable Development.
Ireland is a member state of the United Nations, the European Union and the Council of Europe (including the Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field). Irish legislation is therefore directly influenced by recommendations and legislation at the international level.
The establishment of a Centre for Excellence in Universal Design in the National Disability Authority.
Means, in relation to electronic systems, any electronics-based process of creating products, services or systems so that they may be used by any person.
The National Disability Authority has produced a Code of Practice on Accessibility of Public Services and Information Provided by Public Bodies. This further expands on the obligations of public sector organisations in the provision of accessible services. It is designed to guide public bodies in meeting their statutory obligations by providing practical advice and examples. The Code is a statutory instrument and, as such, has legal effect: Compliance by a public body with an approved code of practice shall be deemed to be compliance with the relevant provision of this Act.
Accessible procurement is a legal requirement for all public sector bodies. Section 27 of the Act requires that, where reasonable, the goods and services that are supplied to a public body should also be accessible to people with disabilities. The Code of Practice states that procurers should highlight accessibility as a criterion to be considered throughout the entire tendering process (from drawing up and running tender competitions through tender evaluation and placing the contract to final debriefing) .
The CEUD Accessible ICT Procurement Toolkit provides guidance in identifying clear and measurable user requirements for tender documents.
Where a public body communicates in electronic form with one or more persons, the head of the body shall ensure, that as far as practicable, the contents of the communication are accessible to persons with a visual impairment to whom adaptive technology is available.
The most common electronic form or channel for communication used by public sector organisations is the web.
In relation to Section 26 of the Act, the NDA Code of Practice sets out that expert advice should be sought to ensure the organisation's services are accessible. Section 26 also sets out that an "Access Officer" should be in place to arrange for and co-ordinate assistance and guidance to persons with disabilities accessing the organisation's services. In relation to Section 28 of the Act, the Code sets out that public websites should be reviewed to ensure they achieve Double-A conformance rating with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines.
23(2). In awarding a public contract, a contracting authority shall, as far as practicable, ensure that the technical specifications for the contract take account of the need to prescribe accessibility criteria for all persons who are likely to use the relevant works, products or service, particularly those who have disabilities.
The Employment Equality Act covers employment of people with disabilities and provision of accessible technologies to employees.
The Equal Status Act covers various forms of discrimination, including discrimination on the basis of a disability. Under the Act, anyone selling goods or providing services must do all that is reasonable to accommodate the needs of a person with a disability. This involves providing special treatment or facilities in circumstances where, without these, it would be impossible or unduly difficult to avail of the goods or services.
Under the Planning and Development Act, each Local Authority has a responsibility to determine policy in its area through the making of a Development Plan and for applying that policy, through planning control, in deciding on planning applications and enforcing planning decisions. Both the process of drawing up Development Plans and of development control are open and allow for the involvement of third parties.
(1) The Minister shall appoint 7 ordinary members of the Board as follows: (f) one member shall be appointed from among persons nominated by such voluntary bodies, bodies having charitable objects and bodies that, in the opinion of the Minister, have a special interest or expertise in matters relating to the promotion of the Irish language, the promotion of the arts and culture or that are representative of people with disability, as may be prescribed.
Part M of the Building Regulations (2000) is an amendment to the original Building Regulations (1997) which covers access for people with disabilities, including ensuring that new dwellings (houses, flats and apartments) and extensions are visitable by people with disabilities. TGD M (the Technical Guidance Document for Part M) deals with 'Access and Use' for the built Environment. These regulations are currently being revised by the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government.
The Building Control Act 2007 establishes a standard for professional conduct and workmanship. Under this act the Building Regulations address access for people with disabilities. It applies to new buildings, extensions, material alterations and changes of use of buildings.
This Act also introduces a new Disability Access Certificate (DAC) required for new public buildings to ensure compliance to the Building Regulations Technical Guidance Document M at the planning stage.
The Barcelona Declaration (1995), which resulted from the European Congress "The City and the Disabled", was a commitment at local government level to promote inclusion of people with disabilities in Europe. In signing, local authorities and municipalities agreed to develop a plan of action for implementation, including consulting people with disabilities and their advocates. The Declaration stated that "the undersigning cities assume that the limits between "normality" and disability are ill-defined, and therefore it is necessary to consider the differences between citizens as a part of the diversity of which society is made up, designing services and structures so that they can be used by everyone, and making unnecessary, in most cases, the existence of specific elements for disabled persons." The Declaration was signed by over 400 municipalities between 1995 and 2004, 101 of which were Irish local authorities.
This considerable achievement was facilitated by a Government funded project (Barcelona Project 2001-2004), which promoted the adoption of the non-binding Barcelona Declaration. This project was coordinated and delivered by the Institute for Design and Disability (IDD), which is the Irish branch of the European Institute for Design and Disability (EIDD). Its impressive uptake by Irish local authorities was also influenced by the piloting of seven local authority social inclusion units under the Programme for Prosperity and Fairness ; Ireland's growing suite of equality legislation; and the administrative and financial support of the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform.
The European Concept of Accessibility (European Commission, 1996) was produced to inspire political action and the development of regulations and standards. The technical assistance manual, updated in 2003, was based on the Seven Universal Design Principles (Story, 2001), focusing primarily on the built Environment.
Bringing every citizen, home and school, every business and administration, online and into the digital age.
Creating a digitally literate Europe, supported by an entrepreneurial culture ready to finance and develop new ideas.
Ensuring that the whole process is socially inclusive, builds consumer trust and strengthens social cohesion.
Article 13 of the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), the first Treaty to mention disability in the European Union, provides a strong legal basis for action against discrimination on the grounds of disability.
European Union anti-discrimination Directives (such as the Council Directive 2000/78/EC) ensure that all member states introduce relevant legislation on a National basis.
The Council of Europe is an independent international organisation which aims to strengthen democracy, human rights, and the rule of law throughout its 47 member states (which includes all members of the European Union).
The Council of Europe Disability Action Plan 2006-2015 suggests that the principles of Universal Design are vital to the implementation of the listed actions. Specifically, member states are recommended to implement Universal Design principles into new developments in the following areas: ICT, transport, the built Environment and product research. Member States are also urged to establish centres that promote the concept of Universal Design.
Eighteen of the Council of Europe member states, including Ireland, are members of the Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field, a subgroup of the Council of Europe which is of particular relevance here. This body has been proactive in tackling the issue of universal design and its place in society.
The Council of Europe Partial Agreement recommendations (called "resolutions") are not legally binding, but aim to inspire political action at a national level.
The Resolution "on the introduction of the principles of universal design into the curricula of all occupations working on the built Environment" (The Tomar Resolution) aims to improve the accessibility of the built Environment by recommending the inclusion of the principles of Universal Design into the curricula and training of all vocations working on the built Environment, in particular architects, engineers and town planners.
Resolution ResAP (2001)3 "Towards full citizenship for people with disabilities through inclusive new technologies" recommends drawing up national strategies to ensure that people with disabilities benefit from the opportunities of new technologies, rather than being excluded due to newly created barriers caused by inappropriate technology design or provision. | http://universaldesign.ie/What-is-Universal-Design/Policy-and-Legislation/ |
As a newly arrived Dane in Ireland, I have found myself highly puzzled by the public resistance and mass demonstrations across the country against the recent introduction of water taxes. The unwillingness to pay for a utility is unfamiliar to Danish citizens, recognising the fact that the provision of clean drinkable water, as well as maintenance and improvement of network infrastructures, all comes with a price tag. Danes are one of the most “taxed” in the world, with top marginal wage taxes of up to 60-70 % (Kleven, 2014) of income. Despite this, the Danes are also labelled the happiest people in the world. So the high tax rates do not seem to bother the Danish taxpayers. How can that be? In this article, UCD politics student, Ateebah Chaudhry, argues that the difference between the Danish and Irish attitude towards taxation explains the different trajectories of their social states.
Kluft et. al. (2014) suggests, in a report for PwC Ireland, that a possible explanation to this question could be found in the general public satisfaction with the social services that the Danish state is providing – covering all aspects of the life cycle: from affordable childcare, free quality education – even on tertiary level – to free universal health care, including free GP consultations and hospital care. These benefits are reflected in the taxation levels constituting 50% (Kleven, 2014) of the Danish GDP, compared to the Irish level of approximately 30%. (Fitzgerald, 2015)
As Kleven (2014) emphasizes in his report on Scandinavian taxation trends, Denmark while ranking amongst the world’s highest in terms of income per. capita, together with the majority of the other Scandinavian countries, poses an example of the benefits of raising large amounts of tax revenue for redistribution and social insurance. The economic and social success of Scandinavia is based on the idea of individual contribution to a common public account, to the benefit of all. Taxes are paid with the expectations that the state will provide the necessary public services for all citizens and not only those who are able to pay. The Scandinavian countries have chosen a high level of provision of public services combined high levels of tax burden, ensuring sustainable social outcomes.
In comparison to the rest of the EU, figures (Fitzgerald, 2015) related to Ireland point towards lower average levels of taxation. These low taxes ultimately have an effect on lower supply of public services leading to a higher individual costs for the citizens as they now have to pay for services on the private market that would otherwise be provided or subsidized by the state, for instance childcare. Introducing additional charges and taxes are, in all cases, perceived by the taxpayer as an unpopular move. Unless a direct correlation between higher tax rates and better public service provision is prevalent, the unwillingness to accept new taxes and charges will prevail.
In this context, in order to preserve and possibly increase public services, Ireland could advantageously reform the structure of their tax base. In an analysis of the Irish levels of taxation and their effect of public services, O’Connor (2014) amongst others, points out that in Ireland the middle income group is subject to a tax burden comparable to Danish tax levels. However the amount of tax paid by the lower and higher income groups in society is remarkably lower. As a solution to this uneven taxation of the population, a redistributional method of approach where expansion the tax base, could result in great gains for the Irish state (even though it would be an unpopular move both amongst low and high income families).
In a recently published report from the Irish Think Tank for Action on Social Change (TASC) (O’Connor et. al., 2014), it is concluded that the majority of taxpayers benefit more from maintaining public services provided through government spending rather than paying less taxes. In a scenario where taxes are cut the increase in net income would not outweigh the linked loss in the value of public services.
When discussing the introduction taxation of water in Ireland it is important to keep in mind that water charges, are about more than simply recovering the cost of providing water services. Another TASC (2013) report emphasizes that taxes can be used not only to redistribute wealth or finance public spending but also act as an instrument of behavioral change. The water charges incentivise environmental consciousness in terms of water conservation and consumption, discouraging wasteful behaviour.
In addition, the choice of the taxation and public spending models also reflect the values and norms promoted in society.
An example of this can be seen in the choice of not subsidizing early childhood care could be an expression of preserving traditional family patterns whereby the child is nurtured by family members rather than in institutionalized childcare. High fees in connection with childcare encourage a remnant of core family values in society. This creates a narrative of tax as a proxy of social motivation and cultural influences. The main difference in attitude is emphasized through these, and presents another possible explanation to the different levels of willingness to pay tax when comparing Scandinavian countries with Ireland. The particular example of childcare used above has proven to have further implications for the women’s career opportunities and the gender ratios on the labor market, which is another factor of comparison that proves to be of great difference between Denmark and Ireland.
Thus, based on these observations, the connection between willingness to pay taxes and the quality of public welfare is of particularly clear in the case of water charges. Assessing this situation/case with a foreigner’s eye it has been made clear to me that a problematic relationship between public service provision contra taxes prevails in Ireland. In Denmark the efficient public service delivery by the government is regarded a social guarantee which implies a public right to demand an appropriate level of affordable and quality utilities as you are being taxed with this in mind. With no obvious correlation between increasing taxes and better services, the Irish taxpayers will not want to pay for water.
Further, another important concluding point to emphasize regarding the introduction of water charges in Ireland is the fact that this has been regarded as a breach of the democratic right to clean water, rather than a way to finance public spending on a utility. The narrative around the transition has also been affected by a discourse of a fear of privatization of the utility, and thereby depriving the democratic control of free access to water.
Ateebah H. Chaudhry is a 2nd year undergraduate student in UCD, majoring in Politics and International Relations. The following piece was written in connection with the module Capitalism and Democracy, and touches upon the dynamic relationship between taxation and the welfare state.
Bibliography: | https://europedebate.ie/2017/02/20/tax-not-tax-relationship-taxation-welfare/ |
Texts tabled :
Debates :
Votes :
Texts adopted :
The European Parliament,
– having regard to the Agreement establishing an association between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Chile, of the other part, which was concluded in 2002, and to its trade pillar which entered into force on 1 February 2003(1) (hereafter the AA),
– having regard to the outcome of the sixth EU-Chile Association Council meeting held in April 2015(2),
– having regard to the Final Declaration adopted by the Joint Consultative Committee (JCC) on 5 October 2016(3),
– having regard to the Commission communication of 14 October 2015 entitled ‘Trade for All – Towards a more responsible trade and investment policy’ (COM(2015)0497) and to the Commission reflection papers of May 2017 on ‘Harnessing Globalisation’(4) and of April 2017 on ‘Social Dimension of Europe’(5),
– having regard to the judgments and opinions of the Court of Justice of the European Union (C-350/12 P, 2/13, 1/09) and the decision of the European Ombudsman of 6 January 2015 closing her own-initiative inquiry OI/10/2014/RA on dealing with information and access to documents(6), and having regard to the Opinion 2/15 of the Court of Justice of 16 May 2017,
– having regard to its resolution of 3 February 2016 containing the European Parliament’s recommendations to the Commission for the negotiations for the Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA)(7),
– having regard to the amendments that it adopted on 4 July 2017(8) on the proposal for a directive on the disclosure of income tax information by certain undertakings and branches,
– having regard to its resolutions of 5 July 2016 on the implementation of the 2010 recommendations of Parliament on social and environmental standards, human rights and corporate responsibility(9), and of 25 November 2010 on international trade policy in the context of climate change imperatives(10),
– having regard to its EPRS study on ‘The effects of human rights related clauses in the EU-Mexico Global Agreement and the EU-Chile Association Agreement’(11),
– having regard to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy and the ILO Decent Work Agenda,
– having regard to the 2015 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Paris Agreement), which entered into force on 4 November 2016(12), and which Chile has also ratified,
– having regard to the Joint Declaration of the EU-Chile Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) of 3 November 2016(13),
– having regard to Article 21 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and Articles 8, 207(3) and 217 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU),
– having regard to the draft negotiating guidelines adopted by the Commission on 24 May 2017,
– having regard to the article on Chile in the yearbook of the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) entitled ‘The Indigenous World 2016’(14),
– having regard to Rule 108(4) and 52 of its Rules of Procedure,
– having regard to the report of the Committee on International Trade (A8-0267/2017),
A. whereas the ‘Trade for All’ strategy states that the ‘Commission must pursue a trade policy that benefits society as a whole and promotes European and universal standards and values alongside core economic interests, putting a greater emphasis on sustainable development, human rights, tax evasion, consumer protection, and responsible and fair trade’;
B. whereas the EU and Chile are close partners with common values and a shared commitment to promoting effective multilateral trade governance and respect for human rights, as well as shared prosperity and security within a rules-based global system; whereas the Union is Chile’s third biggest trading partner; whereas Chile, for its part, is an important regional player and one of South America’s fastest-growing economies in recent decades, and reform efforts in the country are still ongoing;
C. whereas the current AA, including its trade pillar, was concluded in 2002 and has been greatly beneficial to both parties since its implementation in 2003, doubling trade in goods and seeing an increasing trade in services and investments(15); considering, however, that both the EU and Chile have concluded more modern and ambitious trade agreements since;
D. whereas in 2016 the EU exported goods to Chile to a value of more than EUR 8,6 billion, while Chile exported goods to the EU to a value of EUR 7,4 billion; whereas in 2015 the value of the EU’s trade in services with Chile accounted for EUR 3,8 billion and Chile’s EUR 2 billion; whereas the EU’s stocks of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Chile accounted for EUR 42,8 billion(16);
E. whereas the current AA does not include, inter alia, separate chapters on investment, SMEs, intellectual property rights (IPR), energy and gender, nor does it include a trade and sustainable development chapter (TSDC), including obligations to enforce labour and environmental standards, and the promotion of best practices in areas such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability assurance;
F. whereas any EU trade negotiation must preserve the right and ability of governments to regulate in the public interest, such as the protection and promotion of public health, social services, social and consumer protection, public education, safety, environment, animal welfare, public morals, privacy and data protection, and the promotion and protection of cultural diversity;
G. whereas any EU trade negotiation must guarantee the highest levels of social, labour and environmental protection achieved by the parties, and may serve as a tool to promote an agenda of social justice and sustainable development, both in the EU and throughout the world; whereas the modernisation of the AA should be seen as an opportunity for the EU and its Member States to further promote common high standards and commitments in their trade agreements, especially in the areas of labour rights, environmental protection, consumer rights and public welfare; whereas the Commission has announced a reflection on different ways to enforce these commitments which will also consider a sanctions-based mechanism;
H. whereas the EU-Chile JCC, comprising civil society organisations from both parties, held its first meeting on 4 and 5 October 2016 with a view to monitoring the implementation of the existing AA, as well as the negotiations for its update, by channelling the input from civil society and promoting dialogue and cooperation between the EU and Chile beyond governmental channels; whereas the significant delay in establishing the JCC must not be repeated with respect to the modernised agreement; whereas once the modernised agreement enters into force, the participation of civil society must be based on clear structures, a balance of membership and reporting mandates;
I. whereas the EU and Chile have been engaged in plurilateral negotiations to further liberalise trade in services (TiSA);
J. whereas Chile is not a party, but an observer, to the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), and is not participating in the plurilateral negotiations on an Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA);
K. whereas Article 45 of the 2002 EU-Chile AA includes provisions in the cooperation chapter specifying that it should ‘contribute to strengthening policies and programmes that improve, guarantee and extend the equitable participation of men and women in all sectors of political, economic, social and cultural life’;
L. whereas Chile is a signatory to the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), the future of which appears currently uncertain, has signed FTAs with all TPP signatories and is widely considered a stable and reliable partner;
M. whereas in 2010 Chile became the first South American country to become a member of the OECD and has a sound macroeconomic framework;
N. whereas it is important to maximise the opportunities offered by the modernisation of the AA’s trade pillar in the most inclusive manner for businesses, in particular SMEs, and citizens in both EU and Chile; whereas more could be done in this regard, including, inter alia, the dissemination of accessible information, which could trigger an important multiplying effect of benefits for the parties of the AA;
O. whereas Chile has bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with 17 EU Member States, the content of which does not reflect the latest developments and best practice in investment policy, and which would be replaced and cease to apply once an agreement containing an investment chapter between the Union and Chile enters into force;
P. whereas disproportionately strict conditions in Chilean legislation, with which EU fishing vessels must comply, impede those vessels when using port facilities in Chile in order to land, tranship, refuel or obtain fishing gear;
Q. whereas the current export pattern of Chile contrasts sharply with the European export pattern, as it is heavily dominated by exports of raw materials, such as copper, fruit and vegetables;
1. Recommends the following to the Council, the Commission and the EEAS:
2. Instructs its President to forward this recommendation to the Council, the Commission, the EEAS, the Governments and Parliaments of the Member States, and to the Government and Parliament of the Republic of Chile. | https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2017-0354_EN.html |
The EU: A Dictatorship of Freedoms (Part 2) — Albena Azmonova
The following is part two of a post by Albena Azmanova, author of The Scandal of Reason: A Critical Theory of Political Judgment. You can read the first half of the post here.
“The grievances against austerity that are now being expressed in street protests and in voting booths are the grievances of distressed consumers; not of citizens demanding structural changes to the political economy of democratic capitalism.”—Albena Azmanova
THE STATE: MORE POWERFUL, LESS RESPONSIBLE, INVARIABLY LEGITIMATE
How has the coup d’économie managed to transform Europe into a Dictatorship of the Four Economic Freedoms? Above all, by altering the role of political authority in Europe. Public authority (at all levels of governance) has undertaken ever more policy action to intensify wealth-production, but less and less action to manage the social costs of growth-generating public policy. This is particularly evident with regard to social policy in the European Union.
EU integration has reduced the policy-making powers of member-states in welfare provision, while EU institutions, over the past decade, have increasingly started to taken action in this field. This shifting balance between member-states and the EU in itself is not alarming; it is not even interesting. The important question is not where policy-making authority is allocated, but what type of social policy ensues from the re-allocation of responsibility between states and EU’s central policy-making bodies. In this regard, three elements are noteworthy.
First: in the course of shifting responsibility from state to EU level, there is less and less public authority in charge of welfare provision. This is the case because the retrenchment of the state is not matched by an equal increase of policy action at EU level. In other words, what the states are losing in terms of capacity to secure social rights is not matched by an equal increase in the responsibility of the EU to safeguard these rights.
Second: since the adoption of the Single European Act, economic integration within the EU has been invariably interpreted in the terms of free-market capitalism (while in principle open markets are not synonymous with free markets).
This has resulted in a radically liberal form of welfare provision: one marked by subordination of social policy to free-market policy priorities, a race to the bottom in social protection.
Overall the range and nature of the responsibility of public authority has changed, which has affected the style of governance. At both state and EU level, public authority is undertaking ever more action to enhance market efficiency (for the sake of global competitiveness), with dramatic increase in social risk, but this same public authority has ceased to assume responsibility for the generated risk. Rather than a retrenchment of the state, we have the new phenomenon of increase in the power of governing bodies (and their capacity to inflict social harm), while their responsibility for the social consequences of policy action decreases. This discrepancy between power and responsibility is damaging for societies, as the exercise of power becomes ever more autocratic, even if all rituals of democratic politics are meticulously performed.
Arguably, the discrepancy between power and responsibility should be eroding the authority of states, as Richard Sennett has argued. This, in turn, could be expected to trigger a legitimation crisis of the system, and massive revolts. Yet, no such crisis has so far ensued, apart from the wave of largely peaceful popular protests in the course of 2011-2012 whose main theme is resistance to the politics of austerity, rather than change of the political economy of Europe away from neoliberal capitalism.
The lack of legitimation crisis is due to substantive changes of the social contract (the legitimacy relationship) between public authority and citizens in Europe. Over the past twenty years, this relationship has been altered to exclude distributional issues from the range of political responsibility. Justifying neoliberal economic policy with the allegedly inevitable nature of globalization, public authority has effectively managed to redefine its relationship with citizens: market-regulative functions linked to the provision of social rights (such as wealth redistribution and guaranteed employment) have exited been withdrawn from this relationship.
Individuals are increasingly charged with responsibility for issues ranging from maintaining a healthy lifestyle, to protection of the environment, remaining employable, finding jobs and securing pensions. Thus, individual self-reliance has become one of the core elements of the social contract in the early twenty-first century. Such absolution of the state from its social responsibility is asserted even via measures explicitly intended to enhance social protection such as the newly adopted Charter on Shared Social Responsibilities of the Council of Europe. The charter urges actors (including the poor) to assume responsibility for their fate, as the states are “less able to fulfill their role of ensuring access to social protection” (as the preamble asserts). There is no legitimacy crisis of the system, no mass-scale revolts amidst the rampant economic crisis in advanced liberal democracies, because the very legitimacy relationship has been altered to exclude issues of social safety from the range of public authority’s responsibility. The grievances against austerity that are now being expressed in street protests and in voting booths are the grievances of distressed consumers; not of citizens demanding structural changes to the political economy of democratic capitalism.
The transfer of social responsibility to individuals means that issues of social justice exit withdraw from the legitimacy relationship, leave the agenda of public debate, and thus stand beyond the scope of political contestation. Public authority is free to cause social harm for which it does not assume responsibility, as the very same general publics that are suffering these effects has have absolved it from responsibility. Democratic, responsive power has thus granted legitimacy to irresponsible form of rule. The state—ever more powerful, ever less responsible—remains invariably legitimate.
CONCLUSION: FROM THE FOUR FREEDOMS TO THE FEAR OF FREEDOM
Curiosity is the single defining feature of the Europeans, as Don Juan has allegedly argued. The sense of purposeless, open-ended, experimentation and openness to the world underlies the vitality not only of European societies, but more largely of the Atlantic (“Western”) civilization.
The diktat of the free market has afflicted this civilization with general uncertainty, more perilous than the decried growing inequality. Uncertainty and anxiety breed fear of freedom that crushes curiosity and creativity: if you are focused on basic survival, or even if you are in the luxurious position of “just” fearing the loss of the livelihood you already have, you cannot afford to dream, to explore, take risks, embrace novelty. Six million unemployed young Europeans live without a sense of future. Some of them are joining extreme right movements. While the EU has been for years a boring technocratic project of synchronized, uniform, and innocuous production of steel and packaged chicken breasts, Europe is finally becoming interesting, but in a very dangerous way. I am dreaming of a boring Europe—where the freedom from want and fear can let us dream again. To achieve this, we need neither revive the old Welfare state that protected the jobs of some while condemning others to scarcity, nor a European Security Mechanism that enforces financial stability in disregard of the social cost, but a political economy of trust, that ensures a basic livelihood for all.
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You must be logged in to post a comment. | https://www.cupblog.org/2014/04/09/the-eu-a-dictatorship-of-freedoms-part-2-albena-azmonova/ |
Abstract:
I begin my examination of the goods of children by thinking first about children as rights bearers. If children have rights and those rights protect their welfare, then we need to know in what children’s welfare consists. On a predominant view of welfare-so mainstream as to pass by unnoticed—only the welfare of adults counts and we measure childhood goods by their contribution to adult life. For example, health care decisions for children are often justified on the basis of future health and well-being, discounting rather heavily impact on current well-being. As well, policies around education and school curriculum focus on producing competent adult workers and citizens often ignoring childhood. Discussions of corporal punishment and its justification often ask, “But does it work?” focusing entirely on outcomes setting aside its effects on childhood well-being.
But what if there are goods the value of which doesn’t follow from their contribution to the goods of adult life? Then these lines of justification and argument will be missing out on a morally significant factor. In many cases the results may be the same, but getting the reasons right matters. Good childhoods will produce good adults but as the examples I’ve given just show it does make a practical difference that we get it right. For example, we need to know the relative weight of instrumental goods and intrinsic goods. Consider the tough question of providing for our children sufficient opportunities to experience some bads, failure, for example, in order to produce resilient competent goods.
Are any of the intrinsic goods of childhood uniquely available to children? I suggest that play, trust, and time might be such goods. And here I consider these three goods as unique childhood goods. A final section of the paper considers three objections: First, that these goods aren’t unique to childhood. Second, that they are only instrumentally good. And third, that they are not necessarily good at all.
"Do non-evidential considerations constrain rational belief?"
"Acts, Attitudes, and Rational Choice."
On February 26th, Doug Portmore will be giving a talk as part of the Freedom Center Colloquium Series. Please join us in the Kendrick Room at the Freedom Center for Professor Portmore's talk!
I argue that we have obligations not only to perform certain actions, but also to form certain attitudes (such as desires, beliefs, and intentions), and this despite the fact that we rarely, if ever, have direct voluntary control over our attitudes. Moreover, I argue that whatever obligations we have with respect to our actions derive from our obligations with respect to our attitudes. More specifically, I argue that an agent is obliged to perform an act if and only if it’s the act that she would perform if she were to form the attitudes that she’s obliged to form. This view, which I call attitudism, has three important implications. First, it implies that an adequate practical theory must not be exclusively act-orientated. That is, it must require more from us than just the performance of certain voluntary acts. Additionally, it must require us to (involuntarily) form certain attitudes. Second, it implies that an adequate practical theory must be attitude-dependent. That is, it must hold that which acts we’re required to perform depends on which attitudes we’re required to form. Third, it implies that an adequate practical theory can’t require us to perform acts that we would not perform even if we were to form the attitudes that we’re obliged to form. I then show how these implications can help us both to address certain puzzling cases of rational choice and to understand why most typical practical theories (utilitarianism, virtue ethics, rational egoism, Rossian deontology, etc.) are mistaken.
Contentment
On January 22nd, Cheshire Calhoun will be giving a talk as part of the Freedom Center Colloquium Series. Calhoun is a professor of philosophy at Arizona State University, a research professor at the Center, and president of the American Philosophical Association. One notable member of the Arizona faculty described Calhoun as one of the 10 most insightful living philosophers. Please join us in the Kendrick Room at the Freedom Center for Professor Fodeman’s talk!
The next SPP conference is called the "Morality of Aggression" and it will take place in Tucson from December 4-7. Participants will explore broad questions on the morality of aggression including, but not limited to, competition, cooperation, and aggression; the libertarian non-aggression principle; just war and humanitarian intervention; the moral limits of legal coercion; paternalism and perfectionism; the moral (non-)neutrality of the concept of harm; and the conditions for the permissibility of self-defense.
The speakers will be:
Cristina Bicchieri, SJP Harvie Professor of Social Thought and Comparative Ethics, University of Pennsylvania
The Center for the Philosophy of Freedom is happy to be hosting a workshop at Loews Ventana Canyon Resort in celebration of the new Oxford Handbook of Freedom, edited by David Schmidtz and published by Oxford University Press. We are fortunate to have a distinguished group of political philosophers presenting papers. They include: Richard Arneson (UC San Diego), Mark Budolfson (Princeton), Jerry Gaus (Arizona), Ryan Hanley (Marquette), David Keyt (Washington), Fred Miller (Bowling Green), Eddy Nahmias (Georgia State), Mark Pennington (King’s College, London), and David Sobel (Syracuse).
A schedule of presentations and information about the speakers can be found here. If you would like to attend, please register by emailing Stephen Stich at [email protected].
"Meritocracy, Equality of Opportunity, and Social Cohesion. Pick Two."
On November 6th, Ryan Muldoon will be giving a talk as part of the Freedom Center Colloquium Series. Muldoon is a Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy, Politics and Economics at the University of Pennsylvania. Please join us in the Kendrick Room at the Freedom Center for Dr. Muldoon’s talk!
More details about Dr. Muldoon can be found here:
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~rmuldoon/Ryan_Muldoon/Welcome.html
"A variety of liberal theories share a belief in the importance of several political desiderata. Meritocracy has near universal support, both as a practical method of distributing resources, prestige and office, and as a moral claim about who is deserving of the social surplus that we generate. Likewise, the equality of opportunity is embraced both as a means of ensuring fairness, but also as a justificatory support for unequal distribution. When paired with meritocracy, we can argue that unequal rewards are directly tied to unequal effort and skill. Finally, though liberal theories may tolerate social divisions, they tend to value social cohesion: a shared set of values and practices that provide the background framework for supporting a system of social cooperation. I argue that these three desiderata, though each individually desirable, cannot be mutually satisfied. In particular, I argue that meritocratic systems that are socially cohesive will result in a matthew effect, generating outsized rewards for small differences. This undermines the equality of opportunity. I argue that the best resolution to this trilemma is to drop social cohesion as a desideratum."
Well-Being: Happiness in a Worthwhile Life
Details about Professor Badhwar can be found here:
http://www.ou.edu/ouphil/faculty/badhwar/badhwar.html
Details about her new book, which will be the topic of discussion, can be found here:
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323276.0...
Comments will be given on the manuscript from Arizona's very own Julia Annas, Rachana Kamtekar, and Dan Russell. | https://freedomcenter.arizona.edu/taxonomy/term/9 |
In recent years, young female heroines have started to appear in increasing numbers in American popular culture. Katniss Everdeen of The Hunger Games trilogy, Princess Merida from Pixar's Brave and the strong and self-determined Snow White of the movie Snow White and the Huntsman are just a few examples.
My research will first of all investigate how these young heroines are constructed and represented. In order to do so, I will look at the character traits and skills that render these girls heroes in their respective environments. In addition, my interest also lies on the issues and inequalities the young women fight against. The aim of this particular aspect is to trace back current problems, fears, and changes in American culture and society.
In a second step, the project will look at the way the heroines are treated outside of their texts, i.e. in magazines, fan fiction or social networks. My main interest is to find out what fans like about the young women and which aspects of their heroism they find inspiring or problematic respectively. Are the powerful and independent roles of the heroines acknowledged and celebrated, or are the privileged position negated and diminished?
The ultimate aim of the research project is to explore current trends and changes in both mainstream popular culture, but also American society as a whole. Why are female heroines so "in" at the moment? Why are the issues they stand for and fight against so important right now and what exactly are these issues? Since the heroization of certain characteristics and skills always reflects upon the society that makes a hero, or in my case, a heroine, I hope to be able to find out more about American culture by investigating what this society regards as good, brave and inspiring. | https://www.sfb948.uni-freiburg.de/de/igk/foerderphase2/mitglieder/stipendiaten/vitae/hohenstein.html |
In contemporary popular culture, representations of shooting women abound: Super heroines, warrior goddesses, and female avengers brandish their weapons in movies, cartoons, comics and novels, advertisements, and on the shelves of toy stores (Inness 2018, 4); stories of cowgirls, huntresses, and female police officers and soldiers have received increased media attention in the past 30 years (Browder 2008; Browder and Pflaeging 2010; Patton and Schedlock 2012). This new omnipresence of the gun-toting woman in the cultural imaginary indicates her great potential to concentrate different discourses about gender, the legitimacy of violence, and social cohesion. She exposes the values, norms and attitudes of contemporary individuals, groups and societies. In this respect it comes as no surprise that narratives of shooting women negotiate a variety of positions and identities.
On the one hand, representations of gunwomanship are often linked to feminist ideals of empowerment and agency. The gun, as paragon of modernity and modern warfare, serves as “great equalizer” that puts women on a par with ‘male oppressors’ and with patriarchy, enabling them to launch revolutions, effect anti-imperialist resistance, or ascertain self-defense in the domestic and public sphere (cf. Deckman 2016, Johnson 2014). Leftwing-radicals like the anarchists at the turn of the 20th century or the activists of the Cuban Revolution in the 1950s have profited from this symbolism to mobilize the population for the social changeover, equating revolutionary struggle and emancipation (Ledesma Prieto 2017, 113; Ramírez Chicharro 2010, 8). In US culture, shooting women produce discomfort and negotiate (white) feminisms (cf. Browder 2006,1; Stange and Oyster 2000). In the struggle against systemic racisms in the transatlantic world, the heroines of 1970s Blaxploitation cinema like Foxy Brown or Cleopatra Jones interrupt the spy movie genre or resonate with Wakanda’s Africana womanism in Marvel’s Black Panther (cf. Schäfer 2018 or Thames 2021). At the very latest, since the era of post-victim feminism in the 1990s, which refuses the idea of the female need of protection, armed women have become predestined identification figures (Minowa, Maclaran and Stevens 2014, 217). They jar with gender scripts of female softness, care and motherhood (Ellerbrock 2013) and challenge or subvert patriarchal hierarchies, specifically with the marketing of gun culture to girl consumers (Latzel, Maubach and Satjukow 2011, 12-16; Calibi and Sanger 2013, 8). Furthermore, representing shooting women or referring to them, especially when their violence is joint and organized, is particularly suitable to evoke the utopia of a matriarchally structured society (Cardi,
Pruvost 2011, 34).
On the other hand, narratives about women with guns frequently perpetuate misogynic attitudes. Their stigmatization as criminal, deviant, or diabolic has a long tradition that reaches from the biblical figure of Salome, to the child- or husband-murdering mother or wife of the 19th century (Chauvaud and Maladain 2009, 11), the femme fatale in mid 20th-century detective fiction (Beardsley 2010, 60), the racialization of Angela Davis as “black militant” (Roman 2020; see also Gerund 2013) and into the present moment, with films like Red Sparrow (2018), Esther (2009) or Wer ist Hanna? (2011). Mainly depicted or imagined by male artists and authors, the shooting woman, in these contexts functions as a threat to masculine physical and moral integrity (Watanabe-O’Kelly 2010, 15), and/or as a fascinosum tremendum that sacralizes female beauty and permits her transgressive erotization and sexualization (Simpson 2010, 25).
Even in cases where the devaluation of the armed women is not as apparent, significant structural inequalities can be found in the discourse about the use of arms: Recent research has shown that violence committed by women is at times labelled as affective and justified as reaction to male aggression (Cardi and Pruvost, 2011, 25, 30). War operations executed by women are neutralized in reporting (Latzel, Maubach and Satjukow 2011, 47; Boutron 2016, 133) or integrated in stereotypical roles, that is the part of the assistant in combat or of the family defender (Agra Romero 2012, 52). Highlighting female agency in the coverage of terrorist acts often amplifies the scandalous effect of the acts and occasionally implies a parallelization of militant and sexual activity (Bielby 2012, 179, 185). In literature and fiction, the many new heroines do not necessarily change established patriarchal gender roles: A shooting woman can be shown as exception that both proves the rule (cf. Minowa, Maclaren and Stevens 2014, 217 or Browder 2008, 10) and attracts audiences by creating a special shock effect (Birch 1994, 2), or as carnivalesque, temporary inversion of the binary gender code, which does not affect the real allocation of roles (Inness 2018, 9-10). Only if there is an effort palpable to transcend the gender hierarchies, to create a heroism not limited to imitating male models, and to reflect the marginalizing or empowering effect of further social categorizations as race, class, (dis)ability or sexual orientation, a gender-performative character of the work can be stated (Cocca 2016, 218).
Our conference interrogates constructions of ladies in arms and gunwomanship in contemporary popular culture, to detect the contextually varying valorizations and strategies of representation. We seek to locate the gunwoman in her historical genesis and to reveal her political, economical, social, and cultural functions. We intend to reassess imaginations of armed women as modern site of gendered knowledge production and ask what kinds of discourses, contemporary and historical, are negotiated through the performance and reception of shooting women. For our gathering in Vienna, we are looking for contributions from the humanities and the social sciences on shooting women that discuss historical or fictional figures and groups and their changing (feminist) conceptualizations across the boundaries of race, class, and citizenship, with a special interest in Feminist and Gender Studies.
Possible topics may include ─ but are not limited to ─ the following: | http://www.kanada-studien.org/6427/cfp-interdisciplinary-conference-ladies-in-arms-representations-of-shooting-women-in-contemporary-popular-culture/ |
Le Roman de Silence is a strikingly modern, yet much overlooked, thirteenth-century French poem, detailing the life of Silence, a girl who is raised as a boy to circumvent the king’s new ban on female inheritance. In exploring themes such as inheritance, justice and law, nature vs. nurture, cross-dressing heroines, morality and corruption, and what it means to be a good king, the poem raises intriguing questions about traditional medieval gender roles and power structures. The thesis examines the poem’s diverse expressions of masculinity and femininity within the gendered arenas of the battlefield and the bedroom. Drawing on the History of Experience as a methodology, it seeks to understand the extent to which the author’s literary imagination reflected aspects of life as it was lived by his contemporaries. It interrogates the world that influenced the poem, the author’s perceptions of that world as witnessed in the poem, and the degree to which those perceptions reflect the lived experiences of noblemen and women in the twelfth to thirteenth century Anglo-French sphere. Ultimately, the thesis examines the extent to which literary productions can assist historians in reconstructing the lived experience of past people. By approaching the study through the unique intersection of literature and the History of Experiences, this thesis aims to bring a new perspective to the growing body of literature on Silence. | https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/350/ |
Students explore what it means to be responsible citizens and identify ways they are (or can be) responsible at home, in school, and in the community. They create a survey related to people's perceptions of community health and poll members of the community to identify needs....
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Unit: Healthy Youth, Healthy Community (6-8)
Unit: Character Education: Responsibility (Grade 7)
Students will explore the meaning of responsibility through examining choices, making decisions, and experiencing consequences....
Unit: Character Education: Responsibility (Grade 6)
Students will gain insights into people's choices about responsibiity through scenarios.
Unit: Helping Children Learn
Learners will become more knowledgeable about the structures authors use to help young children learn to read. They will continue to work with a team of younger children using different strategies to verbalize their books. Learners will also identify themselves as philanthropists who help their...
Unit: Early American Influences
Benjamin Franklin's work was in service to making a better world, and he influenced the nonprofit sector. His book, Poor Richards Almanack, makes connections to the common good through personal virtue and actions. The participants choose quotes to create posters that communicate...
Unit: Heroism In Literature
Through reading the legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, students will continue to investigate how present-day definitions of heroism have been influenced by cultural heritage and identify philanthropy themes intrinsic in their reading....
Unit: Project on Poverty and Homelessness at Sea Crest School
Students will research a food program and write an essay.
Unit: Tulipmania – Growing Flowers to Share
Learners will recognize the structural characteristics of bulbs, corms and rhizomes. They will describe acts of philanthropy and analyze why people give to others of their time, talent and treasure.
Unit: Urban EdVenture Course by the Westminster Schools
To have students partner with a nonprofit organization to design and complete a service-learning project for that organization.
In the third trimester of the Urban EdVenture course, students begin work on the final project in collaboration with their homeroom teachers. Each...
Unit: Refugees: Finding a Place
Students will discuss in what ways the groups Carly met showed a lack of acceptance. They will recall how Carly was treated by the groups she met while searching for safety. The students will observe the LEGO: Spot The Refugee poster and discuss what they see. They will describe the group and... | https://www.learningtogive.org/resources/lessons-units?search_api_views_fulltext_1=Emergency%20Response&page=16 |
Orientation: The subject of gender portrayals in advertising continues to generate academicdiscussions in part because of its socialisation effects.
Research purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine how print advertisements inDrum magazine portray women and men based on a number of categories including traitdescriptors, physical characteristics, role behaviours and occupational status.
Motivation for the study: It is important to understand gender portrayals in advertisingbecause perceptions of social reality are influenced by what people are exposed to insocialisation agents such as advertisements.
Research approach, design and method: A quantitative content analysis was run on a sampleof 415 advertisements drawn from Drum magazine. Partial least squares analysis was used toassess the relationships between the variables.Main findings: The findings show that gender has a statistically significant effect on profiles(roles) and sexual appeal but not on gender equity. Advertisers therefore treat modelsdifferently with regard to the roles assigned and the use of sexual appeal.
Practical/managerial implications: Previous research evidence and theory indicate that thecontent of advertisements does influence readers’ self-perception and also their perceptionof others. Within the bounds of advertising creativity, it is important that advertisers payparticular attention to gender portrayals in advertising to avoid the creation or perpetuationof gender stereotypes.
Contribution/value-add: Though the model’s gender influences portrayals in advertising,other contextual factors are also important determinants of portrayals. | https://actacommercii.co.za/index.php/acta/article/view/231 |
Browsing by Supervisor "McNae, Rachel Elizabeth"
Now showing items 1-9 of 9
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An appreciative view of year 9 student leadership in a New Zealand secondary school context(University of Waikato, 2014)Engaging students in relevant and meaningful leadership activities in schools can prove to be a challenging task. Understanding the leadership experiences and skills that students have is an important beginning step to ...
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Appreciating Learning: Children using Appreciative Inquiry as an approach to helping them to understand their learning(University of Waikato, 2013)Understanding one’s own learning (or meta-learning) is a topic of increasing interest in education in the 21st century. Children, who know how they learn, know themselves as learners. This is an important part of becoming ...
