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I had recently attended a workshop that was focused on "driving and owning your career". It was one of those typical workshops where you group up at a table, fill out some worksheets, share your journey with your peers, ya'know, the usual stuff. At the end of the workshop and after conversing with several of the folks in my table, I found there was a common theme that they were all struggling with.
How do I find the right mentor and what does it mean to have one?
The pilgrimage
Ahhhh yes, the search for the perfect mentor has always been a journey riddled with obstacles. It's difficult trying to find someone that's the right fit - you desire someone who's technically strong, powerful, and even open to the idea of being your mentor. Some companies have tried to alleviate this difficulty by creating forced mentor-mentee relationships. They may assign you a person who's on your team; they may assign you someone random who has a similar background; or they may try to set you up with someone through a networking opportunity akin to speed dating.
Sometimes you are lucky and it actually works out very well! However, more often than not, you're unsure if this person is really the best mentor and fit for you. You're hesitant if this person can provide you everything you need, but you're happy that you at least got someone. So you just stick with this person... or simply accept your fate and go mentorless for the rest of your career. Sounds a lot like dating.........
Of course, this is not to the fault of the company or the mentor/mentee -
sometimes it's just not a good fit. Unfortunately, there is no perfect solution to finding a mentor. But! I can at least provide some guidance to help you identify what qualities you should be looking for in a mentor and how to best leverage him/her to grow your career. I hope to draw on own personal experiences and build from what I've seen from my peers.
What do I look for?
On your search for a mentor, I would first like to call out that there are two types of mentors: technical and professional.
A technical mentor is one who will help you grow and hone your skills. This mentor is responsible for making sure you are good at what you do; providing insight on how to be the best in your craft and share any secrets from his/her many years of experience. This is probably the most common and easiest mentor to find. This is what many seek when they're first starting their careers. As important as this mentor is to refining your skills, you should also be actively looking for a mentor that can provide you with professional expertise.
A professional mentor is one who helps provide you insight on how to grow your professional career. This person will be teaching you how to navigate the company, influence people, sell yourself, present controversial ideas, and how to put yourself in a better position to succeed. This mentor is probably the most difficult to find and is usually not a mentor that many actively seek, but is imperative to help you take your career to the next step.
Your mentor is effectively your champion...your mentor can directly put you on the right projects; help give you visibility to the higher ups; sell your abilities to his/her peers; and can have a direct impact on your promotion process.
So how do you find someone with these qualities? Some will try to find two mentors that can provide guidance for each track, but these two types of mentors are not mutually exclusive. Although it's difficult to find someone who is willing and able to mentor you both technically and professionally, it's not impossible. It only seems hard because I believe that a lot of folks are misguided on how to find a mentor. They are often told to find someone who is one level higher - as that is the natural career progression (e.g. if you are a Software Engineer I, you should find a Senior Engineer). I fundamentally believe that this is wrong. Instead, I'd recommend finding someone who not just one level higher, but someone two, three, or even four levels higher than you.
If you're only a Software Engineer I, find someone who is a Principal or Architect. If you're a Product Manager, find someone who's a Director. Why do I believe this? This person has an obvious set of skills in his/her repertoire that made him/her technically strong. However, this person has also gone through a deep career progression, which can serve to guide you not just to the immediate next level, but many levels beyond that. Not only that, since your mentor is in a higher level role, he/she has direct influence in helping you shape your career. Your mentor will effectively be your champion As your champion, your mentor can directly put you on the right projects, help give you visibility to the higher ups, sell your abilities to his/her peers, and can have a direct impact on your promotion process.
What to discuss?
Say you've found the right mentor, what should you discuss? Truth be told, you should feel comfortable with your mentor where anything is considered "open game". Your mentor should be someone you can trust and be assured that spilling your deepest darkest secrets will not negatively impact you.
You should be willing to talk about anything: how to ask for a raise, how to work with a difficult team member, how to be better at designing an API, how to sell an idea to your team, etc. Set up a regular cadence with your mentor and make sure you always have something you can talk about. Even something as simple as "what can I do better?" can go a long way. Oftentimes people don't get the maximum value of their mentors because they are afraid of being told when they suck. Be ready to be exposed to your vulnerabilities - accept constructive criticism and learn from them.
For example, recently my mentor told me that one of the things I can better at involved "taking a side and making a decision". I oftentimes try to be too diplomatic and tread along the fence in fear of making one of two sides unhappy. I also tend to be quick to call out a particular problem without properly backing a solution that may have been presented. He provided specific scenarios and situations that I didn't even realize were issues until he told me. That's when I realized I sucked in these scenarios. So from this conversation, I've been able to take these gaps as opportunities I can improve on, and I'm now more aware when I put myself in these situations and have been taking actionable steps to work on it.
It's a two way street
At the end of the day, your relationship with your mentor is a two-way street. Not only should you be able to get the most out of your mentor, your mentor should also ensure that they are seeing a valuable investment of his/her time. Hopefully, you are committed to self-improving and don't 100% suck balls. Because if you don't keep yourself honest and don't make any strides to actually be better, you are wasting everyone's time. Also, don't mistake your mentor as someone you can bitch to. Sure you can definitely complain to him/her about your situation, but if that's all you're doing, that's a peer, not a mentor.
I've been very lucky in my career to have been able to find people who I've been able to call both my mentors and my friends. Not everyone is so lucky, and hopefully, you can find someone organically too. Because once you do, ride his/her coattails to victory. And just like dating, if you're unsure of what's out there, you may be comfortable of settling with a mediocre mentor. Never settle! Find the best one for you, because you deserve it, you beautiful bastard. | https://www.caffeinecoding.com/finding-the-right-mentor/ |
The mentor is a great storytelling device. Typically, the protagonist meets the mentor in Act One or early Act Two. The mentor’s purpose (or “job”) is very straightforward: provide guidance for the protagonist.
The mentor’s purpose / job is very straightforward: provide guidance for the protagonist.
Glinda the Good Witch is a perfect example. She shows up, popping out of a floating bubble, as soon as Dorothy arrives in the Land of Oz. Quick and concise, Glinda lays down the rules.
Yes, it is all exposition, just the facts. But Dorothy now knows what she has to do and where she has to go. Pretty important stuff.
Glinda, like all good mentors, only appears a few times in Act Two. When she does show up it is to give Dorothy a gentle nudge in the right direction. Dorothy – it’s important to remember—is the one who takes action.
In Up we see a very creatively designed mentor. It’s Ellie and . . . well, she’s dead. Brilliant, right? She’s not there, but Carl speaks to her. And he knows, as we do, what she will say. Yes, Ellie provides guidance, silently, from beyond the grave. Wonderful!
All Batman films have Alfred. He’s the voice of reason and commonsense, which is shorthand for “mentor.” Alfred wears many hats: valet, confidant, advisor, occasionally doctor, mechanic, and cook. But he never ventures into the field, never fights the bad guys. That’s Batman’s business. Alfred stays home and is there for support, when Batman returns from battle.
Insert
Ready for an unexpected mentor?
One of the best and most unique mentors in cinema is Dr. Hannibal Lecter from Silence of the Lambs.
Hannibal is the worst of the worst. Clarice is frightened of Hannibal, even though he’s locked up, and for good reason. He threatens her. But, as the story moves along, Clarice and Hannibal develop an unusual bond. And, as with all mentors, Hannibal knows what he’s talking about . . . even if it is murder and cannibalism.
As is common with mentors, Hannibal has information that Clarice needs and doesn’t have. Hannibal, a bad guy but a good mentor, doles out advice in very small portions, but he does help Clarice reach her objective. | https://youngscreenwriters.com/mentor-false-mentor/ |
Remembering Gwen Walden
On Monday, September 26, Arabella Senior Managing Director Gwen Walden passed away at home after having lived with cancer for some time.
Her passing meant we lost a colleague, mentor, and friend—not to mention a sometimes quiet but always powerful force for good in the world. We also lost a leader who helped move philanthropy forward across a career that spanned more than three decades, multiple approaches to changemaking, a wide range of issue areas, and a variety of leading philanthropic organizations. There are no words to adequately articulate such a loss. But one of the lessons Gwen taught us was to be honest and direct, both about how we’re doing and about what we’re feeling. With that guidance in mind, we remember her now, and we invite others who knew her to do the same.
Gwen joined Arabella Advisors as a managing director in our San Francisco office in 2012 and helped put Arabella on the map. A decade ago, many of us were still trying to figure out what philanthropy actually did. Gwen had already been director at the California Endowment, a program officer at the J Paul Getty Trust, and the founder of her own private philanthropy consulting practice in Los Angeles. We were (and are) so thankful that she agreed to join our fledgling philanthropy services firm—and then proceeded to help define much of what Arabella has come to be, from our client service, quality, and insights standards to the values at the heart of our social enterprise.
Gwen built multiple practices, structures, and teams that Arabella continues to rely on today. She helped us grow relationships with donors such as the California Endowment, Kaiser Permanente, and the Gates Foundation. She even helped expand our San Francisco office literally—by pitching in to help several colleagues move multiple times, back in the days when people still went into offices. She also masterfully facilitated meetings on strategy and strategic implementation, giving and impact investing, advocacy and movement building, and just about everything else philanthropy can do. Along the way, she built deep and abiding relationships with multiple donors, community leaders, grantee partners, and others across our sector. Like us, they will remember her as a coach, a mentor, a trusted advisor, a colleague, and most importantly, a friend.
Even as she was serving as a pillar of the Arabella team on the West Coast, Gwen was also serving as a board member of the Surdna Foundation, the East Bay Community Foundation, and Breast Cancer Prevention Partners. These organizations are mourning her, too, and in lieu of flowers or other gifts, Gwen’s family has asked that those who wish to do so make a contribution to one of the latter in memory of her. You can use the links below to do that. We also invite those who knew Gwen to share memories of her through a link below. We will share these with Gwen’s other colleagues, both past and present, and also pass them along to Gwen’s family.
In closing, it feels appropriate to note that Gwen spent a significant amount of time over the past year thinking about the central importance of love in philanthropy—even when, and perhaps especially when, the practice of philanthropy is at its most sophisticated and strategic. As Arabella prepared our first-ever impact report, Gwen offered typically wise guidance: “We should never forget that all philanthropy worthy of the name ultimately comes from a place of love.” In remembering Gwen, we remember a person who was brilliant, strategic, rigorous, tough, collaborative, and technically skilled—and who, most importantly, started from and ended in a place of love, both in her work with us and far beyond. As we move forward, we will endeavor to live up to the example she set, even as we mourn her passing together.
In lieu of flowers, donations in Gwen’s memory can be made to Breast Cancer Prevention Partners and East Bay Community Foundation.
We invite those who knew Gwen to share memories and reflections here. | https://www.arabellaadvisors.com/blog/remembering-gwen-walden/ |
Congratulations on your decision to pursue a career in veterinary medicine! Below is information that will assist you as you embark on the process of applying to veterinary medical school.
Research schools and attend information events
- Utilize the Veterinary Medical School Admissions Requirement (VMSAR) school directory
- Review the Prerequisite chart and general information chart for veterinary medical schools
- Research cost of schools using the AAVMC Cost Comparison Tool
- Attend informational webinars and events to help you understand how to prepare and apply
Work with an Advisor
- Work with a pre-health or pre-vet advisor at your undergraduate institution.
- Advisors can help you navigate the journey of becoming a competitive applicant and the application process.
- Pre-health advisors provide you with guidance about your different options, so you are able to make informed decisions.
Gain Experience
- Gain animal experience by job shadowing, working on a farm or volunteering at an animal shelter
- Gain veterinary clinical experience under the direct supervision of a veterinarian
- Seek opportunities for research experience (animal and veterinary research as well as other field and/or laboratory-based research). | http://www.aavmc.org/becoming-a-veterinarian/what-to-know-before-you-apply/ |
Two Sides to the Mentor Coin
Having a mentor is invaluable to any career – including law enforcement. But there are differing opinions concerning what exactly a mentor is and what he or she should or shouldn’t be doing on behalf of their charge. Unfortunately, not all of the confusion is being held by the newbies; there are plenty of senior officers who fail to understand the modern definition of a mentor.
Mentor- (noun) an experienced and trusted advisor; (verb) advise or train someone, usually a junior colleague.
The definition seems simple enough, but somehow it gets mistranslated to mean “providing undue influence on behalf or another” or “someone who greases the rails for a junior colleague” or so it so often seems. Too many junior officers believe that being an advisor equals doing their own job plus yours while still allowing them to garner credit when necessary while an equally disturbing number or potential mentors feel this is a legitimate part of the process. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Don’t get me wrong, there are certainly those who for one reason or another take it upon themselves to use their own influence and experience to assist a younger member in advancing or even staying out of trouble. This extra attention may or may not be deserved but it is part of the culture and honestly it does not differ too much from one profession to another. Depending on what department you find yourself your “rabbi”, “hook” or “uncle” may or may not also act as a mentor but the two are mutually exclusive. More often than not, a mentor will be just what the definition suggests – a senior more experienced officer who is advising or training you in your new role.
So, how can you make the most of this mentor relationship? First, do not expect the mentor to do two jobs. Sure, training you will involve extra duty and probably extra time, but that does not mean a mentor will do their work and yours. A top notch mentor will offer advice, tips and experience-based lessons in an effort to allow you to make the correct decision, prepare a better report or seek out additional information. Second, use your mentor as training wheels and not a crutch. What I mean is learn from your mentor and put that knowledge to use rather than constantly relying on the mentor for the answer. While you may still run cases by them from time to time, the mentor relationship should reach the point where they are simply confirming what you have already decided is right. Third, don’t shift the blame either. No matter how knowledgeable or experienced your mentor may be, they are bound to make a mistake now and again. If this happens involving one of your cases and they point you in the wrong direction, remember it’s not the mentor’s fault; ultimately you made the final call and the blame rests with you.
Mentors can be a great source of information and knowledge not learned in books or at the academy. But a positive mentoring relationship requires realistic expectations by BOTH parties, not one built on watching old reruns of 1980’s cop dramas.
Disclaimer: The content in this article is the opinion of the writer and does not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of US Patriot Tactical. | https://blog.uspatriottactical.com/two-sides-to-the-mentor-coin/ |
Members have a variety of volunteer opportunities to support colleagues , DOs in training, and pre-med students.
There are also volunteer opportunities for members at OPSC events.
Ambassador: [volunteer] An ambassador is an official representative of OPSC. The role of ambassador is a very distinguished one; he/she is responsible for welcoming and orienting new members to the association. An ambassador must be up-to-date on issues involving the association and be able to impart this knowledge to new members. They must be knowledgeable about what the best interests of the association/profession are, and what their goals should be when engaging in discussions with new members.
Key Contact: [volunteer] Key Contacts are the heart of advocacy efforts for the osteopathic profession. Key Contacts provide the most direct route for interaction with local legislators on issues of importance to the profession and enable DOs to play a "hands-on" role in shaping the future environment for the practice of osteopathic medicine in California.
Mentor: [volunteer] The guidance of a mentor can be irreplaceable in the development of aspiring medical students and residents. By imparting advice that only comes with experience, you can help define the next generation of great osteopathic physicians in California!
A ideal mentor should:
As a mentor you may select your level of involvement. Please select one of the “Availability” options on the volunteer form” when completing your application.
Preceptor: [volunteer] A preceptor is an experienced practitioner who facilitates clinical learning to medical student and staff learners. A preceptor works with the learner to help achieve the clinical acumen and competency required for safe, ethical and quality practice. Preceptor must be recognized and approved by the associated osteopathic medical school and thus require formal affiliation in order to participate.
Responsibilities include:
Shadowing: [volunteer] Physicians who allow students to shadow are knowledgeable, supportive individuals who provide information and guidance to pre-med students who are contemplating a career in osteopathic medicine. The role of the advisor is to allow the student to observe a "typical" day in the practice to better understand the physician's scope of practice, patient interaction and role in an integrated healthcare system. Premed students often seek a shadowing experience in order to obtain a letter of recommendation for their application to osteopathic medical schools.
OMT Educator: [volunteer] To maintain the continued value of the Osteopathic Diagnosis and Treatment Education sessions at our Annual Conventions and Fall Conferences, OPSC is looking for DOs with strong OMT skills to volunteer 1-2 hours of their time during those events to demonstrate and discuss manipulation techniques with their fellow DOs. We encourage you to help continue our osteopathic traditions and legacy through osteopathic treatment
education of DOs.
Why Volunteer?
According to a 2013 Health and Volunteering Study conducted by UnitedHealth Group, “doing good is good for you”. Volunteers report that they: | https://www.opsc.org/page/DOPhysicianVolunteer |
In Hinduism, a Guru is a personal spiritual teacher.
In ancient India, knowledge of the Vedas (a body of liturgical literature) was transmitted orally from guru to pupil. The rise of the bhakti movement, which emphasizes the love of devotees for a personal god, further increased the importance of gurus, who were often looked on as living embodiments of spiritual truth and were identified with the deity. Gurus prescribe spiritual disciplines to their devotees, who follow their dictates in a tradition of service and obedience. Men or women may be gurus, though generally only men have established lineages.
Nutrition counseling is a two-way interaction through which a client and a trained counselor interpret the results of nutrition assessment, identify individual nutrition needs and goals, discuss ways to meet those goals, and agree on next steps. Nutrition counseling aims to help clients understand important information about their health and focuses on practical actions to address nutrition needs, as well as the benefits of behavior change.
The term spiritual advisor is not one that fits neatly into a box for a simple definition. After all, the term ‘spiritual’ itself is somewhat abstract and can mean different things to different people.
But in general you can think of a spiritual advisor as a coach, as a mentor or as a friend, who will listen to your questions, concerns and situations and help to offer guidance from a spiritual perspective.
This can sometimes be exactly what you need in order to make life that little bit easier and more manageable and you’d be surprised what an impact a spiritual advisor can have.
A spiritual advisor on the other hand can help you to make the right decisions. They can help you to see more clearly when your judgement is clouded by stress and everyday concerns and they can give you a little insight based on your religious beliefs.
A spiritual advisor or mentor can be a professional who you pay for their time, or they can be a friend. Alternatively, they might be someone from your church or from a spiritual group that you attend. Many famous religious figures had some kind of mentor in their youth and would probably credit that factor with helping them to become better, more fulfilled people.
What Does a Spiritual Advisor Do?
The precise role of a spiritual advisor can vary greatly depending on the type of advisor and on what you need at any given time.
Or, if you consider yourself more of a naturalist, then a spiritual advisor could simply be someone who you think of as very wise and who has a lot of experience and a broad range of knowledge.
This all depends on what you believe and on what kind of help you are looking for.
But perhaps what is most important to understand is what a spiritual advisor is not.
A spiritual advisor is not someone, for example, who predicts the future with accuracy. It’s important to recognize that we all have free will and we can all influence the outcomes of our fate.
And for the same reason, a spiritual advisor should never tell you what you should do and they should never try and influence your beliefs.
The person who believes that they are right and you are wrong, is the person who is too arrogant to be useful as an advisor. Someone with real wisdom will recognize that we all have different temperaments, different ideals and different beliefs – and these will suit our personalities and match our experiences. As soon as someone starts telling you what you should think, you stop being honest with yourself and you start making mistakes. | https://suryanamaskaryoga.com/guru/ |
GRIFCUT 110 Full Synthetic Cutting Metalworking Fluid Concentrate
is a quality synthetic cutting fluid specifically formulated with High Performance Lubricity Additives. It is designed for machining ferrous and non ferrous alloys.
Grifcut 110 Specifications
TECHNICAL DATA
Performance Benefits:
- Excellent machining performance
- Will not stain metals
- Operator friendly
- Stable product
- Environmentally friendly
Typical Characteristics:
- Form: Liquid
- Color: Light yellow
- Odor: Mild
- Flash Point: >350 F
- Refractometer Factor: 2.8
- Specific Gravity: 0.97
USAGE
Recommended Concentrations:
This product is to be used straight and does not dilute with water.
Health and Safety:
All reasonable care has been take to ensure that the information contained in this publication is accurate as the date of printing, however, such information might change to due changes in the formulation blend occurring subsequent to the date of printing. The MSDS must be consulted for appropriate information regarding storage, safe handling and storage.
Contact us for product information or request bulletins and technical papers. | https://www.hillandgriffith.com/grifcut-110-full-synthetic-cutting-metalworking-fluid |
Megafood blood builder iron and multivitamin dietary supplement is clinically proven to increase iron levels without causing nausea or constipation. each 90-tablet bottle has 90 one-tablet servings, each packed with usable nutrition, such as vitamin c, folic acid, vitamin b12, and iron from beets, oranges and broccoli. our organic, fresh-from-farm-to-table ingredients are sourced locally from stahlbush island farms, an environmentally friendly, agriculturally sustainable partner.
Usage Instructions
Suggested use: 1 tablet daily. may be taken anytime throughout the day, even on an empty stomach.
Warnings
Warning: accidental overdose of iron-containing products is a leading cause of fatal poisoning in children under six. keep this product out of reach of children. in case of accidental overdose, call a doctor or poison control center immediately.
Warning Statments
Keep out of reach of children.
This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
This statement has not been evaluated by the fda.
Payment & Security
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information. | https://lifethymemarket.com/products/megafood-blood-builder-iron-and-multivitamin-dietary-supplement-90-tablets |
Josephe Philippine January 14, 2021 Resume
A challenge for many people is knowing how to create an effective resume. You can conduct an Internet search and find literally hundreds of online articles and resources that provide fairly standard methods of creating a resume; however, that can become overwhelming in time. In addition, few people are highly skilled as a writer, and poorly written sentences with numerous spelling and grammatical errors can create a poor impression. You have to keep in mind the fact that when you send out a resume it is taking your place and represents you as a person, without the guarantee of securing an interview – and that means your resume can make or break your job prospects before you ever get to speak to someone about it.
Let me share with you a tip related to your technical skills summary based on my review of resumes over the years. After I check the list of skills, my next step is to look further in the resume to identify the specific jobs where that skill was used and determine how much experience a candidate has with the skill. The point is that listing the skill is simply not enough. Truthfully, I’ve found that most candidates never mention the technical skill anywhere else other than in the skill listing. In these cases, I will assume they really don’t have experience with that skill and are just listing it to catch my eye. Therefore, follow through and ensure that the skills you list are also spelled out in your job experience write-ups. Never assume that a resume reviewer will know that you did x, y, or z. More often than not, they do not make those assumptions or they could even be non-technical staff who are just following a checklist to screen the resumes. So, remember, that if an employer lists a technical skill on the IT job posting or ad, make sure it is on your resume in both your technical skills list and experience write-up.
Note that both sentences convey the same meaning. However, the second sentence is more active. That is, the subject of the second sentence (this approach) actually did the action (performed). In the first sentence, the subject is the same (this approach), however the verb (was) does not convey direct action. Try your best to make your sentence convey action by using action verbs. If you are struggling in this area, you may wish to consider working with a professional resume writer for help.
Offer Proof for Your Statements – The old adage that finding a job is a job holds true. The burden is on you to prove to a potential employer that you are the best candidate for the job. To do this, you must build your case from the ground up. This means you need to offer proof for every statement you make. For example, if you say you have 6 years of experience with Java programming or accounts payable, an employer should be able to go one-by-one through your position write-ups on your resume and identify those 6 years by themselves.
Professional certifications from major vendors and professional associations typically carry the most weight and are well worth the investment of time and cost. They are definitely good things to have and can often give you an edge over other similar candidates being considered. In the computer programming area, certifications from Microsoft, Oracle, SAP, and the like are definitely in demand. Highly sought after certifications from professional associations include A+, Network+, and Security + from Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA); Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) from International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium (ISC)²; and Project Management Professional (PMP) from Project Management Institute.
List any Professional Certifications – Different employers place different emphasis on professional certifications. Many employers find these certifications very important, often even requiring them for certain positions. But there are also other employers who might prefer candidates with certifications, but do not require them. Still others do not pay attention to certifications at all. Since you have no idea what the company or reviewer believes about certifications, you should always list them if you have them.
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The UCL Practitioner: District court construes Mazza: Keegan v. American Honda Motor Co.
District court construes Mazza: Keegan v. American Honda Motor Co.
In Keegan v. American Honda Motor Co., ___ F.R.D. ___, 2012 WL 2250040 (C.D. Cal. Jun. 12, 2012), Judge Margaret M. Morrow of the Central District of California construed and distinguished the Ninth Circuit's opinion in Mazza v. American Honda, 666 F.3d 581 (9th Cir. 2012), and partially granted class certification of UCL, CLRA and other claims.
The court is mindful of the Ninth Circuit's warning that differences in state law concerning the need for proof of reliance can “spell the difference between the success and failure of the claim.” Mazza, 666 F.3d at 591. Mazza, however, addressed omissions in advertisements and oral statements that included differing information. The Ninth Circuit concluded that “[a] presumption of reliance [could] not arise when class members ‘were exposed to quite disparate information from various representatives of the defendant.’ “ Id. at 596 (quoting Stearns, 655 F.3d at 1020). It noted further: “For everyone in the class to have been exposed to the omissions, as the dissent claims, it is necessary for everyone in the class to have viewed the allegedly misleading advertising. Here the limited scope of that advertising makes it unreasonable to assume that all class members viewed it.” Id.
In this case, by contrast, plaintiffs allege that defendants did not disclose to any member of the class information regarding the potential for excessive and premature tire wear caused by negative camber. There is no question of different statements being made to different groups of consumers, or certain class members being exposed to information others were not. Consequently, the court concludes that any potential differences in state law concerning the proof of reliance that is necessary to prevail on consumer protection claims do not defeat predominance in this case.
Keegan, 2012 WL 2250040 at *33-*34.
As is clear from the California Supreme Court's decision in In re Tobacco II Cases, 46 Cal.4th 298 (2009), moreover, there is no need to prove reliance on an individual basis. Rather, “In re Tobacco II Cases set out a liberal approach to the reliance inquiry,” permitting plaintiffs to prove a UCL violation by presenting “generalized evidence that Defendants' conduct was ‘likely to deceive’ members of the public.” Plascencia v. Lending 1 st Mortgage LLC, 259 F.R.D. 437, 448 (N.D. Cal. 2009). Indeed, as with the CLRA, materiality is relevant to prove reliance, since “a presumption, or at least an inference, of reliance arises wherever there is a showing that a misrepresentation was material.” In re Tobacco II,46 Cal.4th at 327. Consequently, a violation of the UCL can be proved with common evidence regarding the nature of the design defect in question, the likely effect of the defect on class vehicles, its likely impact on vehicle safety, what Honda knew or did not know, and what it disclosed or did not disclose to consumers. See Yamada, 275 F.R.D. at 578 (“[I]t is unlikely that a member of the putative class would have purchased the NobelDirect product without having been influenced by Defendants' uniform marketing claims. Furthermore, it is reasonable to assume that no rational member of the putative class would have purchased and used the NobelDirect implant had he or she been aware of the alleged defective design”); Delarosa v. Boiron, Inc., 275 F.R.D 582, 594 (C.D. Cal. 2011) (“In addition, Defendant's arguments that it can present proof that Coldcalm worked for some individual class members goes to the proof of the merits of Plaintiff's claim, not to the common question as to the overall efficacy of the product”).
Many thanks to the friend who forwarded this decision. | https://www.uclpractitioner.com/2012/06/district-court-construes-mazza-keegan-v-american-honda-motor-co.html |
It has the following characteristics:
· Enhance the adhesive power on metal surface.
· Improve the ductility and anti-shock properties
Appearance Transparent thick liquid
Effective Section 75%
Density GB/T 1033.1-2008 1.09（g/cm3 ）
Solvent N-BUOH/IPA
The product is recommended to be used in baked coating and coil coating.
This product can be added during any of the processing, it is uniform dispersion after the mixture.
The recommended supplementation ratio(ratio of the gross ingredient) is 1.5-2.5%, please choose the best supplementation according to the different demands actually.
The product is packed by 25kg/plastic barrel, please store it in a cool and dry place. The storage period of the product is up to 12 months at least, since the delivery date. After it all, the product should be inspected before usage.
All the ingredients are complied with the regulations listed in the TSCA (USA) and the EINECS (EU), and all are safe and environmentally friendly, strictly hew to the latest regulations on environmental protection in Europe. For more information, please feel free to contact us-Longhai Chemical Co., Ltd. | http://www.lhchemical.net/product/adl-1-polyester-compound-solution.html |
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Remove the porchetta from the box and defrost in the fridge for 24hrs. If you need to cook your porchetta from frozen then follow the cooking and resting instructions as below, but cook at 150°C for 2 hours and 30 mins before turning the oven up to 200°C for the last 30 mins.
Pork Belly (89%), Rapeseed Oil, Garlic, White Wine Vinegar [Sulphites], Lemon Peel, Sage, Salt, Dijon Mustard (Water, Mustard Seeds, Vinegar, Salt), Parsley, Rosemary, Black Pepper, Ground Fennel, Chilli Flakes.
Mustard, Sulphites
This product has been made in a kitchen that uses nut ingredients
At the Channel Islands Co-operative, we do everything we can to make sure the information about the products we sell is always as accurate as possible. However, because products are regularly improved, the product images, information, ingredients, nutritional guides and dietary or allergy advice may occasionally change.
As a result, we recommend that you always read the label carefully before using or consuming any products. Please do not solely rely on the information provided on this website Because of this, The Channel Islands Co-operative Society is unable to accept liability for any inaccuracies or incorrect information contained on this site.
If you have any queries, or you'd like advice on any Co-op own label products, please contact our friendly Customer Services team on 01534 879822 or 01481 231155. For up to date information on other products, please contact the manufacturer.
This does not affect your statutory rights. This information is supplied for personal use only. It must not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without the prior consent of the Channel Islands Co-operative Society, nor without due acknowledgment. | https://jeshop.channelislands.coop/ck-rosemary-sage-porchetta |
You did a good job. Satisfied with the outcome as I got a good grade without any of my own efforts.
Consider the following scenario:
As you are aware, numerous nursing organizations offer opportunities for professional development, community service, and information gathering. There are also many certifications you can obtain through professional societies or organizations. Certifications recognize an individual’s specialty area knowledge and skills and can lead to professional empowerment. By obtaining certifications, you can help improve your quality of practice and increase your earning potential.
In this Discussion, you consider development opportunities afforded through professional associations and examine how earning certifications can advance your career.
To prepare:
By Day 3
Post a description of one or more of your professional goals. Explain a certification provided by a professional organization that would be of interest to you. Explain how and why this additional certification would be useful to you and/or enhance your professional development. Evaluate your readiness to obtain this certification, noting any reservations you may have.
Show more
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe. | https://assignmentgate.com/consider-the-following-scenario-as-you-are-aware-numerous-nursing-organizations-offer-opportunities-for-professional-development-community-service-and-information-gathering-there-are-also-many-ce/ |
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"Reasons to Be Suspicious of Faith" presents some of the emotional responses frequently voiced by non-believers. In the absence of conclusive empirical evidence and logical proof, we are left with "feelings"-some of which are quite poignant. Though these emotions deserve respect when they are genuine (as opposed to derisive or exhibitionist), all eventually undercut themselves in hopeless contradiction.
Finally, "Reasons to Be Inclined to Have Faith" argues that our sentimental orientation as human beings becomes most coherent and is pointed in the most productive direction if we assume certain spiritual realities. The rudiments of faith cannot be proved any more than they can be disproved. Yet to assume a higher reality, far from being less reasonable, is much more so if we are trying to explain such cryptic inclinations as our admiration for selfless deeds and the crushing guilt we feel after committing a vile act.
The book seldom cites biblical passages. Its intent is explicitly not to presume that the reader acknowledges the authority of any scriptural tradition, but rather to place final authority in the soul's mirror: a bared, self-examining heart and mind.
Product Details
|ISBN-13:||9781634176408|
|Publisher:||Page Publishing, Inc.|
|Publication date:||03/04/2015|
|Pages:||140|
|Product dimensions:||6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.33(d)|
About the Author
Lately, he has also written a great deal of fiction, the climax of which is his novel, Footprints in the Snow of the Moon. Along with this work, he considers A Body Without Breath (Arcturus, 2002), a testament of faith both scholarly and personal, to be his writing career’s great achievement. Though both of the latter are out of print, he hopes to bring them back with the help of a publisher like Page. Dr. Harris teaches at the University of Texas at Tyler, where he resides with his wife and son. | https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/climbing-backward-out-of-caves-john-r-harris/1121410577?ean=9781634176408 |
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Modern society's impact on the environment, and the possibility that the earth's natural systems are being damaged, is clear to everybody. There is a lot of discussion about the size and effects of this impact, but, in general, it is clear that our present levels of interference with ecological systems are unsustainable. The current view is that the depletion of scarce resources and increasing environmental pollution cannot continue in the same way for the next 50 years, as they have in the past 50, without drastically affecting our quality of life. Industry's environmental philosophy should change from “end-of-pipe” postproduction cleanup to a system of prevention and reduction. Engineers will have to start to meet customer expectations by delivering solutions that are technically viable, commercially feasible and, above all, environmentally sustainable. The environment, as a new factor in the design process, increases the focus on processes and product improvements that are designed to prevent environmental problems.
Lubricants, some of which are lost to the environment in significant quantities, can affect plants, animals and human life. It has been estimated that the fate of around 1 million tons per annum—20% of the total consumption—of the lubricants used in the European Union (EU) are unaccounted for. Three major aspects relating to the environmental impact of lubricants need to be addressed: development of constructive solutions to minimize losses, minimization of the impact of losses if they occur, and the efficient collection and treatment of waste material. Minimizing the impact of losses will be described in this section.
Recently, the idea that lubricants should cause less harm to the environment has been promoted, driven by the trend toward sustainable development, especially in central and northern Europe. There is, however, still some confusion regarding the naming of these lubricants. They are often referred to as environmentally friendly, environmentally acceptable, environmentally compatible or environmentally adapted. “Adapted” is probably the most sensible description, because it is hard to imagine that any lubricating substance would not possess at least some aspects that could be described as “friendly,” “acceptable” or “compatible” . The lubricant industry has produced environmentally adapted lubricants that are readily biodegradable, in terms of one of the several internationally recognized test methods, and that have a low toxic effect on water organisms. Since certain lubricants may form biodegradation by-products that are more toxic than the original, the overall environmental impact of a lubricant can only be established by conducting a life-cycle assessment (LCA). | https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ebooks/book/121/chapter-abstract/23265/Use-and-Development-of-Biodegradable-Oils?redirectedFrom=fulltext |
Features: -For areas up to 4,500 sq. ft. depending on conditions. -Energy Star compliant. -Environmentally friendly R410A refrigerant. -Electronic controls. -2 fan speeds (High/Low). -Low temperature feature allows the system to continue to operate at temperatures as low as 5C (41F). Continuous Drain Operation: -Yes. Adjustable Humidistat: -Yes. Dimensions: Overall Height - Top to Bottom: -24.44". Overall Width - Side to Side: -15.56". Overall Depth - Front to Back: -11.56". Overall Product Weight: -41.2 lbs. Specifications: Commercial OR Residential Certifications: -Yes. | http://www.rockstarfitnessmedia.com/danby-70-pint-portable-dehumidifier-energy.html |
FERNMARK PROPERTY GROUP
Fernmark Property Group is a business owned and operated by Impact Business Consulting Services Pty. Ltd. ABN 63 154 398 268 and may be referred within as (“Fernmark Property Group”, “Fernmark”, “we”, “us”).
Fernmark Property Group and its’ website www.fernmark.property is subject to the Privacy Act of 1988 including the National Privacy Principles. Fernmark Property Group respects your privacy and recognises the importance of protecting the privacy of information collected about visitors to this website. This privacy statement applies to this website and governs the manner in which your personal information, obtained through this website, will be dealt with. By using this website, you consent to the collection, use and disclosure of personal information, but only in accordance with this privacy statement.
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We may collect personal information from you including your name, address, mobile and telephone numbers, email address or other such personal information when you email us or send us queries.
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We use your personal information as follows: (a) for the primary purpose of Fernmark Property Group day to day business activities and business development; (b) to reply to your queries or provide you with the services you have requested (for example, to supply you with information concerning a product that you have enquired about or to supply you with products you may have purchased); (c) purposes related to the promotion and marketing of Fernmark Property Group’s business including information or periodic emailings on new products and services; and (d) statistical purposes.
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We take all reasonable steps to ensure that the personal information we collect is accurate and up to date. You can however request that personal information about you be corrected or deleted.
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We take all reasonable steps to ensure the security, integrity and privacy of personal information that is submitted to this website. Unfortunately, no data transmission over the internet can be guaranteed to be totally secure and therefore Fernmark Property Group is not responsible for events arising from any unauthorised access or breaches to your personal information.
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We may amend or update this policy from time to time, so please check this statement each time you visit this website.
Links to Other Websites
This site may from time to time contain links to other websites. Fernmark Property Group is not responsible for the privacy policies or the content of any of those websites. | https://fernmark.property/privacy-policy/ |
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues and new treatments arise, the legal implications for employers also continue to evolve. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, many have speculated about the legal implications of workplace vaccine policies. Now that a vaccine exists and is becoming increasingly available, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has updated its guidance regarding the applicability of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Title VII, and Title II of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA).
ADA
The ADA limits an employer’s ability to make disability-related inquiries or require medical examinations. A medical examination is “a procedure or test usually given by a health care professional or in a medical setting that seeks information about an individual’s physical or mental impairments or health” (e.g., vision tests; blood, urine, and breath analyses; blood pressure screening; cholesterol testing; etc.).
Per the EEOC’s guidance, a COVID-19 vaccination is not a medical examination. If a vaccine is being administered for protection against contracting COVID-19, the employer is not seeking information about an individual’s impairment or health status.
Although the EEOC appears to have greenlighted workplace vaccination policies, it cautions that an employer’s authority to do so is not carte blanche. The CDC has advised healthcare professionals to ask certain pre-screening questions before administering the vaccine to ensure that there is no medical reason preventing a person from receiving the vaccine, which may implicate the ADA’s provision on disability-related inquiries. If such pre-screening questions do elicit information about a disability, an employer must show that the questions are job-related and consistent with business necessity.
To avoid implicating the ADA’s provision regarding disability-related inquiries, the EEOC offers two suggestions. First, employers can offer the vaccine on a voluntary basis. If an employee refuses to answer pre-screening questions, the employer can decline to administer the vaccine but may not retaliate against, intimidate, or threaten the employee for refusing to answer questions. Second, employers can require that employees get vaccinated from a third-party unaffiliated with the employer (e.g. pharmacy or personal healthcare provider) and simply require the employee provide proof of the vaccination.
The EEOC does not consider requesting proof of vaccination to be a disability-related inquiry because it is not likely to elicit information about a disability. If, however, employees indicate that they are unable to receive a vaccine, asking why might elicit information about a disability that would be subject to ADA protections.
If an employee indicates that she is unable to get the vaccine due to a disability, an employer can only exclude that employee from the workplace if she poses a direct threat due to the significant risk of substantial harm to the health or safety of the individual or others that cannot be eliminated or reduced by a reasonable accommodation. If no reasonable accommodation can be provided to reduce the risk of an unvaccinated employee from entering the workplace, then an employer can exclude the employee from physically entering the workplace. However, that does not mean that the employer can automatically fire the unvaccinated employee. The employer must consider other rights the employee might have under other federal employment or state laws.
Title VII
The EEOC also recognizes that some employees may object to getting the vaccine because of a sincerely held religious belief or practice. Under Title VII, an employer may not discriminate against an employee on the basis of their religion, which is defined broadly and protects beliefs, practices, and observances with which an employer may not be familiar. Employers must provide reasonable accommodations to such employees unless doing so poses an “undue hardship.” The EEOC encourages employers to assume employees have a sincerely held religious belief if they request a reasonable accommodation, but if an employer has an objective basis for questioning the religious nature of a belief or whether it is a belief sincerely held by the employee, the employer may be justified in requesting additional information from the employee.
Just like with the ADA, if a reasonable accommodation does not exist for an employee who cannot be vaccinated due to a sincerely held religious belief, the employer may lawfully exclude that employee from the workplace but cannot automatically terminate the employee without considering whether the employee has rights under other applicable laws.
GINA
Under Title II of GINA, employers may not (1) use genetic information to make decisions related to the terms, conditions, and privileges of employment; (2) acquire genetic information except in limited circumstances; or (3) disclose genetic information.
The EEOC contends that administering a COVID-19 vaccine or requiring employees to provide proof that they have been vaccinated does not violate GINA because it does not involve the use of genetic information to make employment decisions, nor does it involve the acquisition of genetic information.
However, like with the ADA, the screening questionnaires for the vaccine may implicate GINA. Genetic information is defined by GINA to include, among other things, not only information about an individual’s genetic tests, but also the manifestation of a disease or disorder in a family member (i.e. family medical history). If the screening questionnaire does not include questions about genetic information, then asking the questions does not implicate GINA (although it might still implicate the ADA). If the pre-screening questionnaire does ask about genetic information, employers should consider simply requesting proof of vaccination rather than administering the vaccine themselves. GINA does not prohibit an employee’s own healthcare provider from asking about genetic information.
Employers should remain mindful of changes in the pandemic, CDC and other public health guidance, and how any employment practice may implicate federal and state employment laws. The attorneys at Chilivis Grubman assist businesses of all types and sizes in connection with employment-related litigation, as well as investigations by the EEOC. If you need assistance with such a matter, please contact us today. | https://cglawfirm.com/2021/01/07/eeoc-updates-guidance-on-employer-mandated-covid-19-vaccines/ |
Petroteq Announces Revocation of Cease Trade Order
SHERMAN OAKS, CA / ACCESSWIRE / August 30, 2021 / Petroteq Energy Inc. ("Petroteq" or the "Company") (TSXV:PQE)(OTC PINK:PQEFF)(FSE:PQCF), an oil company focused on the development and implementation of its proprietary oil-extraction and remediation technologies, announced today that the cease trade order (the "CTO") issued by the Ontario Securities Commission (the "OSC") has been revoked effective August 24, 2021.
