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Summary:
The opening sequence presents a powerful juxtaposition between contemporary culture and Maori heritage, with a modern hospital birth-scene intercut with mysterious shots of a whale and a female narrator recounting the Maori tale of Paikea: a mythical descendant of the Ngati Konohi tribe who discovered Whangara on the back of a humpback whale after his canoe had capsized off the coast of Hawaiki – the ancient Maori homeland. By Maori tradition, the tribe’s chief must be a direct descendant of the mythical Paikea, with first-born sons continuing this custom ever since. The film opens with Porourangi, eldest son of Koro, the current chief, anxiously supporting his wife who is in labour. She gives birth to a baby girl, but things soon take a turn for the worse as the narrator reveals, ‘When I was born, my twin brother died and took our mother with him’. Unable to cope with the loss of his wife and son, Porourangi emigrates to Europe to pursue a career as an artist, turning his back on his Maori heritage and repurposing his traditional carving skills towards a more international and commercial market. To make matters worse, he names his daughter ‘Paikea’, which angers Koro who sees this as a mockery of Ngati Konohi customs and tradition. Koro had believed that Porourangi’s first-born was destined to be ‘the boy who would be chief’, responsible for leading the community into a new age of prosperity, and he initially refuses to acknowledge his granddaughter.
The story then leaps forward 11 years, by which time Koro has developed a strong, (albeit slightly belligerent) affection for his granddaughter, who he only ever calls ‘Pai’, denying the true power and meaning of her full name. Despite his love for Pai, his passion to restore the tribe through a firstborn male leader is aggravated by her very presence. When Pai asks where her people come from, in what can be considered a key scene, Koro likens their ancestral line to the intertwining strands of a rope he is using to fix a boat motor. The rope proceeds to break when he tests it, which is further indication to Koro that the sacred line of the tribe is broken, that their ancestors have abandoned them in the face of modernity. However, Pai fixes the rope and the motor runs fine, much to Koro’s frustration; frustrated that a young girl managed to repair something he couldn’t, and for what it symbolises, that a female could become chief and restore the tribe. Whale Rider, then, challenges the lineage of male dominance, with Paikea’s plight serving as ‘symbolic indictment of the mores of patriarchy, and a call for greater inclusiveness’ (Sison 2012: 129). Indeed, as Ryan Mottesheard (2003) argues, the film should be understood ‘less as anthropological study of the Maori people, than a universal story of female empowerment’, thus highlighting the film’s global appeal.
Analysis:
Based on Witi Ihimaera’s novel of the same name, Niki Caro’s Whale Rider is a moving depiction of a young Maori girl battling to overturn the patriarchal traditions of her Ngati Konohi tribal community. Marginalised from contemporary New Zealand society, the Maori community is ostensibly struggling in rural poverty and obscurity; rusting car wrecks and abandoned machinery litter the otherwise idyllic Whangara coastline (the northeast region of New Zealand’s North Island where the film was shot), emphasising the intrusion of Western/Pakeha culture and the effects of modernity. Whale Rider, then, brings into question the notion of postcolonial identity within New Zealand, with a renewal of tribal values being presented as the means by which the Maori people learn to adapt to the modern-day demands of urbanisation. Indeed, as Sison suggests, ‘the cultural milieu of Whale Rider is characterised by the ongoing Maori quest for soul and identity in the postcolonial aftermath’ (Sison 2012: 122), and it is these themes, as well as female empowerment, which underpin the narrative.
Koro’s teachings of earlier cultural practices, ceremonies and mythologies help to shore up community identity in the present, with the effects of colonialism being implied as possible cause of the tribe’s present day problems, such as youthful apathy, lack of direction and urban drift (Wilson 2011: 204). Similarly, Smith (2006: 110) suggests the imposition of Pakeha culture and ‘opportunities of modernity’ has created a ‘lost generation’ amongst the Maori people, with several characters portraying the effects of this modern allure. For example, Porourangi uses international travel to escape the pain of losing his loved ones, as well as the responsibility to produce a male son that Koro believes will lead his people ‘out of the darkness’. Porourangi’s unfinished te waka (ceremonial canoe) is left abandoned on the beach, acting as a ‘constant reminder to Koro of his unfulfilled mission to anoint another male heir to tribal leadership’ (Sison 2012: 122). Koro takes it upon himself to arrange another partner for his son, a teacher from Pai’s school, who he believes will deliver Porourangi a male child. Koro is bitterly disappointed when Porourangi announces to his family that he already has a pregnant lover in Germany and will not be returning home with the child, putting an end to Koro’s aspirations. Porourangi offers to take Paikea with him back to Europe, but as she looks out to sea she feels the pull of her ancestors and cannot abandon her heritage. Whereas the majority of her community appear disrespectful of Maori customs and traditions, Pai shows a deep affinity to ‘the old ways’ and demonstrates her passion publicly. Koro’s youngest son Rawiri, meanwhile, has turned to drugs and alcohol as a form of escape, whilst the younger children of the tribe laugh and joke as Maori rituals are performed on the marea, more concerned with football and cigarettes. Even the elder women of the community are shown playing cards and smoking. For Bill Ashcroft et al. (1998: 139), this highlights a form of colonial mimicry, whereby the indigenous population adopts the coloniser’s cultural habits. Furthermore, such a portrayal of a Maori tribe in their contemporary setting highlights post-colonial ambivalence in New Zealand, indicating that Maoris are not fully opposed to the hybridisation that has occurred during the colonial process. Koro’s adoption of Western/Pakeha clothing and his noticeable reliance on modern technologies (i.e. the speedboat and tractor) connotes ‘the complex mix of attraction and repulsion that characterises the relationship between the coloniser and colonised’ (Ashcroft et al., 1998: 12). This relationship is ambivalent since the colonised subject is never completely opposed to the coloniser.
In response to Porourangi’s announcement and the realisation that he has failed to anoint a suitable heir to leadership, Koro gathers all firstborn males from the tribe to teach them ancient Ngati Konohi culture and traditions, with the intention that one of these boys will become the tribe’s next chief. They initially find this strange in comparison to their modern lives but they gradually become more accustomed to Maori customs, especially the taiahi – a ritual fighting stick. When Paikea expresses her interest she is excluded by her grandfather, who is adamant that a woman should not be involved in learning about tribal leadership. This highlights the tensions between the traditional and the modern in Maori culture, with Koro’s stringent following of the tribe’s ancient traditions leading him to alienate his own kin, despite the fact that Pai shows more promise than any of the other boys. It is also implied that Koro had previously alienated Pai’s uncle Rawiri, who, given the fact he was not Koro’s firstborn son, was never considered a suitable leader for the tribe, leading him to lose touch with his Maori heritage. Paikea’s grandmother, Nanny Flowers, reveals that Rawiri was once a champion taiahi fighter, and asks him to tutor Pai. Upon accepting Rawiri undergoes a transformation, immediately feeling ‘at one’ with his ancient tribal heritage:
“This artefact of tradition has an almost sacramental character and seems to immediately recall him to himself, to remind him of not only who he is but who is called to be. Rawiri takes up the challenge with fervour and not only trains Paikea to be the best in the tribe but also recovers his own sense of identity and self worth.” (Smith 2006: 113).
Paikea trains in secret, eavesdropping on Koro’s classes, determined to learn all she can of her ancestral customs. In one scene, Hami, the most promising student in Koro’s school, challenges Pai to a taiahi duel, which Pai eventually wins. When Koro finds out he chastises Paikea, warning her that by tampering with sacred traditions she has shamed her community. Koro’s frustration is plain to see as he proceeds to exclude both Hami and Pai from his final challenge to determine who will become the next chief. He takes the remaining boys out to sea in his speedboat and throws his whale-tooth necklace overboard stating that he needs someone to demonstrate the ‘spirit’ needed to recover the necklace (which symbolises the tribe’s connection to their ancestors). Much to his dismay, none of the boys retrieve the pendant and Koro returns to shore, despondent. Unbeknown to Koro, Rawiri later takes Pai out in the boat, who not only finds the necklace, but also manages to catch a lobster as a present for her grandfather.
Pai sympathises with Koro and prays to her ancestors for help, with a voice-over revealing, ‘They heard me’, initiating the film’s most iconic and emotional sequence. One night Paikea delivers a speech to the rest of the tribe that traces the history of her people and the significance of the Paikea legend, which she tearfully dedicates to her grandfather. Only Koro had failed to turn up; distant cries had drawn him to the beach where a pod of whales lay dying. For Koro, this symbolises the tribe’s contemporary crisis of identity, a loss of spiritual connection to their ancestors. Eventually the rest of the tribe make their way to the shore, with the beached whales igniting in them a communal strength they believed was forgotten as they work tirelessly to lure the whales back towards the ocean. They attempt to move the largest bull whale using a tractor, but it is a problem that cannot be resolved by modern technology. Paikea, realising what she was destined to do, proceeds to ride the large whale, sparking it into life, followed by the rest of the pod. Fearing that his granddaughter has drowned Koro finally understands that it was Pai all along who was destined to be the tribe’s new leader, finally accepting that he must adapt his cultural beliefs. Pai is found alive and the film closes with the whole tribe embracing their Maori culture, celebrating through traditional Maori rituals. What is more, Porourangi has returned with his German fiancé to finish his waka and celebrate with his people. As such, the film does not present a simple rejection of modernity, rather ‘it is the recovery of tradition in modernity, and sometimes against identity, that makes possible the renewal of identity of Paikea’s people’ (Smith 2006: 116). Sison (2012: 134) proposes that this ending follows a particular theological trajectory, with Paikea’s symbolic ‘reincarnation’ having a transformative impact on the community. Therefore, Whale Rider emphasises the benefits of bicultural cooperation, incorporating what Duncan Petrie (2007: 172) describes as a ‘utopian embrace of common humanity as an alternative strategy of dealing with the trauma of the past’.
Martyn Thayne
Cast and Crew:
[Country: New Zealand, Germany. Production Company: South Pacific Pictures, ApolloMedia Distribution, Pandora Filmproduktion. Director and Screenwriter: Niki Caro. Cinematographer: Leon Narbey. Editor: David Coulson. Cast: Keisha Castle-Hughes (Paikea), Rawiri Paratene (Koro), Cliff Curtis (Porourangi), Grant Roa (Rawiri).]
Further Reading
Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies, London and New York, Routledge, 1998.
RyanMottesheard, ‘Girl Power: New ZealandWriter/ Director Niki Caro Talks About “Whale Rider”’, IndieWire, June 6, 2003. Available at www.indiewire.com/article/girl_power_new_zealand_ writerdirector_niki_caro_talks_about_whale_ rider. Duncan Petrie, ‘New Zealand’, in M. Hjort, D. Petrie (ed), The Cinema of Small Nations, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
Antonio Sison, World Cinema, Theology, and the Human: Humanity in Deep Focus, New York, Routledge, 2012.
James K A Smith, Who’s Afraid of Postmodernism?: Taking Derrida, Lyotard, and Foucault to Church, MI, Baker Academic, 2006.
Janet Wilson, ‘Re-representing Indigeneity: Approaches to History in recent New Zealand Australian Films’, in Alistair Fox, Barry Keith Grant and Hilary Radner, (eds), New Zealand Cinema: Interpreting the Past, Bristol, Intellect, 2011, pp. 197–216.
Source Credits:
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films, Edited by Sarah Barrow, Sabine Haenni and John White, first published in 2015. | http://jottedlines.com/whale-rider-summary-analysis/ |
This song cycle for soprano and piano has texts by the composer in Maori and English.
"Awa Herea memorably evokes the physical appearance of symbolic significance of these braided rivers... cosmic weather-driven energy." (Covell, Sydney Morning Herald).
"Its pace was shrewdly varied and the music encompassed a range of styles - from sung declamation to florid lyricism - without incongruity." (Jack, Independent).
"The cycle displays all the characteristics of her [Gillian Whitehead's] mature work. The vocal line is at once exultant and contemplative, the piano writing incisive or lulling; the formal shaping novel yet accessible. It is a memorable piece, filled with the energetic spirit of the natural world and finding through that spirit its own serenity."
Commissioned by Tracy Chadwell, soprano, with assistance from Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council (now Creative New Zealand) and the Arts Council of Great Britain. | https://www.sounz.org.nz/works/13921 |
U kunt kiezen uit werken van diverse kunstenaars:
Although Thomas is not of Maori descent, the artworks he creates are so important for the Maori people, that he is well renowned and respected in the Maori community. Through his beautiful paintings he has given shape to the Maori awareness in general.
I am truly honored that I may call myself his agent for The Netherlands and that he also wants to work with me and help me introduce Maori art to the Netherlands.
I think the Maori people depicted in his paintings come very much to life and are captured very realistically but entwined with a great sense of wairua (spirit) and mana (power).
Thomas Scicli Lauterbach lives and works in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. After having studied painting in Germany, he was awarded a Master of Fine Arts degree. He has been a New Zealand citizen since 1985. Since 1990 his work focuses on the Maori people of Aotearoa (New Zealand). His paintings are strong images of today's life of the Tangata Whenua (the people of the land). The focus of his work is the life and the philosophy of the Maori people.
Exhibitions : New Zealand, Germany, Cook Islands, New Caledonia and also in Rotterdam, The Netherlands where he has participated in my exhibition MAORI ART in Hilton Rotterdam see MAORI ART as well as in my current semi permanent gallery-exhibition in The Groothandelsgebouw at Rotterdam.
A portrait was broadcasted on VOX TV Germany.
Interviews on the Air NZ in flight program and nationwide in Germany on ARD.
A champion for indigenous peoples rights with a passion to restore the mana of Maoridom - that's what Thomas Lauterbach, one of New Zealand's gifted artists does through his works. Paintings of vivid colours and designs reflect the bitter sweet existence of a people trying to maintain its culture in a changing world. Through these paintings, Thomas speaks of the need to bridge the barriers posing the great divide between New Zealand Maoris and Pakehas.
Thomas is of German origin, having found his way to the land of the long white cloud back in 1983. I fell in love with New Zealand, he says simply. In retrospect it was a spiritual calling for me.
His passion for Maori culture is something that drives him to help bring about more understanding and appreciation of the Maori people. The Maoris are often misunderstood but there has got to be a time of healing and creating a better understanding between the two races, he said.
His paintings as such have an interesting commonality in that a lot of the subjects are painted with their backs to the viewer. Its a mark of respect in Maori culture, Thomas explains - respect for the person and for the culture. Which of course is different in European culture - where you look at a person in the face otherwise you're considered rude.
I am passionate about reflecting on the world of the Maori in my paintings. My favourite technique is a combination of eggtempera and oil on canvas.
Thomas does a lot of impressionism, being largely influenced by Van Gogh and Gauguin. They were my spiritual fathers, he says.
Why the interest in Maori culture? Thomas believes being an outsider has given him a sympathetic view of both sides. Maybe not being born in New Zealand, I'm more aware of what is going on. And a lot of it has to do with the Maori people having a lot of passion about their land, their cultural heritage, and a strong sense of belonging he says.
In recent years my works became more complex. Learning Te Reo, studying history and Tikanga Maori created the framework.
Living close to the trees and birds, and listening to the spirits of Papatuanuku ( Mother Earth) became very much part of my life. The wairua behind the things we see, smell and hear, past and presence started tp reveal itself.
My paintings started to tell stories rather than just depicting objects. I never search for stories, I find them.
Sometimes I feel the strong urge to paint them. It became even more important now to proceed slowly, with care. Every painting is a new revelation for me.
I am most grateful to the many Maori people who helped me along the path, supported me, encouraged me and shared with me.
Without them, these paintings would never have been done. Sometimes I meet resistance. I do not brush it off, for there are many things I am still ignorant about. Being open to learn is the creative force behind culture.
I thoroughly enjoy the benefits of living in this bicultural world of Aotearoa. It enriches my Pakeha upbringing with the mysteries and philosophy of the Maori world.
Thomas Scicli Lauterbach
Here underneath you will find some of the many works Thomas has created.
They will give you an example of the beauty of the paintings he is capable of creating.
Click on a thumbnail to see the full sized picture and art-description as well as Maori symbolic meaning.
For information about commissioned work by Thomas Lauterbach, or non committal quotes for possible orders regarding the prints as well as original paintings feel free to use [email protected]. | https://www.matariki.nl/Kunst/Schilderkunst/Thomas/ |
5 edition of Te Maori found in the catalog.
Te Maori
S. M. Mead
Published
September 1984 by Harry N Abrams .
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Format||Hardcover|
|Number of Pages||240|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL7997660M|
|ISBN 10||0810913445|
|ISBN 10||9780810913448|
More of a historical novel than a biography itself, this book blends an important aspect of Māori history with the power of English language storytelling. The narrative focuses on the key events of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero’s life, from to , including his ascension as the First Māori King, and famous battles with other : Thalita Alves. Item number This set contains three books Te Rā o Māmā, Tokohia ngā Tamariki, and Tōku Marae from the Ngā Kete Kōrero series. Each book comes with with teachers’ notes to support the teaching and learning of te reo Māori as a second language in years 1–6. This resource pack has been distributed to all primary and intermediate schools. Starting in , several successive Māori-language translations of the Book of Mormon, the sacred text of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon Church), were published in New edition, from about , has a cover illustration of a pre-European-settlement battle, and a heading urging Māori to be watchful against their enemies.
The Rainborough Inheritance
pulpit commentary
Iconology
unity of evolutionary biology
Chapter 1 policy manual
history of Gustavus Adolphus and the Thirty Years War, up to the Kings death, with some account of its conclusion by the Peaceof Westphalia anno 1648.
annotated bibliography on rural development administration and agricultural change in developing countries
Your future in the beauty business
One world
Boston Blackie
GOWING BROS. LTD.
Collection of Russian missing volumes May 2006
Māriyamman-Mariyamman
Beginning American English
(verb) (-tia) to make into a book, bind in a volume, write down. E hiahia ana mātou ki te whakamahara ki ngā kaitautoko kia tohu i ā rātou pepa, hei te mutunga o te tau ka whakapukapuka ai, hei tirotiro, hei ketuketu ā ngā rā e tū mai nei (TP 11/). 10 preschool books in te reo Māori.
The only book I know of that was written in te reo Māori first and then English. Very important as often translations lose the poetry and magic of the language. Probably for older kids but I had to put it on the list.
filed under: Book Lists. Te Maori book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Nicely illustrated exhibition catalog featuring the art and artifacts of the Maor 4/5.
Te Iwi Maori presents an engrossing survey of the history of the Māori population from the earliest times to the present, concentrating particularly on the demographic impact of European colonisation.
It also considers present and future population trends, many of which have major implications for social and resource policy. Among questions explored are the marked Author: Ian Pool. Celebrate Māori language by learning Māori words and phrases through simple activities. Download two free activity books for kids – focused on pronunciation, the other includes more word searches, crossword, colouring pages, and stories.
New additions include our te reo Maori sing-along books which are beautifully Illustrated and contain accompanying sing-along CD for hours of fun with kids in the classroom. We will be continually adding more to our range in the coming months. Watch this space for books on Maori language, Maori Myths and Legends and more.
Māori (/ ˈ m aʊ r i /; Māori pronunciation: [ˈ m aː ɔ ɾ i] listen), also known as te reo ('the language'), is an Eastern Polynesian language spoken by the Māori people, the indigenous population of New y related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan, and Tahitian, Te Maori book gained recognition as one of New Zealand's official languages in The number of speakers of the language Ethnicity: Māori people.
Magnificent Te Maori. te Maori Whakahirahira by Mead,Hirini Moko. and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at Te reo Maori;: A guide to the study of the Maori language, by Smyth, Patrick and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at Te Orokotīmatanga o te Ao is the story of the creation of the universe according to Māori.
It begins with Io, the Supreme Being and the infinite state of. 13 Feb - Explore staceburnell's board "Te Reo | Maori Language Picture Books" on Pinterest.
See more ideas about Maori, Books and Childrens books. Te Maori: Maori Art from New Zealand Collections Paperback – January 1, by Sidney Moko Mead (Author) out of 5 stars 1 rating. See all 4 formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Price New from Used from 5/5(1).
For information about Te Reo Singalong books, go to For more short videos about learning te reo pronunciation, words, phrases, sente. HUIA Bookshop. Welcome to the award winning HUIA Bookshop.
Browse through our amazing selection of unique books and digital media. Excellent resources for teaching Te Reo Maori and music in your school The books are singalong, have the CDs, maori/english lyrics, guitar chords and/or activities in them as well. Tunes are very catchy and kids will delight in the illustrations and music.
Plenty of different topics to choose from for your classroom. This book is presented as a series of two-page spreads on topics that are devoted to both the geography of New Zealand ("Land at the Bottom of the World," "New Zealand Wildlife") along with the history ("The Great Migration," "European Contact") and culture ("Traditional Homes," "The Art of the Maori") of the Maori/5(3).
A new children's book "Little Poppy" by Aucklander Joseph Fa'afiu was recently launched to honour Anzac Day. The book, aimed at five to year-olds, has key messages throughout its story including bullying, finding your purpose and Tall Poppy syndrome. The Te Pō Tour is a one of a kind feast of storytelling, entertainment and Māori cuisine.
Be enriched with a deeper understanding of Māori traditions and absorb the unforgettable sights of this top Rotorua attraction at nightfall. Operating hours From 6pm - 9pm, daily. Taste an exquisite Māori feast prepared in the traditional Hangi style.
Scotty Morrison. Professor Scotty Morrison (Ngati Whakaue) is the well-known presenter of current affairs programmes Te Karere and holds a Master’s degree (Education), is working towards his PhD, and has been an Adjunct Professor and the Director of Maori Student and Community Engagement at Auckland’s Unitec Institute of Technology.
Maori at Work offers phrases and tips for greetings and welcoming people, emails and letters, speeches and social media, with specific chapters on the office, construction and roadworks, retail, hospitality, broadcasting and teaching.
This is the perfect book to start or expand your te reo journey - no matter your skill level. I have published two books as a result of my research: You can purchase it for $35 plus $ postage. Te Awa Atua: Menstruation in the pre-colonial Maori world () is taken directly from my Masters thesis and includes all the elements you’d expect in an academic work, including a discussion of how I went about doing the research and my findings in detail.
Māori Art. likes. A book looking at Māori art in the 21st century in a new way. Winner of AAANZ Book Prize: Best Writing by an NZ Maori or Pacific Islander Dec. Followers: As well as the words one would expect in a traditional dictionary, Te Aka has encyclopaedic entries including the names of plants and animals (especially native and endemic species), stars, planets and heavenly bodies, important Māori people, key ancestors of traditional narratives, tribal groups and ancestral canoes.
Māori names for institutions, country names, place names and. Kia Kākano Rua te Ture: A te reo Māori Handbook for the Law.
Celebrating the debut title by Alana Thomas and Corin Merrick for LexisNexis® “Kia Kākano Rua te Ture is destined to become the go-to reo and tikanga guide for those working in the law.”Forward by: The Honourable Justice Joe Williams, Ngāti Pūkenga, Waitaha and Tapuika Debut authors and.
Te Puia houses the New Zealand Māori Arts and Crafts Institute, established in the s to foster all aspects of Māori culture.
At Te Puia, national schools of carving, weaving and other traditional arts train talented students from around New Zealand under the. Killing Te Reo Maori may be considered a follow-on from his last book, Ka Ngaro Te Reo: Māori Language Under Siege in the Nineteenth Century (), which provides an informative historical.
This Māori Made Easy set of lessons accompanies the book by the same name written by Scotty Morrison. These lessons are best used with the Māori Made Easy book. To access the audio files for the follow up book – Māori Made Easy 2 – follow this link. For this exercise we practise saying well-known Māori words out loud.
4 May - Explore cnslibrarian's board "Te Reo/ Maori Books" on Pinterest. See more ideas about Maori, Books and Children's book awards. The Maori translation of the BCP is still used in New Zealand, particularly among older Maori living in rural areas, in spite of a newer Prayer Book.
The text used here (title page at left) was taken from an edition published in New Zealand inand appears in David Griffiths' Bibliography of the Book of Common Prayer, as Māori clinicians and researchers explore the relationship between Māori culture and Māori mental health. The six contributing authors in the collection are Simon Bennett, Mason Durie, Hinemoa Elder, Te Kani Kingi, Mark Lawrence and Rees Tapsell and are all well known in the mental health field.
Each discusses aspects of Māori and indigenous health and the importance of culture to. Te Ao O Te Maori looks at the first New Zealanders who came in canoes from an ancestral home somewhere in the Pacific called Hawaiki. With their oral traditions and their closeness to their ancestors they can be called ‘Nga Tamariki a Maui’ – the children of Maui.
New Zealand was very different to Hawaiki. ISBN: OCLC Number: Notes: Catalogue of a New Zealand tour of a collection of Maori artefacts, exhibited in the United States, Here is an authoritative and accessible introduction to tikanga Maori.
It is essential reading for all who seek to understand the correct Maori ways of doing things as they were in the past, as they are in the present--and as they may yet be. In this wide-ranging book Hirini Moko Mead explores the creative arts and interactions between older and newer social groupings such as iwi and 5/5(5).
The debate of who owns water in New Zealand has been highlighted in a new book 'Tupuna Awa'. Author Dr Marama Muru-Lanning gives insights to the political issue through the eyes of the government, commercial operators and guardians to provide a perspective from Māori and the State.
Maori: Author(s) By Waititi, Hoani R. Category: Social Studies Te Reo / Maori Learning & Study Skills Citizenship Language Acquisition NZ, Maori & Pasifika Maori New Zealand & Related Maori: Number of Pages: Not specified: Dimensions: Not specified: Dewey Code: Not specified: Weight: Not specified - defaults to g.
Learn about Matariki through fun kids’ activities. Featuring word searches, colouring pages, games, and stories, discover what's important during Matariki – whetū, the Maramataka, kōrero, kai, whenua, and whānau.
Available in English and te reo Māori. Te Hana Te Ao Marama Maori Cultural Centre - State Highway One, Te Hana, New Zealand - Rated based on 9 Reviews "We went here today and even /5(9).
OCLC Number: Notes: Subtitle supplied by cataloguer. Calendar presents a selection of some of the Maori artefacts sent to the United States from. Here at Te Awa Māori, we are passionate, experienced and caring providers of personal and professional education in Te reo, Tikanga and Te Tiriti o Waitangi.
Manaakitanga ‘respect and care’ is at the forefront of our services. Te Awa is the name of our whānau on our mother’s side. Read reviews, compare customer ratings, see screenshots and learn more about Ngā Atua Māori - Book 1: Te Orokotīmatanga o te Ao/The Beginning of The Universe.