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Becoming a teacher: Experiences and perceptions of beginning teachers in Vanuatu secondary schools(The University of Waikato, 2020)Entering into the teaching profession as a beginning teacher can be a complex and challenging experience. Research highlights that beginning teachers are more effective when they are supported in their roles as new teachers ...
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Investigating children's participation in decision-making in New Zealand primary schools: Participation, pathways and potential.(The University of Waikato, 2020)The notion of children and young people participating in a school’s decision-making processes has been the topic of much research and writing throughout the Western world since the 1980s. Existing research has included ...
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Statutory intervention: perceptions of New Zealand primary school principals and their experiences(The University of Waikato, 2021)Each year, a small number of New Zealand schools are identified as underperforming and require external leadership assistance, usually from the Ministry of Education. This support is implemented through a statutory ...
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The leadership practices of Anglican school leaders in the Solomon Islands: leading for social justice(The University of Waikato, 2020)The political, economic, social, cultural and religious characteristics of the communities shape how school leaders undertake social justice leadership practices. Leading to address injustices which stem from these ...
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Women Leading in Silence in Papua New Guinea Higher Education(The University of Waikato, 2010)The Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (National Goals and Directive Principles, the Preamble of the PNG Constitution, 1975) and the National Gender Equity Policy (2003) advocate for the increase of ...
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Women's leadership as a symbolic act of reproduction: A case study in the Solomon Islands(University of Waikato, 2016)Literature on women’s leadership over the last three decades suggests that women’s leadership perspectives have been predominantly influenced by either Euro-centric patriarchal views or those of women in economically ...
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Youth perceptions and practices of leadership: The influence of structured leadership development programmes in a community context(University of Waikato, 2014)There has been much research focused on adult conceptions and experiences of leadership and its impact on both individuals and organisations. What has not been investigated as fully, is youth leadership and the contexts ... | https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/browse?type=supervisor&value=McNae%2C+Rachel+Elizabeth |
The area of educational leadership in higher education is well documented in western literature. However, this area is largely under-researched in Vietnam, and this has inhibited the development of educational leadership in this country. Drawing on the experiences of ten middle leaders of a university in the South of Vietnam, this study explored some important aspects of educational leadership to help provide guidance for improving the quality of leadership work for this university, and more broadly, for other universities throughout the country. These aspects included professional learning, and participants' perceptions of effective leadership and sustainable leadership. This investigation also examined participants' perceptions of the relationship between leadership and management, and some challenges in their leadership work, to provide a comprehensive picture of the research topic. This qualitative research was located within the interpretive research paradigm and used a case study method to explore human leadership experiences and perceptions. It adopted two data collection methods, semi-structured interviews and an online questionnaire, and used thematic analysis as the data coding framework. The findings revealed that the particular context of Vietnam with the cultural influences of Confucianism and the political system of Socialism had significant influence upon educational leadership at this university. The study also indicated some tensions between the participants‟ perceptions and the literature that deserve consideration for changes to be made. Furthermore, it identified gaps in understanding in this field that necessitated further attention and investigation. In addition, this research disclosed major issues this university faces within its shifting process from a hierarchical bureaucratic model to a more shared distributed one. More broadly, it uncovered the socio-cultural, historical and political complexities of the country's transitional period. Overcoming these barriers will require effort, and awareness of the wider cultural context and the prevailing socio-political norms of Vietnamese society.
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All items in Research Commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. | https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/6625 |
To improve the reliability of your responses, complete both cultural worldview tests before reading further sections of this article. Following the completion of the surveys, your results for both scales will be indicated in bold on the “Thank You!” page.
The above online surveys will be live only until 20.04.2016. If you still wish to determine your cultural worldview after this date, you will have to be do so manually via this file. These survey instruments were designed by Kahan et al. (2007), as part of the Cultural Cognition Project at Yale.
The theory
Since the 1970’s, academics have sought out explanations for why individuals perceive certain aspects of society as risky or not. For instance, personality theory claims that certain personality traits make individuals risk takers or risk averse, economic theory proposes that those who have wealth have lower perceptions of risk due to their ability to afford losses, and political theory suggests that demographic characteristics and access to power have a great influence on how individuals perceive certain risks (Wildavsky and Dake, 1990: 42-43). However, for the purpose of this article, cultural theory is of most relevance. Initially advanced by the anthropologist Mary Douglas (1970; 1978), the theory claims that there are two social dimensions of which can help explain cultural diversity and the dialectical relationship between culture and attitudes (cultural worldviews).
These two dimensions are made up of grid and group, each having two possible outcomes to which build a cultural worldview profile for individuals. Grid is understood as the relationship to power, where individuals can be either egalitarian, seeking to “(…) reduce inequalities between people” (Oltedal and Rundmo, 2007: 122), or hierarchist, upholding a belief that “(…) all roles and tasks are assigned, the division of labor is clearly defined and ‘everyone remains in the same post’” (Cerroni and Simonella, 2014: 121). Group, on the other hand, represents “(…) the outside boundary that people have erected between themselves and the outside world” (Douglas and Wildavsky, 1982: 225). Here, individuals can be considered as either individualists, emphasizing individual freedom and autonomy in various aspects of society, or communitarians, affiliating and contributing to groups as a form of social support and protection from vulnerability.
All told, the theory claims that individuals can have one of four cultural worldview profiles:
- Egalitarian-Individualist
- Egalitarian-Communitarian
- Hierarchist-Individualist
- Hierarchist-Communitarian
Limitations
All theories experience limitations. Beck (2009), for instance, asserts “(…) it is difficult to square the claims of cultural theory to transhistorical, context-independent validity with its interest in precision, relativity and cultural construction” (Beck, 2009: 239), accusing that its foundational pillars are most likely based on an ethnocentric narrative. More importantly, Marris et al. (1998) have questioned the analytical purchase of cultural theory, claiming that correlations between the four cultural biases and risk perception are generally weak, and that placing individuals in these categories funnels analysis into generalisations that can “(…) only be used to measure worldviews at a collective level” (Marris et al., 1998: 644).
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References
Beck, U. (2009) World at Risk, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Cerroni, A. and Simonella, Z. (2014) ‘Scientific community through grid-group analysis’, Social Science Information, 53 (1): 119-138.
Douglas, M. (1970) Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology, London: Barrie & Jenkins.
Douglas, M. (1978) Cultural Bias, London: Royal Anthropological Institute.
Douglas, M. and Wildavsky, A. B. (1982) Risk and Culture: An essay on the selection of technical and environmental dangers, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kahan, D. M., Braman, D., Gastil, J., Slovic, P. and Mertz, C. K. (2007) ‘Cultural and identity-protective cognition: Explaining the white-male effect in risk perception’, Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 4 (3): 465-505.
Marris, C., Langford, I. H. and O’Riordan, T. (1998) ‘A quantitative test of the cultural theory of risk perceptions: Comparison with the psychometric paradigm’, Risk Analysis, 18 (5): 635-647.
Oltedal, S. and Rundmo, T. (2007) ‘Using cluster analysis to test the cultural theory of risk perception’, Transportation Research Part F, 10 (3): 254-262.
Wildavsky, A. and Dake, K. (1990) ‘Theories of risk perception: Who fears what and why?’, Daedalus, 119 (4): 41-60. | https://nikparent.com/2016/03/20/cultural-worldviews-test-theory-and-limitations/ |
Melville, Edmund Christopher (2015) The role of EFL educators in Turkey in the era of globalisation: an analytical auto-ethnography of an EFL educator turned administrator at IPRIS. Doctoral thesis (PhD), University of Sussex.
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Abstract
Globalisation, a major aspect of English foreign language (EFL) education in the twenty-first century, can be described as the worldwide circulation of goods, services, and capital as well as information, ideas, and people. EFL educators encounter relentless demands to shift their positions, perspectives, and identities, and to assume many roles because they must accommodate new cultures and people in order to teach in their chosen field. We also have to accommodate differences in ideologically constructed representations of our roles as educators in terms of culture, class, gender, race, and religion within their various contexts. Thus, it can be difficult to determine exactly what one’s role is in the context of globalisation.
Using an analytic, auto-ethnographic, and naturalistic research design, I purposefully selected five EFL educators (six, including me) and investigated how we fit/belong at IPRIS, what our perceived roles as EFL educators are, and how our roles as EFL educators in full relate to globalisation. Bourdieu’s experiences in Algeria, his theories arising from them, and Bhabha’s notion of the third space, which is synchronistic with postcolonial theory, formed my theoretical framework. I collected data through interviews, reflexive journal, and critical incidents that were member checked to ensure trustworthiness. The inductively oriented data analysis yielded the themes and categories that are the foundation of this research.
The emergent findings in this research were key in showing how the backgrounds of the participants positioned each of us so differently one from another as EFL educators. The varied ways in which the participants have discerned their roles as individuals and as EFL educators unfolded. The explicit commentary of all the participants in this study (including me) reflected a deep commitment to the needs of the students at IPRIS as we expressed our views on our roles.
This research revealed the knowledge that I have built concerning myself, both in my context and in relation to others, by investigating the spaces in between coming and going, participant and researcher, educator and administrator; it has helped to reveal the fault-line spaces that shift in perspective and has thus helped me find my fit/belonging. The flipped researcher-participant roles allowed me to explain and further interrogate my own views of my role at IPRIS, as the primary participant, in relation to the secondary participants’ perceptions of their roles. This research has also revealed both the positioning of the EFL educator and the space that English occupies globally, in which it has an opposing logic that sometimes results in hybridisation.
The secondary participants’ comments in this study reflected their perception that they needed to bring information from their prior experiences, both as educators and as people living in the world, to bear on their primary role of teaching English to Turkish students. Thus, none of the participants felt that they were enabled in their role, as all reported that they needed to add old experiences with the new in order to teach their assigned students and to navigate the terrain at IPRIS. Drawing from the definition of globalisation in the literature, I was also able to use the participants’ current perceptions of the role of English as a global language to reveal their relationship to globalisation.
As a result of my thesis research, I can recommend the use of analytic auto-ethnography as a form of professional development and evaluation. The degree of reflexivity involved can enable EFL educators at IPRIS and elsewhere to raise their own awareness of other people and of their institutional and cultural contexts. | http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/54471/ |
Overcoming the Modern. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. 246). A love affair between rich Tokyo dilettante, Shimamura, and a young geisha, Komako, is the main story of the novel. However, cultural symbolism interwoven in the plot of the story makes it look like a Japanese puzzle. It is both interesting to read and complex to understand all the meanings of writer’s cultural riddles. One has to be well aware of Japanese cultural nuances to accept Kawabata’s book as easy reading of a love story. Romantic relationship is not the main idea the writer wants to express. There are much more issues of cultural identity which are raised in this literary work.
To understand and appreciate Kawabata’s “Yukiguni” a reader has to be competent in Japanese culture and literature enough. Also difference in mentality and perceptions of Japanese and Western culture might influence on understanding Kawabata’s work. There is no wonder in different interpretations of the main messages’ meaning, because Kawabata’ “characters are determined by forces so completely beyond their control that these characters typically appear to the Western reader almost pathologically passive and irresolute” (Pollack, 102). At the same time, however, life and human relationships in different cultures are much alike. There is no wonder that a non-Japanese reader will associate himself/herself with Shimamura or Komato.
Furthermore, most of Kawabata’s works are claimed to be plotless. Reading “Snow Country” requires some meditation and contemplation. Otherwise, the reader might lose not only interest, but complete understanding of the essence of this book. Having enough knowledge about Japan and its culture, one has to be able to read between the lines to understand Japaneseness of Kawabata’s novel. | https://onlineessayhelp.net/overcoming-the-modern-2/ |
Louisa May Alcott and Walt Whitman shared strikingly similar Civil War nursing experiences. They engaged in the same cultural and personal work within their respective hospitals and recognized the dissolution of boundaries ...
Politics out of trauma: Asian American literature and the subject formation of Asian America
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This dissertation unravels the complex relationships between trauma, politics, and the subject formation of Asian America in order to challenge the assumption that the subject's experiences define the political grounds of ...
Dedoxifying gender identity through language and sexuality: Kathy Acker's abjection of western phallocentric traditions and the feminist Utopian sublime
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In an attempt to ascertain identity Acker rejects the Phallocentric traditions of Western Culture having assigned Acker an identity of weakness based on biological and physical attributes; hence, a psychological slavery, ...
The hazard of sympathy, race, and gender in antebellum American women's writing
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Sympathy is the crucial idea in late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth-century sentimental fiction to absorb the reader's attention and construct a sense of identification between the reader and the character, so that the ...
Modernizing nature: Modernist poetry, gender, and national identity
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"Modernizing Nature: Modernist Poetry, Gender, and National Identity" combines modernist studies with ecocriticism in order to challenge two major narratives about modernism—its supposed anti-nature topos and its retreat ...
The "peaceful bosom" and the "bloody crowns": Nationalistic Metaphors of Mother England and the Body Politic in Shakespeare's "Richard II"
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This thesis will examine the utilization of nationalistic metaphors in Shakespeare’s Richard II, focusing upon the tropes of geo-corporeality, the motherland, and the body politic. Beginning with a close reading of Gaunt’s ...
Under the Influence: Ethics and Domesticity in Prohibition-Era Literature
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Under the Influence: Ethics and Domesticity in Prohibition-Era Literature explores the ways in which the representations of drinking and drunkenness in Prohibition-era fiction are part of a larger project of modernism that ...
"Paradise Lost": The danger of the feminine
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" Paradise Lost : The Danger of the Feminine" analyzes and examines the roles of Sin, Eve and Adam in a gendered reading of the epic. Milton's Sin emphasizes the danger of the feminine and the virgin/whore dichotomy wherein ...
Gender and Hybridity in the Works of Angela Carter
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This thesis is an analysis of hybrid or transformative bodies in Angela Carter's The Bloody Chamber and The Sadeian Woman which examines her development of animalistic characteristics as a means to challenge the boundaries ...
You Must Not Know Bout Me*: Reviewed Resistance of Sarah Bartmann, Josephine Baker, and Beyoncé Knowles
(2011)
This thesis explores three forms of resistance demonstrated through the lives of Josephine Baker, Sarah Bartmann, and Beyoncé Knowles. These forms of resistance are "talking back" (originally from bell hooks); oppositional ... | https://ubir.buffalo.edu/xmlui/discover?rpp=10&filtertype_0=subject&filtertype_1=dateIssued&filter_relational_operator_1=equals&filter_relational_operator_0=equals&filter_1=%5B2000+TO+2019%5D&filter_0=Language%2C+literature+and+linguistics&filtertype=subject&filter_relational_operator=equals&filter=Gender |
Professional Development Schools (PDS), representing long-term partnerships between schools and universities, stress joint efforts and collegial work that strive to impact on student achievement, faculty professional development, teacher preparation, research, and organizational renewal. The collaborative reform agenda embraced by the Professional Development School movement requires not only a different type of commitment and interaction between the partner institutions but also people who can successfully negotiate the required “boundary-spanning” roles between the school and university cultures. Many educational reformers acknowledge that teacher education faculty require different preparation in order to manage the broadening PDS roles and responsibilities. In response, this exploratory, qualitative study sought to describe the role of the PDS university liaison. Specific attention was directed to understanding the dispositions, skills, and critical actions of the liaisons. A differentiated sample of 3 PDS university liaisons was identified in 3 stages by reputation, criteria-based, and maximum variation across organizations. Primary informants included the university liaisons and their collaborating PDS partners. The emergent design relied on 3 data sources that included interviews, observations, and review of documents. The research concentrated on obtaining rich descriptions that resulted in a profile of each university liaison. The research findings corroborated that each of these 3 university liaisons engaged in work that moved them toward the collaborative reform agenda. Their partners perceived the partnership as being very positive and different from traditional school-university relationships. Furthermore, there was strong congruence in perceptions about the multi-faceted roles the university liaisons assumed. There were remarkable commonalties among the university liaisons in their dispositions and skills. Critical actions were evidenced by no singular acts, rather consistent responses and actions over time. The university liaison's effectiveness and scope of work could be directly associated to the level of commitment and support received from the university. It is hoped that the study's findings and recommendations may influence higher education institutions to reexamine professional development practices, the level of explicit university support, and the hiring considerations for individuals assigned roles in Professional Development Schools.
Subject Area
Higher education
Recommended Citation
Rockwood, Kathleen Dickinson, "Profiles of university liaisons in professional development schools" (2001). ETD Collection for Fordham University. AAI3021710. | https://fordham.bepress.com/dissertations/AAI3021710/ |
Compensation is arguably one of the most important human resource practices in organizations. However, it can also be one of the most contentious, potentially eliciting political behavior and maneuvering as employees jockey to gain desired pay and rewards. In this chapter, we consider the variable compensation–organizational politics relationship, reviewing the literature to date regarding this relationship and summarizing key findings. We then evaluate the pay system and managerial characteristics that create a context for political behavior and perceptions of organizational politics. Specifically, we assess how pay dispersion, reward size and intensity, managerial discretion, ambiguity and line of sight, and transparency can create a context conducive to political behavior and perceptions of politics. Moving to the group and team level, we then consider how blended rewards and reward allocation methods influence employee political reactions and perceptions. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of this chapter and future research directions. | https://www.elgaronline.com/search?f_0=author&q_0=Andrew+M.+Carnes |
A copy of this work was available on the public web and has been preserved in the Wayback Machine. The capture dates from 2020; you can also visit <a rel="external noopener" href="http://www.ignited.in/File_upload/92259_3788310.pdf">the original URL</a>. The file type is <code>application/pdf</code>.
Rating Prediction of Social Sentiment from Textual Review By Recognizing Contextual Polarity
<span title="2018-04-01">2018</span>
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In recent years, we can see various website on user can provide his/her reviews for product they have purchased. However mining valuable information from these reviews for recommendation of product crucial task. Traditionally for recommendation of product various factor are considered like user purchase record, uses location, product category etc. In our system we are proposing the sentimentbased rating prediction method which will improve the recommendation prediction accuracy. This system<span class="external-identifiers"> <a target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.29070/15/57054">doi:10.29070/15/57054</a> <a target="_blank" rel="external noopener" href="https://fatcat.wiki/release/xk57i3243rfgfmzilqzqxqq5zm">fatcat:xk57i3243rfgfmzilqzqxqq5zm</a> </span>
more »... dictionary based classification for accurately classifying the reviews as positive, negative and neutral. In this system social user reviews goes through POS tagging which will divide the whole review in the words, remove stop words and collect the useful words for negation and conjunction analysis. There major features such as identifying the negation oriented sentiments and the conjunction oriented sentiments which require the analysis of pre-conjunction and post conjunction sentences. So the ambiguity is reduced by analyzing such conjunction and negation based sentences. On analyzed data dual sentiment analysis algorithm is applied which will check the two sides of one review. Finally the polarity of review is checked which will categories the review as positive, negative or neural. By using polarity checking the accuracy of recommendation system is improved. Both the product owner and the user can identify the quality of the product based on the sentiment graph that is generated based on the reviews for each of the product. | https://scholar.archive.org/work/o2zbohikjzcwverj3kaule6ap4 |
NLP analysis of the Bitcoin share price
The business challenge is to predict the Bitcoin share price. The estimation of this currency is especially difficult (and therefore also interesting) because of its high volatility.
The Bitcoin share price value has been shown in the enclosed figure (starting from 1/1/2018).
In this Natural Language Processing (NLP) modeling, one has to make the following considerations and decisions:
Choose the research topic (here Bitcoin).
Choose the social media channel(s) you want to follow or listen.
Choose the sources of the information within the media. In many cases, most of the social media feeds are not relevant to the topic you are investigating. Valuable sources can be, for example, some persons who are specialists in their fields and who are active providing good data, facts and insight to the social channels. ”Thought leaders” or ”speaking heads” are not necessary these, if they are not writing down all the information they know and/or sharing it in the channel(s) you are using.
We need to distinguish messages provided by the machines and trolls. Also, it is very probable that some (or most) of the sources are such that you are not familiar with them earlier, and it requires some research to find them out.
Choose the NLP algorithm that is used in analysis (Here we have used the Vader sentiment analysis. Some other algorithm would probably provide more accurate results, but this was a starting point. And a more important is that there is some systematic way to do the analysis than the algorithm itself.)
Choose the languages within NLP you are using (Vader makes machine translation and therefore the results are reliant not only upon the accuracy of the sentiment analysis tool but also the accuracy of the translation tool).
Define the NLP threshold values.
Define the time window you want to investigate.
Define the tags you are searching in the social media feeds (here we have two keywords bitcoin and crypto).
Define the minimum and maximum number of feeds of the source you accepting to the analysis. For example, if a ”good” source provides over 500 feeds in a year, it is very probable that not all of them are relevant.
Finally, if you want to have good visual correlation of the results, this may require some tuning.
This exercise was made in two weeks with open source tools and open data. The analysis was based on about 700 data sources and 17500 data points, and the raw data was having 1850000 data points. The NLP analysis result is shown in the enclosed figure.
One can see from the figure that the peak correlations are matching (and occuring nearly at the same time or before than the event itself), like the fall in 11-12/2018. There are still a lot that could be made to improve the result, for example,
Reduce the noise (i.e. remove some not so good sources).
Add more good sources and data points.
Tune the threshold values.
Consider other options for Vader and improve the non-English support.
Look at the output from other social media channels which can strengthen the weak signals.
and so on..
In this specific example we were also able to extract the high-level geographic location information of the sources. This result is shown in the enclosed figure.
Interesting results that could be further analyzed. A lesson learned is that the social media is an excellent source to track almost any event in real time. If for example, one wants to follow company's performance, whatever happens for the company the news are first in the social media network and spread there in real time.
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While “inclusion” has been seen as a central mode of redressing ongoing injustices against communities of color in the US, Indigenous political experiences feature more complex legacies of contesting US citizenship. Turning to an important episode of contestation, this essay examines the relation between inclusion and the politics of eliminating Indigenous nations that was part of a shared policy shift toward “Termination” in the Anglo-settler world of the 1950s and 1960s. Through a reading of Indigenous activist-intellectual Vine Deloria Jr.’s Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto, it demonstrates how the construction of what I call the “civic inclusion narrative” in post–World War II American political discourse disavowed practices of empire-formation. Widely considered a foundational text of the Indigenous Sovereignty Movement, the work repositioned Indigenous peoples not as passive recipients of civil rights and incorporation into the nation-state but as colonized peoples actively demanding decolonization. Deloria’s work provides an exemplary counterpoint to the enduring thread of civic inclusion in American political thought and an alternative tradition of decolonization—an imperative that continues to resonate in today’s North American and global Indigenous struggles over land, jurisdiction, and sovereignty.
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Indigenous Peoples.Vine Deloria - 2005 - In William Schweiker (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Religious Ethics. Blackwell. pp. 552--559.
God Is Red: A Native View of Religion.Vine Deloria & Calvin Luther Martin - 1995 - Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 31 (3):681-696.
Feral Children: Settler Colonialism, Progress, and the Figure of the Child.Toby Rollo - 2018 - Settler Colonial Studies 8 (1):60-79.
John Duns Scotus on God's Knowledge of Sins: A Test-Case for God's Knowledge of Contingents.Gloria Frost - 2010 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 48 (1):pp. 15-34.
Colonial Emigration, Public Policy, and Tory Romanticism, 1783-1830.Karen O'Brien - 2009 - In Duncan Kelly (ed.), Lineages of Empire: The Historical Roots of British Imperial Thought. pp. 161.
Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial ‘Turn’: From Interpretation to Decolonization.Rachel Busbridge - 2018 - Theory, Culture and Society 35 (1):91-115.
Between Acceleration and Occupation: Palestine and the Struggle for Global Justice.John Collins - 2010 - Studies in Social Justice 4 (2):199-215.
Indigeneity and the Settler Contract Today.R. Nichols - 2013 - Philosophy and Social Criticism 39 (2):165-186.
For-Profit Business as Civic Virtue.Jason Brennan - 2012 - Journal of Business Ethics 106 (3):313-324.
What’s Unsettling aboutOn Settling: Discussing the Settler Colonial Present.Lorenzo Veracini - 2014 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 17 (2):235-251.
Syllabus: Native American Philosophy.Anne Schulherr Waters - 2001 - The American Philosophical Association Newsletter on American Indians in Philosophy.
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The Left spent its energies diagnosing the ills of globalisation. Then why does a regressive Right get to reap the benefits of its waning popularity?
The Transnational Institute (TNI) in the Netherlands is issuing an open call for essays/short papers and artistic collaborations for its forthcoming report on the issue of counter-power. Abstract deadline extension: 17 September
Corporations don't just shape our politics or economics, they also seek to change public opinion to serve their interests. Which corporations play the biggest role in shaping knowledge and news? What do they fund? Who do they represent? What role have they played in the rise of authoritarian populists? This infographic for State of Power 2017 exposes those 'manufacturing consent'.
This sixth annual State of Power report examines the cultural processes that are used by corporations, military and privileged elites to make their power seem 'natural' and 'irreversible'. It also explores how social movements can harness creativity, art and cultural forces to resist and to build lasting social and ecological transformation.
Niemand zal gemist hebben dat in 2015 de Griekse burgers een poging hebben gedaan om zelf hun toekomst te bepalen. Dit leidde tot wat door de toen aftredende minister van Financiën Yanis Varoufakis betiteld werd als 'een regelrechte coup' door de Europese commissie en de Eurogroep onder leiding van 'onze' minister Dijsselbloem. Als reactie hebben Varoufakis en een keur aan andere linkse politieke leiders in Europa nu een manifest opgesteld voor een 'Plan B' voor Europa: de EU moet volgens hen drastisch democratiseren, of het zal uiteenvallen. Officieel heet het voorstel DiE·M·25: Democracy in Europe·Movement ·2025
In 2015, Greek citizens did a spectacular attempt to determine their own future but were despicably stopped by the unelected and democratically non-legitimized Eurogroup headed by the Dutch Minister of Finance, Jeroen Dijsselbloem. Critics like former Greek Minister of Finance Yanis Varoufakis called this 'a coup'. As a counteroffensive, Varoufakis - together with other European left-wing politicians - will launch a 'Plan B' on in 9 February in Berlin, seeking an alternative and more democratic future for European integration.
From policing to intellectual copyright, Raj Patel talks global governance at the Colloquium on Global Governance, Climate Justice & Agrarian Justice in The Hague. Raj Patel provides insights on the beneficiaries of current structures of global governance and the next steps for social movements.
Economics often appears boring, but this narrow, mostly male dominated profession decides on matters intimately bound up with questions of power, democracy and vital matters of health, education, social welfare and the environment. Meaningful democracy requires the participation of ordinary people in economic debates, so that they can shape their own lives in solidarity with others.
In the era of globalisation, the steady removal of decision-making from democratic chambers by EU elites is serving as a blueprint for post-democratic governance around the world. Progressives must be ambitious and start putting forward ideas for a democratic world government as a viable alternative.
TNI's fifth annual State of Power 2016 report explores the intersect of power and democracy. Featuring prominent activists and academics, its essays feature the long battle between economic power and popular democracy, expose the different powers seeking to undermine democracy today, and tell the stories of radical popular democratic alternatives emerging worldwide.
Experiences and experiments in Spain, Brazil, Istanbul and other cities suggest that a transnational municipalism, based on concepts of an open source city (free online tools and active citizen participation), has the potential to regenerate democracy and build a geopolitics of the commons against neoliberalism.
In the wake of early 2010s upheavals such as the Arab Spring, Spain’s indignados, or the global Occupy movement, many commentators were quick to either invoke the presumed tech-savvy of ‘digital natives’ or the purported ‘cyber-utopianism’ of net freedom advocates who supported the protests. But what role have internet freedom activists – or ‘freedom technologists’ – played in ongoing struggles for progressive political change around the world and how can the pursuit of liberty be combined with the struggle for social justice?
India has strongly entrenched power hierarchies that have historical roots but have also been exacerbated by inequalities and injustices that have deepened with economic globalisation. However grassroots political movements are emerging in India that could signal a gradual shift to direct or radical democracy, coupled with making representative democracy more accountable and ecologically sustainable
Just few days left to the inauguration of the new building of the ECB. Great participation is expected from all over Europe: social movements, activists, migrants, precarious and industry workers, trade-unions and parties will come to Frankfurt to say no to austerity and contest the authority of ECB and the other EU institutions.
One week before the official Asia-Europe government meeting (ASEM) gathers in Milan, over 400 people from 42 countries in Europe and Asia gathered at the 10th Asia-Europe Peoples forum (AEPF) to present their demands and recommendations.
The time has come to unite the hundreds of struggles, campaigns, networks, movements and organizations that are combating the different ways transnational corporations are appropriating our destinies, natural heritage and rights in every corner of the planet.
Published by Biowatch South Africa, this is a book about access to information, the right to know, and action in the public’s interest – a must-read for anyone campaigning for environmental or social justice.
As the Social Movements Assembly of the World Social Forum of Tunisia, 2013, we are gathered here to affirm the fundamental contribution of peoples of Maghreb-Mashrek (from North Africa to the Middle East), in the construction of human civilization. | https://www.tni.org/en/search/created/2003/dossiers/23598/language/images/stories/documents/GE-Evaluation_consumption_room_030708.pdf/field_suites/444/field_suites/22664 |
On 26 January 1788 Captain Arthur Phillip raised the flag of Great Britain and proclaimed a colonial outpost in Sydney Cove, the sovereign lands of the Eora Nation. This act commenced the invasion by British settlers of lands already owned across the continent. A continent that was home to 250+ nations of Australia’s First Peoples, inter-connected by trade, sharing knowledge, cultural values and spirituality.
The date marks the start of the Frontier Wars, a period of armed conflict between settlers and Australia’s First Peoples that lasted right up until the Coniston massacre in 1928. It was a period of dispossession, oppression, acts of violence and the spread of disease.
Resistance, resilience and survival have been hallmarks of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander response to this invasion.
Why should we rethink the date of our National Holiday?
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People and many other Australians believe that 26 January cannot be a day of national unity given the significance of it to First Peoples.
Celebrating it ignores the truths of our shared history and is akin to asking Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to celebrate their own invasion and dispossession. At the heart of reconciliation is an acceptance of the history of past injustices to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
We know Australia still has a long way to go to achieve reconciliation between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and non-Indigenous Australians. The road will always be marred until as a nation we accept the historical truths of past injustices to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and this includes moving our National Day.
Changing the date would be a definitive act of healing, if as a nation we can accept it is inappropriate to celebrate national unity on date that has left long-lasting scars with Australia’s First Peoples.
What is Invasion Day and Survival Day?
On 26 January, in a tradition almost as old as Australia Day being commemorated on that date, many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people hold community events and rallies reflecting on these past injustices, their ongoing survival and struggles, and maintenance of culture.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people make personal choices about the way in which they choose to think about the day.
Survival Day emphasises the survival of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and culture despite the dispossession of colonisation, ongoing discrimination and inequality experienced. It reflects on the resilience and endurance of First Peoples.
Invasion Day emphasises the British invasion and occupation of First People’s land and the ongoing struggle for self determination and social justice.
ANTaR and many people around the country don’t believe that January 26, which was only formally recognised as Australia Day in 1994, is an appropriate day for a national day of celebration.
For many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, the date is a reminder of the pain and suffering of their ancestors, the invasion of their lands and enormous loss of life in the Frontier Wars, the massacres, and the intergenerational trauma that comes with that history.
On 26 January, First Peoples are not only being asked to move on from a past that continues to impact on their wellbeing, they are being asked to celebrate the day that the invasion of their lands started.
For that reason, January 26 can never be a unifying national day and it shouldn’t be beyond the Australian people to find an alternative.
After all it was not until 1935 that all Australian States adopted the term Australian Day, it has only been celebrated officially as a national public holiday since 1994, and numerous other dates have been celebrated in the past.
At the heart of reconciliation is an acceptance of the history of past injustices to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and developing an understanding of what that means for how we live together today.
We can find a better, more inclusive and unifying date than 26 January. A date that involves the First Peoples of this country in a way that can be celebrated. It’s time that a genuine and respectful national discussion on finding an alternative began.
ANTaR is joining with others to campaign for change, and momentum is starting to build. In August 2017, Yarra Council in Melbourne voted to no longer recognise January 26 as Australia Day. Darebin Council followed a few weeks later. A few weeks after that, Chief Minister for the Northern Territory Michael Gunner called for significant changes to Australia Day, rightly noting that it was a date of mourning for many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
Take action on our campaign to change the date of the national day to a more respectful day.
I acknowledge that to the First Peoples of Australia, 26 January is a painful reminder of the invasion of their lands and the onset of the Frontier Wars, dispossession, massacres and oppression. I acknowledge the resilience and resistance of First Peoples in the face of that invasion, and their ongoing survival as the oldest living cultures on the planet. I pledge that: I will not celebrate Australia Day on the 26 January I will talk to friends and family about what 26 January means to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Peoples and / or attend a Survival Day or Invasion Day event in solidarity. I will support campaigns to move Australia Day to a date all Australians can enjoy and celebrate. | https://antar.org.au/campaigns/rethink-our-national-holiday-0?qt-news_media_events=0 |
- To develop an understanding of the culture of Aboriginal people prior to contact with the Europeans, and what the impact of contact was.
- To provide a context to the current political struggles of Aboriginal people by examining them in light of the historical relationship (Indian Act) and agreements (treaties) with the federal government.
- Encourage recognition and change of negative stereotypes of Aboriginal peoples and greater appreciation of Aboriginal Canadian cultures, including an understanding of the importance of traditional Aboriginal medicine in the process of healing Aboriginal individuals and communities.
- To gain an understanding of current theories on the impacts of colonization and racism for Indigenous peoples in Canada and internationally. Determinants of Health
- To encourage an understanding of the variety and breadth of issues that affect the health of Aboriginal people (including biological, psychological, social, economic, and political factors), in order to begin to address the inequalities in health between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians.
- To develop an understanding of how social conditions (e.g. inadequate water supply,housing, and sewage; under- or unemployment; lack of access to education) contribute to a sense of powerlessness and poor self esteem, and ultimately impact on the health of the people.
- To assist in the recognition of how these problems may be resolved (through improved health promotion, political lobbying, increased Aboriginal control, etc.) Knowledge and Clinical Skills Acquisition
- To provide opportunities for the residents to improve their cross-cultural communication skills.
- To encourage awareness of the special health care and social needs of Aboriginal communities.
- To assist in developing sensitivity and skill in dealing with mental health issues such as family violence, child sexual abuse, substance abuse, and suicide.
- To encourage both respect and understanding of the skills of other health care professionals working with Aboriginal people, such as nurses, Community Health Represenatives (CHRs), and mental health workers, as well as traditional healers.
- To enhance residents' clinical skills in order to function comfortably and competently in northern or isolated communities Research and Community Development
- To provide residents with a framework for understanding both the role of communitybased participatory action research (AHRQ, 2003) and the means to implement it.
- To give residents opportunities to participate in community-based research projects with appropriate consultation from community leaders and workers, Aboriginal political bodies, and academics in the field.
- To provide opportunities to observe/ participate in other on-going community development projects. Medical Education
- To encourage and facilitate the integration of Aboriginal health issues and cross-cultural sensitivity in both the core two year Family Medicine Residency Program as well as the undergraduate medical curriculum at Queen's University, to the benefit of all trainees.
- To promote the attraction of Aboriginal medical students and residents to Queen's University. | http://familymedicine.queensu.ca/education/enhanced/indigenous_health/objectives |
Cities are terrains of social and political contestation. It is projected that 70% of the world’s population will live in cities by 2050, and cities are major engines of both economic growth and socio-economic inequality. Cities are central nodes in networks of translocal and transnational migration, including immigration, gentrification, and trafficking; they are at the forefront of efforts to adapt to anthropogenic climate change and address environmental injustices; they are, increasingly, arenas in which people mobilize to demand human rights to food, water, health, housing, education, and human dignity. In short, cities are the sites where many contemporary struggles for social justice unfold.
The Global Studies Center’s “Contested Cities” initiative seeks to situate these trends and developments in global and world-historical perspective, paying particular attention to the transnational processes – such as the financialization of housing, the privatization of water, the militarization of policing, and the localization of human rights and democracy– that have converged to make cities exemplary of contemporary globalization. While our interests in this area are broad-ranging, we have particular strength in the following areas:
- Cities as key nodes in global networks;
- Historical processes of urban transformation;
- Connecting global processes with local experiences;
- The right to the city and the global human rights cities movement;
- Housing as a human right;
- Cities and migration;
- Cities and global health;
- Urban education;
- Struggles over sustainability;
- Processes of mutual accountability;
- Debates over smart cities and the role of technology in urban management and surveillance. | https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/global/research-initiative-contested-cities |
Address:
HGS 208
Email:
Fields of interest:
Social and intellectual history of Ottoman Arabia and the modern Middle East; the Arabian Peninsula; urban studies; historiography; comparative colonialism.
Bio:
Rosie Bsheer is a historian of the modern Middle East, whose teaching and research interests center on Arab intellectual and social movements, petro-capitalism and state formation, and the production of historical knowledge and commemorative spaces. She is currently working on a book manuscript, provisionally entitled, Crude Empire: Transnational Infrastructures of State Making in Saudi Arabia. A genealogy of the Saudi petro-state, Crude Empire explores the transnational political, economic, and social networks that have shaped state formation since the early twentieth century. Specifically, it focuses on the networks of merchant diasporas operating across the Middle East and the Indian Ocean, and the ways in which their global financial infrastructures have enabled the making of the authoritarian monarchy and economic and urban life therein. While petro-capitalism altered the nature of Saudi political power, this book shows the ways in which capitalist accumulation through diasporic financing as well as land speculation remained instrumental to the formation of the petro-state.
At the same time, professor Bsheer is working on another book project, provisionally entitled, Archive Wars: Materiality, Commemoration, and the Politics of History in Saudi Arabia. Archive Wars attends to practices of historical memorialization embodied in the protracted and ongoing production of Saudi national archives. It focuses on the production of archives as both historical sources and political forms of engineering; the truths they authorize; the discourses of history, social relations, and geography that they mobilize and circulate; and the power struggles and opposition they engender. Tracing the genesis of archival praxis to the 1960s, the book discerns the multi-sited struggles that have since taken place over the centralization of official history and their consequences to everyday political and social life.
Professor Bsheer’s work has been supported by the Mellon Foundation, the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), the Whiting Foundation, and the Institute for Religion, Culture, and Public Life. She received her Ph.D. in History from Columbia University (2014) and comes to Yale University from Swarthmore College, where she was a 2013-2016 visiting professor. She teaches graduate and undergraduate courses on oil and empire, social and intellectual movements, petro-modernity, historiography, and the making of the modern Middle East. She is Associate Producer of the 2007 Oscar-nominated film My Country, My Country and a co-editor of Jadaliyya E-zine, The Dawn of the Arab Uprisings: End of an Old Order? (Pluto Press, 2012), and Theorizing the Arabian Peninsula (Tadween Publishing, 2013).
Period:
Modern
Recent
Geography:
Middle East
Thematic: | https://wgss.yale.edu/people/rosie-bsheer |
A collaboration exploring the importance of the Ojibway-Anishinabe worldview, use of ceremony, and language in living a good life, attaining true reconciliation, and resisting the notions of indigenization and colonialization inherent in Western institutions.
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Faced with a constant stream of news reports of standoffs and confrontations, Canada’s “reconciliation project” has obviously gone off the rails. In this series of concise and thoughtful essays, lawyer and historian Bruce McIvor explains why reconciliation with Indigenous ... Read more
In This Together
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What is real reconciliation? This collection of essays from both Indigenous and non-Indigenous contributors from across Canada welcomes readers into a timely, healing conversation—one we've longed for but, before now, have had a hard time approaching.
These reflective and ... Read more
From Bear Rock Mountain
By Antoine Bear Rock Mountain
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"An evocative story that winds back and forth from past to present, from the broad historical interaction of Indigenous peoples and Europeans to his own personal details. " —Maclean's
In this poetic, poignant memoir, Dene artist and social ... Read more
Indigenous Toronto
Edited by Denise Bolduc, Mnawaate Gordon-Corbiere, Rebeka Tabobondung, and Brian Wright-McLeod
HERITAGE TORONTO 2022 BOOK AWARD NOMINEE
Rich and diverse narratives of Indigenous Toronto, past and present
Beneath many major North American cities rests a deep foundation of Indigenous history that has been colonized, paved over, and, too often, silenced. Few of its current ... Read more
Hope Matters
By Lee Maracle, Columpa Bobb, and Tania Carter
Hope Matters, written by multiple award-winner Lee Maracle, in collaboration with her daughters Columpa Bobb and Tania Carter, focuses on the journey of Indigenous people from colonial beginnings to reconciliation. | https://alllitup.ca/Lists/Indigenous-Lists/Reads-for-Truth-and-Reconciliation |
Seventeen 9th-grade students at a charter school were selected to participate in a 3-week stress management/peak performance training program that integrated biofeedback into the overall educational schedule. The training program included a weekly visit by the facilitator, who discussed with the students the psychophysiology of stress and neuropsychology of attention, as well as the beneficial aspects of relaxation on the mind and body. These factors have been studied with peripheral biofeedback and EEG biofeedback for over 30 years and are known to facilitate peak performance during tests, social interaction, and various other performance scenarios, such as general academic performance, sports, and music. Students were guided through relaxation exercises and were then asked to think about how and why these exercises fit in to their own personal goals as students and performers. They were instructed to practice at home with an audio CD and worked with the emWave PC®, a heart rate variability biofeedback instrument. The Test Anxiety Quiz was administered pre- and posttraining, and the Behavioral Change Survey was administered posttraining. The students showed mild to moderate improvement on test anxiety and behavioral measures. Overall, significant gains were made in reduction of test anxiety and other behavioral measures. This study suggests that, consistent with the peak performance literature, integration of relaxation techniques into a secondary school setting can improve important measures of students' scholastic achievement.
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other| June 01 2015
Stress Management and Peak Performance Crash Course for Ninth Graders in a Charter School Setting
Steven C. Kassel, MA
Steven C. Kassel, MA
Biofeedback and Family Therapy Center, Santa Clarita, California
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Biofeedback (2015) 43 (2): 90–93.
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Steven C. Kassel; Stress Management and Peak Performance Crash Course for Ninth Graders in a Charter School Setting. Biofeedback 1 June 2015; 43 (2): 90–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-43.2.03
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You could not be signed in. Please check your email address / username and password and try again. | https://meridian.allenpress.com/biofeedback/article-abstract/43/2/90/113423/Stress-Management-and-Peak-Performance-Crash?redirectedFrom=fulltext |
I am pleased to advise that Sujaykumar (Sujay) Vardhmane will assume the role of program coordinator for the Human Resources Diploma Programs, effective January 2021.