The CTO was issued by the OSC on August 6, 2021, as a result of its failure to file its quarterly report on Form 10-Q (and related certifications) for the period ended May 31, 2021 ("2021 Q3 Filings") on or before July 30, 2021, as required under Canadian National Instrument 51-102 - Continuous Disclosure Obligations, as previously disclosed.
The Company filed the 2021 Q3 Filings on SEDAR and with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on August 19, 2021. In addition, on August 19, 2021, the Company's amended financial statements and management's discussion and analysis for the eight quarters from May 31, 2019 to February 28, 2021 were filed on SEDAR and with the SEC, as contained in the Company's amended annual reports on Form 10-K/A for the financial years ended August 31, 2019 and August 31, 2020, and in the Company's amended quarterly reports on Form 10-Q/A for the periods ended May 31, 2019, November 30, 2019, February 29, 2020, May 31, 2020, November 30, 2020 and February 28, 2021. The Company's amended financial statements and management discussion and analysis for the period ended February 28, 2019 was filed on SEDAR on August 23, 2021, and with the SEC on August 25, 2021, as exhibits to the Company's current report on Form 8-K.
The Company continues to work with the TSX Venture Exchange (the "Exchange") on a reinstatement of trading and will update the market as things progress.
The Company continues to operate normally and is working diligently to answers questions from the Exchange.
About Petroteq Energy Inc.
Petroteq is a clean technology company focused on the development, implementation and licensing of a patented, environmentally safe and sustainable technology for the extraction and reclamation of heavy oil and bitumen from oil sands and mineable oil deposits. The versatile technology can be applied to both water-wet deposits and oil-wet deposits - outputting high-quality oil and clean sand.
Petroteq believes that its technology can produce a relatively sweet heavy crude oil from deposits of oil sands at Asphalt Ridge without requiring the use of water, and therefore without generating wastewater which would otherwise require the use of other treatment or disposal facilities which could be harmful to the environment. Petroteq's process is intended to be a more environmentally friendly extraction technology that leaves clean residual sand that can be sold or returned to the environment, without the use of tailings ponds or further remediation.
For more information, visit www.Petroteq.energy.
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements contained in this press release contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. and Canadian securities laws. Words such as "may," "would," "could," "should," "potential," "will," "seek," "intend," "plan," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "expect" and similar expressions as they relate to the Company are intended to identify forward-looking information, including statements with respect to a reinstatement to trading on the Exchange. Readers are cautioned that there is no certainty that it will be commercially viable to produce any portion of the resources. All statements other than statements of historical fact may be forward-looking information. Such statements reflect the Company's current views and intentions with respect to future events, based on information available to the Company, and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including, without limitation, the Exchange concluding its reinstatement review to ensure the Company has satisfactorily complied with Exchange requirements. While forward-looking statements are based on data, assumptions and analyses that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances, whether actual results, performance or developments will meet the Company's expectations and predictions depends on a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause the actual results, performance and financial condition of the Company to differ materially from its expectations. Certain of the "risk factors" that could cause actual results to differ materially from the Company's forward-looking statements in this press release include, without limitation: failure by the Exchange to be satisfied with the Company's reinstatement application; uncertainties inherent in the estimation of resources, including whether any reserves will ever be attributed to the Company's properties; since the Company's extraction technology is proprietary, is not widely used in the industry, and has not been used in consistent commercial production, the Company's bitumen resources are classified as a contingent resource because they are not currently considered to be commercially recoverable; full scale commercial production may engender public opposition; the Company cannot be certain that its bitumen resources will be economically producible and thus cannot be classified as proved or probable reserves in accordance with applicable securities laws; changes in laws or regulations; the ability to implement business strategies or to pursue business opportunities, whether for economic or other reasons; status of the world oil markets, oil prices and price volatility; oil pricing; state of capital markets and the ability of the Company to raise capital; litigation; the commercial and economic viability of the Company's oil sands hydrocarbon extraction technology, and other proprietary technologies developed or licensed by the Company or its subsidiaries, which currently are of an experimental nature and have not been used at full capacity for an extended period of time; reliance on suppliers, contractors, consultants and key personnel; the ability of the Company to maintain its mineral lease holdings; potential failure of the Company's business plans or model; the nature of oil and gas production and oil sands mining, extraction and production; uncertainties in exploration and drilling for oil, gas and other hydrocarbon-bearing substances; unanticipated costs and expenses, availability of financing and other capital; potential damage to or destruction of property, loss of life and environmental damage; risks associated with compliance with environmental protection laws and regulations; uninsurable or uninsured risks; potential conflicts of interest of officers and directors; risks related to COVID-19 including various recommendations, orders and measures of governmental authorities to try to limit the pandemic, including travel restrictions, border closures, non-essential business closures, quarantines, self-isolations, shelters-in-place and social distancing, disruptions to markets, economic activity, financing, supply chains and sales channels, and a deterioration of general economic conditions including a possible national or global recession; and other general economic, market and business conditions and factors, including the risk factors discussed or referred to in the Company's disclosure documents, filed with United States Securities and Exchange Commission and available at www.sec.gov (including, without limitation, its most recent annual report on Form 10-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), and with the securities regulatory authorities in certain provinces of Canada and available at www.sedar.com.
Should any factor affect the Company in an unexpected manner, or should assumptions underlying the forward- looking information prove incorrect, the actual results or events may differ materially from the results or events predicted. Any such forward-looking information is expressly qualified in its entirety by this cautionary statement. Moreover, the Company does not assume responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of such forward-looking information. The forward-looking information included in this press release is made as of the date of this press release, and the Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking information, other than as required by applicable law.
Neither TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
CONTACT INFORMATION
Petroteq Energy Inc.
R.G. Bailey
Interim Chief Executive Officer
Tel: (800) 979-1897
SOURCE: Petroteq Energy Inc.
View source version on accesswire.com: | https://ir.petroteq.com/news-presentations/press-releases/detail/395/petroteq-announces-revocation-of-cease-trade-order |
Sections in the book: A descriptive text section (pp. 7 – 28) about history of coin forgery as well as technical observations and conclusions; Catalogue (pp. 29-77) with 121 high resolution photos of coins and coin dies including magnified imagery; Lab analysis (pp. 78-79) of the metal dies are made of.
This is the sixth volume in series 'Coin Collections and Coin Hoards from Bulgaria' (CCCHBulg. VI), presenting the numismatic collections of state museums in the present-day Republic of Bulgaria. A comprehensive introduction provides background information on the southwestern area of Blagoevgrad district. In CCCHBulg. IV was presented the collection of the Regional Museum in Blagoevgrad. The collections of three municipal museums at the towns of Sandanski, Petrich and Gotse Delchev are presented here. These three cities are located in the valleys of the rivers Struma (anc. Strymon) and Mesta (anc. Nestos). Volume 6 provides a good picture of coin circulation along the valleys of Struma and Mesta within the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria. In this volume we have new information including the data of the museums collections, archeological excavations and documentation of collectors and local historians. This information is significant in volume. It is about coin finds and is presented with photos, tables and brief descriptions. The registered small denominations ranging from hemiobol to trihemiobol from the period of 6-5 in. BC are especially valuable. There is already enough information about the heavy denominations. So we add this new information and complete the picture for the minting and coin circulation of the earliest period in the researched region. We are also convinced that this new information on scattered coin hoards and single silver and bronze coins from the region will contribute to the study of local history. The number of coins presented in the catalog is 1200. The number of documented scattered coins in the region is 1131. The volume of the book is 283 pages. The format is A4. | https://ceeol.com/search/search-result?f=%7B%22PublisherID%22%3A780%7D |
4 edition of Coins of Canada found in the catalog.
Coins of Canada
J. A. Haxby
Published
1991 by Unitrade Press in Toronto, Ont .
Written in English
Edition Notes
|Statement||by J.A. Haxby and R.C. Willey ; editorial and pricing committee, Charles Moore and Bill Boynton.|
|Contributions||Willey, R. C.|
|Classifications|
|LC Classifications||CJ1866 .H39 1991|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||240 p. :|
|Number of Pages||240|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL1339106M|
|ISBN 10||0919801722|
|LC Control Number||92223384|
|OCLC/WorldCa||26283127|
Illinois Criminal Law and Procedure, 1998
French Riviera, cote dAzur
Future of aeronautics
Your country and my own
The development of movement control and co-ordination
ABAQUS
GENERAL GROWTH PROPERTIES, INC.
Application of control theory in the automotive industry.
Washington Redskins
Between the lines
Beyond the cold war
Try pleasure
In the Anglo-Arab labyrinth
Cotton textiles
Geometric design and ornament
Introduction to amplifiers
Coins of Canada — 38th Edition by Haxby & Willey $ This popular catalogue by numismatists stalwarts J.A. Haxby and R.C. Willey covres all spectrums of numismatic collecting in Canada, including the French Regime, Pre-Confederation Coins (tokens), Canadian circulation coins, collector coins and sets from the Royal Canadian Mint, Dominion of Canada bank notes and Bank of Canada bank.
This is the "Red Book" of Canadian coins, a new reference authored by expert numismatist James Haxby. It covers every Canadian and provincial coinage and token series from colonial times to the /5(60). The 62nd Edition of the Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins will be officially released at the Canadian Numismatic Association convention in Niagara Falls, J Two major trends are /5(7).
11 rows St. George Tokens The Bank of Upper Canada - 2nd Edition Here is the second edition of. Coins of Canada by Haxby, James A. and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at Coins Canada - AbeBooks Passion for books.
Sign. of results for "canadian coin books" A Guide Book of Canadian Coins (Official Whitman Guidebook) by James Haxby | out of 5 stars Hardcover Canada Small Cents Collection to Number One (Official Whitman Coin. Coins of Canada 37th Ed.
- J.A. Haxby & R. Willey. Like Canadian Coin & Currency on Facebook. Subscribe to Canadian Coin & Currency's YouTube Channel.
Canada's leader in buying and selling collectible coins and banknotes, precious metals and jewellery. We offer Royal Canadian Mint collectible coins and provide selling values on coins and paper money.
With the creation of the Dominion of Canada inOttawa issued a new series of coins that were legal tender in the four provinces that signed the Confederation pact.
The value of a canadian coin depends on several factors such as quality and wear, supply and demand, rarity, finish and more. Values in the section are based on the market, trends, auctions and recognized books. Coins and Canada is the largest informative and collaborative website on canadian numismatic.
It was created to help all types of collectors which are sharing their knowledge and discoveries. Coins and Canada. I bought the Canadian Coins and Tokens because it is the official Whitman Guide Book.
There is a history section explaining the history of coinage and mint book shows the coins in color and explains the marking on the coins,and why they are collectable. As well as what mint struck the coins /5().
Full list of Canadian coins. is a complete catalog of world coins. Full information including prices and photos for all years, metal, purity, mintage, size, weight, obverse and reverse.
Coins of Canada is a complete one - volume library of Canadian coins, tokens and paper money, including major varieties. Includes: Complete Canadian decimal coinage and pre-confederation Brand: Uni-Safe.
All of Canada's coins have a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the reverse side, and are inscribed with the Latin phrase D.G.
Regina, or Dei Gratia Regina, which means "Queen by God's Grace." The Queen's. Search tips. To search an expression, simply put quotation marks around it.
Example: A search for "1 franc" is more precise than 1 franc. You may use an asterisk as a wildcard. Example: type "5 cent*" to find coins of 5 cents and 5 centimes.
Use a dash to exclude the coins. About Whitman Publishing Whitman Publishing is the leading producer of numismatic reference books, supplies, and products to display and store coins and paper money.
Our high-quality books educate. The Charlton Coin Guide returns for with more than pages of information to assist you in determining the value of your coins.
The Guide, which is the oldest continuously published buying. The Royal Canadian Mint produces Canada's circulation coins and collector coins: gold, silver, palladium, and platinum bullion coins.
It also offers gold and silver refinery and assay services. Canada: $1 Heritage of the Royal Canadian Mint: The Matthew 1 oz. Pure Silver Piedfort. Canada: $1 Loon First Strikes Special Wrap Coin Roll (25 Coins) Canada: $1 Louis Riel: Father of Manitoba Special Edition Proof Dollar Coin.
Canada: $1 Maple Leaves Coin. Canada: $1 Party Hat and Balloon Coin. The value of a Bank of Canada banknote depends on several factors such as rarity, quality and wear, mintage, supply and demand, etc. This section will help you to find the value of your Bank of Canada. Canadian coins are made by the "Royal Canadian Mint".
As a Crown Corporation, the Royal Canadian Mint is % owned by the Government of Canada. In March the Mint decided to cease the. Canada Small Cents Collection to Number One (Official Whitman Coin Folder) Canadian Small Cents Folder Number 2: Collection Starting (Official Whitman Coin Folder) Vintage Indian.
Quebec numismatist André Langlois has authored a new coin grading guide, called the Guide for Grading Coins of Canada. The author has spent the past few years compiling his page coin grading guide.
Like the size of the publication and prices reflecting the market. Book sure covered U.S., Canadian and Mexican Coins. With a good run down on the prices. Color pictures would make this so much beter. /5(19). New Listing Canada Silver Half Dollar 50 Cents 50c. Ending Mar 4 at PM PST.
Grade: Ungraded Certification: Uncertified. New Listing Foreign Silver Coins - (3) Canadian Silver Dollars & - Mid Grade.
Ending Mar 4 at PM PST. Certification: Uncertified. Canada PL Mint Set of Uncirculated Coin. World Coin Search. The World Coin Price Guide is a complete catalog of values for World coins from to date.
Created by NGC and Krause Publications’ NumisMaster, the price guide pages are. 3 GRAB BAGS HIGH QUALITY COINS BANK OF CANADA PAPER TRENDS $ MAIL $ C $ shipping. Ending Today at EST. 55m 11s Top Rated Seller Certification: Uncertified.
RCM 3x lot of silver coin sets Different Topics. Ending Tuesday at EST. 21h 55m Grade: Ungraded Certification: Uncertified. Canada and US silver coins. Coins and Canada - Glossary - Numismatic abbreviations.
Glossary - Numismatic abbreviations - Coins and Canada Please select an abbreviation below. American Alliance Coin Grading Service.
ACC. A merican Certified C oins. ACCS. American Coin. The coins of Canada are produced by the Royal Canadian Mint and denominated in Canadian dollars ($) and the subunit of dollars, cents (¢). An effigy of the reigning monarch always appears on the obverse of all coins. Please note: This book is special order item (add 1 wk) $ CC Things you should know about coin collecting.
$ CC Canadian Coins, Tokens and Paper Money ( pages) Coil Bound to lay flat. $ CC Canada / U.S.A. price Guide, (You will get the newest edition available) $ CC Canadian Coin. The NGC Coin Price Guide is a complete catalog of coin values for US and World coins from to date, compiled from a variety of numismatic sources.
The NGC Coin Explorer is the most comprehensive reference for United States coins. This complete catalog has images and specifications for every U.S.
coin, including mintage figures and current melt values for all gold, silver, and platinum coins. Detailed descriptions with insightful analysis are available for almost every coin.
Coins of Canada 38th Edition by J.a. Haxby and R.c. Willey Softcover Spiral $ New The Early Dated Coins of Europe Illustrated Catalogue 2nd Ed Levinson.
The Official Red Book: A Guide Book of United States Coins Tribute Edition. The Official Blue Book: A Guide Book of United States Coins U.S. Coin Digest. The Official ANA Grading Standards for United States Coins.
Grading Coins. Canadian Coins Vol#2 Collector & Maple Leaf 7th Edition Author: Editor: Mark Drake Price: CDN $ US $ Charlton Canada Government Paper Money 29th Edition Author: R.J. Dansco Coin Albums, the best coin books made. These Dansco Supreme Coin Albums listed below come with the pages and clear slides.
We offer a wide range of Dansco Albums for all collections. Feel free to view the categories based on coin type. 7xxx - In general a product model number that starts with a 7 is for business strike coins.
Coins of Canada Catalogue 24th Edition Great Condition Spiral Bind Book. 12 Coin Book Lot Red book Collecting Charlton Morgan Buffalo Gold Silver Bowers.
$ Free shipping. Almost gone. The NEW Official Red Book Guide United States Coins Seller Rating: % positive. CANADA 1 OUNCE SILVER MAPLE LEAF COIN ROYAL CANADIAN MINT BU. Top Rated Seller. C $ shipping. Certification: Uncertified. New Years BLOWOUT SALE. Canada Regular & Special Fifty Cent Coins.
Top Rated Seller. C $ shipping. Certification: Uncertified. Pre-Sale. CANADA 5 coin. The newest edition of the coin hobby’s annual Guide Book of United States Coins (popularly known as the “Red Book”) debuted on April 9.
The 73rd edition (with a cover date of ) features extensively updated pricing and auction data reflecting the current market for collectible coins.
Red Book, A Guide Book of United States Coins - Hardcover: R.S. Yeoman Call for latest price: Red Book, A Guide Book of United States Coins - Spiral Bound: R.S. Yeoman -U.S. Coin Digest: Joel. With the Coin Collecting book, you'll discover: Where to find coins - some places are better than others, What you should look for in a coin - shiny isn't always better, What are mints and mint Subcategory: eBooks. | https://cewovuzajaj.saludalmomento.club/coins-of-canada-book-23597ar.php |
The meeting was called to order by President, Bill G. There were 21 members and no visitors present. The minutes from the December Christmas dinner were read and approved.
Treasurer’s Report: Francis S. reported the year will be started off with the club in sound financial condition.
There was no old business to discuss.
New Business: A motion was made to increase our effort to get more young people involved in the club. To do this John E. was elected to be a go-between for the club and the Boy Scout Program. He will assist the scouts in working on the merit badge for coin collecting. John is very qualified in that he is an Eagle Scout with a coin collecting merit badge. The motion was seconded and passed.
A discussion was held about transportation for some of the older members who aren’t able to drive at night and would like to attend the coin club meetings. Some members volunteered to do this.
Starting in February, a coin grading seminar will be held at some of the meetings. This will be chaired by three of our members who have good grading skills. The expectation is that this can evolve into an expanded program to help collectors gain knowledge in identifying altered coins.
The meeting was concluded with an auction, show and tell, and the usual door and attendance prizes. The next meeting will be February 3rd. | http://capitalcitycoinclub.com/minutes%2001.06.11.aspx |
Do you know about the Maine penny? Also known as the Goddard coin, the Maine penny isn’t a penny like the Lincoln Wheat cent but a very old coin that dates to the time of the Norwegian king, Olaf Kyrre, who reigned as King Olaf III between 1067-1093. One of the silver coins minted to honor his reign somehow found its way to the Goddard site on Naskeag Point in Maine almost a thousand years ago. It was discovered in 1957 along with some worked copper, pottery remnants, and other evidence of human habitation.
The Goddard site has been dated by archeologists to 1180-1235, and historians believe the people who lived there were the ancestors of today’s Penobscot Indians. That means that this coin may have been used as metal currency in America some 500 years before the next New England silver coins, including the Pinetree shilling, were minted. What was going on that this coin could have been left behind there?
In the early medieval period, the Northern Hemisphere was warmer than it was later on or even now, and the Vikings were very active in exploring, attacking, and settling all over northern Europe, as far north as Iceland. They ventured to Greenland and then North America where they colonized a part of Newfoundland at L'Anse aux Meadows in about 1000 A.D. Archaeological evidence there shows they were working with iron there; they built a smithy with a forge and an iron slag. The Goddard site in Maine dates to approximately two centuries later, and that Norwegian silver coin was minted sometime in the interim.
We know that the New England Indian tribes did not use metal coins as currency prior to European settlement. They traded wampum with the English colonists because metal coins were scarce. Given this, there are at least two explanations for how the Maine coin came to be at the Goddard site:
This site, located on the northern coast across from what is now Nova Scotia, was part of an early shipping route. The Viking coin eventually circulated via their explorations and found its way into the hands of these Penobscot ancestors as a matter of native trade channels. The Vikings may have left North America by the time these Indians used the coin, but as we know, coins preserve history better than most human artifacts. The Maine State Museum, where it is now housed, describes the Maine penny as "the only pre-Columbian Norse artifact generally regarded as genuine found within the United States.”
The Maine coin was somehow planted or found its way to that site by other means, fair or foul. While the coin itself has been authenticated, its importance to human history and pre-Columbian exploration is not as clear. The American Numismatic Society stated that "There is no reliable confirmation on the documentation of the Goddard coin, and much circumstantial evidence suggests that someone was deliberately trying to manipulate or obfuscate the situation. The Norse coin from Maine should probably be considered a hoax."
Coin fakes are a serious problem, so all collectors should beware of coin deals that seem too good to be true no matter how recent the coin. Developing good relationships with trusted people in the coin collecting community is crucial. Having said that, there are many seemingly fantastical stories about coins that have survived nearly every disaster known to man or ravage of time to tell the story of people who’ve come before us.. The Maine coin may be one of those times. | https://www.grandrapidscoins.com/blogs/entry/the-maine-penny-a-coin-mystery-from-history |
If you are interested in learning about numismatics, the study of coins, several resources are available to assist you in your research. This post will cover what numismatics is, where you should look to learn more, and how to get started.
What Is Numismatics?
Numismatics is the study of money. Numismatists are enthusiasts who collect coins or banknotes as part of their hobby. They typically do so based on their interest rather than with a profit motive like dealers or investors (however, some collections can be sold for substantial amounts of money). The term numismatics may also be applied to the study or collection of other objects (such as medals) that are not coinage but used in past transactions within a given society’s economy.
Numismatics has its origins in ancient civilizations, most notably Mesopotamia and Egypt. The Romans later adopted coinage from the Greeks and coin collectors and their cabinets. During the Middle Ages, the study of these objects fell out of favor but was revived by European collectors in the 18th century. Many factors led to an increased interest in coins, including changing attitudes towards art and aesthetics, growing national pride through enhanced patriotism, and changes in relative economic power between nations due to industrialization.
Go Online
The best way to get started is to head to the web! As is the case with almost everything nowadays, your first port of call should be to check online and see what information comes up. Numerous websites are dedicated to this field, and you can usually find them by conducting a search based on your specific interests. For example, the coin specialists at thecoinexpert.co.uk focus primarily on British coins, while other sites will focus on coins from other countries. If you want the most accurate results, you should specify the country, current or historical, of the coins you are interested in.
Think About What You Want To Learn
As previously touched on in the last point, numismatics has many sub-niches that are all extremely interesting but vast in their own right. This means that before going too deep, it is best to understand the field and narrow down what you are interested in. Some subsets of numismatics include each with divergent branches):
- Historial
- Country
- Materials used
- Medals
- Coin types
- Manufacturing systems
Join A Society
Numismatics is often described as a world apart from the rest of the world. In most cases, you can argue that Numismatics is a hobby for those interested in a broad range of interests. However, joining a Numismatics society is well worth it for those who genuinely enjoy learning about coins and their use in history. Numismatic clubs and organizations offer a wide range of benefits, such as:
- An opportunity to meet new people from all walks of life.
- The chance to learn about the history of coins and coin collecting.
- Entry into an exclusive group with access to a network of like-minded people.
- Get in-depth knowledge that you may not be able to find anywhere else.
- Provide alternative research resources.
What Is The Best Way To Get Started With This Interesting Hobby?
Numismatists are not just hobbyists who collect coins; they are part of a community that shares interests and knowledge about their favorite subject. Therefore, those interested in the field should learn about the discipline itself before diving into the collecting aspect. You gain a greater appreciation of the coins that end up in your collection by doing so.
Learn About The History
The history of numismatics can be traced back to ancient Mesopotamia, particularly in the second millennium BC when trade was conducted through small tokens made from precious metals. The use of metal coins for trade began during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), China, when copper coins were first minted. When you understand its rich history, you will better understand the reasons for wanting to get into it in the first place.
Start Small
One of the most important things to know when starting is that starting small is good. It’s easier to build a collection gradually and grow with time. This is especially true for coin collecting as they are pretty expensive and can take up a lot of space.
Make A Plan
Before establishing a coin collection, figure out how much money you’ll need to put it together. You may need to save up or wait till you have enough spare cash to purchase the more expensive coins.
It is essential to keep in mind that there are many more resources available than this article can cover. Numismatics is a field of study that is continually evolving because of the study of the coins themselves and the artifacts of the society they represent. So have fun and enjoy learning about the history of mankind!
Founder Dinis Guarda
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IntelligentHQ is working hard, to become a trusted, and indispensable source of business news and analytics, within financial services and its associated supply chains and ecosystems. | https://www.intelligenthq.com/how-to-educate-yourself-in-the-field-of-numismatics/ |
Study Finds Majority of ICOs Do Not Provide Adequate Information to Investors
A study conducted by the University of Luxembourg Faculty of Law, Economics, and Finance, has concluded that the majority of initial coin offerings (ICOs) fail to provide critical information to investors.
Also Read: Fintech and Crypto Regulations Expected to Pass in Mexico on December 15th
The Study Finds That the Majority of ICOs Fail to Provide Substantial Legal Information to Investors
The study, titled “The ICO Gold Rush: It’s a Scam, It’s a Bubble, It’s a Super Challenge for Regulators,” seeks to provide a “taxonomy of ICOs to facilitate thinking clearly about them, analyze the various regulatory challenges they pose, and suggest the first steps regulators should consider in responding to” the ICO industry. The University examined over 150 ICOs whilst gathering its findings.
The report concludes that “At the moment, many ICOs are offered on the basis of utterly inadequate disclosure of information,” and as a consequence, “the decision to invest in them often cannot be the outcome of a rational calculus.”
The findings state that “Only 28.5% of the ICOs in our sample mention the law applicable to the ICOs”, and that “In 69% of the cases there is no information at all as to the regulatory status of the ICO.” The study adds that “Almost all ICOs rely on legislative loopholes or, more accurately, what the issuing entity hopes (or prays) is a loophole or grey area.”
The Analysis Concludes that “ICOs Will in Many Cases Raise Consumer Protection Issues”
Alongside an absence of key legal information, the study also finds that many ICOs fail to provide investors with important information relating to the proposed operations of and entities behind initial coin offerings. The findings state that “25% of the… white papers do not offer any description of the project’s financial circumstances, i.e. nothing about how the capital collected is to be used and in what stages, etc, and that “21% of… white papers do not provide any information at all about the initiators of backers.” The study also finds that 43% of the analyzed ICO whitepapers did not provide “valid postal contact details,” and that “20% failed to provide “any information at all about the issuing entity.” The University states that more than 90% tokens cannot “be put to use; the rest are merely up for trading, indicating purely speculative instruments.”
The study concludes that the lack of legal information provided by many ICOs is a consequence of initial coin offerings “frequently [being] structured to avoid existing legal and regulatory requirements.” Although the paper concedes that some ICOs’ poor legal documentation can be attributed to the lack of knowledge possessed by “the stereotypical crypto-geek about legal or other requirements,” the findings conclude that many ICOs are intentionally trying to create legal ambiguity in order to exploit legislative loopholes and grey areas.
What is your response to the University of Luxembourg’s findings? Share your thoughts in the comments section below!
Images courtesy of Shutterstock, Wikipedia
Want to create your own secure cold storage paper wallet? Check our tools section. | https://news.bitcoin.com/study-finds-majority-of-icos-do-not-provide-adequate-information-to-investors/ |
Ryan is a coin collector from the Midwest who doesn’t play around with counterfeit opportunities. He rigorously follows and studies the market trends of precious metals and rare coins to sell and trade within the coin collecting community. Copper, silver, gold and zinc – Ryan owns coins that date back to Medieval times, tell the history of the American revolution and many that could easily be mistaken for an everyday penny. If you have a dirty old bowl of change at your house… Ryan would be happy to sift through it.
BOJ: How did you become interested in rare coin and precious metal collecting?
RA: I have always been a “hobbyist” and collector. I have collected everything from keys to comics. Coin collecting quickly became one of my favorites, not only because of my unconditional love for money, but also because of its relation with the stock market, history and geography.
BOJ: What was the first piece you used to begin your collection?
RA: The first piece that went into my collection, sadly I do not have today. It Was an old Indian head penny. I remember being on the bus sorting through my pocket of change to see if I had enough money to put into the pencil machine at my school…to add to my pencil collection. I was very excited to find this coin dated 1894! Sadly when I got home I had lost the penny.
Ryan’s collection is mostly stored at a bank within several safety deposit boxes. His home collection showcases his most recent purchases, as well as coins/metals he prepares to sell as the market shifts. This portion of his collection includes: copper bars, silver bars, high copper content pennies, half dollars, silver dollars, silver quarters and rare individually packaged coins.
BOJ: Where do you go about looking for rare coins?
RA: I have used a variety of different avenues to add to my coin collection. Many of them do not work today. When I first started collecting coins, primarily silver coinage, I would go to the bank and buy as many half dollar coins as they could offer me. I would rummage though them looking at the edges. The silver coins have a different edge than coins made of zinc and nickel. Once the silver market picked up, this was not worth the time or effort due to the increase in coin collectors or “junk metal hunters.” I have used Ebay for a lot of my collection, but I have learned that you get what you pay for. Collectors need to be very discriminatory when using these online auctions, as many of the coins are faked.
BOJ: How does a collector know when a coin is worth something, rather than just being an old dirty coin?
RA: A coins worth is always determined by its condition, demand, historical significance and quantity.
BOJ: How does the metal used to make a coin influence its value over time? How can a collector anticipate these changes in value?
RA: The metal used to mint a coin effects its value in many ways. As you may know, gold is widely sought after. So obviously coins minted of gold will be much more valuable. One basic principle I have used in my coin collecting is the “rule of availability.” When gold was taken out of circulation in 1933, it took 40 years to almost quadruple in value. It’s value went up from $25 an ounce to almost $100. Silver was taken out of circulation in 1969 and it took about 20 years to quadruple in value, from $1 to over $5 an oz. Copper has a similar pattern and was taken out of circulation in 1982. The reason why these coins were taken out of circulation is because the value of the metal in the coin was exceeding its value as legal tender. There are a number of variables behind this, but the most prominent is major advances in technology which require the heavy use of precious metals.
This video demonstrates how a Ryedale Penny Sorter functions. Ryan uses a similar model to determine the copper content of different pennies. The Ryedale uses a low-level electric current to test the content of the coin.
BOJ: What is your favorite type of coin to collect?
RA: My appreciation for different types of coins has changed over the years. currently I am interested in collecting post-Medieval coins.
BOJ: What is your favorite metal to collect?
RA: Silver is my favorite metal. I have spent countless hours of my life trying to understand the silver market. I have come to the conclusion that the market is heavily manipulated. Silver is largely present in many of the technological and medical advancements of today’s society. Still… close behind is copper. Which I like because of its role in the history of our country, industrial advancements… and it has the greatest chance, as of now, to make me rich!
BOJ: What advice would you give someone looking to enter the coin collecting world?
RA: Collecting is a sickness, BEWARE! Catch the meat of the market, don’t get greedy and buy low to sell high! Have fun! | https://www.blueoxjerky.com/blogs/sauls-heroes/ryan-the-coin-connoisseur |
Buy the Book Before You Buy the Coin
It is often said that beginning coin collectors should "buy the book before you buy the coin." There are many excellent reasons why new collectors are told this. It is often said that "knowledge is power." That is especially true in numismatics. And acquiring knowledge, especially for novice coin collectors, can help them make smart decisions. Those smart decisions will result in saving money. Sometimes a great deal of money.
Imagine buying a car without researching its features, its past performance. It's the same idea in coin collecting. Numismatic reference materials are an important tool to help people become informed consumers and collectors. Understanding the history behind the coins is also important for the new collector.
Eric Brothers | January 2019
Below the reader will find some important books to consider including in his or her library. | https://www.money.org/numismatic-blog/buy-the-book-before-you-buy-the-coin |
One E-Sylum reader writes:
I couldn't resist answering the query you posed. The Coin and Currency Institute was the publishing arm of Capital Coin Co., the department store coin firm founded by Robert Friedberg, and run for many years after Robert's death by his brother Jack and widow Goldie. I believe the firm is currently owned by Robert's sons Arthur and Ira, and managed by Arthur.
As you probably know, the most familiar titles bearing C&C's imprint are 'Paper Money of the United States', and 'Gold Coins of the World', both of which have had many editions over the years.
David Gladfelter writes:
Most will get Robert Friedberg's series on U. S. paper money and gold coins of the world. Token and medal collectors will get Hibler and Kappen. Colonial collectors will get Schilke and Solomon. And if you look on the back of the first book you will see advertised the title Appraising and Selling Your Coins. They also published Friedberg's book on British Commonwealth coins. Which two am I missing?
Pete Smith writes:
The Coin and Currency Institute has a website where they offer eight books for sale. That is too easy to justify as the answer to an E-Sylum quiz answer.
American Numismatic Society Librarian Elizabeth Hahn writes:
I was reading through The E-Sylum and was intrigued by your quiz asking for the names of at least 8 numismatic books published by the Coin & Currency Institute, Inc. As a short promotion for the ANS Library, I'd like to say that the answer can be found through a quick search of the new library catalog, Donum!
donum.numismatics.org
We are still doing some technical maintenance to the new catalog, and some design changes will be appearing in the next 2-4 weeks, but otherwise I would encourage readers to take advantage of this ANS Library resource and this quiz is a great way to see the improved searching (and sorting) capabilities of the new catalog.
Here's the list that I came up with after a 2 minute search for "coin and currency institute":
Publisher: Coin and Currency Institute, Inc.
How did I do? Or rather, how did the catalog do?
To read the earlier E-Sylum article, see: | https://coinbooks.org/esylum_v13n26a10.html |
Feds Pinch Penny Heir
After confiscating a rare aluminum penny a California man inherited from his father, the U.S. Mint is saying it will do the same if it finds in circulation similar coins it never intended to circulate.
That adds up to a striking change of policy, say some coin collecting experts.
“This is the first I’ve seen anything like this,” said Paul Montgomery, a coin dealer and author of a book on rare coins. “I see the government getting very active in lots of things, but confiscating collectable rare coins has never been one of them.”
The controversy is the focus of an upcoming episode of the FOX Business Network series “Strange Inheritance.” On Monday, January 23 at 9 p.m. EST, host Jamie Colby investigates the curious story of Denver Mint worker Harry Lawrence, who died in 1980 and left his son Randy a plastic bag of misstruck “error” coins.
On a whim 33 years later, Randy Lawrence, who relocated to La Jolla, California, brought the baggie to coin dealer Michael McConnell. McConnell homed in on one item in particular – a 1974 aluminum penny.
McConnell said he first assumed the American penny coin was mistakenly struck on an aluminum blank meant for a foreign coin. (The U.S. Mint strikes coins for a number of other countries.) However, McConnell ultimately concluded it was related to a run of aluminum pennies the Mint produced but never circulated and ultimately melted down.
In the seventies, the Mint hoped to save money by switching from copper to a less expensive metal, but the experiment was a bust, said Montgomery. “The aluminum coins didn’t work in vending machines, and if kids swallowed them they wouldn’t show up in x-rays either.”
Once word got out that Lawrence and McConnell would put the apparently one-of-a-kind penny up for auction, collectors compared it to the most storied coins in American numismatics: Five 1913 Liberty Head nickels, one of which sold at auction for $3.7 million in 2010.
“I was getting phone calls from across the country as well as seeing articles across the world – Russia, China,” Lawrence told Colby. “In my mind, the price just kept going up.”
That’s until the government stepped in and demanded he hand over the penny. Lawrence filed suit, but eventually gave the penny back. The government itself has since displayed the penny on the coin show circuit.
A Mint spokesman said the government will do the same thing if it learns of other coins like Lawrence’s have slipped into circulation. The statement, however, did not commit the feds to trying to reclaim other highly valuable, high-profile coins that have been bought and sold by the collectors through the years.
Montgomery, whose book concluded the 1913 Liberty Head nickels were probably struck by a rogue Mint worker, notes that the government has never demanded the return of those coins. He wondered why the Lawrence coin was treated differently. | https://www.foxbusiness.com/features/feds-pinch-penny-heir |
Coin grading is the process of measuring the state of preservation and wear on a given coin. There are basically three main areas to consider when grading a coin:
- (a) Quality of coin die and striking characteristics
- (b) Condition and characteristics of the planchet (coin blank)
- (c) Amount and type of wear, damage, and the overall eye appeal of the coin
For most circulated coins, (c) is the primary focus of our coin grading efforts, especially how much wear the coin has seen and what kind of damage it has suffered, including things like dings, dents, scrapes, etc. Learn how to begin grading coins using a simple 3-step method
Coin Grading Scales
The most frequently used scale for grading coins is called the Sheldon Scale. It consists of a 70-point scale, ranging from 1 to 70, with an abbreviation for an adjective appended for clarity. Examples of coin grades on the Sheldon Scale include such grades as VF-20 (meaning Very Fine 20,) EF-45 (Extremely Fine 45,) and MS-60 (Mint State 60.)
Fun Fact
Uncirculated coins are always called "Mint State" on the Sheldon coin grading scale and abbreviated using MS.
The adjectives used with the Sheldon Scale have been in use for more than 150 years. Before the Sheldon Scale came along, coins were described by the adjectives only. Adjectival coin grading was a very subjective and troublesome system since one man's VF was another man's EF. Coin dealers were often accused of over-grading a coin to get a better price for it. Adding the relative numerical precision of the Sheldon scale has helped standardize adjectival grading.
The History of Coin Grading
Coin grading has an interesting history that mirrors the evolution of the coin market in general over the years. For example, prior to the mid-1850s, modern coins were generally considered to be Circulated or Uncirculated. More progressive collectors began distinguishing between the more heavily circulated and the less heavily circulated. As collectors became more sophisticated (and observant) additional distinctions were added, until today we have a fairly complex 70-point system that includes additional designators related to the quality of the original strike, such as "Full Steps" (on Jefferson Nickels) and a "Full Head" on Standing Liberty Quarters. Sometimes an asterisk is added after the grade to denote a PQ (Premium Quality) coin in that grade so that we can have an MS-67*FS Nickel! (This translates as Mint State 67 PQ with Full Steps.) The journey from "Uncirculated" to "MS-67*FS" is a fascinating one. | https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/what-is-coin-grading-768376 |
Sir Winston Churchill died on the 24th of January 1965. An accomplished statesman who led Britain through the tumultuous World War II as an army officer, he went on to pick up the pieces of the United Kingdom after the war as the Prime Minister. Following his political career, he went on to become an eloquent writer and speaker.
With such an impressive resume, it’s no surprise that Queen Elizabeth II decreed he would be given a grand state funeral – the grandest the world would see for a person outside of the royal family. She believed his funeral must be proportionate to his position in history, and a document with over 400 pages was prepared after Churchill suffered a major stroke.
On 1965, the year of Churchill’s death, the Royal Mint issued British Pound coins in 16 denominations. One of which was the British Crown coin for Churchill himself. In this article, we discuss what its value is, what it is composed of, and why it costs that much compared to other minted Crowns.
What Is a British Crown?
A British crown is a type of coin produced in the United Kingdom. When England and Scotland became what is known as the UK today, their currency – the English crown and the Scottish dollar – merged into what became the British crown. Its value was five shillings or a quarter of a pound sterling.
The crowns were often minted as a heavy silver coin. From 1816 to 1919, every crown composed of 92.5 percent silver, making it a sterling silver item as it met the standards of genuine sterling silver. However, from 1920 to 1946 (most likely due to the shortage brought on by the aftermath of World War I and II), it composed of 50 percent silver while the other half was other durable metals. By 1947 until the British currency’s decimalization in 1971, the crown was made of pure cupronickel, a common copper, nickel, and other minerals to create silver-colored coins.
Crowns as Commemorative Markers
Crowns were minted from 1707 to 1965. Back when crowns were in circulation, these were heavy silver coins weighing around 30 grams. By the 20th century, people rarely used this as legal tender, so the coins were only minted for commemorative purposes. However, crowns were re-monetized in 2018 and are worth 25p, though not many spend these and still view them as collectibles.
Even after it stopped being a form of currency after 1971, the Royal Mint would still create crowns during momentous occasions, mostly for coronations, weddings, and other important events in the UK.
While the Churchill coin was made with cupronickel as most crowns were made at that time, there were limited edition collectors’ coins made with sterling silver, provided with a certificate of authenticity, and placed in boxes. Some of the notable crowns created in the modern period include:
- Crowns for the current and three previous monarchs (Edward VII, George V, George VI, Elizabeth II)
- Festival of Britain in 1951
- The British Exhibition in New York in 1960
- Sir Winston Churchill’s Death in 1965
- Queen Elizabeth II’s 25th Wedding Anniversary in 1972
- Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee in 1977
- The Queen Mother’s 80th Birthday in 1980
- Prince Charles and Diana’s Wedding in 1981
Winston Churchill’s Crown
The Churchill crown has two sides. The heads side of the coin is the profile of Queen Elizabeth II with the year 1965 and the Latin phrase “Elizabeth II dei gratia Regina F.D.” The F.D. refers to fidei defensor, or defender of the faith. In translation, the phrase proclaims, “Elizabeth II, By the Grace of God, the Queen and the Defender of the Faith.” The tails depicts a profile of Churchill’s face as well as his name etched on the side.
What Is Its Value?
Unfortunately, despite the grand life Churchill had and a grand funeral to commemorate it, the value isn’t as high as other coins. When the Churchill crown was released, there were around 19.6 million crowns released to the public and to collectors. That means that, with a population of 66 million people in the United Kingdom, roughly a third of the population should be able to have at least one coin, which means in terms of rarity, no one will have a hard time finding one.
In comparison, a 1934 ‘Wreath Crown’ has only 932 minted coins, while the coins for the British Exhibition in New York had a little over a million minted. These are much rarer coins, therefore to collectors, this is the much more valuable one, especially those in mint condition.
The Churchill crown, however, was put into circulation and, with 19.6 million circulating the UK and other commonwealths where UK currency was honored, it was a very common coin. So, unfortunately, the value of one Churchill crown of average condition will only get you whatever value a crown is worth – five shillings, or 25 pence.