Download Ngā Atua Māori - Book 1: Te Orokotīmatanga o te Ao/The Beginning of The Universe and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad and iPod touch.5/5(2). ancestors Arawa artists Ati Awa Auckland Bay of Islands Bay of Plenty bone canoe carvers chief club Collection Auckland Institute Collection National Museum Cook descendants Dunedin Early East Polynesian early Maori East Coast figure fish fishhook Formerly genealogy Gisborne greenstone Hauraki head hei-tiki Hingangaroa Hokianga Huringa 1 period.Nga Atua Maori - Book 1: The Beginning of The Universe/Te Orokotimatanga o te Ao.
Te Orokotimatanga o te Ao is the story of the creation of the universe according to ing System: Android.According to Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori, (the Māori Language Commission) aboutpeople had conversational fluency in te reo Māori andwere learning the language at school in Pronunciation is key.
The Māori alphabet contains five vowels and ten consonants. The vowels are: a, e, i, o, u, and are pronounced quite. | https://mavopocedetelyby.homemadehattie.com/te-maori-book-16941qs.php |
Paranormal New Zealand is the home of Haunted Auckland, a Paranormal Investigation and Research group.
paranormal (păr′ə-nôr′məl) adjective.
Paranormal events are purported phenomena described in popular culture, folk, and other non-scientific bodies of knowledge, whose existence within these contexts is described as beyond normal experience or scientific explanation. The term ‘paranormal’ has existed in the English language since at least 1920. The word consists of two parts: ‘para’ and ‘normal’. The definition implies that the scientific explanation of the world around us is ‘normal’ and anything that is above, beyond, or contrary to that is ‘para’.
We are a dedicated group of paranormal enthusiasts, all having one thing in common – a passion and drive to find out as much as humanly possible about the mysterious and unknown field that is the Paranormal, as well as documenting New Zealand’s historical buildings and landmarks in their current state.
Through the years the team have investigated:
Auckland
- Auckland Civic Theatre
- North Head
- The Auckland Town Hall
- St James theatre
- Victoria Theatre
- The Howick Historical Village
- The Smith & Caugheys building
- Kinder House
- Lopdell House
- The Pumphouse Theatre
- The Bluestone Room
- Fort Takapuna
- Massey Homestead
- The Hard To Find Bookshop
- Spookers
- Alberton House
- Bell House
- Theatreworks
- Carrington (Unitec)
- The Queens Ferry Tavern
- Regent Theatre
- Ewelme Cottage in Parnell
- Laishly House and Blockhouse in Onehunga
- Puhoi Centennial Hall
- Kingseat Hospital
- Puhinui Homestead
- AUSA Building
- Helensville Museum
-
Wellington
- Inverlochy House
-
Hawkes Bay
- Waipukurau Hospital
- Tavistock Hotel
- The Masonic Hotel Napier
- Napier Prison
-
Waikato
- Mokena Hotel
- Palace Hotel
- Grand Tavern – Te Aroha
- The Waitomo Caves Hotel
-
Otago
- Vulcan Hotel (St Bathans)
- Larnach Castle
… as well as many private home visits around Auckland and surrounding towns and extensive investigation internationally.
Some of the services and experience we have on offer:
Research and Investigation of buildings, historical locations and businesses
Photo & video analysis
Photographic enhancements
General paranormal consultation
Historical Research
Conferences / Public speaking
Educational talks & fundraising for historical locations
Media interviews
- Mahurangi Cement Works – Warkworth12/01/2014Haunted Locations / Historic Buildings / InvestigationsHistory The Mahurangi Cement Works (near Warkworth) saw New Zealand’s first manufacturing of Portland cement in the 1880s. The founder of New Zealand’s cement industry, Nathaniel Wilson (1836-1919), emigrated from Glasgow with his family when he was 6 years old. Nathaniel initially trained as a shoemaker, but in 1864 he purchased a small piece of land adjacent to his parents block south of Warkworth village. John Southgate had been making lime since 1851 by burning local limestone in a kiln. The cement was used in the Queen Street sewer and other Auckland construction projects. But it was not until manufacturers could produce high-quality cement (known as Portland cement) in 1865 that they could compete with imports. The cement was shipped to Auckland from a wharf on the Mahurangi River. Construction & Use After overcoming some initial local opposition to his cement, Wilson’s business expanded and in 1903 it employed 180 workmen with an output of 20,320 tonnes per annum. It was in this year that the large unreinforced concrete building which forms the most important part of the ruin was erected. Despite its dilapidated state this structure is still an impressive sight with walls 228mm thick, 12m high and 18.3m in length. Although Wilson’s invested heavily in new machinery and processes, by 1918 the company was voluntarily wound up and amalgamated with the New Zealand Portland Cement Company, whose works were at Limestone Island. It was there that most of the cement was then produced, while the Mahurangi works focused on hydrated lime. By 1926 the closure of the works was imminent and machinery was transferred to Portland (near Whangarei) before the Mahurangi works were closed in 1929. Today the whole complex makes a picturesque ruin next to the lake formed by the flooded quarry alongside. As the remains of the first Portland cement works in the southern hemisphere, the ruin is of undoubted historical significance and in terms of industrial archaeology being a testament to the pioneering efforts of Nathaniel Wilson in this field. Paranormal Claims There have been many reports of mysterious shadow apparitions moving amongst the stones. Odd lights, screams and the sound of a something like a generator coming from deep within the crumbling ruins.... Read more...
- Manaia (mythological creature)20/07/2014Kiwi Cryptids The Manaia is a mythological creature in Māori culture, and is a common motif in Māori carving and jewellery. The Manaia is usually depicted as having the head of a bird and the body of a man, though it is sometimes depicted as a bird, a serpent, or a human figure in profile. Other interpretations include a seahorse and a lizard. The word manaia is cognate with the founding Samoan term fa’amanaia, and relevant to the Niuean fakamanaia, both meaning to make a decoration or embellishment. The Manaia is traditionally believed to be the messenger between the earthly world of mortals and the domain of the spirits, and its symbol is used as a guardian against evil. In this form, it is usually represented in a figure-of-eight shape, the upper half culminating in a bird-like beak. This form was also widely used in designs of door and window lintels and other architectural features, as well as in ceremonial hafts of weapons. A study of Māori carving suggests that every naturalistic figure there is an equivalent Manaia form which can be seen as a distorted profile-face version of the equivalent full-face figure. It may be that the Manaia represents some spiritual or inner facet of the full face figure. Related Manaia-like symbols are also found in other Polynesian cultures, such as in Hawai’i and Easter Island. The manaia is a useful motif in carving, as it can be distorted to fit any shape and blended into many different designs. As such, it can be used to fill the empty spaces in wood carving, and in many compositions the background between the main figures is filled in with Manaia. It is a very common form in Maori jewellery (possibly only less common than the hei-tiki and hei matau), and is often found worn as a pendant carved from bone or greenstone. Manaia designs vary subtly in form between iwi, though they are often depicted as three-fingered, with these digits representing the trinity of birth, life, and death. A fourth finger, representing the circular rhythms of the life cycle and the afterlife, is also sometimes shown... Read more...
- Return to Rookwood Cemetery & Necropolis, Sydney26/05/2015Australia / Investigations / InvestigationsThe largest cemetery in the Southern Hemisphere, Rookwood Cemetery (also called Rookwood Necropolis) is the final resting place for approximately over one million people. For more details on this amazing cemetery, check out our original post from our first visit.... Read more... | https://hauntedauckland.com/ |
Bronze has a warm quality with deep golden tones. I've combined this "relic" pendant with recycled glass, ostrich egg shell beads and silver-plated spacer beads. The ostrich egg has long possessed symbolic significance and associations with prosperity, truth, life, and rebirth. | https://www.nerihandcrafted.com/products/bronze-relic |
Whatatutu gathering to support Standing Rock
A WHATATUTU family who visited Standing Rock to oppose the Dakota Access Pipeline hosted a gathering this week to light a symbolic ceremonial fire, with support from the Native American people.
Marcus Lloyd, who hosted the gathering, said it was the first time members of the Haka With Standing Rock group, who went over in November last year, had been able to reunite.
Native Americans and environmentalists at Lakota tribe Standing Rock’s land in North Dakota have been in protest camps since April last year, demonstrating against the multibillion-dollar oil pipeline, planned to pass through the tribe’s sacred land.
The tribe says it could threaten their water supply and destroy sacred burial grounds.
The Whatatutu group lit a symbolic ceremonial fire - Te Ahi Kaa o Toka Tu, or, the home fires of Standing Rock - at 7pm on January 2, to coincide with the last hour of January 1 in North Dakota.
The fire had the support of Native American people Mr Lloyd had kept in contact with.
Symbolic fireDue to the district fire ban the fire was “symbolic”, Mr Lloyd said.
“The fire at the main Standing Rock camp Oceti Sakowin was put out at the end of November after the Army Corps of Engineers halted construction of the pipeline, but the younger water protectors lit a new one.
“Our symbolic fire is tied in with that one and it will burn as long as their one burns, until the black snake - the pipeline proposal - is dead.
“Their fires themselves are not big, they’re just small fires that are kept burning with a keeper of the fire and they’re there more for the significance and the ceremonial aspect.
“There is a fire inside all of us, which we brought back from the camp. It was a ceremonial lighting of the fire, in our hearts.”
People arrived from around the country at the Lloyd family pa at Whatatutu for the ceremony and to swap stories, hear tales about the group’s efforts at Standing Rock and discuss environmental issues here in Aoteaora and Tairawhiti.
One of those people was Marcus Ridge, a Native American of Cherokee/Navajo?/Hopi descent. He lives in Rotorua with his Kiwi wife.
“He taught us the importance of fire to the Native American culture,” Mr Lloyd said.
“It was awesome to have that representation.”
Hearing about Standing RockFor other attendees the gathering was a good chance to hear from those who had been to Standing Rock.
“It was great to get together again,” Mr Lloyd said.
“We spent the week sharing experiences with others who came down to show support, many who supported the Haka With Standing Rock social media page.
“It was great for them, as many were unable to get over there, to hear about the experience. We spoke about what happened, shared stories about the camp and the achievements.
“We also discussed the strong participation of Kiwis and Maori and, in particular, the largest contingent being from Tairawhti. Six people went over there in solidarity over three trips.”
Members from those trips are using their experiences to support causes back home, Mr Lloyd said.
“Kereama Te Ua has been working with groups promoting indigenous rights and sacred spaces, such as the group trying to save Ihumatao in Auckland.
“We are supporting water protectors at Waitara, Taranaki, too.
“Here in Tairawhiti we are bringing attention to the exploration for fossil fuels, especially with Statoil and seismic surveying.
“Now, people who may not have taken action previously are aware that the consequences could affect us all.”
Whatatutu lands and legendsThe gathering at Whatatutu was significant, as Whatatutu lands and legends are linked to the ancestor Whirikoka and his pet seal kekeno, whose blubber melted into the earth and became oil.
“The oil in the ground is waahi tapu, and we are also opposed because of the other impacts of the industry on the environment.
“While some see economic benefits, the disadvantages outweigh the advantages.”
Other environmental issues include from erosion, such as the Tarndale slip near Whatatutu.
“Silt is pouring into rivers, blocking them and killing life,” Mr Lloyd said. | http://www.gisborneherald.co.nz/environment/2619346-135/whatatutu-gathering-to-support-standing-rock/ |
Samhällsvetenskapliga programmet Samhällsvetenskaplig inriktning Läsåret 2014/2015 Maori What has the treatment of these indegenious people to New Zealand looked like?
Author:Elias Petersson Teacher: Marika Hevosmaa Abstract The indegenious people of New Zealand are called Maori, and they have a rather intresting history to tell. I have included a bit of the Maori history in my research and I've looked at some important events in history affecting the Maori way of living, or their oppurtunities. This have included reading about the colonsation of New Zealand, the early periods of Maori life. Maori culture and traditions. I've used these things to make a better understanding to how the situation of the Maori is today. It has also included reading about Maori treatment, for example the way Maori culture is met by the society and differnt problems concerning Maori discrimination. This research will introduce you to Maori history, culture and treatment, it will also bring discussion and conclusions about how their culture has been able to survive for such a long time, etc. Hopefully the reader will be satisfied with the balance between history and analysis I present in this research.
Table of Contents Abstract.............................................................................................................................................2 1.Introduction....................................................................................................................................3 1.1Background...................................................................................................................3 1.2Aim...............................................................................................................................4 2.Method..........................................................................................................................................4 3.Results...........................................................................................................................................4 3.1 How has the Maori culture been able to survive for so long?........................................4 3.2 Willingless to adopt Christianity....................................................................................6 3.3 How does society in New Zealand treat Maori? And how does the Maori react to it?.7 4.Discussion.....................................................................................................................................8 5.Conclusion...................................................................................................................................10 Appendix........................................................................................................................................11 References......................................................................................................................................13
- Introduction
New Zealand today, and maybe perhaps the whole world ,is filled and mixed with different cultures, people that follow different traditions or believe in mystical things. Groups of people that stick together with their beliefs and goals but can be separated in so many ways, are all over the world. Maori for example in New Zealand. They are indigenous to New Zealand or to Aoteroa as the Maori call it themselves, and are the root for what New Zealand looks like today. It's necessary to look back at history and analyse how and why the Maori traditions could survive for so long, if you want to understand the relations the world has to Maori today and vice versa,
1.1 Background First of all I'd like to say that before choosing this subject, there wasn’t really that much I knew about the Maori more than that they had a special dance they perform before a match, or on other occasions. I have always known that culture and native people have been two subjects of huge interest to me, to compare and analyse how different people are treated is to me really instructive. By doing this I’ve in my opinion grown as a person and it has become easier to understand why people with foreign background do what they do. This is the reason I decided to write about the Maori.
1.2 Aim My main focus in my research will be to find out why the Maori culture has survived for so long, and what kind of “treatment” or response it gets as a minority group in the New Zealand society. However, to be able to do that, I will have to dig down into history to find and discover key factors to why for example the Maori had become a minority group in their own homeland. I will also read about the “early-people” and where their culture came from originally. How has the Maori culture been able to survive for so long? How does society in New Zealand treat Maori? And how does the Maori react to it?
Method Because this is a scientific research I’ve picked sources with extra caution of them being authentic and real. I've also tried my best to find as much information as I could so I would have more material to compare and analyse. The main source material I use in this research will be sources I find on the internet, on known places to read about history or at New Zealand's official homepage. I've also found a couple of diagrams I will use to find out how Maori are treated today. The sources tell me a lot about what the history of the Maori looks like. I wanted to use some written sources from the library or other local places, but the sources were too limited for me to get any use of them, the variation of source-material would help me get a deeper knowledge of the whole subject. I've have asked librarians after good places to find good and authentic source-material, and what they could advice me was worldbook online, which I found out was very useful in this research.
Result How has the Maori culture been able to survive for so long? The Maori culture (known to man) dates back to the 13th century when the oldest sources mention the fact that Polynesian people were said to arrive in New Zealand. In Maori culture, life would begin with people going by a canoe to our world, from “Hawaiki” a mythical island in traditional Maori belief1. There is still many narratives in the Maori tribes that describe and tell other stories on creation myths. These kind of narratives are a central knowledge for the “tangata whenua”- People of the land.2 The Maori are described as the best navigators by sea, they were also great at taking territory and defend their land. People used to describe them for many decades. “great warriors and brilliant navigators” This has allowed them to also develop a thriving economy. They would sometimes trade with neighbouring lands and civilizations to both keep a friendly relationship but also to advance in their own civilization.
By the 16th century the Maori had lived by themselves for about 400 years and had been able to grow a community and get to know their land and territory, enough to say that New Zealand “belonged” to them. But it's also at this time many European voyages were undertaken, a trouble for those who had created a home, because one of the biggest reasons for these voyages was to seize new land and discover and plunder other civilizations.
The first time that to our knowledge Maori came in contact with foreigners, was on 13th December, 1642. It was Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew consisting of different nationalities that came in contact with the west coast on New Zealands south island.3 Abel and his voyage waited for almost one week to lay anchor and to make contact with the Maori. So what happened now was firstly attempts of communication, as expected this wasn’t successful, because of their dissimilarity in language. The next day was a lot worse, Tasman's crew couldn't just go back home with nothing, they were eager to see what these warriors had, and to bring something of value back home. But the Maori warriors were defensive and didn’t want anything to do with strangers, so they pushed their defensive and brought one of their war canoes to approach the Europeans, with more canoes following. The Maori wanted them gone, and in result of that a fight escalated. This meant the death of four Europeans, and finally a goodbye from Tasman and his crew.
The only thing Tasman could bring back was his view of the Maori people, and that wasn’t very pleasant. He gave the name “Murderers Bay” of the bay he shipped at, it is today called Golden Bay (see appendix) The Maori stood unharmed this time, but that wouldn't last forever. 120 years later the Europeans came to stay. The first few times Europeans came in contact with the Maori there was a lot of bloodshed going on. But as the time passed by a friendly relationship was built and captain Cook who was the leader of the voyage would punish those who tried to steal from the Maori. Now when the Europeans had formed a connection they could start to settle down there, and in time build colonies. The establishment of British colonies was a complicated process, once again the two parts would have difficulties in language. What was to come was the Treaty of Waitangi, that simply meant that Great Britain would take control of, or gain sovereignty over New Zealand. But that was only the British interpretation of the treaty, most of the high-ranked Maori leaders had not yet learned English and were in need of a translation of the treaty. In their view, it meant that Great Britain would gain control over New Zealand and the Maori would turn into a supplement as “British citizens” and still keep everything they possessed. By time they lost more and more control, and eventually Great Britain had full control over New Zealand.
Some say that this treaty was the birth of New Zealand as a state, and others think that this is where the poor treatment of the natives started. It's a struggle to wanting to keep fighting for equality, when you've lost something that you've had for all of your life, freedom and safety but the Maori were tough enough to handle it. According to a British politician, John Eldon Gorst he writes in his book 'The Maori king' “The hopes of social advancement which the natives had formed when they first consented to share their country with the stranger, were disappointed. (…) Every function of Government seemed paralysed in comparison with the Land Purchasing Department. They (Maori) were willing to sell their land for civilization and equality, but at no other prize”4 This book was published in 1864, and you could draw a quick conclusion that Maori had in short time been transformed to outcasts of society and almost viewed as strangers in their own country by the “pakeha” meaning New Zealanders by European origin.
Willingless to adopt Christianity At first the Maori thought of adopting Christianity was out of the question. There was a lot of Aborigines from Australia that fled to New Zealand to find a new home and new trading possibilities, and with them they brought influences of Christianity, but the Maori stayed impervious to this, as it seemed strange and foreign to them. But as they came in contact with more and more British culture, which they actually had no trouble with, they started to get fond of what the missionaries taught them of Christianity. By the time of the mid 1800s the majority had converted to Christianity, and it's also now that many Maori started relationships with the pakeha. Their imperviousity and cautiousness disappeared as their civilization became a minority in New Zealand, and as they were left with no other choice.
How does society in New Zealand treat Maori? And how does the Maori react to it? The Maori culture or religion, or whatever it is interpreted as, can be compared to a range of different cultures and groups of people that have existed, vanished or still are around the world. There was more tribes than just Maori that have gotten in trouble after British colonisation, the closest example would be the Aborigines in Australia. In today's society the different ethnic groups vary quite a bit in New Zealand, since the 80s New Zealand has been able to pull themselves together and have begun accepting more than just European emigration. They have now started to accept immigrants from all over the world based on their skills, financial opportunities or family. 5 Today there is a large group that still feels that they are alienated to society and feel like they don't belong there. So it's not just the Maori that feel discriminated. By looking at some diagrams (see the appendix) there is almost a quarter of the Maori population that have reported personal discrimination, and even more people of the Asian group of society reported that they felt discriminated.6 According to an article published at “cultural survival” Claire Charters a Maori lawyer, claims that this discrimination is an on-going problem in New Zealand that hides under the surface. The non-Maori can believe that the trouble of injustice doesn’t lay in their hands, or that by giving or restoring the rights and privileges of the indigenous people would cause negative change to themselves. 7 She also states that statistically Maori suffer an higher rate of poverty, suicide and incarceration for example. These would be some of the reasons Maori could file reports for personal discrimination.
One of many other things that Maori suffer from is also the forfeit of their lands by British colonial rules. This confines the Maori and compels them to practice their culture and religion in a limited area, and that is just one of the main reasons many Maori feel discriminated today. When they lose spiritual and sacred territory, they lose power at the same time, and may cause Maori to commit suicide or even to avenge society on certain levels.
There have been several trials in New Zealand in an aim to abolish or abrogate the land-claims. One example of this happened during 2004 when the case regarding foreshore and seabed was brought to life.8 The places near the beach are and have always been the most spiritual places for Maori, because they would feel the closest connection with their spiritual homeland there and they could also practise different rituals or important things included in their culture there. Anyway the purpose of this act was to demolish the claims the Maori had in these areas. Thanks to Maori lawyers and great pressure from the Maori they succeed in
Despite discussing whether to believe or disagree with the things Maori culture has to say the history of its culture has a significant meaning to how Maori dedicate their life’s or how the people are treated by society. One prejudice against society is that the more the traditions or religion go to a mythical level, more people will feel that they are an outcast of society and therefore people will treat them as such. One great example that describes a somewhat logical interpretation for the treatment of the Maori can be read and analysed In James k Baxster's poem “The Maori Jesus” He describes the Significance blended by hate and racism and what people may lose only because of their views, that may be based out of solid air. In the poem he uses Jesus and the start of the bible to describe a man of Maori, and what a day could look like for him. James Baxter pictures an almost perfect view on how the society seems to be self-centred, and the downsides with a society like this is that, those who can't stick up with the “standards” or may follow different paths can fall down and therefore break away from society. 9
Discussion I've now almost finished my research about the Maori and the journey through it has been both a struggle and a fun ride. I have had the chance to travel back in time to find different patterns and use them as a foundation for my analysis, and I also learned a lot of new information which was great. If I can sum it all up I would blame almost everything on the colonisation and the egocentric Brits. On the other hand, I can't blame them for discovering New Zealand, for all the trouble they caused the Maori. Every lie they told, or every wrong decision they made, for example the treaty of Waitangi as server to make the situation worse for the Maori.The Maori people had already proved signs of cooperation and hospitality, and once they got to know the Europeans they had no trouble living in peace with them, maybe they thought from the start that the British people would not be more than just guests to New Zealand. However I discovered that this discrimination continues even after the era of colonialism and into our era, and looks as bad today as it did back then. I think that everyone has become comfortable in their shoes and to ignorant to see the problems that float beneath the surface of society. I can try to understand how the Maori meet this problem, and how they are affected by it, by comparing their situation to the Sami people in Sweden. In Sweden people tend to just get on with their lives not thinking about them, and that's a discrimination in itself. I find that the responsibility lies in the hands of the government. Minority groups in New Zealand and Sweden and in all other countries face the same kind of discrimination, unless we can see past our own interests and offer just a little help to aid these groups. That show signs of discrimination or bad treatment. It would mean a significant change to human rights.
New Zealand expected the Maori to forget the things that are so important to them, and that they might lose hope of better or more positive changes. But as the Maori are described, they prove to be great warrior, and great in making strategic deccisions. They won't give up their fight for justice this easily. There have been many lawyers or jurists with Maori background that have spent a big part of their life to fight for these people's rights. There have even been trials that have gone to the supreme court, which many of the trials are about land-claims.10
I have learned that the Maori culture is a really strong one and that their background means a lot to many Maori living in New Zealand today. Just as a Christian or a Muslim would feel the need to pray, the Maori people find the need of their land and spiritual places a lot more than we could imagine. One of the questions I asked myself before starting with my research was how the Maori culture survived for so long, and how it could still be integregated with society today. I believe that it's because of their ability to handle things peacefully, althou we haven't always met peaceful actions from the Maori, they are so smart that they could handle problems and negotiations by word instead. I also believe that their ability to share things and to be open for new relationships or cooperation has got them as for as they are today. What really interest me is that the Maori are more known than most people realize, the national rugby team for New Zealand uses one of the traditional haka dances before every game. This dance has been a symbol for the Maori and has given them more support than they expected from the start. It's also a sign that the culture is respected and seen as something that New Zealand is proud to represent. Thou one can ask how is it that the Maori people is still discriminated while New Zealand seems to be shameless for their traditions?
Conclusion The Maori have proved, along with New Zealand, that there are problems still existing in their country, and that these problems need to be apprehended together. Discrimination has always been a serious trouble, wherever you look, you can find signs of discrimination. The question I asked myself when finishing up this research is how the Maori respond to this treatment, and how many Maori that's active in trying to make a change. I've found out that the Maori people since the colonisation have had a hard time trying to adjust to every negative change that has been brought upon them. They are also still trying their best to spread their culture in New Zealand society. There have been some successful attempts and some they are still trying to fix. For example they have been able to increase the amount of Maori education in public schools, Resulting in the survival of the Maori culture. But it isn’t as much as they would want it to be. Honestly, I think if the Maori hadn't accepted the Europeans from the start, their culture would be a lot less viable today if even existing. The Europeans could act peacefully towards the Maori, because of their hospitality, and therefore Maori succeeded in a future salvation to their culture with a friendly relationship to the Pakeha. What could've happened is that the Maori, when they first met with the Europeans, attacked and forced even Captain Cook and his crew to flee. That could mean more force to the Maori in the future. The discrimination that the Maori suffer from today can be rather hard to take in for someone who doesn’t live by their standards. I’ve made the conclusion that there are more problems the Maori face rather than just land-claims. It doesn’t have to be that it's the society they are discriminated by either, some of the Maori men abuse their women to a point were they are left with no choice but to obey the men. 11
If I were to continue this work I would start focusing on all the trials that have involved Maori claims, or discriminations. I would basically try to get hold of as much public material that I could and try to understand New Zealand’s view on this problem, as well as the Maori view and compare those to each other. I wouldn’t just focus on The Maori as I have in this research, I would include both perspectives. But as said I would include more civilizations just like the Maori, aborigines for example, and I would read more source-material from the colonisation, and also early-maori time.
Appendix Image url :http://www.houseofrentalsgoldenbay.co.nz/holiday-home-rentals.html References *Internet sources
Worldbook Student- 'Who are the Maori?'- Early Peoples- Viewed on 9th December 2014 URL :http://www.worldbookonline.com/digitallibraries/earlypeoples/article?id=ar837102&st=%22maori%22&gr=Welcome+Finnvedens+Gymnasium
Worldbook Student- 'Maori Society' Early people- Viewed on 9th December 2014 URL: http://www.worldbookonline.com/digitallibraries/earlypeoples/article?id=ar837105&st=%22maori%22&gr=Welcome+Finnvedens+Gymnasium
Worldbook Student- 'Maori and Pakeha'- Early peoples- Viewed on 9th December 201...