Sujay joined the PSB faculty in 2020, teaching in the HR Diploma and Grad Certificate programs. He has also been actively involved in other PSB initiatives including organizing industry speaker series for HR students, volunteering to coach student competitions and generously offering to lead virtual yoga practice for his colleagues to combat stress and nurture wellness during the pandemic.
Prior to Sheridan, Sujay gained teaching experience and curriculum development at several other secondary institutions including University of Toronto and Ryerson University and has been a member of several educational advisory committees.
Sujay’s industry experience is extensive, notably as a senior manager with Scotiabank. He has worked with the Canadian Centre for Diversity and Inclusion (CCDI), in addition to having many other HR roles in Canada and internationally. Sujay maintains strong industry relationships and is frequently asked to present at a variety of conferences.
Sujay holds a Bachelor of Commerce Degree, a Masters in Personnel Management, as well as a Human Resources Management Post Graduate Diploma. He is a Certified Human Resources Leader, a designation that’s conferred by the Human Resources Professionals Association (HRPA). He is currently pursuing his PhD from Symbiosis International (Deemed University).
Please join me in welcoming Sujay to his new role as program coordinator.
Please also join me in thanking John Hardisty and Maureen Spiteri for their roles as joint program coordinators for the diploma program the past few terms. Their commitment to student success and desire to support their faculty colleagues has been greatly appreciated.
Cathryn Oliver is an associate dean in the Pilon School of Business. | http://speakingbiz.sheridancollege.ca/2020/12/hrs-diploma-programs-welcome-a-new-coordinator/ |
Leveraging Basel III Compliance Implementations
This article examines how regulatory compliance initiatives worldwide have shaped current risk management systems and practices. It then covers the challenges and benefits of funds transfer pricing practices, profitability analysis, and stress testing-based governance practices.
Basel III compliance implementations have significant implications for risk management practices across the banking industry, and bring data management, risk model, and infrastructure challenges.
Basel requirements have shaped typical risk management systems and practices
Across most financial institutions worldwide, front office transaction data is processed within separate risk management data flows. In a nutshell, there are three main uses of transaction data:
- Market risk practices look into short-term risks relevant to the trading book
- ALM/finance practices provide long-term banking risk and profitability analytics
- Credit risk measures address long-term default risk and solvability of the portfolio
In terms of data flow organization, the separate focus on different risk measurements, various time horizons, and risk factors in the simulations have led to a consistent view across the financial industry. Overall, the risk management organization, roles, and systems are typically shaped according to the three main data flow silos: Market Risk Office, Asset and Liability Committee (ALCO), and Credit Risk Office (see Figure 1).
Within the structure of governance and risk management systems, each silo relies on its own set of models relevant to a specific set of front office transactions. Additionally, data volumes differ significantly in the trading and banking books, leading to independent processes whose reporting updates range from intraday for market risk to monthly for governance and forecasts practices. Overall, this organization of tasks has emerged from successive waves of business and regulatory implementations and is now generally accepted in the industry as common sense.
The previous Basel II regulatory wave reinforced these silos, establishing a new emphasis on credit risk practices and raising the complexity of data requirements. It also sparked group-wide consolidation of granular-level data, while allowing other silos, such as market risk and ALM, to remain unchanged.
Along with the enhancement of credit assessment models, credit risk-weighted asset (RWA) requirements have also spurred the evolution of risk management infrastructures. Detailed data requirements at the transaction, collateral, counterparty, and guarantee levels have increased the need for data warehouses, which collect and centralize data from front office transactional systems, and validate and improve data quality controls. The use of data warehouses has often remained limited in scope as daily data flow frequency and daily T+1 processes, required in the market risk and ALM silos, have prevented their application across all silos. Measurements leveraging trading book data typically require a direct feed from treasury systems, rather than collecting it from a data warehouse.
Figure 1. Typical risk management data flow silos in financial institutions
Source: Moody's Analytics
Overall, this creates the need to build a new data flow that assembles the components on a daily basis, as illustrated in Figure 3.
The impact of Basel III liquidity monitoring requirements
With new Basel III requirements, come new challenges to the dataflow structure. Relying on both cash flow projections and credit risk weighting and classification, the Basel III driven contingent liquidity planning framework requires, within a daily data flow, the merging of ALM models with credit behaviors. Pillar II liquidity monitoring requirements reinforce the need to revisit cash flow models to account for asset classes and forecast credit transitions.
Creating relevant models for credit and cash flow behavior over a 30-day time horizon is complicated by technical data limitations that are often observed on the credit model side. Indeed, whereas Pillar I liquidity compliance leverages public credit ratings, such credit assessments result in only scarce historical time-series, which prevents banks from adequately refining credit transitions and calibrating liquidity models.
A typical requirement, illustrated by the European Banking Authority (EBA) publication, Additional Liquidity Monitoring Metrics, consists of providing a view of an institution’s internal liquidity behavioral forecasts, projected on the regulatory Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) classification. This particular report requires an improved set of explanatory factors for the cash flow models in the simulation, accounting for a new segmentation of internal behavioral models, according to counterparty classifications and rating behaviors.
Including credit transitions into such models provides its own challenges. Similar to approaches used in credit economic capital simulations, monitoring LCR over a 30-day horizon demands an accurate and forward-looking understanding of credit transitions. This provides an accurate measurement of the high-quality liquid assets forecast, helping perform informed asset selections that are eligible in the numerator of the LCR. It also allows banks to properly anticipate the evolution of the inflow and outflow performance on the LCR denominator.
Creating relevant models for credit and cash flow behavior over a 30-day time horizon is complicated by technical data limitations that are often observed on the credit model side. Indeed, whereas Pillar I liquidity compliance leverages public credit ratings – providing a public and auditable source of data consistent with financial statements – such credit assessments result in only scarce historical time-series with at most one observation point every quarter. This lack of granular historical credit data prevents banks from adequately refining credit transitions and calibrating liquidity models.
Figure 2. Creation of data warehouses often triggered by Basel II initiatives
Source: Moody's Analytics
For internal liquidity contingency planning purposes, risk managers now tend to leverage equity prices and sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spreads-based ratings. Not only do these approaches reflect a forward-looking appreciation of credit by market analysts, but they also provide a suitable set of historical time-series to run against historical cash flows and balances observations, resulting in fine-grained and responsive calibration of behavioral models.
Moody’s Analytics currently sees the emergence of this type of usage among its clients, for cross risk models calibration and specifically short-term liquidity inflows and outflows monitoring.
With regard to the Liquidity Coverage Ratio, monitoring sovereign bonds that are eligible in the numerator also demands a forward-looking and responsive assessment of credit, which CDS-implied EDFs can provide.
Figure 3. Basel III liquidity requirements combine cash flow and credit analysis
Source: Moody's Analytics
FTP and profitability analysis
With regard to funds transfer pricing (FTP), Basel III liquidity requirements now introduce a review of loan and commitment prices, accounting for new contingent liquidity spreads and an associated profitability analysis. To achieve proper profitability measurements, FTP models will now have to rely on data and cash flows that originate from the liquidity contingency planning silo. As a logical step, ALM managers are now looking to leverage this FTP practice. This makes the dataflow – newly built for contingent liquidity planning – a good starting point for balance sheet forecasts, pro forma FTP models, and profitability analysis.
In doing so, Basel III liquidity requirements create the opportunity for financial institutions to generate a consistent view of analytics across credit, liquidity, interest rate risk, and profitability. This revamped data flow, created for compliance purposes, is worth the investment. It provides a solid foundation for upcoming regulatory stress testing automation requirements and modern, macroeconomic scenario-driven governance practices.
Recent governance practices, proposed by US and European stress testing regulators, can leverage the results from the ALM-Credit- Liquidity silos as a strong starting point. This framework allows banks to perform appropriate measurements on a number of key aspects, such as the Asset Quality Review (AQR) and data harmonization, Internal Capital and Liquidity Adequacy Assessment, risk appetite definition, FTP and limit policies settings, and profitability planning and forecasting.
In this approach, macroeconomic models are applied to key portfolio risk and performance indicator forecasts within a lightweight simulation framework, providing fully auditable measurements. By allowing banks to operate a meaningful number of governance assumptions within a short turnaround time, this framework enables a fruitful dialogue between the governance team and senior management, based on macroeconomic forecasts and governance hypotheses. Implemented as an autonomous computational layer, such processes can be performed independently from pre-existing risk infrastructures, creating little-to-no impact on existing risk management production environments, providing the institution with a cost efficient implementation for stress testing automation workflows.
Figure 4. Evolution of behavioral cash flow models to account for counterparty credit
Source: Moody's Analytics
Over the years, regulatory compliance implementations have promoted a gradual and consistent evolution of risk practices and infrastructures within financial institutions. Along with enhancing banks’ solvability, Basel II helped financial institutions improve their data management capabilities. Adopting a strategic approach to implementing Basel III liquidity compliance and monitoring can provide significant short-term returns on investment – differentiating an institution’s ability to leverage, in a cost efficient way, a unified view of data, risk profiles, and behaviors for improved balance sheet forecasts, profitability analysis, and stress testing-based governance practices.
Figure 5. Comparison of financial statement-based ratings and market prices-based ratings, providing fine-grained historical time-series
Source: Moody's Analytics
Figure 6. Finance and ALCO leverage liquidity data and FTP models enrichment for profitability forecasts and analysis
Source: Moody's Analytics
Figure 7. Deployment model for stress testing automation, leveraging outputs from existing data flows within a streamlined and efficient simulation and governance framework
Source: Moody's Analytics
Featured Experts
Jing Zhang
Quantitative researcher; credit risk modeling and analysis expert; in-demand industry speaker; published author and CCAR authority
María Cañamero
Skilled market researcher; growth strategist; successful go-to-market campaign developer
Douglas Dwyer
Credit risk modeling expert; machine learning researcher; quantitative and statistical data analyst
As Published In:
Details how global risk managers can comply with new regulations, better manage risk, and meet business and industry demands.
Previous ArticleThe Benefits of an Integrated Risk Management Framework within Banks
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Reducing Volatility in IFRS9 Provisions & Earnings, Through Governance and Credit Decision
As preliminary IFRS9 results are being released, many institutions have concerns about variations in point-in-time credit assessment and forward-looking credit forecasts. These measurements are responsive to the economic environment, and highly dependent on changes in an institution’s macroeconomic outlook.
October 2017 WebPage Roshni Patel, Pierre Gaudin
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Anticipating and Benchmarking Variance in IFRS 9 Expected Credit Losses
Many financial institutions are designing their model overlay with a view to manage macroeconomic forecast uncertainty and model risks. For this purpose, aside from the expected credit losses, risk management teams can provide the finance department with more measurements to anticipate variability and uncertainty levels around expected credit losses. This document discusses risk measurements that can be leveraged to achieve these objectives.
July 2016 Pdf Pierre Gaudin
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Webinar with the Asian Banker: Managing IFRS 9 expected credit losses and forecast
For IFRS 9 impairment calculations, point-in-time forward-looking credit assessments are prone to be responsive to the economic environment and the periodic revision of the economic outlook. Therefore, the management of provision variances over time is a particular area of focus.
July 2016 WebPage Pierre Gaudin
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Managing IFRS 9 expected credit losses variance and forecast uncertainty
As financial institutions are currently focusing on the execution of their IFRS 9 program and solution integration, risk and finance teams are working together to anticipate their effect on the financial reports. Especially, on the impairment modeling side, point-in-time forward-looking credit assessments are prone to be more responsive to the surrounding economic environment than the through-the-cycle measurements in practice so far. As institutions are anticipating some variability of provisions levels in relation to evolving macro-economic assumptions as well as forecast uncertainty, the details of the macro-economic outlook and scenario assumptions as well as clarifications of provision variances over time, are set to be a particular area of focus.
June 2016 Pdf Pierre Gaudin
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To get senior stakeholders to buy in to alternative macroeconomic scenarios, risk management and ALM teams must assemble risk models and risk-adjusted performance measurements in their simulation tools. Institutions must switch from a qualitative to a quantitative approach to analysis.
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Optimizing the Capital Ratio under Basel III
This paper explores the integration of credit and liquidity risk in Basel III, and shows how banks can optimize their capital under Basel III. | https://www.moodysanalytics.com/risk-perspectives-magazine/integrated-risk-management/principles-and-practices/leveraging-basel-iii-compliance-implementations |
The series International Dialogue on Education is a joint initiative of the British Council, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the German-American Fulbright Commission, the Embassy of Canada in Germany and Freie Universität Berlin. Through the contributions of international participants the series aims to enrich the debate on science, research and higher education policy in Germany, to place German perspectives in a global context and to learn from positive examples from other countries.
The twelfth conference in the ID-E Berlin series focused on the challenges that a diverse student and faculty body poses towards successful student retention and graduation rates as well as to the strategic development of higher education institutions. The discussions addressed the following topics and questions:
1. Institutional challenges and demands
- How can HEI integrate diversity, equity, and educational quality efforts into their missions and institutional operations?
- What are the benefits of diversity management strategies for a university’s performance in research, teaching, and service?
- Does the non-management of diversity have a negative impact on issues such as academic performance, student retention and success, employability, and equality of learning outcome?
- Is there such a thing as a “tool box” for best practice in other countries to close the achievement gaps in student success and completion?
- How can we implement an institution-wide commitment to address diversity, equity, learning, and student success as core values with measurable goals?
- Do we overcharge universities if we expect them to solve problems that society at large cannot?
2. Managing diversity
- Which institutional structures, approaches to teaching, attitudes and expectations do we need to secure the best learning experience and equality of outcome for all students?
- Are university teachers prepared to deal with the existing diversity on campus?
- What are the challenges posed to administrators, and how can they work towards moving diversity from liability to asset?
- Can the creation of an inclusive living and learning environment be achieved within universities, and if so, what are indicators for success?
- How do we deal with the increasing heterogeneity of the student body? Do we, for example, have to educate university teachers in the field of culturally responsive pedagogies?
- How do we assess success when it comes to diversity management? Are there tangible and measurable outcomes of such efforts?
3. General questions and national frameworks
- How can we link national priorities of degree completion to the individual institutions’ goals of excellence in teaching and research?
- Do we need national programs to support diversity management at universities?
- In which ways are tuition-based system better equipped to accommodate diverse campus population’s needs? How cost-intensive are such?
- What is the impact of diversity postulations for our HEIs’ competitiveness and capacity for innovation?
Drawing on examples from their own education systems and institutions, a detailed understanding of the different challenges and new developments in HE diversity management was elicited from our experts from the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States of America, and Germany.
Further information
Docs
Conference Broschure (pdf, 338.50 KB)
Further Reading – Diversity Management
Summary Panel Discussion (pdf, 394.75 KB)
“Diversität an Hochschulen – ein Schatz, der gehoben werden will” (Article in DAAD Aktuell, only in German)
Videos
Impressions
Impressions and statement of the moderator, Jan-Martin Wiarda
Interviews
- How can HEI integrate diversity, equity and educational quality efforts into their missions?
- Do you think that university members are prepared to deal with the existing diversity on campus and could it be improved?
- Could national programs to support diversity management impact the integration and equality of students at universities? | https://www.id-e-berlin.de/events/exploring-difference-diversity-management-and-equity-as-factors-for-student-success/ |
In total, the Ph.D. program will be a 60 credit-hour program delivered to cohorts of fifteen to twenty working leaders. The program can be completed part-time within four years. It will include 51 credit hours of course credit, which may include up to 12 credit hours of approved previous graduate credit. The curriculum is purposefully multi-disciplinary to give aspiring leaders in education, business, nonprofit and faith-based organizations the attitudes, ethics, skills and knowledge for becoming exceptional leaders in their chosen fields.
The Core courses are specifically designed for all Ph.D. candidates in the program. Research courses are sequentially designed to give students skills to successfully complete a research based dissertation and to develop the understanding to successfully use research processes as leaders in their chosen fields. Areas of concentration are offered in Educational Leadership, Management/Entrepreneurship, Faith and Justice Leadership, and Nonprofit Leadership. Students may select courses from different areas of concentration based on their particular needs.
A dissertation proposal is required and must be approved by the student’s dissertation committee, consisting of three faculty members jointly approved by the student and the dissertation committee chair. The completed dissertation earns nine semester hours over an expected timeline of 12 calendar months.
29 courses are offered in the core, research and content specialties. The courses below are examples and do not include all possible courses offered:
Core Course Requirements (24 Credits)
- EDL 6010N: Leadership: Theory to Practice
- EDL 6020N: Emotional Intelligence and Servant Leadership
- ETP 6510: The Entrepreneurial Mindset
- EDL 6100: Equity and Social Justice
- EDL 6120: Strategic Planning in Educational Organizations
- EDL 6200: Leadership for Change and Innovation
- BSA 6820: Predictive Analytics
This course provides an in-depth overview of current approaches to leadership through the examination of major theories, pathways, and models of leadership. Emphasis is placed on connecting theory to practice and application. The ethics of leadership, team leadership, followership and the influences of gender and culture on leadership are also explored.
The theoretical constructs of Emotional Intelligence and Servant Leadership are closely linked. These concepts focus on the power of relationships among leaders and followers and the value of understanding and developing the intelligent use of emotions for success as leaders. Students will explore the theory behind these concepts and the impact of understanding and applying these concepts as leaders.
This course aims to encourage students to cultivate an entrepreneurial mindset by developing the discovery, thinking, reasoning and implementation skills necessary to create and develop prosperous ideas in highly uncertain environments. Its conceptualization extends beyond the narrow view of starting a new business, focusing instead on a method that could be employed to start new initiatives, profit or nonprofit, inside a family business, small business, social enterprise, or large corporation and involve systematic efforts to mitigate uncertainty and to manage risk.
This course defines the concepts and principles of culture, diversity, equity and social justice and the impact on public and private educational institutions. The focus is on current controversies and activity but includes the beginnings in the civil rights movement of the 1960’s and the desegregation of the nation’s public schools. There is a focus on the responsibility of leaders to create a culture that supports, builds, and champions equity and social justice in the institutions they lead.
This course will study the theoretical foundations and dynamics of strategic thinking and planning. Since one model or approach does not fit all organizations, it is the leader’s responsibility to identify and use the approach that is most effective for the success of an organization. How to effectively select, plan and manage the implementation of strategic planning processes will be addressed.
Despite growing necessity for organizations to successfully implement change, theory and research on change leadership is still not clear on what works for public institutions. It is commonly agreed that organizational efforts at transformational change most often fail. This course explores how public institutions have been affected by recent events and how leadership must adjust the approaches for Change Leadership initiatives to achieve success.
This course provides students a practical, hands-on learning environment focusing on data mining and predictive analytics to solve business problems. Students will prepare data, create and validate predictive models, and deploy those models to predict future events and uncover hidden patterns of behavior. Students will examine how data analysis technologies can be used to improve decision-making by studying the fundamental principles and techniques of data mining to develop data-analytic thinking.
Research Methodology (12 Credits)
- EDL 6710: Qualitative Methods
- EDL 6750: Applied Research in Education
Students in this course explore qualitative inquiry and approaches commonly used in the social and educational sciences. The approaches examined in the course include historical research, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, case study, and narrative research. Students learn about and practice designing qualitative research studies, and collecting and analyzing qualitative data, with and without the assistance of computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software.
This course presents concepts and procedures for conducting systematic inquiry to investigate phenomena in P12 or higher education institutions or education non-profits. Emphasis is placed on developing and implementing a proposal for disciplined inquiry in organizations.
Areas of Concentration (15 Credits)
Educational Leadership Concentration
- EDL 6010E: Educational Policy and Advocacy
The development of leadership skills and abilities and the dynamics of team functioning, including decision-making models and processes, problem-solving techniques, communication skills, conflict management, and self-improvement. The legal framework of compliance in education, the civil liberties of teachers, curriculum content, and academic freedom. Teachers’ rights, duties, and responsibilities to the education process are also explored.
Faith and Justice Leadership Concentration
- CTM 6401: Faith and Civic Engagement
This course will examine the history, theory and practice concerning the participation of faith- based organizations in social change work for flourishing communities and just and accountable institutions in democratic society. It will examine topics such as community organizing, political action, social welfare and advocacy, and social justice activism.
Management/Entrepreneurship Concentration
- MGT 6900: Human Resource Management
This course provides an overview of Human Resource Management from a strategic perspective in a fast-changing business environment. Attention is given to legal compliance issues, staffing processes, compensation and benefits, performance appraisals and employee discipline. Through the use of class exercises and cases, students examine the way contemporary HR departments function and how managers can interact with HR professionals. | https://www.belmont.edu/education/graduate/education-phd/program-structure.html |
The Garden Assistant role will support the Garden Manager with general garden maintenance, planting, fertilization, harvesting, pest management and weed control. This position is an excellent opportunity to work outdoors with a Master Gardener and be part of a wonderful community.
Responsibilities
- Maintain raised beds and perimeter plantings. Learn the plant families, associated care, succession planting and pest management.
- Ensure sustainable practices with composting, organic fertilizers, repurposing water and promoting beneficial insects.
- Build basic growing structures for climbing plants.
- Capable of lifting 20lbs.
- Other duties as assigned
Qualifications
- Gardening experience required with the willingness to learn.
- Interest in the natural world, sustainability and organic gardening practices.
- PowerPoint and Excel skills to design educational slides, track seed inventory and garden harvest totals.
Apply
Visitor Engagement Program Manager
Full Time
Grace Farms, 365 Lukes Wood Rd. New Canaan, CT
Responsibilities
Position Overview:
Grace Farms Foundation’s interdisciplinary humanitarian mission is to pursue peace through five initiatives — nature, arts, justice, community, and faith — and Grace Farms, a SANAA-designed site for convening people across sectors. Our stake in the ground is to end modern slavery and gender-based violence, and create more grace and peace in our local and global communities. As a part of this work, Grace Farms recently launched Design for Freedom, a new movement to eradicate forced labor in the building materials supply chain.
The Foundation carries out its work through the publicly available facilities and integrated programs of Grace Farms, an 80-acre property owned and operated by the Foundation. Grace Farms was established as an essential platform for the Foundation, serving as a welcoming place where individuals, not-for-profit organizations, and government entities come together to collaborate for the common good.
Learn more about our internationally-acclaimed architecture, news about our humanitarian work, and Grace Farms’ leadership.
The Visitor Engagement Program Manager (VEPM) will be responsible for designing, building, implementing, managing, evaluating, and expanding Grace Farm Foundation’s portfolio of daily visitor engagement programs that will take place on site throughout each day as the means to interpret, share, and invite the visiting public into the Work of Grace Farms Foundation. The VEPM will also have direct oversight and supervisory responsibility of an efficient and highly effective cross-functional team of Visitor Engagement Specialists who will facilitate these programs using a wide range of innovative platforms, tactics, and techniques to engage and inspire a broad audience of diverse, multi-generational families, adults and children. At their core, the VEPM is a lifelong learner, a creative thinker and exceptional storyteller who can collaborate with the Foundation’s content matter experts, absorb the key take-aways from their Work, and then translate that information in ingenious, compelling and interactive ways utilizing traditional and emerging interpretive modalities and approaches to share with the public when they are visiting on site.
Your Day-to-Day:
The key work-related responsibilities for the VEPM include, but are not limited to:
- Immerse themselves into the Culture, Value, Mission and Work of Grace Farms Foundation. And, in doing so, build strong relationships with all significant stake holders at all levels of the organization, across all Initiatives, as well as Place and the Design for Freedom movement.
- Generate new and innovative site-specific family-friendly programming that effectively communicates in 10-20 minutes the essence of Grace Farms Foundation and the wide spectrum of Work that it does to Advance Good in the World. Ideally, visitors who engage with these programs on site during their visit are inspired to want to learn more about the Work of the Foundation, about the Foundation itself, and how they can come alongside in the Work in their own daily lives.
- Working closely with the Communications team and the Foundation’s content matter experts, develop an efficient, effective and expedient review system for all new programming ideas and messaging, obtaining appropriate approvals prior to executing.
- Establish parameters of the daily visitor engagement program suite including the setting of goals, schedule, logistics, necessary supplies, deadlines, and budget.
- Create all training materials & educational programs necessary for those that will deliver and facilitate the on-site visitor engagement programming.
- Build, lead, coach, mentor, professionally develop, inspire and manage the day a team of highly invested, energetic, enthusiastic and motivated Visitor Engagement professionals who themselves will be lifelong learners and informal educators who thrive on inspiration, creativity and sharing knowledge with others.
- Provide leadership to Visitor Engagement professionals within the organization. This will include supporting events, registration and membership.
- Manage the day to day operations of the Visitor Engagement team including scheduling, budget, expense reports, performance management, and reporting. Establish, track and regularly report on key visitor engagement metrics.
- Evaluate interpretive efforts to understand the impact on visitors including informal observations, beta-testing, front-end, formative, remedial and summative evaluation techniques using appropriate metrics and methods. Possesses ability to analyze and interpret evaluation data to make appropriate changes to the program itself and facilitation of the program to ensure the greatest impact on the visitors. Instinctively knows when to sunset a particular program that is not meeting its intended goals or outcomes and considers that not a failure but an important teachable moment to use in future program development.
- Delivers and facilitates daily programming on site as needed.
- Other duties as assigned.
Qualifications
- Bachelor’s degree in education, museum studies, public history or other related field required. Master’s degree in related field preferred.
- Minimum 3 years of experience developing and managing public programs and visitor facing public programming staff in an informal learning environment such as a museum, cultural attraction, aquarium/zoo, educational farm/nature center, or other community organization. Must have experience in the full program production cycle: planning, development, budgeting, implementation, evaluation and continuous improvement.
- Skilled facilitator with demonstrated experience working with and across diverse, inter-generational audiences with multiple perspectives. Poses applied, working knowledge of current museum and informal educational practices as well as a demonstrated understanding of best practices and emerging approaches to site/work interpretation and narrative storytelling.
- Proven track record of outstanding leadership and supervisory skills. Has at least 3 years’ experience directly supervising teams of visitor facing professionals and/or volunteers.
- Possesses superior communication and interpersonal skills. Is cool under pressure; can be counted on to hold things together during stressful situations; is not knocked off balance by the unexpected; is a settling influence during moments of tension, and has a hearty sense of humor. Embodies the values of grace & peace and exhibits kindness in all interactions.
- Highly organized with strong attention to detail and excellent project management skills. Plans, organizes and schedules in an efficient, productive manner. Anticipates contingencies and has ability to prioritize key tasks when faced with limited time and/or resources.
- Ability to work in a collegial, collaborative environment and to develop the necessary trust and credibility to work with a broad range of stakeholders.
- Ability to lift up to 25 lbs, bend, climb stairs, and stand for an extended period of time.
- This position will work on site in New Canaan. Must have flexible schedule, as well as the willingness and ability to work nights and weekends as needed.
Apply
Events and Production Specialist
Full Time
Grace Farms, 365 Lukes Wood Rd. New Canaan, CT
Responsibilities
In the Events & Production Specialist role, you will serve as part of a team that coordinates and executes programs and events in support of our place and five initiatives: Nature, Arts, Justice, Community, and Faith and our not-for-profit Space Grant program.
Our environment is not a typical corporate events space—our clients are not-for-profits, foundations, community partners, government entities, and our own internal Initiative Directors. You will be part of a team with a strong collaborative work ethic that is passionate about putting their events management skills to work in a mission-driven environment.
Your Day-to-Day
Events
- Execute all major aspects of event management from planning through completion for internal events, conferences, workshops, trainings, performances and other events from small to large.
- Direct and coordinate event-related correspondences and meetings with internal teams, partners, vendors, contractors and key staff, including on-site staff coordination and logistics.
- Serve as Day-of-Event Lead, responsible for ensuring successful event attendee experience.
- Work with operational departments to ensure each team is prepared, including, but not limited to: talent relations, hospitality, safety/security, food and beverage, production, AV/IT, and facilities.
- Ensure that all administrative duties are delivered with efficiency, high quality and in a timely manner.
- Work collaboratively to coordinate and execute Space Grant Program events with efficiency.
Production
- Develop, plan and oversee on-site and virtual events.
- Research and implement new tools and trends in the virtual event space, bringing those key findings and recommendations back to Leadership.
- Support the development of materials such as Virtual Events Best Practices, FAQs, and training manuals for meeting hosts, speakers, and the events team.
- Manage communications with presenters and hosts to ensure they have the necessary equipment, connectivity, and schedule technical rehearsals as needed.
- Assist Technical Director in receiving, reviewing, and coordinating production /AV requests for internal and external events.
Qualifications
- Bachelor’s Degree in Event Management, Production Management or Communications preferred.
- Minimum of three (3) years of event planning or production management for cultural institutions or corporate spaces with a proven track record of success with both in-person and virtual events and production.
- Strong interpersonal, administrative, and communication skills, and the ability to execute tasks with a high degree of professionalism and excellence, especially under pressure.
- Must exhibit a strong ability to re-prioritize tasks on-the-fly while making sound, independent decisions that are consistent with the organization’s mission.
- Possess a confident customer service orientation, and professional demeanor. Must be comfortable in a front of house position, and able to handle the unexpected stressors with grace and peace.
- Competencies in fact finding, planning, problem solving and innovative thinking.
- Must be proficient in Microsoft Office, Outlook, and Excel. Mac skills preferred.
- Requires a flexible schedule with weekend and evening work.
- Ability to lift up to 50lbs, bend, climb stairs, and stand for an extended period of time.
- Background check required. | https://gracefarms.org/careers/ |
Ein interaktiver Online-Kurs, der naturwissenschaftliche Grundlagen für das Verständnis der Umweltwissenschaften zusammenfasst.
The online course "Plant Responses to Stress" is intended for students, who want to take a closer look at the theoretical and practical approaches to stress research in plant science.
Online Learning and Training is a Learning Management System that has been developed at the University of Zurich since 1999. Today it is used world-wide by educational institutions and other enterprises. | https://www.ieu.uzh.ch/en/teaching/elearning.html |
Greetings!
The transition back-to-school is always a time filled with both excitement and stress. This year, not surprisingly, those feelings will be amplified as we all try to navigate this new world. Now more than ever our children need to build the skills to manage adversity and that’s why we have been working so hard these past few months to ensure our psychology and evidence-based programs continue to be available digitally. We are also resuming our successful webinar series with our leading psychologists and experts. Plus, we are adding new articles to our working parent program. All this to ensure we are equipped to support our children and youth through this unprecedented time.
Thank you again for your commitment to supporting and promoting the mental well-being of our children and youth.
Please support our Breakfast for Champions fundraiser
Our Breakfast for Champions is our single biggest campaign to ensure children and youth across Canada benefit from our much needed proven programs. This year, we are breaking with tradition and taking our Breakfast online and we are hosting in three different time zones:
Eastern Standard Time: 8:00-9:00 a.m.
Central Daylight Time: 8:30-9:30 a.m.
Pacific Standard Time: 8:00-9:00 a.m.
Please join us on November 5
th
where Amanda Lang, BNN Bloomberg Anchor, will host the event.
READ MORE
Thank you to our Platinum Sponsors for their generous and continuos support
Leanne and George Lewis
Charitable receipt issued for full amount of ticket
Back to school transition 2020
The back-to- school transition is always an important one for working parents and families. But this year’s return to classes, amid the safety questions and uncertainties related to the Covid-19 pandemic, will be like no other in recent memory. The specific concerns and decisions facing individual families across the nation will vary depending on numerous factors. But one factor all parents will be dealing with is the extra stress of uncertainty.
The Psychology Foundation of Canada has been at the forefront of efforts to acknowledge and address the stress of children and families for over 20 years. Here are some words of advice and strategies developed by experts on how to manage the stress of this year’s transition to schoo
l.
READ FULL ARTICLE ENGLISH
READ FULL ARTICLE FRENCH
The impact of anti-black racism on children
and youth in Canada
Dr. Kofi-Len Belfon, clinical child psychologist and member of our Board of Trustees, provides a candid personal and professional perspective of the effects of anti-black racism on our children through this video.
Dr. Kofi - Len Belfon and Nigel Enniss, Anti-Black Racism Practice Integration Lead from Children’s Aid Society Toronto, will also lead and engage in a candid conversation with webinar participants on how we can better support and promote the mental well-being of black youth in Canada through a webinar on
September 30
th
12:00pm-1:00pm EST
.
If you are interested in participating in this webinar
HERE
Getting to know Dr. Robin Alter, child psychologist
and member of our Board of Trustees
We are fortunate to have the long-standing support of Dr. Robin Alter who is an accomplished registered clinical psychologist in practice since 1979.
She was a Senior Consultant to the Hincks-Dellcrest Children's Centre and Blue Hills Child and Family Centre for almost 40 years. In her consulting capacity, she also consulted with the Indigenous community regarding Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and conducts FAS assessments. Her current practice includes both the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. She is the co-founder of the ADD Institute and a member of the Canadian Psychological Association and the American Psychological Association.
In addition to Dr. Alter’s many accomplishments is her leadership and involvement with the growth of our Kids Have Stress Too! and Stress Lessons. We are privileged to have Robin’s support and we are delighted to share this interview with her.
READ MORE
Program and Training Evolution
Thank you for your feedback! We have listened to YOU! We have evolved our evidence-based training offerings to better suit your needs.
Make the Connection eLearing course FRENCH:
We are very excited to launch our eLearning course in French. Make the Connection 0-3 is primarily for childcare professionals to be delivered in home visits or other existing situations where caregivers and babies get together.
This is an amazing course that gives users a chance to enhance their professional development and receive new certification.
READ MORE
Masterclass in Stress Management:
Whether you are a parent/caregiver, work within a school environment or another type of child and youth serving organization, the information provided in our Masterclass is the first step towards understanding, recognizing and applying strategies to support the young people in your life manage life’s inevitable ups and downs.
READ MORE
Student Resilience Building Courses:
Our Kids Have Stress Too! and Stress Lessons programs are designed to support the students in your school identify and manage stress while moving to resilience. They have all been evaluated with a demonstrated impact on a student’s ability to recognize stress in themselves. Click each one to see more info:
English:
Preschool, Kindergarten, Parent
Grades 1-3
Grades 4-6
Grades 7-9
Grades 9-12
French:
Kids Have Stress Too! Grades 1-6 with Grade
1-3 Guide
or with Grade
4-6 Guide
.
Stress Lessons Grades 7-12 with Grade
7-9 Guide
or with Grade
9-12 Guide
.
Wait there is more for you...
Stress Management Program Implementation Tools:
In order to ensure you can effectively implement our stress management programs whether you are delivering the program to children and youth in their homes or in the classroom, we have developed handy one-page resources that provide tips and suggestions that will help you bring these valuable activities to the young people you work with.
Contact us today to learn more!
Parent & Caregiver Masterclass in Stress Management:
This interactive workshop is designed for parents and caregivers. Participants will develop a better understanding of how stress impacts their children and youth and strategies to support them at home.
Join us for a LIVE workshop on September 9
th
4:00pm – 5:30pm EST.
REGISTER NOW
Taking Care of YOU! Workshop:
One of the most important factors in nurturing resilience is the presence of a caring, stable adult in a child and youth’s life. For this, we thank you and have developed a workshop that will help you with your personal mental wellbeing. This hour long participatory workshop will introduce you to a range of evidence-backed strategies and resources you can apply to support your own stress management and self-care
.
In addition to the live workshop, you will have full access to our Adult Stress Management Resources, including:
Stress Strategies interactive tool
Workplace Resiliency booklets
Teacher Tips
and more!
Please contact us
if you would like to bring this workshop to your school or community organization.
Back To School Resilience Building Package:
For school administrators who would like to bring our programs to your schools/boards/districts/divisions, please check out our
Back To School Resilience Building Package
.
We have pulled together all of our incredible stress management content to support you, your students and the parents and caregivers in your community.
Please share our newsletter within your social media channels
We want to hear from you: How can we best support you in nurturing resilience in the kids in your life? Please
contact us
with your feedback and suggestions
When you invest in The Psychology Foundation of Canada, you invest in a brighter future for our children ensuring they have every opportunity to thrive.
The Psychology Foundation of Canada
Phone
: 416 644 4944
Email:
[email protected]
Website: | https://myemail.constantcontact.com/Nurturing-resilience-in-youth-during-critical-Back-To-School-transition.html?soid=1111662308753&aid=xrUfEPpw_PY |
This is one of a series construction arbitration posts, providing the technical discussion from the SCAI, CAM, TILPA conference in Geneva and Mexico City.
Arbitration can be classified as follows:
a) Public arbitrations: when only states are involved.
b) Private arbitrations: when only private entities are involved.
c) Mixed arbitrations: when a state and a private entity are involved, for instance investor-state cases.
Taking into account this classification, the landscape of a public enterprise being involved in a private commercial arbitration raises several challenges. This post is aimed at analyzing such challenges and identifying certain problems that may eventually lead to potential disputes in major construction projects and that could be prevented at an earlier stage, taking into account the experience of the Mexican Federal Electricity Commission.
The Mexican Federal Electricity Commission and the Projects It Develops
The Mexican Federal Electricity Commission (CFE) is a productive state-owned company created in 1937 that generates, transmits, distributes and markets electricity in Mexico. It provides energy services to nearly 40.6 million clients in the domestic, agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors. Although the recent Mexican Energetic Reform (2013) has impacted the company to enhance its competitiveness in a free market arena, private investments in energy projects, as well as the introduction of arbitration clauses, are not new. In fact, the company has an overall experience of nearly twenty years participating in commercial arbitrations.
CFE invites private entities to participate in long-term investment infrastructure projects – such as combined-cycle power plants, transmission lines, dams or pipelines – through public tenders. Companies have the opportunity to learn about the project requirements and bid with attractive technical and economic offers. CFE selects the bidder with the best market conditions providing thus the first milestone of a long, frequently 25-year-long, contractual relationship.
Practical Aspects to Take Into Account in Construction Projects
When it comes to talking about the problems that arise in construction disputes, step one is generally to analyze the contract. In this way, for every obligation assigned to a party a potential breach of contract could be identified.
A model infrastructure contract, similar to the ones signed by CFE, would include public enterprise obligations concerning, for example, a) the legal condition and access to the site where the project is to be built, b) the issuance of certificates of acceptance, c) best efforts to cooperate with the other party during the project, d) timely payments according to a pre-defined schedule and e) the surveillance of the project.
On the other hand, the constructor’s obligations may include, for instance, a) the construction of the project in accordance with contractual specifications, b) the supply, transport and testing of any materials, c) the payment of taxes and tariffs on the materials needed, d) the obtainment of required permits or studies, e) recording of all the activities and f) compliance with national content requisites.
Seen this way, a construction contract has mainly two parties: the public enterprise on one side and the constructor on the other. However, the public enterprise can hardly be seen as a single entity, and in order to comprehend the potential problems that can occur in a construction project, it is advisable to consider the complex relationships that take place within the public entity so as to fully understand the role it displays.
In an enterprise, such as CFE, lawyers and engineers work back to back. When different backgrounds intervene in drafting or supervising a contract, mutual understanding and complementation is important. Thus, it is advisable to raise awareness among engineers about legal issues and to instruct lawyers about technicalities. Maps, pictures or diagrams often help lawyers understand how the different components of an infrastructure project work together.
Sometimes the gargantuan size of the enterprise forces the setting up of various legal teams that act at different stages. For example, some lawyers may be in charge of the drafting of the contract and the bidding process; others may be assigned to the day-to-day activities of the project while a third group can be specialized in handling the disputes. This division is not inadequate per se, but will only work effectively with appropriate communication and if the different groups learn from each other’s experience.
If an enterprise of this sort was to ask me about the way in which this amalgamation process can be fulfilled at a practical level, I would recommend the following:
- Train the contracting drafting team and the legal team monitoring the project in dispute resolution. Even if they will not be personally handling the disputes, it is important that the lawyers that face day-to-day problems and the ones that formulate the clauses be aware of the procedures that will have to be enacted if a claim of breach of contract is somehow raised.
- Encourage the legal team in charge of monitoring the project to sustain criteria. If the legal response to any type of problem is the same for every constructor in any given case that will build up consistency that could easily be proven in an arbitration procedure.
- When a problem emerges, try negotiating first. Creating a negotiating mind frame for the legal team as a whole helps to avoid employing valuable resources in disputes that could be more easily settled with a win-win solution.
- Keep track of hypothetical questions posed by the lawyers that see the day-to-day issues. Most of those hypothetical questions might be, in fact, potential cases that could be prevented from turning into real disputes. By keeping a record of these types of questions the entity can be prepared to face problems and solve them within a reasonable time frame that would allow to widen the scope of possible solutions. If necessary, the consulted legal team can create guidelines for the other legal teams to follow and shed light towards the company’s policy.
- Once the arbitration begins, it is advisable for the dispute resolution team to involve the legal team that monitored the project, since they are the ones that possess all relevant information and records about the pre-dispute environment and conduct of the parties.
- Once the arbitration is over, dispute resolution lawyers should instruct the contract drafting team in order to improve clauses that have been object of dispute so as to prevent a future dispute involving an already identified and problematic contractual term.
- Beware of the interconnection of the different dispute settlement mechanisms. Select a clause that clearly defines the boundaries between, for instance, negotiation, mediation, expert determination and arbitration, so that they do not overlap.
Afterthoughts for State-Owned Enterprises Involved In Commercial Arbitrations
State-owned enterprises are generally circumscribed to a pre-defined set of rules and public servants are urged to meticulously comply with such defined sets. For this reason, the coexistence of transparency procedures with document production procedures has created a scenario in which the public entity has a single opportunity to request information from the other party, but the private entity, by means of national transparency procedures that require the government to disclose information to any anonymous request, can have several opportunities to gather information to build its case. This can be seen as a clear disadvantage to which state-owned enterprises are condemned when involved in a commercial arbitration that contemplates document production. Further research will have to be made within the arbitration community in order to determine whether this phenomenon is really an inequality of opportunities of the parties to present their case, and, if so, the possible solutions that can be found inside the international arbitration arena to compensate such imbalance.
Finally, beyond the technical, economic and social factors involved in a major infrastructure project, one of the key features to keep in mind on behalf of the state enterprise is that dispute resolution mechanisms, such as arbitration, are mechanisms that apply to whichever parties need them. It is tempting to think that arbitration was primarily envisaged to protect investors that engaged in long-term contracts with the state, but the truth is that arbitration is a flexible mechanism that aids whoever invokes it. The last recommendation I would give to people working or advising such enterprises is to not fear using dispute settlement mechanisms. Waiting to be sued and then handling a dispute as respondent, when there is in fact a strong case against the other party, is quite difficult to attain. For example, (i) if the state-company believes the other party is in a breach of contract and charges liquidated damages and (ii) the other party sues in arbitration the recovery of the money; being as a respondent explaining the reason why money was charged in the first place without directly having activated the arbitration procedure leaves the company in a contradictory situation. Therefore, if you believe that the other party is in a contractual default but they do not agree with that interpretation, use arbitration to solve that issue and let your trained and experienced legal teams act in conjunction and win your case.
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When a business is owned by more than one person, it's generally advisable for the owners to enter into a contractual agreement that prescribes what will happen if an owner dies, becomes disabled, retires or otherwise leaves the company.