It’s not much, and mint-conditioned Churchill crowns can only get you around £3 or US$ 5. However, if you have a Churchill coin that shows signs of the regular wear and tear, you’re only going to get 25p from coin collectors – assuming they want to buy a very common crown.
In fact, if you look at some of the currency and coin exchange websites, you’ll find that some websites offer you much less than 25p for your Churchill crown. In LeftoverCurrency.com, they’re offering 19p for one coin – 6p less than the coin’s face value.
Buying and Selling Churchill Crowns
Don’t be fooled by the coin sellers on EBay or other trading websites. There are Churchill crown coins sold at over $5, and some of these products I’ve found are in such terrible quality that you can barely see Churchill’s face on the coin. These are sellers that prey on unsuspecting amateur coin collectors who falsely believe that these coins are worth the price. Actually, because it is very common, it’s not a very popular choice among coin collectors.
From a selling perspective, the trouble of selling your Churchill coin is not worth it. Thanks to the fact that these are now a part of UK currency once more, you’re better off spending it at face value of 25p instead of trying to get more from it from coin collectors. You could get lucky and find someone willing to spend a few dollars for it, but one online search for the Churchill crown’s true value can quickly dissuade any potential customers for buying your coin for that much.
Despite Churchill’s memorable position in history, his commemorative crown coin is lacking in value. Because it is not a rare find, trying to sell it might only get you roughly its face value. If you have a 1965 Churchill coin and are thinking of selling it, you’re better off holding onto it and hoping the other 19.6 million coins get lost and make your own coin rarer in value, or spend it on something worth 25p. | https://www.churchillcentral.com/1965-winston-churchill-coin/ |
In an earlier blog we discussed coin errors, how they occur, and what makes them special. In this piece we will talk about off-metal coins, another kind of rare coin that can occur accidentally as the result of error. Finding off-metal coins can be exciting for coin collectors, and many will search them out as part of the treasure hunt that is coin collecting.
What Are Off-Metal Coins?
Off-metal coins are coins that are struck using a different metal alloy planchet than the one that is typically used. This usually happens accidentally as in the case of the 1943 Copper Cent. The typical metal for the Lincoln cent that year was zinc-coated steel. In 1943, the U.S. government had substituted zinc-coated steel for copper to mint cents because copper had been allocated for other war purposes. There were, however, about 40 copper Lincoln cents struck, likely on planchets left over from 1942.
These off-metal cents are very rare and valuable, the most collectible U.S. cents on the market. The copper cents minted in Philadelphia are worth a minimum of $45,000. The ones minted in San Francisco are worth $100,000, and the only known 1943 copper cent minted in Denver sold in 2010 for $1.7 million dollars.
Steel turned out to be a poor metal choice for pennies. They were too often confused for dimes, and they created problems in magnet-based vending machines. For this reason, the U.S. Mint returned to using copper in 1944, using material from spent ammunition shells for the planchets. A few steel 1944 cents were produced by accident, and these are now worth $40,000 or more.
These are just some of the most famous off-metal coins, but there are many, many more, ones for nearly every denomination of coin. These include Washington quarters struck on nickel planchets, pennies struck on dime planchets, and nickels struck on cent planchets.
Not all off-metal coins are the result of mistakes at the mint. Some off-metal coins are the result of experiments with different alloys at the mint prior to issuing a new coinage. Others are off-metal strikes done for sale to collectors. It can be hard to tell the difference, but collectors familiar with the history of specific coins will know. For instance, the 1868 proof sets struck on aluminum planchets were made not by accident, but to sell to collectors:
“Off-metal die trial sets in copper, aluminum or nickel, both complete or partial, are known for many years including 1867-1876, 1884 and 1885. They were quite commonly seen in auction sales of the late 1800s and early 1900s. Most appear to have been deliberately made for sale to collectors.”
Not all off-metal coins are highly collectible or valuable. Sometimes they are worth about the same as the coin struck on the usual metal and sometimes they are worth less. Still, off-metal coins are an interesting field of collecting for numismatists who like searching for different and rare coins, and many are valuable. As always, it helps to know the market and the history of coins in general as well as specific coins.
If you are looking for a special coin or would like assistance in learning how much a coin of yours is worth, please call us at Mullen Coins. We are always happy to talk coin collecting and coin values with other collectors. | http://www.grandrapidscoins.com/blogs/entry/what-are-off-metal-coins?tmpl=component&print=1&format=print |
The New England Patriots suffered a tough loss against the Philadelphia Eagles during the National Football League’s Super Bowl in Super Bowl LII, played in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on February 4, 2018. As New England Patriots player Rob Gronkowski was playing in the big game, his Foxborough, Massachusetts, home – which he shared with three other people – was robbed.
Among the losses reported were two proof Morgan silver dollars belonging to one of Gronkowski’s housemates; the Morgan dollars have been identified on a Coin Community discussion thread as 1879 and 1896 proof dollars certified by Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS). The same housemate who lost his two proof Morgan dollars was also robbed of three handguns, jewelry, his Social Security card, and birth certificate, according to the Boston Globe. A watch and bracelet was taken from another of Gronkowski’s housemates. The record-breaking tight end reported no items stolen — his bedroom remained locked and secured.
Fortunately, arrests in the case are being made thanks to leads generated by the Numismatic Crime Information Center (NCIC) from its extensive network of coin dealers. On February 24, New England Coin Exchange owner Dave McConaghy shared information with the NCIC about a high-profile client whose home had recently been burglarized.
NCIC Founder and President Doug Davis said in a press release that, “Mr. McConaghy identified Mr. Gronkowski and other members of the household as victims and requested our assistance in possibly sending out an alert, since he was able to provide certification numbers on the two coins.” At the time, stolen coins weren’t referenced in news reports, leading Davis to send out an all-points bulletin to dealers and others helping to solve the crime. “I felt that the two proof dollars may raise a red flag if an alert was sent to our network and other investigative resources, even though the offense was almost a month old,” Davis added.
On March 2, the NCIC had sent out an alert about the crime during the Professional Currency Dealers Association National Coin & Currency Convention, and less than 30 minutes after the bulletin was released, Professional Numismatists Guild (PNG) coin dealer Dave Pepe, who owns Pilgrim Coin & Currency in Weymouth, Massachusetts, notified the NCIC had the coins and the identity of the individual who sold them. After verifying certification numbers on the coins, NCIC called Foxborough Police Department detectives about the find and reported information known about the suspect. The NCIC information lead to the arrest of Anthony Almeida of Randolph, Massachusetts, for breaking and entering, and he received two counts of receiving stolen property and malicious destruction of property.
Along with Almeida’s arrest came warrants for Eric Tyrell of Foxboro, Massachusetts, who’s identified in the case as the person who sold the two proof Morgan dollars. A warrant was also issued for Shayne Denn of Tewksbury, Massachusetts, in connection with the burglary. “The successful resolution to this case would not have been possible without the cooperation and collaboration of McConaghy, Pepe, NCIC, and the outstanding investigation of the Foxborough Police Department,” said Davis.
This news comes just days after Davis and other NCIC officials led a day-long seminar at the recent American Numismatic Association (ANA) National Money Show in Irving, Texas, where more than 30 law enforcement authorities were trained on how to better identify and investigate coin crimes. The NCIC, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, was founded by Davis in 1987 and is based in Arlington, Texas. Davis was inspired to form a coin crimes organization after a 1986 coin show theft resulting in the loss of some $250,000 in material; the case took two years to solve. Today, the NCIC handles a wide range of cases, from thefts of individual coins to high-profile burglaries as the Gronkowski case. The organization offers its resources to coin dealers, coin collectors, and law enforcement, and it provides online offense reports, which can be submitted 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
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The Ancient Coin Collectors Guild has become a driving force in the ongoing effort to protect coin collectors and museums in which coins are stored from being forced to give up these items to foreign governments under the premise the coins are the cultural patrimony of the claimant nation. — Richard Giedroyc, World Coin News April 26, 2010
On Monday July 16th the US State Department imposed restrictions on importation of ancient coins "of Cypriot types" issued prior to AD 235.
The ACCG deplores this unprecedented extension of UNESCO inspired import restrictions to include historical coins of possible Cypriot origin. In this action, without stating any justification or disclosing reasons for this decision, the State Department departed from its prior decisions exempting coins from import restrictions - even though the solid factual basis for this exemption has not changed.
Under the CPIA statute, import restrictions should only be imposed on artifacts “found in the ground” of a specific country. There is no statutory authority to impose import restrictions based on where an artifact was made. In imposing these import restrictions, the State Department has evidently accepted the argument that coins from Cypriot mints are “only found in the ground” of the modern nation state of Cyprus—despite very substantial factual evidence to the contrary.
This decision is also questionable on procedural grounds. The State Department accepted this request by Cyprus to amend current restrictions on Cypriot archaeological artifacts to include coins after the period allowed for public comment had closed. When that provoked a flood of complaints, the State Department then allowed the numismatic community only a brief ten day window in which to comment. An immense volume of public comments objecting to inclusion of coins flowed in, despite the unreasonable brevity of the period allowed. This overwhelming evidence of public concern and outrage apparently meant little to the State Department.
These and other procedural concerns regarding “due process” were raised in the attached correspondence to the State Department’s Inspector General’s office along with exhibits. Regrettably, the IG declined jurisdiction, referring the issue back to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, the very same State Department organization overseeing imposition of import restrictions, whose eventual reply is also attached. That perfunctory, meaningless response shows a complete lack of respect or consideration for valid concerns of the numismatic community, and others interested in legitimate international exchange of cultural artifacts.
Import restrictions on coins of possible Cypriot origin give US Customs officers broad discretion to detain any coin that “looks Cypriot.” The burden will then shift to the importer to prove that the coin was outside of Cyprus before July 16, 2007 (the date of the restrictions). Coins lacking such documentation are subject to seizure. Due to the absence of such documentation or provenance for most coins, there is a real danger that many coins which have not been in Cyprus since ancient times will be subject to seizure. There is also a significant concern about the ability of Customs inspectors to distinguish coins struck at Cypriot mints from other coins in shipments that may include thousands of coins. Overly broad application of import restrictions may destroy the traditional freedom Americans have always enjoyed in being able to import and collect historical coins, damaging the study and appreciation of these fascinating coins. Once again the State Department has put narrow interests of the archaeological community and certain foreign states above those of small businesses and ordinary American citizens who believe that collecting helps preserve the past and encourages the appreciation of other cultures.
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Copyright © 2004-2010 Ancient Coin Collectors Guild. All Right Reserved. | http://www.accg.us/news/item/Import_Restrictions_Imposed_on_Cypriot_Coins.aspx |
Although the actions which exacerbate anthropogenic global warming are not executed with the direct intent of harming human security, in this paper I argue that the widespread consensus and recognition of the consequences should render the causal actor as culpable as if they had taken direct and deliberate action. A case is constructed for these future environmental harms to be recognised as actual harms, and thus treated with the same practices of protection, liability, responsibility and accountability. Given that environmental harm is accumulative and indirect, it proves a complex threat which raises questions relating to the distinctions and transformative points between a risk, a threat and a harm, the justification of pre-emptive action on behalf of indeterminate victims, and the notion of assigning intent in relation to imminence versus probability. Taking a moderate cosmopolitan stance on both harm and human security, coupled with an English school approach to an international society of States imbued with sovereign responsibilities, this paper outlines the imminence of environmental harms as equating to actual harms, and as being parallel to gross harms, humanitarian disasters and crimes against humanity. An argument for pre-emptively treating actors as liable, accountable and responsible for harmful-conduct is also presented, to construct a clear and rational case for treating predicted environmental threats and risks as harms pre-emptively, in order to protect the human security of future victims from imminent harm, on both ethical and humanitarian grounds. | http://www-4.unipv.it/paviagc/?page_id=874 |
“Five Arguments for Vegetarianism” by Stephens source http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/jamieson01.htm About the class: This is philosophy paper and the teacher is little bit demanding! Course Objectives The central objective of this course is fivefold: (1) to become acquainted with major problems in environmental philosophy, the response by thinkers to the ecological crisis, and recognizing the ecological issues that we face today and in the future; (2) to critically think, interpret, and analyze philosophical texts; (3) to develop a personal philosophical attitude in order to question, criticize, and respond to these issues; (4) to clarify and articulate your own position and values on these issues; (5) to gain an ethical awareness of the responsibility humanity has to be just stewards of the environment. Generally speaking, I hope that students discover the use and value of philosophy. That they get a sense of the diversity and depth of philosophical thought. I hope that they understand that a belief is only as strong as the justification (evidence) for the belief and that the justification is only as strong as the counterarguments it can respond to. source..
Jamieson, D. (1985). Against Zoos, In Peter Singer (ed), In Defense of Animals. New York: Basil Blackwell, pp. 108-117.
Zoos deprive animals of their liberty since they are restricted from gathering food, behaviorally modified and prevented from developing their social orders. As stated by the author, zoos serve the purpose of educating, amusing, preserving species and for scientific research. But the author does not see these roles as good reason to keep wild animals in alien settings where there liberties are curtailed. These reasons do not justify keeping animals in zoos. For instance, he argues that films, lectures and slides can be used to educate the public the importance of protecting our animals without dragging the animals from distant places only to be confined in zoos. Another argument is that scientific research on wild animals can provide useful information only in natural conditions. Zoo conditions are artificial and can mount to controversial findings. | https://essayzoo.org/article-critique/apa/social-sciences/arguments-for-vegetarianism.php |
Can we do science without using animals?
This is the question we would like you to bring to the classroom.
This topic is not only about animal welfare or biology. it’s also about our
challenge to undertake reliable ethical and sustainable science. in this course
you will find out that this real-world challenge is perfect for a critical
thinking lesson in your science statistics philosophy ethics or
citizenship class. Many substances are tested on animals before they can be
used by humans. But animal use can be costly and the results may not be
predictive of the situation in humans. It can be effective in animals but not in
humans or vice versa. Using animals for research also raises ethical questions
and the use of animals can be an emotional issue. In 2009 the European Union
banned animal use for cosmetics testing and since 2010 it has been committed to
implementing the three RS which involve the replacement
reduction and refinement of animal use in science and eventually developing
better and more reliable science using animal free methods. To achieve this goal
we need to engage with young people who are our scientists and critical thinkers
of the future. In this course you will discover the principles of the
3 R’s first introduced by scientists Russell and Burch in 1959. Replacement
means to replace animals with other methods wherever possible. Reduction can
involve optimizing research methods so that animal testing uses fewer animals. | https://petgroomingclub.com/the-three-rs-and-animal-use-in-science-join-the-mooc/ |
- I don't think that it's ethical for you to do that.
- I don't think that it would be ethical to do that.
- Is it ethical to give him the interview questions in advance?
- Just because something is legal, it doesn't mean that it's ethical.
- Would it be ethical to sacrifice one person to save many?
- I don't think it would be ethical to do that.
- We don't exclude the possibility of starting a company someday, but that is if and only if we have an innovative, coherent and ethical business model.
- This also raises an ethical question.
- Freeganism is a total boycott of an economic system where the profit motive has eclipsed ethical considerations and where massively complex systems of productions ensure that all the products we buy will have detrimental impacts most of which we may never even consider.
- Cloning people raises serious ethical problems.
- Doing that wouldn't be ethical.
- Many of the types of experiments conducted on animals would never be considered acceptable for human subjects, a fact which demonstrates the existence of an ethical double standard.
- I think it might not be ethical to do that. | http://ge.opentran.net/dict/ka/en-ka/ethical.html |
Hi everyone, going through a moral quandary here. So followed paleo for 2 years, absolutely LOVED IT, finally felt healthy and energised and strong...was really really great. Even began my own health/nutrition blog and health and fitness is now probably going to become my future career should everything fall together well! Except that recently I have had some issues. Ethical ones. It dawned on me, as someone who LOVES animals and being kind to every living thing (I do lots of yoga and holistic living), I could not fathom how I could 'love' animals...yet eat them at the same time. Even 'humane' slaughter i.e. grassfed beef, makes me feel so guiltyu at the thought of eating it - after all, that cow could feel pain, wanted to live a long life, had a family...all of this comes into the fore-fray of my mind, and thus I became vegan, and thrived for a month or two. However, recently I've been feeling uneasy with my dietary choice. Despite getting regular green smoothies, spirulina, chlorella, B12 supplements, making sure I get high protein in my plants, my body is SCREAMING for what I used to eat in my diet. Last night I had a bit of wild caught salmon, felt MILES better, then went to bed crying as I realised I had been a part of animal abuse and pain. This is so difficult and driving me insane. I want to feel good and strong again - veganism really gave me energy and increased my run time and speed, don't get me wrong, but I feel as if SOMETHING's missing, it's very peculiar - but at the same time the idea of me being so selfish and inconsiderate to nature and animals' livelihood is causing me so much emotional conflict. My family are urging me to go at least pescatarian, and my body is screaming for 'yes', but my mind and heart are making me feel so distressed and guilty. Has any ex-vegans managed to overcome either this dietary-related 'iffy' feeling, or transitioned back to paleo without any emotional misgiving? EDITED TO ADD: I really really hope I don't come across as obnoxious or 'righteous', really really not I think all humans are awesome and we all have different views and journeys, I mean no disrespect to people's opinions etc :) Just trying to worm my own thoughts and feelings out!
Is it ethical to inflict harm via a deficient diet to one's self?
This is the issue I'mcurrently grappling with! I've always been a 'giver' in all of life's aspects - putting others before myself - and it applies to thi s too, but I'mbeginning to realise I think I must meet my own needs to be able to thrive for others.
You can't "give" if you're sick or dead. Society has suffered for the last few decades by folks demonizing self-interest.
Rather than asking whether it is ethical to eat meat, you should consider whether ignoring conscientious carnivory pratices are ethical.
What is clear is that commerical agriculture factories are not ethical. Whatis also clear is that the vast majority of soy monocrop farms is also not ethical.
The ethical choice lies not in the end product, but rather the process. Ignoring conscientious farming practices reduces the demand for plants and animals who were raised ethically which will (in turn) reduce the supply and increase factory farming. I try to aviod these products whether animal or plant because I believe that the farms are causing major enviornmental harm.
On the pro-omnivore side. Our bodies, by their biology, require meat of optimal health. Is a lion unethical when it consumes a zebra? No, it's simply part of the world in which we live. Our ethical obligation, is to ourselves and to ensure the health of our planet. We can do this through promoting ethical and humane farming practices.
To put it another way. We (most of us at least) believe that it is unethical to feed a cow grains, or chickens a vegetarian diet, or to force elephants to eat meat. Those are sub-optimal diets for those species. Why is it ethical to serve ourselves a sub-optimal diet?
I totally agree that not voting with your dollar doesn't help change industry practices. If the 5-10% of vegetarians instead of eskewing meat bought animals raised in a better manner, they'd have the attention of producers. As a vegetarian, they're simply written off as "lost causes."
Vegetarians like to gloss over the unethical farming practices that are leaching the earth of its nutrients.
The way I look at it is that the animals we rear for food woould not exist if we didn't want to eat them. I am happy that the animals I eat, which I get from a local farmer, may have a short life but it is a good one and they would not have had that if I was not wanting to eat them.
Respect your physiology and respect the food you need.
Yes, this is an unfortunate time in our world when it comes to dietary choices. I will only speak for myself, so won't use 'we' or 'us'. I can't find any way to eat that doesn't hurt something, doesn't cause harm, and I, like you, am very sensitive to that. I was a vegan for 5 years, vegetarian for 7. I went from morbidly obese to fit; became a personal trainer, etc you've heard the story. My health did decline, but not until I got a parasite while traveling, in addition to a couple viruses, which really floored me two years ago. Up until then, I outperformed most of my peers, as a vegan.
But I was a whole foods vegan. If I ate grains or legumes, I properly prepared and fermented them. To be honest, some of the most vital and long lived cultures that exist today eat properly prepared grains and legumes, tons of plant matter, etc. The whole carnivore or high protein thing works for some because of gut and immune issues, but it's not optimal for overall health and longevity with most, and especially not optimal for ethical concerns. Anyway, the cultures I mentioned also eat animal products of some sort to a varying degree. Whether you're talking about yogurt and cheese (which I think is more ethically reprehensible than eating meat) or small amounts of fish and shellfish, with occasional pork (Pacific islanders), for healthy humans there has always been some sort of animal or insect portion of a diet.
Even bonobos and chimpanzees, which the 80/10/10ers and Raw Vegans model for health as 'fruitarians', ate tons of fruit (majority of calories) - and termites, insects, small birds, other monkeys occasionally. Fruitarian I think is great. Fruitarian is paleo, 100%. But in reality it includes bugs, fowl and in some cases eating other primates in small amounts.
As for the agricultural side of things, as I said - there is nothing we can do that does not cause harm, because as someone already mentioned, that is what commercial agriculture does. Fields are cleared and leveled for vegetable crops (destroying wildlife such as birds, rodents, insects, small mammals) which vegans and vegetarians enjoy - meaning there is blood on their hands. Fields are used or cleared for grass-fed animals, which can cause loss fo habitat for other creatures in addition to the obvious fact of killing those grass-fed animals for food. The ocean is in a very, very sorry state with overfishing, with the possibility of reef and total ecosystem collapse due to our interference.
So where does a conscientious person go? I'm still trying to figure it out.
What I've decided is that if I personally want to live, love myself, care for myself and be healthy (and therefore continue spreading my compassion and love for other beings in the world), I need to include some animal products in my life. If it were up to me (rather than my digestive health) I would eat mostly plant matter with very small amounts of animal protein, because plants make me feel GOOD. And a little bit of salmon makes me feel GOOD. But a lot doesn't, ethically and physically. If that's what you can do, I'd say go for it. You just have to decide what you want to go for in terms of what that animal protein is.
Just remember that just because you eat vegan or vegetarian doesn't mean that you're not causing harm to animals; you are certainly doing so, it's just not as direct as stuffing a bloody steak into your mouth. It's one step removed.
If you really want to feel good about what you're eating, grow your own food, do your own fishing/clamming etc, that way you KNOW exactly what's happened and have personal responsibility and accountability for what continues to give you life.
If you don't like to eat anything with a face, eat insects! I can never tell which side is the face in a earthworm or insect larva. Also, eat oysters, and eat parts of animals that get discarded (through bone broth). That, and an otherwise vegan diet, will keep you in good shape. I have tried once the kombucha mother, I am waiting for a batch of apple vinegar to finish and then I am going to try vinegar mother, those are also things that are meat-like nutritionally.
they are far more nutritious than meat.
I commend you for your ethical beliefs most certainly! Good to question your beliefs. I do think there probably isn't an ethical way to paleo unless you hunt your own deer and squirrels and that.
I gave tried it it just a friend an di realised killing animals its not for me. I saw them dying in my arms I felt their pain. Actually cried a lot that night, which never happened to me. That deer looked right into my eyes before I shot her, immediately regretted it. I think was like it knew it was about to die.
This led me to reserch this further and also questions my lifestyle quite a bit. I recently went to a meditation course they were talking also about everything absorbes and is energy... dunno but it seems to me that animals we eat suffer tremendously in both life and death. They produce stress hormones which are stored in their flesh and we eat it.
This is bound to have an effect on our bodies. Please don't take my word for it, I don't want to convince anyone about this; it's something so personal need some to never felt and understood on a intimate level. Trying a bit of vegan food and I felt happy knowing it was actually ethical on all levels. Do what's right for you. Trust what your gut tells you.
It's important to feel a connection with your food - it's something that many other cultures have, which we have lost. Kudos for respecting what's on your plate.
I read an interesting article about the environmental burden of vegetarianism. Throughout the process of growing and harvesting soybeans, tons of small animals can be killed by tractors and other machinery, and by the pesticides sprayed in the fields if it's not organic. Then you figure in the pollution from the farm machinery, and from the gas for the truck that transports the soybeans from the farm to the processing facility, which also pumps chemicals and crap into the environment. Then the finished tofu is sent on another truck, where it leaves a trail of exhaust to grocery stores across the country (and also affecting countless birds, rodents, and other animals).
If you compare that to the environmental footprint of a grass-fed cow (a few cow farts)and the fuel cost of transporting meat from a local farm to a local store, you're probably killing fewer animals by eating the one humanely-raised cow.
My point? I understand not wanting to kill animals, but maybe you can still use animals products without killing any of them.
Mild Celiacs or Gluten Sensitivity? | https://www.paleohacks.com/vegan/so-torn-between-vegan-paleo-ethical-issues-please-help-35105 |
James Dwyer’s short story, “The Gaia Commission: Climate Change and Moral Responsibility,” is a valuable and provocative contribution to the dialogue about the bioethics of climate change. We have each written papers asking our bioethics colleagues to pay more attention to climate change [2,3]. By authoring a short story, Dwyer is continuing that same effort using another format, science fiction. This is a creative move, though not an unprecedented one. Historians Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway gained fame for their non-fiction analysis of climate change denialism in Merchants of Doubt , and then followed the project with The Collapse of Western Civilization , a science fiction history of human responses to climate change, written from the year 2393. Like Oreskes and Conway’s book, Dwyer’s text speculates how our descendants will think of us, drawing attention to the ethical problem of intergenerational justice (as articulated by climate ethicists such as Stephen Gardiner) . The ethics of our responses to climate change are inseparable from the fact that the harms and benefits will be distributed across many future generations.
Dwyer’s imagined Gaia Commission raises many ethical questions, including the intriguing: what does the Gaia Commission teach us about the nature of individuals’ responsibility for contributing to climate change? Yet, the text leaves much unsaid about how the Gaia Commission evaluates guilt. Its charges, like US criminal charges, appear to take into account not only defendants’ carbon footprints (their actions), but also mens rea (defendants’ mental states). In the story, “the charges were always the same: recklessness, negligence, and indifference,” all of which are concepts that posit a blameworthy mental state in defendants. Yet, the only relevant evidence for judging guilt in the Gaia court appears to be emissions-related behaviour (usage of heating energy, etc.), with all other evidence treated as secondary “mitigating factors” of some sort (“The emissions don’t lie. I’m just looking for mitigating factors that the Commission will recognize.”). So, how much does the mindset of the polluter matter when the Gaia Commission renders its judgment?
The prospect of charging defendants with the specific crime of climate change indifference is timely in the 2010s, when small-scale “green” habits are in vogue (e.g., avoiding disposable utensils like Francis, the fictional defendant) while there is little public will to radically reduce global emissions. I heartily agree with Dwyer that indifference is a central matter of concern in climate change bioethics, having myself published on that topic . Dwyer’s further step of imagining actual penalties for such indifference raises many unanswered questions about the justice system in this imagined future.
In the Model Penal Code, the template now used (to varying extents) in many US states, negligence and recklessness are distinct types of culpable states of mind, with correspondingly different punishments when one acts with such a state of mind. A reckless actor is aware that his or her action has some risk of causing harm – not knowing for sure – but does the action anyway. By contrast, a negligent actor is not aware that his or her action has some risk of causing harm, but he or she should have been aware of that risk. As Simons summarizes, in the Model Penal Code’s hierarchy of culpability, “all else being equal, purpose is more culpable than knowledge, which is more culpable than recklessness, which is more culpable than negligence” . Recklessness, negligence and indifference are now considered distinct in morally and legally significant ways, so it is quite interesting to see that Dwyer’s imagined climate change commission interprets these concepts differently.
Francis’ (the defendant’s) proposal for his own punishment suggests that Dwyer is most troubled by reckless or knowing behaviour, rather than negligent behaviour: “I should be made to figure out why so many well-informed people failed to act appropriately.” That is, Dwyer aims his sharpest criticism at those who do indeed know better than to continue their wasteful lifestyles. Yet, the narrator also mentions the “business people who sowed doubts.” So, are sincere climate sceptics negligent when they generate carbon emissions needlessly? They genuinely don’t know better, but should they? Surely some bioethicists are knowingly causing climate harms, while others are largely ignorant of how their behaviours contribute to climate change.
There is a great deal of ambiguity in Dwyer’s text, but ambiguity of a welcome sort: it inspires the reader to continue pondering the text long after the reading is over. Dwyer tells us that the story “shows where we might end up if we do not change our present course.” He declines to clarify which aspects of the Gaia Commission he endorses, even in the brief preamble pleading with his bioethics peers to engage with the pressing contemporary problem of climate change. Leaving this unsaid actually makes the text more engaging. Stepping outside of the usual ethics paper format, Dwyer shows that there are valuable ethical insights to be gleaned through the process of imagining how future generations will judge our responsibility for our contributions to causing climate change.
List of References
- Dwyer J. The Gaia Commission: Climate Change and Moral Responsibility BioéthiqueOnline. 2014; 3/18.
- Dwyer J. How to Connect Bioethics and Environmental Ethics: Health, Sustainability, and Justice. Bioethics. 2009; 23: 497-502.
- Valles SA. Bioethics and the Framing of Climate Change’s Health Risks. Bioethics. 2015; 29: 334-41.
- Oreskes N and Conway EM. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010.
- Oreskes N and Conway EM. The Collapse of Western Civilization: A View from the Future. New York: Columbia University Press, 2014.
- Gardiner SM. A Call for a Global Constitutional Convention Focused on Future Generations. Ethics & International Affairs. 2014; 28: 299-315.
- Simons KW. Should the Model Penal Code’s Mens Rea Provisions Be Amended. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law. 2003; 1: 179-205. | https://bioethiqueonline.ca/4/22 |
Revised:
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2012
Published online: 5 December 2012
The pervasive use of information and communication technology (ICT) in modern societies enables countless opportunities for individuals, institutions, businesses and scientists, but also raises difficult ethical and social problems. In particular, ICT helped to make societies more complex and thus harder to understand, which impedes social and political interventions to avoid harm and to increase the common good. To overcome this obstacle, the large-scale EU flagship proposal FuturICT intends to create a platform for accessing global human knowledge as a public good and instruments to increase our understanding of the information society by making use of ICT-based research. In this contribution, we outline the ethical justification for such an endeavor. We argue that the ethical issues raised by FuturICT research projects overlap substantially with many of the known ethical problems emerging from ICT use in general. By referring to the notion of Value Sensitive Design, we show for the example of privacy how this core value of responsible ICT can be protected in pursuing research in the framework of FuturICT. In addition, we discuss further ethical issues and outline the institutional design of FuturICT allowing to address them. | https://epjst.epj.org/articles/epjst/abs/2012/14/epjst214008/epjst214008.html |
At its heart, AI (artificial intelligence) is computer programming that learns and adapts. It can’t solve every problem, but its potential to improve our lives is profound.
Google use AI to make products more useful—from email that’s spam-free and easier to compose, to a digital assistant you can speak to naturally, to photos that pop the fun stuff out for you to enjoy.
“We recognize that such powerful technology raises equally powerful questions about its use,” Google CEO Sundar Pichai said in the company’s blog.
How AI is developed and used will have a significant impact on society for many years to come.
“As a leader in AI, we feel a deep responsibility to get this right. So today, we’re announcing seven principles to guide our work going forward,” he explains.
“These are not theoretical concepts; they are concrete standards that will actively govern our research and product development and will impact our business decisions.
Google said its AI applications we will not pursue, design or deploy AI in the following application areas:
- Technologies that cause or are likely to cause overall harm. Where there is a material risk of harm, we will proceed only where we believe that the benefits substantially outweigh the risks and will incorporate appropriate safety constraints.
- Weapons or other technologies whose principal purpose or implementation is to cause or directly facilitate injury to people.
- Technologies that gather or use information for surveillance violating internationally accepted norms.
- Technologies whose purpose contravenes widely accepted principles of international law and human rights.
“We want to be clear that while we are not developing AI for use in weapons, we will continue our work with governments and the military in many other areas. These include cybersecurity, training, military recruitment, veterans’ healthcare, and search and rescue,” said Pichai. | https://talkiot.co.za/2018/06/08/google-bars-its-ai-tech-in-weapons-surveillance/ |
Deception and Informed Consent in Management Research
Natarajan, R C (2008) Deception and Informed Consent in Management Research. ICFAI Journal of Management Research.
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Abstract
Management students’ problem-solving behavior can be approximated to that of managers. Experiential methods of learning offer scope for researching in-class managerial behavior. Such research involves questions about, inter alia, consent of participation, voluntarism, right of withdrawal and sharing of information about method, and purpose and use of data. Answers to these questions fall in the gray area of right and wrong. Scholarly pronunciations seem to cover mainly those participants who are “helpless” to defend themselves against a possible harm in the process of research. Given the higher competence of management students, their degree of “helplessness” is low and this warrants a separate discussion on the pertinence of their participation in research. While use of simulation in classroom has many desirable pedagogical outcomes, the secondary use of data generated by such simulations raises both methodological and ethical questions. Extant literature seems to lack first-hand information on how research participants perceive this issue. Therefore, to arrive at an understanding on the ethico-methodological aspects of such classroom research,this paper addresses the validity and rightness of using classroom simulation data for management research, based on both a study of literature and a survey among management students who had taken part in classroom simulations. | http://tapmi.informaticsglobal.com/504/ |
What Eats A Lion:
Predators that eat lions:
Lions are apex predators, meaning that there is no predator that preys upon them in their natural environment. However, there are a number of predators that can prey on lions in captivity or when they are living near human settlements. These predators include hyenas, leopards, and crocodiles. In addition, lions may also be preyed upon by wild dogs, wolves, and bears.
Interestingly, lions have even been known to prey on other predators, such as leopards and hyenas. A lion will typically target the smaller members of these species, such as cubs or juveniles. This is likely due to the fact that adult members of these species are more likely to be able to defend themselves against a lion attack.
While it is relatively rare for a lion to be preyed upon by another predator, it does occasionally happen. In one well-known case, a male lion was killed by a pack of wild dogs in Kruger National Park. The attack was captured on video and was quite dramatic.
What eats a lion when it dies:
There are many scavengers that will eat a lion when it dies, including hyenas, vultures and jackals. These animals are attracted to the smell of death and will quickly consume the carcass. Lions are also preyed upon by other predators such as leopards and cheetahs, so there is always the risk that they will be eaten alive even after they die. In fact, it is estimated that only about 20% of lions die of natural causes – the rest are killed by other predators or disease.
The scavengers that eat a lion when it dies are an important part of the food web and help to recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem. By consuming the carcass, these animals prevent it from rotting and polluting the soil. In many parts of Africa, scavengers have been known to completely consume a lion in under twelve hours.
In areas where there is large amount of human activity, however, the carcasses are often removed before they can be consumed by these animals. Vultures in particular can create a public health risk if their droppings come into contact with water sources that people use for drinking or bathing. Therefore, both wildlife authorities and livestock farmers often intervene to prevent these birds from feasting on dead animals such as lions.
Do lions eat humans:
Lions do not typically eat humans, and large cats such as lions are generally afraid of them. Most humans killed by these predators are either sick or injured, and the big cat mistook them for prey when they were in a weakened state. This is particularly common with tigers who have been known to attack and eat people that they come into contact with in heavily populated areas such as India where human populations encroach upon their territory. In many cases, these big cats will also take down much larger animals such as water buffalo just to get at their victim.
However, lions can certainly be dangerous and lethal attacks on humans do occur from time to time even in Africa where there is little interaction between man and beast. The last recorded fatal attack on a human by a lion in Africa occurred in May of 2016. So while it is not common for lions to eat humans, it is certainly something that should be taken into consideration if you are travelling in an area where these animals live.
Do hyenas eat lions:
Hyenas are scavengers and will eat anything that is dead, including lions. In fact, hyenas are often responsible for the majority of the carcass consumption when a lion dies. They are particularly attracted to the smell of rotting meat and will quickly strip the flesh from the bones. Hyenas can be dangerous predators in their own right and have been known to kill and eat baby lions as well as other animals such as wildebeests, zebras and antelopes.
So yes, hyenas will definitely eat a lion when it dies. In fact, they may even be more likely to do so than any other animal in the area. This is because hyenas are efficient scavengers and will surround an animal that is even just slightly injured or sick. When the lion finally dies, they can then immediately begin feasting on its carcass. Lions are not known to eat hyenas, although some big cats such as leopards and tigers will sometimes attack them when there is no food available elsewhere.
How often do lions eat:
Lions are opportunistic feeders and will eat when they can. They usually prey on antelopes, zebras and other large animals, but will also consume smaller prey if it is available. In the wild, lions typically eat once a day but may go two or three days without food if there is not an abundance of prey available. When they do eat, a lion will consume anywhere from 12 to 40 pounds of meat at one time.
In captivity, lions are often given food twice a day in order to keep them healthy and happy. This usually consists of around six to eight pounds of meat per feeding. Lions in captivity tend to be heavier than those in the wild, partly because they are not as active and also because they are not as selective about their diet. | https://asapland.com/what-eats-a-lion/82663/ |
The spotted hyena is a misknown, misunderstood and unjustly maligned animal. Yet, it is a fasicinating animal with an original social structure. Personally, I find them more enjoyable to watch than lions. Hyenas are widespread in subsaharan Africa and are present in most parks of Southern and Eastern Africa.
There are three other rarer species of hyaenidae: the striped hyena a lone scavenger found in Eastern Africa up to India, the brown hyena with a similar biology which is found in the Kalahari and the aardwolf an insect-eater. These species are all smaller than the spotted hyena, are less powerful and their perdatory instincts are less developped.
THE SPOTTED HYENA
Often despised by tourists and the general public who see it only as a cowardly and ugly scavenger, the spotted hyena is nevertheless one of the most intelligent animals of the African savannah, with a complex social structure that allows it to rank second in the hierarchy of African land predators, just behind the lion. It has the most powerful jaws of any land carnivoreS, enabling it to crush the largest bones. It is also incredibly bold and brave, not hesitating to confront lions, leopards and packs of wild dogs in its quest for food. The spotted hyena is the largest, most powerful and most predatory of all the hyenids, which also include the brown hyena, which is found in the arid environments of southern Africa, and the striped hyena, which ranges from East Africa through North Africa to India, and which are both primarily scavengers. The spotted hyena is widespread mainly in sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to South Africa, bypassing the Congo basin where it is absent. It is also almost absent from the Sahara, which is the domain of the striped hyena, and from the Namib desert where the brown hyena reigns. Rare in West Africa, it is relatively common in the conservation areas of eastern and southern Africa.
Spotted hyena (Harar, Ethiopia)
MEASUREMENTS
Length: 95-165 cm
Shoulder height: 75-85 cm
Weight: Femelle= 55-90kg ; Mâle=54-79 kg
ECOLOGY
Habitat: Very adaptable, the spotted hyena is able to colonise all ecosystems from semi-deserts such as the Kalahari or the Sahel to wooded savannahs and mountainous areas (Bale massif in Ethiopia and Aberdares in Kenya). It can also be found on the outskirts of large cities such as Addis Ababa or Harar in Ethiopia. It avoids dense rainforests like that of the Congo Basin and true deserts such as the Sahara. It is found in all savannah ecosystems such as the short grass savannahs or woodland savannahs. It is also found in some forest ecosystems such as dry forest, miombo and gallery forests.
Food and foraging: Food: An opportunistic predator, the spotted hyena feeds mainly on medium to large ungulates. It can feed on small animals such as rodents, lagomorphs, duikers, antelope calves and young gazelles especially when alone. Although spotted hyenas live in clans of up to a hundred individuals, they often hunt alone or in small groups of 2 to 5 hyenas. A solitary hyena is quite capable of taking down an adult top, adult greater kudu or a 250kg bull wildebeest, but this remains exceptional. To do this the spotted hyena, after winding down its quarry thanks to its superior stamina, harasses its prey with numerous bites to the underbelly and rump. The prey often collapses due to blood loss and fatigue. Despite the power of its jaws designed to crush bones, the hyena does not deliver a fatal bite like felids, it ends up disembowelling its prey by devouring it alive, which does not help to improve its image with the general public. The spotted hyenas of the Masai Mara have developed an unusual technique for hunting topi. A lone spotted hyena waits for a topi to doze off and approaches as close as possible without spooking it. A few metres from its future victim, it lunges at it and grabs any part of the body between its jaws and does not let go until the topi tires. In most cases, the topi manages to avoid the hyena's jaws at the last moment but this strategy pays off in many cases. If a spotted hyena is therefore able to bring down prey more than three times its own weight without the help of its fellow hyenas, it is not without difficulty and it can take more than an hour before a lone hyena manages to subdue an adult wildebeest. Hyenas are therefore more effective when they are in groups of two to four, especially when it comes to taking down tough and dangerous prey such as adult gemsbok in the Kalahari or adult zebra. Gus Mills' studies in the Kalahari show that a minimum of four spotted hyenas are needed to bring down a combative antelope such as an adult gemsbok whose horns can impale a hyena. For adult zebras, up to ten hyenas may participate in a hunt. When hunting large prey in groups, hyenas use the same method as the African wild dog by winding down their prey thanks to their superior endurance, but their attacks are much less coordinated and hyenas keep an individual behaviour during the hunt. When they reach the prey, they harass it with bites on the belly and rump until the victim stands still. The hyenas then attack the prey from all sides and tear it apart within minutes. In pairs or alone, spotted hyenas often prefer to attack the most vulnerable prey such as young antelopes or disabled adults. When attacking a young antelope defended by its mother, such as a wildebeest calf or a young zebra, one hyena distracts the adults while the other catches the young.
Spotted hyenas have no favourite prey. Their eclecticism and power allow them to attack all antelope species from the dik-dik to the adult Cape eland. In general, they select their prey among the medium to large antelopes most common in the ecosystem where they live. Wildebeests, topis, hartebeests and Thompson's gazelles are therefore the preferred preys in East Africa, while gemsboks, wildebeests, red hartebeests and springboks are the main preys in the Kalahari. In the mesic and wooded savannahs of southern Africa impalas, greater kudus, nyalas, waterbucks, lechwes are often on the menu. Besides antelopes, zebras and warthogs are also common prey. At the extreme end of their diet, hyenas may exceptionally prey on adult buffaloes and the young of giraffes, rhinoceroses, hippos and elephants.