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Worldbook Student- 'Who are the Maori?'- Early Peoples- Viewed on 9th December 2014 URL :http://www.worldbookonline.com/digitallibraries/earlypeoples/article?id=ar837102&st=%22maori%22&gr=Welcome+Finnvedens+Gymnasium Worldbook Student- 'Maori Society' Early people- Viewed on 9th December 2014 URL: http://www.worldbookonline.com/digitallibraries/earlypeoples/article?id=ar837105&st=%22maori%22&gr=Welcome+Finnvedens+Gymnasium Worldbook Student- 'Maori and Pakeha'- Early peoples- Viewed on 9th December 2014 URL:http://www.worldbookonline.com/digitallibraries/earlypeoples/article?id=ar837126&st=%22maori%22&gr=Welcome+Finnvedens+Gymnasium Worldbook Student- 'Maori'- Margaret Muhu- Viewed on 9th December 2014 URL:http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar343235 History Today- 'New Zealand declared a British colony.'- Keith Sinclair- Published in volume 30 issue 7 July 1980 URL: http://www.historytoday.com/keith-sinclair/new-zealand-declared-british-colony#comment-0 Cultural survival- Nora Lawrence 'Working Towards Maori Equality'- Updated September 2010- URL: http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/new-zealand/working-towards-maori-equality#comment-0 Statistics New Zealand 'Percieved personal discrimination'- Figure 2- Published August 2013 URL: http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/snapshots-of-nz/nz-social-indicators/Home/Perceived%20discrimination/pers-discrim.aspx Jovana Balanovic 'Is New Zealand an equal society?' -Victoria university of Wellington, Published 24th of May 2013 URL: http://www.victoria.ac.nz/cacr/about-us/diversity-issues/is-new-zealand-an-equal-society Te Ahukaramu Charles Royal. 'Hawaiki - The significance of Hawaiki', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 22-Sep-12 URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/hawaiki/page-1 Te Ahukaramu Charles Royal. 'First peoples in Maori tradition - Tane, Hineahuone and Hine', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 22-Sep-12 URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/first-peoples-in-maori-tradition/page-2 Cultural survival 'An Imbalance of Powers: Maori Land Claims and an Unchecked Parliament'- Claire Charters URL:http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/new-zealand/imbalance-powers-maori-land-claims-and-unchecke Movies: Once were warriors DVD: Lee Tamahori- 1994
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Mimers Brunns personal granskar flaggade arbeten kontinuerligt för att upptäcka om något strider mot riktlinjerna för webbplatsen. Arbeten som inte följer riktlinjerna tas bort och upprepade överträdelser kan leda till att användarens konto avslutas. | https://mimersbrunn.se/article?id=59567 |
70 years ago, in 1951, 13 year old Mei Whaitiri (then Mei Irihapiti Robin) of Ahuriri was chosen as the model for the Pania of the Reef Statue in Ahuriri.
3 years after the modelling photos were taken, the commissioned statue was finished and unveiled on Marine Parade in Ahuriri where it still stands today and is a highlight for tourists to visit and take photos with when visiting Ahuriri. Most locals have visited the statue and many have taken photos with it too.
Justin and Sarah from The Breeze Hawke's Bay caught up with 83 year old Mei recently to chat about the experience and what life has been like as "Pania".
Mei talked us through what it was like to model for such a famous statue at such a young age, her dismay at not being allowed to have her whānau at the 1951 unveiling, how she felt when the statue was stolen several years ago (and the happiness of being able to have whanau attend the second unveilling in 2006) and the significance of the Hei-tiki she wore when modelling for the statue.
During the chat, they discovered that even though she is famous as the model for Pania, Mei has never actually been to Pania Reef, which lies just off the coast of Ahuriri. A member of Mei's whānau tried to take her out on a boat one day but the weather turned and Mei has never had the opportunity again.
So Justin and Sarah organised to take Mei out to the reef for the very first time on one of Napier Port's boats called Te Pania. Mei was transported to the Port in a 1938 Packard by a man she used to work for some 40 years ago.
Justin and Sarah joined Mei, some of her family and a couple of Napier Port staff on the journey out to the reef which was a very special event to be part of. Mei took the Hei-tiki that she'd worn all those years ago out as we sat on the water over the top most part of the reef and spoke about the importance of that moment. | https://www.thebreeze.co.nz/home/shows/the-breeze-hawkes-bay/pania-of-the-reef/-pania-s--first-time-on-the-reef.html |
Tikanga Maori is defined in legislation as Maori customary values and practices . Tika means do the right, and so Tikanga Maori focuses on the correct way of doing something. An obvious way is to consider Tikanga Maori as a means of social control. Looked at from this point of view, Tikanga Maori controls interpersonal relationships, provides ways for group to meet and interact, and even makes sure how individuals identify themselves. It’s difficult to imagine any social situation where Tikanga Maori has no place, ceremonies relating to life itself-birth, marriage, sickness and death are firmly embedded in Tikanga Maori.
Tikanga is real; it plays a part in the every day life of Maori. For most others Tikanga Maori is empowering, validates being Maori, provides light where there might be darkness, illuminates the highway of life so Maori know where there are going. A normative system deals with the norms of society, with what is considered to be normal and right Tikanga Maori was an essential part of the traditional Maori normative system processes for correcting and compensating for bad behavior.
A marea is a place where Maori culture can be celebrated to the fullest extent, where the language can be spoken, where Maori can meet Maori, where intertribal obligations can be met, where the customs can be explored, practiced, debated, continued, or amended, and where necessary ceremonies-such as welcoming visitors or fare welling the dead can be carried out.
It is the place where the generations before the present ones held the mana of the iwi or the hapu, maintained the tikanga to the best of their ability and kept the culture alive. It is a named piece of ground, registered as a Maori reservation where tikanga Maori has pride of place.
It is a wahi tapu, a place of great cultural significance, but the level of tapu is relatively low when compared, for example, with a cemetery. It is a place to be kept’ warm’ by the owning group, and as one generation passes on another takes their place in looking after the marae. (Tikanga Whakaaro, Barlow,C 1996 pp30. 31) People of other cultures often see the marae as the institution that saved Maori culture from being assimilated by western civilization. It was place of cultural resistance that helped Maori enjoy what others have called de-facto sovereignty; Maori control their marae to a large extent, but not completely.
Kaupapa is underlying concepts or philosophies on which tikanga is based. Kaupapa (policy, rules of operation) kaupapa is a word that is used very widely throughout Maoridom and it has a number of meanings. The best way to indicate the extent of its usage is to give some examples of it in context. For example, theme of a house: when a new house is being built, the kaupapa of the house refers to such things as the ancestor after whom the house is to be named, the different ancestral figures to be carved on the support posts around the perimeter of the house, or the painting and other decorative art work. (Tikanga Whakaaro, Barlow, C 1996)
In all these examples, the word kaupapa is used to describe the type of work or functions to be carried out. Similarly, in the context of government departments, the word kaupapa applies to the setting of policy, for example: Social welfare policy: the policy contains the rules and guidelines, relating to the operations of the department. Maori school policy: this relates to the guidelines, rules, and conditions for setting up independent Maori schools at the primary level.
Iwi transition authority policy: since 1989 Maori tribes and government officials have been engaged in a process of determining policy for iwi authorities which following the devolution of the Maori Affairs Department. The word kaupapa can be associated with almost any organization with reference to its policy and practices, particularly in relation to administration. (Tikanga Whakaaro, Barlow,C 1996) Te Toi Whakairo is the art of Maori carving, and Tohunga Whakairo was the great carvers – the master craftsmen. A master carver was highly considered.
The Maori believed that the gods created and communicated through the master carvers. Today, carving is an important Tikanga for Maori. Tapu and noa remain part of Maori culture today. Tapu goes to the heart of Maori religious thought and even though a majority of Maori are members of some Christian church or sect the notion of tapu holds. It is not really a matter of choosing one religion over another. Rather it has to do with integrating different philosophies and making an attempt at reconciling apparent contradictions.
It is present in people, in places, in buildings, in things, word, and in all tikanga. tapu is inseparable from mana, from our identity as Maori and from our cultural practices. Maori respect tapu of places and buildings such as the ancestral meeting house. They also respect the tapu of person’s including their own. These are ideals and values that Maori believe in but it has to be admitted that many of them no longer know about these values and often do not know what to do.
However, tapu remains an important part of Maori actions and of their beliefs. Maori should not step over a sleeping person the reason has to do with the tapu of the person; one should not pass anything over the head of another, the head being the most tapu part of a person. A building is opened at dawn because it is tapu until the moment the builders, carvers and decorators are released from the tapu of creative work and the building is cleared ready for public use. The whole of the tangihanga ceremony cannot be explained unless the notion of tapu is clearly understood.
“tapu” itself was the most powerful, the most important, and the most far reaching into Maori life. (http://www. history-nz. org) Noa is often paired with tapu indicting that often noa refers to restoring a balance. A high level of tapu is regarded as dangerous. Here the role of tikanga and of tohunga is reducing the level of endogenous tapu until it is noa or safe. It is not useful to think of noa as being the opposite of tapu or as absence of tapu. This is plainly not the case. For example a person can be very tapu if one is very ill of there is bleeding and shedding of blood.
Once these tapu-increasing symptoms have passed the person returns to a safe state, but still has personal tapu . the state of noa indicates that a balance has been reached, a crisis is over, health is restored and life is normal again. This means relationships are restored. This state coincides with a state of ea and noa. This state might last for several weeks until upset by some unexpected event. (http://www. history-nz. org) Tapu and noa remain part of Maori culture today, although persons today are not subject to the same tapu as that of previous times.
A new house today, for example, may have a “noa” ceremony to remove the “tapu”, in order to make the home safe before the family moves in. Nowadays, tapu absolutely are still in evidence concerning sickness, death, and burial. Tapu is evident in the Marae and in the Whare as well. The original reasons for some “tapu” are unclear today, but other reasons for “tapu” included the conservation of natural environment. This was seen to benefit the community as a whole.
In conclusion, this report shows the values, beliefs and ethics that underpin traditional Maori society and make relevance of literature about kaupapa Maori and tikanga Maori, analysis relevant philosophical and culture term of traditional Maori society and culture. | https://studymoose.com/tikanga-maori-2-10779-new-essay |
Updated 11 September 2018
Tauranga has a rich history of pre-European Maori occupation and as a result there are numerous areas of significance to local iwi and hapu throughout the City. Under section 6(e) and (f) of the Resource Management Act 1991 the Council is required to recognise and provide for the protection and cultural relationships of these areas.The Council acknowledge that it is only appropriate for Maori to identify their relationship and that of their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands, water, areas, waahi tapu and other taonga; and the extent of the values associated with these areas.
The Plan identifies a number of areas that are culturally significant to Tangata Whenua as Significant Maori Areas. Significant Maori Areas are only included where the features of those areas remain and where subdivision, use and development of the Significant Maori Areas could compromise the cultural values and relationships within those Significant Maori Areas. The General Heritage and Maori Heritage Provisions provide guidance on the management of identified areas and include criteria for additional Significant Maori Areas to be identified in the Plan in the future.
Significant Maori Areas that have been identified as warranting protection under the Plan have been classified into three groups: | https://cityplan.tauranga.govt.nz/7-heritage/7c-purpose-maori-heritage |
The land shaping the people: A cultural look into a new land management scheme for South Wairarapa
Smart, Megan
URI:
http://hdl.handle.net/10063/6247
Date:
2016
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No known rights restrictions other than copyright.
Abstract:
With this thesis bringing attention to the region of Wairarapa, it will show awareness to the significant cultural and biodiversity that this district holds that makes it such a rich place within Aotearoa, New Zealand. With two natural features sitting at their doorsteps, Lake Wairarapa and the Remutaka hillside, this region holds much to preserve and want to save. Maori culture holds countless values of the landscape that can be used to heal the land surrounding the lake, which in turn will heal the people living amongst it. These values are held with great appreciation in the culture, many believe all should live with these values for the land. This thesis will help in bringing the Te Aranga Maori design principles to the surface so more can live with the land naturally and not just on it. This research will explore how these design principles can be used in bringing the landscape back to its prior state, and working with natural interventions to bring wahi tapu into the land and its people. In dealing with the current challenges and goals that present generation live with to make Wairarapa one to grow in and with. These ideas can generate discussion to how people might live more sustainably with the use of natural systems in the landscape, to the production of natural products. It will also allow for more research topics to be produced from the older ways people used to live with the land. To show the diverse cultures present today, in how others could benefit from the ways and means they used to be. With dealing with present challenges and needs from today’s generation as we cannot ‘restore’ what once was, we have to ‘regenerate’ a new way of living, that is beneficial for all.
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For this five week course, we are sharing stories, poems and art from ancient cultures around the world. This week, we looked at Māori culture and the story of Maui the demi-god who pulls up Te Ika a Maui (known today as the North Island of New Zealand), with his magic fishing hook. The slashes and cuts made by his brothers fighting over the land were said to have created the many mountains and valleys of the North Island today.
After listening to the story and looking at some images of Maori sculpture and art (rich in symbolic pattterns), the children drew some pictures in their books and wrote down some ideas for their own stories, such as imagining what else may have been hooked on the magic fishing hook, and how Maui felt when his brothers refused to take him fishing.
After the break, the children chose one of their drawings to develop into a print. We used styrofoam to etch into, ran the ink over it and printed it – one to take home, and one for their books. They then worked on their own stories. There was no pressure to read them out, but the children enjoyed sharing their ideas and knowledge about myths in general. Most didn’t know much about Maori culture, but lots about the Greek myths, which we agreed to investigate next week. One boy decided to write part two of his story when he got home. | https://sarahjfeatherstone.com/2017/11/08/new-creative-course-for-children/ |
In recent years, since the Human Tissue Act came into force, New Zealand has had numerous success in the return of artefacts involving human remains from the UK. Now it looks as though the restitution tide is also turning in France, with the agreement to return some Maori heads.
The French parliament has voted to return the mummified heads of at least 15 Maori warriors to New Zealand.
The heads, taken by European explorers in the 18th and 19th centuries, are currently on display in several museums in France.
The decision ends years of debate and is part of a wider discussion in the US and Europe on the restitution of artefacts taken centuries earlier.
The Maoris believed the preservation of the heads kept their spirits alive.
But they became exotic collector items in Europe in the 19th Century, with museum officials saying some men may have been killed for their tattoos.
MPs in France almost unanimously backed the bill to return the tattooed heads, some still with bits of hair and teeth attached, back to their home country.
It is the first time that French legislation has allowed an entire division of museum artefacts to be returned.
Catherine Morin-Desailly, the MP who proposed the bill, said it showed France’s commitment to human rights.
“There are some things which are above art and which should remain sacred,” she told Associated Press.
New Zealand first requested their return in the 1980s but the issue became more prominent in France in 2007 after a city council voted for one head to be sent back.
The decision was later overturned by the French Ministry of Culture, which ruled such a decision could not be taken at local level.
Critics had voiced concerns it might set a new precedent, putting other collections at risk.
Pita Sharples, the New Zealand minister for Maori affairs, said the decision was a “matter of great significance”.
“Maori believe that, through their ancestors’ return to their original homeland, their dignity is restored, and they can be put to rest in a peace among their families,” he said.
The heads will be sent to the Te Papa museum in the New Zealand capital, Wellington, and then returned to tribal groups to be buried. | http://www.elginism.com/similar-cases/france-agrees-to-return-maori-heads-to-new-zealand/20100612/2900/ |
Author William Arthur Ward once wrote that “feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a present and not giving it”.
This sentiment is supported by a wealth of research which demonstrates that displaying gratitude has many positive effects. But what are these benefits and how can a sense of gratitude be developed?
What are the Benefits of Gratitude?
Improvements in mood
Across a set of three fascinating studies, participants of varying ages were asked to write a thank you letter expressing their gratitude to someone they believed had touched their lives in a meaningful way. They then had to predict how happy, surprised and awkward this would make themselves and the recipients feel. The researchers found that writing this letter not only lifted the mood of the recipient but also the mood of those who sent the letter.
Improvements in well-being
In a different study, participants had to create a weekly list of either gratitude-inducing experiences, irritating experiences, or life events. Those in the gratitude group felt better about their lives as a whole and were more optimistic in their expectations for the upcoming week. Additionally, they had fewer physical complaints (e.g. stomach-ache, chest pain, stiffness), spent significantly more time exercising, and saw improvements in sleep quality. Further research has shown that writing letters expressing gratitude can also reduce depressive symptoms.
Develops relationships with others
Research has shown that grateful people are more likely to help someone with a personal problem or offer emotional support. Additionally, it has been shown that expressing gratitude can strengthen a close relationship, as the recipient feels as though you care for their welfare. It has been suggested that expressing gratitude motivates people to display pro-social behaviour, as this expression increases their feelings of social worth.
Reduces impatience
In one piece of research, participants had either grateful, happy or neutral emotions induced. This was achieved by asking them to think of an event that made them feel grateful or happy, or by encouraging them to think about the events of a typical day respectively. The researchers found that those placed in the gratitude condition showed more patience in comparison to those in the happy or neutral condition. Gratitude not only reduces impatience but also encourages individuals to recognise that being patient may lead to more favourable outcomes in the long term.
Increased satisfaction
Another study showed that students who listed gratitude inducing experiences had more positive school experiences. This is a promising finding, as children who are satisfied with their school experience will enjoy school more, find it interesting and believe they are learning a lot. This in turn leads to greater success both academically and socially.
4 Ways to Develop Gratitude
We know a sense of gratitude can have many positive benefits. So how can we help others develop this?
Remove assumptions
Recent research has found that people often do not express gratitude because they assume that the recipient is already aware of it. However, this is often not the case. If individuals are aware that their gratitude is often not recognised, then they will be more likely to express it.
Know how valued it is
Individuals often do not display their gratitude as they believe it may lead to an awkward social interaction. However, people tend to overestimate how awkward recipients of gratitude feel, whilst underestimating its positive effects.
Other research also supports the idea that people tend to undervalue positive interactions with others. In one experiment, a group of participants were given money to spend on either themselves or others. The researchers had predicted that the participants would be happier if they spent the money on themselves. However, this proved to not be the case, as their follow-up experiment revealed that the group instructed to spend money on others were significantly happier than a group instructed to spend money on themselves.
Make a List of Events to be Grateful For
Research has shown that it is possible to develop gratitude by getting individuals to list experiences to be grateful for at the end of each day. The lists do not have to be complex but can include experiences we usually take for granted, for example having a supportive family. Making a list can also improve mood, life satisfaction and well-being.
Write Letters
Gratitude can be developed through letter writing. It has been found that writing three letters over an 8 week period that took only 10-15 minutes to compose and were only a page in length was enough to improve gratitude and happiness levels.
Final Thought
Once gratitude has been developed, many other positive outcomes follow, such as improvements in well-being, stronger relationships, and a reduction in impatience.
The development of gratitude can be improved through simple ideas such as letter writing and listing events to be grateful for; hopefully, this in turn will help make our students happier and more successful. | https://blog.innerdrive.co.uk/the-power-of-gratitude |
By definition (according to Merriam-Webster), gratitude means "a feeling of appreciation or thanks" and "the state of being grateful." This state of mind is so beneficial to our lives—it has a deep effect on our mental health, overall well-being, relationships, and more. Who knew?
Andreas Michaelides, Ph.D., chief of psychology at Noom, says that there is a large body of empirical evidence that points to the importance of gratitude and the impact it has in our lives. He cites one study that found that assigning gratitude to unpleasant memories may help individuals process and bring emotional closure to these events. And he also states that practicing gratitude exercises has been proven to be effective for how people experience and evaluate their own lives. And lastly, he says that gratitude has been found to be uniquely important to psychological well-being, more than The Big 5 Facets (extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism).
Co-founder of Frame Sage Grazer, LCSW, adds that her definition of gratitude is intentionally taking notice of things you're grateful for and not fixating on the negative. "We actually evolved to place more emphasis on noticing the negative in our environment as a way to help us survive in a hostile landscape—having a keen eye and a focus on negative stimuli can help keep us safe from predators," she says. "On a primitive level, noticing the positive things in your environment doesn't serve survival like noticing the threats, but in a modern world, we have to counteract this instinct with an intentional approach to refocus on things that are neutral or positive. Ruminating on thoughts and sitting with emotions tends to foster the expansion of emotions of the same tone. Taking an intentional approach to gratitude can amplify positive emotions and experiences. Our energy moves towards whatever we focus our attention on."
Photo:Jamie Grill Atlas/Stocksy
That all sounds great for your overall health and well-being, but sometimes it can be hard to practice gratitude, especially if you're going through some hard times. It's natural and normal to not be able to experience gratitude all the time, and Grazer says it's okay to allow yourself to experience negative emotions without having to implement a positive and appreciative outlook all of the time. She suggests giving yourself the space to feel and experience those emotions and then shifting your attention to anything that you're grateful for. "You can do this in small steps. For some, that could look like noticing just one thing that you appreciate," she explains. "For others who are really struggling with finding the good, it can just be noticing things that 'aren't bad.' Also, it's okay to be hurting or unhappy and grateful at the same time. Just because you are grateful or experiencing some positive emotion doesn't nullify or invalidate your struggles. These experiences can coexist, and as you shift focus from one side to the other, you can allow your gratitude to expand."
And it's important to note that if you do choose to practice gratitude, it might not come to you easily nor will you see the benefits overnight. Laura Geftman, LCSW, a mental health consultant for Lina, says it's not magic. "It's an adjustment to your daily living that takes time and consistency. Incorporating this self-care practice into your life may create the positive change you've been looking for," she says.
But there are so many positive changes or benefits that you may encounter through gratitude. Take a look at some of them below.
Benefits of Gratitude
1. It Provides Positive Feelings
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"The act of showing appreciation for what is valuable and meaningful to oneself and represents a general state of thankfulness and/or appreciation seems to create a positive shift in an individual's outlook and experience of their everyday life," Geftman says.
2. It Helps Strengthen Your Relationships
Photo:Momo Productions/Getty Images
Michaelides says that gratitude can strengthen relationships by promoting relationship formation and maintenance as well as the perceived sense of support, help, and collaboration. It may also help foster connection and intimacy, Geftman adds.
3. It Has Physical Benefits
Gratitude might also help with a number of physical benefits. "Physically, grateful people experience more energy, healthier hearts, better sleep, and even increased longevity," Michaelides says.
4. It Helps You Take Care of Yourself
"Practicing gratitude allows for many to take responsibility for themselves," Geftman says. "Focusing on giving thanks may lend to increased self-care and decreased stress."
5. It Boosts Your Creativity
Photo:Justin Lewis/Getty Images
"The thinking behind this notion is that if you hold positive emotions, this will increase your cognitive ability to create," Geftman says.
6. It Leaves You More Alert
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"Cognitively, it appears, grateful people are more alert, focused, creative in problem-solving, and appreciative of learning," Michaelides says.
7. It May Boost Immunity
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"We've all heard the saying 'mind over matter.' As our minds and bodies are in constant communication, gratitude is thought to improve immunity," Geftman says. "Negative thinking can offset a body's hormonal balance."
8. It Can Improve Your Overall Well-Being
Photo:Eva Blanco/EyeEm/Getty Images
Gratitude can just help you overall. "[It] improves emotional regulation, increases feelings of happiness and positive mood, improves physical health, enhances empathy, improves self-esteem, improves friendships, reduces stress, and increases resilience," adds Frame therapist Amy Levin, MSW, Ph.D.
How to Practice Gratitude
And if you want in on some of these benefits, there are a few ways you can start practicing gratitude. It's not one-size-fits-all, and it's not limited to meditation, experience, or an event. Michaelides says some common misconceptions about the practice are that it takes a long time or that it needs to be verbally expressed or that it's difficult. You have many options when it comes to how you do it, so you can choose a way that works for you individually.
1. Consider the Approach
Photo:NickyLloyd/Getty Images
First, think about how you want to practice. "Beginning to practice gratitude starts with a willingness to give thanks and change your perspective," Geftman says. "There are many various gratitude exercises you could choose to begin your practice. The approach most people gravitate towards in starting a gratitude practice is journaling. Whether you choose to jot down things you feel grateful for, things you're concerned you're taking advantage of, or people you want to offer gratitude to, journaling these thoughts will prove to be powerful."
2. Find the Time
Think about how you can fit gratitude into your daily schedule. "Every day may seem like a lot, but really, once you find the time of day to make space for this practice, it becomes something you look forward to," Geftman says. "Whether you journal with your morning coffee or before you go to sleep, finding the right time that works best for you will be the best way to practice gratitude every day."
3. Make It a Ritual or Routine
Photo:Studio Firma/Stocksy
"There are short gratitude exercises that one can do each day. (See here for my 3 Minute Mindfulness Exercise on Frame)," Levin says. "Set a reminder on your phone twice a day. Take a walk, if you are able to, and stop to smell the flowers or appreciate the buildings or architecture. If you can afford to, buy a friend or colleague a cup of coffee, or visit a sick friend. Those are ways to show gratitude."
4. Try a Starter Exercise
You can start off with something really easy, like listing one thing per day that you are grateful for, Michaelides suggests. "This will help you to get into the habit of noticing it and calling it out. These can be things that are tangible (e.g., your home), experiences, circumstances, or people in your life," he says.
Or Levin recommends starting your gratitude practice by waking up each morning and noting three things you're grateful for. "It can be small, like your partner changing out the roll of toilet paper or the fact that your dog didn't wake you with a wet nose before 6 a.m., or it can be big, like being grateful for a family member's good health or safety," she says. "Coming up with three things before opening your eyes each morning starts your day off with a positive tone. Then, as that practice becomes easy, start noticing things throughout the day that are good—someone holding the door open for you, a stranger's smile, a hot shower, a soft blanket, a good show on TV, a child winning their sports game or bringing home a good grade after studying hard for an exam. Gratitude and positivity can be contagious!"
5. Tell Someone You're Grateful
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"Another task could be to make an effort of articulating gratitude to at least one person per day," Michaelides says. "Articulation could be anything from a statement to a hug."
5. Write It Out
"You can also practice gratitude by writing a letter to yourself or a loved one," Michaelides suggests. "The Journal of Happiness Studies reported that writing thank-you letters are even more powerful than lists and can result in increased happiness and life satisfaction while decreasing depression symptoms."
However you decided to start, just know it may take some time to get used to the practice. And you may need to tweak it and tailor it as time goes on. Do what feels good and helps you.