Some market analysts predict that the COVID-19 crisis may trigger an increase in buyouts. For example, some struggling owners may decide to throw in the towel after months of teetering on the verge of bankruptcy. Or squabbling partners may disagree about the future of the business and decide to part ways.
So, now is a good time for owners to draft or update a buy-sell agreement. Here's a look at common valuation issues and potential pitfalls to avoid.
Valuation Considerations
"Buy-sells," as they're often called, may be standalone agreements or a provision within a broader agreement (such as a partners' or shareholders' agreement). To avoid misunderstandings and delays when redeeming a departing owner's interest, a buy-sell should address the following key elements:
- Appropriate standard of value (such as fair market value or fair value),
- Definition of the standard of value,
- Exhaustive list of applicable valuation adjustments and discounts,
- Relevant method of quantifying valuation adjustments and discounts,
- Effective date of the valuation (for example, the year-end nearest the triggering event),
- Buyout terms (including who will buy the interest and how payments will be made), and
- Appraisal/redemption deadline (for example, within 30 or 90 days of the triggering event).
The buy-sell should also specify the parties' preferred method of appraisal. Examples include a fixed price, a prescribed formula or the use of credentialed business valuation professionals.
In some cases, the owners agree to use the company's CPA firm to perform an independent valuation of the departing owner's interest. Other buy-sells require two outside appraisals: one for the buyer and another for the seller; the value of the departing owner's interest is then determined by averaging the results of the two conclusions.
READ MORE: Divorcing Business Owners: Don’t Forget to Weigh the Tax Consequences
Potential Pitfalls
Ambiguous or outdated buy-sells can cause problems when it's time for a buyout. For example, an agreement containing undefined valuation terminology — such as "earnings" or "value" — may be subject to different interpretations.
Likewise, the use of a prescribed formula that's based on a simplistic industry rule of thumb might cause problems when a buyout happens several years after the agreement was executed. Industry and economic conditions may have changed, or the company's product or service lines might have evolved.
For instance, some companies have pivoted during the COVID-19 crisis to:
- Take advantage of new market opportunities,
- Automate certain processes, or
- Minimize face-to-face interactions with customers.
Fixed valuation formulas that were valid before the pandemic may no longer be relevant in the new normal. This underscores the importance of creating a "living" buy-sell that's reviewed and updated regularly to stay current.
READ MORE: 4 Value Drivers for Boosting Business Sale Price
One More Word of Caution
During a buyout, the buyer is typically either the company or the remaining owners. The seller is usually either the departing owner or the departing owner's heirs. Because the buyer controls how financial results are reported after the seller leaves the business, the seller should be wary of the potential for financial misstatement.
Financial statements often are used to value the departing owner's interest. So, the buyer has an incentive to understate revenue and assets or overstate expenses and liabilities. These manipulations can lower the buyout price, unless adjustments are made to the company's financial statements.
Outside Expertise
There is no one-size-fits-all buy-sell agreement. The input of a business valuation professional when drafting or updating a buy-sell can help achieve the owners' buyout objectives and reduce disputes when and if the agreement is triggered. | https://blog.concannonmiller.com/4thought/buy-sell-agreements-a-necessity-for-business-owners-to-protect-their-interests |
Tenants of commercial premises who want to dispose of their premises will have to obtain their landlords’ consent if they want to transfer (or ‘assign’) the lease to someone else. This also applies to under-letting or sub-letting.
Some leases contain an absolute bar on assignment, underletting or sub-letting. In this case the landlord may still be prepared to give consent but is entitled to refuse it.
Obtaining landlord’s consent may seem a simple matter but it can never be regarded as a mere formality. Failing to obtain the landlord’s consent when it is required can lead to severe financial penalties. Consent should always be recorded in a formal document to avoid arguments.
In view of the legal problems which can arise it is preferable to obtain advice from a solicitor before proceeding.
If premises are assigned without consent the landlord may not recognise the new tenant at all and continue to hold the original tenant liable for the rent and all other provisions of the lease (including any breaches of covenant by the transferee.)
Sub-letting or underletting of the whole or part of the premises is often completely barred but may be permitted with landlord’s consent. Leases are more likely to allow under- or sub-letting of part of premises (with consent) if they can be easily sub-divided, such as an individual floor forming part of a larger office block.
Commercial leases generally bar parting with possession of the whole or any part of the premises, i.e. letting someone else use the whole or part of the property on an informal basis.
If a business is being sold as a going concern which includes the lease of premises then the landlord’s consent to the transfer will still be required.
Applying for the landlord’s consent
An application for consent to assign should usually be sent to the landlord or its agents. It must be served in accordance with any provisions in the lease regarding service of notices, or otherwise in accordance with the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927. (It is advisable to get a solicitor’s advice on this, as the landlord could ignore a notice that is not correctly served.)
The tenant will be liable for the landlord’s costs whether or not the application is approved (although it may be possible to get the assignee to pay if the assignment is completed).
While the landlord is now under a statutory duty to deal with applications within a reasonable time it is entitled to ask for further documentation or information in respect of the potential tenant in order to make a decision.
It is usual for landlords to request three years audited accounts for the proposed assignee/undertenant together with up to date management accounts and references from professional advisors and trade references. A reference from an existing landlord of other premises for the payment of the rent and compliance with the lease terms may also be required.
Landlords can refuse consent if the proposed new tenant cannot provide good references or has no previous trading history.
Can the landlord refuse consent?
Most leases will say that the landlord cannot “unreasonably” withhold consent, but in any case a proviso to the effect that consent is not to be unreasonably withheld will be implied by the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927.
The Landlord and Tenant Act 1988 also states that a landlord owes a duty to the tenant to give consent except in a case where it is reasonable not to give consent.
The landlord is also under a duty to deal with an application within a reasonable time and must give the tenant written notice of his decision whether or not to give consent. If the consent is withheld the landlord must specify its reasons for withholding it.
However the landlord may give consent subject to conditions (but any conditions must themselves be reasonable.)
Of course the tenant may not agree with the landlords reasons if consent is withheld. If the landlord cannot be persuaded to change its mind then it is possible to challenge the decision in the courts, but this can be difficult and expensive.
What is a “reasonable” ground for the landlord to withhold consent?
There is a substantial body of case law as to what is or is not “reasonable” in this context, so advice from a solicitor is desirable.
Under the 1988 Act it is reasonable for a landlord to withhold consent to a proposed transaction in cases where, if they withheld consent and the assignment was completed, the tenants would be in breach of covenant. (e.g. if there is an existing breach of covenant or new tenant is will clearly be using the premises for a type of business which is not permitted by the lease.)
Even if consent is given the original tenant will probably be required to enter into an “Authorised Guarantee Agreement” (or AGA) with the landlord. Modern leases are likely to include a provision requiring an AGA as a pre-condition to any assignment.
An AGA means that the outgoing tenant guarantees the performance of the covenants in the lease by the person or company to whom the lease is being transferred. So if the new tenant fails to pay the rent or is in breach of any other covenants and provisions in the lease the landlord can force the original tenant to pay the rent or remedy the breach of covenant.
This imposes a substantial potential liability on someone wanting to assign a lease so they should satisfy themselves as far as possible that the proposed assignee is going to be a good tenant.
Consent may also be subject to the assignee obtaining a guarantor and/or entering into a rent deposit deed, to give the landlord further security for payment of the rent.
Completing the Licence to Assign, and what to do if consent is refused
If the landlord agrees to give consent this is usually recorded in a formal document known as a Licence to Assign. This will be prepared by the landlord’s solicitor or agents and the formal transfer of the lease to the new tenant should not be completed until the landlord has signed this Licence.
The landlord might refuse consent outright, or give reasons which the tenant considers unreasonable, or impose unacceptable condition. The landlord might also fail to respond to an application within a reasonable time.
In such cases the tenant will have to consider making an application to court for a declaration that the landlord is acting unreasonably and/or damages for breach of statutory duty.
The alternative would be to go ahead with the transfer of the lease and then argue the case with the landlord should it contest the lawfulness of the assignment.
Either way could involve substantial costs, especially if the tenant loses a court case.
So expert legal advice should always be obtained when planning to dispose of any commercial lease. | https://www.fridaysmove.com/transfer-business-lease-to-someone-else |
Starting from 1 June 2016, the Russian ArbitrazhProcedure Code which governs commercial disputes provides for a mandatory pre-trial dispute settlement procedure.
This requirement applies to civil law cases between legal entities. Before applying to a Russian court, the parties must take measures to settle their dispute out of court.
The parties cannot exclude the pre-trial dispute settlement procedure by an agreement. However, they have the right to vary its terms and content.
Prior to filing an application to the court, 30 calendar days have to pass by default from the date of submission of a letter of claim to the counterparty.
Another term may be specified in federal laws or in the agreement. Therefore, in commercial contracts having Russia as the legal venue it is advisable to specify both the way in which a pre-trial claim can be sent and the term for commencement of court proceedings after service of such a pre-trial claim.
Exceptions from the mandatory settlement procedure
Under the Russian Arbitrazh Procedure Code, the following disputes do not require a pre-trial settlement to commence the proceedings:
- establishment of facts having legal effect;
- awards of compensation for violated rights to legal proceedings within a reasonable period of time or rights to enforcement of a court order within a reasonable period of time;
- insolvency (bankruptcy) cases;
- corporate disputes;
- protection of rights and legitimate interests of a group of persons;
- cancellation of trademarks due to non-use;
- challenging arbitral awards.
Regarding economic disputes arising from administrative and public legal relations, the mandatory pre-trial dispute settlement procedure is applicable only in cases specified by federal laws.
Non-compliance with pre-trialdispute settlement procedures
If the mandatory pre-trial dispute settlement procedure is not complied with, the court rejects the claim or stops the pending proceedings. | https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=25bf9ea5-f01a-4cf7-96ce-a8970a7c9dac |
The realm of law is vast one. It involves numerous terminologies, concepts, and theories which, for an average person who is not immersed in it, could be difficult to understand. So immense is the law that it touches every fabric and aspect of everything that surrounds us, from the environment, business, to even events such as accidents. This brings us to the topic of this article: the common specialties of law that lawyers in New South Wales practice. Indeed, the Australian law branches out into numerous subspecialties, with lawyers specializing in one or two throughout their careers.
1. Labor law– This branch of the law is under the realm of civil law involving the disputes between employers and employees. It involves a set of laws that allow employees to form their unions, as well as allow both parties—employers and workers—to engage in activities in order to fulfill their needs within the working relationship.
2. Business law– This branch of the law is likewise a subgroup of civil law that deals with certain laws pertaining to the relationship and conduct of individuals and entities that are involved in doing business—sales, trade, and commerce. It also covers certain processes that are involved in the creation, operation, and dissolution of a business.
3. Criminal law – This branch of the law focuses on certain rules that apply whenever an individual commits certain conduct that threatens or harms the property, health, and/or safety of others. Criminal law is likewise a vast specialty as it involves certain processes to determine the level of punishment a person convicted of a crime has to deal with. Determined in criminal courts, the government, which is in-charge of enforcing the laws, must prove that the person charged of a crime is guilty of it “beyond reasonable doubt.” Criminal law also involves numerous jurisdictions, from the local up to the international levels.
4. Civil law– This branch of the law focuses on disputes between two parties (e.g. corporations), or certain actions of someone that caused harm to another. Disputes over money and debt, real property and housing, harm sustained in an accident, issues within the scope of employment, and other related matters are covered under civil law. Unlike criminal law, the resolution of such disputes is determined in civil courts, wherein the plaintiff brings the legal action against the defendant. Instead of handing out a jail sentence, a settlement is reached wherein the losing party pays the winning party monetary damages.
5. Family law – Another branch of civil law, it involves processes and laws pertaining to matters of the family, from marriage, civil unions, domestic partnerships, adoption, and dissolution of marriage. For the most part, under this vast area of civil law is the divorce law, which involves the dissolution of the marriage of two individuals and the accompanying financial and familial consequences. Hence, family law Parramatta legal professionals have extensive knowledge and understanding of divorce law.
Many of today’s lawyers in NSW specialize in these common specialties and Law Society of NSW know that for a fact. Indeed, whenever people have problems with marriage or want to try adopting a child, they turn to family law expert. Likewise, if workers have misunderstandings of legal implications with their employers, they turn to labor lawyers to represent their interests. Individuals who are trying to establish corporations and other business entities seek the expertise of business lawyers to help avoid potential inconveniences during operations. Persons who are charged of a crime have the right to hire criminal lawyers to defend their rights. | http://www.jobeth.net/2018/11/5-types-of-law-specializations-commonly.html |
They’ve not signed it so there’s no contract, right?
An employee has a contract of employment with their employer whether or not they have it in writing and whether or not it is signed. Whilst most contracts do not need to be in writing to be legally valid, it is better for both the employee and the employer if they are – it can save a lot of potential confusion / misunderstandings in the future.
The contract of employment starts when the offer of employment is accepted, regardless of whether or not the written contract (if there is one) is signed. The employee starting work proves that they have accepted the terms and conditions offered.
Written statement of particulars
Employees have the statutory right to receive a Written Statement of Particulars within 2 months of their employment starting. The main terms of employment are contained here – pay, working hours, notice period, holidays etc..
Express and implied terms
Most terms and conditions of employment will be set out expressly in the contract of employment. However, some conditions are implied into all contracts of employment because, for example, they are a requirement of the job (driving licence required for a driving job) or because they are too obvious to mention (the employee should not steal from their employer) or because certain conditions have been established through custom and practice and over time.
Examples of terms commonly included in particular contracts
Many terms contained in a contract of employment will be obvious but there are others that businesses should consider depending on the level of the employee and on the nature of the business – for example –
- Post-termination restrictions to prevent your employee soliciting business or clients from you for a set period of time following the end of their employment
- Payment in lieu of notice clause
- Provisions for “garden leave”
- Intellectual property rights
- How expenses are dealt with
- Overtime
How can I change the terms of a contract of employment?
A contract of employment can only be varied with the agreement of both parties. The best way to do this is to discuss the changes with your employees, if appropriate, and then provide a brief letter outlining the changes being made – which will be signed by you and each employee in duplicate. The employee can then keep a copy for their records. Any unilateral change to the terms of a contract of employment would not be advised.
Policies
In addition to the contract of employment, it is advisable to have in place policies, usually in the form of a staff handbook. A staff handbook can be as detailed as you want it to be and can be tailored to your business. For example, heavily regulated industries will require more specific policies.
All businesses should consider including more general policies such as:
- Disciplinary and grievance
- Anti-bullying and harassment
- Drugs and alcohol
- Bereavement leave
- Social media
- Adverse weather
- Equal opportunities
- Redundancy
This is, of course, not an exhaustive list.
The advantages of setting up written policies
Including, for example, the bullying and harassment policy and bringing it to the attention of your employees ensures that you, as an employer, have taken the necessary steps to prevent bullying or harassment taking place in the workplace. Short of adopting a ‘Big Brother’ approach to monitoring employees’ every move (not to be advised!), having these policies and procedures in place is evidence of a responsible and reasonable employer who wants to prevent certain behaviours which can cause stress and disruption for everyone involved.
Having policies in place (and following them) not only ensures clarity for both parties but, in the unfortunate event that you find yourself in an Employment Tribunal, a failure to comply with, for example, the Acas Code of Practice on Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures can, in some cases, result in a 25% uplift in any award. A company policy that reflects the Acas Code, when followed, can therefore go a long way to preventing a successful claim in the first place and also prevent any uplift.
Staff handbooks
Some further issues to consider when drafting a staff handbook are:
- Do you want the policies to be contractual or non-contractual? The benefit of a non-contractual policy is that it can be changed easily – e.g. when the law changes – without having to get the agreement of each individual employee
- Which parts will apply to all staff (e.g. including agency staff) and which parts will only apply to employees?
Get in touch with us for help
If you would like to have a chat about any aspects of contracts of employment, feel free to contact us. | https://moray-employment-law.co.uk/contracts-employment/ |
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Metropolitan, Municipal and District Chief Executives (MMDCEs) have been urged to build consensus with all stakeholders for peaceful coexistence and effective administration of their respective jurisdictions.
Mr Simon Osei-Mensah, the Ashanti Regional Minister, said although some of the assemblies in the region were sharply divided on partisan lines, it was important to consider all actors to ensure success of the peace building and development process.
“I would entreat you all to accord the needed respect and recognition to all stakeholders, especially the traditional authorities, assembly members, opinion leaders and the people within your jurisdiction. You have to build cordial relations with your management,” he said.
Speaking at a capacity building workshop in Kumasi on Conflict Management and Reporting for MMDCEs, he said the development agenda of the Government would only be possible when there was peaceful coexistence between the leaders and the people.
The need for peace in Ghana had never been more apparent than this time, where socio-political systems seemed not to respond effectively to emerging conflicts, Mr Osei-Mensah said.
The youth, he noted, were increasingly agitated over limited opportunities, with impunity eating into the society and the threat of extremism looming large over the sub-region.
Mr Osei-Mensah said early response was the benchmark for mitigating violence and urged the people to desist from resorting to chaotic behaviour whenever tension rose.
He said in recent times the use of dialogue had proven to be effective in the settlement of misunderstandings and that there should be enough trust and confidence between the local government structures and the citizens to avoid political instability.
Right Reverend Christopher Nyarko Andam, the Chairman of the Ashanti Regional Peace Council, said the National Peace Council continued to raise awareness on the use of non-violent strategies to respond to conflicts through networking, coordination and campaigning with other development actors to ensure peace.
He said the Ashanti Region, like other regions, remained vulnerable to intermittent communal violence, chieftaincy disputes, electoral violence, vigilantism, youth clashes, and land resource conflict in mining areas.
The solutions to those problems required the collective efforts of all stakeholders and citizens, he said.
The workshop was put together by the National Peace Council in collaboration with the Department of Peace and Development Studies of the University of Cape Coast, with support from the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA).
It sought to improve the capacities of MMDCEs on conflict resolution techniques to enable them to manage and speak on conflict issues from informed positions and empower them to integrate conflict sensitivity in their development plans and agendas. | https://newsghana.com.gh/mmdces-must-build-consensus-for-peaceful-coexistence-minister/ |
This note has been prepared primarily for providers, managers and intermediaries of pension schemes in Guernsey, but the principles discussed may also apply to other financial service providers in Guernsey described in the box at the end of this note. You may wish to take further advice if you believe the Channel Islands Financial Ombudsman ("CIFO") might be relevant to you.
Overview
- You should consider whether or not you may be subject to the jurisdiction of CIFO
- If so, you should review your internal disputes resolution procedure to ensure it conforms with CIFO's model procedure
- If you are faced with a dispute, you may wish to take careful advice on how to resolve it
Introduction
The Channel Islands Financial Ombudsman ("CIFO") was established to provide an independent dispute resolution service to settle disputes that individuals, or micro-enterprises or smaller charities who are not themselves financial services providers (the legislation refers to such complainants as "eligible complainants") may have with certain relevant financial service providers. Intended to be, so far as possible, a less formal alternative to going to Court, CIFO is, generally speaking, free for eligible complainants, although service providers may have to pay costs.
Those involved in pension schemes may be within CIFO's jurisdiction
Whilst generally speaking trustees carrying on trust business in Guernsey are outside CIFO's jurisdiction, trustees in Guernsey involved in pension schemes and anyone else providing a service that relates to the choice, establishment and operation of a pension scheme may be subject to CIFO's jurisdiction (this is subject to some limited exceptions) in relation to eligible complainants.
Furthermore, business that is "ancillary" to such pension business may also be subject to CIFO's jurisdiction. So, for example, if you also give financial advice in relation to the pension schemes you offer, such "ancillary business" may come within CIFO's remit.
Implications of a CIFO complaint
The CIFO model is in many ways similar to the UK's Financial Ombudsman Service. However, in the case of pensions, the UK's Financial Ombudsman Service generally only considers disputes that predominantly concern advice in relation to the sale and marketing of personal pension arrangements and the UK's Pensions Ombudsman deals with matters concerning the administration and management of personal and occupational pension schemes. By contrast, CIFO is responsible for both, which given the different powers that the UK gave its Pension Ombudsman, is, perhaps, surprising.
CIFO has wide powers to consider disputes and make determinations on disputes on a basis it believes is fair and reasonable. This may range from making monetary awards up to a maximum potential of £150,000 to directing a relevant financial service provider to act in a particular way. CIFO is not limited to making awards which a Court might make.
Further, once a decision is made, the complainant (but not the financial service provider) is asked whether or not he or she accepts the decision. If so, that decision becomes binding on both the complainant and the financial service provider, so the financial service provider would have no redress or appeal, except to the extent that the financial service provider may raise an administrative law complaint in relation to the manner in which CIFO has exercised its powers.
In due course, CIFO has said that it will publish case studies to help explain its approach to dispute resolution. At this early juncture, no case studies are available, but CIFO has indicated that case studies from other ombudsmen, including the UK's Financial Ombudsman Service, but not, interestingly, the UK's Pensions Ombudsman, may be helpful
Points to consider
Are you potentially subject to CIFO's jurisdiction? If so, we recommend:
- You consider and, if necessary, update your internal dispute resolution procedure and any terms and conditions relating to how you deal with disputes
This is because, before bringing a complaint to CIFO, an eligible complainant must have given the financial services provider a reasonable opportunity to respond to his complaint.
- If the financial services provider has a dispute resolution procedure that conforms to a model procedure published by CIFO, the eligible complainant generally has only 6 months from the date that the internal complaints procedure has been exhausted to bring a complaint to CIFO (unless the general time limit referred to below expires at an earlier date).
- Where the provider's dispute resolution procedure does not conform to the model procedure, the general time limit usually applies, which may give the eligible complainant a longer period to bring the complaint to CIFO: 2 years from the date the complainant reasonably should have been aware of their complaint or, if later, 6 years from the date of the complaint.
So there is a particular benefit in having a dispute resolution procedure that conforms to CIFO's model procedure in relation to any client who may be eligible to raise a complaint.
You may decide, for ease of administration and perceived fairness, that the same dispute resolution procedure should apply to all complaints, regardless of whether or not the complainant could take the complaint to CIFO, although this is not mandatory.
The dispute resolution procedure should be widely and freely available and communicated to all relevant individuals, who should also be reminded of it on request and also where complaints arise.
Please seek advice if you wish to know more about the steps you should take to adopt a disputes resolution procedure that conforms with CIFO's model procedure.
- Where a dispute arises, you should take careful advice on how to handle this
There are potentially costly financial and reputational risks involved in dealing with complaints which makes careful handling essential. For example:
- CIFO has a statutory obligation to determine complaints by reference to what it considers is "fair and reasonable in all the circumstances of the case". The behaviour of the parties, including where they have made any reasonable offer to resolve the dispute, may be relevant factors for CIFO when considering whether or not to reject a complaint at the outset, and may be relevant to its assessment of the complaint.
- CIFO has particular powers to require information and documentation which may change the usual approach a trustee might take to such requests. Failure to comply with such requests and/or providing misleading information may lead to a criminal offence, not just for any trustee but also potentially, if a corporate trustee, for any directors or other key decision makers.
Postscript: other service providers in Guernsey
Whilst this note has been produced primarily for those involved in pensions, it should be noted that other financial service providers may also be within CIFO's jurisdiction in relation to eligible complainants. By way of broad outline only, here is a summary of the various groups of other service providers. This is not intended to be a comprehensive list, and should not be relied upon as such. You should seek direct advice if you wish to confirm whether or not the services you provide might bring you within the scope of CIFO.
- Deposit-taking, as provided by
- regulated banks; and
- other deposit-takers that are excluded from the requirement to take out a banking licence
- Credit, as provided by
- lenders;
- credit brokers where principal business is financial services;
- credit reference agencies, debt-collectors and debt administrators; and;
- debt adjusters and debt counsellors (excluding advice that is free or from a charity)
- Money services, as provided by
- bureaux de change;
- cheque cashers; and
- money transaction providers.
- Insurance, as provided by
- regulated insurance companies;
- other insurers that are excluded for the requirement to take out an insurance licence; and
- insurance intermediaries.
- Investments, as provided by
- investment dealers;
- investment intermediaries; and
- managers and other functionaries of class A funds in Guernsey
The scope of CIFO's jurisdiction may also extend to successors to such businesses which are within its scope.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances. | https://www.mondaq.com/guernsey/fund-management-reits/489142/channel-islands-financial-ombudsman-notes-for-pension-providers |
Answers To Commonly Asked Civil Litigation Questions
Civil disputes can be extremely common legal situations that can cover a variety of issues. Due to the wide-ranging nature of civil law, it can be important for individuals to have a basic understanding of what to expect as they navigate the process of resolving these disputes.
When Should You Reach Out To An Attorney For Your Civil Dispute?
When individuals become involved in a dispute, they may make the mistake of waiting too long before they hire an attorney to represent them. This can be particularly devastating when the dispute involves potentially large sums of money. While it is usually advisable for individuals to attempt to resolve these disputes on their own, there will often be situations where one party is simply unwilling to admit to reasonable terms. Additionally, it is important to be mindful of the reality that there is no enforcement mechanism with private resolutions to major disputes. Due to these reasons, it is often advisable to hire a civil litigation lawyer as soon as you suspect that legal action may be required.
Do Civil Disputes Always End Up Going Through A Full Jury Trial?
One reason for individuals to avoid hiring an attorney is due to concerns about the need to go through an entire jury trial. However, this is not always necessary as an attorney may be able to help you with negotiating a settlement for the dispute. Furthermore, the attorney can also help with the preparation and review of legal documents as well as evidence. Also, an attorney can spare you from the hassle and uncertainty of having to handle all of the aspects of the case yourself. This can be extremely time-consuming, and you may be at a higher risk of making costly mistakes if you are attempting to represent yourself.
Is Appeal An Option In Civil Court Cases?
Unfortunately, it is possible for the initial trial to go against you. When this occurs, it can be easy to become discouraged or to assume that there are no other options forward. This is often due to individuals assuming that appeals are only possible for criminal cases. In reality, appeals are vital for both the civil and criminal parts of the court system as it can be possible for procedural errors to occur in any trial. By being able to file an appeal, it can be possible for these errors to be corrected. However, it should be noted that an appeal will not immediately result in a new trial as the appeal process is handled almost exclusively through written motions and filings. | http://portilla-velasco.com/2019/04/01/answers-to-commonly-asked-civil-litigation-questions/ |
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How Can Departments Support Grad Students in Labor Disputes?
Earlier this month, Harvard University’s Graduate Student Union voted to authorize a strike.
According to the Harvard Crimson,
This month’s strike authorization vote comes after nearly six months of contract negotiations between the union and the University. HGSU-UAW is calling on Harvard to allow independent arbitration for discrimination and sexual harassment complaints, as well as raise compensation and benefits in their second contract.
Reportedly, the graduate students are planning to strike if, by October 27th, they consider the negotiations unsuccessful.
In anticipation of the strikes, the Department of Philosophy at the university announced that it’s moving its annual Whitehead Lecture series, scheduled to begin October 29th, off-campus, at least for the 1st of the two lectures to be given, noting that “many members of the philosophical community will not want to attend events on the Harvard campus during the potential strike by the Harvard Graduate Student Union.” (By the way this year’s Whitehead lecturer is Seanna Schiffrin of UCLA, speaking that day on, appropriately enough, “Democratic Politics: Duty Delegation without Abdication”.)
The move was praised by the Harvard Graduate Student Union.
The events raise the question of what types of action departments might take when their graduate students are engaged in a labor dispute with administration, or on strike. What steps are available? Which are advisable? Discussion welcome.
I think this can be delicate, and potentially dangerous.
In the first place, while Justin’s main post asks only ‘what types of action departments might take when their graduate students are engaged in a labor dispute with administration, or on strike’, the title of the post is ‘How Can Departments *Support* Grad Students in Labor Disputes’ (emphasis mine), and that seems to be the overall thrust of the post. But presumably it’s not true a priori that the employer is always in the wrong in any labor dispute. So does the department need to form a collective assessment of each case? Does it need to reach a collective view on general ethical questions about whether strikes by teaching staff cause unjustified harm to students? Are these reasonable things for a faculty meeting to have to decide on? And since it’s an unavoidably political question, does it end up with the faculty having to come to a shared view on the politics of unionization, strike action, and so forth, even though that almost certainly means some faculty members end up politically strongly opposed to the politics of the majority?
In the second, while I don’t know anything in detail about the law here, it sounds legally problematic. Let’s suppose we do have this faculty meeting to decide what to do. We’re meeting, on our employer’s time and in our capacity as employees, to decide what action we should take to support a different group of employees in their action against our employer. In other employment contexts, that would be close to wildcat industrial action, and we could be disciplined or fired for it. It’s one thing for a hypothetical union of faculty members to decide how to advise their members on how to show solidarity to strikers; it’s another for an organizational sub-unit of the University itself to do so.
In the third, it puts anyone in the department with teaching administrative responsibility – the Chair, most obviously – in a very difficult position. The point of a strike by teaching staff is to put pressure on the employer by making it difficult or impossible to provide the teaching they’re obliged to provide to students. But it’s the specific job of the Chair to make sure that teaching happens. In other words, the chair, by virtue of the job they hold, has to work against the the strike. (As I recall, Chairs aren’t permitted to be part of unions, at least in Pennsylvania; this is why.) Again, that works okay if unionized faculty members take certain actions on the advice of their union: that’s then just one more problem for the Chair to deal with. But it’s very different if it’s the faculty qua faculty that’s deciding to take those actions.
I don’t, incidentally, think any of this applies to the Harvard Philosophy department’s statement, which is very carefully worded and can at least defensibly be read as a neutral response to the objective fact of the strike (given the strike, we’ll get a larger audience if we meet off-campus) rather than as active support.
Very good comments. Note also that the department chairs often aren’t part of the faculty–they’re temporarily administrators (i.e., during their terms as chair). And so the chair would be in a really precarious position if s/he sided with the graduate students against the administration of which that chair is part.
More generally, it doesn’t strike me that department faculty are well-positioned to have substantive views on labor disputes, which generally fall outside our areas of expertise. At a minimum, the details have to matter and there can’t be a bald mission to “support” graduate students during any and all labor disputes.
All of your points are fair and accurate. The structural and institutional (not individual, since, again, you’re basically right) cowardice they exemplify is the exact problem workers are organizing against. Administrations know they can count on faculty to offer well-reasoned qualifications that really are perfectly applicable to the individuals in question. But the material result is that concerted collective actions that could get us out of some of our quite bad local maxima and improve our institutions are instead undermined and end up less effective than they could be. That’s not the *fault* of any faculty member asking themselves how to respond to a strike, but sometimes the right thing to do is to help put right something that wasn’t your fault.
This is fair (it makes some political assumptions I’m not sure I share, but I try not to talk first-order politics here). One thing I’d pick up on is that you phrase the issue in terms of what an individual faculty *member* could do. I’m more comfortable with that question: asking how individual faculty members (or how several faculty members meeting informally, or how a faculty Union) can support a strike, rather than how a department can support a strike, bypasses at least some of my concerns. (I think some of the things they might decide to do could put them in legal jeopardy, but that’s their risk to take.)
I’m sceptical about the claim that Chairs are not permitted to be part of faculty unions. At least at my university, the cut off for Management is at at the Associate Dean level.
That, however, is part of way unit governance works: our Chairs are only one vote among many in the department. Other universities do structure departmental votes as advisory to the Chair qua Head of Department. So perhaps whether or not the Chair is part of a union is dependent on the local governance model.
The designation of chairs and professors as “management” is an anti-union strategy by universities. It’s of course complete nonsense, insofar as they are trying to expand middle-level non-academic management and make professors powerless at the same time. It is part of the larger strategy to turn universities into hedge funds.
The simple thought isn’t true (Dartmouth, e.g.). And the conclusion doesn’t follow.
But I don’t think Justin was implying that every department ought always to support graduate student union efforts, in any case. The question is just *how* we can do so. That seems like a good question, and I’m hoping the answers will be useful.
Thanks for your reply. I admit I was overlooking that there are research institutions that have different arrangements, like Dartmouth. Though, unless I’m mistaken, Dartmouth has an MA program and I am virtually certain its students’ funding is linked to TA-related duties.
If that’s right, graduate students are still subsidizing research faculty’s workload. If there are programs where faculty enjoy 2/2 loads without graduate student support, the economics must be so unique to the institution I’m not sure the point is generalizable; sounds to me like these are anomalies.
So I do think the ‘simple thought’ remains true, though I did overstate it. But as for whether the conclusion follows, I suppose my line of reasoning was something like: if A is necessary for B (in most cases, as per above), and holders of Bs value holding Bs, then these holders should value A.
If, say, a graduate union at my university is striking, and they picket the classroom where I’m supposed to teach a scheduled class, and for that reason I choose not to go in and teach my class, wouldn’t that be a direct breach of my contract of employment, completely unprotected by labor law or by tenure?
“Don’t cross picket lines” makes perfect sense if you’re a member of a striking union, or if you’re a customer of a business and you’re choosing to withhold your custom in solidarity with strikers. It’s another matter if you’re an employee who’s not a member of the union.
To be sure, that’s not to say there might not be reasons to do it anyway. Though as regards this thread, that seems to be something for individuals to decide, not departments – a department, qua department, resolving to adopt a policy of not crossing picket lines strikes me as wildly problematic, for the reasons I give above.
The amount of lay-speculation about the law in this thread is a bit surprising, considering how silly that speculation almost always turns out to be. Anyways, if anyone reading this is actually looking for substantive advice about the question in the title, you’re best off asking the union or your students with connections to the union, and keeping an open line of communication with them.
The union or the department’s students will have specific asks that differ case-by-case — sometimes they’re hoping faculty will sign petitions or draft a letter, sometimes they would really appreciate faculty support on the picket line, sometimes it would help for faculty to support students at meetings with the administration, sometimes communicating the details of the strike to students will be more important, etc. (Though as Phil mentioned, a main ask will almost always be not to cross the picket line.) And talking to the grad students and the union will help clarify both what the asks are and how to interpret them, along with the other parts of the labor dispute. E.g., if, as part of a strike, grad students are not grading for a period of time, it’s sometimes not clear to faculty that this also means they won’t be doing the missed grading when the strike is over. So just keeping that line of communication open is your best bet (and will also help avoid some of the misunderstandings and bad feelings that can come up in these situations).
“The amount of lay-speculation about the law in this thread is a bit surprising, considering how silly that speculation almost always turns out to be.”
My general experience is that the broad contours of the law are fairly logical and you can understand them if you do a bit of research, although when something is genuinely ambiguous then details of jurisprudence matter.
But in any case if you have specific criticisms of any of the broad claims made here (mostly by me, I think) about the legal situation I’d be interested to hear them.
The best thing faculty can do to support a striking union on campus is to make sure the faculty are also unionized. If the faculty are not organized, then they should organize. If the faculty are already organized, then they can ally with the striking students the way you would with any other bargaining unit on campus.
I think for those who share David Wallace’s qualms (which are fair and reasonable as far as they go) it is worth keeping in mind not only the relevant legal questions but also a realistic understanding of the power that resides with you. For example, whatever the law might say, I can promise you that a tenured professor at Harvard will not be fired for refusing to cross a graduate student picket line. Tenured professors wield much more power than graduate students and sometimes they downplay that power in order to justify their unwillingness to stand up for progressive causes within their institutions. Keep in mind tenured professors out there: if you feel precarious or weak, imagine what all of the people who could only dream of your level of job security must feel. | https://dailynous.com/2021/10/22/how-can-departments-support-grad-students-in-labor-disputes/ |
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The end of parking?
By: Bob Browand
Parking and transportation is a hot issue not only here at UH but around the country, as well as the world. Many European cities are charging a toll to bring vehicles into the central business district. Other areas have so few parking options that streets become packed with illegally parked vehicles, causing a mobility nightmare.
Now, I’m not suggesting we do that here, I’m just pointing out that we are not alone; however, there are trends developing here at home that may change the way we park.
Autonomous vehicles that drive themselves--think of a taxi without a driver--are on the way and could eliminate the need to park all together. After dropping off its passengers, these vehicles will just continue to the next pickup point, never parking.
Other trends suggest that younger generations are leaning away from driving at all and are instead opting to take advantage of alternative transportation options including public transportation, walking and biking
The Federal Highway Administration has released the following statements:
- Technology influences travel and how youth get their information
- Youth concerns for the environment play a role in their travel decisions
- More youth prefer to live in high-density areas where there are more modal options and shorter trip lengths
- High unemployment and personal income constraints limit resources for travel and cause youth to live with parents longer
- The average number of miles driven by “young drivers” (Americans between the ages of 16-34 years old) dropped 23 percent between 2001-2009
-Thompson, Olive. An End to Parking? Mother Jones January/February 2016.
The amount of young people with driver’s licenses is declining.
- The percentage of 20-24 year-olds with drivers licenses in 1983 was 91%, in 2008 was 82%, in 2011 was 79%, and in 2014 was 76%
- A survey taken on individuals between the ages of 18-39 without a driver’s license reported not having one for the following top 5 reasons:
- Too busy or not enough time to get a driver’s license.
- Owning and maintaining a vehicle is too expensive
- Able to get transportation from others
- Prefer to bike or walk
- Prefer to use public transportation.
- Of the respondents, 22% indicated that they plan on never getting a driver’s license. On the other hand, 69% expect to get a driver’s license within the next five years.
-Schoetle, Brandon and Michael Sivak. The Reasons for the Recent Decline in Young Drivers Licensing in the US. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, August 2013.
So there you have it, the projected future of parking--a new generation disinterested in driving and cars that never have to park--why didn’t I think of that!? | http://www.uh.edu/af-university-services/parking/blog/2017/feb2017/02012017.php |
Some thoughts on being in “the dumbest generation”
I have been fondly referring to last week as “WODAD”- the Week Of Destruction And Doom.
Reasons for WODAD were the three tests I had on Tuesday, project due on Wednesday, timed write on Friday, and SAT on Saturday. But that timed write is really what inspired me to write this.
The prompt on Friday was based on Mark Bauerlein’s book, The Dumbest Generation. According to Bauerlein, anyone under the age of thirty at this time is a part of the generation that knows essentially nothing about the world and its workings. I’m just going to share some of the things I wrote in my in-class essay and add a couple of other thoughts since I, as a student myself, resent the idea that my own generation is “dumb” and looked down upon by some individuals of older generations.
I grew up reading books, writing stories, painting whatever came to mind; for me, creating things based off what I see is my way of expressing what I have learned. Knowing specific facts has never been my forte, but I can confidently say that I am good at making even the minimum of something out of very little because I can utilize resources in different ways. Though individuals under thirty may have less hard knowledge about the world, they are open to independence and flexibility in what knowledge they do gain, therefore making it impossible for them to be “the dumbest generation.”
In his book, Bauerlein argues that “the advantages of twenty-first century teen life keep expanding… providing miraculously quick and effortless contact.” Bauerlein implies not only that the current generation is heavily dependent on these advantages and unable to be “intellectual” without internet resources that give every answer at the click of a finger but also that intelligence is defined solely by the amount of specific knowledge one has; this is a restrictive way to define one’s intelligence and it does not account for an individual’s independent ability to logically and selectively solve problems.
Ignorance of unnecessary facts reflects choice rather than dumbness. For example, the school system is actually slowly being adapted to accomodate this idea of the choice and evaluation of knowledge before memorizing as many hard facts as possible; it’s like learning the specific definitions of a thousand complicated SAT words rather than learning different word roots that may help deduce context and meaning. Individuals of this generation are more concerned with the latter, and they are independent in the sense that they work towards finding creative solutions rather than relying only on known facts.
A while back, I wrote a post about my own identity as a blogger and how I’ve found that so many individuals of my age around me identify themselves similarly through different creative platforms. The fact that there are so many of these online communities based around sharing personal creations of art, literature, music, and more demonstrates the high levels of passion and intelligence throughout this generation that heavily uses technology; passion drives us, passion motivates us, passion teaches us to learn as much as we can to better ourselves in whatever way possible.
And we respect each others’ push for creativity and individuality; so many of these communities are filled with people under thirty encouraging more and more content and ideas to circulate. Yet, older generation are looking down upon us; this only further proves the idea that the younger generation is more open-minded and receptive to new ideas and methods, indicating the younger generation’s overall intelligence and capabilities.
Those under thirty are said to be “the dumbest generation,” but in reality, we are the ones who are going to take the world forward into a new era of open-mindedness and acceptance. Rather than focusing on specific, rigid knowledge of only facts, we are going to use our flexibility and progress to benefit those who follow us; there’s only one way to go from here, and it’s forwards. | https://thewordyandnerdy.com/2016/01/25/some-thoughts-on-being-in-the-dumbest-generation/ |
Mental health is a growing concern in today’s society. Fortunately, there are different types of treatments available to those who are struggling with their mental health. One such treatment option is outpatient treatment, which is intended to provide support and guidance to individuals as they adjust to life outside of an inpatient facility.
Read More: 5 Reasons Why Traveling Is Beneficial for Your Mental Health
Common Signs of Mental Health Issues
The first step in having a discussion about mental health is being able to identify the common signs of mental illness. Anxiety, depression, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are just some examples of mental illnesses that can manifest themselves in various ways.
The most common signs to look for include changes in mood or behavior, difficulty sleeping or concentrating, feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness, excessive worrying or fearfulness, and thoughts of suicide or self-harm. It’s important to recognize these warning signs in yourself as well as those around you so you can reach out for help if needed.
Read More: Things to consider before you are purchasing a health insurance
Talking About Mental Health
Once you are familiar with the common signs associated with different types of mental illnesses, it’s time to start talking about it. Starting a dialogue about mental health may seem daunting but there are several ways you can approach this conversation without causing any discomfort or embarrassment.
It’s best to focus on asking questions rather than making assumptions and avoiding any type of judgmental language when discussing someone’s condition. Being open and honest as well as providing emotional support are also essential components when engaging in such conversations. Additionally, providing resources like websites or hotlines dedicated specifically to helping people with their mental health is also very helpful.
What is Outpatient Treatment?
Outpatient treatment allows individuals to receive mental health care while still being able to live at home and continue with their day-to-day activities. This type of treatment typically involves regular visits to the therapist or physician, which can be on a weekly or monthly basis depending on the individual’s needs.
Oftentimes, these treatments may also include group therapy sessions and/or medication management. While this form of care does not involve 24-hour supervision as an inpatient facility does, it is still important for individuals to have structure and routine during this time period if they want to make sure that their recovery is successful.
Read More: 5 Major Ways Cannabis Can Improve Mental Health
Benefits of Outpatient Treatment
Outpatient treatment offers several benefits that make it particularly attractive for those looking for support but who are not ready or do not need the full inpatient experience. Some of the most common benefits associated with outpatient treatment include:
- Flexible scheduling – This allows individuals to attend therapy sessions while still maintaining their normal daily routines.