Spotted hyenas are also scavengers and do not hesitate to steal the prey of other predators. Provided that they greatly outnumber lions 4 to 1, spotted hyenas can steal the prey of a pride of lions, especially in the absence of a male lion. Similarly, spotted hyenas will often attempt to steal prey from wild dogs, especially if they are outnumber them but the wild dogs are often able to fend them off with their superior cohesion and coordinated defence. A lone spotted hyena will usually be able to steal prey from leopards or cheetahs. Leopards are solitary hunters and are reluctant to engage a hyena for food in order to avoid injuries that could affect their ability to hunt, as they can only rely on themselves. However, leopards, especially males, will sometimes fight off a lone hyena and more rarely a pair. Cheetahs avoid fighting hyenas for the same reasons whether they are solitary or even in coalition. The cheetah's ability to feed depends entirely on its running ability, which would be reduced to nothing if it were injured in a brawl with a hyena. The spotted hyena is also more powerful than anw cheetah. On carcasses, hyenas dominate all other scavengers except lions. Hyenas keep vultures at bay. On the other hand, they tolerate jackals. Jackals are also capable of stealing food from a lone hyena if they operate in pairs, with one jackal harassing the hyena while the other steals the food. Contrary to legend, spotted hyenas are primarily predators, and it is often the lions that steal their prey, not the other way around.
Behaviour and social structure: The social structure of spotted hyenas is among the most complex in the animal world. Hyenas live in clans of up to 100 individuals. These clans are led by a matriarch. The female hyenas are larger than the males and dominate them. The clan occupies a territory which it defends against opposing clans. The number of hyenas in a clan and the size of the territory varies according to the density of prey. The higher prey density, the smaller the territory of the clan (e.g. Ngorongoro Crater). Conversely, the more scattered or scarcer are the preys, the larger the territory of the spotted hyena clan, as in the Kalahari. The defence of the territory is one of the activities that is carried out in community. The males and especially the females mark the territory with a whitish pasty substance emitted by their anal glands, which the hyenas deposit by crouching and lowering their rump. These markings are left both at the border of the territory and within it, as it also allows for individual identification of each depositing clan member. The clan also patrols the borders of their territory, which may lead them to confront neighbouring clans, especially if a prey item has been killed in the territory of a foreign clan. As a general rule, the clan with the fewest hyenas will make way. Despite the territorial behaviour of hyenas, spotted hyenas sometimes leave their territory to follow migrating herds of herbivores, crossing the territory of several other clans in the process.
Cohesion between clan members is maintained through ceremonial rituals in which two hyenas stand in reverse parallel and raise a hind leg to sniff each other's genitals. A rich repertoire of calls is used for communication. It would be futile to try to list them all here but among the most important is the whoop emitted facing the ground to amplify the reverberation of the sound and which is mainly a rallying cry when a prey has been killed or when a hyena needs reinforcement to defend a prey or to steal the prey of a more powerful predator and/or group of them such as lions, wild dogs or a recalcitrant big male leopard. The hyena cackle is a sign of nervousness that is emitted when hyenas are confronted by lions or when individuals of lower social status are confronted by a dominant animal or when a group of hyenas is facing another hyena clan.
Spotted hyena clans are highly hierarchical. Females, regardless of age, size and fighting prowess, are dominant over all males. Thus the lowest ranking female will have a higher social status than the highest ranking male. Females remain in their natal clan all their lives and inherit the social status of their mother. Females often form coalitions within their clans with other females close to them in the hierarchy in order to maintain their social status. Males leave their natal clan after reaching maturity at the age of 4 years in order to have opportunities to reproduce. Like females, males inherit their mother's social status but lose it when they join another clan where they will occupy the bottom of the hierarchy. However, males born to females with a high social status in their native clan will still have an advantage in that they will have had a richer food supply than other males due to their mother's privileged access to carcasses. They are therefore likely to be larger and more aggressive than other immigrant males and will be more easily selected by the females of the adoptive clan because of their superior genetic make-up. The longer a male remains in his adopted clan, the faster he will move up the hierarchy as older males disappear. A linear system of social promotion exists within the male hierarchy, with the first to arrive having the highest social status. Upon arrival, immigrant males often ally with younger females who reject older males to avoid inbreeding.
Females are able to select their sexual partners and resist male advances not only because of their larger size and increased aggression but also because of the unique configuration of their clitoris, which resembles the male reproductive organ - leading to the myth that hyenas are hermaphrodites - and prevents coercion of males over females. Males are generally very fearful during mating. The physical superiority of females over males and the resulting dominance is the result of much speculation, which does not offer a convincing explanation for this phenomenon.
Spotted hyenas are rather nocturnal predators but can be active during the day.
Reproductive behaviour: Spotted hyenas reproduce all year round. Mating is a difficult process for both anatomical and social reasons. Indeed, spotted hyenas have a clitoris that resembles a false scrotum that they must retract to allow mating. The male's penis can only become erect after penetration. The male must also stand on his hind legs while moving his lower abdomen under the female's belly. Prior to this, he will have engaged in a polite but fearful courtship due to the aggressiveness and superior power of the female, which may last for a week. The male usually stands at a respectful distance from the female, penis erect and tilts his head repeatedly. If the female grunts or behaves aggressively, the male retreats. If the female is receptive, the male follows with his snout to her tail until the female agrees to mate. During mating, it is common for a rival male to try to disrupt the mating.
Spotted hyenas usually give birth to one or two young, which are among the most precocious carnivorous mammals as they are born with their eyes opened and their teeth more or less formed. After about ten days following birth, the cubs are deposited in the communal burrow which they share with the other hyenas. The communal burrow is the focal point of the territory around which the clan gathers. The cubs compete for the female's milk, which can lead to siblicide. One cub will often be dominant over the other, especially in times of food shortage when the female's milk may be in short supply. The dominant cub will therefore have privileged access to the mother's milk and food to the detriment of the submissive cub who may die as a result. The cubs are able to feed on meat after two months. Cubs suckle until they are one year old. They are able to hunt after one and a half years.
Enemies and predators: The lion is the adult spotted hyena's archenemy and the main cause of mortality of adult spotted hyenas. Despite the superior strength of its jaws, a spotted hyena is no match for an adult lion or lioness that is nearly two to three times its weight, if not more. It only takes one adult lioness to kill an adult hyena despite the hyena's stubborn defence. Spotted hyenas can only confront lions if they outnumber them 4 to 1 and if there are no adult male lions present. Lions often kill hyenas in disputes over carcasses, with lions dispossessing hyenas more often than the other way around, or when a hyena gets too close to lion cubs. They do not devour its corpse. The competition between lions and hyenas is exacerbated and the two species hate each other cordially. A lion can sometimes attack a hyena without any provocation. Hyenas are direct competitors for lions because they hunt the same prey species and occupy the same habitats. Hyenas sometimes have their revenge on lions and are also capable in large groups of killing an isolated or injured lioness or even young male lions or at lions at the end of their lives.
Apart from lions, Nile crocodiles are one of the few animals that can attack an adult hyena and even consider it as potential prey. Spotted hyenas are therefore cautious around crocodile-infested waterholes. Leopards, especially large males, may also kill an adult hyena in a confrontation over prey or simply to feed and eliminate a competitor. Zoologist Theodore Bailey reports a case of a medium-sized male leopard killing two adult spotted hyenas in the Kruger National Park. In the Mala Mala Game Reserve in South Africa, an adult male leopard caught a hyena eating an impala and almost killed it by grabbing it by the throat. These cases of leopard predation on adult spotted hyenas are exceptional. Leopards generally avoid spotted hyenas, especially if they are in a group, and will abandon their prey even when confronted with a lone spotted hyena to avoid potential injury. When a solitary spotted hyena encounters a leopard without food in contention and when the two species do not target each other's cubs, the two species ignore each other and remain at a respectful distance. Both species are of more or less equal strength and have nothing to gain from a confrontation that could potentially have dire consequences for both parties. Spotted hyenas in groups, on the other hand, invariably dominate leopards. Leopards, on the other hand, prey on young spotted hyenas and carry them into the trees as if they were simple prey, and hyenas also kill young leopards. Occasional predators of the spotted hyena also include the African rock python. Indeed, there is a video on Youtube of a python subduing an adult spotted hyena and devouring it. As with the leopard, the balance of power can be reversed, a spotted hyena or a group of spotted hyenas can also attack and devour a python, especially when it is ingesting prey.
Best places to see them: Spotted hyenas are among the most common predators in the African savannah. They are frequently found in most of the major national parks in eastern and southern Africa. The Ngorongoro Crater probably has the highest density of spotted hyenas followed by the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem in Kenya-Tanzania. It is also common in the Savuti Game Reserve and the Okavango Delta in Botswana or in the Etosha Game Reserve in Namibia. | https://memoriesfromthewild.com/en/page-6709-spotted-hyena-crocuta-crocuta |
Table of Contents
Can A Lion Eat 4X Its Weight For Food?
How many kg of food does a lion eat? Female lions captures most of the mid-sized prey (wildebeest, zebra, etc.) but the males typically catch the really large prey (buffalo and giraffe). A male can eat 43 kg in a day; a female may eat over 25 kg. But their average intake is about 8–9 kg per day.
How many pounds can a lion eat in one sitting? Lions can eat a lot more than people in a single sitting. Because lions will often go several days between successful hunts, they can eat up to 70 pounds (32 kilograms) in just one sitting!
Would a lion eat a dead lion? Do lions eat dead lions? Generally speaking, lions do not eat dead animals but may steal recent kills from other animals like hyenas. They are not known for eating carrion or scavenging, particularly kills of other lions.
Can A Lion Eat 4X Its Weight For Food – Related Questions
Can lions go 3 months without eating?
Lions are known to go without eating for around a week, however they can go up to a month without eating,as long as they have source of water available.
How many times lions eat in a day?
How often do Lions eat? Lions are believed to feed every three or four days, and need on average between 5kg and 7kg of meat a day.
How much meat a lion eats per day?
Male lions on average can consume around 7kgs of meat per day, and females around 4.5kg. Both can eat up to 15% of their body weight in just one meal!
What is eat lion?
Being apex predators, lions are the ones who eat other animals, and not vice versa. However, a few predator animals are known to attack and eat lions. Besides humans, hyenas, crocodiles, leopards, and wild dogs are animals that have been noted to attack and kill lions. Eating a lion is merely a bonus.
How long can a lion go without eating?
They can go without food for a maximum of 14 days and without water for 4 days but will eat wild cucumbers and wild melons to extract the moisture content.
How much do lions sleep?
Lions enjoy relaxing and lazing around. They spend between 16 and 20 hours each day resting and sleeping. They have few sweat glands so they wisely tend to conserve their energy by resting during the day and become more active at night when it is cooler. Lions have terrific night vision.
Are lions friendly?
The thing is that although the lion may be amiable and reliable 90% of the time, he also might get into a snit for some reason and strike out. Or, because of his great strength, the friendly lion might hurt someone without ever even intending it.
What are lions afraid of?
“They’re the least afraid of anything of all the predators,” says Craig Packer, an ecologist with the University of Minnesota and one of the world’s foremost lion experts. Though female lions hunt gazelles and zebras, male lions are in charge of hunting large prey that must be taken down with brute force.
Can lion be eaten?
It’s legal both to kill and eat lion in the United States, though it’s not legal to hunt them and then sell the meat. Practically speaking, it’s not easy to get, given that most lion is acquired from game preserve stock or retired circus animals or exotic animal businesses.
How many days can a lion live?
Lifespan: In the wild the lifespan of lions is approximately 15 years, however in captivity it can be as long as 30 years. Breeding: Lions reach sexual maturity at 2 years old and mate at all times of the year.
Do lions hunt when they are not hungry?
Lions are well known for being greedy and will hunt animals even when they are not hungry. When tucking into a juicy zebra, if another animal comes near, a lion will often forget about that kill in its eagerness to catch some more food. When hunting smaller animals, lions will often ankle-tap their prey.
How much does a lion cost?
The standard estimation of purchasing a lion as a pet begins from about US$5000 for adolescent lions; however, the price range surpasses about $140,000 for the rare breed of a white lion cub.
Is Tiger stronger than lion?
The conservation charity Save China’s Tigers stated “Recent research indicates that the tiger is indeed stronger than the lion in terms of physical strength. A tiger is generally physically larger than a lion. Most experts would favour a Siberian and Bengal Tiger over an African Lion.”
How strong is a lion?
One strike with its powerful paw is enough to cripple any man. On the other side, humans are far from this kind of lifestyle. Muscle advantage, speed, and agility are also the lion’s advantages. As a result, one adult lion is roughly as strong as at least six humans.
Who is more aggressive lion or tiger?
Craig Saffoe, a biologist at the Smithsonian Zoo, also generally favored the tiger, telling LiveScience, “What I’ve seen from tigers, they seem to be more aggressive; they go for the throat, go for the kill. Whereas the lions are more, ‘I will just pound you and play with you.
Are lions loyal?
Yes, lions are loyal and devoted to their pride. Unlike any other big cats, who live solitary lives, lions are social animals that live in groups. Lionesses usually stay loyal their whole life to the same pride, while male lions seldom remain in the same pride for more than five years.
How do lions drink water?
Lions can get their water from plants
Lions are highly adaptable and can live in very dry areas like the Kalahari Desert. Here they get most of their water from their prey and will even drink from plants such as the Tsamma melon.
Do lions hunt after eating?
The lion takes little part in the hunt but he always eats his fill of the kill before the rest of the pride begin their meal – hence the expression ‘the lion’s share’. Lions prefer to hunt zebra and wildebeest; these animals are slower and easier to catch than gazelles and small antelopes.
At what age can a lion roar?
Lions are famous for their sonorous roar. Males are able to roar when they are about one year old, and females can roar a few months later. Lions use their roar as one form of communication.
How do lions feed?
Mirror your lion’s natural eating habits by feeding a diet of raw, chunk meat. Feed your lion red meat or horse meat if it is available for its nutritional value. Just as lions would eat in the wild, alternate 5 days of chunk meat, and then allow them to fast for 1 or 2 days.
Do lions eat tiger?
Do Lions Eat Tigers
Tiger is also an apex predator like a lion and exists on the top of the food chain. Lions are not observed for eating a tiger. However, the newborns and younger individuals of both lions and tigers are vulnerable and prone to attack by other animals. | https://neeness.com/can-a-lion-eat-4x-its-weight-for-food/ |
Part of the herd of zebras during the translocation exercise from Soysambu Conservancy to Amboseli National Park. The ongoing exercise is aimed at restocking the park after last year's devastating drought.
The Kenya Wildlife Service aimed to restore the predator-prey balance in the park, following the fiercest drought in 26 years that devastated the ecosystem last year.
The exercise, estimated to cost $US1.35 million, was expected to substantially address some of the problems arising from last year's severe drought in many parts of Kenya.
The first phase, targeting 1000 zebras, was to have ended on Sunday. Subsequent phases will include wildebeests, which could not be moved because the exercise coincided with their calving season.
A 26-member capture team is at the heart of the operation. It comprises a helicopter pilot, technicians, drivers, capture officers and rangers. They have three trucks capable of carrying up to 90 wild animals each.
The capture team recently successfully relocated 250 elephants from Shimba Hills to Tsavo, and 2000 herbivores from Marua Ranch in Naivasha to Maru National Park.
Amboseli National Park, a dry season feeding refugee for wild animals, normally attracts thousands of herbivores which congregate within its boundaries during the dry season and later migrate to other outlying areas at the onset of the wet season.
Last year's devastating drought attracted many herbivores in the park that resulted in overgrazing. This led to the deaths of over 60 per cent of the zebra and wildebeest population.
These deaths severely compromised the ecological balance of the park and its surrounding areas.
A census conducted in October 2009 showed that there were only 3023 wildebeests and 2467 zebras, a sharp drop from similar census carried out in 2007 that indicated 12,411 and 6978 wildebeests and zebras, respectively.
The two animal species are the most preferred prey of the lions and hyenas and their subsequent fall in numbers led to the carnivores invading and killing livestock owned by communities living around the park, compounding a problem given that already they had lost up to 80 per cent of their livestock to the drought.
This led to a sharp increase in human wildlife conflict incidents in the area.
To address the local community's concerns over loss of livelihood, the Kenya Wildlife Service held at least 18 meetings with the residents to discuss various interventions, including the restocking.
Others include the building of predator-proof structures to protect livestock from carnivores as well as other appropriate animal husbandry practices. This will be done in due course.
Amboseli National Park and its surrounding areas are one of the key tourist destinations in Kenya as well as critical conservation points.
The death of lions from human-wildlife conflict and loss of livelihood by the local community would serious undermine conservation and tourism promotion efforts.
Human-wildlife conflict has been one of the major factors behind the rapid decline of the lion population in Kenya.
Dr Charles Musyoki, a senior scientist with the wildlife service, said the restocking aimed at restoring the balance of wild animals within the park and at the same time reduce cases of human-wildlife conflict by reducing the lion and hyena attacks on the local community's livestock.
Apart from the Soysambu Conservancy, other areas where a relocation exercise is expected to take place include Machakos, Shompole in Kajiado and the Athi-Kapiti plains.
The subsequent phases of the exercise are expected to be carried out between March and June. The translocation of the wildebeests has been set for later this month due to their ongoing calving season that would have compromised the exercise.
The relocation is carried out by aerial and ground teams. The aerial team in a helicopter identifies pockets of the target animals and drives them into the broad end of a tarpaulin funnel-shaped camouflaged structure.
The 26-member ground team drives them through an enclosure leading to the back of a waiting truck. | https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/news/2010/03/031.shtml |
A-Level – Psychology
The intent for the Psychology curriculum is to ensure that our young psychologists are equipped with the necessary scientific knowledge, skills and vocabulary to develop a better understanding of themselves and the wider world. The psychology curriculum will enable our learners to value the importance of Psychological research and will promote an awe-driven curiosity of the human body and mind.
Other Departments
A-Level – Business Studies
Business Studies students will think as business people and leaders, to see new business opportunities and strategies for success in a business environment that is constantly changing.
A-Level – Computer Science
Computer Science will develop your technical understanding and ability to analyse and solve problems using computational thinking; all based on the core academic principles of computer science.
A-Level – Drama and Theatre Studies
In Drama our students to develop their ability and independence to work creatively as theatre makers to apply their in-depth understanding of specific drama styles.
A-Level – English Literature
Studying English will stimulate a personal, imaginative response to literary texts across a wide-range of topics; all whilst developing the techniques of critical appreciation for life. Works studied are from the three genres of drama, prose, and poetry.
A-Level – Geography
The Geography department aims to stimulate an interest and sense of wonder about places. We will inspire students to think about their own place in the world and their responsibilities to other people and the environment.
A-Level – History
Studying History gives an international and British understanding of how the past has shaped the present. Students will develop the ability to present and defend an historical argument using sound reasoning and logic.
A-Level – Mathematics
The Maths department aims to challenge and inspire students to build logical, independent thinking skills, enabling a strong mathematical foundation to develop for every student, supporting success throughout the curriculum and throughout life.
A-Level – Modern Foreign Languages (MFL)
MFL students gain an understanding of technological and social change, artistic culture, music and cinema and political engagement . Students also explore the influence of the past on present-day communities.
A-Level – Physical Education
In PE you'll study applied anatomy and physiology, Skill acquisition, Sport and society, Exercise physiology and biomechanics, Sport psychology and Sport and society and technology in sport.
A-Level – Physics
Science is about understanding how everything works, our place, impact, role and responsibilities in the Universe. We provide stimulating, engaging and intellectual learning; enabling students to develop scientific investigative and analytical skills. | https://www.yateleyschool.net/sixthform/department/psychology/ |
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Maths
In Mathematics, pupils grapple purposefully to solve mathematical problems. Ofsted 2018
Curriculum
Introduction
The Waingels Mathematics department is committed to helping our students develop the problem solving and mathematical skills they will need for their futures. We aim to foster an interest in the subject and help students build confidence in their own abilities. Students develop skills in numeracy and logical thinking, breaking down problems into manageable chunks and then applying their knowledge to come up with a solution that they can communicate mathematically.
Our curriculum is designed to develop these skills, and to prepare students as best we can for their GCSEs in Mathematics. The diversity of skills the students building is wide, ranging from practical skills with mathematical equipment and use of calculators to more abstract skills with algebra, data and shape.
Years 7, 8 & 9
At the beginning of year 7, we start the students in mixed ability groups and consolidate their numbers skills. After they are settled, we assess the students to ensure that they are placed in a class that is working at the best pace and level of challenge/support for child.
Across year 7 and 8, students are assessed at the end of each half-term. The assessments take a variety of forms but are all linked to the future assessment they will face in the GCSEs. Student progress is measured and tracked, with opportunities for them to work on any skills identified as needing improvement before that skill is assessed again. We are also increasing our focus on essential skills to ensure that all students achieve a good level of numeracy.
Students will receive homework tasks designed to consolidate the content taught in lesson or to revise content due to be built upon in a future lesson. Information about this will be shared with parents regularly. To support students, we will place a list of topics on the website that will be assumed as prior knowledge for the content being covered during the term. Students should use this list to ensure that they feel confident on these topics when they arrive at lessons.
In Year 9, the content that students study is more challenging and designed to be a stepping stone between the beginning of Key Stage 3 and the higher level of GCSE. Students develop more advance problem solving skills and work almost exclusively on GCSE level content.
Arcademics- Mathematical Arcade Games
Years 10 & 11
Mathematics is compulsory for all students. It is assessed completely by examination, which takes place at the end of Year 11. Students develop fluent knowledge, skills and understanding of mathematical methods and concepts, with the aim to acquire, select and apply mathematical techniques to solve problems. They will be able to reason mathematically, make deductions and inferences, and draw conclusions, with a focus on the abilities to comprehend, interpret and communicate mathematical information in a variety of forms appropriate to the information and context.
The new specification can be accessed here
A weekly Mathematics clinic runs for students to receive extra help or ask for further clarification on things covered in class. We run scheduled revision sessions in year 11, aimed at students of various abilities and needs.
Sixth Form
Mathematics and Further Mathematics are both popular options at A level. Studying a Mathematics A levels are a great preparation for many careers and degrees such as Engineering, Computer Science, Law, Medicine and many, many more. With a Mathematics and Further Mathematics A level, students can prove to employers and universities that they are analytical, articulate, logical and able to problem solve.
Mathematics A Level (Pearson):
This qualification enables students to understand mathematics and mathematical processes in a way that promotes confidence, fosters enjoyment and provides a strong foundation for progress to further study. Students learn how different areas of mathematics are connected, how to apply mathematics in other fields of study and be aware of the relevance of mathematics to the world of work and to situations in society in general. Students use their mathematical knowledge to make logical and reasoned decisions in solving problems both within pure mathematics and in a variety of contexts, and communicate the mathematical rationale for these decisions clearly.
This A Level consists of three externally-examined papers. Students must complete all assessment in May/June in any single year.
Further Mathematics A Level (Pearson):
This A Level builds on the skills, knowledge and understanding set out in the Mathematics A Level. Students extend their knowledge of Proof, Complex numbers, Matrices, Further algebra and functions, Further calculus, Further vectors, Polar coordinates, Hyperbolic functions, Differential equations.
The A Level Further Mathematics consists of four externally-examined papers. Students must complete all assessments in May/June in any single year. For more information please click here.
Extra Curricular Opportunities
The Mathematics department offers a range of extra curricular opportunities to further broaden our students’ experiences of Mathematics. These include UKMT Maths Challenge individual and team events and workshops.
Staff
Subject Leader: Mrs M Godden
Staff: | https://www.waingels.wokingham.sch.uk/345/maths |
The student should be able to:
a) to perform in all the skills at level C2 of the CEFR
b) demonstrate a high level of intercultural awareness and further develop their knowledge of the culture/language relationship
c) be able to write clear, coherent, well-structured texts with a high degree of grammatical accuracy, showing an excellent command of a broad range of lexis
d) be able to easily understand and critically analyse extended, complex, contemporary written texts such as opinion articles on social and cultural matters, and specialised articles
e) be able to express him/herself fluently and spontaneously, with a high degree of accuracy, and contribute without major difficulty to any discussion
f) be able to easily understand extended natural spoken discourse, even on more complex topics
g) be able to easily analyze and control the grammatical system of English
h) know how to develop competences that lead to autonomy.
General characterization
Code
711121066
Credits
6.0
Responsible teacher
David Swartz, Julie Parker Mason, Rima Jay Prakash, Robert George Butler
Hours
Weekly - 4
Total - 168
Teaching language
English
Prerequisites
Pass English C1.3
Bibliography
Carter, R. and McCarthy, M. (2006). Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press.
Cotrell S, (2005). Critical Thinking Skills: Developing Effective Analysis and Argument. Palgrave.
de Chazal, E. and Moore, J. (2013) Oxford EAP Advanced: A Course in English for Academic Purposes. Oxford University Press.
Foley, M. and Hill, D (2003) Advanced Learner’s Grammar. Harlow: Longman.
Gairns, R. & Redman, S. (2009) Oxford Word Skills Advanced. Oxford University Press.
Gillet, A., Hammond, A. and Martala, M. (2009) Successful Academic Writing. Pearson Longman.
Hewings, M. (2010) Cambridge Grammar for CAE and Proficiency. Cambridge University Press.
Teaching method
Communicative and dialogic method with a task-based, intercultural approach, all of which seek to stimulate interaction and promote increasingly autonomous learning, revolving around a series of topics. Discussion is a key element often preceded by reading or listening input and/or analysis and followed up by written work/further research by students. Skills-based tasks require both linguistic and extra-linguistic competences. Inductive approach for extending grammatical and lexical knowledge. Frequent use of the internet and audio-visual means.
Evaluation method
Método de avaliação - 1 spoken task (discursive/informative(20%), 3 written texts of different types (60%), General coursework mark: active participation (including attendance) and evidence of autonomous learning development(20%)
Subject matter
Subject matter
The course revolves around topics of a social, cultural and scientific nature, with flexibility built in to cater to different student needs/interests. Topics may include: influence of the media; science and religion (ethics, biotechnology, creation myths).
These topics lead into the development of the following specific skills:
Writing notetaking skills; literature reviews; reports; discursive/academic texts; creative writing; personal
statements
Speaking: spoken discourse analysis/production
Lexis: metaphor and idiom;
Grammar: Editing/revising, identifying and correcting linguistic error
Programs
Programs where the course is taught: | https://guia.unl.pt/en/2021/fcsh/program/9252/course/711121066 |
Covers the parts of calculus and algebra which have proved fundamental to all of mathematics and its applications. It is the first of a pair of courses, MATH1110 and MATH1120, designed to cover a range of mathematical topics of importance to students in the Sciences, Engineering or Commerce.
In algebra, students learn concepts and symbolic manipulation when calculating with large numbers of variables. In calculus, they learn concepts used when working with continuously changing variables. Both ways of thinking are essential in the mathematics met by students in the Sciences, Engineering and Commerce.
1. Demonstrate competence to study further university level mathematics as required in their program of study.
2. Demonstrate mathematical knowledge and skills in the areas of calculus, functions, vectors and complex numbers.
3. Demonstrate improved analytical ability, in particular their skills at problem-solving.
- or equivalent qualifications as approved by the Head of School, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
* If your NSW HSC result were completed more than two years prior to enrolment please contact [email protected] with proof of your grade and you will be granted permission to enrol.
** Please note that only one attempt at this invigilated quiz is permitted. | https://www.newcastle.edu.au/course/MATH1110 |
The School of Accountancy offers two nine-month master’s degrees designed to further your accounting expertise by building your critical thinking skills through case studies and preparing you for the CPA exam. Nearly 100 percent of our domestic MACC and MTax graduates are employed within 90 days of graduation.
Prepare for a wide range of careers and develop in-depth knowledge of advanced accounting topics with a Master of Accountancy (MACC) degree. The nine-month, lockstep program begins in August or January and our cutting-edge curriculum is reviewed every year with input from accounting professionals and alumni.
The W. P. Carey Master of Accountancy is among a select group of accounting master’s programs that offers a data and analytics track in partnership with KPMG. Delving into the technologies and methodologies used in today’s complex, data-centric audits, the MACC D&A prepares you with the analytical skills and critical thinking needed to keep pace with the modern world.
Develop the highly technical and demanding skills sought after in both the private and public sector with a Master of Taxation (MTax) degree. The full-time, nine-month program begins in August and you’ll interact with talented, motivated peers and a world-class faculty of highly experienced professionals and practitioners. | https://wpcarey.asu.edu/accounting-degrees/masters-program |
In order to do your job effectively, you need hard skills: the technical know-how and subject-specific knowledge to fulfil your responsibilities. But in a forever-changed world of work, lesser-touted ‘soft skills’ may be just as important – if not even more crucial.
These skills are more nuanced, even low-profile: think personal characteristics and behaviours that make a strong leader or a good team member. Especially amid the normalisation of remote work, where collaboration and the ways to innovate have changed, companies are beginning to catch on to the importance of these intangibles when building out diverse, successful teams.
As a result, employers are increasingly considering a candidate’s soft skills as closely as their experience and explicit technical specialties, say experts.
For some workers, some soft skills are innate – personality traits that make someone a naturally good communicator or analytical thinker. But for others, developing and honing soft skills can be more challenging. Yet it is possible for every worker to develop and hone these characteristics as well as learn how to show them off. And that, say experts, is something we should all be doing.
What are soft skills?
There is no definitive list of soft skills, but the term essentially refers to abilities beyond the technical. Confidence with certain software, for instance, is a hard skill; on the other hand, knowing how to analyse different software packages to figure out what a company should be using requires critical thinking: a soft skill. | https://humanengineers.com/soft-skills-the-intangible-qualities-companies-crave/ |
Q: ''Transpiration is a necessary evil". Explain.
1) It helps in passive absorption of minerals and water.
2) It provides necessary force to pull the water during ascent of sap.
3) It regulates the temperature of the plant body.
4) It gives cooling effect.
Hence transpiration is a necessary evil.
Q: A gardener forgot to water a potted plant for a day in summer. What will happen to the plant? Do you think it is reversible? Explain.
A: The plant shows wilting. It is reversible. If the plant is again watered, it becomes normal. That wilting showed by the plant is temporary. If the plant is not watered, it becomes wilted permanent.
Q: Explain the type of molecular movement which is highly selective and requires special membrane proteins, but does not require any metabolic energy.
A: Hydrophilic substances or molecules are transported through the membrane proteins called Porins. The movement is highly selective. Porins are specific, special proteins present in the membrane which help in the facilitated transport without the expenditure of energy. It may be uniport, symport or antiport. It may be shown as follows.
2) Two molecules move in opposite direction.
Q: How does most of the water move within a healthy plant body and by which path?
A: Water moves within a healthy plant body takes place through Xylem by apoplast pathway.
Q: Transpiration and Photosynthesis, a compromise. Explain.
A: Surface of the lamina is related to the rate of transpiration and photosynthesis.
1) If the lamina is large the rate of transpiration is more. If transpiration is more it may cause insufficient supply of water which further affects photosynthesis.
2) Lamina is reduced to reduce the rate of transpiration. In such case, rate of photosynthesis will also reduce as the lamina is narrow. Thus, plant has to survive by making a compromise between transpiration and photosynthesis.
Q: Do different species of plants growing in the same area show the same rate of transpiration at a particular time. Justify your comment.
2) Xerophytes- The rate of transpiration or amount of transpiration is less.
3) Hydrophytes show very less or no transpiration. | https://www.apcollegeadmissions.com/2015/11/senior-inter-botany-4-marks-important.html |
Please welcome another guest, April Martin!
April L Martin is a second year MLIS student at the University of Washington. Her interests include reference, preservation, anti-Googlization, oral history archives, historical research, Facebook scrabble, reading great books, Nina Simone, talking, and long walks on the beach.
One of the hot topics on the HLS wiki was information literacy — Here’s April’s take on redefining it.
—-
As a fundamental of librarianship, information literacy is pretty well established and has managed to remain so through ambiguity, as in the following ALA definition: “To be information literate, a person must be able to recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information.” The ambiguity found in this definition allows any informational context to be incorporated or addressed without amendment.
However, traditionally, information literacy is understood to promote the development of skills to critically evaluate information in print and thus resolve issues of credibility, authority, relevance, and currency of that information. This understanding has led to several accompanying and equally important forms of literacy: visual literacy, audio/video literacy, media literacy, cyberliteracy, digital literacy, the list goes on…
Essentially, these literacies have surfaced because of the overwhelming attitude that information literacy does not specifically address the particulars necessary for competency in understanding information found in non-print formats. Likewise, the above definition stresses the “ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively” information.
But what about creation? What about collaboration? What about dissemination? We are not simply passive learners absorbing and citing the information we find. As librarians (and future librarians), we do not promote passive learning. In the age of social media, information sharing is so common and nearly effortless that anyone can be in the information creation and dissemination business which means that we can no longer only look to print publication with evaluative skills. Obviously.
Enter Transliteracy:
The concept of transliteracy was originally developed by the Transliteracies Project group at the University of California-Santa Barbara. Initially, the concept addressed online reading and ways of adding value to this experience beyond the addition of special features. Now, transliteracy is being embraced in the library world as the new way to think about information literacy for the 21st Century. The ALA Transliteracy Interest Group defines transliteracy as: “the ability to read, write, and interact across a range of platforms, tools, and media from signing and orality through handwriting, print, TV, radio, and film, to digital social networks.” In a recent article for C&RL News, Tom Ipri outlined transliteracy’s appropriateness to the library environment and emphasized the way transliteracy, “explores the participatory nature of new means of communicating, which breaks down barriers between academia and the wider community and calls into question standard notions of what constitutes authority by emphasizing the benefits of knowledge sharing via social networks.”
This article and several subsequent discussions with fellow MLISers has led me to question transliteracy’s ultimate goal: is it de-compartmentalizing scholarship and “everyday life” to legitimize information found on internet sources (like social media) or is it really just challenging the “privilege of print?” How does transliteracy intend to promote the specific evaluative skills necessary to read, write, and interact across media types to incorporate the various literacies listed above?
Enter Metaliteracy:
In the January 2011 issue of C&RL, Thomas P. Mackey and Trudi E. Jacobson introduced metaliteracy as an approach to this issue that “requires us to recognize the relationships between core information literacy competencies and emergent literacy frameworks. At the same time, however, metaliteracy is a concept that promotes active engagement with emergent technologies and learner-centered production of information.” Through this conceptual approach, differences in skills, technologies, and media formats are not challenged. Instead, metaliteracy is proposed as an umbrella term where all the literacies can coexist equally while maintaining the importance of critical evaluation for each distinctly.
I must admit that my interpretation of metaliteracy comes from a much less cynical place than my interpretation of transliteracy but I am not quite ready to fully embrace either because both have the potential to be only buzzwords: relevant today; passé tomorrow.
What do you think? As MLIS students, do you think that information literacy needs to be/can be redefined to meet the rapidly evolving technology environment? Can information literacy (as a core concept) handle being retooled or is it too closely associated with print to shrug off its limitations? Should transliteracy and/or metaliteracy enter the librarian lexicon?
Editor’s Note: Check out Libraries and Transliteracy for ongoing discussions on this topic as well. | https://hacklibraryschool.com/2011/02/17/infolit/ |
The 21st century presents an exciting array of limitless opportunities for both the teacher and the taught. Welcome to the knowledge-driven world, where the key to success is inextricably linked to the spread of Information Literacy and subsequent establishment of knowledge banks. Teachers, needless to say, ought to be able to mould their students for accessing information through various electronic and print sources optimally, in evaluating information critically and applying the same, with precision and originality.
In the demanding knowledge-based economy, teachers should also inculcate in their students the drive towards seeking knowledge based on well-researched and validated information. In other words, beyond gaining understanding of existing facts, students should also develop simultaneously, the capacity to rise above the mundane, and instead aim towards innovation rather than replication of existing ideas.
Media and Information & Communications Technology (ICT), propelled by the Internet, have a pivotal role to play in the dissemination of learning. Teachers should be adept in using multiple media, such as text, video, audio and animation, to facilitate effective teaching and learning. Advancement in digital technologies has integrated multiple media using graphical and interactive interfaces. This necessitates new literacies and terminologies to decipher, interpret and communicate using visual imagery such as icons, along with interactive modes, such as the technology applied in touch-screen smart phones and interactive smart-boards. Multicultural literacy effectively amalgamates the domains of culture and languages, as well as the ways in which multi-sensory data (text, sound and graphics) integrate language, subject matter and visual content.
As teachers today reside in diverse societies and teach in myriad settings, multicultural literacy presents a dynamic, meta-framework with the potential for integration across curricula and geographical borders. In the 21st-century learning environment, teachers must be able to support learning communities that empower students to network, collaborate, share best practices and seamlessly integrate new-age skills into the classroom. This, in turn, will enable students to learn ‘exponentially’ in relevant, real-world contexts (e.g., through project-based or applied work).
Teachers should also be able to provide access to state-of-the-art learning tools, technologies and resources, thereby expanding the learning environment to community and international settings, both face-to-face as well as virtually. The 21st-century curriculum research demonstrates that effective pedagogy in the 21st century needs to take on a symbiotic stand, reaching out to learners, and enabling them understand how to access, absorb and synthesise information. The aim is to provide a plethora of opportunities for the application of these skills across a global dashboard of content areas and for a competency-based strategy to learning.
Today, teaching and learning in a world without borders presents both challenges and rewards – education is empowerment in the truest sense, and the deeper it penetrates, the faster will a more equal and harmonious global society emerge. It is time we apply technology to bridge gaps in an otherwise highly fractured world.
It is time we unleashed change. | https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2016/03/preparing-learning-communities-for-21st-century/ |
DisCo 2014 offers a platform for scholars, researchers, pedagogical staff, students, educational start ups , educational NGO and experts from the private and public sectors in which they can join the discussion on topics connected to media literacy and new technologies in education.
Conference topics
1) People and institutions
a. Digital generation/youth and lifelong learning
b. The role of family environment in media literacy education
c. The role of the NGO’s in information and media literacy education
d. National policies on media education
e. Building knowledge-based societies
f. Information and media literacy and libraries
g. Information and media literacy in different cultures and countries and from gender perspecitive
2) Theory
a. Information and media literacy and lifelong learning
b. Formal and informal (lifelong) learning in digital era
c. Methodology of educating seniors in the field of new media
d. Learning analytics and educational data mining
3) Practice
a. Digital badges in learning and education
b. Gamification of learning and education
c. E-learning, M-learning & B-learning trends
d. New technologies and innovations in education
e. Information and media literacy and business
f. Social media (Web. 2.0.) in education
g. MOOC – experience and challenges, practicing and understanding.
Please use the attached template for abstracts in English ranging up to 300 words. Send your abstract to [email protected] by 31. 3. 2014. Articles in the conference proceedings must be in English. After approval by the organizing committee, presentations may be done in Czech or Slovak. | http://wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=36432©ownerid=61997 |
4 Biology Problems
This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get the already-completed solution here!
1. The integrity of the plasma membrane is essential for cellular survival. Could the immune system utilize this fact to destroy foreign cells that have invaded the body? How might cells of the immune system disrupt membranes of foreign cells? (Two hints: virtually all cells can secrete proteins, and some proteins form pores in membranes.)
2. Most cells are very small. What physical and metabolic constraints limit cell size? What problems would an enormous cell encounter? What adaptations might help a very large cell to survive?
4. Some species of bacteria that live at the surface of sediment on the bottom of lakes are facultative anaerobes; that is, they are capable of either aerobic or anaerobic respiration. How will their metabolism change during the summer when the deep water becomes anoxic (deoxygenated)? If the bacteria continue to grow at the same rate, will glycolysis increase, decrease, or remain the same after the lake becomes anoxic? Explain why.
5. Often, prokaryotic cells exist as simple unicellular organisms, but in some species, prokaryotic cells can grow together in colonies or filaments. In addition, some species, such as Cynaobacteria or Myxobacteria, demonstrate intercellular communicate , or might even produce specialized cells and structures. However, only eukaryotic cells form the bodies of multicellular organisms with complex internal specialization. Develop one or two hypotheses explaining why only eukaryotic cells are found in multicellular organisms.© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com December 15, 2020, 11:55 am ad1c9bdddf
https://brainmass.com/biology/cell-structure/4-biology-problems-52617
Solution Preview
1) Immune cells are present for the purpose of destroying any foreign cells that may enter the body, like disease-causing bacteria or those that infect cuts in the skin. One common method of fighting these invaders is to secrete proteins that can create channels in the cell membrane of invaders while recognizing self cells and leaving them intact. These channels or holes can disrupt the membrane, and, if there are enough of the holes, make it impossible for the cell to remain intact. This is because the holes allow water to enter the cell in such quantity that the cell swells and eventually bursts open - due to osmotic pressure. You should be able to explain this in a bit more detail in terms of osmosis. Any text will have a clear explanation of osmosis if you need to review this process.
2) The main physical constraint on cell size is the surface to volume ratio. This is due to metabolic ... | https://brainmass.com/biology/cell-structure/4-biology-problems-52617 |
A glimpse into the gut microbiome of Costa Rican army ants
In the recent paper “Low diversity and host specificity in the gut microbiome community of Eciton army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae) in a Costa Rican rainforest” published in Myrmecological News, Mendoza-Guido and colleagues* investigate the gut microbes of six sympatric Eciton species in a single location in Costa Rica. In the study, the authors used a combination of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, fluorescent and electron microscopy to identify and verify gut microbes, and measured the diversity and interaction specificity of the ant-gut microbe interaction network. The results show that the Eciton’s gut microbiome is consistently dominated by a few species of specialized bacteria that may improve nutrient uptake efficiency of host ants. Here, the authors highlight the main points of the study.