- Explore More: | https://thethirty.whowhatwear.com/benefits-of-gratitude |
Lisa, an elementary school teacher from Ambler, Pa., came home from work one day and said to her husband, “Honey, guess what? I landed that summer teaching position I wanted!” “Wow, congratulations!” he replied. “I know how hard you worked to get that job. I am so happy for you! You must be really excited.” The way Lisa's husband reacted to her good news was also good news for their marriage, which, 15 years later, is still going strong; such positive responses turn out to be vital to the longevity of a relationship.
Numerous studies show that intimate relationships, such as marriages, are the single most important source of life satisfaction. Although most couples enter these relationships with the best of intentions, many break up or stay together but languish. Yet some do stay happily married and thrive. What is their secret?
A few clues emerge from the latest research in the nascent field of positive psychology. Founded in 1998 by psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania, this discipline includes research into positive emotions, human strengths and what is meaningful in life. In the past few years positive psychology researchers have discovered that thriving couples accentuate the positive in life more than those who stay together unhappily or split do. They not only cope well during hardship but also celebrate the happy moments and work to build more bright points into their lives.
It turns out that how couples handle good news may matter even more to their relationship than their ability to support each other under difficult circumstances. Happy pairs also individually experience a higher ratio of upbeat emotions to negative ones than people in unsuccessful liaisons do. Certain tactics can boost this ratio and thus help to strengthen connections with others. [To measure your positivity ratio, see box on page 52.] Another ingredient for relationship success: cultivating passion. Learning to become devoted to your significant other in a healthy way can lead to a more satisfying union.
Let the Good Times Roll
Until recently, studies largely centered on how romantic partners respond to each other's misfortunes and on how couples manage negative emotions such as jealousy and anger—an approach in line with psychology's traditional focus on alleviating deficits. One key to successful bonds, the studies indicated, is believing that your partner will be there for you when things go wrong. Then, in 2004, psychologist Shelly L. Gable, currently at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues found that romantic couples share positive events with each other surprisingly often, leading the scientists to surmise that a partner's behavior also matters when things are going well.
In a study published in 2006 Gable and her co-workers videotaped dating men and women in the laboratory while the subjects took turns discussing a positive and negative event. After each conversation, members of each pair rated how “responded to”—how understood, validated and cared for—they felt by their partner. Meanwhile observers rated the responses on how active-constructive (engaged and supportive ) they were—as indicated by intense listening, positive comments and questions, and the like. Low ratings reflected a more passive, generic response such as “That's nice, honey.” Separately, the couples evaluated their commitment to and satisfaction with the relationship.
The researchers found that when a partner proffered a supportive response to cheerful statements, the “responded to” ratings were higher than they were after a sympathetic response to negative news, suggesting that how partners reply to good news may be a stronger determinant of relationship health than their reaction to unfortunate incidents. The reason for this finding, Gable surmises, may be that fixing a problem or dealing with a disappointment—though important for a relationship—may not make a couple feel joy, the currency of a happy pairing.
In addition, couples who answered good news in an active-constructive way scored higher on almost every type of measure of relationship satisfaction than those who responded in a passive or destructive way. (Passive replies indicate a lack of interest, as in changing the subject, and destructive responses include negative statements such as “That sounds like tons of work!”) Surprisingly, a passive-constructive response (“That's nice, honey”) was almost as damaging as directly disparaging a partner's good news. These data are consistent with an earlier study showing that active-constructive responders experience fewer conflicts and engage in more fun activities together. These individuals also are more likely to remain together. Active-constructive responding shows that a person cares about why the good news is important, Gable says, conveying that you “get” your partner. Conversely, negative or passive reactions signify that the responder is not terribly interested—in either the news or the person disclosing it.
Thankfully, life affords many opportunities to respond supportively to optimistic announcements: Gable, along with social psychologist Jonathan Haidt of the University of Virginia, reported in 2005 that, for most individuals, positive events happen at least three times as often as negative ones. And just as responding enthusiastically to your partner's good news increases relationship satisfaction so does sharing your own positive experiences. In a daily diary study of 67 cohabiting couples published in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology in 2010, Gable found that on days when couples reported telling their partner about a happy event they also reported feeling a stronger tie to their partner and greater security in their match.
Power of Positive Emotions
One of the benefits of reveling in the good times is a boost in the positive emotions of both members of a couple. A decade ago positive psychology pioneer Barbara L. Fredrickson of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill showed that positive emotions, even fleeting ones, can broaden our thinking and enable us to connect more closely with others. Having an upbeat outlook, she argues, enables people to see the big picture and avoid getting hung up on small annoyances. This wide-angle view often brings to light new possibilities and offers solutions to difficult problems, making individuals better at handling adversity in relationships and other parts of life. It also tends to dismantle boundaries between “me” and “you,” creating stronger emotional attachments. “As positivity broadens your mind, it shifts your core view of people and relationships, bringing them closer to your center, to your heart,” Fredrickson says.
When a person's positive sentiments outnumber negative feelings by three to one, that individual reaches a tipping point beyond which he or she becomes more resilient in life and love, Fredrickson found. Among individuals in enduring and mutually satisfying marriages, ratios tend to be even higher, hovering around five to one, according to research by world-renowned marriage expert John Gottman, emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Washington.
In her book Positivity (Crown, 2009), Fredrickson lists the 10 most frequent positive emotions: joy, gratitude, serenity, interest, hope, pride, amusement, inspiration, awe and love. Although all these emotions matter, gratitude may be one of the most important for relationships, she says. Expressing gratitude on a regular basis can help you appreciate your partner rather than taking his or her small favors or kind acts for granted, and that boost in appreciation strengthens your relationship over time. In a study published in Personal Relationships in 2010, social psychology researcher Sara B. Algoe, also at Chapel Hill, and her colleagues asked cohabiting couples, 36 percent of whom were married or engaged, to report nightly for two weeks how grateful they felt toward their partners from their interactions that day. In addition to gratitude, they numerically rated their relationship satisfaction and their feelings of connection with their partner. On days that people felt more gratitude toward their partner, they felt better about their relationship and more connected to him or her; they also experienced greater relationship satisfaction the following day. Additionally, their partners (the recipients of the gratitude) were more satisfied with the relationship and more connected to them on that same day. Thus, moments of gratitude may act as a booster shot for romantic relationships.
The fact that gratitude affected both partners also hints that expressing your gratitude is important for relationship satisfaction. To test this idea directly, Algoe, Fredrickson and their colleagues asked people in romantic relationships to list nice things their partners had done for them lately and to rate on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much) how well they thought they had expressed appreciation to their partner for having done those favors. In results not yet published, the researchers found that each unit improvement in expressed appreciation decreased by half the odds of the couple breaking up in six months.
Promoting Passion
Like gratitude, feelings of passion can strengthen our bonds with others. Many people equate passion with a desperate longing, suggested by song lyrics such as “I can't live without you” and “I can't concentrate when you're not around.” But such unbridled or obsessive passion is not conducive to a healthy relationship, according to work by social psychologist Robert Vallerand of the University of Quebec at Montreal. On the contrary, obsessive passion—a type that seems to control you—is as detrimental to the relationship, making it less satisfying sexually and otherwise, as having no passion.
A healthy passion—a voluntary inclination toward an activity or person that we love and value—does provide benefits, however. In recent studies using the Romantic Passion Scale, a questionnaire that measures harmonious and obsessive passion, Vallerand found that harmonious passion helps couples relate better, in part, by enabling them to become intimate with their partner while maintaining their own identity, which helps to foster a more mature partnership. Their intimacy enables them to continue to pursue their own hobbies and interests rather than subjugating their own sense of self to an excessive attachment to the other person. (Previous research by Vallerand and his colleagues revealed that harmonious passion for activities leads to cognitive and emotional advantages, such as better concentration, a more positive outlook and better mental health. No one has yet studied whether these benefits spill over to our romantic relationships, however.)
You can cultivate healthy passion by joining your partner in a pursuit that both of you enjoy, Vallerand suggests. Engaging in exhilarating activities with another person has been shown to boost mutual attraction. Avoid serious competition because the point of the outing should not be winning but enjoying time together. Another tip: write down and share with your partner some of the reasons why you love him or her and why your relationship is important.
Positive Steps
Experts also have tips for injecting positive emotions into your life. First, learn to respond constructively to your partner's positive declarations. Look for opportunities to express your interest, support and enthusiasm. Acknowledge a terrific presentation at work, say, or faster time in a road race. Ask yourself regularly: “What good news has my partner told me today? How can we celebrate it?” Affirm your partner's joy first. Discuss your concerns, such as the practical downsides of a promotion, at a later time. In addition, be attentive and actively participate in the conversation. Ask questions and indicate interest nonverbally: maintain eye contact, lean forward and nod. To show you heard, rephrase a part of what he or she said, for instance: “You seem really excited about this new job.”
Moreover, a variety of exercises can boost your ratio of positive to negative emotions. Schedule exuberant feelings into your day by, say, making time for activities that evoke such emotions. Locate places you can walk to quickly to connect with nature or other beautiful scenery. Make these places regular destinations for exercising, reflecting or hanging out with friends. In addition, practice savoring a genuine source of positive emotion that is currently, has been or will be a part of your life. Truly cherish the event by focusing intently on the feelings it evokes.
Another idea for raising your personal positivity score: create a “positivity portfolio,” a collection of meaningful mementos signifying a positive emotion. For example, you might encapsulate joy by creating a collage of uplifting song lyrics and pictures that make you smile. Looking at your creation every day for 20 minutes can improve your positivity score. Try infusing fun or pleasure into mundane tasks. For instance, transform dinner preparation into a family activity in which the kids help by measuring ingredients and slicing vegetables, perhaps learning about nutrition along the way, Fredrickson says. Or play romantic or fun music during the dinner-making process. Turn daily challenges or snafus, like your child's misplaced shoes, into a game to see who can find them first.
Look for opportunities to thank your partner. “Try highlighting those small moments in which your partner has been thoughtful and expressing it to him or her,” Fredrickson suggests. And find time each day to share something positive that has happened to you. | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-happy-couple-2012-10-23/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=b46b833f-86b1-454c-9f0b-feae213eb82f |
Do you start each day with consistent gratitude? Connecting with others…choosing to be positive, seeing the best in every situation… finding joy in the little things, and smiling at strangers?
Consistent gratitude is the expression of appreciation for what you have. It’s an emotion, one that makes you feel happier. Psychologists find that, over time, feeling grateful boost’s your happiness and fosters physical and psychological health, even among those who struggle with mental health problems. In addition, having a thankful heart curbs negative emotions and shifts your inner attention away from negative emotions such as resentment or anger.
In recent years, positive psychology research has proven that gratitude is strongly associated with the emotions that can help you enjoy more significant health and happiness. It has also been shown that gratitude plays an essential role in nurturing relationships and can even inspire you to take better care of yourself. Here’s how developing an attitude of gratitude can improve your mental health and make you happier in your life.
“Acknowledging the good that you already have in your life is the foundation for all abundance.” ~ Eckhart Tolle
If You Are More Grateful, You Will See the World As More Positive
When you incorporate gratitude into your daily life, you will have a more positive outlook and be more appreciative of everyday things. Studies have shown that people who are more grateful than others will automatically think about what happens to them more positively. Most situations that occur in our lives are not 100% good or 100% bad. Consequently, how we think about or interpret what happens to us plays a significant role in our feelings about the situation.
Most people have learned “thinking habits” that they repeat over and over again. With gratitude, your moods won’t be affected by disappointment, and you’ll be better able to see the bright side of life rather than focusing on what you lack. As a result, you will be less likely to take things for granted and will be more inclined to be moved by the little things.
Consistent Gratitude for Greater Life Satisfaction
Happiness and satisfaction are two very different things. You can be happy at the moment and still feel dissatisfied with your life. Happiness can be fleeting. For instance, that first cup of coffee at 6:30 am can make us happy. An hour later, the happiness from the coffee has worn off. Satisfaction, however, is long-lasting.
Those who practice daily gratitude tend to be less materialistic and more hopeful in life. They are also more likely to have greater resilience and less likely to feel like they’re victims when things don’t go their way. Being able to cope better with tragedies and crises can help to improve the quality and experiences you have in life.
Gratitude Helps You Stay Healthy
Research has proven that you are less likely to suffer from anxiety and depression when you live with gratitude. All of this might explain why grateful people are happier, but why are they also healthier, why they sleep better, and why are they sick less often?
The cognitive pathway can also explain this. Such as if you have fewer negative thoughts about the world, it is easier to fall asleep because you are not lying awake worrying about everything that went wrong that day. You might have also noticed that when you worry a lot, you can experience negative feelings in your body, such as headaches or stomach pains. In addition, not getting enough sleep and having a lot of negative emotions (feeling worried, stressed, sad, and angry) is bad for your immune system, which makes it difficult for your body to fight off diseases.
With daily gratitude, people tend to be more optimistic and enjoy an increase in energy. Consistent gratitude also has a positive effect on cardiovascular health and immune health. In addition, it has been shown to effectively lower blood pressure, increase pain tolerance, and positively impact pregnancy.
Increased Self-Esteem
The truth is – everyone has countless reasons to be thankful. But sometimes, it doesn’t feel that way. Maybe you’re having a bad day, a bad week, heck, even a bad year. But regardless of any of that, there is always something to be grateful about.
My best days tend to happen when I start the morning with just 2-5 minutes (that’s all it takes!) of writing in my Gratitude Journal. And that’s not a coincidence. Gratitude frames your mind for a joyous, productive, and I-can-take-on-the-world-just-watch-me day.
Those who experience heartfelt gratitude in their lives have higher levels of happiness and far greater self-esteem and confidence. Being grateful focuses your attention on happier, more positive thoughts that can help you feel better about yourself and help you to banish negative self-talk.
“There’s always, always, always something to be grateful for.”
Higher Levels of Success
David Steindl-Rast, in his Ted-Talk on happiness, proposes a question: ‘Does happiness cause one to be grateful or does being grateful create happiness?’ He concludes his talk by explaining that consistent gratitude is the sole creator of happiness. We all know people who have faced devastating adversity and challenges but have persevered with gratitude and joy. They are the perfect example of creating happiness through the practice of gratitude.
Those with a grateful disposition are more likely to achieve their goals faster. In addition, those who hold managerial positions report that showing genuine appreciation and thanking their colleagues improve productivity and motivation. Being grateful isn’t always easy, but life can be incredibly lonely, depressing, and impoverished without it. Conversely, showing gratitude can enrich your life and energize, elevate, inspire and transform your life.
“When you are grateful, fear disappears, and abundance appears.” — Tony Robbins
I am Shirley Noah, author and an internationally known stress expert and entrepreneur. I would love to connect further with you to help you improve your health and well-being if you are interested in learning more about being positive and how what you say to yourself influences your behavior. Please take a look at my popular E-course, Optimize Your Self Talk. | https://ingoodhealthcoach.com/achieve-with-consistent-gratitude/ |
Do you wake up in the morning and grumble, thinking up every reason you would rather stay in bed. Or do you wake up and say, “Wow, a brand-new day! Another day for adventure, life and opportunity”? We really do have a choice you know. We can be grateful for another day or selfishly grumpy. On a scale of one to 10--with 10 being highest--where do you fall on the “Gratitude” scale?
Sure, sure, we all have bad days. We all have difficulties, challenging circumstances and painful experiences. But these experiences should not stop us from having and expressing Gratitude and Thankfulness for what we have been given. Every day is a gift. So are our relationships, our health and so much more. In contemplating “Gratitude,” I had some really random thoughts, that were pretty provocative to me.
When you look into the sky, what you’re seeing is completely unique--something never seen exactly like that before or ever will be again. The clouds shift and change along with the sky color, the number and type of birds dancing in the breeze will never be exactly the same, jetliners and airplanes passing overhead are unique to just that moment in time. These sights are a gift to be grateful for, and not to be taken for granted.
When you look into the face of a loved one, what do you see? Do you see lines of age, a warm smile, a painful expression for some unique physical characteristic? Do you see memories, pleasant experiences, joyful appreciation and the unique personality that every person possesses? Do you embrace that face for the gift that it is to your life? Does Gratitude swell up in your heart for the blessing that person represents?
When you look into the face of a stranger, what do you see? Do you wonder about their life’s story? Do you see joyful or sorrowful eyes? Do you see them as like or different from yourself, and why? Do you appreciate them as another person journeying through life with the same needs, wants and desires as you? Are you Grateful for the opportunity to engage someone new as an opportunity to bring warmth, acceptance and kindness?
When you look into a mirror, what do you see? Do you see a joyful face or an aging shadow of what you used to be? Do you see a fresh bough of life, an encourager or a complainer? Do you say to yourself, “Isn’t it great to be alive”? Isn’t it a gift that we can see at all? I have come to the conclusion that “blindness” is not the lack of sight, it is the inability to perceive life with Gratitude!
Gratitude is an emotion expressing appreciation for what one has. It is a recognition of value independent of monetary worth. Spontaneously generated from within, Gratitude is an affirmation of goodness, joyfulness, thankfulness and an intrinsic awareness of a power greater than ourselves. Gratitude is a lens to see the world through, to see the good of it; it is a power that frames and shapes our thinking and how our brain functions.
To no one’s surprise, there have been a plethora of research on Gratitude and the positive impact it has on the human character. Gratitude generates a climate of positivity that both reaches inward and extends outward, and produces tangible emotional, physical and mental wellbeing. Studies show that practicing Gratitude curbs the use of words expressing negative emotions and shifts inner attention away from such negative emotions as resentment and envy, minimizing the possibility of ruminating over them, or letting them destroy you from within.
Additionally, the beneficial effects of Gratitude snowball over time. Brain scans of people assigned a task that stimulates expression of Gratitude show lasting changes in the prefrontal cortex, a heightened sensitivity to future experiences of Gratitude. The Gratitude emotion literally pays itself forward.
Gratitude starts with noticing the goodness in one's life. It is finding a blessing or a gift in something as simple as the sky, in family and friends, in strangers, at work, at play, in the mundane, and in the extraordinary! Having Gratitude is a conscientious effort on our part, something we desperately need to cultivate.
Gratitude unshackles us from toxic emotions. The more one “exercises” their Gratitude language and thinking, the more they become set free from the toxicity of negative thoughts, and actions.
Gratitude helps us even if we don’t share it. It is certainly much better to outwardly express our Gratitude. But research has demonstrated that just changing your thinking, internalizing gratefulness, and learning to reframe your perception of life’s experience in the positive will produce the same positive detoxification and healing process.
Gratitude’s benefits take time. Research clearly demonstrates that practicing Gratitude is a snowball effect. You start slowly and steadily progress towards a more rapid transformation. The bottom line, when you conscientiously engage in Gratitude activities, don’t be surprised if you don’t feel immediately better. Be patient and remember that the benefits of gratitude might take time to kick in.
Gratitude has lasting effects on the brain. The research is clear, gratitude substantially changes the brain as measured scientifically by brain scan evaluations. Research findings indicate that expressing Gratitude over time literally “trains the brain” to be more grateful, which in turn, produces improved mental, physical and emotional wellbeing!
When you wake up tomorrow, start practicing Gratitude by expressing, “Wow, a brand new day! Another day for adventure, life and opportunity!” Or try, “Isn’t it great to be alive!” Look around you with the lens of Gratitude and begin to see the world from the point of appreciation; let your transformation being! | https://fcni.org/blog/choosing-gratitude |
There has been an “affective revolution” in organizational behavior since the mid-1990s, focusing initially on moods and affective dispositions. The past decade has seen a further shift toward investigating the complex roles played by discrete emotions in the workplace. Discrete emotions such as fear, anger, boredom, love, gratitude, and pride have their own appraisal antecedents, subjective experiences, and action tendencies that prepare people to respond to their current situation. Emotions have intrapersonal effects on the person experiencing them in terms of attention, motivation, creativity, information processing and judgment, and well-being. Some emotions have characteristic voice tones or facial expressions that serve the interpersonal function of communicating one’s state to interaction partners. For this reason, emotions are integral to social processes in organizations such as leadership, teamwork, negotiation, and customer service. The effects of emotions on behavior can be complex and context-dependent rather than straightforwardly mechanistic. Individuals may regulate the emotions they experience, the extent to which they display what they feel, and the actions they choose in response to how they feel.
Research has tended to focus on negative emotions (e.g., anger or anxiety) and their potential negative effects (e.g., aggression or avoidance), but negative emotions can sometimes have positive consequences. Discrete positive emotions have been relatively ignored in organizational research but feeling and expressing positive emotions often have positive consequences. There is considerable scope for investigating the ways in which specific discrete emotions are experienced, regulated, expressed, and acted upon in organizational life. There may also be a case for intentional efforts by organizations and employees to increase the occurrence of positive emotions at work.
Keywords
Subjects
- Human Resource Management
- Organizational Behavior
For many years emotions in the workplace were ignored altogether or were regarded as irrational. Hence, they had no place in organizations that were thought to be bastions of rationality, or they were considered merely a source of annoying unreliability in the reporting of more stable work attitudes and perceptions. This has been changing since the 1980s. Arlie R. Hochschild’s book The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (1983) introduced the concept of emotional labor, in which employees are required to display prescribed emotions to customers whether or not they genuinely feel those emotions. Subsequent papers by Ashforth and Humphrey (1995), Pekrun and Frese (1992), Staw, Bell, and Clausen (1986), and especially Weiss and Cropanzano’s (1996) work introducing affective events theory, kick-started research on affect at work. By 2003, Barsade, Brief, and Spataro were writing about an “affective revolution in organizational behavior,” and the pace of research has accelerated substantially since that time (e.g., Elfenbein, 2007).
Much of the early work on affect in organizations focused on mood, as defined by the dimensions of hedonic tone (pleasant to unpleasant) and arousal (high to low). More recently, research has extended to short-lived discrete emotional experiences such as anger, boredom, and gratitude. Emotions have specific targets (one is angry about something or feels love for a particular person) and most emotions have action tendencies that orient individuals to operate on the target of the emotion (e.g., approach in the case of love). The next section briefly describes psychological research on what emotions are, the functions they serve, and in general how they influence behavior. This is followed by a more specific examination of the role and impacts of emotions in organizations, a review of research related to a sample of discrete emotions relevant to the workplace, a description of how individuals regulate and/or express emotions at work, and a discussion of implications for future research including intentional efforts to increase the experience of positive emotions while working.
What Are Emotions and How Do They Work?
An emotion is an organized system of feelings, physiological responses, bodily expressions, and action tendencies that flow from an almost instantaneous appraisal of a current situation’s relevance to the individual (Scherer, 2005). The primary appraisal includes a quick assessment of whether an event is relevant to the perceiver and, if so, whether it is good or bad for their goals. A more detailed secondary appraisal of the specific cause, degree of threat or benefit, certainty, coping potential, and so on results in the experience of a particular discrete emotion (Lazarus, 1991; Smith & Ellsworth, 1985). For instance, fear is felt in connection with appraisals of very high uncertainty and high external control and unpleasantness. Emotions provide a read-out of one’s current state of affairs, such that positive emotions indicate that things are going well and negative emotions indicate a problematic situation. The functional approach to emotions holds that emotions evolved to serve adaptive purposes by interrupting ongoing activities, redirecting attention, and leading to a reprioritization of goals so that a current problem can be addressed. Emotions also prepare and motivate a coordinated response to the problem (Keltner & Gross, 1999), with different discrete emotions guiding responses to different kinds of problems (Lench, Flores, & Bench, 2011). For instance, fear prepares one mentally and physiologically for escape and anger prepares one to engage with the source of goal blockage. Socially functional emotions, such as embarrassment, shame, disgust, anger, gratitude, and love, also communicate internal states to others and guide interpersonal interactions (e.g., Van Kleef, 2014).
Valence
While emotions contain much more information than valence alone, positive or negative valence is the most fundamental differentiator between emotions (e.g., Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O’Connor, 1987). Negative emotions have historically attracted considerably more research attention than positive ones. Negative states such as depression and stress and emotions such as anger and fear are highly relevant to individual mental health as well as to society and thus have been extensively studied by clinical and social psychologists. Lexical analyses show that there are more words in the English language for negative emotions than for positive emotions (e.g., Averill, 1980). In lists of the “basic emotions” considered universal, negative emotions substantially outnumber positive ones (Ortony & Turner, 1990). A case in point is Izard’s list (1977), with joy and interest being positive and all the rest being negative (fear, anger, disgust, contempt, distress, guilt, shame). In an extensive cluster analysis of natural categories and prototypes of emotion concepts, Shaver et al. (1987) confirmed that there are more distinct ways to feel bad than to feel good. While experiencing positive emotions is more common than negative emotions and most people feel at least a little positive most of the time (the “positivity offset,” Diener & Diener, 1996), we know that “bad is stronger than good” in the case of emotions and their effects (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer, & Vohs, 2001). Because they are less common, negative emotions are more distinctive and memorable than positive emotions. They also tend to be longer lasting, more intense, and generally more problematic. This may be because negative emotions and the situations that trigger them are less expected, often imply a violation of norms or values, threaten important goals, and are more likely to require a specific response (e.g., Thomas & Diener, 1990).
Only recently have psychologists turned substantial attention to positive emotions, flourishing, and vibrant well-being rather than the reduction of negative emotions, stress, illness, and disease (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). The various positive emotions have more similar appraisal structures and less distinctive physiological signatures than the negative emotions, though some are empirically discriminable (De Rivera, Possell, Verette, & Weiner, 1989; Hu & Kaplan, 2015). Positive emotions signal that things are going well and consequently have less clear or urgent action tendencies, but they do serve a purpose. In her broaden-and-build model, Fredrickson (1998) suggested that the positive emotions of joy, interest, contentment, and love serve the adaptive function of broadening an individual’s momentary thought-action repertoire. This may result in creativity, exploration, and general approach tendencies that build intellectual and social resources, thereby enhancing resilience for the future. Further, the experience of positive emotions may fuel upward spirals of well-being and serve to “undo” the effects of stress and negative emotions. A landmark review by Lyubomirsky, King, and Diener (2005) evaluated the effect of general positive affect, concluding that it is predictively associated with personal and professional success, effective social behavior, and physical and mental well-being. I contend that positive emotions deserve more attention in organizational behavior research and that organizations and individuals may benefit from consciously cultivating the more frequent experience of positive emotions.