- Cost savings – Not having to stay overnight means that individuals save money on lodging costs.
- Accessibility – Outpatient programs tend to be more accessible than inpatient programs since they are typically located much closer to where individuals live.
- Supportive environment – Individualized attention from medical professionals provides additional support during this difficult time.
- Independence – Since individuals still have some degree of autonomy during their treatment, they can learn how better manage their own illness without relying solely on professional help
- Intended Audience: People struggling with mental health issues
Read More: Clean Up Your Clutter Because It’s Actually Bad For Your Health
Outpatient treatment can be an effective way for those suffering from mental health issues to receive the help and support they need without having to go through a more intensive process like inpatient care.
With its flexibility and cost savings, many find outpatient treatment beneficial as it allows them access to quality care while allowing them to maintain some degree of freedom throughout the entire process. If you are looking for ways to manage your own mental health more effectively, consider reaching out to your doctor or therapist about participating in an outpatient program today! | https://creativeshory.com/what-is-an-outpatient-treatment-for-mental-health/ |
We offer our services in Project and Management Consultancy to our client. The quality and consistency of our services is based on the solid foundation of a structured knowledge base, appropriate tools & techniques and regular interaction with our clients and Financial Institutions. To offer best services, we provide the list of documents which are required for the proposed projects, obtained from the client(s) for preparation of Project Report(s) for financial assistance. MPCON not only provide project based support to the clients, but also provide additional information/support which suit them for their venture/unit, as and when required.
We offer need based Consultancy on :-
• Detailed Project Report (DPR) for new Entrepreneurs and Techno Economic Feasibility Report (TEFR) of the unit to avail financial assistance from Financial Institution(s).
• Modernization, Expansion & Diversification Feasibility Studies for new Technology, Installation of additional Plant & Machineries, New Product(s)/Services, Value added process, new market for existing units/ venture(s).
• Market Potential Survey to assess the Demand of the product, its universe, Demand- Supply Gap, Product Knowledge, Market Strategy, Market Segmentation etc.for new and existing client(s).
• Evaluation Studies for Central and State Government Department and Financial Institutions’ Schemes.
• Raw Material Availability Studies to assess the quality ,quantity, procurement process of RM, its price, supply etc
• Loan Syndication from financial institutions from unit’s inception to the commencement of the project.
• Sick Unit Rehabilitation studies as per the norms and prepare Rehabilitation Study Report after assessing Technical & Financial aspects. | https://www.mpconsultancy.org/services/project-and-management-consultancy/ |
In November 2020, following the decision to exclude Huawei as a supplier of 5G network infrastructure in the UK, the Government published a 5G Supply Chain Diversification Strategy setting out its plans to build "an open, innovative and diverse 5G supply chain to ensure the security and resilience of the UK's digital networks".
In February 2021, the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee published a report, "5G market diversification and wider lessons for critical and emerging technologies", which highlighted the risks to network resilience and security by relying on just two vendors for the UK's 5G rollout, namely Ericsson and Nokia.
In its report, the Committee said that the Government's 5G supply chain diversification strategy had come too late to prevent this, and would, by its own admission, take years to achieve any success. It called on the Government to publish, within three months, a more detailed action plan for implementing its diversification strategy. This action plan should include:
- a programme of research and development actively managed by the Government: the Government must drive the effort with industry and academia to meet its long-term objectives rather than take a passive approach;
- a range of measures to diversify the market: OpenRAN is one route to diversification, but as its success is uncertain, it should not be regarded as a "silver bullet" for 5G supplier diversification; and
- international co-operation: the UK accounts for a small proportion of the global telecommunications market, so international co-ordination will be critical; the Committee recommends that the Government establish a standing forum for international co-operation on diversifying the telecommunications market.
Further, the Committee said, in order to avoid similar situations arising in other technologies, the Government should act to urgently assess its potential dependence on suppliers of emerging technologies. It called on the Government to publish a new assessment of the risks of global technological divergence of standards, and the UK's action plan, within 12 months.
In response to the 5G issue, the Government has said that it has commenced work to establish test facilities for new suppliers and deployment models, funded a range of Open RAN trials through the DCMS 5G Testbeds and Trials Programme, and convened international discussions to build consensus across the global market.
Further, it said that the DCMS's recently established Diversification Taskforce had published a report containing recommendations across four primary areas:
- the role of Government in ensuring that international standards-setting for 5G works for the UK;
- potential government and regulatory interventions, such as defragmenting spectrum or sunsetting 2G and 3G;
- opportunities to accelerate the development and adoption of Open RAN; and
- long-term ambitions for domestic capability in future telecoms.
The Government said that it will respond to the findings of the Diversification Taskforce and set out the detailed steps that it will take to drive the implementation and delivery of its strategy before summer recess 2021, including specific deliverables and milestones. This will include setting out the Government's approach to the next round of targeted research and development (R&D) investment.
As for emerging technologies, the Government said that it has committed, in the Integrated Review for the UK, to be more active in shaping the open international order of the future: using its convening power and working with others to ensure it is fit for the 21st century and more resilient to short-term shocks and long-term challenges.
Building coalitions of like-minded nations around common values, including through its G7 Presidency and the Future Tech Forum, will be central, the Government said. The DCMS is leading the G7's Digital and Tech Ministerial Track which seeks to demonstrate the need for a trusted, values-driven digital ecosystem that can enhance prosperity in a way that is both inclusive and sustainable.
Beyond the G7, the Government said that the DCMS is leading work on the Future Tech Forum, which will seek to create a sustained dialogue with a broader set of international partners, building consensus around the core principles that guide the evolution of the international technology ecosystem, in support of shared democratic values. It will also consider how the international community can harness digital technologies to tackle shared global challenges.
As for Artificial Intelligence, the Government said that it is shaping emerging norms and normative frameworks as a founder member of the Global Partnership on AI, which has a focus on ethics and responsibility.
Further, the Government said, the DCMS is preparing a Digital Strategy, and a National Data Strategy which will complement the BEIS Innovation Strategy to be published in summer 2021. These, together with the Defence Science and Technology Strategy, and AI Strategy, will set out how the UK will achieve its goal and approach to critical and emerging technologies. To read the Government's response in full, click here.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances. | https://www.mondaq.com/uk/telecoms-mobile-cable-communications/1078010/government-publishes-response-to-house-of-commons-science-and-technology-committee39s-report-highlighting-the-risks-to-network-resilience-and-security-of-relying-on-just-two-vendors-for-the-uk39s-5g-rollout |
Competition in the Rice Industry: An Issues Paper
Competition in the Rice Industry: An Issues Paper EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Rice is the primary staple of and most widely grown crop in the Philippines. The effi cient operati on of the rice market depends on free and fair competi ti on throughout the value chain. Recently though, concerns have been raised about the degree of competi ti on in rice markets.
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The rice business
On the average a good commercial mill working with good HYV paddy will yield 65% rice of which 80% is head rice, 17% is brokers, 8% is rice bran, and the remainder is the hull. From 0.825 ton of clean and dry paddy, a miller will yield 536 kg of ungraded milled rice, and 66 kg of bran. | https://www.aniapalka.pl/techno-economic-feasibility.html |
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Strategic Management-Apple Inc.
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CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
OF
APPLE INC.
Levels of Strategies
Apple’s Corporate Level of Strategy
* Low level of diversification (1976-1996)
They started continuously developed their products up until the evolutionary of Macintosh.
* However, their development restrained only to computers, chips and software which indicates low diversification applied by Apple at that time.
* Apple is considered as a Dominant Business type of diversification where between 70% and 95% of their revenue comes from a single business.
* From this case, the dominant business is the computer business while the supporting are software and chips businesses.
* Through adaption of this strategy, apple was able to penetrate the computer’s market share at the beginning. This is evidenced by Apple reaching annual sales of $100 million from its 1st computer and in 1984, the new Macintosh pushed Apple’s sales to $1.5 billion
* However, soon Apple faced some competition when in 1981, IBM released its first personal computer and the computer market began to grow with more players come in into the market. Up until 1990, the competition become worst for Apple when Microsoft released Windows 3.0, the first universal software that could run on nearly every PC where it meets the demand of the consumers who wants the compatible operating systems. Loss amounted in 1996-1997 due to demand for standardize software & stiff competition. Due to those problems, adapting this strategy was no longer effective for Apple in generating revenues and conquering the market share.
* Moderate to high level of diversification
When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, he plans to diversify Apple business from computer to the hub of consumer digital lifestyle. The new strategy includes the development of new iMac
* Vertical Integration
* Reducing costs and increasing efficiency were the key priorities involved in Apple under Vertical Integration
* Horizontal Integration...
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As mentioned in my Teaching Philosophy, learning is a commitment to the process of personal growth and transformation. These professional development opportunities are examples of my personal commitment to this intentional, formative, and unending process – with goals to enhance the impact of my educational development work in transforming the teaching and learning landscape in higher education.
Conferences that I have attended:
2019
Cascadia Open Education Summit, Simon Fraser University Harbour Centre, April 2019
Open In Action, KPU Richmond Campus, March 2019
2018
ETUG Fall Workshop, Emily Carr University of Art and Design, November 2018
Educational Developers Caucus Conference, University of Victoria, February 2018
First Year Educator’s Symposium, University of British Columbia, January 2018
2017
Learning Specialist Association of Canada Regional Conference, December 2017
Conferences that I have presented at:
2018
Doner, S., Chen, D., & Fraser, R. (2018, May). Pop-up Community of Practice for Accessibility in Post-Secondary Education. Interactive session presented at the Festival of Learning of BCcampus. (Session Plan)
Other professional development opportunities:
UBC Certificate in Organizational Coaching, UBC Extended Learning, September 2018 – April 2019
I completed a part-time International Coaching Federation (ICF) – Accredited Coach Training Program (ACTP) to develop the skills and confidence to influence positive engagement, culture and performance in individuals, teams and groups. I am currently working towards my ICF Associated Certified Coach (ACC) credential.
Advancing Learning Through Evidence-Based STEM Teaching, Centre for the Integration of Research, Teaching and Learning (CIRTL), January – February 2017
Through this network of research-intensive universities interested in improving STEM undergraduate teaching through graduate student and postdoc training, I completed an eight-week online course to learn about “teaching as research” – a deliberate, systematic, and reflective use of research methods to develop and implement teaching practices that advance the learning experiences and outcomes of both students and instructors.
Certificate Program in Advanced Teaching and Learning, UBC CTLT, September 2015 – December 2016
This program supports graduate students seeking excellence in teaching and learning in their future roles as faculty and in other educational leadership positions. Through interactive in-person sessions and online module participation, interdisciplinary participants grapple with pedagogical theories, confront and examine our assumptions around teaching and learning, and integrate learning through teaching practicum supported by mentors/teaching practitioners. Additionally, critical reflection and self-appraisal skills were encouraged and cultivated through maintaining a teaching reflection blog throughout the program.
Psych 503: Teaching in Psychology, Department of Psychology, UBC, January – May 2015
The course aims to empower novice instructors to effectively help others learn, while making well-informed, thoughtful instructional decisions. I enrolled in this cross-interdisciplinary course to further explore different perspectives on good teaching, lesson planning and classroom management, course design, evaluation of learning, and effective use of technology. It helped me deepen and integrate my ongoing learning with goals to become a more effective scholarly instructor.
Last Updated: May 5, 2019
Photo Credit: geralt via Pixabay. Creative Commons 0. | https://blogs.ubc.ca/dchen/about/professional-development/ |
The Center for Online Learning, Research and Service strives to empower UIS faculty in the delivery of online education, support original scholarly research, build synergies between research and online education practices, and build online collaborations.
UIS Online: An integral part of the UIS Community
- 2,104 students enrolled in online programs.
- 4,411 students (80%) took at least one online course.
- 2,474 students had fully online schedules.
- 54% of class sections were delivered online.
- 48 states represented by online students.
- 15 countries represented by online students.
World Class Teaching
As part of our mission to provide UIS students with a premier educational experience, COLRS:
- develops and supports faculty in delivering high-quality online and blended teaching.
- provides customized professional development for departments and colleges.
- reviews technology solutions to support online and blended learning, provides recommendations, and offers training and support on adopted solutions.
Annual Highlights
Over 25 faculty members attended the COLRS Fall Open House to learn how COLRS supports faculty.
In collaboration with the Provost’s Office, COLRS provided in-person training to all new faculty at the Teaching & Learning Academy.
Through the Faculty Development Office, COLRS offered professional development workshops and faculty conversations on many topics:
- accessibility (workshop series)
- inspirational ideas/innovation showcase
- quality assurance
- experiential learning
- artificial intelligence
- open educational resources
- designing for academic integrity
- best practices for face-to-face teaching
- tackling diversity
- developing grading rubrics
- blockchain research
- applying broadcast skills to online instruction
- tips for gearing up for the new semester
In October, COLRS delivered a three-day professional development workshop on "Digital Accessibility for Educators."
COLRS provided faculty with a searchable Teaching Tips blog for on-demand access to teaching support and pedagogical resources.
COLRS supported the adoption of two new educational tools: Equatio (supporting Mathematics and Science) and Respondus Monitor (supporting academic integrity during low-stakes assessment).
COLRS revised and facilitated the Building Digital Community self-paced course for faculty and staff. During the year, 84 faculty and staff successfully completed the course.
UIS faculty and staff enhanced their online education skills by completing courses offered by the Illinois Online Network, a unit of COLRS.
UIS ranked #33 for Best Online Bachelor's Programs and #33 for Best Online Master's in Business by US News & World Report. UIS was honored with several other awards and recognition for its leadership in online education.
Personal Attention
As part of our mission to provide UIS students with a premier educational experience, COLRS offers personalized consultation with faculty to develop curriculum that is intentional, efficient, relevant, and responsive to the development of students.
Annual Highlights
COLRS provided peer review of online course design for faculty and guided them through instructional design improvements.
COLRS provided technological consultation and support for the creation of digital course content. COLRS eLearning Specialists Emily Boles and Carrie Levin supported many faculty in creating videos using the lightboard, shaky hand, and green screen studios.
COLRS assisted Dr. Jennifer Martin, Assistant Professor of Teacher Education, in producing her podcast, eduCATE: Caring Activist Teachers for Equity.
To meet the needs of a diverse student body, COLRS supported faculty in creating and using accessible materials for online and on-campus courses through one-on-one and departmental consultations, workshops and training.
COLRS Campus Accessibility Specialist Vance Martin led the effort to review 65 online courses for accessibility and to remediate 1,225 digital files.
COLRS promoted affordability through the Open Education Resources (OER) Fellows program that encouraged faculty to select and use content that is openly available to eliminate students' textbook costs.
COLRS and the OER Fellows shared their experiences at two regional conferences: the Annual Conference of the Illinois Council on Continuing Higher Education Annual and the Faculty Summer Institute.
Experienced Engaged
As part of our mission to provide UIS students with a premier educational experience, COLRS aims to provide faculty, staff, and students with engaged experiences.
Annual Highlights
Through the Faculty Fellows Program, COLRS invested in the ongoing development of faculty to integrate teaching, scholarship and outreach activities. Nine UIS Faculty participated in the Faculty Fellows Program during the year: Egbe Egiebor (Public Health), Carol Jessup (Accountancy), Layne Morsch (Chemistry), Laurel Newman (Center for Academic Success), Kimberly Wiley (Public Administration), Josiah Alamu (Public Health), Donna Bussell (English), Youngjin Kang (Human Services), and Mohammed Mohi Uddin (Accountancy).
COLRS hosted a Visiting Research Assistant Professor who collaborated with faculty on research projects.
COLRS Workforce Instructional Integration Specialist Tammy Craig's involvement on the Student Technology Arts & Research Symposium planning committee promoted online students’ involvement in learning beyond the classroom.
As part of National Distance Learning Week, COLRS created a challenge aimed to increase online students’ awareness about UIS academic and professional development resources, services, experiential opportunities, and financial savings perks.
COLRS oversaw a team of student workers who developed valuable office and technical skills, including the creating, editing, and remediating digital content.
COLRS collaborated with Online Program Coordinators to create an online orientation course for incoming online students.
COLRS staff members participated in their own engaged experiences which included the University of Illinois Academic Professional Leadership Program, consultations at other higher education institutions, working with the IBAAN School in Mexico City, and participation in campus organizations such as SafeZone and the Discovery Partners Institute.
Liberal Art Skilled
As part of our mission to provide UIS students with a premier educational experience, COLRS is actively engaged in collaborations, outreach, and innovations to integrate liberal art skills.
Annual Highlights
COLRS staff published 27 research articles or chapters in several outlets including Online Learning Journal, Technology Leadership for Innovation in Higher Education, Ensuring Quality and Integrity in Online Learning Programs, Handbook of Distance Education, Evollution, Best of Teaching Professor Conference, Distance Teaching & Learning Conference Proceedings, and Virtually Inspired. UIS Associate Vice Chancellor for Online Learning Ray Schroeder published a regular column for Inside Higher Ed.
COLRS staff were interviewed for over a dozen news articles and publications including The Chronicle of Higher Education, IBL News, Inside Higher Ed, and The Leading Learning Podcast.
COLRS staff delivered 44 presentations which included the Online Learning Consortium Accelerate Conference, Teaching Professor Conference, Association of Illinois Real Estate Educators, IMS Global Learning Consortium, UPCEA Regional Conferences, Growing Online Learning Conference, Teaching with Technology Conference, Illinois Council of Continuing Higher Education Annual Conference, Faculty Summer Institute, Academic Impressions, Midwest Regional Association of Developmental Education, and Distance Teaching & Learning Conference.
Presentations were delivered at other institutions of higher education including Grand Valley State University, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Indiana University, Richland Community College, Kaskaskia College, Harper College, St. Louis Christian College, Southwestern Illinois College, Lewis & Clark Community College, University of North Texas, Georgia College & State University, and Southeast Missouri State University.
COLRS Executive Director Vickie Cook organized a conversation for online learning professionals on the emerging topic of microcredentialing. Over forty online learning professionals attended the web conversation.
COLRS Associate Director Michele Gribbins and Mathematics Associate Professor Tung Nguyun interviewed UIS faculty to uncover best practices for using online video proctoring to improve the integrity of testing in online classes.
COLRS staff served the online learning profession, often in leadership roles: National Council for Online Education, Illinois Secretary of State Literacy Grant Advisory Board, Illinois Council on Continuing Higher Education (Treasurer & Membership Chairs), Microsoft-ATHENS, Faculty Summer Institute (Exhibitors & Sponsors Committee Co-Chair), Collaborative Higher Education Research Group, UPCEA Online Administration Network (Vice Chair for Annual Conference & Special Events), UPCEA Annual Conference Advisory, UPCEA Central Region Conference Planning, and the EU GDPR Distance Learning Working Group (Co-Chair).
COLRS staff served the University in multiple capacities:
- University of Illinois System Committees: University of Illinois System Online Management & Planning Team, University of Illinois System Online Educational Research Collaborative (Chair), Discovery Partner Institution & Illinois Innovation Network (Education & Workforce Committee Co-Chair)
- UIS Committees: Academic Professional Advisory Council (Chair), Chancellor's Academic Professional Excellence Award, Institutional Research Board, Institutional Research Group, Institutional Data Advisory Group, Academic Technology, EAB Student Success Collaborative Analytics Project Team, and the Institutional Data Users Group
- UIS Search Committees: College of Business & Management Dean, Education Leadership Associate/Full Professor (Chair), Director of Peoria Center (Chair), Online Advisor Business Administration, Senior Data Analyst, Librarian, and COLRS Extra Help Technical
COLRS Information Technology Technical Associate John Freml was recognized with the Past Presidents' Award for his work as Membership Chair for the Illinois Council on Continuing Higher Education.
COLRS staff completed peer reviews for many scholarly publications and conferences: Online Learning Journal (Editorial Review Board), International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching, Marriage and Family Review, Electronic Journal of E-Learning, Educational Researcher, A Journal of the International Christian Community for Teacher Ed, UPCEA Summit for Online Leadership & Administration + Roundtable, and the Americas Conference on Information Systems. | https://spark.adobe.com/page/u0bjwPv1Mk4WR/ |
Foresight and Futures Studies:
worked with New Economic Foundation, London, to create handbook for futures-focussed community development planning, 1996; advised DEMOS (London-based policy research center) on scenario building for the U.K. National Health and Dental plans, 1996; designed a scenarios-and-vision-based strategic planning approach for the State of Hawaii Department of Health, 1995; drafted an emerging issues analysis for the Supreme Court of the State of Virginia, 1995; initiated and designed a "cyberspace" campus on the Internet for the University of Hawaii, September 1994; designed guidebook and training workshops in scenario-building for the Hawaii Community Services Council, October '93 through June '94; designed and implemented visioning workshop for the World Futures Studies Federation, September 1993; designed coursebook and long-range vision workshops for state courts, 1991-1992, with pilot workshops for the Sixth Judicial Circuit of Florida and the Supreme Court of Oregon; designed and developed workshop materials for both a scenario-building workshop and a preferred vision workshop for the Office of State Planning, State of Hawaii, September-November 1991; designed and coordinated a visioning workshop for the Hawaii Department of Health; designed alternative futures training for Micronesian diplomats (U.S. Foreign Service); developed alternative scenarios for international immigration, method: incasting (State Justice Institute); explored impacts of expanded satellite communications systems on Pacific island nation scientific productivity (U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Agency); evaluated alternative science and technology policies as basis for alternative Pacific island development scenarios (Pacific International Center for High Technology Research); analyzed and forecast natural gas trade, specifically focussing on Asia and the Pacific (U.S. Department of Energy).
Teaching:
Finland Futures Academy, 2002 -- taught an undergraduate introduction to futures studies course on-line; 1996 to 2000, taught six different graduate seminars in futures studies, including intro, research methods, systems analysis, facilitation, and world futures at the University of Houston - Clear Lake; prepared and delivered the "Introduction to Futures Studies," and "Introduction to Visioning" lectures for the International Space University's Summer Session and Master of Space Sciences programs; taught Political Science 171, "Introduction to Political Futuristics" (University of Hawaii); and taught integrated futures studies and planning during courses developed for the Asia-Pacific Development Planning Institute (U.S. A.I.D.).
Facilitation:
facilitated the team visioning for the design projects of the the '95 International Space University Summer Session and the inaugural '95 Master's program; organized "Facilitators' Roundtable," a monthly colloquium series for professional facilitators and mediators in Hawaii (ongoing), 1994; facilitated community focus groups identifying natural resources, their uses, and potential use conflicts in North Kauai, 1994; facilitated Hawaii Community Services Council's scenario-building workshops, 1993-1994; facilitated World Futures Studies Federation's vision/planning activities, XIIth World Conference, September 1993; facilitated "PEACESAT Future Directions Workshop," October 1992; facilitated small group visioning sessions, "The Courts in the 21st Century" (State of Hawaii Judiciary); facilitated small group scenario building and plenary vision design for the Office of State Planning; facilitated a visioning workshop for the Hawaii Department of Health; facilitated alternative futures training for Micronesian diplomats (U.S. Foreign Service); and designed and facilitated the leaders' workshop in environmental futures envisioning, Republic of the Marshall Islands (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).
Planning/Environmental Management:
developed and implemented a process for community input into a regional resource management plan for North Kauai, Hawaii, March 1994; assessed current analyses of El Nino Southern Oscillation impacts vis-a-vis Pacific Basin economies (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), November 1992; contributed to drafting the Hawaii Ocean Resources Management Plan, December 1990; evaluated Hawaii State Coastal Zone Management Program, drafting policy and program suggestions, 1990; assessed and elaborated alternative scenarios for sea level rise in Pacific island nations, method: analytic hierarchy process (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).
Technical Research:
analyzed oil spill impacts and current management strategies as relevant to Hawaii and the Pacific island micro-states (Office of State Planning, State of Hawaii); inventoried and analyzed research telecommunications patterns between Hawaii and the Pacific island nations (Pacific Basin Development Council); inventoried and analyzed Japan's LNG import facilities and subsidiary infrastructure (U.S. Department of Energy); compiled technical review of the international natural gas trade (Ministry of Planning, Kingdom of Sa'udi Arabia).
Writing/Editing:
developed Task Force briefing papers for The Nature Conservancy's Alien Species Action Plan project, 1994; since 1987, edited Center for Development Studies working paper series; compiled, formatted, and edited the coursebook and final report for the Asia-Pacific Development Planning Institute (U.S. A.I.D.); from 1983 through 1987, edited project publications related to the OPEC Downstream Project and Asian Energy Security Project at the East-West Center, including OPEC, The Gulf, and The World Petroleum Market, Westview Press, 1983; from 1981 through the present, free-lanced as an editor.
Rapporteur:
rapporteured and edited workshop/discussion sessions of the Pacific Islands Network conference on Global Climate Change, September 1994; recorder, "El Nino Southern Oscillation Applications Workshop," sponsored by NOAA, October 1992; rapporteured and edited the proceedings of the State of Hawaii Office of International Relations conference, "The Oceans and the Environment: A Pacific Island Perspective," April 1992; organized, facilitated, and rapporteured the Pacific Basin Development Council's November 1991 Pacific Basin Oil Spill Response Capacity Workshop; rapporteured working sessions and panel sessions for the Pacific Telecommunications Conference, 1985-1988; rapporteured a variety of workshops and international conferences for the Resource Systems Institute, East-West Center, 1979-1983.
Management/Administration:
over seven years' experience in writing, acquiring, and administering research and educational grants totalling over $500,000; supervising both research and support staff; organizing and coordinating conferences, workshops, and lecture series.
PUBLICATIONS
Futures Studies:
15 November 2001
Back home.
Email me your queries or comments. | http://infinitefutures.com/resume.html |
SSRI will periodically host workshops for students, staff and faculty surrounding the SSRI frameworks. Please review the available workshops below.
PRE-CONFERENCE WORKSHOP
Collaboration by Design:
Intentionally Guiding Groups through the Collaborative Process
“Collaboration” is one of those buzzwords that pepper job descriptions, vision statements, and strategic plans (and conference themes!), but what does it actually entail? In many common Higher Education settings, we assume that leaders and group members will just intuit what collaboration is and how to make it happen; however, guiding a group in a collaborative process is a skill to be developed so that it happens thoughtfully, purposefully, and intentionally. In this workshop, Dr. Kasi Kiehlbaugh, Director for Health Sciences Design, and Tom Murray, Director for Professional Development in SSRI, will help participants understand the collaborative mindset and learn the steps to collaborating effectively.
Learn more and RSVP below.
Collaboration by Design:
Intentionally Guiding Groups through the Collaborative Process
Free event open to all UA Faculty, Staff, and Students
Friday, November 22, 2019
8:30-10:00am | Check-in and Breakfast at 8:00am
Location: the NEW Health Science Innovation Building, Room 305
RSVP
Please reserve your spot by November 19!
If you have any questions, please contact Tom Murray - [email protected]
Options for getting to the NEW Health Sciences Innovation Building:
- Use the pedestrian underpass at Warren
- Take the Streetcar to the northern terminus at Warren
- Park at the Highland or Health Sciences Garages
- Take the Purple or Green lines of the CatTran to the northern terminus on Drachman
About the Presenters:
- Dr. Kasi Kiehlbaugh is the Director for Health Sciences Design. In this new Health Sciences program, Kasi develops courses that teach students how to apply design thinking principles to health and wellness challenges through experiential project-based collaborative learning. With a research focus on improving STEM education, her passion is teaching (and co-teaching) courses designed to foster interdisciplinary collaboration between peer groups from across the University. She is working to support institutional change in educational practices at UA by advocating for the increased adoption of high-impact teaching practices, training in culturally responsive practices for undergraduate research mentors, program-level assessment as a mechanism for continuous improvement, and more comprehensive faculty and staff development. Kasi completed her B.S. and M.S. at the University of Arizona and her Ph.D. at UC Berkeley—all in chemical engineering. She is also a Faculty Fellow at the new Honors Village and one of UA’s original HSI Fellows, reflecting her deep commitment to equity and inclusion.
- Tom Murray has been working in higher education since 2003 but also has experience prior to that in retail, food service, and entertainment industries. He draws on all of these experiences – from driving the diesel kiddie train at a local amusement park to giving 400+ person lectures – as a strengths coach, workshop facilitator, and speaker. Tom received a Bachelor of Science in mathematics from Loyola University Chicago before earning a Master of Arts in counseling psychology from Northwestern University offering a balance between analytical reasoning and an understanding of human development and behavior. He is currently the Director of Professional Development for Student Success & Retention Innovation at the University of Arizona where he facilitates professional development opportunities for over 150 professional staff.
Small Acts Transform the World: Micromessaging and Student Success
SSRI is happy to offer workshops to campus groups on the topic of microaffirmations. Microaffirmations are small acts, public and private, that can foster a sense of inclusion and support. Workshops can range from 45 minutes to two hours depending on your group’s needs. If you would like to schedule a workshop, please fill out the workshop request form here. If you have any questions or would like to discuss your group’s needs further, please contact Tom Murray at [email protected]. | https://studentsuccess.arizona.edu/workshops |
IUPS Teaching Workshops
The IUPS sponsors national and regional teaching workshops that enhance the knowledge and skills of faculty who teach physiology. The flagship event is an international workshop which is held every 4 years as a satellite to the IUPS Congress. During the years between the IUPS Congress, smaller workshops around the globe address regional teaching needs. These activities range from workshops embedded within a conference program to stand-alone workshops of a 1 to 3-day duration. Meeting Reports are regularly published in Advances in Physiology Education, providing insights into current topics of educational interest.
For example see: Chandran et al., Physiology without borders: report on physiology education workshops in India-IUPS Initiatives (2018-2019). Adv Physiol Educ.44(3):309-313, 2020. doi:10.1152/advan.00050.2020)
Chandran et al. IUPS Physiology Education Workshop series in India: organizational mechanics, outcomes, and lessons. Adv Physiol Educ 44: 709–721, 2020; doi:10.1152/advan.00128.2020.
Teaching Workshops Promote Faculty Professional Development
Teaching workshops emphasize the hands-on development of expertise in learner-centered educational methods. Workshops are most commonly structured as a series of experiential activities and a limited number of plenaries. Facilitators are a mix of local and international experts who provide feedback to participants as they develop and practice facilitation skills.
The IUPS approach is to “Teach the teacher”, providing participants with knowledge and materials to share with their colleagues when they return to their home institution. This way the impact of the workshops is multiplied, and the physiologists become a valuable local resource. In addition, the workshops emphasize networking opportunities with a supportive group of colleagues.
Physiologists Shift to Learner-Centred Educational Approaches
The last 40 years has seen a marked shift in curriculum toward modalities that place the learner at the center of the educational activity. The educational literature has documented the learning gains when active learning approaches are incorporated into classes. Workshops have provided facilitator training in diverse instructional methods as determined by the organizing committee. The Problem Based Learning approach allows students to establish and resolve their own learning objectives. Case Based Learning is a little more structured, with the cases providing a direct link between physiology and medicine. The Flipped Classroom approach has the students learn material before the session, with the class time devoted to practice problems. Each of these approaches requires a marked change in the role of the faculty from being a provider of information to be a facilitator of learning.
Sharing resources globally is accomplished by the IUPS Education listserv. This forum also provides announcements of upcoming educational opportunities and supports the community of physiology educators. | https://www.iups.org/activities/teaching-workshops/ |
Whether you are a member community with or without a school, you play an important role for students. That is why we work hand in hand with you, giving you our full support, to coordinate your training and development activities. We encourage ongoing improvement of the quality of instruction by providing school administration and educational support services on an on-demand basis. We also continue to support and build on innovative practices developed by our member community schools. Because the key to success, is working together!
We provide the following services adapted to your needs:
School administration services for FNEC-member communities:
- policy development;
- government partnership liaison;
- success plan development, implementation and monitoring;
- management of FNEC educational programs;
- student record management and CANO user training;
- school administrator network organization and support;
- distance education service coordination.
Educational support services that meet the needs of FNEC-member communities:
- developing literacy and numeracy skills;
- creating a network of professionals in special education to support exceptional students;
- communicating professional and school-related information (e.g. theme-based workshops for students);
- integrating technology in education (e.g. training on using the interactive whiteboard in school);
- organizing networking activities for school staff;
- pooling and sharing best practices in education;
- establishing and guiding professional learning communities;
- setting up meetings and training workshops for school teams;
- developing and distributing teaching material such as the Youth Literature Inventory;
- making group purchasing arrangements for teaching material (books, software, etc.) and training programs to promote economies of scale;
- providing training and support on the use of educational material (Banque d’instruments de mesure (BIM), Repères, Career Cruising, the Educational Video Collection, Learn Quebec, etc.).
Got questions? Need help? Contact Annie Gros-Louis. | https://cepn-fnec.com/en/sectors/educational-services/ |
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This session explores a case study of developing a new leadership team dedicated to improving teaching and learning culture and practices within an existing local academic unit. We will expose and examine key conditions and requirements for fostering collective leadership and creating new structures for change at the local level within a comprehensive university setting. We will share how visioning and strategic planning including visual facilitation techniques (Sibbett, 2011) and leadership team coaching methods (Hawkins, 2011) resulted in collective vision, shared strategic priorities, and action plans. We will draw on socio-cultural and socio-material educational research (Fenwick and Nerland, 2014), and we will share the story of moving from single-point to collective ownership over professional development at a Vancouver business school.After we briefly describe the context and share results from our experience, participants will use image-based tools (Martel and Tiernan, n.d.) and facilitated discussion to explore the following question:
What conditions must be in place to foster collaborative and collective ownership around teaching and learning in disciplines?This session will appeal to experienced educational developers, faculty leaders, and committee chairs interested in organizational change, professional and work-based learning, and socio-cultural theory.
Fenwick, T. and Nerland, M. eds. (2014). Reconceptualizing professional learning: Sociomaterial knowledges, practices, and responsibilities. New York: Routledge.
Hawkins, P. (2011). Leadership team coaching: Developing collective transformational leadership. London: Kogan Page.
Martell, C., & Tiernan, T. (n.d.). VisualsSpeak. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://www.visualsspeak.com/
Sibbett, D. (2009). Visual teams: Graphic tools for commitment, innovation and high performance. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Speakers
DR
David Rubeli (Simon Fraser University)
BB
Barbara Berry (Simon Fraser University)
SJ
Shauna Jones (Simon Fraser University)
BerryRubeliJones STHLE Conference 18June Final
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Thursday June 18, 2015 10:30am - 11:15am
Chairman Room
Educational Development
Workshop Format
45-Minute Interactive Session
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Event questions? | https://stlhe15.sched.com/event/3NJR/con0504-leadership-team-coaching-to-develop-teaching-and-learning-capacity-in-a-business-school |
Manitoba Education announced a Rural Education Action Plan for Student Services in October 2008 to enhance the delivery of programming for students in rural and northern Manitoba who have exceptional learning needs. The initiative addresses the unique needs of rural and northern school divisions through enhanced consultative support for programming, increased professional learning opportunities, a clinician bursary and access to technology software and hardware to assist rural and northern divisions/schools in providing appropriate educational supports for students with exceptional learning needs including students with learning disabilities.
Information for Schools, Students, and Families
The Rural and Northern Consultants completed a consultation process with each rural and northern school division in 2008/2009. From these consultations an Action Plan was developed to begin to address the needs identified.
A video conferencing system at 1181 Portage has been set up to provide access to professional learning opportunities for teachers in their own community. This technology can also be used for live video conferences and consultation. Technology such as video conferencing will increase the opportunities for rural and northern school educators to participate in the development of support materials and to access professional learning opportunities. The technology can also be used by school divisions to access consultant support from Manitoba Education to assist in planning for students with special needs.
As part of the Rural and Northern Initiative, Manitoba Education has developed a lending library for Assistive Technology software. Consultation and workshops are also available to rural and northern school divisions to assist in selection and implementation of AT software.
Consultation and Professional Learning Opportunities
As part of the Action Plan resulting from these consultations, the Consultants for Rural and Northern have developed a series of workshops to address Appropriate Educational Programming (AEP) for students with learning disabilities in rural and northern schools.
The first workshop is intended to be an introduction to the topic of Learning Disabilities, and is appropriate for classroom teachers, resource teachers and administrators. The rural and northern consultants are available to deliver this workshop at the school division or school level. In addition, there are four follow-up workshops available that address the following specific learning disabilities: reading, writing, math and non-verbal.
Consultants are also available for consultation at the division, school and student specific level. To request a workshop or if you have any questions, please contact the General Enquiries office. | https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/specedu/rndi/index.html |
As a means to recognize and reward excellence in instruction, teaching, and learning within the organization, the University Film & Video Association has instituted three annual awards to acknowledge members whose achievements in pedagogy merit recognition.
The honoree/s will be announced at the annual UFVA conference and awarded with a certificate of recognition.
The award categories are designed as follows:
- Lecturer/Non-tenure track (includes adjuncts)
- Junior faculty (pre-tenure, on the tenure track)
- Senior faculty (tenured)
DEADLINE FOR SUBMISSIONS: JULY 1, 2021
Past Winners
Procedures for Nominations
UFVA members from the same or other institutions may nominate candidates for the UFVA Teaching Award or candidates may nominate themselves. The candidate will be responsible for gathering and organizing their application materials.
If the candidate chooses to have a colleague nominate him/her, the candidates for the Teaching Awards can be nominated only by a member or members (in good standing) of the UFVA.
Note – UFVA Teaching Award honorees are ineligible to apply the following year. For example, a 2021 winner is required to wait until 2023 to be eligible again for the award.
The following materials must be submitted:
- Nominator’s Statement (prepared by a colleague or by the candidates themselves in the case of self-nomination)NO MORE THAN THREE pages in length. May include commentary or accomplishments in instruction related to any of the following:
- courses taught or developed
- descriptions of particularly successful assignments
- inclusive teaching strategies and commitment to inclusive classrooms
- peer evaluations, specifying the particular institution and courses
- advising and mentoring of student theses, dissertations, internships, screenplays, productions and/or career development
- publication and/or development of educational materials
DOSSIER
The dossier should be prepared by the candidate especially for the UFVA Teaching Award.
- Nominee’s curriculum vitae, with teaching and pedagogical activities highlighted.
- One-page teaching philosophy
- Two sample syllabi AND two sample assignments.
- The nominee may also include letters of support from colleagues or students or other supporting documents in their dossier, to total not more than THREE pages.
Other considerations for the dossier:
The nominee should demonstrate evidence of achievement in some (but not necessarily all) of the following areas which should be included in the candidate’s Personal Statement and/or teaching philosophy.
- engaging student interest within the day-to-day format of the lecture or small group undergraduate or graduate classroom
- designing imaginative and/or innovative assignments, lessons, lectures
- encouraging and nurturing student scholarship and/or production
- commitment to and demonstration of inclusive teaching
- mentoring students through thesis, dissertation, internship, production, or career supervision
- instructing and mentoring teaching assistants in classroom methodology and practice
- providing educational outreach to the local community or general public
- developing programs (courses, workshops, seminars, tutorials) to improve teaching in the field at any or all levels
- providing support and advice to graduates and junior faculty as they become professionalized in the classroom and the field
- providing opportunities beyond the classroom for students to engage with film, television, and new media (field trips, media clubs, film and media series, etc.) and/or with scholarship in those areas (planning conferences, speakers series, etc.)
- extending film and media education to the larger university and the community beyond
Publication and Development of Educational Materials
The nominee might also demonstrate evidence of achievement in some (but not necessarily all) of the following areas:
- authoring or co-authoring influential textbook(s) for use in the graduate, undergraduate, or secondary film and/or media studies classroom
- authoring or co-authoring influential essays on pedagogy, teaching methodology, and/or practice in the field
- creating useful websites, media, or other technological aids in film/media pedagogy
- consulting with other universities, publishers, media companies, government bodies, or other organizations to enhance film/media education
- producing quality educational films or videos for use in the film/media classroom
- designing influential Web-based instructional resources and/or research instruments for use in film and/or media studies
Honorees will be selected by the Teaching Awards Committee. | http://ufva.org/teaching-awards/ |
Conveners:
Yuzhuo Cai, *email address protected* , FINLAND
Yuzhuo Cai is a senior lecturer and adjunct professor at the Higher Education Group (HEG), School of Management, University of Tampere, Finland, and was the acting professor of HEG during August 2013-July 2014. He is currently a guest professor at the Institute of International and Comparative Education, Beijing Normal University, China. His main teaching and research areas are organisation theory, higher education administration, transformation of universities in innovation systems, and internationalisation of higher education, with extensive publications in the fields.
Karen Barranon, *email address protected* , MEXICO
Karen Barranon was the former Director of the Centre of Innovation and Entrepreneurship at the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Veracruz. Her teaching areas include business, entrepreneurship, innovation and marketing. Her research areas are entrepreneurial universities and ecosystems. She is planning to apply to a PhD program in Entrepreneurship and Innovation.
Members
- Dr. Emanuela Todeva, BCNED – Business Clusters, Networks and Economic Development, UK
- Julia Gama Bloomfield Zardo, *email address protected*, PUC Rio, Brazil
- Claudio Alcides Jacoski, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, Brazil
- Charisse Reyes, Tampere School of Management, Finland
- Prof. Wey Yao, Zhejiang University, China
- Dr. Cui Liu, Zhejiang University, China
- Dr. Hector Gutierrez, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico
- Weng Mosi, Zhejiang University, China
- Huub L.M. Mudde, Maastricht School of Management, the Netherlands
- Irina Pavlova, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia
- Prof. Karl-Heinz Leitner, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria
- Naveed Ul Haq, University of Management and Technology, Pakistan (representing SATHA Chapter)
- Prof. Farkhanda Manzoor Dugal, Lahore college for women university, Pakistan
If you want to engage in informal discussions with members of the group and to engage with the activities of the group, join the TRG LinkedIn Group!
If you would like to join this Thematic Research Group in its collaboration activities, please e-mail a request to both *email address protected* and *email address protected*
Agenda and Vision
The vision of the Thematic Research Group on Entrepreneurial Universities is to enhance both studies and entrepreneurial practices of universities around the world though promoting inter/multi-disciplinary scholarly research and collaboration between scholars and practitioners in the field. The group will focus on identifying major challenges/gaps in entrepreneurial university practice and research, and then will strive to address these challenges and to bridge the gaps with enhanced research and practice. We aim to address a broad range of questions among which are:
- Is the theory of entrepreneurial university in adolescence or childhood?
- What are the divergent theoretical perspectives on entrepreneurial university?
- Can all universities be entrepreneurial?
- What are the lead practices of entrepreneurship in and out of the universities around the world?
- Are we in an era that all university reforms aim at building entrepreneurial university?
- What are the dangers of misuse of the entrepreneurial university concept in university reforms?
- What is the role of entrepreneurial university beyond its contribution to technology transfer and regional engagement and development?
- Can an entrepreneurial university lead regional Triple Helix?
- What is the nature of the academic work in an entrepreneurial university?
- What are the foundations for achieving entrepreneurial university?