* = Bradd Mendoza-Guido, Natalia Rodríguez-Hernández, Aniek Ivens, Christoph Von Beeren, Catalina Murillo-Cruz, Ibrahim Zuniga-Chaves, Piotr Łukasik, Ethel Sanchez, Daniel J. C. Kronauer, and Adrián A. Pinto-Tomás
An Interview compiled by Biplabendu Das, Roberta Gibson, and Patrick Krapf
MNB: Could you tell us a bit about yourself?
BMG: I am a master’s student at the University of Costa Rica and currently work as a molecular biology specialist in a sales company. Since my first years studying biology, I have felt a huge interest in ants and their symbionts, which led me to work on different related projects. Ants are incredible organisms that could teach us a lot about social work.
NRH: I am a biologist and have a master’s degree in microbiology from the University of Costa Rica. Currently, I am working in a medical device company. I am interested in sustainability and environmental topics, that’s why during my master’s I was focused on microbial ecology.
CMC: I am a researcher and professor at the University of Costa Rica. I am also interested in Microbial Ecology.
CVB: I am a postdoc at the Technical University of Darmstadt and a former postdoc at Daniel Kronauer’s Lab in New York. Since my first encounter with Leptogenys army ants in Malaysia in 2007, these remarkable predators have fascinated me. Their role as important arthropod predators and their variety of symbiotic guests are the focus of my research.
IZC: I am a former master’s student at the University of Costa Rica and currently a PhD student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. I am interested in Microbial Ecology and its applications in human health.
APT: I am a Professor at the University of Costa Rica interested in microbial ecology and symbiosis.
ABFI: I am an evolutionary ecologist who worked for many years on the evolution of mutualism, specifically interactions of ants and other organisms such as aphids and microbes. Like Christoph, I am also a former Postdoc from the Kronauer lab at Rockefeller University. Currently, I am a strategic researcher at a Dutch environmental NGO, and I continue to work on my academic research in my spare time.
MNB: Could you briefly outline the research you published in Myrmecol. News in layperson’s terms?
IZC: The army ants are top predators in tropical rainforests. Like most other insects, their gut is colonized by microbes. To learn more about the composition of their gut bacteria, we collected individuals from six closely related species of army ants from a single Costa Rican rainforest. Next, we employed molecular biology to identify the bacteria inside the gut of the collected specimens. Our genetic data shows that the community of microbes in the gut of this group of ants is very simple. It mostly consists of a few bacteria, which we suspect to be bacteria that are beneficial to specifically these ants. We also found that even though we consistently observed the same groups of bacteria over the different species, they did not seem to be specific for each of the six Eciton species. This suggests that these bacteria may be specialized to army ants in general but not specific to any army ant species.
AI: Next to employing genetic techniques to see what bacteria were there, we also employed microscopic techniques to see where the bacteria reside in the ants’ guts. These observations confirmed the findings stated above, confirming that indeed bacteria reside in the ants’ guts and that they may play a role in the ants’ physiology.
IZC: Future work will focus on deciphering the role of these microbes in helping the ants, which we hypothesize could aid in acquiring nutrients or fighting harmful pathogens.
MNB: What is the take-home message of your work?
IZC: The six Eciton army ant species in the same La Selva forest in Costa Rica mostly share the same microbial symbionts, which seem specific to these ants. These microbes might, in fact, represent novel bacterial species.
MNB: What was your motivation for this study?
AAPT: To find out whether army ants receive help from bacteria to maintain their lifestyle, providing services that allow the ants to efficiently digest and obtain energy from their prey.
CvB: My research has mostly focused on arthropod guests of army ants such as beetles, flies, and silverfish. Those macroscopic guests show great variability in host specificity, from species associated with a single Eciton species to generalists that can infiltrate colonies of all locally occurring Eciton species. I was interested in figuring out the level of host specificity in microbic symbionts and how those compare to the macroscopic associations. Interestingly, the macroscopic network shows a higher level of specificity than the microscopic one. Further, I had not worked on microbes yet and thus aimed to learn more about gut microbes – which I did.
ABFI: During my postdoctoral studies, I studied the microbiome in the guts of five ant species (four Lasius species and a Brachymyrmex species) occurring in the same New York forest. These ants have a different lifestyle from army ants: they are not nomadic, and apart from a predatory lifestyle, they also heavily rely on harvesting honeydew for their nutritional needs. I was curious to see how these results would compare to those in army ants. It turns out there are similarities. In the previous system I studied, different ant species share specific species of gut bacteria in the same forest, but there are fewer bacteria species and they are very different from those found in army ants. It turns out there are similarities. For example, in the previous system I studied, different ant species share similar species of gut bacteria within the same forest akin to what we observed in our study, however, they host fewer types of bacteria and they are quite different from those found in army ants.
MNB: What was the biggest obstacle you had to overcome in this project?
AAPT: Completing the publication after the students finished their degrees, which meant re-analyzing the sequence data as platforms and databases are constantly updated.
CvB: I agree with Adrian. I think the main obstacle was the flow of students working on the project, as each student taking over had to familiarize themselves with the work. Further, the cooperation initially started between two institutions – the lab of Daniel at Rockefeller University and the one of Adrian at the University of Costa Rica. After a couple of years, however, several of us moved to different places, had new projects, or even started a job outside of science. Other people with expertise in various topics related to the project joined at some points. I am grateful to the students, namely Naty and Bradd, who did not give up but kept pushing us to finalize the project – thanks for that. And here it is – well done, Naty and Bradd.
ABFI: I couldn’t agree more with Adrian and Christoph. It is quite a feat that Naty and Bradd persisted and finished it! Another obstacle we faced was that this field of microbiome barcoding is developing rapidly. Whenever we picked up the project again, we needed to re-analyze the data according to the latest standards in methodology and technology, for example, the software.
NRH: I agree with Adrian that completing this kind of work is hard after finishing my degree. However, I am glad for the great support of everyone on the team.
MNB: Do you have any tips for others who are interested in doing related research?
AAPT: If available, freezing samples in liquid N2 in the field allows for both DNA-based and culture-based techniques to be applied later.
IZC: It is desirable to combine techniques (for example, DNA sequencing and Fluorescent microscopy) to confirm the presence of potential symbionts in the gut of the insects under study.
CvB: Be sure that you are not allergic to insect stings – being stung from time to time is part of studying army ants.
ABFI: If you do microbiome genotyping and don’t know yet what you’re going to find, it is crucial to work under sterile conditions and run lots of blanks (negative controls). In that way, you will always be able to show that the bacteria you observed were indeed in your original samples.
NRH: Always have a plan B for your samples and an open mind. | https://blog.myrmecologicalnews.org/2023/01/18/a-glimpse-into-the-gut-microbiome-of-costa-rican-army-ants/ |
Is your Stomach… Controlling your Mind?
Close the blinds, lock the doors, and find a safe place to hide. Are you alone? No, no you aren’t and you may not even be in control of your own actions. Shhh, take a deep breath. I don’t want to alarm you, but you are being controlled. No, I’m not being paranoid and while it may sound like science fiction it looks like that bacteria within us — which for the record outnumber our own cells about 100-fold — may very well be affecting both our cravings and moods to get us to eat what they want, and often are driving us toward obesity.
Researchers concluded from a review of the recent scientific literature that microbes influence human eating behavior and dietary choices to favor consumption of the particular nutrients they grow best on, rather than simply passively living off whatever nutrients we choose to send their way. When you think about it though, this idea doesn’t seem to be too far fetched.
Bacterial species vary in the nutrients they need. What that means is that some for instance prefer fat, and others sugar. But here’s the creepy part, they not only vie with each other for food and to retain a niche within their ecosystem — our digestive tracts — they also often have different aims than we do when it comes to our own actions, that is of course, according to the study.
While it is unclear exactly how this occurs, the team believes this diverse community of microbes [collectively referred to as the gut microbiome] may influence our decisions by releasing signaling molecules into our gut. This alone might not send any red flags, but because the gut is linked to the immune system, the endocrine system and the nervous system, those signals could influence our physiologic and even our own behavioral responses.
“Bacteria within the gut are manipulative,” said Carlo Maley, PhD, director of the UCSF Center for Evolution and Cancer and corresponding author on the paper.” “There is a diversity of interests represented in the microbiome, some aligned with our own dietary goals, and others not.”
Thankfully we don’t have to let them win. We can influence the compatibility of these microscopic, single-celled houseguests by deliberating altering what we ingest, with measurable changes in the microbiome within just 24 hours of a diet change, an incredible turn around for sure.
“Our diets have a huge impact on microbial populations in the gut,” Maley said. “It’s a whole ecosystem, and it’s evolving on the time scale of minutes.”
Interestingly enough, there are even specialized bacteria that digest seaweed, found in people living in Japan, where seaweed is popular in the diet.
Research suggests that gut bacteria may be affecting our eating decisions in part by acting through the vagus nerve, which connects 100 million nerve cells from the digestive tract to the base of the brain. So really what happens in vagus, doesn’t really stay in vagus [You have no idea how long I’ve wanted to make that joke].
“Microbes have the capacity to manipulate behavior and mood through altering the neural signals in the vagus nerve, changing taste receptors, producing toxins to make us feel bad, and releasing chemical rewards to make us feel good,” said Aktipis, who is currently in the Arizona State University Department of Psychology.
Research has shown that in mice, certain strains of bacteria increase anxious behavior. It doesn’t stop there though, in humans, one clinical trial found that drinking a probiotic containing Lactobacillus casei improved mood in those who were feeling the lowest.
The team has also proposed further research to test the sway microbes hold over us. For example, would transplantation into the gut of the bacteria requiring a nutrient from seaweed lead the human host to eat more seaweed?
The speed with which the microbiome can change may be encouraging to those who seek to improve health by altering microbial populations. This may be accomplished through food and supplement choices, by ingesting specific bacterial species in the form of probiotics, or by killing targeted species with antibiotics. Optimizing the balance of power among bacterial species in our gut might allow us to lead less obese and healthier lives, according to the authors.
“Because microbiota are easily manipulatable by prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, fecal transplants, and dietary changes, altering our microbiota offers a tractable approach to otherwise intractable problems of obesity and unhealthy eating,” the authors wrote.
Not only could we find ways to help us control our behaviors, there are also other health issues at hand. For example, some of the bacteria that normally live within us cause stomach cancer and perhaps other cancers.
“Targeting the microbiome could open up possibilities for preventing a variety of disease from obesity and diabetes to cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. We are only beginning to scratch the surface of the importance of the microbiome for human health,” she said.
So next time you go to the kitchen because of that craving you’re having, remember it may not be your craving. Now if you’ll excuse me, there is a box of doughnuts with my name on them… good luck.
Sources: | https://loonylabs.org/2014/08/16/mind-control-stomach/ |
Chip Holt Nature CenterVitale Park, Big Tree RoadPO Box 523Lakeville, NY [email protected]
The Chip Holt Nature Center offers specialized programming (focusing on a variety of subject matter) for area schools. Previous topics have included: lake nutrient management, ecosystems, invasive lake species, watershed management, reptile adaptations, animal adaptations, water quality testing, renewable energy, and much more. Programming can be adjusted to fit the needs of a specific grade level.
For more information about visiting, feel free to email us at [email protected].
Copyright 2016 Chip Holt Nature Center. All rights reserved. | http://www.chipholtnaturecenter.org/school_programming |
Lower back pain (LBP) is one of the most common physical afflictions, affecting four out of five people over the span of their lifetimes. However, the pervasiveness of LBP means that physical therapists have plenty of experience dealing with it, and they have developed tried-and-true methods that can help you with it.
Correcting posture can take a lot of conscious effort at first, but establishing good habits will go a long way toward fixing your issues throughout the day, whether at the workplace, at home, or traveling through town. Short-term relief can be achieved through a few key changes to your posture, but maintaining those changes is the trick to true comfort. Since most of us spend our workdays sitting, learning proper sitting posture and setting up our workspace properly can be a huge part of the battle. Make sure that your monitor is set at eye-level to reduce and straining of the neck, and keep your head supported by the chair rather than leaning forward. Try to keep your arms and wrist supported by the desk surface as well, keeping your buttocks in s position where it touches the back of the chair. Although a lumbar pillow or roll can help support you and reinforce good habits while at work or in the car, you should take responsibility for maintaining your own posture while sitting so that proper alignment transfers to other parts of the day while standing. If you sit in a chair that adjusts, be sure that you turn your whole body rather than pivoting from the hips. While sleeping, there is anecdotal evidence to suggest that a firm mattress can help, and many people who sleep on their side position a pillow between their legs to align the body properly.
Even if it can be tempting to rest constantly, and common medical wisdom used to advocate prolonged rest to cure muscle pains, it is now known that staying reasonably active results in a faster and deeper recovery. Physical therapy, simple home exercises, and alternative therapies and techniques can all provide safe techniques to perform. Crunches or sit-ups can be helpful, but it is actually more beneficial to target the transversus abdominal muscles, which can be achieved more effectively by performing simple breathing exercises such as the stomach vacuum or through planks and other simple exercises. Although discomfort is normal, particularly when first starting or when dealing with extreme lower back issues, you should avoid any exercise that causes actual pain and gradually build to harder exercises at a comfortable pace in order to prevent further injury.
As important as targeting the lower back is, each part of the body works in conjunction with others, so working other muscle groups and increasing joint mobility elsewhere can help relieve the lower back. Most prominently, increasing flexibility and comfort in the hip flexors can help take pressure off the vertebrae of the lumbar region. Try seated butterfly stretches or bridges in order to work up mobility in the hips to take the strain off the lower back. Another overlooked remedy is hamstrings stretches, because while focusing on the legs may seem counterintuitive to back issues, the hamstrings can essentially pull on the muscles of the back if tight or allow free range of movement if stretched and worked properly. Once you regain a comfortable range of motion, yoga can provide a battery of other exercises that target and work the lower back in a low-impact manner and connect different muscle groups together for the best results. Physical therapy can incorporate all of these techniques in a safe, scaffolded method to ensure safety and sure progress, but it is ultimately up to you to incorporate these best practices into your everyday life to ensure long-lasting recovery for your chronic pain. | https://nydnrehab.com/blog/simple-methods-to-relieve-lower-back-pain/ |
Normal muscles work in pairs. When one contracts, the other relaxes. This allows for conventional movement in the desired direction. In children with spastic CP, because brain-to-muscle communication is compromised, muscles have a tendency to work against each other, inhibiting effective movement. Over time, the pathological result of this muscular conflict (hypertonic spasticity) is a tightening or shortening of the joint. When muscle fibers are shortened (dystonia), the nearby joint can remain fixed in one position. This, in part, is what causes the abnormal gait and postures seen in some spastic tendencies seen in those diagnosed with CP.
Hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders hips, feet, the back and even the jaw, can be affected. Sometimes it affects only one or two joints, but in more extreme cases it can affect nearly every joint in the body. Untreated, it can lead to extreme pain and frequent bone fractures. Although spastic CP is not thought to be a progressive disorder, as brain damage does not continually worsen, spasticity in muscles can increase over time.
In children with spastic CP, the process of growth often acts against them, making contractures more problematic. Symptoms may include a loss of motion in one or more extremity, joint inflammation, abnormal movements, disrupted growth (especially longitudinal growth) or an inability to stretch. Discomfort is another symptom, as pain can result even without voluntary joint movement.
A healthcare professional skilled in joint mobilization will be able to test your child for indications of restricted structures within the joint. They might use a goniometer to measure the motion capabilities of a particular joint or use X-rays to reveal visible decreases in joint space, which could be an indication of a tight, contracted joint.
As with anything, early detection is key. The best way to increase and maintain joint elasticity and prevent joint contracture is through joint mobilization and stretching. This can best be done with the guidance of a qualified physical or occupational therapist. Your child’s treatment regimen will depend on the severity of the condition and the child’s prior physical development. The sooner physical therapy is introduced into the child’s routine, the better because once joint contracture has taken place, it cannot be stretched or exercised away.
All physical therapy for cerebral palsy should include activities and education aimed at improving flexibility, strength, mobility, and function. Those diagnosed with cerebral palsy suffer from increased muscle tone (in the correct use of the term, muscle tone is an unconscious, low-level muscle contraction while the body is supposedly at rest). Tight muscles hold highly negative effects for those with CP.
A physical therapist can also work with a client on “positioning” (placing the body in a specific position to attain long stretches) or suggest adaptive equipment. A good physical therapist will teach the caregiver how to continue exercising, stretching and positioning at home.
Newer techniques, such as aquatic-based rehabilitation, have achieved impressive results in recent years. In addition to its restorative and detoxifying properties, water provides buoyancy that makes aerobic and anaerobic exercises easier and, in many cases, safer. Some of the documented benefits include improved neuromuscular responses, better muscle synchrony and improved range of motion in joints.
If joint contraction has taken place, physical therapy and therapeutic massages will remain major parts of the treatment. Anything that increases mobility, joint elasticity and muscle strength can prevent the contraction from worsening, prevent additional contractions and provide pain relief.
Other treatments that may get introduced include casts or splints, medication, nerve blocks and electrical stimulation and/or surgery.
Casts or Splints. Casts or splints can hold a body part in place in an effort to stretch the soft tissues surrounding an affected joint and keep it in a more functional position. They need to be examined and changed regularly to reassess joint position and avoid skin breakdown.
Medications. Baclofen infusion, a relatively new procedure, involves inserting a pump into the abdomen that distributes baclofen (a muscle relaxant) to muscles, thus temporarily reducing spasticity. Another relatively new treatment involves botox (a muscle paralyzer) injections into overly tightened muscles. In successful cases, the botox was able to weaken the group of muscles and reduce spasticity for periods of up to 4 months.
Nerve Blocks and Electrical Stimulation. Because the root problem in spasticity is muscles not working in tandem as they should, in some cases, opposing muscles can be alternately blocked (anesthetically numbed) while others are electrically stimulated. This treatment is usually combined with casting.
Surgery. When a contracture is unresponsive to other treatments, it may become necessary for an orthopedic surgeon to surgically lengthen or release certain tendons or muscles to improve range of motion.
The treatment for spastic cerebral palsy can vary greatly depending on the condition and prior development of your child. Assembling and consulting with a treatment team, including a physical therapist, pediatrician, physiatrist, neurologist and an orthopedic surgeon will aid in the decision-making process. Started early, a well-managed and determined therapy regimen can prevent joint contracture from ever occurring. View our Resources Directory for treatments and pediatricians in your area. | https://cpfamilynetwork.org/what-is-cerebral-palsy/diagnosis-of-cerebral-palsy/joint-contractures-in-children-with-cerebral-palsy/ |
In August, persistent foot pain sent Jacqueline Alston to the emergency room.
Scans and testing revealed osteomyelitis, a bone infection, in the upper right portion of her foot. Despite antibiotic intervention, the damage was significant. In early September, surgeons made the difficult decision to amputate half of it.
It was a devastating setback, but Jacqueline, 64, was determined to get back to the life she enjoyed with her husband and son. She chose Select Specialty Hospital – Hampton Roads for additional healing and recovery time.
Jacqueline’s biggest goal was to regain mobility, including wheelchair transfers and preparation for inpatient rehabilitation, where she would relearn how to walk.
A physician-led team, including nurses and therapists, created a plan to help Jacqueline discover new avenues for independence.
While pharmacists monitored the intravenous antibiotics that continued to clear infection from Jacqueline’s bloodstream, physical and occupational therapists began a mobility program.
They started with in-bed exercises and stretches to improve flexibility and range of motion. Jacqueline worked up to sitting in bed, at its edge and transferring to a chair with decreasing amounts of support.
“The physical and occupational therapy teams were the most helpful in my recovery because they never gave up on me,” she said. “They encouraged and motivated me when I did not think I could do it.”
Equal to the physical challenges of recovery, dealing with the emotional aspects of amputation was difficult. Jacqueline’s care team was right there to reassure that while life would be different, it was not over.
“I accepted the fact that I would be OK without half my foot,” Jacqueline said. “I have peace.”
Continuing to work with physical and occupational therapy, she built upper body strength, balance and stamina. Her milestone moment came when she could transfer in and out of a wheelchair with no assistance.
“I knew I was heading down the home stretch,” Jacqueline said.
By October, she was ready for the next phase of recovery and departed, as planned, for inpatient rehabilitation at Riverside Rehabilitation Hospital, the next level of care in the Select Medical continuum.
There, a coordinated team of doctors, nurses and assistants oversaw her nutritional, physical, emotional and rehabilitation needs. For several weeks, Jacqueline worked with physical and occupational therapists three to four hours a day to rebuild strength and endurance.
When Jacqueline departed for home, she was ready to take on whatever came next, but most of all she couldn’t wait to get back to her family. | https://www.selectspecialtyhospitals.com/locations-and-tours/va/newport-news/hampton-roads/page-data/location-detail-tabs/success-stories/jacqueline-alston/ |
Doctor insights on:
How Can I Do Simple Physical Therapy Exercises At Home To Strengthen The Knees
1
How can I do simple physical therapy exercises at home to strengthen the knees?
Knee strength: Short arc and straight leg strengthening of quads and hams, rotate outward slr to work vmo, progress as tolerated to lunges & squats, but be careful. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Physical Therapy (Definition)
Physical therapy can provide back exercises to relieve tension on discs and nerves in the back in order ...Read more
2
What knee exercises can I do for physical therapy during recovery?
Focus on quadriceps: Straight leg raises and quadriceps contractions are usually allowed and warranted to eventually allow for crutch free ambulation. Of course your specific injury and/or surgical intervention will ultimately dictate what you should do during your recovery. Your treating physician should be the best source of information for your specific knee injury. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
3
What physical therapy exercises are appropriate for weak knees?
Quadriceps strength: Weak knees usually refer to weak quadriceps. Simple straight leg raises and wall sits are great exercises you can do under he supervision of a therapist as well as on your own between therapy visits. Stationary bikes, swimming, short arc squats, leg extension against resistance are all additional exercises often used to strengthen the quadriceps. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
4
Are there physical therapy activities you can do at home to heal a broken knee?
Time, rest: Bones heal on their own given enough time and rest. Physical therapy can be useful after the bones heal to regain mobility, range of motion, strength, etc. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
5
What are some good physical therapy exercises for my knee? I hurt it as weightlifter.
Stretch and Strength: Stretching is always the first step. Hamstring, iliotibial band and gastrocs are all excellent to stretch initially. After that, the quadriceps is the ideal muscle to strengthen to stabilize the knee joint. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
6
Just had mako plasty on my left knee 5 days ago, released home after 3rd day, do I need physical therapy right away?
Call your ORS: These are fairly routine instructions and d/c planning done after knee reconstruction procedures. If you did not receive post- operative pt instructions as outpatient then call your ors office and inquire.Most all ors would want you to begin or continue pt @ outpatient clinic after your hospital stay. Best of luck! ...Read more
7
My knee is grinding and clicking & locking. i already had one surgery. i've tried physical therapy, injections, exercises, meds. what can i do next. ?
See details: This is a tough one as you want to avoid repeated arthroscopic procedures. However, locking is a concern. I would suggest an orthopedic reevaluation and a new MRI to start. You can always get more than one opinion. ...Read more
8
No health insurance and I was refurred to physical therapy for my knee sprain. Can I do my own therapy at home by looking up workouts online?
Better for PT: It is pretty easy to make mistakes or accidentally cheat on doing stretches and also easy to misdiagnose yourself and do the wrong stretches, or do the right stretches poorly when looking things up on the internet. Even if you have to pay out of pocket, better to see pt 1-2 times to get it right. Just make clear in advance what your finance limitations are and goals for the session to limit cost. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
9
4 weeks ago i fell and tore ligaments in both my left knee and ankle. Having two injuries on the same leg, what physical therapy exercises can I do?
See details: Without being able to examine the areas, it is impossible to offer specific advise. You should direct this question to the doctor who evaluated the knee and ankle. ...Read more
10
I've been doing physical therapy, but after exercise yesterday, why would I have lower back pain radiating into my knee and front knee on the right?
Radiating pain: Pain after therapy radiating down the leg to the knee is most likely related to nerve irritation. I suggest you go back into the physician who referred you to physical therapy and be reassessed. ...Read more
Physiotherapy (Definition)
Physiotherapy programs, or physical therapy, work to improve movement capacity in those recovering ...Read more
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- Can i go to physical therapy to strengthen my groin after a hernia? | https://www.healthtap.com/topics/how-can-i-do-simple-physical-therapy-exercises-at-home-to-strengthen-the-knees |
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- To restore motion and mobility
- To relieve pain
Appointments and Tours
Outpatient physical medicine and rehabilitation services are conveniently available days, evenings and weekends. For more information about services or to schedule a facility tour, please call:
Old Bridge: 732-360-4013
Perth Amboy: 732-324-5042
Health Advantage
Physical Therapy Union County, Physical Therapist Middlesex County, NJ
Our Staff
Each member of our highly trained and experienced team brings up to 30 years of clinical experience to provide superior care to patients of all ages with disabilities, injuries or disease associated with the neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular or pulmonary systems.
- Board certified physicians
- Physiatrists specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation
- Licensed therapists
- Physical Therapy
Physical therapy includes evaluation and treatment for individuals with physical limitations, disabilities and pain. Our team uses a variety of advanced techniques designed to restore normal strength, motion and flexibility and reduce pain as quickly and safely as possible. Common symptoms and conditions we provide intervention and treatment for include (but not limited to): | http://www.rbmc.org/services/physical-medicine-rehabilitation/ |
Repetitive Strain Injury, often abbreviated as RSI, is called by other names such as cumulative trauma disorders (CTD), overuse syndrome or repetitive stress injury, is really injuries to the physical and neurological body or body parts by repetitive actions, tasks, or by repeated exposure to forces that are compressive or vibration in nature.
Literature describes the causes of RSI to be primarily be lifestyle or worklife without ergonomic concerns or care, e.g.
Unfortunately...if you're a budding or veteran musician, you're likely to have one or more repetitive strain injury already.
Shockingly, about 55-70% of workers in US and UK suffer from some kind of repetitive strain injury and the most common RSI problems are the
Initial examinations includes primarily clinical palpations, and if any tenderness or weakness are detected on mobility-related tests e.g. pinch or pinch strength weaknesses, with no other obvious signs of abnormalities.
The patient will present with a healthy body or body part that has pain.
From what we know theoretically and clinically experienced in ourselves and in our patients, most of the time, most of the RSI that is sustained will resolve on their own, given that the affected area is sufficiently rested when the RSI started.
I myself have intermittent trigger finger and de Quervain's tenosynovitis, which, with rest, splinting, and gentle active and passive exercises and stretches, will accelerate its healing.
But, on the other hand, it can escalate in pain experienced in terms of intensity, frequency and duration painful moments, and I've managed patients who had their repetitive strain injury for years, some chose to live with it and come to me periodically for pain relief and mobility exercises, some opt for surgical interventions.
The most commonly prescribed physiotherapy intervention for repetitive strain injury in our clinics are a clinical mix of
Sometimes we also provide ultrasound to speed up the healing process.
The computer and workstation is often blamed for the development and aggravation of repetitive strain injury in workers, especially for the back and neck, hands and wrist ones, so it makes sense for us to assess and provide ergonomic and environmental modifications and adjustments of the workstation or work site are often required.
For this, we modify the layout of the worker in relation to his or her working environment, and whenever possible, the equipment and job processes.
Email questions and your preferred physiotherapy timings to [email protected] or
WhatsApp / SMS your name, preferred date, time and enquiries to +6588001830
Clinic Locations: See how to get to us here
Phoenix Rehab Group works with specialist physiotherapists and rehab therapists who are highly trained, qualified, experienced and passionate to provide high level of expert care to our patients.
PHYSIOTHERAPY & PHYSICAL THERAPY
HAND THERAPY & SPLINTING
Patients who sustained injuries to their elbows, forearms, hands, wrists (sprains and fractures) and fingers, and requires Hand Therapy to increase the function of their hand following injuries or post-operations as well as custom made hand splints.
Commonly treated hand pain injuries includes
CLINICAL PILATES & WELLNESS PILATES
Clinical Pilates is a form of physical exercise that focuses on posture, core stability, balance, control, strength, flexibility and breathing.
It is a system of safe and effective exercises, which meet specific individual needs, to treat a wide range of injuries and conditions.
You may do Pilates as matwork or with the reformer or both, and every session will be customized 100% to your fitness, injury and tolerance.
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE (TCM)
DEEP TISSUE RELEASE & SPORTS MASSAGE THERAPY
Sports and deep tissue release massage helps to increase nutrient-rich blood flow to tired, tight and tense muscles to
It also prevents muscles from scar tissue micro-tears (and potential ruptures), and increases muscle performance.
Done regularly, it will keeps your muscles healthy and fit with body/movement-confidence. Read the benefits of regular deep tissue release therapy here.
ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
All our allied health therapists and TCM physicians are fully insured and registered with Allied Health Professions Council (AHPC) and Traditional Chinese Medicine Board (TCMB).
See our entire team here with introductions and their specializations.
At the first session, our specialist physiotherapists will carry out a thorough assessment, helping them to select the most appropriate treatment to help you recover as well as provide treatment in the same session.
Follow up sessions are inline to provide expert treatment for your pain as well as prescribing specific exercises to reduce your risk of re-injury and giving you a long term solution.
We appreciate you as our valued clients and want you to know that the #1 way we grow as a clinic/brand is through word of mouth referrals from valued patients like yourself.
We do not rely on advertising - instead, we prefer and appreciate the goodwill and positive reinforcement from patients. When you have the chance, please tell your family, friends and physicians about the positive results and experience you have had in our physio clinics. | https://www.phoenixrehabgroup.com/repetitive-strain-injury-physiotherapy.html |
How many embryonic layers are in the embryonic disc?
The embryonic disc contains three distinct embryonic layers: 1) the outer layer, called the ectoderm, which is exposed to the amniotic cavity; 2) the inner layer called the endoderm; and 3) the mesoderm. The mesoderm forms between the ectoderm and the endoderm. | https://www.papertrell.com/apps/preview/The-Handy-Anatomy-Answer-Book/Handy%20Answer%20book/How-many-embryonic-layers-are-in-the-embryonic-disc/001137015/content/SC/52cb037c82fad14abfa5c2e0_Default.html |
#Democracy is solid because it is not static: it constantly develops new forms of #citizenengagement. The AER is proud of the joint publication with ENoP- European Network of Political Foundations, which illustrates new forms of participatory democracy. It was presented last Thursday, 9.03.2023, at the European Parliament with opening remarks from AER Vice-President and MEP … [Read more...]
You will find below all our (past and future) events.
Wrap-up: Highlights of the AER Autumn Bureau 2022
On 6 and 7 December 2022, AER convened its Autumn Bureau at the Abruzzo EU Regional Office in partnership with the Autonomous Government of Sardinia. It was an opportunity to highlight the 2022 achievements and discuss AER political priorities for 2023. On 6 December, the AER Autumn Bureau opened with a welcome reception celebrating the tradition and heritage of Abruzzo and … [Read more...]
Wrap-Up: highlights from AER General Assembly 2022
The 2022 General Assembly took place on 14 October at the Lower Austria representation in Brussels and online. The General Assembly was chaired by AER President, Magnus Berntsson and AER Vice President Jean-Luc Vanraes, supported by AER Secretary General Christian Spahr. Jenny Evjen, acting President of the AER Summer Academy, joined … [Read more...]
Interculturalism for Intercultural Regions to be!
Are you interested in knowing more about how a region can become intercultural and inclusive, yet you missed our first online capacity-building session on interculturalism for regions and local stakeholders? Also, are you keen to know more about who is the EU-BELONG team and how you can work together with us in the coming years? Dive into this quick article and rewatch … [Read more...]
2022 AER General Assembly–online registrations close Monday, 10 October!
The Assembly of European Regions has announced the date and venue for its biggest statutory event, the annual General Assembly. The General Assembly is the highest authority of AER and convenes representatives of all its full members across Europe. The 2022 General Assembly will take place in Brussels, Belgium and online on 14 October, and AER is proud to announce it will be … [Read more...]
Summer Academy Bureau Debate – Recovering together: youth policy in Europe
According to the OECD, the COVID-19 crisis has taken a toll on the education, employment, mental health and disposable income of youth all across Europe, most notably due to public health restrictions. As this report from the European Parliament show, lower and unequal access to education and training, higher unemployment and a reversal of many positive social and economic … [Read more...]
The AER Summer Academy Is Back!
With the European Year of Youth in full-swing, the AER is delighted to announce that our flagship youth event, the AER Summer Academy is returning in 2022 after a two-year hiatus. In partnership with Donegal County Council and Údarás na Gaeltachta, this year's Summer Academy will take place from 29 August until 1 September in the stunning surroundings of County … [Read more...]
1st AER-ENoP Forum on New Forms of Democratic Engagement
How to actively involve citizens in policy development in order to regain political trust and add legitimacy to political decisions? The Assembly of European Regions, in cooperation with the European Network of Political Foundations (ENoP), is delighted to invite you to the first joint forum on new forms of democratic engagement, taking place in Comet Meeting-Louise and … [Read more...]
How will an Intercultural Approach to Migrant Integration help Europe’s Regions- The EU-BELONG Project takes off!
On 23-24 February, the Assembly of European Regions, together with 14 partners from 8 countries, kicked off EU-Belong, an ambitious project selected among 300 proposals, of which only 10% were approved by DG Home in its 2020 AMIF call: transnational actions on asylum, migration and integration. We are proud of this great achievement and conscious of the great responsibility … [Read more...]
2022 Spring Bureau & Member Engagement Meetings
We are delighted to invite our members to join our AER Spring Bureau, taking place fully online on Thursday, 24 March. We will give an overview presentation of the activities carried out by the AER task forces and other institutional related issues, as well as identify potential key priority topics for political discussion and advocacy action in 2022. Furthermore, we will … [Read more...]
Eurodyssey Forum 2021 — Let’s get Youth Moving Again! | https://aer.eu/category/events/aer-events/ |
All echinoderm larvae possess a nervous system consisting of a ciliary band and associated sensory ganglia(apical, oral and lateral ganglia) that controls swimming and feeding. Neurons of the larval nervous systemfirst appear as neuroblasts in the thickened ectoderm of the animal plate (anterior neuroectoderm, ANE) atthe late blastula – early gastrula stage and then also in the ciliary band. The neural differentiation process ofsea urchin embryos has been analysed and the Gene Regulatory Network involved in the differentiationprocesses is extensively studied. We have previously isolated an alpha tubulin family member of the seaurchin Paracentrotus lividus (Pl-Tuba1a, formerly known as Pl-Talpha2) that is specifically expressed in theneurogenic territory of embryo (1). In order to identify cis-regulatory elements controlling its spatiotemporalexpression, we conducted gene transfer experiments, transgene deletions and site specificmutagenesis. Thus, a genomic region of about 2.6 Kb of Pl-Tuba1a, containing four InterspecificallyConserved Regions (ICRs), was identified as responsible for proper gene expression. An enhancer role wasascribed to ICR1 and ICR2, while ICR3 exerted a pivotal role in basal expression, restricting Tuba1aexpression to the neurogenic territory of the embryo. The functional analysis of the ICR3 showed that 10 bp(corresponding to a putative forkhead box consensus sequence binding site) are necessary for the geneactivation. Additionally, the point mutation of this site in ICR3 prevents Pl-Tuba1a expression. | https://pure.unipa.it/en/publications/a-fox-binding-site-is-necessary-for-the-activation-of-pl-tuba1a-g |
Today, Sci would like to welcome back to the blog Ambivalent Academic!!! Everyone give her a big hand. 🙂 We were chatting recently about a cool new paper that came out in Nature on corneal formation in a dish, and she said she’d give it a go on my blog!!! So please welcome Ambivalent Academic and her highly awesome post on corneal formation…in a DISH.
Eiraku et al. “Self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture.” Nature. 2011
A few weeks ago, an article that came out in Nature (Eiraku et al.) was getting a fair bit of press. You might not know it if you restrict your reading to US news sources, but it was all over the BBC and the Guardian. CNN and the New York Times were too busy covering a potential US government shutdown at the time (even their science desks?), but FOX News gave it a go, and reported that “Real Retinas Grown in the Lab Hold Transplant Promise”.*
Well, FOX gave it a good effort but got a little sensational, but we’ll get to that in a minute. Let’s start with the fundamentals of how to build an eye in an embryo, and then we’ll talk about how to build one in a dish.
Click here for a video of corneal formation. It’s pretty badass – Sci
The vertebrate eye begins as an outgrowth of the developing brain, which extends antenna-looking stalks of neural tissue outward toward the surface ectoderm (the “skin” on the side of the head). These outgrowths of the brain are called, fittingly, “optic stalks”. As they approach the surface ectoderm, the ends of the stalks flatten and become the “optic vesicle”. As the optic vesicle contacts the surface ectoderm, it induces the ectoderm to become a lens placode (which is the sciency term for the thickened ectoderm that is about to become a lens – Sci). The lens placode blebs off into a lens vesicle, and in the process creates a dent in the optic vesicle such that it is now an optic cup. This bilayered cup gives rise to the neural retina (the part that detects light) and the retinal pigmented epithelium or RPE, which acts as a support structure for the neural retina (the retinal pigmented epithelium is a part of the eye that’s actually brown, the part that gives the eye our lovely eye colors is the pigment in the iris – Sci).
This process by which two different tissues signal back and forth to one another in order to orchestrate a developmental program is know as “reciprocal induction”. Both tissues must send and receive signals in order to do their jobs in the context of organ development. It’s as if the instructions for building the eye have been divided between the optic vesicle and the surface ectoderm/lens, with the optic vesicle holding instructions for steps 1, 3, and 5, and the lens holding the instructions for steps 2, 4, and 6. Neither can do build it alone. Or so it would seem.
It’s been known for some time that the optic vesicle is required to induce the formation of the lens placode. Likewise, it seems that the lens must become a vesicle, and signal back to the optic vesicle to induce it to become an optic cup. If the lens is removed during this process, the optic cup doesn’t look particularly cup-like at all, and the retina is highly disorganized
– there is no way that it would be able to transmit meaningful spatial information back to the brain in order to generate an image. So, it would seem that a lens is required to make a retina.
So, imagine everyone’s surprise when a ball of stem cells spontaneously generated a retina in a dish! Well, OK, not quite spontaneously, but we’ll get to that in a second.
The researchers had previously shown that they could cajole a ball of cells into generating a layered cortex – this is the higher order processing part of your brain, where diffuse sensory information is integrated into a meaningful cohesive bit of information. Think, pixels into image. The cortex is highly organized, with multiple layers of different types of neurons, each with a different function. This level of organization is pretty impressive, considering that the tissue was formed in the absence of spatial cues that might ordinarily come from other structures within the embryo.
The cells they started with were embryonic stem cells, which were aggregated into little blobs of ES cells called embryoid bodies (EBs). EBs are cool because the cells within can signal to one another and recapitulate developmental processes that would normally happen within the embryo itself. As a result, you can get an EB to generate all kinds of different tissues, from beating heart cells to teeth! In this particular case, the researchers noticed that their EBs occasionally formed what looked like optic vesicles instead of cortices. So, they played around with their protocols a bit, and discovered that if they added certain growth factors to their growth media, they could gently coax their EBs to produce optic vesicles about 80% of the time. How did they know that the outgrowths were really optic cups? They expressed the same genes as optic cups do in the embryo!
And as if that wasn’t cool enough, the optic cups continued to develop in much the same way as they would in the embryo, flattening the most distal part of the vesicle, even in the absence of a surface ectoderm to sort of force the vesicle into a half-moon shape. This is the first indication that the formation of the optic cup might be under control of the optic cup itself, rather than requiring the presence of the other tissues it would normally interact with. Now, to be fair, the required signals that would normally come from these other tissues are still present in the growth media, so it’s not as if the optic cup is doing without them altogether. However, those signals are present all throughout the growth media, not concentrated from a particular direction, which is often the case for inductive signals.
And as if that weren’t awesome enough, the optic vesicle then folded into itself to make the bilayered cup, complete with differentiated neural retina and retinal pigmented epithelium.
All this is the absence of a lens, which, given the evidence from the embryo itself, appeared to be required for generating an organized optic cup: compare to the panel on the right which is a cross-section through an eye that developed normally – with a lens – in the embryo. Once again, the required signals were provided in the media, but they were not directional in any sense, and the lens could not provide any mechanical force to push the vesicle in on itself.
But wait! It gets even better. With just a bit more tweaking of the culture conditions, the neural retina of the cup formed the same layered pattern of neurons that the eye would make in the embryo. The photoreceptors receive light, transmit an electrical signal through a series of interneurons to the retinal ganglion cells, which then relay the information back to the brain. All those cell types are present and in the right orientation.
Let’s just take a moment and reflect on that. Starting from a ball of undifferentiated stem cells, the embryoid body forms a hollow sphere that then sticks out some optic stalks. The optic stalks, with no directional cues from their usual neighbors in the embryo, pull themselves into a vesicle, then an optic cup, and proceed to differentiate a completely stratified retina. The retina is self-assembling. Whoa.
So what does this mean? Can these retinas grown in a dish be transplanted to save someone’s vision? Well, no. Certainly, a properly organized retina is the first thing required in order to detect light. However, the retina alone isn’t enough. The retinal ganglion cells, which collect information from the photoreceptors, must grow their axons out to the brain. Although transplanted retinal cells (not a fully layered retina) have been successfully integrated into mouse retinas by other researchers (MacLaren et al., 2006), their presence in the retina doesn’t mean that they are actually communicating with other retinal cells or projecting back to the brain. In order to contribute to vision, the completely patterned retina has to hook up with the brain in a meaningful arrangement, and this process of wiring the visual system has a narrow window of time in which it can be put together during late fetal and early childhood development. After that, there is little chance of newly introduced retinal transplants being able to communicate with the brain. It would be like having your computer hooked up to the internet, but no monitor. It’s receiving signal, but you can’t see the information.