Emotions and Behavior
While emotions of both valences have action tendencies, they do not directly cause a specific behavior in a deterministic or hardwired process. Strong emotions may sometimes provoke impulsive action, but often action tendencies are moderated and responses chosen more carefully. In fact, the same emotion may have quite different behavioral effects depending on individual and situational differences (e.g., Tai, Narayanan, & McAllister, 2012). Baumeister, Vohs, DeWall, and Zhang (2007) pointed out that emotions do not automatically cause behavior, as in “fear makes you flee.” Rather, emotions trigger a more contextually sensitive process that results in action. They suggested that “behavior pursues emotion . . . people act on the basis of anticipated emotions rather than current ones” (Baumeister et al., 2007, p. 195). For instance, Brown and McConnell (2011) showed that anticipated emotions about how one would feel if a goal was not reached predict goal-directed action. Van der Schalk, Kuppens, Bruder, and Manstead (2015) showed that anticipated regret reduced unfair treatment of others. In a work context, Grant and Wrzesniewski (2010) demonstrated that anticipated guilt and gratitude mediated the relationship between core self-evaluations and performance for employees high on other orientation. It may be most appropriate to think of emotions as the fuel, affect regulation as the brakes, and cognition, including thoughts about anticipated emotions, as the steering wheel guiding action tendencies (except when rocket fuel has been ignited).
Why Study Emotions in Organizations?
Emotions are pervasive in work organizations. First, organizations are populated by people, and people cannot help having emotions about things that matter to them. Organizations are achievement settings in which goal pursuit and professional identity often matter deeply, so emotions follow (Fisher, 2008; Pekrun & Frese, 1992). Organizations are also social settings in which individuals work with peers, bosses, subordinates, and customers. These relationships can go well or poorly and matter to people, so again, emotions are experienced. Finally, as pointed out by Ashkanasy and Dorris (2017), while emotions occur at the individual level and fluctuate within individuals over time, they also have relevance for higher levels of analysis in organizations. Both parties’ emotions are central to dyadic processes in leadership, negotiation, conflict, and customer service. Coworker’s emotions may converge to create relatively homogeneous group affective tone, which has implications for team processes and performance (Barsade & Knight, 2015; Collins, Lawrence, Troth, & Jordan, 2013; George & King, 2007; Menges & Kilduff, 2015). At the organizational level, there may be a characteristic affective climate that sets norms for the experience and expression of positive or negative emotions in that organization (Parke & Seo, 2017). Various combinations of emotional experience and expression norms may facilitate or inhibit performance in terms of relationships, creativity, productivity, and reliability (Parke & Seo, 2017). Organizations are now being urged to intentionally manage their emotional culture to maximize desirable outcomes (e.g., Barsade & O’Neill, 2016).
Although emotions can be studied at multiple levels, the remainder of this article focuses on the person level, where emotions are generated and experienced in real time. In this regard, it seems reasonable to begin by presenting Weiss and Cropanzano’s (1996) affective events theory, which was instrumental in stimulating the recent outpouring of research on mood and emotions in the workplace.
Affective Events Theory
Weiss and Cropanzano’s (1996) affective events theory (AET) drew attention to the real-time nature and causes of moods and emotions at work. They shifted the focus from stable work environment features such as job design to the more immediate level of specific affective events such as an accomplishment, an incident of feedback, an interaction with another person, a goal blockage of some sort, and so on. (e.g., Basch & Fisher, 2000; Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, 1959; Ohly & Schmitt, 2015). Work environment features may predispose the more or less frequent occurrence of certain affective events, but it is the event itself that triggers the appraisal process and the real-time experience of an emotion. The emotion may sometimes lead to fairly spontaneous affect-driven behavior as the individual reacts to the immediate situation and the way they are feeling at the moment. Examples of such spontaneous acts may include helping or counterproductive work behavior, among others. Over time, emotions experienced in connection with a succession of work events are hypothesized to cumulate to influence more stable attitudes such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and these in turn predict judgment-driven behavior such as turnover. There is some support for many of the ideas put forward in AET (e.g., Fisher, 2002; Wegge, Dick, Fisher, West, & Dawson, 2006; Weiss & Beal, 2005).
An elaboration of AET was proposed by Veiga, Baldridge, and Markoczy (2014). They were speculating specifically about how a series of affective events involving the emotion of envy might cumulate to more intense feelings of envy over time, but their ideas should generalize to any emotion. Veiga et al. (2014) suggested that if there is a history of prior events in the workplace, each of which has evoked the same emotion, a schema is created and is increasingly accessible. This means that a future event of a similar nature is likely to be quickly appraised and will give rise to the same emotion but with greater intensity and consequently a stronger response than the current affective event alone might seem to warrant.
Effects of Emotions in Organizations
Emotions clearly have hedonic relevance to the person experiencing them, both immediately and cumulatively in terms of health and well-being (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005). They also have impacts on individual behavior and interpersonal relationships. It is often assumed that positive and negative emotions have symmetrical consequences, with positively valent emotions producing positive consequences and negatively valent emotions producing negative consequences. While this may often be true, there are many examples of asymmetrical effects (Lindebaum & Jordan, 2014; Lindebaum, Jordan, & Morris, 2016; Van Knippenberg & Van Kleef, 2016). For instance, Lebel (2017) discussed proactivity stimulated by fear and anger and resulting in functional outcomes for individuals and organizations (see also Lindebaum & Geddes, 2016). Ilies, Peng, Savani, and Dimotakis (2013) demonstrated that guilt induced by feedback about counter-productive work behavior enhances subsequent organizational citizenship behavior. The effects of emotions and their expression are wide-ranging, complex, and contingent. The following sections briefly describe the roles emotions may play in a variety of workplace domains.
Emotions and Decision Making
The classic conflict-theory of decision making by Janis and Mann (1977) describes the potential effects of emotional arousal/anxiety/stress on decision making in risky situations and hypothesizes that an intermediate level of stress should best facilitate rational decision making. There is also a considerable literature on how affect in the form of mood can produce biases and influence heuristics in decision making (e.g., Slovic, Finucane, Peters, & MacGregor, 2007). Isen (2008) provided an excellent review of the effects of induced mild positively valent mood on cognition, information processing, and decision making, concluding that mild positive affect increases cognitive flexibility. Gable, Browning, and Harmon-Jones (2016) pointed out the importance of affect intensity/arousal/approach motivation rather than just valence. While mild positive affect may broaden information search and processing, high arousal affect is associated with a narrowed focus of attention specifically to the source of the affect or the current problem.
More recently attention has turned to the way that specific emotions might influence decision making beyond simple valence or arousal effects. Lerner, Li, Valdesolo, and Kassam (2015) reviewed the growing literature on discrete emotions in decision making and judgment and concluded that “emotions constitute potent, pervasive, predictable, sometimes harmful and sometimes beneficial drivers of decision making . . . via changes in (a) content of thought, (b) depth of thought, and (c) content of implicit goals” (p. 816). The valence of current emotions, whether or not they are relevant to and flowing from the decision task at hand, may be taken as information about the advisability or otherwise of the decision. The appraisal dimensions most salient to a recently experienced emotion (e.g., other blame in the case of anger or uncertainty in the case of fear) as well as the action tendencies for that emotion (e.g., attack in the case of anger, escape/avoid in the case of fear) may color perceptions of an unrelated decision problem. In addition, aspects of the emotion can influence whether automatic/heuristic processing or systematic processing is used in making the decision. At this point in time, we know relatively little about how real-time emotions might influence or bias decision making in organizational settings beyond well-understood valence and arousal effects, but it seems likely that they do.
Emotions and Sensemaking
Sensemaking is the process by which individuals create meaning in the uncertain or ambiguous situations often found in organizations. Maitlis, Vogus, and Lawrence (2013) suggested that emotions might play important roles at three stages in the sensemaking process. First, emotions may help initiate sensemaking, which occurs when there is a surprising or unexpected event or result that does not fit the current mental model. The emotions that arise from this discrepancy, particularly if they are negative and relatively intense, are likely to both attract attention to the need for sensemaking and provide the energy to engage in this demanding cognitive activity. Second, emotions experienced during sensemaking may influence results by the kind of cognitive processing they trigger. Positive emotions often result in more flexible thinking, while negative emotions stimulate persistent and critical problem-solving. Specific emotions may also condition whether sensemaking is conducted socially or alone. Emotions like shame are especially likely to result in solitary sensemaking. Third, emotions may help inform sense makers of when their new model makes enough sense. If it resonates with the emotions they are currently feeling and appears to provide a useful guide to applying that emotion’s action tendency, sensemaking may cease.
Emotions and Leadership
Leadership represents an interpersonal relationship between the leader and individual followers or between the leader and a group. The relationship often has high importance for all parties, so it is not surprising that it is emotionally charged and that felt and expressed emotions are critical to the relationship on both sides. The importance of positive emotions in charismatic, transformational, and authentic leadership has long been appreciated, and the past decade has seen an explosion of research on emotions in leadership and followership (see Humphrey, Burch, & Adams, 2016; Van Knippenberg & Van Kleef, 2016, for recent reviews). Sample topics include how the expression of specific emotions by leaders contributes to the perception of leadership (e.g., Eberly & Fong, 2013), how leaders can intentionally induce or regulate emotional experiences among followers (e.g., Kaplan, Cortina, Ruark, LaPort, & Nicolaides, 2014; Thiel, Connelly, & Griffith, 2012), how leader emotional displays affect subordinate motivation, engagement, and performance (e.g., Koning & Van Kleef, 2015; Visser, Van Knippenberg, Van Kleef, & Wisse, 2013), how emotions play out in the formation of leader-member exchange relationships (e.g., Cropanzano, Dasborough, & Weiss, 2017), how emotions are involved in poor leader-member relationships in the form of spirals of abusive supervision (e.g., Oh & Farh, 2017), and the complex contingencies governing effective leader emotional expression (e.g., Jordan & Lindebaum, 2015; Rothman & Melwani, 2017).
Emotions and Negotiation
Research on the role of emotions in negotiation is increasing (e.g., Martinovski, 2015; Overbeck, Neale, & Govan, 2010; Sinaceur, Van Kleef, Neale, Adam, & Haag, 2011). Issues involve the emotions felt by the parties, including their expressive displays (whether authentic or strategic), and the impact on negotiating outcomes. Emotions impact negotiators’ cognitions and inferences about the other party’s trustworthiness, motives, and willingness to make concessions. Anger and happiness are frequently studied (e.g., Allred, Mallozzi, Matsui, & Raia, 1997; Van Kleef & Côté, 2007); other emotions beginning to attract research in a negotiation context include disappointment, regret, fear, anxiety, and guilt. Positive emotions have been relatively neglected in the negotiation context, though the evidence suggests that they facilitate agreement, trust, and a longer-term relationship between the parties (see Olekalns & Druckman, 2014, for a review). Van Kleef and Coté (2018) offered an excellent review of emotional dynamics in conflict and negotiation at the individual, dyad, and group levels.
Emotional Labor
Emotional labor occurs when employees modify or suppress the emotions they feel in order to display the emotions mandated by the organization, often in a customer service setting. This concept has attracted a great deal of research since 1990, and Grandey and Gabriel (2015) provide a review of the antecedents, processes, and outcomes of emotional labor. Historically, two responses to organizational display rules have been studied in the emotional labor literature. One is deep acting, which occurs when employees change how they feel so that they can display the desired (usually positive) demeanor to customers (e.g., perhaps thinking of a happy event or trying to take the customer’s perspective to create positive emotions and thus facilitate the delivery of friendly and helpful service). The second is surface acting, in which employees do not change their underlying (usually negative) emotions but attempt to suppress their display and fake the (usually positive) demeanor expected by the employer. Employees who surface act may experience emotional dissonance.
Meta-analyses suggest that surface acting is generally detrimental to employee well-being (Hülsheger & Schewe, 2011; Kammeyer-Mueller et al., 2013). This would be expected from the more general literature on emotion regulation, which suggests that suppression of negative emotions is often harmful (Chervonsky & Hunt, 2017). Evidence for the organizational outcomes of emotional labor for service provider performance and customer reactions are somewhat weaker. Expressing positive (or suppressing negative) emotions may improve customer service perceptions by unconscious emotional contagion (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1993) to the customer as well as by providing cues about the quality and motivations of the organization or the service provider. Genuine or deep acted (versus surfaced acted) positive emotional expressions seem to amplify these desirable effects (Grandey & Gabriel, 2015).
The single-minded focus on deep versus surface acting as stressors in emotional labor research has recently begun to broaden. First, because the vast majority of research on emotional labor has been in situations with positive emotion display rules, employees who report engaging in surface acting are those who initially felt and continue to feel negative emotions. The apparent adverse effects of surface acting on well-being may flow at least as much from feeling negative emotions as from acting to suppress the display of those emotions (Semmer, Messerli, & Tschan, 2016). Second, Grandey and Melloy (2017) pointed out that there is an alternative to acting—the authentic expression of emotion by employees who genuinely feel positive and display these positive emotions to customers without the use of any intervening emotion regulation strategy. Third, Humphrey, Ashforth, and Diefendorff (2015) suggested a bright side to emotional labor. They marshaled evidence that it is healthy and satisfying for employees to display positive emotions, whether deep acted or authentic. These advances suggest the need for more research on how to help employees feel authentic positive emotions so there is less need to act.
Discrete Emotions in Organizations
We have seen that emotions are implicated in a wide range of organizational processes. I now turn to a discussion of some specific emotions that may be relevant in organizations. While anger and boredom in the workplace have been fairly well studied, a number of other discrete emotions have attracted less attention but have the potential to generate useful insights relevant to behavior, performance, and well-being. Positive emotions have been particularly overlooked, yet we know they are critical to human well-being (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005). Hu and Kaplan (2015) noted the generally positive relationships between positive affect and desirable outcomes both in life and at work, but suggested that it is time to go beyond positive affect to discrete positive emotions that have unique antecedents and outcomes. Their discussion theorized about three emotions likely to be common and impactful at work: pride, interest, and gratitude.
Pride
“Pride is a self-focused positive emotion triggered by appraisals of the self’s success, status, and competence” (Horberg, Kraus, & Keltner, 2013, p. 24). Pride may be based on a private self-appraisal of performance or competence or on recognition or public praise from others. There is a considerable literature on pride in social psychology, but relatively little research on pride in the organizational behavior literature. This is surprising because organizations are settings in which achievement is often evaluated and rewarded and job performance/competence is integral to many employees’ self-concepts. In fact, pride was the second most frequently experienced workplace emotion (behind joy) in a survey of sales people (Verbeke, Belschak, & Bagozzi, 2004). Pride has intrapersonal effects on motivation and persistence as well as interpersonal effects on those observing a display of pride.
There appear to be two distinct types of pride with different appraisal structures and effects (Tracy & Robins, 2007). Hubristic pride is pride in stable attributes of the global self (“I am a perfect person”) and is correlated with narcissism, poor self-esteem, impulsiveness, aggression, and poor self-control (e.g., Carver, Sinclair, & Johnson, 2010; Tracy & Robins, 2007). It is generally dysfunctional, tends to alienate others, and is described in theology as the original and most damaging of the seven deadly sins. In contrast, authentic pride is based on specific personal achievements that are attributed to internal, unstable, and controllable causes such as effort. Authentic pride is positively associated with self-esteem, self-control, intrinsic motivation, and conscientiousness, and seems much more likely to have positive consequences (Carver et al., 2010; Tracy & Robins, 2007). Recently, Buechner, Pekrun, and Lichtenfeld (2016) separated authentic pride into self-based pride, which is felt when one achieves a higher standard than one did in the past, and social-comparison-based pride, which is felt when one performs better than specific others. It seems likely that the type of feedback (absolute vs. comparative) that would provoke each type of pride and post-pride feelings and actions might vary between these types. For instance, Buechner et al. suggested that social-comparison-based pride might result in feelings of contempt for those bested, whereas self-based pride should further enhance mastery motivation.
Pride provides a read-out of the current state of goal progress or goal success, as well as motivating future adaptive behavior. Williams and DeSteno (2008) hypothesized that pride could enhance persistence on tasks despite short-term hedonic costs in the form of effort or boredom. In two studies, they demonstrated that pride induced by positive feedback delivered with praise enhanced persistence on a second task of a similar nature, did so over and above the effects of self-efficacy, and did so more than a positive affect induction without the pride treatment. Weidman, Tracy, and Elliot (2016) found that authentic pride was negatively related to plans to change one’s approach to training or study in two longitudinal achievement contexts. That is, high pride led to continued use of past successful strategies, while low pride triggered changes in approach that resulted in greater subsequent performance among those who initially performed more poorly. In a vignette study, Verbeke et al. (2004) found that salespeople said that feeling pride would increase their effort, self-efficacy, and use of adaptive selling strategies.
Pride also serves social purposes. The physical display of pride is easily recognized by observers, expressed as an upright and expanded posture with the head tilted slightly back, a low intensity smile, and hands on hips or up in the air. These physical displays convey to others the higher relative status of the displayer and may indicate “who’s the boss” (Shariff & Tracy, 2009), thus helping to establish and clarify social hierarchies. Pride body language also allows observers to infer the displayer’s likely appraisals and thereby predict other values and preferences of the individual showing pride. In particular, Horberg, Kraus, and Keltner (2013) showed that brief exposure to an individual displaying pride caused observers to infer that the individual was more self-interested and therefore that the individual more strongly supported a meritocratic rather than an egalitarian system of reward distribution. While this study did not focus on the employment context, clearly beliefs about reward systems and their fairness are very important to employees.
Individuals seem to understand that excessive displays of pride may alienate others or create envy, and therefore they regulate its display (Verbeke et al., 2004). In an article entitled, “Don’t Grin When You Win: The Social Costs of Positive Emotion Expression in Performance Situations,” Kalokerinos, Greenaway, Pedder, and Margetts (2014) found that when pride was based on winning against others, supressing overt displays of pride and joy was associated with improved social outcomes (ratings of likability and desire for friendship) among observers.
Organizations may attempt to build employee pride by individual recognition as well as collective celebrations. Pride is likely to be facilitated by competitive and individualistic reward practices, the idealized influence and inspirational motivation dimensions of transformational leadership, and performance-approach and mastery goals. While authentic pride may have desirable outcomes for future motivation and achievement, hubristic pride may reduce prosocial behavior and eventually degrade working relationships, as may excessive public displays of pride. Note that there may be national or organizational cultural differences in the extent to which pride of either type would be felt, displayed, or seen as appropriate.
Interest
Izard (1991) described the subjective experience of interest as the feeling of being engaged, caught up, fascinated, or curious . . . wanting to investigate, become involved, or expand the self by incorporating new information and having new experiences with the person or object that has stimulated the interest. In intense interest or excitement, the person feels animated and enlivened. (p. 100)
Interest is sometimes included in the short list of basic emotions (Izard, 1991; Silvia, 2001; Tomkins, 1984) and has been described as the most frequently experienced emotion (Silvia, 2006). It is one of the four emotions at the heart of Fredrickson’s (1998) broaden-and-build theory. The action tendency of interest is to approach and engage with the object or topic of interest and to persist in doing so. Interest narrows attentional focus to the object of interest (Sung & Yih, 2016) and is important to goal choice and to self-regulation during goal pursuit (e.g., Sansone, Weir, Harpster, & Morgan, 1992). Through goal choice, focus, and persistence, interest facilitates the development of competence, and educational psychologists have extensively studied the critical role of interest in the learning process (O’Keefe & Harackiewicz, 2017; Renninger & Hidi, 2016). Finally, experiencing interest in a task has been shown to replenish depleted self-regulatory resources and enhance persistence on a subsequent task (Thoman, Smith, & Silvia, 2011).
In the workplace, interest is implicit in research on intrinsic motivation and flow states, the absorption dimension of work engagement, and job redesign. Explicitly, stable individual interests have been extensively studied in the vocational choice context and are now receiving renewed research attention (e.g., Nye, Su, Rounds, & Drasgow, 2017; Van Iddekinge, Roth, Putka, & Lanivich, 2011). However, interest as a transient emotional state has not attracted the amount of research it deserves given its likely role in motivation, engagement, competency development, and personal well-being at work. Interest may be facilitated by job redesign, the intellectual stimulation dimension of transformational leadership, mastery goals, and person-job fit. Interest should facilitate sustained motivation, learning and skill development, creativity, and over the long term the frequent experience of interest at work should increase satisfaction with the work itself and, via creativity and skill development, job performance and success.
Gratitude
Gratitude occurs when one appreciates help received from another. It is rarely studied in the workplace but is beginning to attract some attention. For instance, Fehr, Fulmer, Awtrey, and Miller (2017) have proposed a three-level model of gratitude in organizations. They describe episodic gratitude as occurring when a focal person appreciates an incident of help, support, or other benefit voluntarily provided by another party for reasons perceived to be benevolent. At a higher level, persistent gratitude is the stable tendency of a person to experience gratitude and is learned from multiple instances of episodic gratitude. Finally, at the highest level, collective gratitude occurs at the organizational level when feeling and expressing gratitude become part of a shared affective culture.
Outside of the work context, Davis et al. (2016) and Dickens (2017) reported meta-analyses showing that interventions to increase the experience and expression of gratitude can have positive effects on happiness, life satisfaction, and depression. Also, in a nonwork context, being the recipient of a relationship partner’s gratitude is associated with the relationship growing stronger over time (Algoe, Fredrickson, & Gable, 2013). A meta-analysis has shown that gratitude is positively related to prosocial behavior, particularly toward the individual to whom one feels grateful (Ma, Tunney, & Ferguson, 2017).
In the workplace, Cheng, Tsui, and Lam (2015) found that keeping a twice weekly work-related gratitude journal reduced stress and depressive symptoms in healthcare providers compared to no journal or a journal of hassles. Daily fluctuations in felt gratitude at work have been shown to predict daily organizational citizenship behavior (Ford, Wang, Jin, & Eisenberger, 2018; Spence, Brown, Keeping, & Lian, 2014). Being the recipient of gratitude also seems to be beneficial. Grant and Gino (2010) explored the effect of receiving gratitude from the beneficiaries of one’s work or one’s supervisor and documented a motivational impact on fundraisers. It seems likely that gratitude experiences at work would encourage social bonds and increase satisfaction with the supervisor and coworkers, enhance perceptions of psychological safety, and increase the likelihood of future prosocial behavior by both the giver and the receiver.
Affection, Love, Admiration, Respect, and Compassion
Most workplaces are intensely social, featuring vertical and horizontal relationships with other employees as well as relationships with customers and suppliers. Positive social emotions experienced in connection with these relationships deserve more attention. The need to belong by forming attachments with other people is a powerful, pervasive, and fundamental human motivation, the satisfaction of which is consistently associated with positive psychological and physiological outcomes and the frustration of which is often detrimental to well-being (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). The positive organizational scholarship movement has emphasized, among other things, the importance of high-quality connections at work, be they brief contacts with others or sustained supportive and respectful relationships (e.g., Dutton & Ragins, 2007; Heaphy & Dutton, 2008).
Two studies highlighted the important role of companionate love in the workplace, defined as feeling and displaying affection, caring, compassion, and tenderness (Barsade & O’Neill, 2014; O’Neill & Rothbard, 2017). In a residential long-term care facility, a culture of companionate love negatively predicted later employee absenteeism and positively predicted later teamwork, job satisfaction, and desirable patient outcomes. Effects were amplified for employees high on trait-positive affect, for whom a caring culture and associated positive emotions are their preferred default. O’Neill and Rothbard (2017) studied companionate love toward fellow employees among firefighters. They found that a strong culture of companionate love helped buffer the effects of job and personal stressors on outcomes.
Dutton and her colleagues made a case for the importance of compassion in organizations (Dutton, Workman, & Hardin, 2014; Worline, Dutton, & Sisodia, 2017). Compassion occurs when one person feels empathic concern/sympathy and responds with altruistic caring to another who is suffering, clearly suggesting an emotionally charged interpersonal interaction between the giver and receiver of compassion. Compassionate action can result in improved positive emotions for both giver and receiver. Compassion may also trigger feelings of gratitude in the beneficiary.
While most of the research on positive social emotions at work considers relatively stable relationships (e.g., leader-member exchange, workplace friendship networks, mentoring, etc.), it is possible that more fleeting interpersonal affective events that generate short-term positive emotions are also important in creating longer-term well-being. It is time to go beyond the rather pallid chronic constructs of satisfaction with leaders and coworkers to explore positive social emotions such as liking, love, respect, and admiration experienced in connection with work activities.
There is very little research on feeling respect or admiration toward others or on feeling respected or admired by others. Grover (2014) has written about respect in organizations, suggesting that is it relevant to understanding leadership, engagement, turnover, interactional fairness, group dynamics, and reputation. Carmeli, Dutton, and Hardin (2015) have suggested that “respectful engagement” with colleagues fosters creativity at least partly through positive emotions such as appreciation and gratitude.
Admiration seems a useful, probably common, but almost entirely neglected positive emotion in the workplace. Schindler, Zink, Windrich, and Menninghaus (2012) suggested that admiration should have four action tendencies: to give praise to the admired party’s skills, virtues, or accomplishments; to affiliate with the admired party; to internalize the values and goals of the admired party; and to imitate the admired party. The long-term adaptive function of admiration is to transmit knowledge and values through social learning. Evidence for self-expansion as a consequence of admiration through the action tendency of emulation is provided by Schindler, Paech, and Löwenbrück (2015). I next discuss some discrete negatively valent emotions likely to be relevant in organizational settings.
Guilt
Guilt is a “moral emotion” felt when one becomes aware of having violated important social norms. The action tendency for guilt is to engage in reparatory behavior such as apologizing or changing one’s behavior to make amends. Ilies et al. (2013) demonstrated that providing feedback to employees on their level of counterproductive work behavior induced feelings of guilt and that guilt fully mediated the relationship between feedback and subsequent organizational citizenship behavior. In sum, drawing attention to falling short of a social norm seems to be an effective way, through the emotion of guilt, to motivate employees to lift their game.
Contempt
Contempt is beginning to receive attention from organizational scholars. It is a social emotion involving “distancing expressions of superiority, condescension, disapproval, and exclusion” that may be communicated verbally or by demeaning expressions such as eye-rolling or raising one lip corner (Melwani & Barsade, 2011, pp. 503–504). “Contempt arises when a person’s or group’s character is appraised as bad and unresponsive to change, leading to attempts to socially exclude the target” (Fischer & Giner-Sorolla, 2016). The function of contempt seems to be to increase social distance and reduce the social status of the recipient. Contempt is organizationally relevant because it accompanies the judgment that another is incompetent (Hutcherson & Gross, 2011) and workplaces offer many formal and informal opportunities to compare performance or judge the competence of others. Being on the receiving end of contempt can have severe effects. Gottman’s (1993) seminal work on marital stability versus breakdown implicated contempt (along with criticism, stonewalling, and defensiveness) as a key predictor of divorce. Melwani and Barsade (2011) presented three laboratory studies demonstrating that contemptuous (vs. angry vs. neutral) feedback reduced self-esteem and caused recipients to work harder in subsequent rounds (unless they were of higher status than the sender of contempt), to display more aggression toward the sender of contempt (unless they were of lower status), and to experience reciprocal feelings of contempt toward the sender.