The group will enhance discussion, debate and cross-fertilization of ideas and will contribute to the development of excellence in the field of entrepreneurial universities through collaborative research publications, special events, workshops and webinars. We aspire to foster theoretical developments and practical achievements by means of research projects and implementation practice – as an open multidisciplinary professional society.
Action plan 2019-2020
- Conducting literature research and organise a workshop on social responsible entrepreneurial university in the HEX4EU project.
- Publish a special issue on Industry & Higher Education in Innovation Eco-system for Sustainability
- Participating in various funding applications
- Organising a special session on the role of university in innovation eco-system at the upcoming THC2020
Latest activities
Special sessions/workshops
- Organising entrepreneurial university tracks/panels in 2017 and XVI Triple Helix conferences 2018.
- Speech at the Coneeect International Symposium
- Workshop “The Future of Entrepreneurial University Research”, 24th August 2015, Beijing –
- Report of the Workshop on “The Future of Entrepreneurial University Research”
Conference presentations
- Cai, Y., Mudde, H., Reyes, C., & Weng, M. (2018, 5-8 September). Re-conceptualizing entrepreneurial university: A synthesis of existing literature on entrepreneurial university. Paper presented at the XVI International Triple Helix Conference Manchester.
- Cai, Y., Mudde, H., Reyes, C., & Weng, M. (2017, 28-30 August). Towards a comprehensive framework to understand entrepreneurial university: A synthesis of existing literature on entrepreneurial university. Paper presented at the 30th CHER Conference Jyväskylä.
Publications
- Cai, Y. (2018). Towards a socially responsible entrepreneurial university: Conceptual and analytical framework building SPIRAL, 2018(1), 1-4.
- Contributing to Etzkowitz, H., Bikkulov, A., Kovaleinen, A., Leitner, K. H., Poutanen, S., Grey, D., et al. (2017). Metrics for the entrepreneurial university. Triple Helix Working Papers, 1. | https://www.triplehelixassociation.org/th-thematic-research-groups/entrepreneurial-universities |
- Online Class Quality Guidelines which "were developed by the MiraCosta Online Educators committee to inform online faculty of required elements for Distance Education classes, offer a means for instructors to develop and redesign online classes, foster conversation in departments about online instruction, and provide a foundation for improved faculty support." Approved by the Academic Senate in March 2016.
- Guidelines for Departments: Preparation of Online Faculty which were created by MOE to guide departments in their responsibilities for determining the readiness of faculty to teach online. Approved by the Academic Senate in March 2017.
- MiraCosta Distance Education Class Authentication Compliance and Start-of-Term Availability Procedures were created by MOE to specify how DE classes are reviewed at the start of each term for compliance with authentication procedures required by AP 4105. Approved by MOE in February 2018.
- Resolution in Support of Open Educational Resources Approved by the Academic Senate in May 2016.
- Clarification of Zero- and Low-Textbook Cost Designations Approved by the Academic Senate in March 2018.
Additional Local Resources
- The MiraCosta Online Education website includes important resources for students and faculty, including a page on strategic planning, accreditation, and governance for distance education.
- The MiraCosta Teaching/Technology Innovation Center (TIC) website includes
- technical tips, guides, and videos for the core online education technology suite at MiraCosta, as well as information on the special technologies and resources available to faculty in the TIC.
- resources from Flex workshops about online education, including archives of workshops conducted online.
- monthly Online Education "News You Can Use" updates
- The Program for Online Teaching (POT) was led by MiraCosta faculty for many years and has an archive with a variety of tips, resources, in-person, and recorded workshops.
Conferences Worth Considering
Note: the following list is not intended to be exhaustive; rather, it lists key educational technology and online education conferences that MiraCostans have attended and found useful, or have confidence that they offer quality professional learning opportunities. Comments/suggestions are welcome - please send them to MOE chair Jim Julius ([email protected]).
February
- Instructional Technology Council Annual Conference - Moves around the US. Focused almost entirely on distance education in community colleges with a very practical emphasis on effective practices and innovations.
April
- Online Learning Consortium Innovate – Heavy representation of 4-year colleges, mix of research and practice, lots of good online ed stuff but not exclusively focused on online. Mid-sized.
- Open Education Consortium Global conference – Moves around the world. Much more ideological, political, and big-picture, but lots of cool ideas and connections could come out of this conference.
June
- Online Teaching Conference – Pasadena. California Community College-run and -focused. Very practical with lots of faculty in attendance. MiraCosta has lately been sending 10-15 faculty. Small-to-mid-size.
- AACE EdMedia - Moves around the world. Focus on multimedia and distance education. Large.
- ISTE Annual Conference - Moves around the US. Largest national K-12 educational technology conference. Includes top keynotes, lots of practical sessions, and some research. Plenty of application to higher education.
July
- InstructureCon - Long Beach. Annual Canvas user conference. Fun vibe, large sessions, lots of CCC attendees.
August
- Teaching & Learning Conference – Always in Madison, WI. The “classic" distance ed conference, very research-oriented.
October
- WCET – Moves around the west. Good mix of CC and 4-year. Primarily distance/online-ed focused. WCET as an organization does a lot of legislative advocacy work so there is more emphasis on the regulatory side of things than other conferences, with also a nice mix of research and practice. Mid-sized. (Sometimes in November.)
November
- AACE e-Learn - eLearning practice and research in education and beyond (business, medicine, government). Large. (Sometimes in October.)
- Annual International Online Learning Consortium Accelerate Conference – Always Orlando. Huge conference, strong reputation, mix of research and practice. (Sometimes in October.)
December
- Directors of Educational Technology/California Higher Education (DET/CHE) Alternates north-south in CA, week after Thanksgiving. Small, single-track conference with a broad emphasis on applied instructional technology and leadership in higher ed. Attendees are from CSU, CCC, UC and 4-year California private institutions.. | http://www.miracosta.edu/instruction/moe/facultyresources.html |
# 1930–1945 in Western fashion
The most characteristic North American fashion trend from the 1930s to 1945 was attention at the shoulder, with butterfly sleeves and banjo sleeves, and exaggerated shoulder pads for both men and women by the 1940s. The period also saw the first widespread use of man-made fibers, especially rayon for dresses and viscose for linings and lingerie, and synthetic nylon stockings. The zipper became widely used. These essentially U.S. developments were echoed, in varying degrees, in Britain and Europe. Suntans (called at the time "sunburns") became fashionable in the early 1930s, along with travel to the resorts along the Mediterranean, in the Bahamas, and on the east coast of Florida where one can acquire a tan, leading to new categories of clothes: white dinner jackets for men and beach pajamas, halter tops, and bare midriffs for women.
Fashion trendsetters in the period included Edward VIII and his companion Wallis Simpson, socialites like Nicolas de Gunzburg, Daisy Fellowes and Mona von Bismarck and such Hollywood movie stars as Fred Astaire, Carole Lombard and Joan Crawford.
## Womenswear
### 1930s
#### Overview
The lighthearted, forward-looking attitude and fashions of the late 1920s lingered through most of 1930, but by the end of that year the effects of the Great Depression began to affect the public, and a more conservative approach to fashion displaced that of the 1920s. For women, skirts became longer and the waist-line was returned up to its normal position. Other aspects of fashion from the 1920s took longer to phase out. Cloche hats remained popular until about 1933 while short hair remained popular for many women until late in the 1930s and even in the early 1940s. The Great Depression took its toll on the 1930s womenswear due to World War II which dates from 1939 to 1945. This greatly affected the fashion of how women dressed during the 1940s. According to dress historian Jayne Shrimpton: "Committed to ensuring the fair distribution of scarce but essential resources, namely food, clothing, and furniture, the government introduced a comprehensive rationing scheme based on allocation of coupons - a system deriving, ironically, from the German rationing plan devised in November 1930."
Because of the economic crash, designers were forced to slash prices for clothing in order to keep their business afloat, especially those working in couture houses. Designers were also forced to use cheaper fabric and materials, and dress patterns also grew in popularity as many women knew how to sew. Hence, clothing was made more accessible. Incidentally, there was also a continuation of mass production, which had been rising in popularity since the 1920s. The 1930s allowed women from all classes and socio-economic backgrounds to be fashionable, regardless of wealth. With prices slashed on types of fabrics utilized for designing, new inventions such as the zipper made the manufacturing of garments quicker and cheaper. This was also influenced by the rise in women entering the workforce alongside the rise of the working woman, as they still were able to afford to dress well and stay in style. Daywear also had to be functional, but it never lost its touch of elegance or femininity, as the dresses would still naturally highlight the female or womanly shape: with cinched waistlines, skirts fitted to the hip and fullness added to the hem with flared gores or pleats. Frilled rayon blouses also went with the cinched waist.
Because clothes were rationed and fabric was scarce, the hemlines of dresses rose to knee length. The main sort of dress in the 1940s included features such as an hour glass shape figure, broad shoulders, nipped in high waist tops and A line skirts that came down to just at the knee. Many different celebrities who embraced this type of style such as Joan Crawford, Ginger Rogers, Barbara Stanwyck, and Ava Gardner. Even though daywear dresses were influenced by the war, evening dresses remained glamorous. Women's undergarments became the soul of fashion in the 1940s because it maintained the critical hourglass shape with smooth lines. Clothes became utilitarian. Pants or trousers were considered a menswear item only until the 1940s. Women working in factories first wore men's pants but over time, factories began to make pants for women out of fabric such as cotton, denim, or wool. Coats were long and down to the knee for warmth.
Major fashion magazines at the time including Vogue continued to cater to the fashionable and wealthy women of the 1930s, regularly reporting and reflecting the most popular trends in that time period, despite the impact the economic crash had on them. The wealthiest still managed to afford and keep up with the most high-end or the most coveted designs and maintain their lifestyle.
#### Fashion and the movies
Throughout the 1930s and early 1940s, a second influence vied with Paris couturiers as a wellspring for ideas: the American cinema. As Hollywood movies gained their popularities, general public idolized movie stars as their role models. Paris-based fashion houses were losing their power and influences in most major fashion trends during these years. Many American and European moviegoers were fascinated by and got interested in overall fashion including clothes and hairstyles of movie stars which led to various fashion trends. After the movie Tarzan, animal prints became popular. On the other hand, different styles such as bias-cut, satin, Jean Harlow-style evening dresses and the casual look of Katharine Hepburn also became famous. Paris designers such as Elsa Schiaparelli and Lucien Lelong acknowledged the impact of film costumes on their work. LeLong said "We, the couturiers, can no longer live without the cinema any more than the cinema can live without us. We corroborate each others' instinct.
The 1890s leg-o-mutton sleeves designed by Walter Plunkett for Irene Dunne in 1931's Cimarron helped to launch the broad-shouldered look, and Adrian's little velvet hat worn tipped over one eye by Greta Garbo in Romance (1930) became the "Empress Eugénie hat ... Universally copied in a wide price range, it influenced how women wore their hats for the rest of the decade." During late 1920s to early 1940s, Gilbert Adrian was the head of the costume department at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the most prestigious and famous Hollywood movie studio. He produced numerous signature styles for the top actresses of the period, as well as countless fashion fads during those times. One of his popular dresses was the gingham dress, a cotton dress with a checked or striped pattern, that he made for Judy Garland for the movie The Wizard of Oz in 1939, and for Katharine Hepburn for the movie The Philadelphia Story in 1940. Movie costumes were covered not only in film fan magazines, but in influential fashion magazines such as Women's Wear Daily, Harper's Bazaar, and Vogue.
Adrian's puff-sleeved gown for Joan Crawford in Letty Lynton was copied by Macy's in 1932 and sold over 500,000 copies nationwide. The dress was appraised as one of the most influential pieces in the era's fashion, inspiring numerous designers to showcase similar styles in their own work. One of Crawford's widely influential pieces was a white organdy dress with ruffle adornments. With the use of shoulder pads, the dress made the movement freer, emphasizing the back by removing adornments previously popularized in the 1920s.
One of the most stylistically influential films of the 1930s was 1939's Gone with the Wind. The dresses in the movie were designed with simplified adornments and a mixture of different monotone hues as opposed to using a varied color palette. This was considered to be Plunkett's intentional design to utilize modernism, the emerging aesthetic of the 1930s. Plunkett received praise for producing costumes that adequately harmonized the era of the movie with the aesthetic sense of the late 1930s. The costumes brought back the Neo-Victorian style, as well as strong use of symbolic color. It inspired the Princess Ballgown, a Victorian style dress reduced to full A line skirts with petticoats underneath for fullness. It was the most popular style for teens going to prom. Plunkett's "barbecue dress" for Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara was the most widely copied dress after the Duchess of Windsor's wedding costume, and Vogue credited the "Scarlett O'Hara" look with bringing full skirts worn over crinolines back into wedding fashion after a decade of sleek, figure-hugging styles.
Lana Turner's 1937 film They Won't Forget made her the first Sweater girl, an informal look for young women relying on large breasts pushed up and out by bras, which continued to be influential into the 1950s, and was arguably the first major style of youth fashion.
Travis Banton gained his fame by, after working at a couture house in New York, designing costumes for Marlene Dietrich as a head designer of Paramount. His style was softer and more alluring than Adrian's, embodying femininity by his sense of balance with the use of Vionnet's bias-cut, and was known for refined concepts of simple lines and classic styles. Many famous movie stars during the 1930s such as Magdalene Dietrich and Mae West at Paramount became the models of wit, intellect and beauty through Banton's elegant costumes. The costumes he made for Dietrich for various movies such as Shanghai Express 1932, and The Scarlet Empress 1934 portray her sharp regality.
Retail clothing and accessories inspired by the period costumes of Adrian, Plunkett, Travis Banton, Howard Greer, and others influenced what women wore until war-time restrictions on fabric stopped the flow of lavish costumes from Hollywood.
#### Hard chic and feminine flutters
Jean Patou, who had first raised hemlines to 18" off the floor with his "flapper" dresses of 1924, had begun lowering them again in 1927, using Vionnet's handkerchief hemline to disguise the change. By 1930, longer skirts and natural waists were shown everywhere.
But it is Schiaparelli who is credited with "changing the outline of fashion from soft to hard, from vague to definite." She introduced the zipper, synthetic fabrics, simple suits with bold color accents, tailored evening gowns with matching jackets, wide shoulders, and the color shocking pink to the fashion world. By 1933, the trend toward wide shoulders and narrow waists had eclipsed the emphasis on the hips of the later 1920s. Wide shoulders would remain a staple of fashion until after World War II.
In contrast with the hard chic worn by the "international set". designers such as Britain's Norman Hartnell made soft, pretty dresses with fluttering or puffed sleeves and loose calf-length skirts suited to a feminine figure. His "white mourning" wardrobe for the new Queen Elizabeth's 1938 state visit to Paris started a brief rage for all-white clothing.
Feminine curves were highlighted in the 1930s through the use of the bias-cut. Madeleine Vionnet was an early innovator of the bias-cut, using it to create clinging dresses that draped over the body's contours.
Through the mid-1930s, the natural waistline was often accompanied by emphasis on an empire line. Short bolero jackets, capelets, and dresses cut with fitted midriffs or seams below the bust increased the focus on breadth at the shoulder. By the late 1930s, emphasis was moving to the back, with halter necklines and high-necked but backless evening gowns with sleeves. Evening gowns with matching jackets were worn to the theatre, nightclubs, and elegant restaurants.
Skirts remained at mid-calf length for day, but the end of the 1930s Paris designers were showing fuller skirts reaching just below the knee; this practical length (without the wasteful fullness) would remain in style for day dresses through the war years.
Other notable fashion trends in this period include the introduction of the ensemble (matching dresses or skirts and coats) and the handkerchief skirt, which had many panels, insets, pleats or gathers. The clutch coat was fashionable in this period as well; it had to be held shut as there was no fastening. By 1945, adolescents began wearing loose, poncho-like sweaters called sloppy joes. Full, gathered skirts, known as the dirndl skirt, became popular around 1945.
#### Accessories
Gloves were "enormously important" in this period. They were a type of accessory that came to be seen as more of a comfort rather than for style. The elaborate trim was removed and was replaced by plain gloves. Evening gowns were accompanied by elbow length gloves, and day costumes were worn with short or opera-length gloves of fabric or leather.
Manufacturers and retailers introduced coordinating ensembles of hat, gloves and shoes, or gloves and scarf, or hat and bag, often in striking colours. For spring 1936, Chicago's Marshall Field's department store offered a black hat by Lilly Daché trimmed with an antelope leather bow in "Pernod green, apple blossom pink, mimosa yellow or carnation blush" and suggested a handbag to match the bow.
When war broke out in 1939, many women purchased handbags with a respirator pouch due to fear of poison gas attacks.
#### Sportswear
During the mid to late 1930s, swimsuits became more revealing than those of the 1920s, and often featured lower necklines and no sleeves. These were made from nylon and rayon instead of the traditional wool, and no longer included a short modesty skirt. Experimental swimsuits made from spruce wood veneer were a fad in the early 1930s, but did not catch on among the mainstream.
#### Marriage of Wallis Simpson and King Edward VIII (from January 1936 until his abdication)
Notable American socialite was Wallis Simpson and her marriage to Prince Edward was also seen as influential trendsetters during the 1930s period of fashion. Their marriage was historical, been called “The Greatest Love Story of the 20th Century” by some, due to the fact that Prince Edward was royalty and in line for the throne. However, his love affair with Wallis Simpson is what attracted attention and made headlines.
Simpson was not only a socialite, but she was American and a divorcee, both of which were deal breakers for the royal family at the time. As Prince Edward found he could not marry Simpson on these circumstances, he did the unthinkable by giving up the throne to marry her. As the two wed in 1937, their marriage marked a more progressive mindset that people slowly began to adopt, as people already wanted to ditch old traditions and trade it for new ones, especially for those in the royal family.
Their wedding and marriage was well chronicled by Vogue, including a spread of Wallis Simpson before her wedding day, captured by iconic fashion photographer, Cecil Beaton, which included the iconic Lobster dress by Elsa Schiaparelli, which included a hand-painted lobster by Salvador Dalí, a significant surrealist artist and painter in the 1930s.
### War years
Wartime austerity led to restrictions on the number of new clothes that people bought and the amount of fabric that clothing manufacturers could use. Women working on war service adopted trousers as a practical necessity. The United States government requisitioned all silk supplies, forcing the hosiery industry to completely switch to nylon. In March 1942 the government then requisitioned all nylon for parachutes and other war uses, leaving only the unpopular cotton and rayon stockings. The industry feared that not wearing stockings would become a fad, and advised stores to increase hosiery advertising. When nylon stockings reappeared in the shops there were "nylon riots" as customers fought over the first deliveries.
In Britain, clothing was strictly rationed, with a system of "points", and the Board of Trade issued regulations for "Utility Clothes" in 1941. In America the War Production Board issued its Regulation L85 on March 8, 1942, specifying restrictions for every item of women's clothing. Because the military used so much green and brown dye, manufacturers used more red dye in clothing. Easily laddered stockings were a particular concern in Britain; women were forced to either paint them on (including the back seam) or to join the WRNS, who continued to issue them, in a cunning aid to recruitment. Later in the war, American soldiers became a source of the new nylon stockings.
Most women wore skirts at or near knee-length, with simply-cut blouses or shirts and square-shouldered jackets. Popular magazines and pattern companies advised women on how to remake men's suits into smart outfits, since the men were in uniform and the cloth would otherwise sit unused. Eisenhower jackets became popular in this period. Influenced by the military, these jackets were bloused at the chest and fitted at the waist with a belt. The combination of neat blouses and sensibly tailored suits became the distinctive attire of the working woman, college girl, and young society matron.
The shirtwaist dress, an all-purpose garment, also emerged during the 1930s. The shirtwaist dress was worn for all occasions, besides those that were extremely formal, and were modest in design. The dress could either have long or short sleeves, a modest neckline and skirt that fell below the knee. The bust was rounded but not particularly emphasized and the waistline was often belted in its normal position. Pockets were both functional and used for decoration and were accompanied by buttons down the front, around the sides or up the back of the dress. These dresses often were accompanied by coordination coats, which were made out of contrasting fabric but lined with the dress fabric. The jacket was often constructed in a boxy fashion and had wide lapels, wide shoulders and numerous pockets. The dress and coat combination created an overall effect of sensibility, modesty and girl next door lifestyle that contrasted the very popular, second-skin like style of the bias-cut evening gown.
#### Headwear
The 1940s was a period marked by iconic headwear. Because of the war, current European fashion was no longer available to women in the United States. In 1941, hatmakers failed to popularize Chinese and American Indian-based designs, causing one milliner to lament "How different when Paris was the fountainhead of style". As with hosiery hatmakers feared that bareheadness would become popular, and introduced new designs such as "Winged Victory Turbans" and "Commando Caps" in "Victory Gold". American designers, who were often overlooked, became more popular as American women began to wear their designs. American designers of ready-to-wear contributed in other ways too. They made improvements to sizing standards and began to use fiber content and care labels in clothing. Hats were one of the few pieces of clothing that was not rationed during WWII, therefore there was a lot of attention paid to these headpieces. Styles ranged from turbans to straw hats. The snood was an important accessory to a woman working in the factory. Snoods were fashionable and functional at the same time, they enabled factory women who were wearing pants and jumpsuits to still look feminine. Snoods pulled hair out of the face by containing it all at the back of the head in a hanging net. With all the long hair hanging in the net, the front of the hair was left out and could be curled and styled to glamourize the factory uniforms. Other popular headpieces were variations of headscarves, such as the bandana Rosie the Riveter is pictured wearing in the recruitment posters. Another variation of the headscarf was simply tying a square scarf folded in half under the chin. Later in the 1950s and 60s these headscarves became highly glamorized by celebrities like Audrey Hepburn, Brigitte Bardot, and Jacqueline Kennedy. This glamorized look came from women in the 1940s who wore headscarves over their victory rolls in order to make their simple clothes look dressed up. Draped turbans – sometimes fashioned from headscarves – also made an appearance in fashion, representing the working woman of the period. These were worn by women of all classes.This type of headwear could be glamorous or practical. Turbans were the most functional for the working woman because she was able to have all her hair out of her face and skip washing her hair by covering it with the turban. Both turbans and headscarves were useful for hiding curlers so when a woman got off work all she had to do was take out her curlers and her hair would be set for a night out. All these alternative options to hats were popular, not only for function and glamour, but also because the look could be achieved quite inexpensively.
#### Swimwear
An important style that became popular due to the war was the two-piece swimsuit which later led to the Bikini. In 1942, the War Production Board passed a law called the L-85 which put restrictions on clothing production. For swimwear companies the L-85 meant they had to use 10 percent less fabric in all their designs, as a result swimsuits became smaller. Swimsuits had been becoming more minimal for a while but in 1944 Tina Leser debuted one of the first two-piece swimsuits. Even though the bottoms were high waisted, cut low on the legs, and paired with a modest bandeau, Lesers’ two piece was still considered a daring style for the era. According to Sarah Kennedy, author of The Swimsuit: A History of Twentieth-Century Fashion, unlike the bikini the two-piece was created out of necessity and was not meant to be shocking. Apparently there was an unspoken rule that bellybuttons must never show which accounts for the high waisted bottoms. Despite it being scandalous to some, the two-piece was eventually accepted because there really wasn't another option. The L-85 did not only make swimsuits smaller, but it also pushed designers to become more creative with their designs, this led to suits that accentuated and drew attention to women's bodies. This was done by putting boning in the swimwear. Two years after Leser debuted one of the first two-pieces, the bikini was invented in 1946 by a French engineer named Louis Réard. It was apparently named after the Bikini Atoll, which was the site of a nuclear bomb test in 1946, because Réard hoped its impact would be explosive in the fashion world. The bikini was even more daring than the two-piece, thus it did not become popular until 1953 when Brigitte Bardot was photographed in one at the Cannes Film Festival. Although the bikini did become popular in Europe in 1953 it did not become popular in the United States until the 1960s.
### Style gallery
#### 1930–1935
1 - 1930 2 - 1931 3 - 1932 4 - 1932 5 - 1933 6 - 1933 7 – 1933 8 – 1933 9 – 1934 10 – 1934 11 - 1934 12 – 1935 13 – 1935
Newspaper advertisement for women's dresses, Paris Dress Shoppe, Allentown PA, 1930. Woman's dress, 1931. A collection of swimwear, Ladies Home Journal, 1932. Dutch actress Cissy van Bennekom and model Eva Waldschmidt, 1932. Workers leaving the factory, Buenos Aires, 1933. Models wearing evening dresses by Jeanne Lanvin, 1933. Actress Mae West wearing an elaborate nightgown in She Done Him Wrong, 1933. Portrait of Nan Wood Graham by Grant Wood, wearing a polka dot blouse and Marcel wave hair, 1933 Outlaw Bonnie Parker standing in front of a Ford Model 18, 1934. Girl in Dallas, Texas wears a sweater and mid-calf length skirt with pleats, 1934. Singer Annette Hanshaw models an evening dress designed by Gladys Parker, 1934 Young woman wearing a long, form-fitting dress with puffed sleeves, 1935. Actress Elisabeth Bergner wears a fashionably tilted hat and a leopard fur coat, 1935.
#### 1936–1939
1–1936 2–1936 3-1936 4–1936 5-1937 6-1937 7-1937 8-1938 9-1938 10-1939 11-1939
Young woman wears her hair in short, hard curls framing her face, but smooth at the crown to accommodate her small hat, 1936. Young woman wears a printed dress fitted through the midriff with short puffed sleeves, Minnesota, 1936. Carole Lombard in a gown Travis Banton designed for her personal wardrobe, 1936 Writer Alfonsina Storni at the beach resort city of Mar del Plata, 1936. Dutch tourist in Paris, 1937. Art exhibit of artist Roy Parkinson and his pupils, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 1937. Window shoppers outside Simpsons department store in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1937. Portrait of writer Zora Neale Hurston, 1938 Middle aged couple, USA, July, 1938 Plastic face protection from snowstorms. Canada, Montreal, 1939 "Cyclone" evening dress by Jeanne Lanvin, 1939.
#### 1940–1945
1 – 1941 2 – 1941 3 – 1941 4 – 1942 5 – 1942 6 – 1943 7 – 1943 8 – 1943 9 – 1943 10 – 1944 11 – 1944 12 – 1945
Sportswear of 1941 featured square shoulders and flared shorts. Actress Lana Turner examines cotton stockings, wearing a smart knee-length suit with square shoulders, in this Farm Security Administration photo of 1941 Actress Rita Hayworth in a pink and silver lamé evening gown by Howard Greer, 1941. Clerk at North American Aviation in California wears a pompadour hairstyle with back hair confined in a floral snood tied with a bow, 1942. Girls wearing swimsuits in Hungary, 1942. Women employees of the Aluminum Co. of Kingston, Ontario wear knee-length skirts with blouses or sweaters (often with a string of graduated pearls), 1943. Women's fashion in Europe (Hungary, 1943). Singer Peggy Lee wears a pompadour hairstyle and an evening gown with a "sweetheart" neckline in the film Stage Door Canteen, 1943. Typical women's and kids' fashion in Europe during the Forties, Hungary in 1943, during the Second World War. Writer Lillian Smith wears a dark suit with an open-collared blouse, 1944. Bathing suits worn by members of the WACs in North Africa, 1944. Argentine actresses Susana Freyre, Nelly Darén and Rita Juárez in Swan Song, 1945.
## Menswear
### Overview
For men, the most noticeable effect of the general sobering associated with the Great Depression was that the range of colors became more subdued. The bright colors popular in the 1920s fell out of fashion.
### Suits
By the early 1930s, the "drape cut" or "London Drape" suit championed by Frederick Scholte, tailor to the Prince of Wales, was taking the world of men's fashion by storm. The new suit was softer and more flexible in construction than the suits of the previous generation; extra fabric in the shoulder and armscye, light padding, a slightly nipped waist, and fuller sleeves tapered at the wrist resulted in a cut with flattering folds or drapes front and back that enhanced a man's figure. The straight leg wide-trousers (the standard size was 23 inches at the cuff) that men had worn in the 1920s also became tapered at the bottom for the first time around 1935. The new suit was adopted enthusiastically by Hollywood stars including Fred Astaire, Cary Grant, and Gary Cooper, who became the new fashion trendsetters after the Prince's abdication and exile. By the early 1940s, Hollywood tailors had exaggerated the drape to the point of caricature, outfitting film noir mobsters and private eyes in suits with heavily padded chests, enormous shoulders, and wide flowing trousers. Musicians and other fashion experimenters adopted the most extreme form of the drape, the zoot suit, with very high waists, pegged trousers, and long coats.
### Formal wear
In the early 1930s, new forms of summer evening clothes were introduced as appropriate for the popular seaside resorts. The waist-length white mess jacket, worn with a cummerbund rather than a waistcoat, was modeled after formal clothing of British officers in tropical climates. This was followed by a white dinner jacket, single or double-breasted. Both white jackets were worn with black bow ties and black trousers trimmed with braid down the side seams.
### Sportswear
By 1933, knickerbockers and plus-fours, which had been commonly worn as sports-clothes in the 1920s had lost favor to casual trousers among the fashionable. In Britain and South Africa, brightly striped blazers in red, white and blue were often worn in the summer both as informal wear, and for sports such as tennis, rowing or cricket. This continued until wartime rationing rendered the distinctive fabric unobtainable.
### Accessories
The most common hat of this period was the fedora, often worn tipped down over one eye at a rakish angle. The more conservative Homburg also remained popular, especially among older people and even began to be worn with semi-formal evening clothes in place of the tophat, which in turn became confined to wear with formal. Neckties were wide, and bold geometric designs were popular, including stripes, and quadrilateral designs.
### Wartime restrictions
Many things affected the style of clothes that people wore. Austerity also affected men's civilian clothes during the war years. The British "Utility Suit" and American "Victory Suit" were both made of wool-synthetic blend yarns, without pleats, cuffs (turn-ups), sleeve buttons or patch pockets; jackets were shorter, trousers were narrower, and double-breasted suits were made without vests (waistcoats). Men who were not in uniform could, of course, continue to wear pre-war suits they already owned, and many did so.
### Style gallery 1930s
1 – 1930 2 – 1934 3 - 1937 4 – 1938
Golfing attire of 1930, worn by Babe Ruth and former New York governor Al Smith - State Archive of Florida. Double-breasted suits have pocket flaps and functional buttonholes in both lapels. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1934. Photo of Sydney Cup, Randwick, 1937. Photo of Walt Disney shows the padded shoulder and widening lapels of 1938.
1 – c. 1940 2 – 1940 3 – 1940 4 – 1941 5 – 1942 6 – 1942 7 – 1942 8 – 1943
Photo of Charles Spurgeon Johnson wearing a wide-lapelled suit with a striped necktie, c. 1940. Photo of Stark Young in a herringbone tweed suit, 1940. Writer William Saroyan wears the wide, patterned necktie fashionable in 1940. Overcoats of Wendell Willkie, Thorne and Cowles Jazz bandleader Tiny Bradshaw wears a double-breasted suit with wide lapels and tapered trousers, accessorized with a large pocket square (handkerchief) and a patterned necktie, 1942 Actor Walter Pidgeon wears a houndstooth check jacket, 1942. Extreme zoot suits of 1942 Man skiing in Hungary, 1943.
## Working clothes
Both men and women working on war service wore practical trousers or overalls. Women bundled their hair up in caps, scarves, and snoods.
1 – c. 1933 2 – 1942 3 – 1942 4 – 1942 5 – 1943
Young men of the Civilian Conservation Corps working in loose-cut trousers and brimmed hats, Virginia, c. 1933. Shepherd, Montana, 1942. Women working on war service in Texas wear their hair in snoods, 1942. Men and women of North American Aviation on lunch break wear short-sleeved shirts and trousers, 1942. Woman working in the Richmond shipyards wears practical overalls and a cap, 1943.
## Children's clothes
Children's clothing in the 1930s and 1940s was heavily impacted by the problems of the era with many families suffering from financial difficulties from the Great Depression and material shortages and rationing during the Second World War. Clothing was frequently homemade with mothers often making garments from other items such as sacks. However, these outfits were often based on popular fashions. Sewing patterns to guide their creation were often included in magazines. Exchanges were set up where children's clothes which had been outgrown by their previous owners could be handed down.
However, fashion continued to be a major influence on the way children were clothed with contemporary writing suggesting that many were interested in how they looked and keeping up with current trends. Frilly dresses with embellished puffy sleeves inspired by those worn by child fashion icons such as American filmstar Shirley Temple and British princesses Elizabeth and Margaret were popular with girls in the 1930s. Hemlines were shorter for younger girls and reached below the knee as they grew older. Young boys were generally dressed in short trousers usually combined with a shirt but sailor suits also remained popular.
### Gallery
#### 1930s
1-1930s 3-1939 4-1930s 5-1939 6- Between 1932 and 1935 7- 1930s 8- 1936 9-1930 10- circa 1930s 11- Circa 1930s 12-1930s
Girl receiving a vaccination Children in Michigan Hill, Washington Child's birthday party in Todman Ave, Kensington, Sydney School choir in Pie Town, New Mexico German children, the boy appears to be wearing a sailor suit Girl learning how to ride a bike with friends at an unknown location Studio photograph of a family dressed in outdoor clothing Illustration originating in the Soviet Union depicting a workplace creche Class photo at a Sunday School in Washington Boys playing on stilts in Israel Children gather prior to a festival parade in Ochsenfurt, Bavaria
#### 1940–1945
1-1945 2-1943 3-1940 4-1940 5-1942 6-1940 7-1940 8-1941 9-1940 10-1943 11-1944
Greek Archbishop with an advisor's daughter Children sat with their mother in a private living room in London Children in Budapest Belgian refugees in London Italian postcard featuring an infant Boys in the British occupied Faroe Islands stood with a sentry Two girls with an older woman in Slovenia Busy playground in Balgowlah, New South Wales Girls sat on a porch in Louisiana Children at a wartime factory nursery in Toronto, Ontario Children studying at a school in Cambridgeshire, England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940s_fashion |
While fashion week may have looked a little different this year, that didn’t stop
Of course, designer runways often result in street style looks also filled with the same coveted brands. And although the crowds were indeed smaller than previous years, the fashion was no less showstopping, as editors and influencers alike turned out to impress.
Evidently in Paris, many are embracing the
Whether you’re looking to add to your wardrobe or simply in the mood for some outfit inspiration, keep scrolling to see five autumn trends we have spotted at Paris Fashion Week. | http://obsigen.ru/5-autumn-trends-that-are-flooding-the-streets-of-paris/ |
Best known for her tailored contemporary outerwear, Candace Daniela is a Toronto based women’s and menswear designer and brand established in 2014.
Designed and manufactured in Toronto, Daniela produces bold looks for the conscious individual using natural and sustainable materials inclusive of wools, organic cottons, faux furs and vegan leathers.
Candace Daniela’s designs have been worn on notable models and celebrities alike, seen on the runways at Toronto Fashion Week, Toronto Men’s Fashion Week, and garnered press from top publications in North America and around the globe such as Vogue Italia, Dress to Kill, Flare Magazine and more. | https://www.candacedaniela.com/about |
What is the traditional clothing in Guatemala?
The traje (tradiditional dress) for mayan women consists of a hupil (blouse), corte (skirt), and faja (belt). The style and designs on the clothing varies from region to region.
Is fashion important in Guatemala?
Guatemala may be known more for its culture and landscape than for its fashion, but things are about to change. Though this small Central American country only held its first fashion week in 2014, fashion has become increasingly important and fashion influencers more prominent.
What do you wear to a wedding in Guatemala?
In the Guatemalan culture, you grab their left forearm with your right hand and try to shake hands using your left. It is common for the bride to wear a long, white veil. The belief is the longer the veil, the happier the couple will be. She would also wear white shoes and a traditional blouse and skirt.
Can I wear leggings in Guatemala?
Not many native Guatemalans wear shorts and revealing tops in public… those are the clothes that shout “tourist”. However, capri trousers, jeans, and tasteful tops are totally acceptable. Do pack comfortable sandals and walking shoes.
What do girls wear in Guatemala?
Modest Clothing
Modest, feminine clothing is a must when visiting Guatemala. Skirts or dresses that fall below the knee are a common choice for business and pleasure. Khaki pants or dress slacks can also be worn in some areas, though shorts are typically discouraged and often identify a woman as a tourists.
What is Guatemala known for?
Guatemala is best known for its volcanic landscape, fascinating Mayan culture and the colorful colonial city of Antigua, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. But this small Central American country has a wealth of homegrown produce and talent.
What are some traditions in Guatemala?
11 Guatemalan Traditions and Customs Only Locals Will Understand
- Bare knuckle boxing on Good Friday.
- Drunken horse racing.
- Holy Week parades in Antigua Guatemala.
- Leaving cigarettes and alcohol for a syncretic saint.
- Dancing on your family grave on All Saints’ Day.
- Patterned clothing which reveals where you are from.
- Giant kites to honor the dead.
Where is Guatemala on a map?
Guatemala is located in Central America. Guatemala is bordered by the Gulf of Honduras (Caribbean Sea) and the Pacific Ocean, Mexico to the north and west, and Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador to the east.
How much cash should I bring to Guatemala?
How much money will you need for your trip to Guatemala? You should plan to spend around Q274 ($36) per day on your vacation in Guatemala, which is the average daily price based on the expenses of other visitors.
Can you drink the water in Guatemala?
Is the Water Safe to Drink in Guatemala? It is not safe to drink the tap water in Guatemala. … Bottled water (agua pura) is widely available in grocery stores, restaurants, and hotels. Boiling water for one minute or using iodine pills or a water filter will also purify water. | https://revistaviajamoscontigo.com/all-about-guatemala/what-do-they-wear-in-guatemala.html |
January 21, 2013 08:15
So Yi-hyun has grabbed the spotlight for her sense of style displayed in a TV soap. She regularly flashes her charm and flamboyant fashion sense on the SBS weekend TV drama "Alice in Cheongdam-dong," which skews toward urban, upscale women.
In the soap, she plays a role of a materialistic woman who struggles to improve her lot in life and rise from rags to riches by marrying into a rich family. She is often seen sporting luxury designer clothing and eye-catching bags and accessories. In addition to her acting skills, her elegant look has captured the hearts of young women in their 20s and 30s.
So's name often appears among the most popular keywords at local search engines immediately after each episode airs, with Web surfers keen to find out more about her outfits and the fashion brands she wears on the show. | http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/01/21/2013012100378.html |
StyleLikeU Co-founder & Editor in Chief, Elisa Goodkind, is a former fashion editor at Self and Glamour magazines and a veteran fashion stylist with work published in Interview, InStyle, Vanity Fair, Tatler, L'Uomo Vogue, Italian Vanity Fair, New York Times Magazine and Gotham magazines, among others. She has also styled many celebrities in the film, music and TV industries. Her daughter, Lily Mandelbaum, is StyleLikeU's other Co-Founder & Editor in Chief. She is a documentary film student at NYU's Gallatin School of Individualized Studies and is passionate about social activism with a focus on creating change through the medium of film. Lily is also the author of the StyleLikeU book, published by Powerhouse Books in May 2011. Together, Lily and Elisa founded SLU in 2009 based on their joint passion for those who express themselves freely through their clothing. While the site began as a window into people's closets,
it has grown into a multi-dimensional video platform and a creative community through which style is explored as more than merely fashionable clothing, but rather as an amalgam of an individual's passion, imagination, and self-expression. | http://stylelikeu.com/our-team/ |
Princess Diana looked effortless in traditional attire
Salwar kameez, also known as shalwar kameez, is a traditional dress commonly worn in countries such as Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Afghanistan.
The garment frequently consists of a salwar, which is a baggy drawstring trouser and a kameez, which is a long tunic.
Although this ensemble is worn by men, the salwar kameez is often accompanied by a dupatta or chunni (shawl) for women.
Interestingly, the salwar kameez emerged out of many traditions and cultures and it holds a great deal of respect.
The suit is widely known for providing the wearer with comfortable eloquence.
The salwar kameez has been around for centuries and has a long rich history that many people may not know about.
DESIblitz discusses the origins of this much-loved garment, its history and how it has evolved over the years.
Origins
When a person thinks of the salwar kameez, they would inevitably think it originated from Pakistan and India, however, this is not the case.
The history of the outfit is not just isolated in one country.
Although the exact date and origins are unknown, the Mughal Empire (1526-1857) is believed to have been the first colony of people to introduce the outfit to the world.
However, through evolution, the modern-day salwar kameez has traces of Persian influence.
The word salwar is a Persian word that means “a form of baggy trousers” with a drawstring. While kameez is an Arabic word meaning long tunic.
In October 2016, Monisha Kumar and Amita Walia published a research paper titled ‘Elucidation of the Indian Salwar Kameez’. Within the publication, they suggest that:
“It can be easily interpreted that the origin of the garment, salwar kameez, is either Persian or Arabic.”
Basic Arab dress for both men and women consisted of a “simple tunic and an unfitted garment pulled on over the head”.
In addition, countries like Turkey were heavily impactful on South Asia, notably influencing the salwar kameez.
The classical Turkish dress consisted of loose-fitting salwar’s, with a shirt and a long jacket called the ‘?alvar’.
The Muslim Seljuk Turks “emerged from Central Asia, establishing dynasties in Iran and Asia by the eleventh century”. They spread Islam and Turkic culture.
The Selijuk Empire “later morphed into the Ottoman Empire”. The Ottoman Empire encompassed “most of the lands surrounding the East Mediterranean” by the mid-sixteenth century.
Kumar and Walia maintain:
“The 500-year Ottoman rule throughout the Arab world resulted in the blending of garment forms.”
Further expressing:
“The adoption of buttoned vests or jackets of silk or wool decorated with embroidery, and the loose-fitting trousers salwars are evidence of such borrowings in Arab dress.”
They also mentioned how the traditional dress of Iran and Afghanistan of layered coats and salwars also lends support to the blending of garment forms.
These forms of the salwar and the kameez was in fact introduced in South Asia when the Muslims conquered India in the 12th century.
Author Ming-Ju Sun in the book Traditional Fashions from India Paper Dolls (2001), stated:
“Much of traditional Indian women’s clothing changed in the 12th century when Muslims conquered north and central India.”
Prior to this, the clothing of the Indian subcontinent consisted of various draped garments.
In her book Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India (1996), Emma Tarlo asserts that this was due to:
“The comparatively limited range of stitched clothes available in pre-medieval India was, however, greatly expanded during the Sultanate and Mughul periods when various types of trousers, robes and tunics gained in popularity.”
Ming-Ju Stun expressed:
“New dress styles were developed to cover the body as much as possible, befitting Islamic preferences.”
Muslim women mainly wore a dupatta veil, with a long tunic kameez and a trouser style salwar.
Following the invasion of the Muslims, gradually many Hindu women in the subcontinent adopted the dress.
It was mainly worn in the Punjabi northern areas of the subcontinent and it was in this area where it cemented its place as the regional style of Punjab.