So what’s the big deal then? If we can’t use retinas grown in a dish to restore sight, what’s all the fuss about? Well, first of all, we’ve learned that the retina can form its stereotypical structure without positional cues from other tissues in the embryo. The signaling molecules may still be necessary, but they can (and do, in this case) come from anywhere and everywhere. Furthermore, the ability to grow an isolated retina in a dish means that we now have a convenient model for screening new compounds for the treatment of retinal diseases. This could be a huge boon for retinal degenerative diseases like glaucoma, and for developmental defects of the eye. So, while the self-assembling retina may not restore sight directly, it will most certainly contribute indirectly to saving sight.
*Contrast this to the more accurate titles from the BBC and the Guardian. Ahem. | http://www.scicurious.org/2267/ |
If you would like your Call for Participants posted, submit the submission request form to [email protected] along with a copy of your ethics approval.
Participants
If you would like to participate in a research study, read the submissions below and contact the researchers.
Current postings
Examining Caregiver Experiences during the ASD Diagnostic Process
Summary: The purpose of this study is to gain richer insights into Canadian families’ experiences as they navigate the ASD diagnostic process. In particular, we are
Understanding the experiences of students with disabilities: A study of self-determination and the quality of student life in postsecondary settings
Summary: The purpose of this exploratory study is to develop a meaningful understanding of the experiences of students with disabilities regarding self-determination skills and perceived quality
Designing Inclusive Digital Experiences for Neurodiversity
Summary: We are seeking to understand how information technology, more specifically websites can be adapted to be more accessible for persons with ASD. Researchers: Sara Boback, OCAD
The Experience of Healthcare for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Summary: We are looking for adults with ASD to tell us about their experiences in healthcare. This includes open ended questions on topics such as what
Exploring the preferred design features of quiet spaces by neurodivergent populations
Summary: Certain populations with neurodivergent conditions have been shown to benefit from having access to quiet spaces. This study explores how neurodivergent populations would prefer for
Netspeak and Autism: A contextual analysis
Summary: The internet and online communication have become a big part of our daily social lives. The way we communicate online is sometimes different than the
Life beyond Trauma: 1-on-1 e-health program for parents of neurodiverse children
Summary: Life beyond Trauma: 1-on-1 e-health program for parents of neurodiverse children Talk about challenging experiences in your life and in parenting Specifically developed for parents
Surviving and Thriving in Parenting Neurodiverse Children
Summary: SURVEY ABOUT REWARDING AND CHALLENGING EXPERIENCES WITH YOUR NEURODIVERSE CHILD Takes 30 minutes • Online survey • Chance to win $100! • Highly confidential Funded
Study about youth with disabilities’ experiences in looking for work or being employed
Summary: We want to understand your experiences looking for workor being employed. Specifically, we want to understand your experiences with coping in a competitive work environment.
Cultural Sensitivity in Behaviour Analysis Services in Ontario
Summary: The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural and linguistic diversity of applied behaviour analysis (ABA) service providers and recipients in Ontario, as well
Towards a Socio-Cultural, Non-Deficit Perspective on Learning by Autistic University Students
Summary: This study aims to investigate how the social interactions between autistic students and their instructors contribute to the students’ reports of their experiences at university.
Identifying effects of rapid COVID-19 related changes on autistic university students’ academic and social experiences
Summary: The study goal is to identify the reported effects of the COVID-19 pandemic related rapid changes on autistic undergraduate university students’ experiences with academic learning
Bilingualism and Autism Study
Summary: The study examines the development of children with autism raised in home where one or more language or who attend immersion language school programs. Researchers: Chantal
The effects of Covid 19 on the cardiovascular (heart health) health of children with ASD. | https://autismcanada.org/getinvolved/help-with-research/ |
Pesticide overuse has caused a series of negative impacts on environment and human health. The purpose of this paper is to examine the farmers’ behavior of pesticide overuse and to identify the underlying determinants, based on the survey data from Shandong Province, China.
Design/methodology/approach
A two-stage semiparametric approach and the binary probit model were employed in this study to analyze the marginal pesticide productivity and investigate the determinants of the pesticide overuse.
Findings
Results suggest that the marginal pesticide productivity is negative, indicating a serious overuse of pesticides in the surveyed area. Both market factors and government regulation have impacts on farmers’ use of pesticides.
Originality/value
This study estimates marginal pesticide productivity with an innovative methodology, and explores the role of market factors and government regulation in regulating farmers’ behavior of pesticide use, especially in a typical vegetable growing area and targeting a specific type of vegetable.
Keywords
Citation
Yang, M., Zhao, X. and Meng, T. (2019), "What are the driving factors of pesticide overuse in vegetable production? Evidence from Chinese farmers", China Agricultural Economic Review, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 672-687. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-08-2018-0170Download as .RIS
Publisher: | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/CAER-08-2018-0170/full/html |
ABSTRACT The steady rising demands on employees in corporate environments nowadays have dramatically created an attendant work stress on these employees. This study explores the effects of job stress and working conditional safety on organizational productivity and profitability. The researcher makes a special reference to a printing company. The descriptive research design type was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprises of all the staff in the Printing company, and Str...
ABSTRACT This study focuses on the effect of the use of instructional materials on students’ performance in Biology – A case study of Surulere Local Government Area, Lagos state. Inadequate and ineffective use of instructional materials by teachers has been identified as one of the reasons for poor performance of students in Biology in secondary schools. The study aimed at investigating the effect of the use of instructional materials on the teaching of the subject Biology. It also exam...
ABSTRACTi This research assessed the effect of reward management system on employee productivity in the public sector with special reference to a state-owned tertiary institution - Lagos State University. The research examined the role of reward management in enhancing the productivity of employees in the University. This is not to unconnected with the general belief that a just and efficient reward management system enhances workers’ morale and improves their effectiveness and performance ...
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate influence of truancy on students' academic performance in Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State of Nigeria. To achieve the aim of this study, four hypotheses were formulated to direct the study. Literature related to the variables under study were reviewed accordingly. Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. A sample of two hundred (200) students were randomly selected for the study. The selection was done through ... | https://afribary.com/authors/uche-achus |
This paper presents an integrated overview of the empirical literature on the impact of all forms of unconventional monetary policy on macroeconomic variables and on markets.
Determinants of bilateral trade between China and Africa: a gravity model approachZhijie Guan, Jim Kwee Fat Ip Ping Sheong
The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the different factors affecting Sino-African trade based on the gravity model, and propose some solutions to improve the problems.
Asymmetry cointegration and the J-curve: new evidence from AfricaMohsen Bahmani-Oskooee, Augustine Charles Arize
The purpose is to assess the asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes on the trade balance using data from African nations.
If you're corrupt, you'd better be freeOguzhan Dincer
This study aims to investigate if the level of economic freedom matters for how corruption affects per capita income in US states.
Long-term unemployment: A question of skill obsolescence (updating existing skills) or technological shift (acquiring new skills)?Emmanuel Apergis, Nicholas Apergis
This paper empirically explores the role of skill losses during unemployment behind firms' behaviour in interviewing long-term unemployed
Obesity and motor vehicle deaths: a panel-data analysisMary J. Becker, Lindsay N. Calkins, Walter Simmons, Andrew M. Welki, Thomas J. Zlatoper
This paper analyzes the impact of obesity on the probability of a motor vehicle fatality (highway death rate) and on its component probabilities: the probability of a…
Effect of debt tax benefits on corporate pension funding and risk-takingKozo Omori, Tomoki Kitamura
This study theoretically investigates the impacts of tax benefits on funding level and risk-taking of a corporate defined benefit (DB) pension plan.
Analyst says a lot, but should you listen? Evidence from RussiaDarko Vukovic, Vladislav Ugolnikov, Moinak Maiti
This study aims to examine whether the publication of analyst recommendations has reaction in the Russian stock market. This study also aims to determine the other factors…
The nexus of trade-weighted dollar rates and the oil prices: an asymmetric approachAbdulnasser Hatemi-J, Youssef El-Khatib
This paper investigates the dynamic relationship between the trade-weighted dollar exchange rates and the oil prices in the world market. Monthly data during 1980–2017 are…
The collapse of credit booms: a competing risks analysisVítor Castro, Rodrigo Martins
This paper analyses the collapse of credit booms into soft landings or systemic banking crises.
Optimal fiscal and monetary policy under different fiscal instrumentsMehrab Kiarsi
The paper includes characterizing Ramsey policy in a cash-in-advance monetary model, under flexible and sticky prices, and with different fiscal instruments.
Australian household debt and the macroeconomic environmentBill Kolios
This paper aims to investigate the effect of labour market conditions and monetary policy on households' attitude towards debt in the Australian context.
The global price of oil, QE and the US high yield rateAnastasios Malliaris, Mary E. Malliaris
Quantitative easing (QE) allowed the US economy to stabilize and return to slow growth. Oil prices increased to $100 during 2010–2013. Then in June 2014, they plunged…
Pension plan funding and market value of the firm: the Portuguese caseMaria Teresa Medeiros Garcia, José Amílcar Neves Domingos
The objective of the paper is to test the existence of a direct effect between the funding level of a firm's pension fund and its respective market price in Portugal, from…
Economic policy uncertainty, R&D expenditures and innovation outputsReza Tajaddini, Hassan F. Gholipour
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the news-based economic policy uncertainty (EPU), research and development (R&D) expenditures per capita…
How does finance influence labour market outcomes? A review of empirical studiesMark Heil
This paper reviews economic studies on the effects of various aspects of finance on labour market outcomes.
Harnessing foreign aid for the poor: role of institutional democracyEric Akobeng
This paper examines the relationship between foreign aid, institutional democracy and poverty. The paper explores the direct effect of foreign aid on poverty and…
Credit risk shocks and banking efficiency: a study based on a bootstrap-DEA model with nonperforming loans as bad outputRenyu Li, Li Li, Peijiang Zou
This paper investigates the impact of credit risk shocks on the evolution of banking efficiency in China.
Trade and commodity taxes as environmental instruments in an open economyOnur A. Koska, Frank Stähler, Onur Yeni
In a simple reciprocal dumping model of trade, this study scrutinizes the strategic role of trade and commodity taxes as environmental instruments when consumption of an…
Should we increase average income, or the poor’s income to reduce infant and child mortality?Johan Rewilak
This article examines whether increasing the income of the poor – measured as the income of the lowest quintile – is more beneficial in reducing infant and child mortality…
The impact of the reform of PIS/COFINS on the Brazilian industryPedro Gomes Vasconcelos, Nelson Leitão Paes
In an attempt to reduce tax distortions and increase economic efficiency, in 2002 and 2003 Brazil promoted changes in the PIS/COFINS tax, the main federal tax on…
Do fiscal shocks explain bond yield in high- and low-debt economies?Nicholas Apergis, Mobeen Ur Rehman, Arusha Cooray
The purpose of this study is to investigate how the uncertainty associated with fiscal policy, i.e. government expenditure and tax revenues, can affect the interest rates…
The macroeconomic effects of monetary policy shocks under fiscal constrained: An analysis using a DSGE modelDiego Pitta de Jesus, Cássio da Nóbrega Besarria, Sinézio Fernandes Maia
This paper aims to analyze the macroeconomic effects of a monetary policy shock considering that fiscal policy is under fiscal constraints. For that, a dynamic stochastic…
Does productivity drive the real exchange rate movements? A re-examination of the Balassa–Samuelson hypothesisBhushan Praveen Jangam, Badri Narayan Rath
The primary purpose of this study is to examine whether the classification of industries into the tradable and nontradable matters for the Balassa–Samuelson (BS) effect.
From cash to central bank digital currencies and cryptocurrencies: a balancing act between modernity and monetary stabilityAnsgar Belke, Edoardo Beretta
The paper explores the precarious balance between modernizing monetary systems by means of digital currencies (either issued by the central bank itself or independently…
European intellectual property institutions and Chinese foreign direct investmentConstantinos Alexiou, Sofoklis Vogiazas
We investigate the impact of the strength of intellectual property (IP) institutions on Chinese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI).
A small open economy DSGE model with workers' remittancesMuhammad Rehman, Sajawal Khan, Zafar Hayat, Faruk Balli
In this paper, the authors develop and estimate a small open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with an enriched micro-founded specification to…
The inflation hedging capacity of Islamic and conventional equitiesZaghum Umar, Dimitrios Kenourgios, Muhammad Naeem, Khadija Abdulrahman, Salma Al Hazaa
This study analyzes the inflation hedging of Islamic and conventional equities by employing 26 indices for the period ranging from January 1996 till August 2018. The…
The convergence of carbon dioxide emissions: a survey of the empirical literatureJames E. Payne
This survey of the literature on the convergence of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions informs researchers on areas for future research by summarizing the countries examined…
Labor demographics and productivity: all-star roster turnover and foreignersMartin B. Schmidt
Talent compression is the labor market phenomenon where the average productivity differential between participants declines and has been used to explain the overall…
Macroeconomic responses to fiscal shocks in PortugalElva Bova, Violeta Klyviene
This study analyses the impact of fiscal shocks on GDP, inflation and interest rates in Portugal over 1995–2017.
Evaluating the forecasting power of foreign Country's income growth: a global analysisHardik Marfatia
The objective of the paper is to explore the out-of-sample forecasting connections in income growth across the globe.
The impact of foreign direct investment on trade in Pakistan: the moderating role of terrorismSyed Hasanat Shah, Hafsa Hasnat, Delpachitra Sarath
Pakistan suffered with the menace of terrorism for long and become a front line state in the “War on Terror”. Terrorism shattered Pakistan economy and rendered her…
Asymmetric impact of exchange rate pass-through into employees' wages in sub-Saharan Africa: panel non-linear threshold estimationIdris Abdullahi Abdulqadir, Soo Y. Chua
The purpose of this article is to investigate the asymmetric impact of exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) on employees' wages via consumer prices in 15 major oil-exporting…
Market frictions and the geographical location of global stock exchanges. Evidence from the S&P Global IndexAndros Gregoriou, Robert Hudson
We examine the impact of market frictions in the form of trading costs on investor average holding periods for stocks in the S&P global 1200 index to examine constraints…
Split-share reforms and capital structure adjustment in China: a dynamic panel fractional estimationTanveer Ahsan, Sultan Sikandar Mirza, Bakr Al-Gamrh, Muhammad Zubair Tauni
The purpose of this study is to explain the adjustment rate toward the target capital structure of Chinese nonfinancial listed firms and to investigate the impacts of the…
Assessing the trade of digitisable goods: implications for South AsiaRahul Nath Choudhury
The technological progress has made it possible to transform a physical good into a digital one. This development has influenced international trade and a large volume of…
Macaulay’s theory of duration: 80-year thematic bibliometric review of the literatureSyed Alamdar Ali Shah, Raditya Sukmana, Bayu Arie Fianto
The purpose of this research is to propose a framework for research on Macaulay duration and establish future research directions.
How effective is government spending on environmental protection in a developing country?: An empirical evidence from IranSaeed Moshiri, Arian Daneshmand
The objective of this paper is twofold as follows: first, it explores the relationship between economic growth and the environment in the context of the environmental…
Measuring European cultural and creative cities efficiency: a metafrontier DEA approachJusto De Jorge-Moreno, Virignia De Jorge-Huertas
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a benchmark analysis of European cities based on the estimation of a composite index of efficiency from the dimensions of the…
Testing for a common Phillips curve in common monetary area of Southern AfricaMoeti Damane, Imtiaz Sifat
This paper sets out to investigate whether the four members of the common monetary area (CMA) regime experience similar inflation-unemployment dynamics as explained by the…
Financial access, governance and insurance sector development in sub-Saharan AfricaSimplice Asongu, Nicholas M. Odhiambo
This study investigates the role of financial access in moderating the effect of governance on insurance consumption in 42 sub-Saharan African countries using data for the…
A sector-level analysis of output club convergence in case of a global economyVaseem Akram, Pradipta Kumar Sahoo, Badri Narayan Rath
This paper investigates the per-capita output club convergence in case of 120 countries for the period 1995–2015. Further, we disaggregate per-capita output into three…
On the impossibility of using “the correct” cost–benefit aggregation ruleGiuseppe Munda, Agata Matarazzo
The purpose of this paper is to deal with one of the technical difficulties of private and social cost–benefit analysis, i.e. the choice of the proper cost–benefit…
The effect of card payments on VAT revenue in the euro area: evidence from a panel VECMGeorge Hondroyiannis, Dimitrios Papaoikonomou
A growing amount of micro-data analyses has highlighted the importance of information trails, such as generated by card transactions, for improving tax compliance. Yet…
Personality traits as an engine of knowledge: a quantile regression analysisMichael Polemis
We use disaggregated survey data set to investigate the impact of personality traits on the level of education in the USA. We attempt to shed light on the contribution of…
Does the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) impact EU-15 imports from Africa?Aruneema Mahabir, Jingwen Fan, Robert Mullings
At the heart of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) are substantial trade preferences, which coupled with the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) grant a…
Bank efficiency in Bangladesh revisited: a slack-based network DEA approachMd. Abul Kalam Azad, Peter Wanke, Mohammad Zahir Raihan, S.M. Rakibul Anwar, Riduanul Mustafa
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) calculates the efficiency of a business unit if all the inputs are creating outputs within a “black box.” Under traditional DEA, the…
Worked hours, job satisfaction and self-perceived healthXavier Bartoll, Raul Ramos
This study aims to analyse the potential confounding and moderator role of job satisfaction on the effect of working hours on self-perceived health and to analyse the…
Company performance and optimal capital structure: evidence of transition economy (Russia)Vladislav Spitsin, Darko Vukovic, Sergey Anokhin, Lubov Spitsina
The paper analyzes the effects of the capital structure on company performance (return on assets). The analysis is conducted in a large sample of high-tech manufacturing…
Are we working less? An examination of changing UK labour supply decisions since the 1990sPaul S. Jones, Muhammad Ali Nasir
This purpose of the study is to examine the labour supply decisions with respect to earnings and considers whether we are willing or indeed able to work less. The authors…
Does higher educational attainment imply less crime? Evidence from the Indian statesBijoy Rakshit, Yadawananda Neog
The primary purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of educational attainment on crime rates across 33 Indian states over the period 2001 to 2013…
Macroeconomic and macro-financial factors as leading indicators of non-performing loans: Evidence from the EU countriesKarsten Staehr, Lenno Uusküla
Large or increasing stocks of non-performing loans in the banking sector constitute threats to financial stability. This paper considers to which extent various…
On the performance of US fiscal forecasts: government vs. private informationZidong An, Joao Tovar Jalles
This paper contributes to shed light on the quality and performance of US fiscal forecasts.
Market power and cost efficiency in the African banking industrySimplice Asongu, Rexon Nting, Joseph Nnanna
In this study, we test the so-called “Quiet Life Hypothesis” (QLH), which postulates that banks with market power are less efficient.
Effects of crime and violence on business confidence: evidence from Rio de JaneiroAndré Filipe Guedes Almeida, Gabriel Caldas Montes
Due to the fact that crime and violence affect the economy and the business environment, and since the economic environment affects entrepreneurs' expectations and…
Information asymmetry and dividend policy of Sarbanes-Oxley ActMostafa Harakeh, Ghida Matar, Nagham Sayour
The literature of financial economics documents a causal relationship between the level of information asymmetry in the firm and its dividend policy. Nevertheless, this…
The impacts of foreign direct investment and globalisation on economic growth in West Africa: examining the role of political governanceWaliu Olawale Shittu, Hammed Agboola Yusuf, Abdallah El Moctar El Houssein, Sallahuddin Hassan
This paper measures the impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI), globalisation and political governance on economic growth in West Africa. The empirical analysis also…
Microfinance governance: a systematic review and future research directionsMd. Ali Rasel, Sandar Win
The purpose of this article is to systematically review extant research on the corporate governance (CG) of microfinance institutions (MFIs) from a global perspective. In…
Misallocation and reallocation of resources in Vietnamese manufacturing firmsPhuong Thi Nguyen, Minh Khac Nguyen
This research identifies the level of misallocation in Vietnamese manufacturing sector for the period 2000–2015. Meltiz and Polanec dynamic productivity decomposition is…
The nexus of asset pricing, volatility and the business cycleRahul Roy, Santhakumar Shijin
The purpose of the study is to examine the dynamics in the troika of asset pricing, volatility, and the business cycle in the US and Japan.
Performance measurement of gas companies with fixed-sum inputs: a DEA-based modelHamzeh Amirteimoori, Alireza Amirteimoori, Mahdi Karbasian
The paper analyzes the relative performance of provincial gas distribution companies with different types of inputs and outputs. A data envelopment analysis (DEA)-based…
The interaction between housing prices and housing credit: evidence from a country with rapid credit accumulationJuan Carlos Cuestas, Merike Kukk
This paper aims to investigate the mutual dependence between housing prices and housing credit in Estonia, a country that experienced rapid debt accumulation during the…
Expanding higher education and wage inequality in ChileYoshimichi Murakami, Tomokazu Nomura
This study aims to analyse the contribution of the expansion and diversification of higher education to Chile's increase in wage inequality from 1992 to 2000 and its…
Firms and export performance: does size matter?Van T.C. Ha, Mark J. Holmes, Trang M. Le
The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between export performance and firm size.
Matching in the Kolm triangle: interiority and participation constraints of matching equilibriaWolfgang Buchholz, Richard Cornes, Dirk Rübbelke
In this paper we show how the Kolm triangle method, which is a standard tool for visualizing allocations in a public good economy, can also be used to provide a…
The impact of institutional proximity, cognitive proximity and agglomeration economies on firm-level productivityLisa Noonan, Eoin O'Leary, Justin Doran
This paper analyses the impact of institutional proximity, cognitive proximity and geographical proximity (in the form of agglomeration economies) on the firm-level…
Migration of labor: differential of income between rural and urban trade union workers in BrazilCicero Francisco De Lima, Edward Martins Costa, Francisca Zilania Mariano, Wellington Ribeiro Justo, Pablo Urano de Carvalho Castelar
The objective of this work was to analyze the income differential of the rural–urban worker in relation to the rural–rural worker and in relation to the urban–urban worker…
A comparative approach of stochastic frontier analysis and data envelopment analysis estimators: evidence from banking systemKekoura Sakouvogui
The consistency of stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) cost efficiency measures using a sample of 650 commercial and domestic banks in…
Evidence of customer sophistication behaviour in deposit markets: the case of QatarNoura Abu Asab
The paper investigates the interest rate policy transmission mechanism and the role of market structure of the banking industry in Qatar.
Intellectual capital and technical efficiency of banks in an emerging market: a slack-based measureKing Carl Tornam Duho
This paper investigates the impact of intellectual capital and its components on slack-based technical efficiency (SBM-TE) of banks.
Estimating effect of marriage on male wages in RussiaElena Kossova, Bogdan Potanin, Maria Sheluntcova
Purpose of the article is to investigate the effect of marriage on male wages in Russia. The paper provides insight about contribution of observed and unobserved factors…
Economic growth and quality of institutions in 27 postsocialist economiesConstantinos Alexiou, Sofoklis Vogiazas, Nikita Solovev
The relationship between institutional quality and economic growth is revisited.
Wage–employment elasticity: a meta-analysis referring to ColombiaJhon J. Mora, Juan Muro
The article clarifies the wage–employment relation in a developing country. Several years ago, many articles in the United States indicated that the relation between…
Open economy macroeconomics of commodity price fluctuation, sectoral inter-linkage and employmentMoumita Basu, Ranjanendra Narayan Nag
This is a theoretical paper in the field of structuralist macroeconomics. The paper focuses on commodity price fluctuation which has emerged as one of the major…
ISSN:0144-3585
Online date, start – end:1974
Copyright Holder:Emerald Publishing Limited
Open access:hybrid
Editor: | https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/0144-3585 |
This study utilized traditional measures of creativity and Kirton's Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI) to describe both level of creativity and cognitive style of creativity in faculty and administrators in National League ...
Joining the Academic Community: The Lived Experiences of New Teachers in Nursing Education
Contemporary academic communities in nursing are experiencing an increasing number of new teachers, particularly those who teach part-time, at the same time that they are experiencing a growing shortage of faculty members ...
Online Faculty Mentoring and Transition Balance in Family Nurse Practitioner Students
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of online faculty mentoring on Registered Nurse (RN) to Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) role transition balance during graduate education. Making the transition from RN ...
Nurse Faculty Mentoring: Job Satisfaction and Mentoring of Nurse Educators in a Baccalaureate Nursing Program
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of mentoring of nursing faculty and job satisfaction with intent of nursing faculty to stay at their current academic institution. A quantitative, descriptive design was ...
The Relationship Between Hardiness and Burnout in Female Nursing and Liberal Arts/Science Faculty
The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between hardiness and burnout in female liberal arts/science faculty and female faculty in nursing. Degrees of hardiness were determined for each group ...
Nurse Educators' Perceptions Regarding Faculty Participation in University Governance
Faculty participation in university governance is an accepted norm in American higher education. Nurse educators' participation in university governance provides opportunities to exert influence in organizational matters ...
Diffusion of Inclusion: Measuring Willingness to Adopt Inclusive Teaching Strategies in Nursing Educational Environments
The purpose of the study was to: (1) examine psychometric properties of the Willingness to Adopt Inclusive Teaching Strategies (ITSinNE) instrument and (2) measure factors influencing a nurse educator's willingness to adopt ...
Faculty Burnout and Disempowerment in Nurse Educators and Their Relationship to Creativity in Teaching
(2018-05-11)
In an effort to ensure creativity and critical thinking are woven into the nursing curriculum and taught on a professional level, a healthy work environment, void of burnout and feelings of disempowerment, must be present ...
The Relationship Between Faculty Research Productivity and Organizational Structure in Schools of Nursing
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between faculty research productivity and the organizational structure in schools of nursing. The need for nursing research has been widely recognized by members ...
Nursing Faculty Perceptions on Teaching Critical Thinking
(2017-11-30)
The perceptions of nursing faculty teaching critical thinking (CT) affective attributes and cognitive skills are described in this quantitative, descriptive study. The study sample consisted of nurse educators from the ... | https://sigma.nursingrepository.org/handle/10755/620732/discover?filtertype=subject&filter_relational_operator=equals&filter=Faculty%2C+Nursing |
OHSU Department of Dermatology's Clinical Research Team provides expertise in clinical research. We offer many different clinical trials throughout the year throughout various skin conditions. Most trials have a limited number of spots or time allowed to enroll patients.
This study is being done to see how safe baricitinib is and how well it might work to help people with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (eczema).
This study is to assess the efficacy of four dose regimens of KHK4083 compared to placebo as measured by the change from baseline. In addition to evaluate the safety of multiple injections of KHK4083 in subjects with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.
The purpose of this study is to compare effects of PF-04965842 (the study drug) with a placebo to find out which is better for treating atopic dermatitis for persons with moderate to severe eczema over the age of 12.
The purpose of this study is to determine how study drug dupilumab affects the amount of bacteria on the skin, the skin's water loss and the immune system for subjects with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.
The purpose of this study is to determine why some individuals with atopic dermatitis are at higher risk for recurrent skin infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV).
This study is to find out how effective and safe dupilumab (the investigational drug) with topical corticosteroids is in people suffering from atopic dermatitis.
There are no psoriasis trials active at this time. Feel free to utilize our Contact Form, to be contacted when a psoriasis trial opens in the future.
The purpose of this data repository, called the Melanoma Community Registry, is to develop a prospective cohort of melanoma patients, family members and friends (controls). This registry will serve as a data repository for future IRB-approved research and thus will collect, store and share data with melanoma researchers for an indeterminate period of time. In addition, our repository will contain identifying codes/numbers that are links to data/samples in other relevant databases. Additionally, it is intended to deliver a ready-to-act group of volunteers to participate in the War on Melanoma campaign to include such things as attending educational symposiums and using their networks to increase awareness of the issue. There is no existing nationwide registry for melanoma research. As patient-centered research advances, a resource like this is needed and can serve as a model.
The goal of this study is to understand the severity and the type of stigma experienced across different kinds of skin conditions and therefore help identify methods of intervention to lessen the impact of skin disorders.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether ixekizumab provides clinical improvement for adult subjects with pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP).
Patidegib in Reduction of Basal Cell Carcinomas (BCCS) Disease Burden in Subjects with Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome.
The purpose of this study is to find out if patidegib topic gel (referred to as the study gel) is beneficial and safe in reducing Basal Cell Carcinomas (BCC) in people with Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS).
The purpose of this study is to investigate whether a topical medication applied to the skin wart is more effective than cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen to treat common warts in subjects ages 3-65 years.
The purpose of this study is to learn more about Dermatomyositis (DM). In this study, we will learn about a drug called PF-06823859. PF-06823859 will be called “the study drug”. We want to learn: If the study drug is better at treating DM than the placebo (A placebo looks like the study drug but does not contain any active drug.), if the study drug is safe and, what side effects are caused by the study drug.
To learn more about trials that you may qualify for, as well as for our complete list of active trials, contact us today!
Are You Bathing Your Baby Too Much?
Clinical Trial Coordinators and support team.
Test if a product, such as a drug or equipment, is safe and effective.
Find out what education practices work best.
Determine the best way to treat or prevent an illness.
Survey or an interview to understand needs, problems, or feelings people have about an important topic.
What if I want to quit after I volunteer?
If you decide to take part in a research study, you do so as a volunteer. That means you decide whether or not you will take part. You can say "no". If you choose to do so, you have many important rights, including the right to decide that you want to quit the study at any time.
Find out more about clinical trial studies on the ClinicalTrials.gov site, created by the U.S. National Institutes of Health. | https://www.ohsu.edu/xd/health/services/dermatology/our-services/clinical-trials/index.cfm |
Ubiquitous computing proliferates complexity and heterogeneity of software. Component software provides better productivity and configurability by assembling software from several components. The purpose of this paper is to investigate system configurations on a component-based system and the side effects of the configurations. We have implemented a component-based Java virtual machine named Earl Gray, by modifying an existing Java virtual machine. The case study revealed several problems to use the current component framework when configuring software. We report three experiments of those problems and present a future direction to solve the problem. | https://waseda.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-case-study-on-a-component-based-system-and-its-configuration |
The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate linkage among productivity, quality, and business performance in home-based brassware units in India.
Rethinking balanced scorecard (BSC) measures: formative versus reflective measurement modelsSungbum Park, Heeseok Lee, Seong Wook Chae
Most empirical balanced scorecard (BSC) studies have shown a tendency to wrongly employ reflective indicators instead of the more theoretically suitable formative…
TQM and organizational performance using the balanced scorecard approachGholamhossein Mehralian, Jamal A. Nazari, Golnaz Nooriparto, Hamid Reza Rasekh
The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the implementation of total quality management (TQM) and organizational performance, using the balanced…
Identification of maintenance improvement potential using OEE assessmentTorbjörn Ylipää, Anders Skoogh, Jon Bokrantz, Maheshwaran Gopalakrishnan
The purpose of this paper is to identify maintenance improvement potentials using an overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) assessment within the manufacturing industry.
ISSN:1741-0401
Renamed from:Work Study
Online date, start – end:2004
Copyright Holder:Emerald Publishing Limited
Open access:hybrid
Editors: | https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/1741-0401/vol/66/iss/1 |
ABSTRACTThis study seeks to find the factors that influence the need for training in Communications Authority Kenya. Library research, questionnaires and the internet will be used to gather the information needed. The problem that the Communications Authority Kenya undergoes with training is highlighted. It is more of a positive problem statement where we can view what makes the organization want to continue training its employees. The company’s history of where training begun as it was bei...
ABSTRACTThe study Retirement policy and the problem of implementation in Nigerian public sector was aimed at determining the effects of old pension schemes (pay-as-you-go-defined benefits) and they are corruption and inflation, weak institutional capacity and non-compliance of stakeholders which lead to non-implementation of the previous pension scheme, thereby growing rise to the contributory pension scheme (PRA 2004), as a way of strengthening the powers of the operators of the schem...
1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Today’s business organizations are characterized by increasingly dynamic technological and communications networked environment, continuous challenges such as competition, development, general instability, mergers and reengineering of work processes. These forces challenge organizations to re-evaluate their ...
AbstractStress has become a major concern of the modern times as it can cause harm to employee’shealth and performance. Work related stress costs organization billions of dollars each yearthrough sickness, turnover and absenteeism. So it becomes necessary for every organization toknow the factor causing stress among the employees as well as how they cope up with stress tomake the employee more participative and productive. This research study was conducted tofind out the factors causing str...
ABSTRACTThis research work examined effect of training and development on organizational effectiveness in selected organizations in Lagos State. In any organization employees contributes major assets. The active role they play towards a company's success cannot be underestimated, As a result, equipping these unique assets through effective training and development becomes imperative in order to maximize the job performance and position them to take on the challenges of today's competitive bus...
Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of performance incentives on employee efficiency in Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area (LGA) of Katsina State, Northwest-Nigeria. The population of the study comprised the sixty (60) employees of all the DMBs in Dutsin-Ma LGA of Katsina State, Nigeria (vis-à-vis First Bank Nigeria Ltd., United Bank for Africa PLC and Unity Bank PLC), of which a sample of 52 respondents was drawn using the propo...
ABSTRACT Over the last decade, much research has been conducted in the field of human resource management (HRM) and its associations with organizational performance. Prior studies have found substantial positive evidence for statistical associations between HRM and organizational performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between HRM practices and firm performance. This study examines the relationships among HRM practices and firm performance. The ...
SummaryVarious questions have been raised as to the best way to motivate employees. However, answers given only raised a cause for movement and not motivation (Herzberg, 1987). Considering how relevant employees have become in this Globalisation era which has heralded perfect competition, it therefore im...
Today's organisations are increasingly recognising diversity in the workplace as a business strategy imperative that helps to increase productivity and maintain a competitive edge over competitors. This study focused on workforce diversity and employee productivity using Shorelink Oil and Gas Services Limited as a unit of study. The major objectives of the study were (i) investigate the relationship between workforce diversity and employee productivity (ii) assess the role of effective com...
ABSTRACTThe biggest problem most small enterprises face is Human Resource Management. This is so because talents drive all other functional areas of organizations. Humans (Talents) are undoubtedly the greatest assets possessed by any business or organization. Yet when mismanaged, this great asset can easily be turned into the greatest of liabilities. Through an extensive review of available literature (on and offline), important aspects of talent acquisition and management were identif...
ABSTRACTThis research work examines “A Sociological Analysis of Small Scale Enterprises involving Ekpoma Community as the selected case study”. The objective of the study is to examine the sociological analysis of Small Scale enterprises in Ekpoma community as well as importance of Small Scale industries on the Nigerian economy. The research also seeks to find out the impact of Small Scale enterprise in aiding job creation in Ekpoma community. The study sample was 200 respondents f...
ABSTRACTThe success of any organisation or enterprise depends largely on the effectiveness of the human resources under its control. Therefore the role of human resource in developing organisational culture as well as manpower training and development in our organization can never be over-emphasised. Therefore this research work based on the above concepts also evaluates how to develop means for improving effectiveness in human resource management.A review of related literature was made in th...
ABSTRACTThe study is to appraise the role of government in poverty alleviation in Nigeria with a special reference to National Poverty Eradication Programme NAPEP. The research introduces the background of the study in chapter one and brief historical background. Some of the objectives of this study is to identify the impact of NAPEP in the eradicating poverty in Nigeria, strategies for poverty reduction, to also identify the various government programmes on poverty alleviations and to ...
ABSTRACT The role of human resources administration in ensuring organizational efficiency is important because it coordinate all the resources of planning, organizing, controlling and directing both human and material resources toward the attainment of the organization’s goals and objectives. This study also highlight the problems associated with this research work which are inadequate provision of funds to the department, improper selection and employment of staff, when the sta...
ABSTRACTThe concern about workplace bullyinghas generated substantial research studies within the European society. The need to examine the phenomenon in Nigeria has become needful given the continuous enlightenment and awareness campaigns as to the health harming effect on targets and the financial implications for organisations and the general society. Using a qualitative approach, this study explores the nature of bullying behaviour in Nigeria’s most dominant work sector, the service ind... | https://afribary.com/works/fields/social-management-sciences/sub-fields/human-resource-management?types%5B%5D=project |
The Movement is a collective of individuals who believe that those whose salaries are paid with our tax dollars should primarily work in the interests of us – the people. We believe that the authority we give to our elected officials must always reflect our beliefs, views, and values. We will speak truth to power until our interests garner more influence over policy and laws than so-called special interest groups do.
JustUs provides a database of student criminal justice reform organizations, so that collections of student activists nationwide can support each other and collaborate in their work. We also keep a growing list of Des Moines and Iowa-based resources for criminal justice reform activism. See both at the Resources button below.
JustUs aims to be a platform for those most impacted by the racial disparity in incarceration to share their stories of struggle, resilience, challenge and success. This page will publicize some of the many stories which we weren’t able to include in our film. If you or someone you know have been personally affected by mass incarceration and want to share your story, press this button! | https://www.justusdocumentary.com/the-movement_1 |
On December 7th 1972, NASA’s Apollo 17 crew took photograph AS17-148-22727. Better known as the Blue Marble.
The photograph, taken at a distance of 18,000 miles, was the first of the Earth where both the south polar ice cap and African coastline are visible. The image is considered by some to be the catalyst for the environmental movement of the 70s.
Seeing the Earth as a whole, comprehending it, and perceiving its fragility, was a game changer for the future of the planet.
When demand for natural resources exceeds what the planet can renew
Today marks Earth Overshoot Day; the date where we have already consumed the ecological resources and services that the Earth can regenerate in the year. We have hit this date a day earlier than last year, and a whole week earlier than the 2016 date. In other words, our demand for this year requires 1.7 “Blue Marbles” to sustain us.
The quote “we do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children”, has never felt more literal.
Josh Hendry, in our North America team, wrote in his blog on the UN Sustainable Development Goals, “it is often hard to connect your day to day work with how it impacts the world.” After all, when confronted with issues of resource scarcity and climate change, many still find these issues either distant and impersonal, or overwhelming. That goes for individuals, organisations and governments. Yet having conversations about these challenging issues is vital if we are to return our consumption to within the limits of the Earth’s annual regeneration capacity.
We spent the day with Michael Jacobs, an experienced mediator, talking about having difficult, yet vital, conversations. To support the #movethedate initiative, we’ve summarized the key takeaways from our training day and how they might be used to push back our overuse of the Earth’s resources.
“If you’re not part of the problem, then you can’t be part of the solution”
One of the first steps for any difficult conversation is acknowledging our own contribution to the difficulty we find ourselves in. Only by taking ownership of our part of a problem can we actually be accountable to do something about it. Being willing to acknowledge our contribution also makes it easier for others to acknowledge their share. The principle here is to extend a conversational invitation that doesn’t seek to blame, control or manipulate. The best conversations are always collaborative endeavours.
A great example of this is the Game Console Voluntary Agreement founded by Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo in 2015. The competitive gaming giants came together to reduce the environmental impact of game consoles over their life-cycle and to achieve energy savings through better design. By putting their hands up and acknowledging that they are part of the problem, these manufacturers been able to make environmental commitments that cover the majority of the multi-billion dollar market.
We are also seeing similar collaborations between would-be competitors to help come up with solutions to the single-use plastic problem in a several different sectors.
Get comfy with uncomfortable
As human beings, we often want to predict, control and have the answers. Our brains love certainty. The problem is that these preferences can lend themselves to habitual responses and relying on our existing knowledge and skills. As a result we may miss other options and solutions, or worse, panic. We have to remain self-aware, adaptive, and resilient to allow ourselves to operate well in a space that is uncertain.
To illustrate the point, if we moved Earth Overshoot Day back 5 days a year from now until 2050, we would return back to within the planet’s limits. However, looking forward from today to 2050 is the same as looking back from today to 1984. A sobering thought given that in 1984 we would not have predicted the technological, political, or environmental landscapes of 2017. The capacity to respond effectively to new risks and new opportunities will be the most powerful in the changing fortunes of time.
A great example of this long-term thinking is the Product Sustainability Round Table (PSRT), which Anthesis members have organised for almost 25 years. The PSRT brings together sustainability experts from many of the world’s leading organisations to collaborate and learn from each other in a non-competitive environment.
The members collaborate to deepen their understanding of issues and trends, share collective experiences and expertise, and strengthen capacity for addressing sustainability challenges. At our most recent European meeting in London, day 1 of the 2 day event was devoted to the future of plastic and sustainable packaging.
Take a look at the topics covered at last year’s event in New Jersey to get a feel for the network, or the free-to-download Leadership Framework which recently launched to help organisations to accelerate and scale sustainability efforts.
Strengthen your dialogue with honesty, benevolence and courage
The three central capacities that support the practice of dialogue: honesty, benevolence, and courage. At the heart of every real conversation are people willing to ‘show-up’ – in all their messy complexity.
There are also alternatives: disguised agendas, exaggerated optimism or pessimism, providing a partial picture of reality, feigning interest in others, deny or avoid difficult truths. These are control mechanisms, rather than conversational invitations.
At Anthesis we recently published our second UNGC Communication on Progress. Arguably, a list of our own pledges to support #movethedate. Being honest, benevolent and courageous in our commitment to the 10 UNGC principles – covering human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption – is essential to our continued improvement as an organisation.
- Honesty – giving an accurate account of what is true for us – we believe being transparent about our journey and sharing our progress as a business matters.
- Benevolence – the desire to do good with and for others – one of our largest impacts on others is through influence. We are privileged to have a raft of leading experts in their field. Sharing our knowledge, experiences and insights supports our desire to positively influence on our clients and beyond through our work and thought leadership.
- Courage – strength in the face of change – we are always looking at how we can allow our employees to thrive, and how we can create a culture that allows for agility, creativity, and resilience. Courage is central to all of this, and vital for our employees that constantly sit on the edge of change and innovation. | https://www.anthesisgroup.com/1-7-blue-marbles-earth-overshoot-day-2017/ |
Over the last months the GPC conducted a mini-reform to ensure collective leadership and strong engagement and participation of its members in field support, which included establishment of the new Strategic Advisory Group, launch of a 2020-2024 Strategic Framework: Protection in a Climate of Change and a GPC Collective work plan.