The expression of contempt is likely to be a common feature of bullying and abusive supervision. However, looking down on another may also signal that the source of the emotional display is of higher status and is more “leader-like.” Melwani, Mueller, and Overbeck (2012) reported three studies showing that displays of both contempt and compassion positively predicted leader emergence. These emotions operate through viewer perceptions that the displayer is more intelligent and therefore a closer match to the leader prototype. Note that the display of four emotions that do not convey information about relative social status (anger, envy, admiration, and love) did not predict leader emergence in these studies. Note also that these results may be culture-bound if expectations of appropriate leader behavior vary across cultures.
It has been suggested that contempt from one employee toward another may be an outcome of social-comparison-based pride (Buechner et al., 2016). However, Tse, Lam, Lawrence, and Huang (2013) found that contempt from one coworker toward another can also be felt when the coworkers have unequal leader-member exchange relationships with their shared leader, regardless of whether the party feeling contemptuous has the better or the worse relationship.
Anger
Anger has attracted more attention from organizational researchers than any other negative emotion. A review of anger in organizations is offered by Gibson and Callister (2010), so this section will be brief. Anger is a “basic” emotion. It is a common response to intentional mistreatment, injustice, goal blockage, or misbehavior by another person or entity. The action tendency for anger is often to somehow attack the entity that is blamed in an effort to retaliate or put right the wrong (Lazarus, 1991). A recent study of daily fluctuations in workplace anger showed that it predicted daily counterproductive work behavior (Ford et al., 2018).
Most research focus to date has been on the harmful effects of anger expression, from incivility to violence and the destruction of relationships (Chervonsky & Hunt, 2017), but functional and adaptive consequences are also possible. Anger expression may result in the expresser being more likely to have his or her needs met and injustices brought to light and remedied (e.g., Kirrane, O’Shea, Buckley, Grazi, & Prout, 2017; Lebel, 2017; Stickney & Geddes, 2014). “Moral anger” is a prosocial form of anger that motivates actions to redress the injustices experienced by others (Lindebaum & Geddes, 2016). Anger may be suppressed, expressed in a controlled and lower intensity form than the internal experience, or expressed authentically exactly as felt. Positive outcomes seem most likely when the anger expression is perceptible but below the “impropriety threshold” set by norms for that situation (Geddes & Callister, 2007). Anger also plays a role in negotiation and influences the behavior of both target and expresser (e.g., Allred et al., 1997; Van Kleef & Côté, 2007).
Boredom
Boredom is “the aversive experience of having an unfulfilled desire to be engaged in a satisfying activity” (Fahlman, Mercer-Lynn, Flora, & Eastwood, 2013, p. 80) or alternatively it is feeling unchallenged and perceiving one’s current activity as meaningless (Van Tilburg & Igou, 2012). Boredom is commonly experienced at work, even by white collar and professional employees. The adaptive purpose of boredom is to motivate exploration and goal change toward more rewarding activities when the current situation is not satisfying (Bench & Lench, 2013), yet this may not be possible given the constraints of many work environments. Bored employees may distract themselves with non-task-related thoughts, horseplay, gossip, cyberloafing, or other unproductive activities, and boredom is associated with mind wandering and reduced performance on vigilance tasks. On the other hand, some bored employees seek additional work or learning opportunities, engage in citizenship behavior, or when possible manage their boredom by shifting between tasks. Reviews of boredom at work are available from Cummings, Gao, and Thornburg (2016), Fisher (2018), and Loukidou, Loan-Clarke, and Daniels (2009).
Envy, Jealousy, and Schadenfreude
Envy appears to be a common phenomenon in the workplace, especially given a general human penchant for social comparison, the competitive nature of many workplaces, and the necessary rationing of valuable rewards and status in hierarchical organizations. Envy arises when another possesses or receives something one wants but does not have (e.g., a raise, a promotion, recognition, or any other tangible or intangible advantage), possibly accompanied by implicit loss of relative social status and perceptions of injustice. There may be two forms of envy, malicious and benign, and in fact the Dutch language has different words for these and no word for envy in general (Van de Ven, 2017; Van de Ven et al., 2015). However, Cohen-Charash and Larson (2017) make the case that envy is a single feeling, though it may have both desirable and undesirable effects.
Envy is considered to be one of the seven deadly sins, and it is generally not acceptable to express it publicly. Hence, those feeling envy may resort to covert actions in the form of counter-productive work behavior aimed at the more favored party such as undermining, sabotage, lack of cooperation, or spreading rumors (Khan, Quratulain, & Bell, 2014; Veiga et al., 2014). While envy is often directed at a more favored party, there is also evidence that employees may envy apparently faster-rising individuals who are still below them and proactively undermine them to head off a future status threat (Reh, Tröster, & Van Quaquebeke, 2018). Finally, being envied for one’s workplace success may cause either positive or negative emotions, as the target of envy struggles with the potentially incompatible goals of “getting ahead” by outperforming others and “getting along” with peers (Lee, Duffy, Scott, & Schippers, 2018).
Jealousy is felt when a second party may try to take away something the first party has, usually a relationship with a third party. Jealousy at work may be felt when one perceives the loss or threat of loss of a valued workplace relationship, such as a privileged relationship with one’s manager, to a rival (Vecchio, 2000). Ethical leadership seems to reduce the incidence of jealousy among subordinates and also mitigates its otherwise negative relationship to organizational citizenship behavior (Wang & Sung, 2016).
Schadenfreude is the positive emotion of feeling of pleasure in response to another’s misfortune, failure, or suffering. It is considered in poor taste to share or display this emotion, unless the unfortunate party clearly deserved their fate due to an unethical act, in which case the social sharing of schadenfreude among observers may serve the purpose of reinforcing the norms that were violated (Dasborough & Harvey, 2017).
Emotion Expression and Regulation
This article has discussed a number of specific emotions that individuals may feel in the workplace. However, individuals are not slaves to their emotions and often actively manage either what they feel or what they express. The next sections discuss the means and outcomes of emotion expression and regulation as they may play out at work.
Emotion Expression
The interpersonal effects of emotion depend on their display and interpretation by interaction partners or observers. Van Kleef’s (2010) emotions as social information (EASI) model points out the key role of displayed emotions in communicating with others. One party’s emotional display may automatically evoke the same feeling in another party via emotional contagion (e.g., happiness evokes happiness). Contagion occurs because of unconscious mimicry of an interaction party’s facial expressions and the resulting feedback from facial muscles to the observer’s brain (Hatfield et al., 1993). Alternatively, one party’s display may almost automatically evoke a reciprocal feeling, as in one party’s anger evokes fear in the target. Sometimes, one party’s emotional display induces a more systematic inference process in the observer that results in them experiencing quite a different emotion and carefully choosing a response accordingly. An example of the second process, inference, might be that a display of happiness from a negotiation partner is interpreted as meaning that no further concessions are needed (see Van Kleef, 2014, for more examples). Whether automatic or inferential processes predominate in a given exchange is hypothesized to depend on factors such as the inappropriateness and intensity of the emotional display and the motivation to engage in careful information processing.
Further evidence for the social influence of expressed emotions comes from research on emotion cycles or spirals as described by Hareli and Rafaeli (2008). Expressed emotions influence targets of those emotions as well as bystanders and may elicit a range of emotions and behaviors in return that subsequently influence the initial displayer. Groth and Grandey (2012) describe how interactions between service providers and customers can turn into negative exchange spirals. Andersson and Pearson’s (1999) classic piece, “Tit for Tat? The Spiralling Effect of Incivility in the Workplace,” described similar spirals among peers. More recently, Foulk, Woolum, and Erez (2016) published “Catching Rudeness is Like Catching a Cold: The Contagion Effects of Low-intensity Negative Behaviors.” While cognitive explanations play a role in these phenomena, there can be little question that experienced and expressed emotions would also be heavily involved in escalating cycles of incivility or rudeness.
Expressing positive emotions is generally beneficial for social outcomes (Chervonsky & Hunt, 2017), with the possible exception of expressing too much pride (Kalokerinos et al., 2014). Expressing or sharing affective events and associated feelings with one or more coworkers can also have intrapersonal effects on the expresser. One study found that sharing positive work events and feelings with others almost always amplified positive feelings, while sharing negative work events and feelings mitigated negative feelings in 70% of cases (Hadley, 2014).
Emotion Regulation
Individuals often try to regulate their emotions to make themselves feel better by down-regulating negative emotions and up-regulating positive emotions. Because emotions also communicate to others (e.g., Van Kleef, 2014), have social impacts, and can feed or moderate emotional spirals in dyads (Hareli & Rafaeli, 2008), individuals may also be motivated to control the emotions they display to others. A flood of research on emotion regulation was unleashed by Gross’s seminal review (1998) in which he presented the process model of emotion regulation. The model explains how emotions emerge over time and suggests different emotion regulation strategies that may be used either prior to the experience of a potential emotion or after the emotion is already being felt. Emotions are reactions to current situations, so early regulation opportunities occur in the selection or modification of situations to change the likelihood of a particular emotional experience occurring in the first place. For instance, one might choose to skip a meeting likely to induce boredom. In the next stage, attention deployment may be used to direct attention toward specific aspects of the situation or to distract one’s focus away from distressing elements, so the emotion is not experienced or is less intense. A bored meeting attendee might choose to doodle or plan their weekend rather than pay attention to the discussion in progress. In addition, cognitive change, most often reappraisal, may be used to change the meaning of the situation in the desired direction. In this strategy, attendees may convince themselves that the topic of the meeting is important and relevant to them so they feel less bored. Finally, response modulation involves attempting to regulate the display and action tendencies associated with the emotion being experienced. The bored meeting attendee might inhibit the desire to yawn or fidget and instead pretend to be paying attention.
There is a very large literature on emotion regulation strategies in clinical and social psychology. The vast majority of this literature focuses on the down-regulation of negative emotions. Meta-analyses suggest that activities that distract attention from a negative affective state are generally effective in improving affect. Problem-focused coping responses that modify the situation are also helpful, as are attempts to reappraise the situation so it appears less negative (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Augustine & Hemenover, 2009; Chervonsky & Hunt, 2017; Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012).
Diefendorff, Richard, and Yang (2008) explored the strategies that employees said they used to regulate negative emotions at work. The most frequent emotions triggering the need to regulate were annoyance, frustration, and anger. The most commonly used strategies were seeking out individuals that made them feel better, keeping busy working on other things, doing something enjoyable, trying to solve a problem, finding humor in the situation, and thinking about how the other person feels. The least used strategies were avoiding a situation that would cause bad feelings and leaving the situation, perhaps because these are often not available options given the constraints and expectations of work roles.
Emotion Down-Regulation and Suppression
Suppression is the active inhibition of the experience or expression of an emotion that is being felt. A recent meta-analysis concluded that “greater suppression of emotion was significantly associated with poorer social well-being, including more negative first impressions, lower social support, lower social satisfaction and quality, and poorer romantic relationship quality (Chervonsky & Hunt, 2017, p. 669). Suppression requires effort and consumes resources that might otherwise be available for task performance. The rationales for the negative impact of surface acting on well-being involve the costs of suppression and resulting inauthenticity and emotional dissonance between what is felt and what is displayed to customers. Two field studies of the naturally occurring use of emotion suppression during the pursuit of personally important goals showed that suppression reduced future goal effort, goal competence, and goal success. Suppression was also associated with subsequent negative moods and lowered social support, suggesting that frequent or sustained suppression may not generally be a desirable strategy for employees (Low, Overall, Hammond, & Girme, 2017).
On the other hand, there clearly is a role for occasional suppression of emotional displays in the interest of getting along in a complex social world. As mentioned previously, partial suppression of anger displays to remain below the impropriety threshold is socially beneficial (Geddes & Callister, 2007). Part of a supervisor’s role is to help subordinates regulate their emotions, and suppression may be a tactic they suggest. One study showed that when an empathic supervisor (“I understand your justified anger at what someone else has done to you”) recommended a suppression strategy (“let’s put it behind us, think positively, and put your considerable skills to work”) following an unfair event, employee stress was minimized (Thiel, Griffith, & Connelly, 2015).
Emotion Up-Regulation: Rumination and Savoring
Another form of regulating experienced emotions involves intentionally amplifying their intensity or duration. Generally individuals seek pleasure and avoid pain, so the up-regulation of positive emotions should be more common than the up-regulation of negative ones. However, a disproportionate share of research has concentrated on the latter in the form of rumination (Smith & Alloy, 2009). Rumination is persistently thinking about a negative event or feeling, its causes, and the distress one is experiencing in consequence. It is strongly implicated in the development of depression and anxiety disorders (Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008; Olatunji, Naragon-Gainey, & Wolitzky-Taylor, 2013). On a smaller scale, replaying negative work events has also been shown to be harmful. Wang et al. (2013) found that postwork rumination about being mistreated by customers predicted negative mood the next morning. They suggested that organizations should help their employees avoid rumination by encouraging them to engage in mastery activities after work (e.g., hobbies, volunteer work) as well as training them in service recovery and enhancing perceived organizational support.
Quoidbach, Mikolajczak, and Gross (2015) pointed out a huge recent boom in research on the up-regulation of positive emotions such as joy, pride, excitement, and awe, with the aim of increasing life happiness. Positive interventions aimed at this purpose are discussed later in this article (see “Positive Emotion Interventions”). One way to up-regulate positive emotions is to savor them, which is more or less the opposite of rumination. “Savoring involves the self-regulation of positive feelings, most typically generating, maintaining, or enhancing positive affect by attending to positive experiences from the past, present, or future” (Bryant, Chadwick, & Kluwe, 2011, p. 108). Individuals can savor positive emotions by consciously focusing on feelings about a pleasant event as it is unfolding in real time; by reminiscing about positive feelings, activities, and accomplishments from the past; and by thinking about and anticipating future positive feelings. Savoring helps intensify, prolong, or reactivate positive emotional experiences and therefore helps individuals more fully reap the benefits of positive affect. Self-reported savoring of positive emotions is positively related to positive affect and to resilience, as would be predicted by Fredrickson’s broaden-and-build model (Sharna, Desiree, & Stephen, 2015). Instructions to reminisce about a positive event for ten minutes per day for a week increased the percent of time people felt happy (Bryant, Smart, & King, 2005). There is also evidence that savoring has beneficial effects on cortisol (a physiological marker of stress) and activates regions of the brain involved in processing rewards and positive emotions (Speer & Delgado, 2017).
Savoring seems beneficial but may be under-used. In an article entitled, “It Ain’t Over ’Til It’s Over,” Schall, Goetz, Martiny, and Hall (2017) reported three studies showing that individuals are cautious about savoring interim successes on the road to a final goal. Savoring of interim accomplishments was inhibited by worries about the tasks yet to come or the belief that celebrating too soon would undermine, or at least not facilitate, future motivation and success. Intentional savoring was more likely to occur after the entire task was completed to an above-average standard, though individuals did not go so far as to actively suppress positive feelings about interim accomplishments. Schall et al. (2017) suggested that there may be motivational and well-being benefits from taking greater advantage of opportunities to savor while tasks are still in progress.
The Future of Research on Emotions at Work
It seems likely that emotions will continue to attract considerable research attention from organizational scholars. The methods used and sophistication of research questions have developed over time as discussed below. A particular arena for future research is the study of positive emotions, including the design of effective interventions to enhance positive emotions at work.
Methods for Studying Emotions at Work
Studying emotions is often best served by methods that permit the assessment of situations/events, emotions, cognitions, and behavior in real time. Fortunately, experience sampling (Fisher & To, 2012) and diary methods are available to capture within-person processes and enable the study of emotional dynamics over short periods of time. Advances in technology have made these methods much more accessible and they have been widely adopted (e.g., Beal, 2015; Mehl & Conner, 2011). Repeated measures also allow the investigation of emotional processes that go beyond the immediate experience of a “hot” emotion to somewhat delayed effects, such as next morning affect or recovery (e.g., Wang et al., 2013). One might expect that the experience of particularly intense emotions (e.g., strong anger, fear, or joy) would last well beyond the relatively brief physiological response. Thinking about an affective event and how one felt (rumination or savoring) is also likely to prolong or reactivate the emotion and increase the duration of its effect. We know little about when and why individuals use rumination or savoring at work, though it is probably quite common. Continued use of experience sampling and diary methods to study these and other within-person emotional processes over time is recommended.
A novel approach is even more fine-grained and may be useful for some laboratory studies of emotions. Continuous rating assessment (CRA) involves participants using a slider to indicate what they were feeling or thinking several times per second as they review a recent affective event on videotape. CRA permits the capture of responses to micro-events within events (e.g., when a call center customer turns from pleasant to rude or back, or when deep acting becomes surface acting). This allows for assessing the time dynamics and topology of change in real time, as well as assessing the effects of peak, valley, and end states on perceptions of an affective event as a whole (Gabriel & Diefendorff, 2015; Gabriel, Diefendorff, Bennett, & Sloan, 2017).
Consequences of Emotions at Work
The field has moved away from a simple mechanistic view of the effects of emotions via their associated action tendencies to a more sophisticated, nuanced, and contingent view of how emotions contribute to behavior. Scholars are working toward improved theory involving mediators and moderators of the processes by which emotions have effects. We are also coming to understand the ways in which emotions of either valence can have symmetric or asymmetric consequences depending on a host of individual and situational factors. Such sophisticated thinking should continue, but without ignoring the substantial main effects that may also occur. One example is a conceptual piece by Tai et al. (2012), who theorized about how interpersonal behavior and job performance may be impacted by feelings of envy, contingent upon attributes of the perceiver, the target, and the surrounding organizational context. Envy leads to attempts to relieve discomfort and restore balance by getting even or by getting ahead. That is, individuals may act to undermine the targets of their envy or alternatively view them as challenging role models and strive to emulate their success. Tai et al. (2012) suggested that less undermining and improved performance will occur when perceiver core self-evaluations are high, the target of envy is seen as both warm and competent, and organizational support is high.
Another example of sophisticated thinking about the contingent effects of discrete emotions is provided by Conroy, Becker, and Menges (2016). They hypothesized and investigated the effects of feelings of anger, guilt, and pride on turnover intentions as a function of relative strength of organizational and occupational identification. Anger, guilt, and pride were negatively associated with turnover intentions when organizational identification was high and positively related when organizational identification was low, and these effects were moderated by occupational identification. They concluded that “when identifications are considered, the effects of discrete emotions can differ among emotions with similar valence (e.g., anger and guilt), and be similar for emotions with different valence (e.g., guilt and pride)” (Conroy et al., 2016, p. 1087).
Positive Emotion Interventions
I have made the case that a number of discrete emotions of both valences should attract more attention from organizational scholars and that positive emotions are the most understudied in the workplace. While not all positive emotions produce positive organizational outcomes, and some negative emotions can produce beneficial effects, on the whole an increase in the experience of positive emotions at work should be beneficial for employee well-being and will probably produce positive consequences for organizations as well, whether directly or via employee well-being (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005; Tenney, Poole, & Diener, 2016). Writing in Psychological Bulletin, Quoidbach et al. (2015) concluded that
There is now strong evidence that positive emotions are worth cultivating, not only as ends in themselves but also as a means of achieving success and psychological growth, improved mental and physical health, more satisfying and lasting social and marital relationships, and even positive societal changes. (p. 655)
In the workplace, we know that naturally occurring daily variation in positive emotions is related to concurrent desirable outcomes such as engagement (Ouweneel, Le Blanc, Schaufeli, & Van Wijhe, 2012), creativity (e.g., To, Fisher, Ashkanasy, & Rowe, 2012), and citizenship behavior (e.g., Ford et al., 2018; Ilies, Scott, & Judge, 2006), to name just a few. Over time, more frequent positive emotions should cumulate to influence individual attitudes, group affective tone, and organizational affective climate. It seems reasonable for organizations and individuals to try to increase the occurrence of positive emotions at work. Guidance on how this might be accomplished has been taken from the explosion of research on “positive interventions” designed to increase happiness in general. Reviews of this work conclude that while it is relatively difficult to create consistent and sustained increases in overall life happiness, perhaps due to genetic set points or adaptation level phenomena, modest change can occur with effort and the regular use of happiness-enhancing activities (Bolier et al., 2013; Sheldon, Boehm, & Lyubomirsky, 2013; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009). The most effective positive interventions seem to target three pathways to building happiness: increasing positive emotions, increasing engagement, and increasing meaning (Parks & Layous, 2016; Parks, Schueller, & Tasimi, 2013). All three of these are potentially manipulable and relevant at work. A foundation for interventions based on “meaning” at work has been provided in papers by Rosso, Dekas, and Wrzesniewski (2010) as well as Schnell, Höge and Pollet (2013).
The observation by Spreitzer, Sutcliffe, Dutton, Sonenshein, and Grant in 2005 that more is known about reducing stress and disease than about cultivating thriving at work is still true. Admittedly, “bad is stronger than good” (Baumeister et al., 2001), and most interventions to date have been aimed at helping employees manage negative emotions in chronically stressful jobs (e.g., Buruck, Dorfel, Kugler, & Brom, 2016; Cheng et al., 2015). However, there have been some reports of interventions designed specifically to increase positive emotional states among employees, with mixed to modest success. Meyers, Van Woerkom, and Bakker (2013) provided a narrative review of 15 varied positive organizational interventions. Most interventions had a beneficial impact on at least one positively toned affective outcome and some interventions reduced stress, but only few reduced negative affect.
Gratitude treatments seem to be the most consistently effective in the general life happiness literature as well as in organizational applications to date (Winslow et al., 2017). Fehr et al. (2016) suggested that organizations enhance the experience of gratitude by adopting peer-recognition programs that encourage employees to express gratitude to others in the organization, by increasing contact with the beneficiaries of employees’ work who may express gratitude, and by providing supportive feedback and mentoring so that employees feel gratitude toward the organization or their supervisor (Ford et al., 2018). Neumeier, Brook, Ditchburn, and Sckopke (2017) found that two online daily programs were equally effective in increasing overall and work-related well-being compared to a wait-listed control group. The successful conditions were a gratitude treatment and another based on Seligman’s (2011) five component approach to well-being emphasizing positive emotions, engagement/interest in life activities requiring one’s strengths, satisfying personal relationships, meaning, and accomplishment/mastery. Another study compared a gratitude intervention to a social connectedness intervention (exhortations to talk to a colleague personally rather than send an email, or go to coffee with them) and found that both reduced sickness-related absence and that the gratitude intervention increased positive affective well-being. However, the social connectedness intervention did not increase positive affect and neither intervention reduced negative affect (Kaplan, Bradley-Geist, et al., 2014). Winslow et al. (2017) compared a wait-listed control group to a workplace gratitude intervention to a group that alternated gratitude with a social connectedness activity. Neither intervention was effective across the board, though individual differences in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and tenure moderated the effect of the gratitude intervention on some outcomes.
Bono, Glomb, Shen, Kim, and Koch (2013) assessed the effect of a positive daily reflection intervention (write about three good things that happened at work today) on well-being in the evening. While effects were small, they were significant, with stress and health complaints being lower on evenings following positive reflections. A similar intervention was ineffective in a study by Meier, Cho, and Dumani (2016), and several other studies have found quite small or nonsignificant effects of positive interventions at work (e.g., Meier et al., 2016; Muller, Heiden, Herbig, Poppe, & Angerer, 2016).
Another approach to creating more positive emotions is to change the nature of work tasks to improve person-job fit, by increasing personal meaning or allowing greater utilization of each individual’s “signature strengths.” Forest et al. (2012) helped part-time employees identify their strengths then encouraged them to make greater use of two of their strengths each day for two weeks. They found that well-being improved in the treatment group compared to a control, and that effects on well-being were mediated by increases in harmonious passion. However, an extensive intervention designed to enhance job crafting was unsuccessful in building employee positive affect, though it did reduce negative affect and enhance self-efficacy (Van den Heuvel, Demerouti, & Peeters, 2015).
While meta-analyses have confirmed that positive interventions can be somewhat effective in alleviating depression and increasing life happiness among those who embrace this goal, convincing evidence of the effectiveness, lasting impact, and utility of specific positive emotional interventions in the workplace is still insufficient to guide practice. It is unclear what the most effective interventions might be, whether they work equally well for everyone, whether there is a need to regularly change the intervention/activities to avoid hedonic adaptation, and what the optimal frequency might be (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005). Perhaps organizational scholars have been too eager to adopt interventions designed to counter depression and increase well-being in a general population. Such add-on interventions may be seen as irrelevant or inappropriate in the workplace. For instance, Winslow et al. (2017) found that more conscientious employees reported reductions in positive emotions following the positive intervention, perhaps seeing it as a waste of time that took attention away from “real work.” Another caution about positive interventions concerns the right of organizations to attempt to “mess with” their employees’ minds. Some positive interventions, unless entirely voluntary, would fall outside the normal psychological contract of exchange between employee and employer and could even be seen as attempts at brainwashing. Especially problematic are organizationally sponsored interventions that recommend unpaid off-the-job activities such as undertaking non-job-related mastery activities or encouraging positive work-related reflection in the evening (Wang et al., 2013).
Research on positive emotions in organizations in particular may offer insights into less contrived interventions that may be more effective for normally well-adjusted adults in the workplace. Research by Amabile and Kramer (2007, 2011) provides some suggestions. They analyzed employee diary reports of one major (affective) event per day to discover the correlates of happy days versus bad days. They found that happy days were characterized by perceived progress and accomplishment on meaningful work tasks, and bad days by setbacks on tasks. They concluded that the most useful managerial activities to build a positive “inner worklife” (positive emotions, beliefs, and motivation) among employees were to assure clear and achievable goals that enabled small wins on meaningful work tasks, to remove roadblocks, and to treat employees with genuine care, consideration, and appreciation. Returning to the list of often-ignored positive emotions at work discussed earlier in this article, the meaningful work and achievable short-term goals Amabile and Kramer (2007, 2011) recommend should enhance interest, authentic pride, and the opportunity to savor past and current successes.
Ohly and Schmitt (2015) developed a taxonomy of positive and negative work events that is quite consistent with Amabile and Kramer’s suggestions. They found that 92% of positive affective events reported by employees could be clustered into three categories related to goal attainment/solving a problem/task-related success, praise and positive feedback, and social competence. Thirty-nine percent of negative work events had to do with goal blockages or technical difficulties with work equipment. These findings corroborate the importance of perceived and recognized job performance for positive versus negative emotions at work (Fisher, 2008). Interventions aimed at perceptions of progress and competence might be more effective in building positive emotions in the workplace than those aimed at gratitude or postwork reflection. They are also more likely to be seen as legitimate by employees and to enhance performance directly as well as indirectly via employee well-being. Research is needed to develop, test, and compare different types of positive interventions suited to the workplace context.