It has been worn in that area for centuries and after some transitions, the dress is popularly known as the salwar kameez.
Types of Salwar Kameez
After the salwar kameez became popular amongst both men and women in the Indian subcontinent, most specifically in the northern areas, many variations have developed.
Although the foundations of the outfit remain the same, it is the way these styles are all cut differently that makes them unique.
Patiala Suit
The Patiala salwar kameez consists of a very baggy salwar that is stitched in pleats and worn with a knee-length kameez.
It requires double the length of material, due to the pleats however, the fall of the pleats gives a gorgeous cowl effect at the back.
The Patiala salwar kameez has its roots in Patiala City, a northern region state in Punjab, India.
From 1813-1845, this specific style was in fact developed as a majestic dress, as it was the royal dress of the King of Patiala, Maharaja Karam Singh.
In order to make it more regal, it was originally made in rich materials accompanied by diamond necklaces as the salwar was mainly worn by men during this period.
However, over the years with the emergence of new cuts and styles, it has evolved into a woman’s salwar kameez style.
Due to the looseness and lightweight fabrics, it is very comfortable to wear and preferred by women in Punjab because of the hot climate.
Churidar
The churidar style of this cultural outfit is “the redefined form of the traditional” salwar kameez.
The salwar is extremely fitted and narrow and wrinkles at the wearer’s ankles, exposing the shape of your legs. The churidar is worn with a dress like a kameez accompanied by a dupatta.
The churidar looks very much like western leggings, but it is actually much longer than your leg therefore it stacks at the ankle.
The excess fabric almost gathers at the ankle like bangles on the wrist, this is in fact where the name comes from.
Churi means ‘bangle’, while dar means ‘like’ – so essentially it means a salwar that is ‘like a bangle’.
This style is worn widely across both Pakistan and India and gives off an extremely stylish elegant look whilst complimenting different body types.
Anarkali
Anarkali suits consist of a long frock style kameez with a churidar or salwar trousers. The kameez is normally flared at the bottom, imitating western formal dresses.
However, this wide cut gleams with its beautiful embroidery and contrasting stitching making the ensemble pop.
This type is named after Anarkali, a court dancer from Lahore, Pakistan. Anarkali was thought to be the love interest of Mughal Emperor Jahangir.
The salwar kameez gives off an effortless feminine vibe and looks gorgeous on anyone who wears it.
In Urdu, anarkali means ‘delicate bud of the pomegranate flower/ tree’.
This name is thought to signify innocence, softness, and beauty. Subsequently, the women that wear it are thought to possess the same qualities.
It is a timeless style that has evolved greatly over the years and there are in fact different types of anarkali suits available.
These include churidar anarkali suit, cape style anarkali suit, jacket style anarkali suit, layered anarkali suit, floor-length anarkali suit, gown Style anarkali suit, and palazzo anarkali suit.
Printed Suits
In recent years, printed salwar kameez suits have become popular.
They are called printed salwar kameez’s as they have been either machine printed or digitally printed.
A variety of designs can be printed and fabrics such as georgette, crepe, cotton, and chiffon. The printed designs tend to give off a more casual look.
Although, more modern styles that incorporate floral and cultural designs have made printed suits a go-to outfit for many occasions whether it’s a family gathering or engagement party.
Sharara
The Sharara is another variation of the salwar kameez. It consists of a straight kameez, with a flared wide-legged trousers that almost resembles a lehenga.
Embellished with gorgeous and vibrant sequins, stones and beads, the sharara has been popular in India since the early 60s, due to Bollywood movies.
It was in the 90s and early 2000s that transcended this certain style again. Even more recently, Deepika Padukone shone in the 2015 film, Bajirao Mastani, with her incredible and elegant sharara suits.
The style is popular amongst young South Asian women, especially given the modern and sleek designs that are taking over the fashion world.
Gharara
Another variation to the classic salwar kameez is the gharara style.
The gharara consists of a short kameez with a trouser that is fitted from the waist to the knee and then flares out just above the knee to the toes.
It originated in the Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh, India, during the 18th century.
The gharara is a traditional outfit of Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh.
While it originates in India, the gharara is also extremely popular in both Pakistan and Bangladesh.
It became widely popular in the 50s when public figures like first lady Rana Liaquat Ali Khan and politician Fatima Jinnah wore them.
Balochi
The clothing of Baluchistan in Pakistan includes a variation of the traditional salwar kameez for both men and women.
For men, the salwar is very baggy and the kameez is loose with long sleeves.
On the other hand, the salwar kameez’s for women in Baluchistan are very distinct. They consist of a long loose dress kameez, with a dupatta and salwar.
The kameez’s from this region can have over 118 different compositions, using the famous silk-thread chain-stitch embroidery which results in unique balochi designs.
Peshawari Suit
Peshwar, the capital of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, has its own style of salwar kameez.
The traditional dress includes the Peshawari salwar, which is very loose, and a khalqa (gown) that opens at the front.
The salwar kameez is not just an epitome of South Asian tradition and culture. It is also an embodiment of the diverseness of different regions in the Indian subcontinent.
The types of salwar kameez suits discussed are worn in different regions, communities and cultures.
However, over the years the styles have greatly evolved and the designs have become popular all over South Asia, not just in a specific region.
Pakistan
The salwar kameez is well-loved in Pakistan. In 1973, it became the national dress of Pakistan and is worn avidly by both men and women.
In Pakistan, the salwar kameez is worn in many exquisite colours and designs.
Each province has its own version and style of this national dress, including the Sindhi, Punjabi, Balochi, Kashmiri, and Pashtun cuts.
Since 1982, government officials working in the Secretariat in Islamabad are required to wear a salwar kameez.
Over the years it has also emerged as a political statement. This was particularly done by former Pakistan President, General Zia-ul-Haq Bhutto, who wore it during his public rallies.
Much more than an epitome of tradition, it is also an exemplar of nationalism in Pakistan.
Since ex-cricketer, Imran Khan became Prime Minister of Pakistan he has been seen wearing a salwar kameez.
The Print publication expressed:
“The man who once wooed the world in blue jeans, dapper tucks and sunglasses has now religiously taken to the simple white ‘shalwar-kameez’.”
He is always seen in traditional attire, even when he goes abroad for visits. Most famously he wore a navy-blue salwar kameez on his visit to the White House in 2019.
India
Although the national dress of India is the saree, the salwar kameez has become a staple in Indian fashion.
Especially in Punjab, which neighbours Pakistan in the North of India. Most Punjabi women are seen to wear this attire as opposed to the saree, which is worn more evidently in the mid to south of India.
This attire was also transported to Britain when families of migrant Punjabi men came to England in the 50s and 60s.
The salwar kameez has gradually become popular among many women in India as well as the north, especially due film and television promoting the attire.
In particular, the popularity of Bollywood fashion has heightened the prevalence of the salwar kameez.
Through time, smash-hit movies like Dil Toh Pagal Hai (1997), Veer Zaara (2004), Jab We Met (2007) have all popularised the salwar kameez.
Promoting the traditional outfit in fluorescent colours, graceful designs and luxurious cuts leaves audiences craving to look like the Bollywood starlets.
Moreover, unlike the sari, which requires practice and poise, the salwar kameez is much more practical for modern-day life.
This is one of the major reasons why women in India opt for this co-ord, especially as it is more comfortable in the Indian heat.
The salwar kameez is particularly popular amongst younger Indian women.
In the 1980s, Indian government schools adopted the dress as their official uniform for school girls aged 12-16.
Due to this, the salwar kameez is also popular amongst college and university students in India. Often the traditional kameez’s are worn with jeans for more of a modern fusion look.
Bollywood Influence
Monisha Kumar and Amita Walia state:
“Over the decades the salwar kameez has been the focus of many designers and has been transformed as per the prevalent fashion trends.”
There are specific regional styles of the salwar kameez that are worn by individuals from the area.
However, predominantly the fashion worn in Bollywood films has shaped fashion trends in South Asia and have had a major influence on the evolution of the salwar kameez.
Many designers have tried to imitate the designs they see in popular films in order to meet the demands of consumers.
The 1960s – 1970s
When it came to this era of Bollywood fashion, vibrant colours and western tailoring techniques dominated the screens.
One of the most memorable styles of this period was made popular by the legendary Madhubala, who played Anarkali in Mughal-e-Azam (1960).
In one of the scenes, she wore a colourful embroidered Anarkali suit and it quickly became an iconic Bollywood look.
The popularity of this film helped to bolster the Anarkali suit more widely as the vibrancy attracted many designers.
Also, during this period Bollywood played a major role in endorsing the churidar kameez.
The style became very fashionable in the 60s and costume designers like Bhanu Athaiya transcended the look.
Notably, actress Sadhana Shivdasani in the film Waqt (1965) wore a white sleeveless figure-hugging kameez, with a churidar and a diaphanous dupatta.
This was a ground-breaking style that reflected the confidence of the liberated woman who was breaking traditional conformity.
It became a classic look of the swinging 60s and developed into a must-have in every fashionista’s wardrobe.
The 1980s
This era saw a continuation of the Anarkali suits in Umrao Jaan (1981), which was inspired by the 1960 movie Mughal-e-Azam.
Rekha wore an iconic metallic gold Anarkali, net dupatta, and the classic 80s gold jewellery and glossy red lips.
Along with this, plain or sometimes sequined fitted salwar kameez suits became popular. They were sometimes paired with waistcoats for a more experimental look.
This can be seen in Zeenat Aman’s classic sequin pink salwar kameez in the 1980 film Dostana.
Long-sleeved flared kurta with a pajama salwar also was seen quite frequently in 80s Bollywood movies.
The 1990s
The 90s witnessed changes in the economy and a fresh new bolder generation which was reflected in Bollywood films and their fashion.
This decade turned towards more sheer and strappy salwar kameez’s with a skinny dupatta that was sometimes worn around the arms.
The kameez’s often showed more chest with the deep V necks illustrating the cultural shift towards more revealing ensembles.
The minimalistic look was seen most famously on Madhuri Dixit in Dil Toh Pagal Hai (1997).
The suits she wore were often made out of chiffon and were monochromatic, in colours such as white and yellow. This look became an instant hit within the fashion world.
The 2000s
In the 2000s, Bollywood fashion had more of a free-spirited colourful vibe. Short kurtas paired with loose Patiala salwars were frequently seen on screen.
The film Bunty Aur Babli (2005) featured a new trendy look of a collard short kurta and colourful Patiala sported by Rani Mukherjee.
Rani became an icon amongst college-goers with her easy, comfortable, and stylish wardrobe.
Similarly, Kareena Kapoor’s outfits in Jab We Met (2007) were well-loved by millennials.
She wore both plain and colourful kurta with the Patiala salwar. In the film, she also wore more of a fusion look when she paired the patiala salwar with a T-shirt and no dupatta.
The 2000s also saw the release of the popular film Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (2001).
As previously mentioned, the film showcased some amazing saris and salwar kameez’s worn by Kajol, but also popularised some different styles of salwar kameez’s.
In the song ‘Bole Chudiyan’, Kareena Kapoor wore a creation by designer Manish Malhotra creation. She wore a pink embroidered cropped kameez with a boot-cut sharara style salwar.
This is an absolute iconic salwar kameez look that is easily the most famous ensemble from the film.
Check the famous outfit out:
2010 onwards
Aside from the fancier salwar kameez’s adored on-screen, the fashion of newer Bollywood movies tends to be more modern and functional.
The fashion includes short kameez’s with loose salwar’s or palazzo style salwar.
A prime example of this was Deepika Padukone’s outfits in the 2015 film Piku. Deepika, who played Piku, dressed in a modern kurta with ankle-length palazzos.
At another point in the film, she dons a monochrome paneled kameez with a breezy palazzo salwar.
The look was completed with traditional jutti (traditional shoe), a bindi, and oversized sunglasses, which created a perfect modern Desi look.
The outfits within the film have frequently been praised as getting everyday modern Indian fashion right.
These looks in the film combined style and functionality. They clearly show how the salwar kameez has evolved into the perfect attire for the modern Desi woman.
Transcending Barriers
Longstanding Fashion
In western society, clothing goes in and out of fashion very quickly, especially due to the rise of fast fashion. Every year there is a new hot trend that people run to replicate.
In the 90s the grunge look with flannel shirts, ripped jeans and Doc Martens or the more streetwear look of oversized sportswear and chunky trainers were popular.
Whereas by the time the 2000s came around this switched to low-rise jeans, stocky belts, Juicy Couture tracksuits and mini baguette bags
Marketing manager, Khadija Rahman, at Pakistani clothing brand, Generation, spoke to The Express Tribune, revealing:
“In most countries, traditional garb died because it failed to evolve.”
Going on to assert:
“This has not been true with the shalwar kameez.
“The shalwar kameez has seen itself adapt to local and international trends in an original fashion…”
Unlike western fashion, the salwar kameez has stood the test of time and has evolved in every era.
The designs are just variations of the traditional salwar kameez. Despite the modifications, the salwar kameez has been worn for centuries and will continue to be worn.
Whilst western trends such as vintage clothing, baggy jeans and oversized shirts tend to fluctuate yearly, the salwar kameez remains a staple amongst South Asian countries.
This is what makes it a truly unique symbol of Desi tradition and culture.
Salwar Kameez for Everyone
Kumar and Walia express:
“The costume, once worn only by the Muslim women across the subcontinent, is now popular among the women of all faiths and ages.”
Within western society, there are rarely any items of clothing that are worn by both genders of different classes and ages.
There tend to be big differences in what older and younger generations wear or what is considered appropriate for different ages. However, this is not the same case with the salwar kameez.
The salwar kameez transcends social class, gender differences, cultural differences and generational gaps.
This can be clearly witnessed in the marketing campaigns for the Pakistani brand, Generation.
Founded in 1983 by husband-wife duo, Saad and Nosheen Rahman, Generation is an affordable fashion brand for every Pakistani woman.
Their brand ethos is representing all types of women in an innovative and creative manner. Speaking about their brand they express:
“The Generation story begins from a family and moves forward with the concept of building upon this family, whether it is customers, workers, students or so on.
“Each type of line is a further personification of her various faces, they represent her in different timeframes and moods. Festive, casual, young, demure.”
Their marketing campaigns have always aimed to be inclusive and represent all, rather than a minority of Pakistani women.
They have made a consistent effort to represent a range of real women in their advertisements.
Generation showcases their designs on a range of skin tones, body types, ages and gender identities. This can be seen in their 2017 campaign.
In October 2017, Generation showcased their ‘Greater than Fear’ autumn/winter collection. The campaign included 20 women aged between 20 to 72, wearing their salwar kameez’s and kurtas.
The campaign included 54-year-old Anjum Naveed. When asked about what she feared most, she replied:
“At this age, I worry that I will become stagnant, I was dreading the irrelevance that old age can bring with it.”
This comment sparked Generation’s next wedding collection campaign – ‘Shehnaz ki Shadi’.
The campaign stars Anjum as a bride, who is marrying for the second time, surrounded by her daughters and friends.
The aim of the campaign was to empower older Pakistani women to marry and be happy without being judged. The ad includes a range of women in different fancy salwar kameez’s.
The salwar kameez’s presented ooze a combination of tradition and modernity, with their pops of colour, classic silhouettes, delicate embroideries and rich velvets.
The Generation ad highlights how the salwar kameez is for everyone of all ages.
With slight modifications to the fabric, style and colour the salwar kameez is suitable for everyone at any time and any place.
Be it working in the home or in an office or attending a wedding, the salwar kameez is a garment for everyone.
Salwar Kameez in Global Media
The salwar kameez is a staple clothing item in countries like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. The suit is also worn avidly by the South Asian diaspora across the globe.
While it is worn religiously by many people, the popularity and acknowledgement of the suit often stay within this community.
However, the salwar kameez has made international headlines at certain points in time, most famously by Princess Diana and the Duchess of Cambridge, Kate Middleton.
Princess Diana
The late Princess Diana, known as ‘the people’s princess’, had a strong connection with Pakistan and visited multiple times.
She was great friends with now Prime Minister of Pakistan, Imran Khan and his first wife Jemima Khan.
Princess Diana visited Pakistan 3 times in 1991, in 1996, and in 1997 and is often remembered for her iconic style. On some occasions, while in Pakistan, she wore the traditional salwar kameez.
Princess Diana looked effortless in traditional attire and the outfits have been coined as some of her iconic looks. While in Pakistan, her ensembles made headlines at the time and still continues to do so.
Most famously on a visit to Lahore, with Imran and Jamima Khan, she wore a stunning blue salwar kameez by designer Ritu Kumar.
Diana’s love for the salwar kameez was highlighted by Ritu Kumar, who took to Instagram in April 2021 to confess:
“Diana was a patron of my store in London. She would call the store herself when she wanted to visit.
“She would only request us to keep a part of the store free of customers to give her some privacy, and would enjoy browsing there.”
Diana was also seen wearing a dazzling turquoise kameez with a trouser salwar, as well as a dark blue and embroidered salwar kameez.
However, it was not just in Pakistan that Diana wore the traditional salwar kameez. In 1996, a cancer charity event was held in London’s Dorchester Hotel by Imran Khan.
She wore an elegant peal and gold-encrusted salwar kameez, which was a gift from Khan’s wife, Jemima.
The princess’s salwar kameez looks were brought back into the limelight again following the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge’s visit to Pakistan.
Duchess of Cambridge
In October 2019, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge undertook their first official visit to Pakistan, at the request of The Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
While on the trip, similar to her late mother-in-law, Kate Middleton wore traditional Pakistani attire.
On the tour, she wore a casual blue salwar kameez which had delicate embroidery on the neckline and looked graceful.
When visiting Badshahi Mosque, in Lahore, she wore an elegant green and gold trouser style salwar kameez.
This piece was made from French chiffon and was hand-embroidered with gold silk by the tribespeople of Swarth.
These two suits were created by a local Pakistani designer, Maheen Khan.
Even the accessories Kate wore paid tribute to local Pakistani businesses. The earrings are worn with her blue suit in fact come from the affordable Pakistani fashion brand, Zeen.
Everything the Duchess wears makes headlines and this time was no different.
The salwar kameez’s she wore was heavily praised by the media. Like People magazine who declared it as “another day, another stunning shalwar kameez for Kate Middleton!”
On another day, when the Duchess was seen playing cricket, she was wearing a gorgeous white salwar kameez by local brand Gul Ahmed.
The suit compromised of a trouser salwar and kameez that was embroidered with stunning white flowers.
She accessorised the look with nude J. Crew heels, a Mulberry wallet clutch and minimal jewellery.
Publications all around the world adored Kate’s outfits on the tour and often drew resemblance to some of the salwar kameez’s Diana wore.
Usually, the salwar kameez is only loved amongst the South Asian community, however, Kate’s honour to traditional Pakistani fashion is great to see.
Sarah Shaffi, Digital Editor of Stylist reiterated this:
“As someone who grew up wearing shalwar kameez – and as someone who still wears it on an almost daily basis – seeing Kate embrace the clothing of Pakistanis has been wonderful.
“She’s shown respect for Pakistani people, supported local designers, and put her own sartorial spin on her outfits, marrying style and substance in the best way possible.”
The British royal family wearing the salwar kameez has meant it is not just an item adored by people of the culture.
The traditional garment has been brought into the eyes of the world as an elegant attire that has centuries of tradition attached to it.
Cultural Appropriation
In recent years, some global brands have been slated for appropriating the salwar kameez.
In 2019, British online clothing company, Thrifted, suffered backlash for cultural appropriation.
They sold a South Asian kameez for £29.99, yet marketed it as a “vintage Boho dress”. The models wore the kameez as a dress with no trousers.
The brand received a lot of backlash on social media for its careless cultural appropriation. An ASOS user commented about the double standards, saying:
“When we wear it, it’s unacceptable. When they wear it, it’s fashion?”
While another shopper stated:
“Vintage Boho dress????? Girl you got a damn kameez with no salwar.”
Due to the backlash, Thrifted removed the items from the website and issued an apology, claiming they did not know that these were salwar kameez suits:
“Thrifted.com purchased a bulk mix of vintage/second-hand dresses from a supplier who had labelled them as ‘boho’.
“They were then listed on the website under this name. It was brought to the customer service team’s attention that not all of these second-hand dresses were actually boho dresses.”
Further asserting:
“All of these items were then removed from our website. We apologise for any offence caused.”
In March 2021, Spanish clothing retailer Zara was selling an “oversized shirt” with matching bottoms for £89.99.
Many customers took to Twitter to announce its resemblance to a salwar kameez:
Not Zara trying to sell me a 'limited edition' cotton shalwar kameez for £90 when I could buy the material for £20 from White Abbey Road & my mum could it sew for free ????? pic.twitter.com/iPqH6vaCzU
— Sabbiyah Pervez (@SabbiyahPervez) March 18, 2021
Journalist Nabeela Zahir reiterated the double standards of these brands:
“Shalwaar kameez trendy unless on a (south) Asian?”
The salwar kameez has changed drastically over the years, however has always kept a close relationship with tradition and culture.
Western brands have frequently “reinvented” the salwar kameez without acknowledging the centuries of tradition and culture behind them.
They have unfortunately marketed it as something else and that too at a ridiculously high price.
Salwar Kameez in the West
In Britain, the South Asian diaspora adore the salwar kameez. There are many areas in Britain that sell a range of different types of salwar kameez’s for everyone’s taste.
Places like Southall and Stratford Road in London, Wilmslow Road in Manchester and Soho Road in Birmingham have been selling the traditional garment for decades.
Also, some amazing online South Asian clothes shops have appeared in recent years.
The salwar kameez has physically cemented its place in Britain, but how do the wearers feel when wearing it in the West?
British Pakistani, Saima*, expressed:
“When I was younger, I used to get really embarrassed wearing salwar kameez out to the shops or to restaurants.
“But, as I got older I realised it’s nothing to be embarrassed about and it’s my way of repping my Desi culture. I wear it out all the time now.”
Wearing your cultural clothing in western society is nothing to be ashamed of. However, unfortunately occasionally, for some, it can present a barrier.
63-year-old Arfana* mentioned how she always wears a salwar kameez, as it is what she feels most comfortable in.
She recalled a time when she was at a hospital appointment wearing a salwar kameez:
“The nurse thought I could not understand or speak English, she was addressing the questions at my daughter and asked her to come in the room with me to help me answer the questions.”
Going on to state:
“I assume this was because I was wearing a salwar kameez and not western clothing.”
There are prejudices linked to clothes and unfortunately, experienced quite frequently. Especially by older South Asian women who opt to wear their traditional clothes on a daily basis.
Importance of the Salwar Kameez
The evolution of the salwar kameez, over the years, has meant it has held a special place in the wearer’s heart, throughout their life.
It is a traditional outfit that upholds tradition and culture and for many, this is the reason they wear it.
Kiran* from England revealed:
“I feel clothing is one of the major ways I feel connected to Desi culture, especially living in Britain I do not get to wear a salwar kameez every day, but when I do it is really special.
“I have many memories of my mum buying me fancy salwar kameez’s when I was a child and I love doing the same with my children.”
Whilst 36-year-old Sumaira expressed:
“I am Pakistani, that’s what we wear. Just like I grew up eating Desi food, I have grown up wearing it, it’s part of my culture.”
For many, the salwar kameez holds an important place in their life as a synonym of Pakistani culture and tradition.
Due to this, many feel they need to uphold this when visiting Pakistan.
22-year-old Zahra told DESIblitz:
“When I go to Pakistan, I wear a mix of Pakistani kurtas and salwar kameez, because I feel it’s more culturally appropriate.”
This sentiment was also felt by 30-year-old Aisha* who said:
“Whenever I go to Pakistan, I hardly pack western clothes, I feel a bit weird wearing them in Pakistan. I tend to only wear salwar kameez.”
Apart from being a traditional outfit, the salwar kameez holds an important place for its elegance, ease and comfort.
Zahra said:
“I think the salwar kameez is more flattering generally and also has a better variety of colours and patterns, compared to western wear.
“I find the salwar kameez is more modest than most western wear.”
Salwar kameez is an extremely gracious clothing item that covers the wearer’s body, providing a modest fashionable look.
Even after all these years and the rise of western fashion, the salwar kameez is still adored by its wearers. On one side it is an epitome of tradition and on the other an epitome of ease and comfort.
An Evolving Garment
Sumaira explained to DESIblitz:
“I think salwar kameez fashions change every year.
“I think nowadays you can get away with more diverse shapes and styles, whereas in the past it always was about what was on trend and everyone would be wearing that style.”
The salwar kameez has been around for centuries, yet has never failed to please.
It has evolved over the years and has always managed to stay contemporary by incorporating different cuts and trends.
The evolution of salwar kameez is seen the most through the changes in styles in Bollywood films.
Bollywood films have allowed the styles to become more widely popular and not just in the region they originated from.
It is a clothing item that is worn by men, women, boys, and girls alike and holds a special place in the lives of many South Asians.
In addition, the widespread attention from British brands and the royal family has skyrocketed the salwar kameez into mainstream fashion.
The salwar kameez has changed so much as each decade passes, it would be interesting to see how it further evolves in the decades to come. | https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the-history-evolution-of-the-salwar-kameez |
Kirsten Watkins and Mary Farahnakian, Department of Theatre and Media Arts
With the end of World War II came a drastic change in fashion. Gone were the stiff shoulders and narrow silhouettes and in came the New Look of 1947, designed by Christian Dior. This look emphasized soft curves, narrow waists, and large wide skirts—a far cry from wartime fashions where fabric was rationed and such skirts were seen as a luxury that few could afford. With this change of fashion came a change in hats. While wartime hats were still widely worn, many new hats came onto the scene. This decade became the culmination of different hat styles from the large to the small, the formal to the casual, and the simple to the extravagant. They were a necessity, for a woman wouldn’t be seen out of the house without her hat and gloves. More than that, the hat became the exclamation point to a woman’s ensemble, each with a unique style.
My project for the Office of Research and Creative Activities was creating a display in the Harold B. Lee Library using hats that are from BYU’s Historic Clothing Collection which boasts over 4,000 articles of clothing and accessories from early 1800s to present day. In this collection there are about 700 hats, with around 250 of those hats from the 1950s from which I selected 21 iconic hats to put on display. My research began with a general overview of fashion history in the twentieth century, contextualizing the fashion history of the 1950s. This decade is notable because it was a departure from previous decades’ fashion and was “marked by a strong sense of recovery and hope for a democratic and prosperous future where war would never come again.”1 People and fashion were optimistic and new ideas for designs were abundant and often very romantic in an attempt to bring back old-fashioned femininity. Everything was circular and soft – made with felts and feathers, beads and straw, and usually swathed with yards of veiling.
One of my jobs at BYU has been to work on the rehousing of BYU’s Historic Clothing Collection under the direction of the Harold B. Lee Library and the Museum of Peoples and Cultures. As part of this job, I moved the Collection from the warehouse where they were stored to the library so they can become accessible for future research. In the process of moving the artifacts, I carefully replaced the box where they were stored as well as the tissue in the clothing and completed a condition report for each article. I checked for rot, bugs, staining, silk shattering, etc. The hats were no different. I sorted through the 250 hats from the decade, making notes along the way of condition, styles, colors, and materials. Each hat was photographed and rehoused, padded out with tissue paper to help preserve the shape and integrity of each piece. My notes about the hats that BYU owns as well as the research that I was conducting about the decade coincided to help me select the 21 hats that I chose to exhibit.
The Museum of Peoples and Cultures generously lent me four display cases to use in my exhibit and I divided the hats into four sections: summer hats, winter hats, formal hats, and large hats. I selected iconic hats that fit within those categories and carefully made mounts to fit each of the hats in order to display them. I used fosshape, a nonwoven fabric that can be molded into certain shapes with the use of heat, to create the base for the hats to sit on and cardboard tubes covered in velvet to support them. I also started going through primary sources, such as Vogue and Butterwick (popular magazines at the time), for images to print and mount on the wall to show an even wider variety of hats. Some of the popular styles that I included, either in artifact or picture form were: beret, boater, bonnet, bowler, cloche, cocktail (aka bibi), fedora, lampshade, mushroom cloche, Panama, pillbox, and skull cap. I also included two hats in the exhibit from two famous designers: Christian Dior and Elsa Schiaparelli.
All this work resulted in a month long exhibit in the Gallery on Five in the HBLL. There were 21 hats, 17 pictures from primary sources, and 1 hat pattern from a 1951 Vogue Pattern Book for people to take and make if they chose.
It was surprisingly challenging to create a museum exhibit. I wanted to create something nostalgic but was still relevant to people today. Why should people of 2016 care about hats from the 1950s? Why is it important to study these things? Clothing tells stories. It tells stories about the zeitgeist of the times: about economics, politics, and religion, about world issues and cultural influence. But more importantly, it tells stories about people, about their cares and dreams. It tells stories of family and community. I left a comment book so that people could leave their thoughts and impressions about the exhibit and several people mentioned the fact that it brought back memories of their mothers, grandmothers, and other important women in their lives. It is important to remember these stories. While I did not live in the 1950s, I am inspired by the stories of optimism and innovation after such a devastating war and throughout the Cold War. Regardless of the terrors that happen in the world, studying these hats and the stories that surround them taught me that we can always create beautiful things. It is something that is inherent within us. President Dieter F. Uchtdorf said, “The desire to create is one of the deepest yearnings of the human soul.”2 The very act of creating is an act of strength. It allows us in 2016 to see those who lived in the 1950s in a completely new light. Their lives are not just a couple of paragraphs in a history book full of politics and world events but a community of people who lived, loved, and created.
In the 1960s, hats started to die off. Hairstyles and economics changed. Celebrities no longer wore hats and the public followed suit. Hats never regained the popularity that they once enjoyed—the 1950s were indeed the final heyday for hats. Even though we no longer wear hats as a part of our daily ensemble, studying the fashions of the past is important to learn about the lives of the people who lived through it. I am grateful for the opportunity that I had to study these hats and to learn more about museum conservation and curation. Clothing history has always been fascinating to me and I hope to be able to build off the scholarship and skills that I learned from this project in the future. Thank you.
1 Hopkins, Susie. “The Golden Years.” The Century of Hats: Headturning Style of the Twentieth Century. Edison, NJ: Chartwell, 1999. 82. Print.
2 Uchtdorf, Dieter F. “Happiness, Your Heritage.” The Church of Jesus Christ of Later-Day Saints, Oct. 2008. Web. 30 Aug. 2016. <https://www.lds.org/general-conference/2008/10/happiness-your-heritage?lang=eng&_r=1>.
Selected Bibliography
- Clark, Fiona. Hats. London: B.T. Batsford, 1982. Print. Courtais, Georgine De. “Twentieth Century.” Women’s Headdress and Hairstyles: In England from AD 600 to the Present Day. London: Batsford, 1986. 160-67. Print.
- Farrell-Beck, Jane, and Jean Louise Parsons. “1947-1958: New Wealth, New Looks.” Twentieth-Century Dress in the United States. New York: Fairchild Publications, 2007. 132-57. Print.
- Hopkins, Susie. “The Golden Years.” The Century of Hats: Headturning Style of the Twentieth Century. Edison, NJ: Chartwell, 1999. 82-95. Print.
- Mendes, Valerie D., Amy De La Haye, and Valerie D. Mendes. Fashion Since 1900. London: Thames and Hudson, 2010. Print. | http://jur.byu.edu/?p=22023 |
Women and minority scientists and engineers were honored at the AAAS Annual Meeting in San Jose. These are all PhDs and researchers in STEM fields representing Nigeria, Sudan and Vietnam. Hearing about the challenges they faced to establish labs, some conducting research in rural areas, given extremely limited resources and in places where women still are not encouraged to pursue higher education or science was a testament to their perseverance and resilience. It was a privilege to hear their stories and interview some of them.
Three of the five women pictured here (left to right):
Excerpt from the World Academy of Sciences for the advancement of science in developing countries (TWAS) website: “Dr. Nashwa Eassa, assistant professor of physics, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan (Arab Region) Nanoparticle Physics: For her research on a type of high-speed semiconductor, focusing on how to lessen the film that accumulates on its surface and interferes with the flow of electrical current. She is also involved in a project developing methods for using solar radiation to treat water and for splitting water molecules so that hydrogen can be collected.
Dr. Mojisola Oluwyemisi Adeniyi, head of the Atmospheric Physics/ Meteorological Research Group, Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (Sub-Saharan Africa Region)
Lower Atmospheric Physics: For her research using modeling to understand weather and climate, as well as atmospheric radioactivity, lightning and food security. Her research has shed light on when to best plant staple crops in Nigeria. She has also presented on efforts to improve the accuracy of climate models. | https://ambassadors.nef.org/2015/02/18/minority-and-women-scientists-and-engineers-honored-at-the-aaas-2015-annual-meeting/ |
In an experiment to collide lead nuclei together at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider physicists from the ALICE detector team including researchers from the University of Birmingham have discovered that the very early Universe was not only very hot and dense but behaved like a hot liquid.
By accelerating and smashing together lead nuclei at the highest possible energies, the ALICE experiment has generated incredibly hot and dense sub-atomic fireballs, recreating the conditions that existed in the first few microseconds after the Big Bang. Scientists claim that these mini big bangs create temperatures of over ten trillion degrees.
At these temperatures normal matter is expected to melt into an exotic, primordial ‘soup’ known as quark-gluon plasma. These first results from lead collisions have already ruled out a number of theoretical physics models, including ones predicting that the quark-gluon plasma created at these energies would behave like a gas.
Although previous research in the USA at lower energies, indicated that the hot fire balls produced in nuclei collisions behaved like a liquid, many expected the quark-gluon plasma to behave like a gas at these much higher energies.
Scientists from the University of Birmingham’s School of Physics and Astronomy are playing a key role in this new phase of the LHC’s programme which comes after seven months of successfully colliding protons at high energies. Dr David Evans, from the University of Birmingham’s School of Physics and Astronomy, and UK lead investigator at ALICE experiment, said: “Although it is very early days we are already learning more about the early Universe.”
He continues: “These first results would seem to suggest that the Universe would have behaved like a super-hot liquid immediately after the Big Bang.”
The team has also discovered that more sub-atomic particles are produced in these head-on collisions than some theoretical models previously suggested. The fireballs resulting from the collision only lasts a short time, but when the ‘soup’ cools down, the researchers are able to see thousands of particles radiating out from the fireball. It is in this debris that they are able to draw conclusions about the soup’s behaviour.
This research is funded by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC).
Two papers detailing this research have been submitted for publication and posted on:
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1011.3914 and http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1011.3916
Images and captions
Pictures of lead collisions and the ALICE detector can be found at:
http://epweb2.ph.bham.ac.uk/user/evans/lead2010/
and
http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/Welcome.html
Images should be credited to CERN unless otherwise stated.
Further information
Kate Chapple, Press Officer, University of Birmingham, Tel: 0121 414 2772 or 07789 921164.
The ALICE Experiment
Physicists working on the ALICE experiment will study the properties, still largely unknown, of the state of matter called a quark-gluon plasma. This will help them understand more about the strong force and how it governs matter; the nature of the confinement of quarks – why quarks are confined in matter, such as protons; and how the Strong Force generates 98% of the mass of protons and neutrons. The ALICE detector is placed in the LHC ring, some 300 feet (100 metres) underground, is 52 feet (16 metres) high, 85 feet (26 metres) long and weighs about 10,000 tons.
The ALICE Collaboration consists of around 1000 physicists and engineers from about 100 institutes in 30 countries. The UK group consists of eight physicists and engineers and seven PhD students from the University of Birmingham. It plays a vital role in the design and construction of the central trigger electronics (the ALICE Brain) and corresponding software. In addition, the UK group is making an important contribution to the analysis of ALICE data.
During collisions of lead nuclei, ALICE will record data to disk at a rate of 1.2 GBytes (two CDs) every second and will write over two PBytes (two million GBytes) of data to disk; this is equivalent to more than three million CDs (or a stack of CDs (without boxes) several miles high). To process these data, ALICE will need 50,000 top-of-the-range PCs, from all over the world, running 24 hours a day.
ALICE utilises state-of-the-art technology including high precision systems for the detection and tracking of subatomic particles, ultra-miniaturised systems for the processing of electronic signals, and a worldwide distribution network of the computing resources for data analysis (the GRID). Many of these technological developments have direct implications to everyday life such as medical imaging, microelectronics and information technology.
CERN
CERN is one of the world’s largest and most respected centres for scientific research. Its business is fundamental physics, finding out what the Universe is made of and how it works.
University of Birmingham
The University of Birmingham is a truly vibrant, global community and an internationally-renowned institution. Its work brings people from across the world to Birmingham, including researchers and teachers and more than four thousand international students from nearly 150 different countries.
Science and Technology Facilities Council
The Science and Technology Facilities Council ensures the UK retains its leading place on the world stage by delivering world-class science; accessing and hosting international facilities; developing innovative technologies; and increasing the socio-economic impact of its research through effective knowledge exchange partnerships.
The Council has a broad science portfolio including Astronomy, Particle Physics, Particle Astrophysics, Nuclear Physics, Space Science, Synchrotron Radiation, Neutron Sources and High Power Lasers. In addition the Council manages and operates three internationally renowned laboratories:
- The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire
- The Daresbury Laboratory, Cheshire
- The UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Edinburgh
The Council gives researchers access to world-class facilities and funds the UK membership of international bodies such as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), the Institute Laue Langevin (ILL), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). It also contributes money for the UK telescopes overseas on La Palma, Hawaii, Chile, and in the UK LOFAR and the MERLIN/VLBI National Facility, which includes the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory.
www.stfc.ac.uk
* More information on the previous, lower energy results can be found at: | https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/2010/early-universe-was-a-liquid-the-alice-experiment-announces-first-results-from-lead-nuclei-collisions-at-the-lhc |
The success of the ATLAS Experiment will be defined by more than just the dedicated physicists who pursue research at this highest-energy frontier. It will be defined as well by the reliability and scalability of our computer systems. These massive networks of storage and processing power serve as both a nervous and circulatory system; if they are not reliable, all the brain power in the world won’t be able to analyze the data. SMU is extremely fortunate to have invested in a massive computing system, one which stands as both an independent facility and as part of a global computing grid.
Proton collisions arrive from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, are turned into computer data by the ATLAS trigger (which tries to only keep the most interesting events), and then is exported to a massive magnetic tape system for distribution to sites across the globe. ATLAS computing is “tiered”: Tier 0 is where the data is originally collected; Tier 1 facilities have full copies of the original data; Tier 2 facilities have a limited suite of data needed by regional groups; Tier 3 facilities serve the specialized needs of a single institution. At SMU, we are very fortunate to be host to a large Tier 3 system, managed by Justin Ross.
The SMU High-Performance Computing (HPC) system consists in part of 1000 “cores” – processing units which can each be devoted to the requests of a single users. It’s a resource available to the entire University. SMU ATLAS users (researchers with a specific computing need) routinely submit requests to the system to execute data analysis or a simulation of the ATLAS detector. At any moment, a half-dozen SMU Atlanteans might be making requests to the system. Some of these requests are for just a few cores, and some for as many cores as are available. It is the role of the system, tuned by the system manager, to decide how priority is assigned based on recent usage or future needs.
This is a massive technical challenge. Installing 1000 cores requires extensive knowledge of the hardware, a recognition of the electrical demands of the system, and expertise in high-speed, high-performance networking to connect all of it together. It also requires responsiveness to the needs of users, patience with their requests, and a collaborative spirit that helps to connect users to system’s resources. We have been very fortunate to have Justin at the technical helm of this system.
Let me give a few examples that highlight the demands on this system. Members of the SMU ATLAS group (Julia Hoffman and Ryan Rios) needed an extremely large sample of simulated data in order to develop their search for the Higgs Boson, a holy grail of the LHC effort. When they were told that such samples of simulated data could not be quickly made available by ATLAS central simulation production, they turned to the HPC system. Over the course of six months, running almost continuously for weeks at a time, they simulated 2 million proton-proton collisions spread out over 840,000 “jobs” – individual requests to the system. The massive scale of the LHC and ATLAS experiment puts tremendous technical demands on the system; each collision takes 12 minutes to simulate. Being able to run many jobs in parallel on a dedicated system was essential to the success of this effort.
Routinely now, SMU ATLAS physicists are analyzing real proton collision data. For any local analysis, this data must be copied from a Tier 1 site, such as Brookhaven National Laboratory. Recently, SMU post-docs Haleh Hadavand and David Joffe, and SMU grad student Kamile Dindar engaged in a serious exercise to test the reliability of the ATLAS systems built for getting data to SMU. The tremendous storage capacity of the system and marriage of central ATLAS bookkeeping tools into the SMU environment made a full test possible, even under stressful conditions preparing research for conferences.
My final example is a bit closer to home and involves some of my own work this summer. In order to meet the challenges of globally distributed data, physicists and engineers have developed “The Grid” – a massive, “cloud-computing” system distributed across the globe . The philosophy of The Grid is simple – there is too much data for any one host, and so rather than bringing data to the user the user should send an analysis to the data. This philosophy works remarkably well, but even still there is tremendous value in having a local HPC system that can help us to keep up with the demands of physics analysis, especially at times when The Grid is swamped. As a comparison, I recently processed a large sample of simulated ATLAS data on The Grid and at SMU; the SMU HPC system did the same job as The Grid, but in some cases in much less time. One set of jobs ran in 51 minutes at SMU; the same set ran in 56 minutes on the Grid. A second batch of jobs ran in 52 minutes at SMU; the same batch required 3.5 hours on the Grid.
SMU has invested tremendous resources in developing a local high-performance computing system. From the perspective of an ATLAS physicist like myself, the HPC system is an invaluable tool on its own and a compliment to the Grid resources our experiment has developed. In a moment of crisis, when discoveries are on the line and time matters, you cannot underestimate the benefits of a reliable, well-maintained, powerful, local system that saves time and promotes spontaneous research. | https://blog.smu.edu/smucern/2010/08/05/high-performance-computing/ |
Engineers operating the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have smashed together proton beams in the machine for the very first time.
The step was described as a "great achievement" for those working on the huge physics experiment.
The low-energy collisions came after researchers circulated two beams simultaneously in the LHC's 27km-long tunnel earlier on Monday.
The LHC will smash together beams of protons to shed light on the cosmos.
Operated by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (Cern), the LHC is the world's largest machine and will create similar conditions to those present moments after the Big Bang.
Scientists will search for signs of the Higgs boson, a sub-atomic particle that is crucial to our current understanding of physics.
Although it is predicted to exist, scientists have not yet detected it.
Researchers working on the collider have said they are delighted with the quick progress made since the machine restarted on Friday.
"It's a great achievement to have come this far in so short a time," said Cern's director-general Rolf Heuer.
"But we need to keep a sense of perspective - there's still much to do before we can start the LHC physics programme."
Smashing news
Housed in a tunnel 100m beneath the Franco-Swiss border, the LHC uses some 1,200 "superconducting" magnets to bend proton beams in opposite directions around the tunnel at close to the speed of light.