The GPC Strategic Framework identifies strategic priorities to make the GPC and National Clusters fit for purpose in a rapidly changing and increasingly challenging global operational context in armed conflicts, disaster, and health emergencies. The new working model leverages the collective resources and expertise of the GPC members (humanitarian and development NGOs and UN Agencies), enhance its field coordination and operational resources and capacities, strengthen its collective efforts to shape policy debates on the future of humanitarian coordination and action, and ensure that Protection continues to play a central role in humanitarian, development and peace action in coming years.
The 2020-2021 workplan of GPC is an innovative, collectively-owned, operational and field oriented plan to move forward on the GPC strategic framework. It identifies activities covering all five strategic priorities to be undertaken. These activities are designed to enhance the effectiveness of protection response in 32 field operations and beyond through global action and provision of direct support to field clusters and their operational partners. It is larger than previous request as for the first time it represents the financial requirements from the GPC Ops Cells, part of the four Areas of Responsibility requirements – Gender-Based Violence, Child Protection, Housing, Land, and Property, and Mine Action, six GPC working groups and task teams, and the UN and NGO members of the GPC to achieve the collectively identified priorities.
The total funding requirement for the 2020-2021 workplan is about 30 million USD, of which about half is already funded – notwithstanding additional funding in the pipeline for field projects in the workplan. | https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/old/gpc-workplan-2020-2021/ |
In the last four months, the Court of Appeal has handed down judgment in two important cases relating to parent company liability and jurisdiction over extra-territorial human rights impacts. In October, we wrote that the first of these cases (Lungowe and others v. Vedanta and KCM EWCA (Civ) 1528) created a “Catch 22” for English domiciled multinationals – by fulfilling the responsibility to respect and implementing group human rights policies, they risked increasing the likelihood of a duty of care arising which could be used to establish jurisdiction.
The judgment handed down last week in Okpabi and others v Royal Dutch Shell Plc and another EWCA Civ 191 goes some way to resolving this Catch 22 and provides some useful guidance on how responsibly to manage human rights risk without inadvertently increasing the risk of litigation.
Factual and legal background
In January 2017, the High Court decided in favour of Shell and its Nigerian subsidiary, upholding challenges to the jurisdiction of the English courts over claims by victims of oil leaks from pipelines in the Niger Delta. Fraser J found that the claimants had failed to present a properly arguable case that Shell directly owed them a duty of care. Absent proceedings against a UK-domiciled anchor defendant, the court found that there was no connection between the claims against the Nigerian subsidiary and the English courts. The claimants appealed on the basis that Fraser J had erred in his analysis and asked the court to reconsider whether Shell owed a duty of care to those affected by the oil leaks.
Outcome of appeal
The appeal was dismissed. A majority of the Court (Sales J dissenting) held that Fraser J had been correct to conclude that the claimants could not demonstrate a properly arguable case that Shell owed a direct duty of care to the claimants (albeit that they reached this conclusion on different grounds to the trial judge). In reaching their judgments, the Court cited the formulation for establishing parent company liability adopted by the same Court in Vedanta:
“(1) The starting point is the three-part test of foreseeability, proximity and reasonableness. (2) A duty may be owed by a parent company to the employee of a subsidiary, or a party directly affected by the operations of that subsidiary, in certain circumstances. (3) Those circumstances may arise where the parent company (a) has taken direct responsibility for devising a material health and safety policy the adequacy of which is the subject of the claim, or (b) controls the operations which give rise to the claim. (4) Chandler v. Cape Plc and Thompson v. The Renwick Group Plc describe some of the circumstances in which the three-part test may, or may not, be satisfied so as to impose on a parent company responsibility for the health and safety of a subsidiary’s employee. (5) The first of the four indicia in Chandler v. Cape Plc , requires not simply that the businesses of the parent and the subsidiary are in the relevant respect the same, but that the parent is well placed, because of its knowledge and expertise to protect the employees of the subsidiary. If both parent and subsidiary have similar knowledge and expertise and they jointly take decisions about mine safety, which the subsidiary implements, both companies may (depending on the circumstances) owe a duty of care to those affected by those decisions. (6) Such a duty may be owed in analogous situations, not only to employees of the subsidiary but to those affected by the operations of the subsidiary. (7) The evidence sufficient to establish the duty may not be available at the early stages of the case. Much will depend on whether, in the words of Wright J (in Connelly v. RTZ Corporation Plc C.C.C 533), the pleading represents the actuality.”
Neither party contested this formulation and it was applied without question in the judgment of the majority and in Sales LJ’s dissent. As such, it now seems to be settled and, at least from the perspective of creating legal certainty, this is a welcome development. The precise contours and practical significance of each of these propositions will likely be the subject of further litigation and debate.
Does adopting a group human rights policy increase the likelihood of a parent owing a direct duty of care?
The third proposition (that a parent might owe a duty to a third party directly affected by the operations of a subsidiary in circumstances where the “parent company has taken direct responsibility for devising a material health and safety policy the adequacy of which is the subject of the claim or controls the operations which give rise to the claim”) had prompted concerns that English multinationals would be dissuaded from fulfilling their responsibility under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, including to devise, publish and implement group human rights policies.
Notably, the Court in Shell did not restrict the application of this proposition to “health and safety” policies, instead referring generally to “policies the adequacy of which is the subject of the claim”[88, 132] and considering evidence from Shell’s sustainability report (amongst other, non-health and safety specific, documents). On this basis, there would be nothing to prevent an English court from considering a company’s human rights policy in determining whether a duty of care arises to prevent human rights violations which also give rise to a cause of action under the applicable law.
However, all three judges agreed that the mere existence of such policies does not create a duty of care. Simon LJ held that:
“The issuing of mandatory policies plainly cannot mean that a parent has taken control of the operations of a subsidiary (and, necessarily, every subsidiary) such as to give rise to a duty of care in favour of any person or class of persons affected by the policies.”
The Court distinguished between a parent company which takes steps to ensure that there are proper controls in place by establishing an overall system of mandatory policies, processes and uniform practices on the one hand and a parent company which actually seeks to exercise control on the other [125, 140]. Only in the case of the latter might a duty of care arise.
Agreeing with Simon LJ, the Chancellor held that:
“The detailed policies and practices do not seem to have been tailored specifically for SPDC. Rather, they all apply across the board to all RDS subsidiaries and joint ventures, without distinction. It has already been said that it would be surprising if an international parent were to owe duties to those affected by the operations of all its subsidiaries and that there needs to be something more specific for the necessary proximity to exist.”
By way of example, he suggests that proximity between a parent and a third party affected by the operations of a subsidiary might exist where the third party is injured by a food product which is manufactured by a subsidiary according to a prescriptive recipe provided by its parent. This raises two further, important points: first, any attempt to suggest that the existence of a group human rights policy which requires subsidiaries to respect human rights creates the necessary proximity to found a duty of care would strain this analogy; second, a policy may be more likely to evidence a duty of care where it is devised for a particular subsidiary as opposed to the corporate group as a whole [121, 195].
So, the short answer to the question posed above is “no”. UK multinationals should not be deterred by these cases from adopting global human rights policies and frameworks. However, in practice, they should ensure that:
- the policy is applicable to all group companies rather than specific subsidiaries; and that
- the responsibility for implementing these policies (including by carrying out due diligence) is at subsidiary level. As we have written previously, not only will this reduce the risk of a duty of care arising, it will likely be more effective in reducing the risk of an adverse human rights impact in the first place as operating companies will often understand the human rights risk in a particular context better than someone at HQ and be better placed to identify it and effectively mitigate against it. This may require that resources are allocated to ensure that in country personnel are properly trained in human rights due diligence to ensure that they can effectively discharge this function.
Editors’ Note: This post previously appeared on Hogan Lovells, and is reproduced with permission and thanks
JULIANNE HUGHES-JENNETT
Julianne Hughes-Jennett is a Partner in Hogan Lovells’ international arbitration and litigation practices and head of the firm’s Business and Human Rights Group. She has extensive experience of complex, high-value commercial disputes (including ad hoc arbitrations and arbitrations under the rules of the ICC, LCIA, UNCITRAL and ICSID), focusing in particular on emerging markets in the natural resources, life sciences, TMT, Diversified Industries and Financial Institutions sectors. Her practice also includes advising in respect of alleged violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including under the Alien Torts Statute. She contributed to the mandate of the UN SRSG on ‘Business and Human Rights’. Julianne leads the firm’s Rule of Law 2030 initiative to collaborate with clients on projects to strengthen the rule of law and is a Visiting Fellow on Rule of Law and Foreign Direct Investment at the Bingham Centre within the British Institute of International and Comparative Law.
PETER HOOD
Peter Hood is a Consultant at Hogan Lovells. He advises clients on a wide range of international disputes, focusing on international criminal law, business and human rights and international arbitration in the natural resources and infrastructure sectors. Peter has acted for clients in LCIA, ICC and ad hoc arbitrations. He regularly gives training to lawyers, students and businesses on business and human rights issues, has published widely on the subject and plays a leading role in the firm’s Rule of Law 2030 initiative to collaborate with clients on projects to strengthen the rule of law. | https://lawofnationsblog.com/2018/02/22/update-responsibility-respect-human-rights-parent-company-liability/ |
The Digital Forensic Research Lab (DFRLab) at the Atlantic Council is a first of its kind organization with technical and policy expertise on disinformation, connective technologies, democracy, and the future of digital rights. Incubated at the Atlantic Council in 2016, the DFRLab is a field-builder, studying, defining, and informing approaches to the global information ecosystem and the technology that underpins it.
We do so through three main efforts. First, we produce timely primary open source (OSINT) research on disinformation, online harms, foreign interference, platform policy and approaches, and other aspects of the information ecosystem globally. Second, we set research standards and train others around the world in techniques and practices, enabling more people to do work like we do in their own backyards, or to mainstream an understanding of the digital ecosystem into their fields. Finally, we leverage our unique insights from work across governments, companies, media, and civil society to craft policy recommendations, and collaborate with the global community working to ensure the digital world is a rights-reinforcing and democratic one.
Our mission is to:
- Forge digital resilience at a time when humans are more interconnected and have more access to information than at any point in history.
- Promote objective fact as a foundation of government for and by people.
- Identify, expose, and explain disinformation when and where it occurs.
- Protect democratic institutions and norms from those who would undermine them online.
- Develop a new field and network of expertise adapted for impact and real-world results.
We do so by:
- Defining the role of the internet and other technologies in both promotion and defense of free and open societies.
- Charting the evolution of disinformation and other online and technological harms, especially as they relate to the DFRLab’s leadership role in establishing shared definitions, frameworks, and mitigation practices.
- Studying the emerging global information competition and battle for digital influence and technological dominance, recognizing that this represents the harbinger of a broader paradigm shift in international affairs.
- Working directly with government, media, tech, and civil society on their collective responsibility in democracy and toward digital resilience.
Who we are
The DFRLab is comprised of more than 30 experts and staff on five continents. Our team engages in real time reporting, training, and events to further the DFRLab’s mission of countering disinformation and building digital resilience worldwide. Our team includes colleagues who’ve worked at the highest levels of government, journalist, tech, nonprofits and more as we strive to operationalized the study of information to promote transparency and accountability online and around the world. | https://dfrlab.org/about/ |
As part of our campaign, we're calling on the government to create a commission for business, human rights and the environment.
So what would this commission actually do? How would it work? How likely is it? The key objectives of a UK Commission for Business, Environment & Human Rights would be to:
- provide redress for overseas victims of human rights abuses involving UK companies
- promote appropriate environmental and human rights standards for UK companies operating overseas and promulgate best practice
- work with other human rights commissions and relevant bodies to share learning and build their collective capacity to strengthen the effectiveness of redress in developing countries.
How could it work?
- Promote global and local laws, standards and best practice that are relevant to the human rights and environmental impacts of UK companies wherever they operate
- Evaluate the effectiveness of existing standards, regulations and voluntary principles applicable to the overseas operations of UK companies and, where relevant, recommend regulatory and policy reforms to the UK Government and to business
- Receive and investigate complaints against UK companies relating to their operations abroad
- Mediate between parties to facilitate conflict resolution
- Remedy harm done to people and the environment by UK companies abroad
- Sanction corporations for egregious misconduct which contravenes recognised standards
- Collaborate with relevant actors and bodies based in host countries
- Guide government on improving existing law and policy. | https://www.speak.org.uk/campaigns/corporate-accountability/campaign-goals/uk-commission-business-human-rights-and |
March 1, 2018
NTT established Council to Secure the Digital Economy (CSDE) to promote secure digital economy together with multi-national companies in IT and communication industries.
CSDE is established as a joint effort by trade associations in broadband and IT industries in the US*1. Founding members are Verizon, AT&T, CenturyLink, Telefonica and NTT from communication sector and IBM, Intel, Oracle, Akamai, Samsung, Ericsson and SAP from IT sector.
The exponential growth of internet-connected devices worldwide is transforming our global digital economy. By 2020, the digital economy could add $1.36 trillion to the GDP of the world's top ten economies. With over 8 billion Internet of Things (IoT) devices in the market, the value of digital data flows in the global market is estimated at about $8 trillion in a single year. This tremendous growth, however, is accompanied by significant and costly cybersecurity risks. To help mitigate these risks, CSDE will draw on its cross-sector technical and policy expertise to collaborate with policymakers across the globe to develop effective and practical solutions to our shared cybersecurity challenges.
*1: US Telecom and ITI (Information Technology Industry Council)
Information is current as of the date of issue of the individual topics.
Please be advised that information may be outdated after that point.
WEB media that thinks about the future with NTT
March 25, 2021
Ichiro meets R&D - NTT R&D Experiential Tour
March 14, 2021
Establishing Open Innovation Aimed at Developing Latin American Societies
March 13, 2021
To Spark Innovation, and Strengthen and Grow its Capabilities, We Unearth and Empower "Talent" All Over the World Through our Business
NTT NEWS ROOM
Watch the latest news of telecommunication, NTT's R&D, XR services and more.
*Japanese language only
Digital Museum
In a virtual space, NTT Group and other companies display their 3D works. Watch the works of Hokusai, Shuri Castle, Minamiza Theater, etc.
*Japanese language only
Application cases on DOOR
Introducing how to use "My Room" and how it actually been utilized by enterprises and individuals. | https://group.ntt/en/topics/2018/03/01/csde201802/index.html |
Career Opportunities!
The Capital Chapter of ISCEBS is excited to offer a job listing service which provides employers, search firms, and other organizations with a pool of potential candidates with expertise in employee benefits, human resources, and other related fields.
If you are interested in posting a job position, please refer to the Chapter's
Job Listing Policy
.
Open Positons
POSITION:
National Health Plan Manager (“Manager”)
LOCATION:
Crystal City, Virginia (Washington, DC area)
REPORTS TO:
NRLC Director, Employee Benefits (“Director)”
Posted 2/4/20
The NRLC is seeking a qualified candidate for the National Health Plan Manager position. The ideal candidate will possess a strong healthcare benefits background with excellent stakeholder management, analytical, communication, and administrative skills.
Primary Duties
The Manager is responsible for the day-to-day operational oversight and administration of seven self- funded and two fully-insured health and welfare plans (the “Plans”). These Plans cover approximately 130,000 unionized employees from over 40 participating railroads through national plan agreements. The Plans provide more than $2.5 billion in medical, prescription drug, dental, vision, and supplemental sickness benefits.
This candidate is expected to successfully perform the following responsibilities:
Provide operational oversight for the Plans
Assist vendors of the Plans with different aspects of benefits administration
Serve as a primary liaison for day-to-day operations with respect to issues brought to the NRLC’s attention by Plan participants, participating railroads and labor organizations, and plan vendors
Work directly with the Director to –
o
Provide in-depth analytic support, evaluation, and recommendations for improvements to
existing plan benefit designs and programs
o
Assist with the implementation and improvements of benefit programs to deliver
competitive and innovative offerings
o
Assist with the development of strategic plans related to maximizing the design and
delivery of benefit programs
o
Assist with the development of strategies for collective bargaining
o
Collaborate with participating railroads, participating labor organizations, and plan vendors to develop and deliver communications and education materials, tools, and guidelines to support the Plans
Identify opportunities to improve internal policies and processes to optimize efficiency, ensure compliance, and provide a high level of stakeholder service
Monitor contracts with plan vendors and review pending contracts
Develop and produce various reports and communications for distribution to stakeholders
Review Requests for Proposal, evaluate responses, and recommend a successful bid
Review draft Plan documents
Develop and administer training seminars
Ensure compliance with applicable federal, state and local laws, regulations, and collective bargaining agreements related to benefits administration
o
Coordinate ERISA audits to ensure compliance and address issues related to current
regulations to ensure that audit and applications regulation requirements are met
o
Manage policy development, administration, and record-keeping of the Plans
For the complete job posting please click
here
.
For more information please contact: | https://www.capital-chapter-iscebs.org/career-section.html |
We are delighted to announce that Webber Wentzel has won the Competition and Regulatory Team of the Year award at the 2017 African Legal Awards. The ceremony was held on Friday, 8 September 2017 at The Wanderers Club in Johannesburg. The winners were decided by an independent adjudicating panel made up of general counsel and other senior members of the legal community. Judging criteria included: legal expertise and innovation; project management skills; teamwork; and client satisfaction. We would like to thank our clients for their continued support.
The Competition Commission's (Commission) 11th Annual Competition Law, Economics and Policy Conference took place last month. Predominantly, the conference highlighted that competition law is facing a new era in which it will be called upon to address a number of unique and complex issues that are specific to South Africa. It is clear that one of the competition authorities' main priorities is to address concentration in certain markets, and the creation of a more inclusive economy. Other issues that dominated the many panel discussions amongst some of the world's most renowned competition experts included civil damages claims, the potential anti-competitive use of "big data" and algorithms, the criminalisation of cartel conduct and the need for regulation in innovative markets.
The Competition Commissioner, Tembinkosi Bonakele, called for a clear competition policy on pricing, cross-subsidisation and bail-outs in relation to State-Owned Enterprises, and for amendments to the Competition Act 89 of 1998 (the Act) to provide for effective criminalisation of cartel conduct. The Minister of Economic Development, Ebrahim Patel, reiterated his statements from earlier this year that amendments to the Act are being considered to address the challenge of concentration in the South African economy. The Minister noted that issues of social equity must loom large for policy makers, and that "it is time to stretch the envelope of thinking" when it comes to using competition regulation to address market concentration.
The address by the Deputy President, Cyril Ramaphosa, served to highlight the view that competition law should be given a more prominent role to address economic transformation. In this regard, the Deputy President stated that competition policy must be an instrument to effect fundamental economic and social change, and called for the use of levers at our disposal to facilitate the entry of new black companies into established markets, and to create space for SMMEs in sectors where until now only large companies have flourished.
There is still much speculation regarding exactly how the competition law landscape may change over the next few months. The key message from the conference, and the only certainty at this stage, is that changes are inevitable and businesses must pay close attention to developments in this regard.
In the agribusiness, food and beverage sector, there are two developments of interest:
[Source] and
[Source]
The Tribunal has dismissed an urgent application by Hosken Consolidated Investment Ltd (HCI) and Tsogo Sun Holdings Ltd (Tsogo). The application arose as a result of an advisory opinion from the Commission (after being approached by HCI) advising that the proposed transaction be notified as a merger. By way of a declaratory order, HCI and Tsogo requested that the transfer of gaming interests, owned indirectly by Niveus Investment Ltd, to Tsogo be declared "not notifiable", contrary to the advisory opinion. HCI and Tsogo argued that the proposed transaction does not constitute a merger but a consolidation of some of its gaming interests and that the transaction amounted to an internal restructuring. The Tribunal's reasons for dismissal are yet to be published.
[Source]
Following the recommendations made in April 2017, as part of the Commission's liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) market inquiry, the Commission has warned that it may open cases against wholesalers of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) that choose to ignore recommendations to end long-term supply agreements by 30 September 2017. The Commission has also presented its recommendations from the LPG market inquiry to the National Assembly's Committee on Energy. The Department of Energy has indicated that it supports the Commission’s recommendation to monitor the market structure for collusive behaviour and to align the regulatory processes.
Further to our August update (available here), the Commission has called for formal submissions from all relevant stakeholders in the data services market. Stakeholders include all consumers, companies, organisations and other bodies that have an interest in data and telecommunications markets, including those directly involved in these markets and those that are affected by such markets more broadly. The closing date for submissions is 1 November 2017.
In the transport sector, there are two developments of interest:
In the regulatory sector, there have been two developments of interest:
A decision by the Botswana Competition Authority (BCA) not to approve the proposed acquisition of assets and cession of the main contracts belonging to 4Ms Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd (4Ms) by Transport Holdings Ltd (TH), has been revised by the Gaborone High Court. The merging parties lodged an application for judicial review of the BCA's decision, and following engagements between the parties and the BCA, it was eventually agreed, and confirmed by an order of the High Court, that: (i) TH will not be precluded by the BCA from participating in the tender to be issued by Kgalagadi Breweries (Pty) Ltd (KBL) when 4Ms’ contract with KBL comes to an end; and (ii) TH shall be entitled to submit a merger notification for consideration by the BCA in respect of any new notifiable transaction it may conclude with 4Ms.
George Lipimile, Chief Executive Officer at the COMESA Competition Commission (CCC) has recently remarked that the delay by some of the COMESA member states in domesticating the COMESA treaty has delayed the effective enforcement of competition regulations. Mr Lipimile has also pointed out a number of challenges faced by the CCC, such as weak national competition enforcement regimes in member states, and inadequate financial resources and human resources at regional and national levels. Mr Lipmile said that the CCC has outlined its strategic priorities for the period 2016-20 and is determined to work on conduct harmful to competition in the Common Market, strengthen enforcement, advocacy and strategic collaboration.
The East African Community (EAC) Secretary General, Mr Liberat Mfumukeko, has emphasised the importance of competition law and policy in the facilitation of regional integration. Mr Mfumukeko was speaking at the second meeting of the EAC Competition Authority (EACCA). It is reported that the purpose of the second meeting of EACCA was to develop the authority's rules of procedure, and to review progress reports for the authority's activities for the period June 2017. The Chairperson of the Commissioners of the EACCA, Mr Sam Watasa reiterated that full operationalisation of the EACCA would help to address market distortions that affect private sector investments
In Kenya, there have been two developments of interest:
The Minister for Industry, Trade and Investment, Hon. Charles John Mwijage (MP) has appointed Dr John Kedi Mduma as the Acting Director General of the Fair Competition Commission in Tanzania effective from 28 August 2017, following the expiry of Dr Frederick Ringo’s tenure.
The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (CCPC) has published guidelines on abuse of dominance for comment. The guidelines provide practical advice and guidance on the application of the relevant procedures and assessment methods for abuse of dominance cases and outlines of the CCPC's general approach to enforcing the abuse of dominance provisions contained in Zambian competition legislation.
In the European Union, there are four developments of interest:
[Source],
[Source],
[Source],
[Source] and
[Source]
The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has alleged that Britain's biggest modelling agencies - FM Models, Models 1, Premier, Storm and Viva, and their trade association, the Association of Model Agents, have been accused of breaching competition laws. The CMA has alleged that from April 2013 to March 2015, the five modelling agencies agreed to exchange confidential, competitively sensitive information including future pricing information, and in some instances agreed a common approach to pricing.
The Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (the Agencies) has published antitrust guidance in an effort to protect those affected by Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. The Agencies have stated that, while natural disasters often bring out the best in human compassion and spirit, they can also lead to unscrupulous individuals and organizations taking advantage of those in need. The Agencies have undertaken to hold accountable those who seek to illegally subvert competition and prey on those affected by Hurricanes Harvey and Irma.
The Tribunal has unconditionally approved a large merger between Old Mutual plc (OM plc), the holding company of the Old Mutual Group of companies listed on the London Stock Exchange, and Old Mutual Netherlands (OM BV), which controls Old Mutual Group Holdings (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. The transaction is part of an internal restructuring.
Robert Wilson,Werner Rysbergen and Elisa Mugabo represented the merger parties.
OM plc is the holding company of Old Mutual Group which provides investment, savings, life assurance, asset management, banking and property and personal insurance in Africa, America and Asia. OM BV is an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary of OM plc.
The Tribunal found that the proposed merger is unlikely to substantially lessen or prevent competition and did not raise any public interest concerns.
The Tribunal has unconditionally approved a large merger between Izimbiwa Associated Companies (Pty) Ltd (Izimbiwa) and Moxitorque Investments (Pty) Ltd (Moxitorque). Izimbiwa is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Phembani Group (Pty) Ltd.
Mmadika Moloi and Betty Mkatshwa represented the merger parties.
Izimbiwa is an investment holding company with an emphasis on investments in (and the operating of) businesses and interests which fall within the oil, gas, mineral resources, metal and infrastructure related industries. Moxitorque is a shelf company and currently does not conduct any business activities other than holding the non-controlling interests in Lexshell 826 and Lexshell 827.
The Tribunal found that the proposed merger is unlikely to substantially lessen or prevent competition and did not raise any public interest concerns. | https://www.webberwentzel.com/News/Pages/catch-up-with-competition-law-now-september-2017.aspx |
San Francisco, USA,
5 October - Global
environmental damage caused by human activity in 2008 represented a monetary
value of $ 6.6 trillion, equivalent to 11% of global GDP, calculates a study released today by the UN-backed Principles
for Responsible Investment (PRI) and the UN Environment Programme Finance
Initiative (UNEP FI). Those global costs are 20% larger than the $ 5.4 trillion
decline in the value of pension funds in developed countries caused by the
global financial crisis in 2007/8.
The study, an initial effort to quantify in monetary terms the environmental
harm caused by business and the possible future consequences for investor
portfolios, fund returns and company earnings, estimates that in 2008 the world's
top 3,000 public companies were responsible for a third of all global
environmental damage. The study warns that as environmental damage and resource
depletion increases, and governments start applying a "polluter pays"
principle, the value of large portfolios will be affected through higher
insurance premiums on companies, taxes, inflated input prices and the price
tags for clean-ups.
The most environmentally damaging business sectors are: utilities; oil and gas
producers; and industrial metals and mining. Those three accounted for almost a
trillion dollars worth of environmental harm in 2008. The top 3,000 companies
by market capitalisation, which represent a large proportion of global equity
markets, were responsible for $ 2.15 trillion worth of environmental damage in
2008.
Workers and retirees could see lower
pension payments from funds invested in companies exposed to environmental
costs, says the study, which was commissioned by the PRI and UNEP FI and
conducted by Trucost, the London-based environmental consultancy.
The study, projects that the monetary value of annual environmental damage from
water and air pollution, general waste and depleted resources could reach $28.6
trillion in 2050, or 23% lower if clean and resource-efficient technologies are
introduced.
The study recommends investors should
exercise their ownership rights, collaborate to encourage companies and
policy-makers to reduce these environmental externalities, and request regular
monitoring and reporting from investment managers on how they are addressing
exposure to environmental risk.
Paul Clements-Hunt,
Head, UN Environment Programme Finance Initiative, said:
"This report sends a powerful message
that the environment is also the business of business. Polluters must pay.
Safeguarding the environment and using our natural assets efficiently entail
collective action. Cohesive policy and regulation is required to fully account
for externalities and speed up the integration of material environmental issues
into investment decisions. The bottom line is that if we are to achieve a
sustainable global economy, then we must stop drawing down our natural
capital."
James
Gifford, Executive Director, Principles for Responsible Investment,
said:
Richard
Mattison, Chief Operating Officer, Trucost, said
Read the Executive Summary on www.unpri.org
or www.unepfi.org.
Notes to Editor
For more information, please contact: | http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs015/1103244704571/archive/1103736519020.html |
Society’s complex or ‘wicked’ problems are difficult to identify and solve. This type of social problem affects multiple stakeholders, all with different perspectives and agendas, who often disagree about the causes, and the best solutions. Problems such as these require total systems change and innovation because they are beyond the capacity of any one organisation or sector to respond effectively. In such instances, collaboration is the appropriate response.
Innovation and break-throughs arise when sectors, organisations, stakeholders, and communities work together. This cross-pollination and sharing of resources, knowledge and ideas allows anyone to participate and share whatever they have to offer, regardless of resource or capacity. Collaboration values everyone and taps into the collective wisdom of crowds.
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- Engage and understand, work with and access the skills, resources and intelligence of your customers, stakeholders and local communities
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Iron ‘Up Close’
What is iron and why do we need it?
Feeling lethargic and exhausted? Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common type of anaemia. Anaemia is a common medical condition in which you lack red blood cells to carry around oxygen in your body.
Iron is a mineral, which plays a special role in human health and disease. We need iron for the formation of haemoglobin and myoglobin. Haemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen around the body from our lungs, to our organs and tissues. Myoglobin is a protein that can be found in the muscle cells and it stores and releases oxygen. We call upon the oxygen stored in myoglobin when we use our muscles to walk, run, climb or move in any way.
What is the recommended daily intake of iron?
The recommended intake of iron is:
- For men (over 18 years): 8.7 mg/day
- For women (aged 18 to 50): 14.8 mg/day
- For women (over 50 years): 8.7 mg/day
Women require more iron than men to make up for the amount of iron they lose during menstruation. Around 1 mg of iron is lost for every day of bleeding.
“Dietary iron is found in two basic forms, heme and non-heme. Heme iron is the most bioavailable form of iron.”
Most people are able to obtain all the iron they need a healthy, varied diet. The body has certain ‘iron balancing’ systems in place to make sure we just get enough, and not too much. When we have an intake of iron that’s too high, we can feel sick, constipated, nauseous and experience stomach pains. Very high doses of iron can even be fatal, so never exceed the recommended usage when you take a supplement.
A person who is iron deficient may be anaemic and as a result, may have one or more symptoms of anaemia (lack of red blood cells). These can range from mild to more severe and include but are not limited to chronic fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headaches and depression.
Which foods contain iron?
Dietary iron is found in two basic forms, heme and non-heme. Heme iron can be found in animal-based food sources, non-heme iron can be found in plant-based foods. Heme iron is the most bioavailable form of iron, meaning it is more easily absorbed by our body for use.
Vitamin C and/or heme iron consumed at the same time or within the same meal can improve the absorption of non-heme iron. Polyphenols on the other hand, found in tea, coffee and wine, have been demonstrated to inhibit non-heme iron absorption. Calcium has also been found to inhibit both the uptake of heme and non-heme iron. These factors bind to iron in the intestine and prevent the iron from being completely absorbed.
Sources of heme iron:
- Meat and poultry
- Fish
- Clams, oysters and mussels
- Eggs
Sources of non-heme iron:
- Beans
- Pulses
- Nuts
- Seeds
- Green leafy vegetables (Spinach, Kale, Broccoli, Cabbage)
- Soy products (Tofu, Tempeh)
- Fortified cereals
How can I increase iron levels in my diet?
“Always ask for advice from your GP before iron supplementation, as excessive intake of iron can be harmful”
For most of us, a healthy diet with plenty of variety will supply us with sufficient iron intake, but in case you need some extra tips on iron-rich meals, we’ve got just that!
- Alternate between iron-rich animal-based protein sources such as red meat, poultry and fish
- Add pulses and legumes such as beans and lentils to bulk out plant-based stews or curries
- Sprinkle salads (or any meals) with nuts and seeds, or dried fruits such as apricots and raisins
- Dress leafy green full salads with a source of vitamin C such as a squeeze of lemon, to promote better absorption of non-heme iron
- Try to avoid consuming foods which may inhibit iron absorption at the same time, such as dairy products or tea, coffee and wine
For some people, a supplement can be recommended (women who experience heavy bleeding during menstruation, endurance athletes, or those who have suffered blood loss due to surgery or an accident for example). However, always ask for advice from your GP before iron supplementation, as excessive intake of iron can be harmful.
Fresh Fitness Food provides personalised meals plans delivered straight to your door, ensuring not only that you have the nutrients you need to manage your stress levels, but also that you have the time usually spent shopping, cooking and washing up, to engage in your favourite stress reducing activity. To discuss which nutrition plan is right for you, book a call with our in-house nutrition team here.
Order today and start smashing your goals with personalised nutrition! | https://blog.freshfitnessfood.com/blog/iron/ |
June 13, 2017
We were fortunate to grow up in a healthy household (our parents were basically hippies minus the drugs). As such, we ate a mostly plant-based diet and consumed a lot of homemade granola. Our mom insisted that we eat protein at every meal so we would grow and be strong. When a meal didn’t contain animal protein, we got our protein from beans and legumes (what many now refer to as pulses). When we reached middle school, we learned that one of our new friends was a vegan and didn’t consume anything from animals, which made us wonder if the protein she derived from plants was the same as protein from animals.
Today, as registered dietitians, we find that our clients wonder the same thing—is plant protein the same as animal protein? Does the body use them the same way? If you become vegan, can you really get the quality protein that you need? Here are the answers to these questions and more…
Q: First things first. What does your body do with protein?
A: Your body uses protein, which it breaks down into a more useable form called amino acids, for nearly every metabolic process in the body.
Q: Do all proteins contain the same amino acids?
A: Just as all fruits and veggies contain different combinations of phytonutrients, different proteins vary in the types and amount of amino acids they contain. The body uses 20 different amino acids, which are designated as either essential or non-essential proteins. While your body can produce the non-essential amino acids, there are nine essential amino acids that you want to make sure you get from the food you eat. These essential amino acids are needed for the body to function at its best.
Animal proteins (e.g., poultry, fish, meat, dairy products, eggs and seafood) typically contain a good mix of the body’s essential amino acids, while plant proteins (e.g., pulses, nuts and seeds) are known as “incomplete protein” and tend to be low in some essential amino acids such as tryptophan, lycine, methionine and isoleucine.
Q: If plant proteins are low in some essential amino acids, how do vegans get adequate protein to prevent muscle breakdown (and even to build it)?
Because every food contains different amino acids, simply eating a wide variety of foods that contain plant protein throughout the day provides a range of the necessary essential amino acids. Vegans, in particular, should include foods daily from each of the following categories:
- Pulses (beans and legumes)
- Grains
- Nuts and seeds
- Soy
Q: Aside from amino-acid content, are plant and animal proteins the same for your overall health?
A: While animal proteins have a leg up in the protein department because they contain all nine essential amino acids, plant proteins seem to have an advantage when it comes to health benefits. Just as some plant proteins lack certain essential amino acids, some animal protein foods, such as fatty meats and full-fat dairy foods (e.g., cheeseburger and a milkshake) are high in saturated fat, which is linked to heart disease when eaten in excess. By contrast, diets that are high in plant protein sources are associated with lower risks of heart disease, diabetes, blood pressure, cholesterol and obesity. People who get most of their protein from plant-based sources are likely eating less cholesterol and artery-clogging saturated fat, while also being more likely to be living healthier lifestyles, both of which may attribute a good deal to the link with better health.
Weighing the Benefits
In addition to fiber, some of the winning nutrients in plant-based proteins are antioxidants and phytonutrients, which are not only critical in muscle recovery after a workout, they also protect cells from damage due to aging and help guard cells from disease. Animal proteins do not contain these added benefits.
Animal proteins do have some advantages, however, including vitamin B12, (which you can’t find in plants), heme iron (which is found mainly in meat and is much better absorbed than the non-heme iron found in plants) and often zinc and vitamin D (which are more difficult to get in plant protein foods). All of these nutrients are critical for optimal health.
Here’s some good news: If you eat a healthy diet, you can be a meat eater or a vegetarian and live to be a centenarian. However, because vegetarian diets are associated with added health benefits and a lower risk of diseases like heart disease, diabetes and cancer, most people could benefit by consuming a few more plant-based meals.
If you’re interested in incorporating more meatless meals into your diet, here are a few delicious options to try:
- Barbecue Spice-Rubbed Tofu (140 calories, 14 grams protein per serving)
- One-Pot Black Bean Quinoa Chili with Avocados (300 calories, 15 grams protein)
- Lentil & Avocado Vegan Tacos ( 2 tacos = 400 calories, 20 grams protein)
- Veggie Bean Salad with Dijon Vinaigrette (2 servings = 204 calories, 16 grams protein)
And here are a few healthy animal-based protein recipes worth trying as well: | https://fitness-resources.com/animal-vs-plant-protein-which-is-king-of-the-fitness-and-health-world/ |
Emmanuel's Earthly Goods...
The basics: Vegetarians do not eat meat, fish, and poultry. Vegans are vegetarians who abstain from eating or using all animal products, including milk, cheese, other dairy items, eggs, honey, wool, silk, or leather. Among the many reasons for being a vegetarian are health, environmental, and ethical concerns; dislike of meat; non-violent beliefs; compassion for animals; and economics. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has affirmed that a vegetarian diet can meet all known nutrient needs. The key to a healthy vegetarian diet, as with any other diet, is to eat a wide variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, plenty of leafy greens, whole grain products, nuts, seeds, and legumes. Limit your intake of sweets and fatty foods.
Making the change to a vegetarian diet
Many people become vegetarian instantly. They totally give up meat, fish, and poultry overnight. Others make the change gradually. Do what works best for you. Being a vegetarian or vegan is as hard or as easy as you choose to make it. Some people enjoy planning and preparing elaborate meals, while others opt for quick and easy vegetarian dishes.
What about nutrition?
Protein Vegetarians easily meet their protein needs by eating a varied diet, as long as they consume enough calories to maintain their weight. It is not necessary to plan combinations of foods. A mixture of proteins throughout the day will provide enough essential amino acids.
Sources of protein Beans, lentils, tofu, nuts, seeds, tempeh, chickpeas, peas... Many common foods, such as whole grain bread, greens, potatoes, and corn, quickly add to protein intake.
Sources of iron Dried beans, tofu, tempeh, spinach, chard, baked potatoes, cashews, dried fruits, bulgur, and iron-fortified foods (such as cereals, instant oatmeal, and veggie "meats") are all good sources of iron. To increase the amount of iron absorbed at a meal, eat a food containing vitamin C, such as citrus fruit or juices, tomatoes, or broccoli. Using iron cookware also adds to iron intake.
Sources of calcium Good sources include broccoli, collard greens, kale, mustard greens, tofu prepared with calcium, fortified soymilk, and fortified orange juice.
Vitamin B12 The adult recommended intake for vitamin B12 is very low, but this is an essential nutrient so vegetarians should be aware of good sources. Fortified foods, such as some brands of cereal, nutritional yeast, soymilk, or veggie "meats," are good non-animal sources. Check labels to discover other products that are fortified with vitamin B12. Tempeh and sea vegetables are not reliable sources of vitamin B12. To be on the safe side, if you do not consume dairy products, eggs, or fortified foods regularly, you should take a non-animal derived supplement.
Children According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, vegetarian and vegan diets can meet all nutrient needs for infants and children. Diets for infants and children should contain enough calories to support growth and have reliable sources of key nutrients, such as iron, zinc, vitamin D, and vitamin B12.
What Can I Use Instead of Animal Products?
Meat substitutes in soups or stews
- Tempeh (cultured soybeans with a chewy texture)
- Tofu (freezing and then thawing gives tofu a meaty texture; the tofu will turn slightly off-white in color)
- Wheat gluten or seitan (made from wheat and has the texture of meat; available in natural foods or Asian stores)
Egg replacers (binders)
- Ener-G Egg Replacer (or similar product available in natural foods stores or by mail order)
- 1 small banana for 1 egg (great for cakes & pancakes)
- 2 Tablespoons cornstarch or arrowroot starch for 1 egg
- ¼ cup tofu for 1 egg (Blend tofu smooth with the liquid ingredients before they are added to the dry)
Dairy substitutes in cooking
- Soymilk
- Rice, coconut, almond, and other nut milks
- Soy margarine
- Soy or almond yogurt (found in natural foods stores)
- Soy sour cream
Adding Omega-3's to Your Diet
To maximize production of DHA and EPA (omega-3 fatty acids found in fish and made by our bodies), include good sources of alpha-linolenic acid in your diet. Alpha-linolenic acid is found in flaxseed, flaxseed oil, canola oil, tofu, soybeans, and walnuts. You can also obtain DHA directly from foods fortified with DHA from microalgae (in some brands of soymilk) and supplements containing microalgae-derived DHA.
Cholesterol & Saturated Fat
Remember: Animal products (including dairy and eggs) contain cholesterol. Vegetable products do not contain any significant amount of cholesterol. However, some vegetable products, such as coconut and palm oil, are high in saturated fat and may raise blood cholesterol levels. Full-fat dairy products and eggs also contain significant amounts of saturated fat.
Resources:
- Wasserman, Debra, and Charles Stahler. Meatless Meals for Working People–Quick and Easy Vegetarian Recipes. The Vegetarian Resource Group.
- Wasserman, Debra, and Reed Mangels, PhD, RD. Simply Vegan–Quick Vegetarian Meals. The Vegetarian Resource Group. Contains a thorough vegan nutrition section.
- The Vegetarian Resource Group's Parents E-mail List: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/vrgparents.
- The Vegetarian Resource Group's Online Restaurant Guide: http://www.vrg.org/restaurant.
- Center for Science in the Public Interest. C.S.P.I., 1875 Connecticut Ave. NW, #300, Washington, D.C. 20009.
- People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 501 Front St., Norfolk, VA 23501.
- Position of The American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian Diets. Journal of The American Dietetic Association, July 2009.
- Vegan Outreach, P.O. Box 1916, Davis, CA 95617.
- Loma Linda University Diet Manual. Includes vegetarian diets for people with special medical needs.
- USDA National Nutrient Database: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp.
So, What do Vegetarians Eat?
Common vegetarian foods include pizza, spaghetti, macaroni and cheese, eggplant parmesan, meatless lasagna, bread, yogurt, peanut butter and jam, corn flakes, oatmeal, pancakes, French toast, vegetable soup, fruit salad, French fries, vegetable pot pies, grilled cheese, bean tacos and burritos, vegetable lo mein, fruit shakes, and more. For vegan versions of these items, see www.vrg.org
Some vegetarians also eat tofu, tempeh, bulgur, lentils, millet, tahini, falafel, nutritional yeast, whole wheat flour, wheat germ, sprouts, chickpeas, tamari, kale, collards, carrot juice, barley, rice cakes, carob, split peas, kidney beans, soy burgers, kiwi fruit, papaya, curries, nut loaf, and more...