At the organizational level, affective climate could be a focus of attention, as demonstrated by Barsade and O’Neill (2014) and O’Neill and Rothbard (2017). Parke and Seo (2017) discussed how organizations might create affective climates that encourage the actual experience and authentic display of positive emotions or that permit the experience and authentic display of both positive and negative emotions as appropriate. These climates are hypothesized to be generally better for a range of performance outcomes than those that focus on negative emotions exclusively, or on the suppression of authentic emotions in order to provide organizationally mandated displays. Focusing attention on creating an affective climate that supports the company’s mission and strategy (e.g., companionate love in a residential care facility) may provide greater legitimacy, relevance, and impact than adopting generic positive interventions that may seem out of place at work (Barsade & O’Neill, 2016).
Conclusions
The experience of discrete emotions of both positive and negative valence is endemic to the workplace. The unique appraisal patterns and action tendencies associated with each emotion gives these affective phenomena explanatory power beyond that provided by moods. A wide variety of different emotions exist and a great many of them are likely to be experienced in the workplace. A theme throughout this article has been the relative dearth of research and importance accorded to positive emotions compared to negative emotions. Granted, negative emotions are more likely to trigger specific action in an attempt to remedy a situation in which personal interests are at risk and negative emotions probably have clearer and potentially more problematic implications for behavior at work. Nevertheless, positive emotions, their effects, and their cultivation represent a useful field for future research enquiry with the very real possibility of improving employee quality of life as well as organizational outcomes. In this regard, interventions targeted more specifically to workplace realities and priorities may be more effective than those borrowed from the general positive psychology literature.
Several topics relevant to emotions in organizations were not addressed in this article due to lack of space, but it seems imprudent to close without mentioning their potential effects. One topic involves individual differences in emotional competencies or emotional intelligence, which may have intrapersonal effects on how individuals feel and react to affective events as well as interpersonal effects on how they relate to others. While there are still debates about measurement and overlap with existing constructs, emotional intelligence does predict organizationally important outcomes such as performance, conflict resolution, attitudes, and leadership (e.g., Joseph, Jin, Newman, & O’Boyle, 2015; Miao, Humphrey, & Qian, 2017; Schlaerth, Ensari, & Christian, 2013; Walter, Cole, & Humphrey, 2011). A related issue is the existence of trait forms of many emotions including anger, boredom, fear, anxiety, contempt, gratitude, and pride. Trait tendencies reflect the greater likelihood of some people experiencing particular emotions, or experiencing them more intensely, given any reason to do so. Measures of a number of these trait emotional tendencies have been developed. Individual differences in emotional intelligence and emotion traits may have relevance for employee selection as well as responsiveness to particular affective events or interventions. In short, there is much to be learned about discrete emotions at work and much to be gained from the effort to do so.
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- Wang, Y., & Sung, W. (2016). Predictors of organizational citizenship behavior: Ethical leadership and workplace jealousy. Journal of Business Ethics, 135, 117–128.
- Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775–808.
- Wegge, J., Dick, R. V., Fisher, G. K., West, M. A., & Dawson, J. F. (2006). A test of basic assumptions of affective events theory (AET) in call centre work. British Journal of Management, 17(3), 237–254.
- Weidman, A. C., Tracy, J. L., & Elliot, A. J. (2016). The benefits of following your pride: Authentic pride promotes achievement. Journal of Personality, 84(5), 607–622.
- Weiss, H. M., & Beal, D. J. (2005). Reflections on affective events theory. Research on Emotion in Organizations, 1, 1–21.
- Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1–74.
- Williams, L. A., & DeSteno, D. (2008). Pride and perseverance: The motivational role of pride. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6),1007–1017.
- Winslow, C. J., Kaplan, S. A., Bradley-Geist, J., Lindsey, A. P., Ahmad, A. S., & Hargrove, A. K. (2017). An examination of two positive organizational interventions: For whom do these interventions work?Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22, 129–137.
- Worline, M., Dutton, J., & Sisodia, R. (2017). Awakening compassion at work: The quiet power that elevates people and organizations. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler. | https://oxfordre.com/business/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.001.0001/acrefore-9780190224851-e-160?rskey=3ik4ni&result=16 |
Who does not want to be happier? In fact, the very goal of life seems to be the pursuit of happiness, well-being, and contentment. In this article, we will try to assimilate the collective wisdom of self-help gurus and happiness researchers to come up with a comprehensive list of ways that can make you a happier person.The research on happiness defines happy individuals as people who experience frequent positive emotions, such as joy, interest, and pride, and infrequent (though not absent) negative emotions such as sadness, anxiety, and anger. Indeed, earlier research by Prof. Diener and his colleagues has shown that frequency of positive emotions as compared to negative emotions is a good indicator of life-satisfcation and happiness.Research has shown that a happier person is more successful in the various aspects of life, such as marriage, work, altruism, community development, making money. Happier people are also healthier, smarter, and live longer. A great presentation on happines is The How, What, When, and Why of Happiness by Prof. Sonja Lyubomirsky.
Research by Prof. Sonja Lyubomirsky of the University of California at Riverside, has shown that intentional activity has about 40% impact on a person's happiness, while the rest is out of their own control with 50% being accounted to genetics and 10% to circumstances. And that 40% is just the part that you might actually want to focus on and ignore the parts that are not under your control.
In their research paper titled Letters of gratitude: Improving well-being through expressive writing in the Journal of Writing Research, Steven Toepfer and Kathleen Walker show that expressing gratefulness through written letters improved the well-being, happiness, and life-satisfaction of individuals as compared to controls who did not write. In fact, they have also shown that merely writing what you have done over the past 7 days or so negatively impacts happiness. On the other hand, writing about your best possible future self (optimism) and expressing gratitude signficantly boosts well-being.
Prof. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema of the Yale University defines rumination as the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative experience. Her recent research has shown the strong correlation between rumination and subsequent depression. If you have had bad experiences, don't overthink about them and focus on the present and look forward to a great future. Expressive writing, or writing about your negative thoughts in a journal can likely reduce rumination as it adds structure to the otherwise chaotic thought process.
By being kind to others, we view them charitably and feel better off by comparison. We view ourselves as generous, competent, and in control. We also tend to develop more friends and increase the likelihood of getting helped if need be. Research has shown performing acts of kindness provides a significant boost in happiness. Moreover, the more diverse your acts of kindness are, or the more variety you have, the happier you are.
Scientific studies have shown healthy people are happier. Healthier people have more enthusiasm, hopefulness, positive relationships, and engagement with their surroundings, leading them to be happier and disease free.
Do you know any other research proven ways to become a happier person? | http://listgist.com/list/research-proven-ways-to-become-a-happier-person |
7 Questions to Ask Yourself to Improve Your Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ)
An essential part of life is identifying different types of intelligence and integrating them into daily practice. Most of us are familiar with IQ, but not nearly enough know how to identify and measure our EQ, Emotional Intelligence Quotient.
EQ is the ability to recognize and manage our emotions and the emotions of others. Individuals with a high EQ can identify how their behavior is influenced by their emotions. Once EQ is increased, an individual has more control over how they conduct themselves in all interpersonal relationships.
Those who have a lower EQ:
-practice passive aggressive communication
-are closed-minded to feedback
-blame other for their mistakes
-have a victim mentality
-are leaders who do not listen to their subordinates
Having a strong awareness of EQ:
-increases productivity within the workplace
-reduces stress and anxiety during life challenges
-boosts the capability to defuse conflicts
-improves relationships with others
-develops leadership qualities
To increase your Emotional Intelligence, it’s important to ask yourself a few questions to increase your overall self-awareness. Below are seven questions to answer to better understand how your emotions create a patterned behavior. Grab a pen and paper- let’s dive deep into your Emotional Intelligence.
How do my emotions affect my actions?
The first step to increasing your Emotional Intelligence is becoming aware how your emotions influence your behavior.
Try this exercise
Think about the last time you felt the following emotions:
-anxious
-anger
-jealousy
-fear
-guilt
-overwhelmed
-resentment
-curious
-satisfaction
-love
-happiness
-enthusiasm
-gratitude
I want you to jot down what actions you took due to your emotions. When you keep record of how your emotions influence your behavior in the past, you’ll have better control on how to manage the decisions you make when feeling a certain emotion in the future.
Am I aware of my emotional blind spots?
A lot of us aren’t aware of our emotional blind spots. These are awareness gaps of how you see yourself and are critical areas of growth. Becoming more self-aware of your emotions, how they affect others and how they affect your behavior are crucial to your EQ. Finding your blind spots on your own is sometime difficult- you can’t change what you’re not aware of. Let’s chat and really dig into your Emotional Intelligence.
What do others say to me and how do they say them?
Becoming aware of others' emotions is important to successful interpersonal relationships of all types. Within the workplace, are you aware of others’ feelings and able to identify a common vision among all involved? In your romantic relationship, can you pick up on what your significant other wants and needs? When talking through issues with friends and family, do you often find yourself undertaking a victim mentality? Being mindful of others’ feeling and emotions can benefit your overall social well-being.
What triggers my emotions?
Acknowledging and identifying a full spectrum of emotions is crucial to taking control of them. Part of what makes us human is experiencing 50% positive emotions and 50% negative emotions. However, I want to be very clear that negative emotions aren’t always bad experiences and not all positive emotions are good experiences. For example, comfort is a calming, positive emotion, however it can result in feeling complacent if not handled correctly. Let's identify what triggers your full spectrum of emotions:
Take a minute to write down what triggers the emotions listed below:
-anger
-worry
-confusion
-overwhelmed
-resentment
-curious
-comfort
-courage
-acceptance
-compassion
Can I recognize when I’m about to lose my temper?
Feeling overwhelmed, jealous, anxious or resentful often leads to losing control over your emotions and results in losing your temper. The key is to not resist, react or ignore your emotions. Once you can understand and accept your emotions, you can take control of how your emotions make you behave. First step is to recognize what leads you to lose control of your emotions.
What social cues do I send?
Now that we discussed what triggers our emotions and how they affect our actions, we now have to identity the social cues we give when experiencing these emotions. This is crucial when better handling your emotions within interpersonal relationships. For our next exercise, pick one emotion you want to gain more control over.
Write down what social cues you send when feeling that emotion:
-facial expressions
-body language
-voice pitch and tone
-personal space
Do I practice smiling?
I know it might sound silly, but I’m serious- do you practice smiling? There are data supporting the fact that consistent smiling increases overall emotional health and is often contagious. By simply smiling, you can take control of your behaviors and social cues due to your emotions.
Putting it Into Practice:
Once you’ve completed the three exercises from this blog, I encourage you to schedule a time to talk with me! My free consultation will detail how your new-found insight on your current Emotional Intelligence can be heighten with just a little support. Can’t wait to chat! | https://www.caroltiesocreativecoaching.com/single-post/2019/04/29/7-questions-to-ask-yourself-to-improve-your-emotional-intelligence-quotient-eq |
WHAT IS GRATITUDE?
The quality of being thankful; readiness to show appreciation for and to return kindness.
However, it’s easy to be ungrateful these days, isn’t it? It’s easy to want things we don’t have. In fact, I’d even go as far as saying it’s stitched into the very material of our society.
Everywhere we turn, we are reminded of the fact of how little we do have rather than how much we have to be grateful for.
In a society that’s governed by the haves versus the have nots, where money and assets are all powerful and helps epitomize the alluring facets of life like freedom, security and power, it’s easy to be ungrateful. When you are working tirelessly to no avail, unable to get ahead in life, especially enduring the heartache of failure or financial crisis, it’s simple to get disillusioned and easy to not be grateful.
The word gratitude is derived from the Latin word gratus, which means grace, graciousness, or gratefulness (depending on the context). In some ways gratitude encompasses all of these meanings. Gratitude is a thankful appreciation for what an individual receives, whether tangible or intangible. With gratitude, people acknowledge the goodness in their lives.
We recognize that the sources of this goodness are outside of ourselves. … Acknowledge that other people—or even higher powers, if you’re of a spiritual mindset—gave us many gifts, big and small, to help us achieve the goodness in our lives.
As a result, gratitude also helps people connect to something larger than themselves as individuals — whether to other people, nature, or a higher power.
Gratitude helps people feel more positive emotions, relish good experiences, improve their health, deal with adversity, and build strong relationships.
Why is gratitude important?
Gratitude is strongly and consistently associated with greater happiness. Gratitude helps people feel more positive emotions, relish good experiences, improve their health, deal with adversity, and build strong relationships.
Psychological importance
• Higher levels of positive emotions
• Elevated joy and pleasure
• Extended optimism and happiness
• More alert, alive and awake
Social importance
• You forgive more
• Increased helpfulness, generosity and compassion
• Feels less lonely and isolated
WHAT GOOD DOES GRATITUDE DO?
Having Gratitude reduces your inner most fears
It’s hard to be fearful and grateful at the same time. Fear is what occurs when we’re left to dwell on topics that we fell are out of our control.
We extrapolate the worst possible scenario and picture our future plight and our eventual demise when we are living in a state of fear. But by being grateful, fear can be overcome. When we are fearful of things that puts us into a state of scarcity.
Being grateful, however, puts you into a state of Abundance.
Gratitude allows us to celebrate the present. It magnifies positive emotions.
Gratitude makes us appreciate the value of something, and when we appreciate the value of something, we extract more benefits from it; we’re less likely to take it for granted.
I think gratitude allows us to participate more in life. We notice the positives more, and that magnifies the pleasures you get from life. Instead of adapting to goodness, we celebrate goodness. We spend so much time watching things—movies, computer screens, sports—but with gratitude we become greater participants in our lives as opposed to spectators.
It strengthens and enhances your faith
Whatever religion or faith you believe in, whether it is Jesus, Allah, Buddha, or even that spiritual oneness that binds us to one another for all agnostics out there.
There’s a deep-rooted appreciation for things that arise for those that are grateful. In fact, it becomes baked into the very fabric of their being. Consecutively, it strengthens their faith and the belief in all things.
For me, it’s my belief in Allah and the realization that I am truly never alone and I am completely grateful for everything in my life, including my problems.
Gratitude transforms your faith by instilling the belief that you are not alone and that whatever it is that you are going through, it will pass and that there is light at the end of the dark tunnel.
Gratitude blocks toxic, negative emotions, such as envy, resentment, regret—emotions that can destroy our happiness.
You cannot feel envious and grateful at the same time. They’re incompatible feelings. If you’re grateful, you can’t resent someone for having something that you don’t.
Grateful people are more stress resistant and have peace of mind
There’s a number of studies showing that in the face of serious trauma, adversity, and suffering, if people have a grateful disposition, they’ll recover more quickly. I believe gratitude gives people a perspective from which they can interpret negative life events and help them guard against post-traumatic stress and lasting anxiety.
There’s an inner belief that develops when you’re truly grateful for things. It provides sound piece of mind, the kind that doesn’t exist when you live with the expectation of certain things. If you’ve ever noticed people who expect certain things out of life, or who attempt to bend the will of others for their personal advancement, you’ll find feeble-minded individuals who don’t get far.
There’s a respect that develops for those that can stay humble, even while enduring the meteoric rise to success, fame or stardom. Humility is definitely one of the prevailing qualities of man.
Gratitude shifts your focus
Life is all about focus. Whatever we focus on, we move towards. When we live in a state of lack and negativity, we see more of that. It’s easy to see something in a negative light when you’re focused on that. It’s easy to see all the problems and dilemmas surrounding a situation when your thinking is habitually geared towards that.
In turn, it’s also easy to see things in a positive light, even when problems arise. If you’ve ever met an always-positive person, you know just how true this statement is. Even when something goes wrong, they look for the silver-lining in the situation. If they can’t find one, they simply state that something good will eventually come out of whatever they’re going through.
Having gratitude can change your life because it breathes positivity into everything you’re doing.
Grateful people have a higher sense of self-worth. I think that’s because when you’re grateful, you have the sense that someone else is looking out for you—someone else has provided for your well-being, or you notice a network of relationships, past and present, of people who are responsible for helping you get to where you are right now. | https://www.iyunadeblog.com/gratitude-is-a-must/ |
You can’t outwork doubt, fear and low self-esteem. You can’t create a happy life whilst feeling resentment and bitterness. You will never be loved when you hate. There is no way to be optimally healthy when you are anxious, stressed and worrying. On the other hand, you will fly to joy, happiness, optimal health, blissful relationships, wonderful achievement and total fulfillment in life when you are in a state of gratitude, love, excitement, empowerment and desire. That being the case, why do we spend so much of our time in a negative emotional state?
The sad reality is that we seem to be conditioned to think the worst, and human nature seems to take us down a negative thought path. I posed this statement and asked the question to a group, at an organisation, I was speaking to the other day. After I spoke, the CEO of the organisation came up to me and gave me an answer. She explained that, in the beginning of time and for many thousands of years, the focus of the human species has been survival. Survival from wild animals, survival from attacks by neighbouring tribes, countries or civilisations and survival from the forces of nature. Because of this preoccupation with survival, we have been conditioned to look for the potential problems and dangers. This focus on the negative seems to be hard-wired into our very being. That being the case, we need to work very hard to create a new conditioning.
The reality is that nothing moves without emotion, and it will move us in a direction. The direction it takes us, and the end result of that direction, is dependent on the nature of the emotion experienced, because of the thoughts we create, and, focus on. Can you see why our emotional state is the most important thing we need to control? You may have heard of the phrase, emotional intelligence, well, let me tell you, I have been without it for much of my life, and allowed my thoughts take me down a negative path. The result, in these situations, has always been bad!
If we are constantly driven by negative emotion, I’m here to tell you that it won’t end well, for a couple of reasons. Firstly, emotions drive our actions towards either; joy, happiness, achievement and fulfilment, or, pain, suffering, devastation and regret. I know which I want, and I’m pretty confident I know what you want, so be very careful of the thoughts you choose. Secondly, the thing that I am very focussed on, at the moment, is my mission of creating a wave of wellness around the world. What I have learned is that our emotional state will seriously impact our physical health & wellbeing. Obviously, the actions we take as a result of our emotion will impact habits that affect physical health. But even more significant than that is the immediate chemical, hormonal and physiological impact of emotion, both positive and negative, on the body. Negative emotions are devastating health and lives all around the world.
Bring it into the light…
I think the main reason why negative emotion is devastating so many lives, is because too often we don’t deal with it effectively. As males, we are taught to be tough, not show emotion and just get on the job. Even many females, these days, are ashamed of and hide negative emotions because they want to be seen as strong and in control. So, the common reaction for many people, when experiencing a negative emotion is to either lash out, and do something they later regret, or even worse, stuff it down into the darkness and not deal with it. Stuffing negative emotion is like setting a time bomb and just waiting for it to go off and destroy health, relationships and lives. So, how do we effectively deal with it? Great question!
The answer is simple; capture any and every negative emotion and bring it to the light, before stuffing it into the darkness or doing something you may later regret. Every time you experience any type of negative emotion, such as; anxiety, fear, anger, resentment, hate, guilt, bitterness, insult, or the like, consciously and deliberately capture it and bring it to the light. I like the visual of capturing it in your hands, and, lifting it up to examine it. Let me give you an example; let’s just say your friend says something that causes you to be angry. Have you ever blamed that friend for your anger? The reality is, you chose a thought about what they said or did that led to anger. So, in fact, you are responsible for your own anger.
The key is, as soon as you feel the anger, capture it, bring to the light and ask; Why I am angry? The reason you give for the anger is your own perception of the situation, right? What if you could change that perception? What if, instead of thinking how rude your friend is, you could ask your friend if everything is okay, because the behaviour is not like them? What if you chose empathy instead of anger? Can you see how that would strengthen your relationship, and, be a much healthier response for you? Whenever you feel anxiety, capture it, ask yourself what you are thinking to lead to this feeling, and, then find a way to look at it differently and give you a positive response. Any time you feel any or all of; anxiety, fear, anger, resentment, hate, guilt, bitterness or insult, stop, capture it, identify the thought, change the thought and you will immediately diffuse and remove the dangerous negative emotion.
I am making this sound easy, aren’t I? Is it? No way! It is simple, just not easy, but, with practice and determination it will transform your mindset, your health, your choices, your relationships and pretty much every area of your life. How do I know this? It has transformed my life. I am now much better at looking for the good and creating positive emotions than I have ever been. I still have a long way to go, but I want to encourage you to make the necessary changes in your own life. It will help you deal with people better. It will enhance your work and ability to earn income. It will make you a more influential and allow you to help more people. It will definitely increase your health & wellbeing. It will – and you’ll have to trust me on this one – help you become a happy and purposeful person.
As soon as you feel any negative emotion start to rise up, capture it, and, don’t let it go until you have worked out why you are feeling it, and, where the original thought came from. You are in control of this. It is no-one else’s fault that you are in a negative emotional state, and, blaming them will only keep you there and keep you down. Have the courage to take responsibility for your own thoughts and emotions, and, know that if you chose the thought that led to a dangerous negative emotion, then you can change it to a thought that will empower and enhance your life. For your own sake, don’t stuff it down, or react to it, instead, capture your negative emotions. | https://andrewjobling.com.au/home-1/don-t-stuff-instead-capture-negative-emotion/ |
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Tips for building Self-esteem
This page created 22 July 2013
By Priya (ADAVIC Volunteer)
What is self-esteem?
Self-esteem is the name given to the value we place on ourselves and includes the accompanying thoughts and feelings these evaluations give rise to. For example, people with a healthy self-esteem have a positive view of themselves, and value their qualities and achievements. Having a healthy self-esteem contributes to feeling happy and satisfied.
While it is normal to occasionally lack confidence, people with chronically low self-esteem may experience a negative opinion of themselves most of the time. This negative opinion of the self tends to result in feelings of sadness and dejection.
It is normal for life experiences to increase or decrease our self-esteem and these changes may be accompanied with strong emotional changes. For example, getting a job promotion can increase self-esteem and positive emotions. Meanwhile, being made redundant may have the opposite effect on self-esteem thereby result in feelings of unhappiness. Whilst such changes in how we feel about ourselves based on life experiences are understandable, chronic low self-esteem can negatively impact many aspects of a person’s life.
Why is self-esteem important?
Self-esteem is important because the way we feel about ourselves determines how we think, act and also relate to other people. Being aware of our self-esteem is important because having a positive view of yourself can contribute to happier emotions, respecting yourself and others, greater confidence, accepting you for whom you are, and enjoying greater overall well-being. Importantly, researchers have found that higher self-esteem is related to greater resilience and problem-solving (Dumont & Provost, 1999). In other words, having a positive view of yourself and your accomplishments makes it easier to “pick yourself up” after a fall. On the other hand low self-esteem may be debilitating for a sufferer. For example, factors associated with low self-esteem may include a fear of trying new things, relationship problems, negative feelings, and a fear of being judged by others. The good news however, is that with committed attention and daily practice, self-esteem can be increased over time.
8 Tips for building self-esteem:
Here are some examples of tips to increase self-esteem:
1. Notice how you talk to yourself, be kind; often the automatic comments we tell ourselves impact our self-esteem and the way we feel. For example, if we do something wrong and think “I’m always a failure”, we are likely to feel horrible. When such negative thoughts arise try to be supportive, understanding and kind to yourself, especially when you make a mistake.
2. Challenge negative self-talk; be aware and question the validity of negative self- talk. For example, when you criticise yourself stop and question the evidence regarding how true this criticism is
3. Avoid comparing yourself to others; often when we compare ourselves to what others have in their lives we can be left feeling inadequate and unhappy. Acknowledge that we are all unique, whole and complete exactly the way we are.
4. Keep a journal; recording thoughts about how we respond to the world around us can help reveal unhelpful thoughts and behaviours. By being aware of unhelpful ways of behaving we can then take effort to replace them with new and helpful habits.
5. Acknowledge and accept what you cannot control; often we worry about things that are out of our control. Instead of continuously worrying about this issue which will not change the situation, we can learn to acknowledge that there are some things we cannot change. Accepting the circumstance can help us move forward.
6. Have fun; schedule “you” time into your week to do a fun, enjoyable activity. This gives you a chance to actively do something that you enjoy and that makes you feel happy.
7. Acknowledge the positive; often low self-esteem is involved with not acknowledging one’s positive qualities and achievements. Take the time to recognise all the strengths in yourself, your experiences, and your accomplishments. Remind yourself of this often.
8. Gratitude; gratitude is the feeling or attitude of recognising the benefits of the good in our self and our life. Gratitude can be extremely powerful because rather than amplifying and thinking about “the negatives”, gratitude enables us to focus and amplify what we are happy for. Writing or saying out loud what we are grateful for may help focus on the task. These may even be as simple as “I am grateful that the sun is shining, that I have food to eat, that I am able to read and write, that I have a strong support network.” Researchers have found expressing gratitude increases and maintains positive emotions such as happiness (Sheldon & Lyubomirsky, 2006)
Where to get help?
If you are having trouble improving your self-esteem or if persistent self-esteem is creating anxiety or depression:
See your doctor for more information.
Beyondblue Info Line Ph: 1300 22 4636
Lifeline Ph: 13 11 14
Relationships Australia (Victoria) Ph: 1300 364 277
References
Dumont, M. & Provost, M.A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents, Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28 (3)
, 343-363.
Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves.
The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 73-82
.
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This year, it is estimated that over 46 million turkeys will be consumed in this country on November 28, Thanksgiving Day. With mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce, stuffing and pumpkin pie, Thanksgiving not only provides Duke students with a chance to visit with family and friends and take a well-deserved break from campus life, but it also gives all of us an opportunity to acknowledge and express our gratitude for the many things that make our lives meaningful and fun.
But, expressing our appreciation doesn’t need to be limited to Thanksgiving Day, as we have the choice, on a daily basis, to share our positive emotions, including gratitude, with each other. Research shows that people with an “attitude of gratitude” experience better physical, emotional, and mental health. As a positive emotion, gratitude allows us to be more open to discovering and building new skills, meeting new people, gaining new knowledge and experiencing new ways of living and being. Science basically tells us that, unfortunately, the human brain is wired to remember and dwell on negative aspects of our lives more easily than the positive ones. More specifically, research indicates that for every negative reaction/occurrence in our lives, we need three positive ones to give our brain the chance to overcome our natural negative bias. For couples and teams, this number needs to increase to five positive experiences to overcome just one negative situation.
I have had the incredible good fortune of working with Duke students over the past forty-years and have experienced many, many highs and certainly, some lows with them. Over the past few years, it has been my honor to become certified as a Koru mindfulness meditation teacher and to teach a meditation class each semester. I am one of almost thirty Koru instructors on the Duke campus.