At allotted points around the "ring", the proton beams cross, smashing into one another with enormous energy.
Large "detector" machines located at these crossing points will scour the wreckage of the collisions for discoveries that could roll back the frontiers of knowledge.
The four main detectors at the LHC are: Atlas, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), Alice and LHCb. Atlas and CMS are so-called multi-purpose detectors, while Alice and LHCb are designed with more specific scientific investigations in mind.
Cern's director of communications, Dr James Gillies, said the first collisions had taken place just as a news conference was underway on Monday to discuss progress following the machine's restart at the weekend.
"We didn't have time to analyse them then. We waited until all four of the (detectors) had seen good candidates (for collisions)," he told BBC News.
Quick progress
The giant Atlas detector was the first to record candidate collisions at 1322 GMT. But CMS failed to see any on the first try. Alice and LHCb saw their first candidate collisions after 1600 GMT.
Operators then went back and adjusted the beam to generate collisions in the Compact Muon Solenoid detector. This time, they were successful, with the first candidates seen at around 1820 GMT.
Fabiola Gianotti, spokesperson for the Atlas scientific team, commented: "This is great news, the start of a fantastic era of physics and hopefully discoveries after 20 years' work by the international community."
The spokesperson for the Alice experiment, Jurgen Schukraft, said cheers erupted with the first collisions.
"This is simply tremendous," he said.
Engineers restarted the LHC on Friday evening after a 14-month hiatus while the machine was being repaired.
It had to be shut down shortly after its inauguration when an electrical fault led to magnets being damaged and to one tonne of liquid helium leaking into the tunnel. | https://defenceforumindia.com/threads/cerns-large-hadron-collider-makes-first-collisions.7001/ |
# Uwe Thumm
Uwe Paul Erich Thumm is a German-American physicist with research interests in atomic, molecular, and optical physics and nanoscience. A distinguished physics professor at Kansas State University and the J. R. Macdonald Laboratory in Manhattan, Kansas his research team investigates the ultrafast dynamics of electrons and molecular fragments in laser-matter and particle-matter interactions, highly-charged-ion physics, electron–atom collisions, and plasmonic nanostructures. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and recipient of several awards, including the Senior Research Award of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
## Education
Born and raised in Freiburg, Germany, Thumm studied physics and mathematics at the University of Freiburg, the University of Heidelberg, and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6) in Paris, France. He completed his diploma thesis on "Projectile excitation in asymmetric ion-atom collisions" and his PhD thesis on "Charge-exchange mechanisms in ion-surface collisions'' at the University of Freiburg under the supervision of John S. Briggs. During his graduate work Thumm spent seven months as a research associate at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University of Knoxville in Tennessee, USA. After earning his PhD in 1989, he researched electron-atom collisions and the electronic structure of negative alkali ions at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics in Boulder, CO, USA as a postdoctoral research associate before joining the physics faculty at Kansas State University.
## Work
Thumm's research focuses on numerical modeling interactions of intense pulses of laser light and of particle beams with atoms, small molecules, clusters, nanoparticles, surfaces, and thin films. He has written and co-authored more than 120 publications in peer-reviewed journals, three patents, and more than 350 non-refereed publications, abstracts, and press releases. His research has contributed to different areas of physics with noteworthy broader impacts, including:
Light–matter interactions: work on laser-induced and laser-probed nuclear dynamics in molecules; coherent control; electronic dynamics in atoms, surfaces, and plasmonic nanostructures; high-harmonic generation). Broader impacts: solar energy conversion, photo-catalysis, novel light sources, intense light pulse characterization. Highly-charged ion physics. Broader impacts: ion-lithography, controlled thermonuclear fusion, particle detection. Particle and light interactions with plasmonic nanostructures (electron transfer and emission). Broader impacts: surface chemistry, catalysis, functional nanostructures, novel electro-optical switches & detectors. Electron–atom interactions (electronic excitation, highly correlated systems, negative ions). Broader impacts: thermionic energy conversion, improved light sources, basic atomic data, particle detection.
Outside academia, Thumm worked as a consultant for thermionic energy conversion at Razor Associates in Sunnyvale, CA and Research Director at Advanced Photonics Technologies AG in Bruckmühl, Germany.
## Honors
1992–present: competitive research awards as single and collaborative principal investigator from various funding agencies (DFG, NSF, DOE, DOD, Humboldt Foundation, Max-Planck Foundation, Harvard-Smithsonian Institution) 2022 Visiting professor research awards at the Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany and ETH Zürich, Switzerland 2008, 2014, and 2020 Kansas State University Professorial Award for "outstanding contributions to the department, college, and university" 2014 Alexander von Humboldt Senior Research Award honoring "the academic and research achievements of the award winner's lifetime". 2014 Distinguished Graduate Faculty Award at Kansas State University. 2013 Elected fellow of the Swiss National Center of Competence in Research 2011 Elected fellow of the American Physical Society 2007 Max-Planck Society research award 2000 Mercator visiting professor award of the German Research Foundation (DFG) 1999 Harvard University research award 1981–1982 German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) scholarship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Thumm |
# Saskia Mioduszewski
Saskia Mioduszewski is a nuclear physicist and professor at Texas A&M University.
## Education
Mioduszewski completed an undergraduate degree in physics and mathematics in 1994 at North Carolina State University. In 2000, she obtained her PhD in physics from the University of Tennessee. Her PhD thesis was called Centrality dependence of antiproton production in Proton-Nucleus Collisions at 17.5 and 12.3 GeV.
## Career
Between 2000 and 2005, Mioduszewski was a postdoctoral research associate at Brookhaven National Laboratory. During this time, she contributed to the PHENIX Experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC).
In 2005, she became an assistant professor at Texas A&M University. She continues to work with the RHIC on the STAR Collaboration and is a member of the Cyclotron Institute. She is interested in studying ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. In particular, she studies the transition between nuclear or "hadronic" matter and the state known as Quark Gluon Plasma.
An application of Mioduszewski's work is in replicating conditions similar to just after the Big Bang by colliding gold particles accelerated to nearly the speed of light. The result of the high-speed collisions is a new particle called an "anti-hypertriton". The particles then cool and decay over lifetimes shorter than nanosecond timescales. These experiments are carried out at RHIC and may help improve understanding of nuclear interactions as well as the distribution of matter and antimatter in the universe. Today, matter appears to be far more prevalent than antimatter, and this asymmetry remains an active research area.
## Awards and honours
2019 Fellow of the American Physical Society for sustained leadership of high-precision measurement of the quark-gluon plasma using direct photons and their correlations with hadrons and jets at the PHENIX and STAR experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. 2018 Presidential Impact Fellow of Texas A&M University. 2009 Maria Goeppert Mayer Award for her pioneering contributions to the observation of jet quenching and her continuing efforts to understand high- p_T phenomena in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. 2006 Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship. 2003 Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers. 1998 Paul H. Stelson Nuclear Physics Award.
## Personal life
Mioduszewski is married to Ralf Rapp, another physics professor at Texas A&M University. They have a son. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Mioduszewski |
The Coastal Marine Applied Research (CMAR) consultancy aims to support the appropriate management of coastal, marine and estuarine resources and activities, focusing on coastal processes and marine physics to understand and predict the behaviour of these environment systems.
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Sending data for proton collisions at a record-breaking energy level now begins. Data transmission at a record-breaking energy of 13.6 TeV is currently being prepared by the Large Hadron Collider. Scientists from the University of Liverpool are involved in the work as part of global partnerships to collect and evaluate data.
The third data collection run (Run3) for the accelerator began at CERN, located near Geneva on the Swiss-French border.
After more than three years of retrofit and maintenance work to make it even stronger, the beam had begun to re-circulate in circular orbit in April.
Previously, the LHC machine and its injectors were reactivated to operate with new, more intense beams and more energy.
According to the beam operators, the beam is now stable and ready to begin collecting data for scientific purposes.
The LHC (TeV) will now operate continuously for almost 13.6 years at a record speed of 4 trillion electronvolts.
To expand the data samples and generate more collision energy, researchers at the University of Liverpool have joined a worldwide effort to improve the performance of three of the four key LHC experiments( LHCb, ATLAS ve ALICE ).
Professor Monica D'Onofrio from the University of Liverpool said in her statements.
Now we are ready to collect higher quality, visibly larger data samples than previous studies, he says, “This is a very exciting moment for all of us.
After years spent upgrading the ATLAS detector system with new components, improved data reading and improved online selection will provide new insights.
“We will be able to probe the nature of the Higgs boson with unprecedented accuracy, test whether it decays into new particles such as those that might form dark matter, and search for new physics at the highest energy achieved by an accelerator,” he says.
Since the beginning of LHC operations, our group in Liverpool has been at the forefront of many of these research and precision measurements, and we look forward to embarking on this new chapter of the ATLAS experiment.
It's also great that in addition to the four main LHC experiments, a whole new set of small experiments set up and built during the extended shutdown will have initial results as Study 3 begins.
created to search for decays of putative new particles with long lifetimes created in LHC collisions and potential dark matter candidates. FASERIt will be his job.
It will be the task of ATLAS to explore uncharted territory. Undoubtedly exciting times await us and we are all working hard to maximize the potential of these amazing detectors and accelerators.
“After nearly a decade of research and development, the ALICE experiment has completed major updates to the detector, electronics, triggering and computing systems during the LHC's second prolonged shutdown and is ready for the start of today's third operation,” says Professor Marielle.
Chartier is team leader of the University of Liverpool ALICE experiment. ALICE will be able to collect data much faster than the LHC proton-proton, proton-ion and heavy ion collisions in the next decade.
Chartier's statements are as follows;
“I look forward to learning more about the quark-gluon plasma and how well the new Silicon Internal Monitoring System will work to enable high-precision measurements of short-range dynamics in high-temperature quantum chromodynamics.”
The most pixelated and thinnest silicon particle tracker in the LHC, this new detector is the largest silicon pixel tracker ever made and the first to be made entirely of CMOS sensors.
This enormous digital camera with approximately 13 billion pixels and a shutter speed of 50.000 images per second was built, assembled and commissioned by the University of Liverpool in collaboration with STFC Daresbury Laboratory.
Tara Shears, professor of particle physics at Liverpool and working on the LHCb experiment, said: “There is so much we need to understand about the universe: why do matter and antimatter differ; what makes up dark matter; The new physics is revealing itself, we believe is out there somewhere.
This is why the Run 3 run is so important to us.
It will provide us with so much information that it gives us the chance to do extensive research on each of these topics.
In preparation for the start of data collection, the experience LHCb has undergone extensive refurbishment and refinement and we have installed one of the key particle detectors for this in Liverpool. No one expected a pandemic when we planned this!
Despite all the difficulties, this complex detector for Run3 was built, delivered and deployed on time.
This is a testament to the dedication and talent of our amazing team at Liverpool. Thanks to the data from this new detector, the entire LHCb physics program will be possible.
The data reading and selection systems for the four major LHC experiments have undergone significant changes, including new detector systems and computational infrastructure.
Thanks to the adjustments, they will be able to collect significantly more data samples and the data will be of higher quality than previous studies. It is estimated that more collisions will be recorded by the ATLAS and CMS detectors in the Run3 study than by the two physics studies combined.
The LHCb experiment has been completely revamped and hopes to increase the data acquisition rate by a factor of 10, while ALICE hopes to capture a staggering fifty times more collision.
Run 3 will further expand the already highly diversified LHC physics program with expanded data samples and higher collision energy. | https://optimumphysics.com/dunyanin-en-guclu-parcacik-hizlandiricisi-cern-yeniden-basliyor/ |
ACDC Module Updates For users of the ACDC Module, COMSOL Multiphysics version 5. 3 brings a new Electrostatics, Boundary Elements physics interface, a new Stationary Source Sweep study step, and several new tutorial models.
he ACDC Module Model Library consists of a set of models from various areas of lowfrequency electromagnetic field simulations. Their purpose is to assist you COMSOL Multiphysics Quick Start manual. Extensive information about command line modeling using COMSOL Script is available in yet another book, the COMSOL For a comprehensive analysis, use the COMSOL Multiphysics software and the ACDC Module to see how multiple physics affect your design.
Most electromagnetic components, devices, and products are affected by another branch of physics, whether it be heat representative, go to other COMSOL websites, request information and pricing, submit technical support queries, subscribe to the monthly eNews email newsletter, and much more.
Introduction 5 Introduction The ACDC Module is used by engineers and scientists to understand, predict, and design electric and magnetic fields in statics and lowfrequency applications. Aug 31, 2016 This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. his guide describes the ACDC Module, an optional addon package for COMSOL Multiphysics designed to assist you to solve and model lowfrequency electromagnetics.
The course will introduce the fundamental governing Maxwell equation for electromagnetics and how they are implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics. Participants will understand the important material properties required for accurate simulation of ACDC electromagnetic phenomena and how they are used. | http://naijanewsrave.com/i9ai9l2z3.html |
City-Sized Asteroids Hit the Earth More Frequently than Previously Thought
Huge asteroid impacts on Earth may have occurred up to 10 times more frequently than was previously thought, a new analysis conducted by researchers at the US-based Southwest Research Institute reveals.
The analysis shows that asteroids, ranging from city-sized to small province-sized, struck on average every 15 million years between 2.5 and 3.5 billion years ago.
According to a press statement from the Goldschmidt Geochemistry Conference, where the research was presented, the scientists behind the analysis are now delving into the effects the added number of impacts may have had on the Earth's surface chemistry and, subsequently, on the early evolution of life.
For the new analysis, the researchers developed an impact flux model and compared that with a statistical model of ancient spherule layer data, which is widely accepted in the scientific community.
Using that approach, they found that current models of asteroid impacts during the Earth's early formation period drastically underestimate the number of collisions that occurred.
The new data suggests that the Earth was likely being hit by an asteroid the same size as the one that killed off the dinosaurs approximately once every 15 million years.
Early asteroids may have brought life to Earth
The effect of asteroids on Earth's chemistry over billions of years is an area of research that could provide a glimpse as to the origin of life on Earth.
Dr. Simone Marchi, of the Southwest Research Institute, said "one outcome we are looking at is to try to understand if these impacts may have affected the evolution of atmospheric oxygen."
"We find that oxygen levels would have drastically fluctuated in the period of intense impacts," Marchi continued. "Given the importance of oxygen to the Earth's development, and indeed to the development of life, its possible connection with collisions is intriguing and deserved further investigation. This is the next stage of our work."
Earlier this year, scientists revealed findings from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's (JAXA) Hayabusa-1 mission, which collected a sample from an asteroid in 2010. Their study showed that the most common type of asteroid to come to Earth, S-type asteroids, can contain the raw components essential to life.
Such findings can be applied to the study of the Earth's early years. Though direct evidence of impacts from so far back is very difficult to find, the new analysis nevertheless points to the fact that asteroids had a much larger impact on Earth's early formative years than previously thought. | https://interestingengineering.com/science/city-sized-asteroids-hit-the-earth-more-frequently-than-previously-thought |
Course No.
Course Title
No. of Units
Pre-requisites
Th.
Pr.
Credit
PHYS 110
General Physics I
3
0
-
Objectives of the course:
The course provides a general introduction to the fundamental concepts of mechanics.
Course Description:
Physical quantities and dimensional analysis, vectors, motion in one dimension, motion in a plane, Newton’s laws, friction, work and energy, impulse, momentum, collisions, and rotational motion.
Main text books :
Fundamental of Physics by Halliday, Resnick & Walker 2008 John Wiley & Sons .
Subsidiary books :
1- Physics for scientist and engineers with modern physics by Serway (2005), Saunders college publisher .
2- University Physics by Sears, Zemansky, and Young (2007) .
3- Physics by Halliday, Resnick & Krane (2008) John Wiley & Sons. | https://phys.kau.edu.sa/Content-13005-EN-49594 |
2013 study offered menu of fixes to make U.S. 550 safer
A 2013 study for the New Mexico Department of Transportation proposed putting concrete or cable barriers in the middle of U.S. 550 as one of several possible ways to reduce the number of fatal collisions from vehicles crossing the highway’s narrow median into oncoming traffic.
Since that study, no barriers have been installed on the four-lane highway, which, The New Mexican reported June 11, has had a high number of fatal crashes in recent years caused by motorists crossing its 6-foot-wide paved median, which is five times narrower than recommended by the Federal Highway Administration.
The study also proposed other steps to make the high-speed route across northwestern New Mexico safer, including better marking of median lines; lighting at some intersections; and signs alerting motorists to their speed, hazardous weather conditions, upcoming intersections, curves and changes in grade.
Department spokeswoman Emilee Cantrell didn’t respond to a written request asking if any of those additional safety measures have been implemented.
The consulting engineers who conducted the study cited high rates of cross-median crashes at and near places where U.S. 550 intersects other roads. They proposed that the Department of Transportation “install median barrier treatment (concrete or cable style) with limited median breaks to mitigate for cross median crash patterns at T-type intersection locations.”
But while it proposed the barriers, the study added, “This treatment isn’t necessarily the most reasonable first course of action that could be undertaken to mitigate crashes along the corridor.”
Cantrell hasn’t said why median barriers weren’t installed but has said engineers take a number of factors into account when deciding on barriers. For example, she said, barriers are subject to the width of a median and other geometric conditions. She also said barriers can increase danger depending on their locations.
The Department of Transportation released the study last week in response to a request by The New Mexican under the state Inspection of Public Records Act.
The New Mexican reported that for the years 2013-15, the much busier Interstate 40 was the only highway in New Mexico with more motorist and passenger deaths per road mile than the state’s stretch of U.S. 550. A total of 35 motorists and passengers died over the three-year period on U.S. 550, which runs for 175 miles from just north of Albuquerque to the Four Corners area.
A family of four from Aztec died in May when their SUV was hit by a truck that crossed the median after a tire blowout. Investigators believe the truck driver, who also died, may have been drinking. Another family of four from Texas died in strikingly similar fashion in August 2014 when a truck veered across the median and slammed head-on into their vehicle. In both cases, cable barriers might have saved lives.
Following The New Mexican’s report on U.S. 550, state Transportation Secretary Tom Church asked department engineers to look into what could be done to improve safety on the highway. The 2013 study gives engineers a long menu of choices.
“From the perspective of public safety concerns, NMDOT’s attention should be on not only reducing the frequency of crashes, but also on reducing the types and characteristics of the most serious crashes,” said the study by the global engineering and consulting firm CH2M.
The study was conducted in response to a memorial unanimously approved by the state Senate in 2012. It asked the department to examine the feasibility of installing center guardrails on U.S. 550 from Bernalillo to Bloomfield. The memorial was introduced by then-state Sen. Linda Lovejoy, D-Crownpoint, because of the high number of crashes. In an interview, she said she believed for years there should be a “fence” or some other type of barrier dividing the opposite lanes.
The memorial, citing cross-median collisions on U.S. 550, said, “Increased safety measures need to be taken to prevent further head-on collisions and to help ensure the safety of all drivers.”
Cable and concrete barriers have been installed on other highways in New Mexico.
Cable barriers, which are much less expensive than concrete barriers, are about 95 percent effective in preventing vehicles, including large trucks, from crossing medians into opposing lanes, according to a 2012 report by The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
In conducting the study for the Department of Transportation, CH2M examined crash data for 135 miles of U.S. 550 from 2006-10.
“Of the fatal and injury crashes, the most predominant crash type was cross median,” the study said.
But the study said that while barriers on U.S. 550 would prevent cross-median crashes, there were others factors to consider.
Noting the Senate memorial suggested center guardrails on U.S. 550, the study said:
“NMDOT must consider, when deciding to implement median barrier treatments, the potential effects to cross median traffic which would necessitate providing u-turn and/or turn-around locations for vehicles needing to make the movement” to access a road or driveway on the opposite side of the highway.
“Other countermeasures … may reduce the frequency of all crashes including cross-median without the costs and impacts of installing median barrier.”
CH2M found that excessive speed, inclement weather and time of day were significant factors in crashes on U.S. 550.
The study proposed:
• Monitors for weather stations and pavement conditions that would enable highway crews to respond faster to winter weather.
• Signs tied to weather stations that would alert motorists to hazardous conditions and could impose lower speed limits based on conditions. (U.S. 550 has a 70 mph speed limit for most of its stretch in New Mexico, although it was designed for a top speed of 65 mph.)
• Signs alerting motorists of their speed.
• Signs warning motorists of upcoming intersections, curves and changes in grade.
• Signs on curves and grades advising motorists of appropriate speeds.
• Increased reflection in pavement markings, include markings at the edge of the median.
• Installation of lighting at intersections with crash clusters.
• Increased speed enforcement on rural U.S. 550.
• Increased frequency of highway crew work to clear snow and ice.
The study said the proposed safety measures, including the installation of median barriers on some stretches of U.S. 550, present “a complete suite of solutions for consideration by NMDOT to address identified crash patterns and frequencies” on rural U.S. 550.
The study said an analysis would be performed on the proposals selected by the Department of Transportation in order to quantify the cost of the safety measures, as well as the financial benefit from improved safety. The department didn’t respond when asked whether the analysis had been conducted.
Contact Thom Cole at 505-986-3022 or [email protected]. | https://apnews.com/ac794a9587b54e7ebe70e818d5a57e01 |
Originally published on the Huffington Post, March 20, 2015
Perhaps no group of science deniers has been more ridiculed than those who deny the science of evolution. What you may not know is that Monsanto and our United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are among them. That's right: for decades, Monsanto and its enablers inside the USDA have denied the central tenets of evolutionary biology, namely natural selection and adaptation. And this denial of basic science by the company and our government threatens the future viability of American agriculture.
Third Grade Science
Let's start with interrelated concepts of natural selection and adaptation. This is elementary school science. In fact, in Washington D.C. it is part of the basic third grade science curriculum.
As we all remember from biology class, when an environment changes, trait variation in a species could allow some in that species to adapt to that new environment and survive. Others will die out. The survivors are then able to reproduce and even thrive under the new environmental conditions. For example, if a drought were to occur, some plants might have traits that allow them to survive while other plants in the same species would perish. The drought-resistant plants then become the "evolved" species, and they are able to reproduce in the drought environment.
Obvious, you are thinking. But let's explore how Monsanto's top scientists and government regulators would have failed a third grade science class in D.C. and the dire consequences that it is bringing to us all.
Biotech's Dirty Little Secret
First a little background. Since the early 1980s, Monsanto has endlessly hyped genetically engineered (GE) crops they claim could reduce hunger, reduce pesticide use, and survive droughts. In reality, no such "miracle" crops exist. No significantly greater yielding crops, no more effective drought resistance crops. And as for the claim of less pesticide use, behind this myth lies the "dirty little secret" of agricultural biotechnology. Namely, that GE crops actually add hundreds of millions of pounds of pesticides to our fields and crops, and create greater agrochemical residues on our food. Why? Because around 85 percent of all genetically engineered crops in the United States and around the world have been engineered to withstand massive doses of herbicides, mostly Monsanto's Roundup. Usually, if toxic weed-killing chemicals such as Roundup come into contact with a crop they will destroy it as well as the weeds around it. But Monsanto scientists genetically engineered a cassette of bacterial and viral DNA into plants that allowed them to tolerate these herbicides. So the weeds are killed, but the crops remain.
In the United States, more than 50 percent of all our cropland is devoted to GE corn, soy and cotton. They are commodity crops that feed cars, animals in industrial meat production and are used for additives like high fructose corn syrup. Almost none directly feeds people. So rather than feeding the hungry, this technology is about chemical companies selling more chemicals, a lot more chemicals. So as noted, each year 115 million more pounds of Roundup are spread on our farmlands because of these altered crops.
Profits versus Science: Science loses
If half of our nation's cropland is doused year after year with a particular herbicide, that is a significant change in the environment. The accompanying problem of adaptation and selection has probably already occurred to you. Wouldn't that massive increase in Roundup use over that huge a portion of our cropland cause some weed populations to develop resistance? Wouldn't weeds with natural resistance thrive in this new environment? Wouldn't these new "superweeds" eventually become a major problem for U.S. farmers, overrunning their crops?
As government regulators were considering whether to approve these plants in the mid-1990s, they asked Monsanto just that question. No doubt considering the billions they were going to make selling more Roundup, this is a moment when Monsanto's scientists seemed to find it convenient to their bottom line to deny basic evolutionary science. They stated, "Evolution of weed resistance to glyphosate (Roundup's active ingredient) appears to be an unlikely event." They also suggested that massive use of Roundup would lead to "no resistant weeds." Independent scientists were aghast. They mocked Monsanto's view that Roundup was somehow "invincible" from the laws of natural selection, and pointed out that the company's scientists purposely ignored numerous studies that showed there would be weed resistance. But incredibly, despite the strong contrary evidence, the USDA regulators just nodded in science denying agreement with Monsanto.
Of course, adaptation and natural selection did take place. As a result, in less than 20 years, more than half of all U.S. farms have some Roundup resistant "superweeds," weeds that now infest 70 million acres of U.S farmland, an area the size of Wyoming. Each year we see major expansion of this "superweed" acreage. Texas has gone so far as to declare a state of emergency for cotton farmers. Superweeds are already causing major economic problems for farmers with a current estimate of $1 billion lost in damages to crops so far.
Last year in a panel discussion with Robert Fraley, Chief Technology Officer for Monsanto and a founder of these herbicide tolerant crops, I confronted him. How could he and the other Monsanto scientists have claimed that natural selection would not take place? How could they ignore basic evolutionary science and clear contrary evidence? He just shook his head and said "You're right, weeds have evolved resistance." But apparently, Monsanto and their government regulators still haven't learned this third grade science lesson. They're denying science once again, and the stakes are even higher.
"Agent Orange Crops" and More Science Denial
Now Monsanto and Dow Chemical have received government approval to market new genetically engineered corn, soy and cotton, that are "stacked" with engineered DNA that make them resistant to Roundup as well as 2,4-D (one of the chief elements of "Agent Orange"). Monsanto has also gained approval from the USDA for the same three crops that can tolerate Dicamba. 2,4-D and Dicamba are older, more toxic herbicides than Roundup, and these companies are reverting to them because they have brought us to the point of peak herbicides. They simply don't have any new ones, similar to the current crisis in antibiotics.
But won't the weeds simply become resistant to these herbicides as well? Not according to the science deniers at Monsanto and Dow Chemical. Despite predictions that their new crops will add hundreds of millions more pounds of these herbicides each year, they say not to worry. They claim -- as they did 20 years ago -- that natural selection will not happen; that it is extremely unlikely for weeds to survive simultaneous attacks from two or more different herbicides with different methods.
Weed scientists have shredded this argument, noting that weeds in the past, through adaption, have done this and will almost certainly do it again. So in a few years we will be overrun with "superweeds" that are virtually indestructible by any known chemical. But by then Monsanto and Dow will have made billions selling their chemicals and can leave the "superweed" agronomic nightmare for others to solve. Nor will they have to deal with the other nightmares that could possibly occur: increased rates of cancer and diseases like Parkinson's associated with exposure to these herbicides.
A Better Way
A science-based, and safer, way forward is to abandon this doomed-to-fail chemical arms race against weeds and use ecologically based weed control. There are proven organic and agroecological approaches that emphasize weed management rather than weed eradication, soil building rather than soil supplementing. Crop rotation and cover crops can return productive yields without ridding the land of genetic biodiversity, and could reduce herbicide use by 90 percent.
So it's long past due that our government required real and rigorous science when regulating GE crops. It's time for them to say "no" to these herbicide-promoting crops, and prevent the looming agronomic disaster they will inevitably bring with them.
In the meantime, the next time you read hear about "GMO science deniers" -- think of 70 million acres of superweeds; think cancer, Parkinsons and other diseases caused by this growing use of herbicides; think Monsanto and its enablers at the USDA. | https://centerforfoodsafety.org/andrew-kimbrell/2440/andrew-kimbrell/andrew-kimbrells-blog/3810/gmo-science-deniers-monsanto-and-the-usda |
This is a major feat for the company, as 88 percent of the world’s corn supply is genetically engineered. The types of GMM (genetically modified maize) can range from corn that is grown to be resistant to certain pesticides to survive through the use of harsh chemicals, to corn that naturally breeds insecticides to ward off the crop-killing bugs.
The city is having an open call for community photos and you are invited to submit your favorite local snapshots for the City of Santa Clarita’s quarterly photography contest. | https://cougarnews.com/tag/environment/ |
DNA is normally referred to as nuclear DNA, but can be found in other forms, such as plasmids (Alberte et al., 2012). Plasmids are small molecules with a circular shape (Gohlmann & Talloen, 2010). Plasmids are not necessarily vital to for survival of host bacteria but do allow the bacteria to reproduce and survive in certain environments (Alberte et al., 2012). According to Gupta (2009), some plasmids are also known to assist bacteria in becoming resistant to antibiotics given. This is due to the fact that they contain certain genes, that when expressed, make them resistant (Alberte et al., 2012). If a bacterial cell contains this kind of plasmid, it then has the potential to survive and reproduce even if exposed to antibiotics (Locker, | https://www.cram.com/essay/Implications-Of-Biotechnology-In-Biotechnology/P3AERB9GREE5 |
The Government Accountability Office has released a new report that states the FDA and USDA should strengthen their pesticide residue monitoring programs and disclose the limitations of their systems. The most recent data from 2008 through 2012 shows that residue in 10 selected fruits and vegetables is low, but the monitoring approach has limitations.
GAO found that FDA tests relatively few targeted samples for residues. For example, in 2012, the agency tested less than one-tenth of 1 percent of imported foods. And the FDA does not test for some commonly used pesticides with an EPA established tolerance. Unfortunately, this list includes glyphosate, the main ingredient in Roundup, which is used on GMO crops that have been manipulated to be resistant to the chemical. Recent studies have shown that glyphosate is harmful to human health and that traces of the chemical are found in our food.
The GAO report found that FDA “does not use statistically valid methods consistent with OMB standards to collection national information on the incidence and level of pesticide residues.” The FDA thinks these methods would cost too much because this type of testing will need a large number of samples for a wide variety of foods. Because of the limitations on the methodology, the government cannot accurately determine the levels of pesticides in the foods it regulates, which is one of the agency’s stated objectives.
USDA-FSIS tests domestic and imported meat, poultry, and processed egg products for pesticide residue. The data from 2000 through 2011 show that there was a lot rate of pesticide residue violations, but the data again had limitations. Like the FDA, FSIS is not required to test foods for specific pesticides, but disclosing this limitation would meet OMB best reporting practices.
The report also found flaws in the USDA-FSIS programs for pesticide residue testing, stating that their testing methods are “limited”. The FDA’s program isn’t statistically valid because it selects foods that already have a history of higher pesticide residues rather than selecting samples at random. This practice means that the findings can’t be extrapolated to reflect trends.
The study was conducted because the EPA sets standards for pesticide residues on foods. Hundreds of millions of pounds of pesticides are used on food crops every year. FDA and FSIS are supposed to monitor our food to make sure they do not violate EPA tolerances. | https://foodpoisoningbulletin.com/2014/gao-finds-fda-should-strengthen-pesticide-monitoring/ |
We are well past the turn of the millennium now, when the sky was to unzip and the End of the World begin. The End was then reset, loudly and dramatically, to 2012. The Mayan Calendar was in synch with the Book of Revelation for that year, as you will recall. You may even remember the major motion picture, “2012.” It was an end-of-the-world supernatural thriller, which must surely have had the most dismal prospects for repeat business of any movie ever made. Since dreaded 2012 a couple of years have been pegged as the End, without success. But have faith, there’s always 2666.
We’re settling into the 21st Century, except that some of us remain on the cutting edge of the Dark Ages. Not just field hands, but American presidential candidates doubt or deny Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. That’s pretty unfortunate, especially since the debate over evolution could be ended by a simple presentation of the strongest points for it. These are indisputable.
Nobody can deny that living things change slightly over many generations, once they are shown that selective breeding in agriculture accomplishes exactly this very thing. Did the tea cup poodle and the giant Clydesdale horse exist from the beginning of the world? Would they have ever existed without human involvement, and all the cross breeding that went on to shape those species? Of course not, and anyone can see that. So when these same kind of changes happen randomly in the wild, over a much longer span of time, with mutations selected by nature to better endure the environment, we call that evolution.
A common objection is that small changes do not lead to big changes. That is, micro-evolution does not cause macro-evolution. It is a very poor argument, because with enough small changes over enough time you get, what else? Big changes! The species never goes back to its previous form after making a small change; it simply makes more changes as time goes on! This alone may be the key to understanding evolution.
Anti-evolution arguments say that no living thing changes its “kind.” But kind is not a scientific term. With enough small changes dinosaurs can become birds. And that is exactly what happened.
Deniers of evolution also never fully appreciate the time scale we are talking about. When you consider the vast time span involved, over hundreds of millions of years, all the highly specialized diversity of nature becomes fully feasible.
Further evidence comes in the familiar fact of viruses and bacteria becoming resistant to vaccine and anti-bacterial cleaners. Also insects become resistant to pesticides over time. Everybody knows about this. Okay, the act of a bug “becoming resistant” is evolution. As the bumper sticker says, evolution is why you have to get a new flu shot every year. It happens when those few individuals who tolerate the poison are the ones who reproduce the most. Over enough generations you get resistant bugs. In the wild, bugs mutate this way to resist the venom of other bugs. Then venom-producers evolve better and badder venom. How do people deny this? Do they also deny that the sun is shiny? Most likely they deny it by simply not thinking about it.
If humans are unchanged since Adam and Eve, where did the various races of mankind come from? Don’t say “the devil.” Why are people so much taller now? Why do they live so much longer? We aren’t talking about the evolution of hairstyles. Human bodies have had a slight but noticeable change even over the few generations since the medieval era. Suits of armor worn by the knights of that time are always very tiny. The average Englishman could not climb into one. Yet his ancestors were a perfect fit, and the knights were the most physically fit warriors of that time. Napoleon Bonaparte is thought of as a historical shorty. But he was tall for his time. He is only short compared to us.
Detractors of evolution and their dependent politicians like to use the phrase “It’s just a theory.” But in science the word theory does not mean something that’s unproven. It means a strong, connected pattern of ideas, or a coherent line of thought. Thus you have the Theory of Gravitation. Unless you think invisible angels are holding everything down on this round and rotating Earth. Then there is the Germ Theory of Disease. If you think that one is “just a theory,” and evil spirits cause disease, then next time you go in for an operation tell the surgeon he doesn’t need to wash his hands.
The Theory of Evolution is as thoroughly proven as any fact in science.
Is evolution important? Is it worth you knowing about it? It is important because evolution impacts directly on medical science, for one reason, and not just in the area of mutating microbes. Any future medical advances will involve understanding the realities of evolution, because that is where our bodies came from. When we start living in outer space we will see changes in the human body due to a long term presence in that very different environment. Evolution has not stopped.
Evolution is important to you, personally, because you have only one life. You get to choose whether you will live with intellectual integrity or in ignorance. That choice is what you broadcast to the other people around you, including the next generation. | http://www.bartstewart.com/2016/05/teach-evolution/ |
It’s Monday again, and it’s time for a documentary. I haven’t watched this one, but as a caveat, sometimes I worry that people have the wrong conception of science. Though it makes sense to worry about the healthfulness of what you eat, I do find that some people tend to go overboard without a true understanding of the issues at hand. To say that humans have not been “genetically modifying” their food in a certain sense, since agriculture and husbandry, would display a certain level of naiveté. After all, that’s the reason that all our crops haven’t blighted and all our animals haven’t died, on one hand, in regards to selective breeding. However, with all that said, I’m not trying to eat scientifically altered food without knowing whether or not it’s safe for me and my chil’lens. Either way, somebody let me know if this documentary is worth its salt, or I’ll watch it later tonight.
‘The reason that all our crops haven’t blighted and all our animals haven’t died’ is because of selective breeding? Sorry ninja, but that just ain’t so. Sure, we’ve managed to grow some hardy crops and fine tasting ones too, but in the process we’ve increasingly relied on a smaller gene pool, making the fewer number of species remaining all the more vulnerable to pests and disease.
So the solution is to genetically modify them so that they’ll tolerate being doused with chemical pesticides, that (surpise) are sold by the same company? What’s next, grass that only grows with Pepsi?
Genetic Engineering is radically different from selective breeding, just look at the terminator gene for example, which results in crops that can’t reproduce so that farmers have to keep buying more seeds, and now it’s entering the DNA of traditional varieties through cross pollination.
Sci-Fi author and super-ninja Bruce Sterling once said (something along the lines of) you don’t design a technology that doesn’t have an ‘OFF-SWITCH’, yet that’s precisely what we’re doing with GMOs.
That said, I think GMOs may still have their place, perhaps in enclosed biospheres or on Mars. The keys to food security are biodiversity, localized distribution, and sharing the wealth of traditional knowledge that farmers have via the internet.
great points risen my ninja – and arguably true. I do however know that similar things have happened without the use of genetic modification. There’s a lot of science that goes into keeping the food supply safe that goes beyond genetic diversity.
although growing grass that only drinks pepsi, i see where you’re going here, is silly, I would argue that growing drought resistant crops/pollution resistant crops through the use of genetic modification is a justifiable cause where applicable.
also, genetic modification does not necessarily preclude genetic diversity.
more to come! gracias por el comment! | http://green.myninjaplease.com/?p=1569 |
Most antibiotic-resistant MRSA is found in hospitals and healthcare settings, places where strains of the common Staphylococcus aureus have evolved to resist these treatments. But there is a type of MRSA that is spread outside of healthcare settings, among healthy individuals. This type is called "Community-Acquired MRSA," and can also be difficult to treat. Today we'll explore what sets this particular strain of Staph apart from its more harmful, hospital-associated cousin.
First let's start with a brief overview of MRSA. Spelled out, MRSA is Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The first part of the name indicates that the strain is resistant to, which means it is not easily killed by, methicillin-type antibiotics. This class of antibiotics is the first line of defense against bacterial infection and was developed to kill the most common bacteria families: Staphylococcus (Staph) and Streptococcus (Strep).
How do strains of Staph develop a resistance?
The bacteria didn't get together and plan it, thank goodness. But all they had to do was wait for bacteria with a certain mutation that allowed them to survive the treatment to reproduce and pass along that resistance.
How did MRSA leave healthcare settings?
Research indicates that MRSA leaves hospitals and other healthcare settings via discharged patients colonized by MRSA and health-care workers, but also occurs all by itself ("de novo") in non-hospital settings. In fact, a study of a Finnish population demonstrated that one-fifth of the individuals carrying MRSA had no connection at all to a healthcare facility within the past 2 years (did not work there or had not come into contact with a hospital employee, had not visited a hospital, was not a recent patient). According to the CDC, approximately 2% of us carry MRSA at any given time.
Community-acquired MRSA is therefore classified into four categories:
1. Discharged patients with MRSA,
2. Long-term nursing home residents with MRSA,
3. Individuals contaminated with MRSA by a person associated with a healthcare facility, and
4. MRSA occurring de novo in the general population.
The first three categories tend to produce strains that are multi-drug resistant, that is, they are not killed by several classes of antibiotics. These strains have survived multiple exposures to antibiotics (see graphic above) and have therefore produced strains that have mutations that protect them from a variety of antibiotics.
The final category, those strains of MRSA that arise all on their own in the community, generally only resists one class of antibiotics. (Whew.)
What do community-acquired Staph infections look like?
The most common result of CA-MRSA is a skin infection. According to the Mayo Clinic, symptoms begin as small red bumps which turn into larger, more painful absecess requiring medical draining. While most of the time the infection remains on the skin, given the opportunity, the Staph bacteria can invade deeper into the body, causing damage to bones, joints, the bloodstream, and even the heart and lungs. The Mayo Clinic suggests seeking medical treatment for all skin infections (pain and inflammation, visible signs of pus). They also urge you to not attempt to treat MRSA on your own, as it may cause further damage to you or your loved one as well as contaminate others.
Who is at risk of contracting CA-MRSA?
For most of us, CA-MRSA is not a great threat. Most of our infections will be quickly remedied with antiseptics or antibiotics. However, there are certain individuals who should pay extra attention to any infection, as their exposure to CA-MRSA is statistically higher.
1. If you engage in contact sports or recreational activities with others that have some risk for skin breakage, you should be vigilant about infections. CA-MRSA spreads through skin-to-skin contact.
2. If you live or work in crowded or unsanitary conditions, your chance of contact with CA-MRSA is higher. This does not mean squalid conditions, either; crowded conditions include military training camps, child care centers, jails, and other high-density environments.
Our final word about community-acquired MRSA involves the role of overuse of antibiotics. According to the Mayo Clinic, "MRSA is the result of decades of often unnecessary antibiotic use." Because antibiotics were so revolutionary at their introduction, they were used even when the illness did not call for antibiotics (colds, flu, and other viruses). Each time an antibiotic is used, some germs survive and pass on that resistance. And at the rate that bacteria reproduce, this means quick and efficient resistance. We can all be antibiotic stewards by following our doctor's recommendations regarding taking an antibiotic, as well as finishing the entire dose as directed. | http://blog.eoscu.com/blog/what-is-community-acquired-mrsa |
The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) inflatable bedroom has successfully docked to the International Space Station (ISS). This addition took place following the arrival of the module at the orbiting outpost, aboard a Dragon spacecraft.
The Bigelow module was connected to the ISS on April 16, as the orbiting outpost raced 249 miles above the southern Pacific Ocean.
Mission planners working on the space station hope that inflatable modules will provide additional area in which space travelers may operate and live. Such structures take up significantly less space on rockets than firm-walled designs. Residents of the station will test how the module stands up to impacts from space debris, extreme temperature fluctuations and blocks radiation. This addition marks the first test of an inflatable habitat on the ISS.
In May 2016, BEAM will be fully inflated, expanding the module to full size.
"Astronauts will enter BEAM on an occasional basis to conduct tests to validate the module's overall performance and the capability of expandable habitats. After the testing period is completed, BEAM will be released from the space station to eventually burn up harmlessly in the Earth's atmosphere," NASA officials wrote on their website.
A human mission to Mars currently scheduled for the 2030's will depend on significant payloads of equipment and supplies arriving at the Red Planet before space travelers undertake the journey. Mission planners hope that expandable modules like BEAM will provide enough storage room to carry supplies for the journey, while reducing the number of needed trips to Earth orbit.
"Crews will routinely enter to take measurements and monitor its performance to help inform designs for future habitat systems... If BEAM performs favorably, it could lead to future development of expandable habitation structures for future crews traveling in deep space," NASA officials stated.
During the testing period, space travelers will enter the BEAM module three or four times each year, staying in the inflatable room for a few hours each time.
When packed for launch, the BEAM module was just over seven feet in length, and almost eight feet in diameter. This expands to 13 feet long and over 10 feet in diameter when fully installed. It will remain connected to the space station for a total of two years as researchers carry out a number of experiments on the new addition. | https://www.techtimes.com/articles/150919/20160416/beam-inflatable-bedroom-attached-international-space-station.htm |
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