Some Vegetarian Recipes
Sweet Sautéed Red Cabbage
(Serves 4)
- ½ medium-sized red cabbage, shredded
- 1 apple, chopped
- Small onion, chopped
- ½ cup water
- ½ cup raisins
- ½ teaspoon cinnamon
Use a non-stick pan, if possible, and heat ingredients, stirring occasionally, over medium-high heat for 10 minutes.
|Total calories per serving: 106||Fat: <1 gram|
|Carbohydrates: 27 grams||Protein: 2 grams|
|Calcium: 50 milligrams||Fiber: 5 grams|
From Simply Vegan - Quick Vegetarian Meals
Spicy Potatoes, Cabbage, and Peas over Rice
(Serves 4)
- 2 cups rice
- 4 cups water
- 5 potatoes, peeled and thinly sliced
- 2 cups water
- ½ green cabbage
- 10-ounce box frozen peas (or use 1½ cups fresh)
- 2 teaspoons curry powder
- 1 teaspoon turmeric
- ½ teaspoon ginger
- ½ teaspoon garlic powder teaspoon cayenne pepper
- Salt to taste (optional)
Cook rice in 4 cups water in a covered pot over medium-high heat until done.
In a separate pan, add sliced potatoes to 2 cups of water and heat over medium-high heat. Shred cabbage and add to potatoes. Add peas and spices. Cover pan. Continue heating, stirring occasionally, until potatoes are tender. Serve over rice.
|Total calories per serving: 547||Fat: 1 gram|
|Carbohydrates: 121 grams||Protein: 13 grams|
|Calcium: 93 milligrams||Fiber: 9 grams|
From Simply Vegan - Quick Vegetarian Meals
Rigatoni Combination
(Serves 6)
- ⅓ pound rigatoni or other pasta
- 1 large onion, chopped
- 1 clove garlic, minced
- ½ large green pepper, chopped
- 2 teaspoons olive or vegetable oil
- One 8-ounce can tomato sauce
- One 16-ounce can kidney beans, drained
- 1 teaspoon soy sauce (optional)
- ¼ teaspoon salt (optional)
- ½ teaspoon chili powder
- Black pepper to taste
Cook pasta according to package instructions. Sauté onion, garlic, and green pepper in oil 4-5 minutes or until soft. Stir in tomato sauce, kidney beans, soy sauce, salt, chili powder, and black pepper. Simmer several minutes. Drain pasta when done and stir into sauce. Serve as is, or add ½ cup crumbled tofu to each serving to make a lasagna-like dish. Add hot sauce if desired. | https://www.emmanuelsearthlygoods.com/blogs/news/vegetarianism-in-a-nutshell |
Civic Engagement as a Cultural Process: An Example
An extended example illustrates how the three proposed domains interact with each other in the processes involved in reconstructing cultural and historical narratives in a period of rapid social change, and how individual civic identity and efficacy are sustained by narratives, and positioning.
In 1994 at the time Mandela become South Africa’s President, Salie Abrahams interviewed a number of young people in a township in South Africa who were voting for the first time (Abrahams, 1995; Haste & Abrahams, 2008). They were all, according to Apartheid criteria, ‘black’ or ‘colored’ and their families were disenfranchised prior to that point. The interviews are full of hope about their own futures and also of new-found civic efficacy. They expressed very similar versions of a new cultural narrative which echoed Mandela’s message but which also translated into their own new identities. Here, extracts from the interview with JJ, an 18-year-old boy from a Sotho family, are discussed. First, we will consider the cultural narratives explaining the history behind Apartheid, the collective historical identity that he himself shares, the future agenda for his own group and the discourses around unity for the future. Then, we will consider how these extracts reflect two other civic identity processes, efficacy and positioning. JJ’s interview shows how his identity was framed by historical narratives about apartheid and how the new cultural stories gave him a renewed sense of self with new moral responsibilities.
We divide the material into four extracts. First, we will consider the narratives evident in each extract:
JJ 1: Jan Van Riebeeck [founder of Cape Town] came here and took everything he could take, they had no respect for us. They wanted everything that he saw, the land, the diamonds, the rivers, the mountain and the sea. They were gluttons and wanted to (eat up) everything. They not only took everything but they broke us up into splinters and made us powerless, because if we had remained one, we would have defeated them ....
They were extremely greedy but also extremely clever in a bad way. That is why they divided us up from the start, that was so ... shrewd.
Here, we see two narratives: one emphasizes the personal vices of the colonists and the other is a narrative of imperialist practice: divide and rule.
JJ 2: Apartheid was a big tragedy. We lost our land and lost our lives. We even lost our dignity and I even hated myself and my skin, why am I black, why did I have to suffer like this, why must I feel like a piece of dirt walking around here, we got nothing and they got everything. But, as I grew up, I learnt that I was somebody, I could be proud of myself. I am black and I know we will rule this land. That made me walk tall and feel proud.
In this extract, we see the new narrative of pride defined by the contrast with the preexisting narrative of shared identity of oppression.
JJ 3: [White people did] nothing, and then a few of them would [say] sorry, but just a few of them. We don’t want their sorry, we want justice.... Why did they not stand up when we were hurting? We can do the same to the whites if we want to. We can also make them suffer. But no, we must show them that we are better and that we are just and we need unity and that we see them also as people, human beings and not like dogs, like the way they saw us. That is what we have to teach these whites, that we are all human beings, all equal.
SA: You must teach them ?
JJ- Yes, that is our duty.
In this extract, there are four interwoven narratives. One reiterates past oppression. A second distinguishes those white people who did not endorse Apartheid but failed to stand up for the oppressed groups, so their moral failure is lack of courage. A third narrative is about unity and humanity, which transcends race and prescribes equality. A fourth is a significant new narrative, reflecting Mandela’s influence, that empowers the former oppressed groups by positioning them as having the moral responsibility to educate the whites in humanity.
SA: You talk about whites...what do you see yourself as?
JJ 4: The answer is South African! If I say I am black then the other person will say he is white and then we start racism again and all the divisions and then we have apartheid. That is why I say that I am a human being and a South African to stop that racism. Black and white was started by apartheid and that will keep us apart. But if we want to unite then we must get rid of that colored, white and black. ...
We are all human beings, all equal. We can’t start that again, it will be too cruel for the blacks to do it, we have suffered too much to do that to someone else. I sometimes think we should oppress them, but that will not fix anything, we have had too much anger in South Africa.
This extract elaborates the narrative of humanity and unity through both the transcendence of race under the category ‘human’ and the argument that labeling per se is divisive and undermines this. It also elaborates the narrative of moral responsibility for reeducation.
The example shows multiple narratives in interaction. They connect representations of past experiences, present situation and challenges, and future possibilities. The different narratives are part of a cultural repertoire available to JJ. However, what narratives he invokes and the meaning he makes of them evidence that JJ is engaged in a dialogic construction of his personal identity and agency. That is, cultural narratives are appropriated into individual identity, and different courses of civic action follow from this appropriation. This is a clear example of the interplay between the understanding of history and the sense of self, moral responsibility and civic agency.
We will now consider how these extracts demonstrate positioning; we see several examples. First, JJ positions the founders of the Cape Colony as morally egregious and by so doing, he positions the nonwhite population as victims of an immoral tradition. This positioning is developed through arguing that in consequence the victims are deprived of dignity. However, this is presented as a counterpoint to the repositioning of identity through the recent social changes. In the third extract, JJ differentiates those whites who are pro-Apartheid from those who are apologetic, but then further positions these latter as lacking in commitment. He then engages in the interesting argumentation, whether nonwhites should position whites now as victims, in retribution, or whether to position nonwhites as morally superior because they can take a comprehensively humanistic view. Finally in this extract he extends the positioning of moral superiority to moral obligation; nonwhites must teach the whites to be humanistic—elegantly positioning the whites not only as morally deficient but also as less powerful because they are placed in the role of students.
In the fourth extract, JJ repeats some of the argumentation about retribution, but also positions himself as a ‘human being’ and ‘South African’ explicitly to counter the positioning that he sees in Apartheid, which arose from the labels. These extracts are a quite transparent representation of the processes involved in reconstructing cultural narratives in a period of rapid social change, the appropriation of these into individual identity and developing the implications for action that follow from that appropriation. | https://ebrary.net/129179/history/civic_engagement_cultural_process_example |
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The military history of Africa is one of the oldest military histories in the world. Africa is a continent of many regions with diverse populations speaking hundreds of different languages and practicing an array of cultures and religions. These differences have also been the source of much conflict since a millennia.
Like the history of Africa, military history on the continent is often divided by region. North Africa was part of the Mediterranean cultures and was integral to the military history of classical antiquity, and East Africa has historically had various states which have often warred with some the world's most powerful. The military history of modern Africa may be divided into three broad time periods: pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial.
In 3100 BC, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt were united by Menes. The end of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt ushered in a period of instability that was not stabilized until Mentuhotep II solidified his rule in about 2055 BC to begin the Middle Kingdom. This period came to end with the invasion of the Hyksos, who introduced the war chariot. This new technology was quickly adopted by the Egyptians, who succeeded in expelling the invaders at the start of the New Kingdom in the 16th century BC.
The revitalized Egyptians expanded north and east into Eurasia to the Aegean and into much of the Levant, as far as the Euphrates River. Egypt also moved west into Libya and south into Sudan.
The gradual disintegration in the Twentieth Dynasty allowed the founding of the Kushite kingdoms of Nubia, centered on Napata. Kush reached a height under Piye, who conquered Egypt and founded the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. However, the Kushites were gradually driven back to Napata by an Assyrian invasion and then the resistance of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty kings.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.(January 2014)
The Kingdom of Axum had one of the most powerful militaries in the world during its era. It was compared with Rome and other world powers of the time. The Empire ruled vast territories from today's western Yemen, Djibouti, southwestern Saudi Arabia, eastern Sudan, most of Eritrea and the north and central part of present-day Ethiopia.
While European exploration began with mapping of the western coasts by the Portuguese, large-scale intervention did not occur until much later. During the 1529–1543 campaign of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, which brought three-quarters of Christian Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) under the power of the Muslim Sultanate of Adal (modern day Somalia. With an army mainly composed of Somalis, which was equipped by the Ottoman empire with musketeers and troops. However, in the Battle of Wayna Daga, a combined Ethiopian-Portuguese force (including Portuguese musketeers) was able to kill Imam Ahmad in retaliation of the death of the former Portuguese commander, Cristovão da Gama and take back Adal territories.
In 1579, the Ottoman Empire attempted to attack Ethiopia again, this time from the north at the coastal base of Massawa. However, it was defeated by the Ethiopian military. In 1652, with Portuguese power in decline, the Dutch East India Company sent a fleet of three small ships under Jan van Riebeeck to set up the first permanent colony in Southern Africa at Table Bay, and began expanding northwards. In 1868, Ethiopia and Egypt went to war at Gura. Ethiopia, led by Emperor Yohannes IV, defeated the Egyptians decisively.
The European Age of discovery brought Europe's then superpower the Portuguese empire to the coast of East Africa, which at the time enjoyed a flourishing trade with foreign nations. The wealthy southeastern city-states of Kilwa, Mombasa, Malindi, Pate and Lamu were all systematically sacked and plundered by the Portuguese. Tristão da Cunha then set his eyes on Ajuran territory, where the battle of Barawa was fought. After a long period of engagement, the Portuguese soldiers burned the city and looted it. However, fierce resistance by the local population and soldiers resulted in the failure of the Portuguese to permanently occupy the city, and the inhabitants who had fled to the interior would eventually return and rebuild the city. After Barawa, Tristão would set sail for Mogadishu, which was the richest city on the East African coast. But word had spread of what had happened in Barawa, and a large troop mobilization had taken place. Many horsemen, soldiers and battleships in defense positions were now guarding the city. Nevertheless, Tristão still opted to storm and attempt to conquer the city, although every officer and soldier in his army opposed this, fearing certain defeat if they were to engage their opponents in battle. Tristão heeded their advice and sailed for Socotra instead. After the battle the city of Barawa quickly recovered from the attack.
Over the next several decades Somali-Portuguese tensions would remain high and the increased contact between Somali sailors and Ottoman corsairs worried the Portuguese who sent a punitive expedition against Mogadishu under João de Sepúlveda, which was unsuccessful. Ottoman-Somali cooperation against the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean reached a high point in the 1580s when Ajuran clients of the Somali coastal cities began to sympathize with the Arabs and Swahilis under Portuguese rule and sent an envoy to the Turkish corsair Mir Ali Bey for a joint expedition against the Portuguese. He agreed and was joined by a Somali fleet, which began attacking Portuguese colonies in Southeast Africa.
The Somali-Ottoman offensive managed to drive out the Portuguese from several important cities such as Pate, Mombasa and Kilwa. However, the Portuguese governor sent envoys to Portuguese India requesting a large Portuguese fleet. This request was answered and it reversed the previous offensive of the Muslims into one of defense. The Portuguese armada managed to re-take most of the lost cities and began punishing their leaders, but they refrained from attacking Mogadishu, securing the city's autonomy in the Indian Ocean. Ajuran's Somali forces would eventually militarily defeat the Portuguese. The Ottoman Empire would also remain an economic partner of the Somalis. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries successive Somali Sultans defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese.
Starting in the 1950s, anti-colonial movements agitated for independence from the colonial powers. This agitation, coupled with an international system that was increasingly hostile to colonialism, led killed to a process of decolonization that was often violent.
The first successful anti-colonial armed struggle in Africa was the Tunisian War of Independence (1952–1956), but the most famous may be the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962), both against France.
Other example of successful armed resistance is the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974), which led to the independence of Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique. The Rhodesian Bush War (1966–1979) was not against a colonial metropole, but the minority white government of Ian Smith.
These national liberation movements were informed by the successful guerrilla warfare doctrine used in the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949) and the First Indochina War (1946–1954). The insurgents' goal was thus not to win the war — and no colonial army was ever defeated — but simply not to lose, thus making the conduct of the war unbearable for the colonial power over the long term.
The writings of Frantz Fanon on the Algerian conflict became hugely influential on later African conflicts. These conflicts benefited from internal ideological and organizational cohesion, sympathetic diplomatic backing in global forums, some financial backing (in particular from the Nordic states) and military training and supplies from the Soviet bloc.
Two national liberation movements that became violent and were unsuccessful in that they did not lead to de facto capitulation and independence were the Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960). Colonial security forces were reinforced by regular troops from the metropolitan power and the insurgent groups were hampered by a lack of military equipment and training, as well as the absence of a friendly adjoining country offering sanctuary.
There have been two liberation movements against an African power over the borders drawn during the colonial period. The Polisario Front began a struggle in 1973 for the independence of Western Sahara against Spain and then Morocco, when the North African country invaded.
In Eritrea, the Eritrean Liberation Front and later Eritrean People's Liberation Front carried out an independence struggle against Ethiopia that culminated successfully in 1991.
In two special cases, and in contrast to these bloody wars, both Namibia's South-West Africa People's Organisation (1960s–1990) and the activities of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military wing of South Africa's African National Congress, utilized armed conflict comparatively less in their struggles.
African states have made great efforts to respect interstate borders as inviolate for a long time. For example, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which was established in 1963 and replaced by the African Union in 2002, set the respect for the territorial integrity of each state as one of its principles in OAU Charter. Indeed, compared with the formation of European states, there have been fewer interstate conflicts in Africa for changing the borders, which has influenced the state formation there and has enabled some states to survive that might have been defeated and absorbed by others. Yet interstate conflicts have played out by support for proxy armies or rebel movements. Many states have experienced civil wars: including Rwanda, Sudan, Angola, Sierra Leone, Congo, Liberia, Ethiopia and Somalia.
The boundary marking a civil war is blurred in Africa as many civil wars involved foreign backers if not active belligerents. Libya's actively intervened into Chad with air forces, and France retaliated with support for the other side. Sudan experienced a prolonged civil war, resulting in the separation of South Sudan as an independent state. Similar to South Sudan, Eritrea won independence from Ethiopia. Congo's civil war involved seven states, among them Zimbabwe, Rwanda, and Uganda. Eritrea is under United Sanctions for its alleged support role in the civil conflict in southern Somalia. Sierra Leone's civil war was ended with the restoration of ousted civilian government by British and Nigerian forces. Angola's civil war involved Cuban, American and Chinese backing for differing groups.
North Africa and Southern Europe face each other across the Mediterranean Sea. Most of the southern areas of North Africa are cut off by the vast inhospitable Sahara desert. Therefore, the coastal areas have many resources to support the needs of large armies and the moderate-to-hot climate makes the movement of forces across vast stretches of land very feasible. North Africa has been the source of both cultural and economic interactions as well as military rivalries that became famous wars in history.
Egypt is located in Africa, and the Ancient Egyptian Empire was noted for its use of massed horse-drawn chariots in warfare, as well as fighting against invading empires from Babylonia, Assyria, and the Persian Empire.
Ancient Greece and the armies of Alexander the Great (336 BC–323 BC) invaded and conquered some parts of North Africa and his generals set up the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. The armies of the Roman Republic (509 BC–31 BC) and the Roman Empire (31 BC–AD 476) subsequently conquered the entire coastal areas of North Africa. The people of Carthage fought the bloody and lengthy Punic Wars (264 BC–146 BC) against Rome.
Each century has seen the invasion of North Africa by various peoples, empires, nations and religions, and each in turn yielded its wars and conflicts.
Beginning in the 7th century, the military victories of the Umayyads, the Abbasids, the Fatimids, the Mamluks and the Ottomans ensured and consolidated the strength and continuity of Islam in North Africa over many centuries.
Attacks by the Barbary pirates, based in the North African areas of Algeria, prompted the building of the United States Navy, including one of America's most famous ships, the USS Philadelphia, leading to a series of wars along the North African coast, starting in 1801. It was not until 1815 that naval victories ended tribute payments by the U.S., although some European nations continued annual payments until the 1830s. The United States Marine Corps' actions in these wars led to the line, "to the shores of Tripoli" in the opening of the Marine Hymn.
The arrival of modern colonialism, World War I and World War II brought armies from afar to fight in North Africa, often against each other and not always against the native inhabitants. Battles such as the Tunisia Campaign eventually yielded the first battlefield victories of the Allies of World War II against the Axis powers of World War II. These battles were fought and won by the Allies in North Africa such as at the Battle of El Alamein in 1942, one of the most significant and pivotal battles of that war, during the North African campaign. At the Battle of the Kasserine Pass, the Germans first faced the military of the United States.
When modern Islamic countries gained their independence in North Africa, often following serious warfare (such as during the Algerian War of Independence against the French), the Arab–Israeli conflict became the main focus of significant battles. During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Egyptian army broke through the Bar Lev Line, invading the Israeli-held Sinai Peninsula, resulting in UN cease-fire after United Nations Security Council Resolution 338, 339 and 340, which finally led to strategic and political gains for Egypt and Israel.
The Horn of Africa faces the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. As such, it has long had interactions with areas in Western Asia, particularly in the Arabian Peninsula, the Near East, and even as far east as the Indian subcontinent. Its coastal plain is hemmed in by mountain ranges which make the movement of large armies difficult and cumbersome and favor local forces that resist.
Countries and areas with ancient histories, such as Ethiopia and Somalia, all have had eras of great empires. Various ancient empires extended and consolidated their power over large parts of the Horn region, such as the Axumite Empire (4th century BC–AD 10th century), the Zagwe dynasty (10th century - 1270), the Solomonic dynasty (1270–1974), the Adal Sultanate and the Ajuran Sultanate.
Somalia's many Sultanates each maintained regular troops. Around the start of the 20th century, the Majeerteen Sultanate, Sultanate of Hobyo, Warsangali Sultanate and Dervish State employed cavalry in their battles against the European powers during the Campaign of the Sultanates.
Ethiopian soldiers decisively defeated the Italians at the Battle of Adwa, during the First Italo–Ethiopian War from 1889 to 1896. Italy was victorious against Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War fought from 1935 to 1936. However, Italy was not able to colonize Ethiopia; the five years of Italian presence in Ethiopia is considered as an occupation, since full Italian control was only achieved in Addis Ababa and even this was filled with continuous attack from Ethiopian patriots.
In the 20th century, the Italians waged the East African Campaign of World War II. However, the Italian commander, Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, was forced to surrender in 1941. Both Germany and Italy were defeated by the forces of Great Britain and its allies.
In the later part of the 20th century, several wars were waged in the region, including the Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991), the Ogaden War (1977–1978), the Eritrean War of Independence (1961–1991), and the Eritrean-Ethiopian War (1998–2000). During its socialist period, Somalia had the largest military on the continent on account of its friendship with the Soviet Union and later partnership with the United States. The subsequent outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 led to the disbandment of the Somali National Army (SNA). However, the armed forces were later gradually reconstituted with the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004.
In 1885, Germany established its German East Africa colony in Tanganyika. The Germans fought doggedly to maintain their colony during the East African Campaign of World War I. The German commander, Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck managed to elude capture for over five years.
In the 20th century, a number of groups engaged in guerrilla warfare in their fight to gain independence from the colonial powers, such as the Maji Maji Rebellion (1905–1907) against the Germans in Tanganyika (later Tanzania), and the Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960) against the British in Kenya.
Recent East African conflicts have included the Burundi Civil War (1993–2005), the 1998 embassy bombings, and the Rwandan Civil War (1994). The Ugandan Civil War and the Darfur conflict, among other local conflicts, continue.
See: Central Africa . Central Africa, at times also called Middle Africa, is almost entirely landlocked; it lies astride the equator with heavy rainforest jungles and is rich in minerals and natural products. In ancient times there had been a Kingdom of Kongo which confronted invasions from explorers and settlers from Portugal starting in the 15th century.
The harsh colonial era of the Belgian Congo (1908–1960) gave way to the Congo Crisis (1960–1965) that brought in UN peacekeepers, particularly after the mineral-rich Katanga Province failed to secede in 1960, even though it had the support of Belgian business interests and over 6000 Belgian troops.
Subsequent conflicts in the Congo were the First Congo War (1996–1997) to oust President Mobutu, Second Congo War (1998–2003) between various factions with the intervention of many other African countries, making this an African regional civil war, and the ongoing Ituri Conflict.
The Kanem-Bornu Empire (9th century–19th century) of ancient Chad stretched to parts of modern southern Libya, eastern Niger, northeastern Nigeria, and northern Cameroon until it was overwhelmed by attacks and wars from the Fula people, Baggara, Kanembu people, and the Ouaddai Kingdom.
The Arabs and Islamic powers have had an historical impact, as in the history of the Central African Republic, the Arab slave trade was forcibly imposed upon the people of Central Africa.
The colonial powers, particularly Belgium and France, were dominant during the 18th and 19th centuries.
There have been a number of civil wars and genocides in Central Africa that are also close to East Africa, such as the Burundi genocide and the Rwandan genocide (1994). Some of the most notorious military dictators were Bokassa I of Central Africa (1921–1996) and Mobutu Sese Seko (1930–1997) of Zaire.
West Africa has known many ancient empires that flourished in ancient times and were involved in wars of both conquest and defeat. The Ghana Empire (750–1036), Songhai Empire (16th century–17th century), Mali Empire (1235–1546), the Bambara Empire (1652–1861), Toucouleur (19th century), Fulani Empire (such as the Fulani War (1804–1810)), Kénédougou Kingdom (c. 1650–1898), Massina Empire (19th century) rose and fell as they fought wars and won or were defeated.
During the colonial era, the powers of Europe sought to carve new colonies for themselves. This was made possible geographically because West Africa's coast is on the Atlantic Ocean, making it both open to cultural and trade influences, as well as to conquest by sea. West Africa is rich in many precious metals, minerals and products, which invites the interest and competition of outside powers and influences. There were some bloody conflicts in the 20th century when some of these nations fought against the colonial powers, such as during the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence (1963–1974).
During the centuries, several African countries experienced bitter civil wars, the bloodiest of which was the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) when Biafra sought to break away from Nigeria. Other countries have had either civil wars, internal military strife, and military coup d'états such as the Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002), First Liberian Civil War (1989–1996), Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999). Recent wars have been the Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire (2002–2004), and the Casamance Conflict (1990–present).
Southern Africa, like the other main regions of Africa, is a complex region. It has numerous land-locked countries, but it is most notable in that it is surrounded by both the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Indian Ocean to the east.
It is in this context that the position of the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and Southern Africa as a whole should be appreciated, because in the Southern Hemisphere, only South Africa, the southern end of South America, and Australia have this key strategic position.
In addition, from Europe — and also from the east coasts of the United States and South America (Brazil, Argentina), the route around South Africa's Cape is the shortest to Asia.
The Suez Canal did not exist for most of history. It was only completed in 1869, so that all shipping back and forth from Europe to Asia, Arabia, and to most of Africa had and has to be done by the long routes across the seas around South Africa's Cape.
Even after the Suez Canal's completion and modernization, it cannot accommodate larger vessels including many warships, tankers, and cargo vessels. Thus the Cape of Good Hope route remains one of the most important and highly desirable routes for free shipping when some of the world's other global choke points are closed off or in a state of war.
Wealthy nations are usually great maritime naval powers, and the use of navies is tied in with protecting those great nations' trade and their military strength, both of which result in geostrategic strength. Essentially, the power that has the mightiest navy and prevails on the high seas becomes the world's greatest power, which is something nations have known for a long time, hence their commercial and naval rivalry on the high seas.
In the UN scheme of geographic regions, five countries constitute Southern Africa. The most powerful is South Africa, while the others are the small countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland. The region is often reckoned to include Angola (often also included in Central Africa); Mozambique and Madagascar (also included in East Africa); Malawi; Zambia; and Zimbabwe — as well as Comoros, Mauritius, Seychelles, Mayotte, and Réunion, which are small islands in the Indian Ocean.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania, though more commonly reckoned in Central and Eastern Africa respectively, are occasionally included in Southern Africa. This commonality between these countries has had a great influence on their military history.
The most notable wars and conflicts in Southern Africa were those between the colonial powers of Europe who fought to dominate and control the African people of Southern Africa as well as the wars between the British and the white Boers, also known as Afrikaners, who were mostly the descendants of earlier colonists introduced by the Dutch East India Company.
The Dutch fought the Khoikhoi-Dutch Wars (1659–1677) in the area of present-day Cape Town, South Africa. Anglo-Dutch wars followed, with battles at Battle of Muizenberg (1795) and the Battle of Blaauwberg (1806) that established British power in South Africa permanently.
During the Great Trek Dutch farmers, or trekboer s, migrated inland from the southern coast and confronted the Xhosa in a series of Xhosa Wars (1779–1879) that resulted in the final defeat of the Xhosa.
There was also an inter-African conflict during the Ndwandwe-Zulu War (1817–1819) and the Mfecane (185–1835) with the triumph of the Zulu. The Boers and Zulus confronted each other at the Battle of Italeni (1838) and the Battle of Blood River (1838), resulting in the defeat of the Zulu, although the Zulu state continued to survive until the conclusion of the Anglo-Zulu War (1879).
The British fought and were defeated by the Boers during the Boer republics during the First Boer War (1880–1881) but won the Second Boer War (1899–1902). Largely under British influence, an autonomous Union of South Africa developed into a strong white-ruled nation. During World War I, the Union formed a South African Overseas Expeditionary Force to fight for the Allies. Thousands of South African servicemen died at Delville Wood, (Battle of the Somme (1916)) and at Passchendaele (1917). Former Boer leader Jan Smuts distinguished himself by leading successful campaigns in German East Africa (Tanzania) and German South-West Africa (today Namibia).
South Africa also contributed heavily to the Allied war effort during World War II, funneling arms and troops into the North African and Italian campaigns. A number of South African volunteers also became aces in the Royal Air Force.
Altogether, 334,000 men volunteered for full-time service in the South African Army during WWII, including some 211,000 whites, 77,000 blacks and 46,000 "coloureds" and Asians), with nearly 9,000 killed in action.
Modern conflicts involving South Africa's predominantly Afrikaner government raged as a result of its controversial apartheid policy, led by Umkhonto we Sizwe , military wing of the African National Congress, and the Azanian People's Liberation Army, which received training and armament from communist states such as the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. The related South African Border War broke out when the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) began its struggle to free Namibia from South African rule. South Africa fought a long and bitter campaign against SWAPO and its Angolan allies from 1966 to 1989. The conflict escalated into major conventional warfare in 1984; between 1987 and 1988 South African, Cuban, and Angolan armies fought the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale: Africa's largest single engagement since World War II.
An Angolan War of Independence (1961–1974), part of a broader Portuguese Colonial War in Africa, was followed by the Angolan Civil War (1974–2002). Similarly, the Mozambican War of Independence (1964–1974) was followed by the Mozambican Civil War (1975–1992). The Rhodesian Bush War (1966-1979) saw the conservative white minority government in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) toppled by nationalist guerrillas.
The South African Defence Force built nuclear weapons and is alleged to have tested one off its coast (facing the South Pole near Antarctica) as part of what has become known as the Vela Incident. As of 2014, no other African country has obtained nuclear weapons of any description.
Somaliland, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, is a country located in the Horn of Africa.
The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in Africa. It lies along the southern side of the Red Sea and extends hundreds of kilometers into the Gulf of Aden, Somali Sea and Guardafui Channel. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. Referred to in ancient and medieval times as the land of the Barbara and Habesha, the Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Somaliland, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
East Africa or Eastern Africa is the eastern region of the African continent, variably defined by geography. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 20 territories make up Eastern Africa:
The Scramble for Africa, also called the Partition of Africa or the Conquest of Africa, was the invasion, occupation, division, and colonisation of African territory by European powers during a short period known to historians as the New Imperialism. In 1870, only 10 percent of Africa was under formal European control; by 1914 this had increased to almost 90 percent of the continent, with only Ethiopia (Abyssinia), the Dervish state and Liberia remaining independent. There were multiple motivations for European colonizers, including desire for valuable resources available throughout the continent, the quest for national prestige, tensions between pairs of European powers, religious missionary zeal and internal African native politics.
Italian Somaliland, sometimes also referred to as Italian Somalia, was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy in present-day northeastern, central and southern Somalia. Ruled in the 19th century by the Somali Majeerteen Sultanate and the Sultanate of Hobyo, the territory was later acquired in the 1880s by Italy through various treaties.
The decolonization of Africa took place in the mid-to-late 1950s to 1975, with sudden and radical regime changes on the continent as colonial governments made the transition to independent states; this was often quite unorganized and marred with violence and political turmoil. There was widespread unrest and there were organized revolts in both Northern and sub-Saharan colonies, especially in French Algeria, Portuguese Angola, the Belgian Congo and British Kenya.
The history of Somaliland, a region of the eastern horn of Africa bordered by the Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Aden, and the east African land mass, begins with human habitation tens of thousands of years ago. It includes the civilizations of Punt, the Ottomans, and colonial influences from Europe and the Middle East.
The following is a list of the political history of East Africa.
The African Independence Movements took place in the 20th century, when a wave of struggles for independence in European-ruled African territories were witnessed.
Conflicts in the Horn of Africa have been occurring since the 17th century BCE. The Horn of Africa includes the nations of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia.
The Ethiopian Empire, also known by the exonym Abyssinia, or just simply Ethiopia, was a monarchy that spanned a geographical area in the current states of Ethiopia and Eritrea. It began with the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak from approximately 1270 and lasted until 1974, when Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown in a coup d'état by the Communist Derg. It was throughout much of its existence surrounded by hostile forces in the African Horn however it managed to preserve and develop its ancient form of Christianity based kingdom.
The military history of Ethiopia dates back to the foundation of early Ethiopian Kingdoms in 980 BC. Ethiopia has been involved many of the major conflicts in the horn of Africa, and was one of the few native African nations which remained independent during the Scramble for Africa, managing to create a modern army. 19th and 20th century Ethiopian Military history is characterized by conflicts with the Dervish State, Mahdist Sudan, Egypt, and Italy, and later by a civil war.
The Somaliland campaign, also called the Anglo-Somali War or the Dervish War, was a series of military expeditions that took place between 1900 and 1920 in the Horn of Africa, pitting the Dervishes led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan against the British. The British were assisted in their offensives by the Ethiopians and Italians. During the First World War (1914–1918), Hassan received symbolic support for a time, from the Emperor Iyasu V of Ethiopia, he was also sent a letter of support by the Ottomans though it was intercepted by Italian agents in Aden and may never have reached him. The conflict ended when the British aerially bombed the Dervish capital of Taleh in February 1920.
The Military history of Cuba begins with the island's conquest by the Spanish and its battles afterward to gain its independence. Since the Communist takeover by Fidel Castro in 1959, Cuba has been involved with many major conflicts of the Cold War in Africa and Latin America where it had supported Marxist governments and rebels from liberation movements who were opposed to their colonial masters and/or allies of the United States.
The Abyssinian–Adal War was a military conflict between the Ethiopian Empire and the Adal Sultanate that took place from 1529 until 1543. Abyssinian troops consisted of Amhara, Tigrayan, and Agew ethnic groups. Adal forces consisted mostly of Somalis, supplemented with Afar, Harari, and Argobba forces.
As the 20th century began, most of Africa, with the exception of Ethiopia, Somalia and Liberia, was under colonial rule. By the 1980s, most nations were independent. Military systems reflect this evolution in several ways:
The military history of Somalia encompasses the major conventional wars, conflicts and skirmishes involving the historic empires, kingdoms and sultanates in the territory of present-day Somalia, through to modern times. It also covers the martial traditions, military architecture and hardware employed by Somali armies and their opponents.
Somali nationalism (Somali:Soomaalinimo) is centered on the notion that the Somali people share a common language, religion, culture and ethnicity, and as such constitute a nation unto themselves. The ideology's earliest manifestations are often traced back to the resistance movement led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's Dervish movement at the turn of the 20th century. In northwestern present-day Somalia, the first Somali nationalist political organization to be formed was the Somali National League (SNL), established in 1935 in the former British Somaliland protectorate. In the country's northeastern, central and southern regions, the similarly-oriented Somali Youth Club (SYC) was founded in 1943 in Italian Somaliland, just prior to the trusteeship period. The SYC was later renamed the Somali Youth League (SYL) in 1947. It became the most influential political party in the early years of post-independence Somalia.
The military history of Djibouti encompasses the major conflicts involving the historic empires and sultanates in the territory of present-day Djibouti, through to modern times. It also covers the martial traditions and hardware employed by Djiboutian armies and their opponents. | https://wikimili.com/en/Military_history_of_Africa |
Century of Self Humiliation | Ilija Dokmanovic
“Hu·mil·i·ate” [verb]: To make (someone) feel ashamed and foolish by injuring their dignity and self-respect, especially publicaly.
When one studies history, especially a comparative history of China and its interactions with the Western World, it is unavoidable to come across the concept “The Century of Humiliation”. The Century of Humiliation is a term used to describe the condition China found itself in at the latter part of the 19th Century, continuing on towards the mid-20th Century. The European Imperialists set their eyes on the East, particularly China, tempted by the riches and mystery that the Orient World had to offer for these rapidly growing and industrializing nations. This, after all, was the center for manufacturing, trade, and fine goods, and philosophy hundreds, if not thousands, of years before the rise of Europe. That temptation led to European powers scrambling to get a slice of the pie, to the displeasure and detriment of the locals and the Qing leadership.
For the Chinese, European Imperialism was another invading force fighting over the bountiful region, like many other tribes, kingdoms and empires had done so for centuries, like the Manchus, Mongols, or the Japanese. On top of constant invasion from rivals in the region as well as foreign empires, China’s record of internal stability is far from stellar, having over a thousand years of civil wars and conflicts between rival kingdoms and dynasties. To say the very least, it is a nation which hasn’t known peace for a very, very long time.
While European powers would eventually be forced out of the region due to war, economic turmoil, declining imperial power and rising independence movements, China would find itself eventually filling the vacuum of power with Mao and the CCP. Mao, recognizing China’s dire need to play catch up with the rest of the world, made it the mission of the CCP to completely overhaul how China operated, modernize at any cost, and gain a form of vengeance against Western Imperialist nations for the part they played in the Century of Humiliation. It’s a tale as old as time that every nation wants to be the top dog, but few possess the means to actually do it in the current sense.
Napoleon Bonaparte once famously said “China is a sleeping giant… let it sleep”, and with the recent history of Chinese expansion in Central Asia, the Himalayas, Kashmir and the South China Sea, it is hard to argue that China’s ambitions are that of a crusty-eyed, half-asleep nation. Not only territorial expansion, but the pursuit of a New Silk Road funded and controlled by the CCP would be devastating to ocean trading networks, which are vital for Western global influence and power projection shows that China wants to unseat the Western World as the global hegemon, in terms of military, economic, and productive capability.
To most historians or scholars of geopolitics, the aforementioned circumstances would be the perfect preposition for a hot war. But as direct conflicts between great powers have fallen out of fashion or practicality in the last century, especially between nuclear-armed countries, the method of toppling your rivals becomes more insidious; relying on infiltration, subversion, demoralization, and stoking up internal pressures to break the nation from within. This method of waging war was employed and perfected by the KGB, especially for politically contentious issues like the Vietnam War or the civil rights movement. By creating doubt, or shame, or distrust amongst the general public, a nation can be crippled before taking any decisive action against external foes, as it is too preoccupied in establishing its own internal order.
While the times have changed, and the Soviet Union being relegated to the dustbin of history, this method of waging war hasn’t subsided, it’s just found a new home. Chinese leadership realized long ago that they didn’t need to wage a hot war to topple Western hegemony. In fact, they’ve realized that they barely have to put any work in, other than a few nudges in the right direction. For decades, the CCP has realized that the free markets and individual liberty that won the Cold War, can just as easily become our mechanisms for our own defeat.
The outsourcing of labour and manufacturing jobs to China and the rest of the third world have crippled Western job opportunities and internal economic strength. The “opening up of markets” that occurred in the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s may have been great for GDP growth for those decades, but it came at a cost: companies were no longer held to a standard of loyalty to their home nation, seeking to expand profits on an international scale instead. China offered the best deals to set up shop for many of these American and British businesses, and, because of a growing culture that lacks moral values or a concept of loyalty, they took the deal with dollar signs in their eyes.
Is it any surprise that companies such as Apple, Facebook, the NBA, Nike, or any of these other popular brands get cold feet when it comes to calling out basic human rights abuses, like genocide? Well, when there are goods being manufactured by the very people being genocided, it doesn’t help to bite the hand that feeds you.
Meanwhile, CCP agents can embed themselves in influential positions in businesses, academia, and political offices where their loyalty isn’t to quarterly profit margins, ‘The American Dream’, or liberation of the “oppressed”; it’s to Xi Xinping and the CCP.
Through decades of ill-thought out policy making, whether it was security agreements to combat the Soviet Union, or by tying our manufacturing industries with China to cut costs, we have allowed our own greed to consume ourselves. Lack of strong moral values has led us to throw out traditions and societal norms in an endless quest for “human rights” that further degrade our own societal cohesion and lead to lack of a strong central identity. Politicians on both the Left and the Right have continually pussyfooted around the idea of having a firm stance against Chinese provocation, lest it hurt the import of cheap iPhones made by slave-labour. Lack of a backbone and a crippling fear of sacrifice has led us to back away from the most challenging matters and conflicts on the global stage, especially at the detriment of millions of peoples lives. Instead, our governments choose to chase after small-time regime changes to keep the cash-flow going, and to pat themselves on the back about “spreading democracy”, even though it hardly ever works out.
The general public, too distracted by cheap entertainment and goods, are led on political goose chases about identity issues on gender and race, paired with a perpetual self-flagellation on the altar of “white privilege” means that they fail to realize the growing threat a world over. The majority of voters, especially young voters, will jump on social-media bandwagons about rare instances of police killing armed criminals, homosexuals feeling discriminated against, or “combating hate” in our own countries, they ignore real issues that are happening every day. It’s trendy, after all, to combat the “cisheteropatriarchy” (who historically are also the main defence against rival tribes and nations) on TikTok.
When we see things like the ongoing genocide of Uighyr Muslims in China, or the breaking of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, or the manipulation and intimidation of supranational institutes like the United Nations and the WHO to look the other way when it comes to Chinese disregard for the international precedent of acceptable behaviour, one can’t help but be sickened. Any sane Western government would have shut down the identity politics debate a decade ago when confronted with this very real international threat. As it happens, Western governments are more interested in pandering to these ridiculous subversive groups for votes, keeping things cheap, keeping people consuming, rather than focus on issues that actually matter.
Meanwhile, China hasn’t backed away, or been brought into the fold as people like Bill Clinton and Margaret Thatcher had hoped. The strength of the CCP runs deep, and it’s our fault for allowing it to happen. Through their incessant seeking to “bridge the bond” with China, Western leadership economically empowered them at our detriment. Manufacturing outsourced in order to lower prices, allowing Silicon Valley and other core American industries to entrench themselves in the slave-labour market instead of demanding they keep jobs in the West and conduct ethical practices and innovate, and allowing intellectual property theft in order to ease any tension has not only meant that the CCP has had more than enough time to bolster their power regionally, and strengthen their internal security and economy. They’ve also tested how much Western powers will let them get away with, which, after many have refused to lift a finger to even show vocal support for the Hong Kong protestors, is apparently a lot.
In more recent weeks, we have seen just how far Chinese influence exists in the United States. The Hunter Biden controversy has shown that Beijing’s fingers possibly reach even all the way to the White House. If Xi can exert influence over the executive office of the most powerful country in the world, it begs the question of how deep the corruption goes, and who has betrayed our core values as a free, independent, and “incorruptible” democracies in the West.
It makes one wonder whether the people who are leading our nation in politics, business, finance and technology are willingly leading us to a slaughterhouse? But honestly, the majority of people are already too distracted to notice the bolt pistol which is directly aimed at their head. | https://mallarduk.com/century-of-self-humiliation-ilija-dokmanovic/ |
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