In recognition of the power of expressing appreciation and focusing on positive emotions in our lives, the developers of the Koru model incorporated gratitude in the daily teaching of the practice of mindfulness, asking that students deliberately and intentionally list three things for which they are grateful each day during the four-week Koru class. As the instructor, I get to review these lists and have been uplifted by the gratitude shared by the students. Family, friends, roommates, the beauty of the Duke campus, chocolate cake, staff of the dining facilities, Duke bus drivers, and the Duke Gardens have been among the hundreds of expressions of appreciation.
I am so grateful for the students who choose to take this class, as it undergirds my mindfulness practice and enables me to interact with students in an enormously positive way. I immediately feel my stress level subside as the class begins and am bolstered by the many experiences that students disclose.
What a gift Koru is to all of us on the Duke campus! I truly hope that every Duke student takes advantage of this opportunity to learn a life-long skill that will better enable them to deal with and manage the stresses of life and to learn the power of gratitude. Registration for next semester’s Koru classes will soon be posted here: https://studentaffairs.duke.edu/duwell/wellness-activities/koru.
Meditation is just one of many ways that the Duke community is invited to practice mindfulness. Organized and run by students, the Moments of Mindfulness (MoM) program in the Student Wellness Center is open to everyone in the Duke community and includes everything from knitting to drum circles to paint nights to tea tastings to tai chi to magic tricks. Information about MoM can be found here: https://studentaffairs.duke.edu/duwell/wellness-activities. MoM even includes an opportunity to send “Kindness Grams” to express gratitude and appreciation to someone on the Duke campus. Last year, MoM experienced 1,100 student encounters; this semester that number is already at 1,800 and growing!
So, I wish to you and your family a wonderful Thanksgiving, filled with many opportunities to express and feel gratitude. May these positive emotions last throughout the semester and into the new year!
If I haven’t told you in person, please know how grateful I am to be at Duke and to have worked with your sons and daughters and and to have gotten to know so many of you – as students and parents. I feel very blessed! | https://studentaffairs.duke.edu/blog/gratitude-and-mindfulness |
Traditional psychology has almost always been concerned with mental and emotional disorders and malfunctions and ways to treat them, he explains. By contrast, positive psychology adds an important emphasis on the human potential for building and maintaining highly functional and constructive lives.
For most of my career as a dietitian and health counsellor I have paid much attention to the deficiencies in my clients' diet and lifestyle choices and how these could be changed for the better. Over the years, however, I began focusing more on what went right in their lives and how their strengths could be utilized in order to overcome their weaknesses. You may say I applied (unknowingly) what is now known as "positive psychology."
When I say, "what went right in their lives," I do not necessarily mean whether they were successful at their work, were financially secure, or had stable marriages and relationships -- although these may be important aspects as well -- but rather, on a more intimate level, whether they had a sense of self-esteem, fulfillment, gratitude, purpose, and looked optimistically to the future.
This is in fact what practitioners of positive psychology are also most interested in. Their goal is to overcome existing negative thinking styles, mainly by fostering positive ones. They try to achieve this by having their clients recall pleasant past experiences, build on advantageous traits and characteristics, cultivate supportive relationships, and so forth. The desired end result is what proponents call "living the good life," which, again, is not simply to be equated with material wealth.
The "good life" is happy, engaged, and meaningful. To realize it, one must mobilize inherent strengths, thereby increasing positive emotions while decreasing negative ones, according to Dr. Martin E. P. Seligman, a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and author of several best-selling self-help books, who is widely credited as one of the founders and early developers of positive psychology as its own academic branch.
A number of distinct theories have entered this relatively new field lately. Some focus on basic emotions like joy and happiness, others on the human capacity to create purpose and meaning. The ability to blissfully immerse oneself in one's work, to flourish while encountering challenges, or to stay resilient in the face of adversity -- these are all elements that can contribute to a person's well-being and are worthy of further exploration.
And the positive effects are not limited to the mind but benefit the body as well. Plenty of research has already shown that a positive attitude can be enormously advantageous for good health, and even longevity. One study from the Netherlands found that heart disease patients who maintained a generally optimistic outlook were able to slow down the progress of their illness and extend their life expectancy by several years.
Of course, the reason why some people continue to thrive while others quickly succumb in similar situations is still a mystery. However, clearly distinguishable ways of thinking seem to make at least some difference that can determine outcomes.
And no doubt, in my own work as a health counselor, I have also reaped the benefits from seeing the glass more often as half-full than half-empty. And because optimism tends to be contagious, there lies some healing power for my clients in that, too. | https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/timi-gustafson/lessons-in-positive-thinking_b_7249274.html?utm_hp_ref=ca-positive-attitude |
Thinking positively can have a profound effect on your mental and physical health. Research has shown that people who maintain optimistic views of the world tend to be happier, more grateful, and experience fewer stressors in their lives. In contrast, negative thinking can be debilitating. Negative thinking often stems from pessimistic beliefs about oneself or the world at large; however, these thoughts are usually learned rather than innate. Fortunately, there are numerous ways to train your brain towards a more positive outlook. Some of these tips take time and practice to grow accustomed to, but they all have the ability to make a lasting impact on your life. Read on for four strategies for training your brain for positive thinking.
Talk to yourself like you would your best friend
When you need to talk yourself out of negative thinking, it can be helpful to imagine yourself having a conversation with your best friend. What would you say to a good friend if they were going through a stressful time? What is your go-to advice for dealing with tough times? What would you say to yourself if you knew you needed the most loving and supportive words possible? What kind of messages do you think you need to hear in order to get through a tough time? Talking to yourself like you would a best friend can help you reframe negative thoughts into more compassionate and loving language. It may feel silly at first, but this strategy can have a profound impact on your mental health.
Keep a gratitude journal
Studies show that people who write down things they’re grateful for on a regular basis experience increased feelings of happiness and reduced stress. Additionally, gratitude has been shown to boost one’s sense of optimism, improve relationships with others, and even improve sleep quality. Why does writing down what you’re grateful for have such a profound effect? Writing gratitude journal entries engages a number of different areas of the brain, which is what makes this strategy so powerful. It engages areas of the brain responsible for memory, language, and sensory processing. What’s more, keeping a gratitude journal can help you train your brain for positive thinking by focusing on the positive aspects of your life. When you have a pen and paper in front of you, it’s easier to shift your focus to the things you’re grateful for rather than the problems you might be facing.
Meditate to reset
Like gratitude journaling, meditation has been shown to have a positive effect on one’s mental health. Meditation has been linked to improved focus and attention, reduced stress levels, and even positive changes in gene expression. The practice of meditation can help train your brain for positive thinking in a few different ways. First, when you meditate regularly, your brain undergoes changes in neuronal density. This means that certain areas of the brain are actually able to shrink, while other areas expand. Meditation has also been shown to change the connectivity between brain regions. When you regularly engage in meditation, you may notice that you’re better able to quiet your mind and resist the pull of negative thoughts. This can help you train your brain for positive thinking by improving your ability to “reboot” when you notice negative thoughts creeping in.
Practice exercise and self-care
Regular exercise has been shown to improve one’s mood, self-confidence, and energy levels. A growing number of studies have also begun to explore the link between exercise and positive thinking. Exercising regularly can help train your brain for positive thinking because it provides an outlet for stress. Exercising when you’re feeling overwhelmed or anxious can help you release negative emotions and endorphins. When you exercise, you can also practice positive self-talk. Rather than focusing on what your stressed-out brain is telling you, you can instead choose to focus on positive affirmations and a sense of accomplishment. This can help train your brain for positive thinking because it allows you to develop a new, healthy coping mechanism.
Negative thinking is something that many of us experience at some point in our lives. Fortunately, there are a number of ways to train your brain for positive thinking. When you notice yourself starting to slip into a negative thought pattern, you can use one of these strategies to help shift your focus and train your brain to think more positively. | https://www.fyrgo.com/mindsets/category/4-ways-to-train-your-brain-for-positive-thinking |
The eminent African-American poetess Maya Angelou has said “Be present in all things and thankful for all things”. Gratitude is one of the most important things in our life. The people who are always thankful for all the positive things in their life generally have great mental and physical health. A study conducted at the Virginia Commonwealth University proved that people with an attitude of gratitude are less likely to have any mental health issues like depression and anxiety.
There are different ways to develop an attitude of gratitude and one of them is gratitude meditation. Gratitude meditation helps a person to see goodness in life. It also helps a person in improving the quality of relationships he has with others.
Why is Attitude of Gratitude Important?
The easiest and most reliable way to gain contentment and satisfaction in your life is by having an attitude of gratitude. It helps you in coping with your losses and prepares your mind to be grateful for what you have. In this regard, the great American musician and social activist Willie Nelson has said “When I started counting my blessings, my whole life turned around.” This tells how people around the world who are suffering from mental health issues because of their losses can cope up with it if they start thanking God for what they have.
This type of attitude has also become relevant in times of famine stricken times. We saw people literally dying on the streets in Delhi, India last year. They had all the money but there was no oxygen for the patients to save them. After seeing people dying in such a manner, a person should thank God that he is alive and well. According to the Greek Stoic philosopher Epictetus “He is a wise man who does not grieve for the things which he has not, but rejoices for those which he has.” This tells how people around the world who are suffering from mental health issues because of their losses can cope with it if they start thanking God for what they have.
How You Can Attain this Attitude:
Everyone in this world wants to have the attitude of thankfulness but very few are able to achieve this. The basic reason for that is most people think that it is a natural instinct and if someone does not have it by birth they cannot have it later on in their life. It is scientifically proven that through meditation anyone can achieve this. Buddhist monks start their day with an exercise of gratitude. There are also different online mindset course where you can learn how to develop this type of attitude.
How Attitude of Gratitude Helps you in Improving Your Mental Health:
It enhances your positive emotions
The people who pay attention to the positive aspects of their life and are thankful for what they have had better emotional health. The attitude of gratitude keeps all the envy and the negative emotions away from us. In gratitude, a person focuses on all the positive aspects and according to the American writer Amy Collete “Gratitude is a powerful catalyst for happiness. It’s the spark that lights a fire of joy in your soul”.
It increases your Self-esteem
True happiness can be defined as the happiness that brings joy in our lives and increases our Self-esteem. If you are thankful and happy for what you have you will always be satisfied. If you admire who you are and what you have achieved in your life, your self-esteem will get a boost and this will help you grow in life. People around the globe have improved their mental health by taking the Mindset Coaching Course Online to improve their mental health.
Helps you in controlling anxiety
Around 40 million Americans are suffering from Generalized anxiety disorder(GAD). One of the major reasons for this anxiety is the feeling that you have less than the people around you. The attitude of gratitude can help you in controlling your anxiety because when you are thankful for what you have you are no longer anxious.
Helps in controlling suicidal thoughts
On average 132 Americans commit suicide every day. In the last few years, this rate has increased by 35 percent. Mental health disorders are one of the major reasons for this. Through the meditation of gratitude, a person can train his mind to push the suicidal thoughts away, and once the mind is trained this rate of suicide will automatically come down. | https://samtutorials.com/2022/03/attitude-gratitude-can-help-improving-mental-health/ |
6 Ways to Instantly Be a More Positive Person
Keeping a positive outlook doesn’t always come naturally. But optimism is like a muscle — you just have to train it, says Tchiki Davis, a psychologist and founder of The Berkeley Well-Being Institute.
And learning to see the glass half full has its perks: It can improve the quality of your life and may even increase lifespan, she says. When Harvard researchers studied 70,000 women over an eight-year period, the most optimistic quartile had an almost 30% lower risk of dying from several major causes of death compared with women in the least optimistic quartile.
If you’re looking to reap the benefits of a happier, healthier and more positive life, here’s what experts recommend you do.
Reframe or divert
The first step in approaching a negative situation with an optimistic outlook is to accept what you can’t change, says Karen Reivich, a psychologist and author of The Resilience Factor: 7 Keys To Finding Your Inner Strength And Overcoming Life’s Hurdles.
Once you’ve done that, you have two options: reframe or divert, says Dana Lightman, a psychotherapist and author of POWER Optimism: Enjoy the Life You Have…Create the Success You Want. Both will help you to instantly feel more positive, as they draw your attention (and thus, your emotions) away from the negative.
Reframing the situation involves looking for opportunity instead of ruminating on the loss. “When you’re going through something problematic, ask yourself, ‘What potential things could I gain from this?’” Lightman recommends. For example, people going through difficult breakups may find that they’ll gain the time to understand themselves. A rejection from graduate school may lead to a beneficial year of work experience in order to better prepare for higher education down the line, says Lightman.
Priming yourself to notice opportunities in the future instantly lifts you from a downward spiral of negative thoughts, Lightman explains.
Sometimes, raw, overly emotional negatives can’t be reframed immediately, she says, and in those cases, it’s best to divert your attention elsewhere. “Shift your focus to something else,” Lightman says. That could be something as simple as watching a funny video, calling a friend or taking a walk.
Savor the good
We’re really good at dwelling on the not-so-great, Davis says. But when we experience something positive — like a compliment from a friend or a beautiful day outside — we tend to let it pass without even noticing. Savoring or holding onto those pleasant moments and thinking, Wow, this is really great can actually strengthen positive emotions, she explains.
Be as descriptive as you can about the good things you notice, Davis recommends, even if you’re talking to yourself. The more you build your vocabulary of positive words, the more easily your brain will be able to access them, which will help boost your overall mood and outlook, she says.
Lightman suggests taking it a step further by writing down your positive experiences. Keep these notes in a jar, box or container. When you start to feel down, you’ll have a flow of positive thoughts and memories to read, she says.
Set reminders
You wouldn’t expect yourself to remember important tasks without writing them down on your to-do list, would you? Well, the same is true about positivity, says Davis. Write yourself a message on a sticky note and attach it to your computer screen at work, Lightman says. You might write down an inspirational quote you like, a reminder to smile or something you have to be thankful for. Small reminders help keep positivity front and center in your life, she says.
Do something nice for someone else
One of the fastest, most effective ways to feel happier is to show someone kindness, according to Davis. “In America, we’re so individualistic, that we think, ‘Oh I have this problem, I should focus on me and fix me,’” says Davis. “But really, the more we focus on other people, the more effective we are in terms of positivity.” In a 2017 study by Oxford University, researchers found that performing acts of kindness for just seven days had a measurable, positive effect on well-being and positive social emotion.
Phone a friend
Most optimists have strong, supportive relationships, according to Reivich. “You don’t have to have a lot of them,” she says. “But you have to have people in your life where you feel like they’re there for you and you’re there for them.”
Optimists are also more likely than pessimists to use their support networks. “An optimistic thinker is more likely to say, ‘This is hard. Who do I need to call? What help do I need?’” Reivich explains. Negative thinkers tend to isolate themselves in tough situations, she says, which can breed more negative thoughts.
The comfort of knowing your own strengths and knowing you don’t have to do everything by yourself contributes to long-term happiness, according to Reivich.
Say thanks
Thinking about what you’re grateful for can instantly improve your mood, and as you begin to make gratitude a habit, you’ll see lasting benefits, Davis says.
It works because our interpretation of events influences our emotions more than the events themselves, Lightman explains. In negative experiences, gratitude is one of the most effective tools, as it can change the emotions you feel, she says.
Consider writing down three good things that happen to you every day — research has linked this act to increased happiness and fewer symptoms of depression.
Being grateful for the lessons learned in a negative situation, in spite of what led you to the lessons, will help you walk away from negative experiences with something gained. “If you don’t fall, you can’t learn to get back up,” Lightman says. | https://blogs.vcu.edu/hr-worklife/2019/12/11/6-ways-to-instantly-be-a-more-positive-person/ |
Summertime is usually filled with a multitude of plans, parties, beaches and happiness. But given the current circumstances, many people are not feeling positive or happy. Anxiety, fear and depression are more prevalent emotions that surface these days. Many studies and clinical experience have shown practising Gratitude is one of the available tools to help counteract negative thoughts that float through people minds when anxious or depressed. Gratitude helps fosters positive emotions.
“Gratitude for the present moment and the fullness of life now is the true prosperity.”– Eckhart Tolle
What is Gratitude?
“Gratitude” word derived from the Latin word gratus’ pleasing, thankful’ which means a feeling of appreciation felt by and similar positive response shown by the recipient of kindness, gifts, help, favours, or other types of generosity, towards the giver of such gifts. Gratitude is being thankful and appreciative. Most of the religions mention and encourages practising Gratitude in one form or other.
How to foster feelings of Gratitude?
1. Keep a daily gratitude journal: Keeping a journal is a great way to channel our Gratitude in the right direction. Writing offers us a way to think and reflect on our emotions and opinions.
2. Engage in a contemplative practice every day: Introspection enables us to spend time in examining our thoughts and feelings, thus helping us to find out ways to be grateful.
3. Positive thoughts: It is easy to get swamped with the negativity and gloominess, which is floating all around us. But if we can separate the good from the bad, we can outlet our energy in bringing positive thoughts to the forefront.
4. Express our feelings: Expressing our feelings frees us from the internal turmoil which may be pushing us to negativities due to lack of explanation.
5. Appreciate and connect with nature: Nature teaches us to nurture. We can leap and nurture our feelings to Gratitude, no matter what the weather (circumstances) is.
6. Stop complaining and appreciate life: It is easy to fall prey of the negativity and complaining, but it takes a considerable conscious effort to accept and enjoy and appreciate life as it comes.
7. Practice mindfulness: Mindfulness is not just a fancy term but a significant factor in cultivating positivity and Gratitude.
8. Volunteer: Giving back to the community brings the feelings of Gratitude for being able to help others and to see the life more appreciatively by realizing how the things we take for granted can be out of reach for so many others.
9. Appreciate small things as well: Gratitude should not wait to be expressed after a significant event to happen. We should make more efforts to understand the smallest of the good things in our life.
10. Spend quality time with loved ones: The positive atmosphere that we get by spending time with loved ones helps us develop more Gratitude towards life.
Benefits of Gratitude
1. Expressing Gratitude internalizes good vibes
2. It helps reduce the symptoms of anxiety and depression
3. Gratitude liberates us from toxic emotions
4. It helps in cultivating better and deeper relationships.
5. It helps in increasing self-esteem
6. Expressing Gratitude makes us more optimistic and less materialistic
7. It also can help in improving sleep
8. Gratitude helps us create happier memories
9. It helps in uplifting mood
10. It helps us make more resilient.
At times, our own light goes out and is rekindled by a spark from another person. Each of us has cause to think with deep gratitude of those who have lighted the flame within us.”– Albert Schweitzer
Practising Gratitude can make one feel more alive. It is integral to well-being. Expressing Gratitude for someone make the day brighter, it also does wonders for increasing levels of Gratitude and happiness in the long run.
I want to end this article by thanking my audience for taking the time to read it.
Resources: | https://erikaengel.ca/make-gratitude-a-habit/ |
In keeping with my happiness project, have you ever wondered why many of us scrutinize the parts of ourselves and our lives we wish to change and seemingly ignore our successes?
Think about it. We all need a little TLC and praise and there is no reason we cannot give it to ourselves. This might require taking time out for a “me day” where you do some or all of your favorite things or reward yourself with a special treat.
Research has shown that people who feel appreciated (and celebrated) are more motivated, successful and happier. Here are a few suggestions to help you celebrate you.
#1. Practice positive thinking. This is very important to your mental, physical and emotional well-being. Some of the benefits noted by researchers include:
- Increased life span
- Lower rates of depression
- Lower levels of distress
- Improved immune system
- Reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease
- Better coping skills during hardships and times of stress
#2. Don’t rely on others to make you happy. It’s OK to feel thankful for the kind words and actions of others, but relying on them to meet your needs will never be enough and you will get hurt in the long run. Strive to be emotionally independent. Take control of your own happiness.
#3. Appreciate your blessings. Gratitude, like positive thinking, has tremendous physical, mental, and emotional benefits.
- According to a study published in 2012 by Personality and Individual Differences, grateful people experience fewer aches and pains and report feeling healthier than other people. They exercise more often and are more likely to attend regular check-ups with their doctors, which is likely to contribute to further longevity.
- Gratitude improves psychological health. Gratitude reduces a multitude of toxic emotions, ranging from envy and resentment to frustration and regret. Robert A. Emmons, Ph.D., a leading gratitude researcher, has conducted multiple studies on the link between gratitude and well-being. His research confirms that gratitude effectively increases happiness and reduces depression.
- Gratitude enhances empathy and reduces aggression. Grateful people are more likely to behave in a pro-social manner, even when others behave less kind.
Related Happiness Library reading
Your Hidden Riches by Janet Bray Attwood and Chris Attwood with Sylvia Dvorak, Ph.D.
The Sweet Spot by Christine Carter, Ph.D. | http://sharon-kennedy.com/celebrate-who-you-are/ |
Biology, images, analysis, design...
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|"It has long been an axiom of mine that the little things are infinitely the most important" |
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One-way random effects ANOVA (Model II)On this page: Principles Model Formulae Estimating variance components Assumptions
Principles
In one-way ANOVA we have a single 'treatment' factor with several levels (= groups), and replicated observations at each level. In random effects one-way ANOVA, the levels or groups being compared are chosen at random. This is in contrast to fixed effects ANOVA, where the treatment levels are fixed by the researcher. Random effects ANOVA is appropriate in three situations:
Model
The mathematical model for one-way random effects ANOVA is similar to (but not identical to) the model for one-way fixed effects ANOVA. It again describes the effects that the determine the value of any given observation, but this time the 'treatment' factor is random rather than fixed:
Expected mean squares
Computational formulae
The methodology for working out sums of squares is identical to that used for fixed-effects ANOVA. Again we are not assuming equal sample sizes in each group.
These values are then inserted into the ANOVA table (see below), along with the degrees of freedom, and mean squares obtained by dividing the sums of squares by their respective degrees of freedom.
The F-ratio for the 'groups effect' is obtained by dividing MSBetween by MSWithin. The P-value of this F-ratio is then obtained for k − 1 and N − k degrees of freedom.
Estimating variance components
Since we are now assuming random 'treatment' effects, there is no point estimating the magnitude of those effects (that is the means), nor the differences between means. For example, if we are making (n =) 2 measurements of weight on each of (k =) 20 subjects, we are not interested in which subject happens to be the heaviest. What is of interest is the amount of variability between subjects compared to the variability between the paired measurements on each subject. In other words, we need to estimate the variance components.
The variance within groups is estimated by MSW. The variance between groups is known as the added variance component and is estimated as shown below:
The added variance component (sA2) can be quoted as an absolute measure of the variability between groups, or it can be quoted relative to the total variability (s2 + sA2). When it is quoted as a proportion of the total variability, it is known as the intraclass correlation coefficient.
The intraclass correlation coefficient
The intraclass correlation coefficient is the proportion the between groups variance comprises of (between groups + residual) variance. When the coefficient is high, it means that most of the variation is between groups. Hence it is a measure of similarity among replicates within a group relative to the difference between groups. When subjects are the
'groups', and the replicates are repeated observations being made on each subject, the intraclass correlation coefficient provides another measure of
The intraclass correlation coefficient is calculated from the variance components derived from a random effects analysis of variance. For now we will only consider its estimation when we are doing a one way analysis of variance.
Note that the intraclass correlation coefficient is sensitive to the nature of the sample used to estimate it. For example, if the sample is homogeneous (that is the between subject variance is very small), then the within subject variance will be proportionally larger and the ICC will be low. In other words it's all relative. So whenever you interpret a correlation, remember to take into consideration the sample that was used to calculate it. The often-reproduced table which shows ranges of acceptable and unacceptable ICC values should not be used as it is meaningless.
One might think the Pearson correlation coefficient could be used to provide a measure of repeatability, at least when group size (n) = 2. Unfortunately that coefficient overestimates the true correlation for small sample sizes (less than ~15). In fact, the intraclass correlation is equivalent to the appropriate average of the Pearson correlations between all pairs of tests.
There are other intraclass correlation coefficients that can be used in special situations. Unfortunately these have resulted in a certain amount of confusion over the correct formulation for the most frequently used version of the ICC given above. For example there is an average measure intraclass correlation coefficient. This is appropriate if one wishes to assess the reliability of a mean measure based on multiple measurements on each subject. Some sources give this as [MSB-MSW]/MSW, or use what is known as the Spearman-Brown Prophecy formula (2*ICC)/1+ICC). One can also use different ANOVA models, for example a two way analysis of variance. Details are given in the references on the ICC given below.
Assumptions
In random effects ANOVA the groups (usually subjects) should be a random sample from a larger population. Otherwise, the same assumptions must hold as for a fixed effects ANOVA if one is to make valid statistical tests such as the F-ratio test, namely:
Note, however, that estimates of ICC for descriptive purposes only are not dependent on either normality or homogeneity of variances. They can for example be done on dichotomous data coded to 0s and 1s to perform the ANOVA. In this case of course the normal approximation confidence interval for the ICC (given by some statistical packages) would not be valid.
Related topics : | https://influentialpoints.com/Training/one-way_random_effects_anova-principles-properties-assumptions.htm |
Flashcards in Test 2: Repeated Measures ANOVA Deck (33)
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1
Independent t test
Independent Variable is a between-subject factor (different groups)
2
Dependent/Paired t test
Independent Variable is a within-subjects factor; same participants measured twice (pre-test/post-test), matched or correlated samples
3
When we have more than two groups, what do we use?
ANOVAs
4
Simple one-way ANOVA
Independent Variable is a between-subjects factor
5
One-way repeated-measures ANOVA
Independent Variable is a within-subjects factor; three or more tests are given (pre-, mid- and post-test)
6
Repeated-Measures
one of the most frequently used statistical tests in the health sciences; measures the significance of mean differences measured on the same subjects over repeated trials (time points); produces an F value
7
For a simple one-way ANOVA, what does the test assume?
that the mean values are taken from independent groups that have no relationship; in this design, we partition the total variance (of our DV) into two sources: Between-group variance (treatment effects), Error
8
Error variance
Comprised of intraindividual variability (variability within a person’s scores), interindividual variability (variability between people in different groups), and unexplained sources (error)
9
When only one group of subjects is measured more than once,
the data sets are dependent.
10
What is the total variability for a single group of subjects measured more than once expected to be?
less than if the scores came from different groups of people ( if the scores were independent) because interindividual variability has been eliminated by using a single group at multiple time points.
11
What does the less variability tend to do the mean square error term?
This tends to reduce the mean square error term in the denominator of F in a manner similar to the correction made to the standard error of the difference in the dependent t test.
12
One-way Repeated-Measures ANOVA partitions the total variance into 3 sources:
Variance due to treatment (or level of IV), Variance due to participants (intraindividual variability), Error (unexplained variability); Variability between subjects (interindividual variability) is no longer a factor
13
What does Variance due to participants (intraindividual variability) allow us to do?
Allows to estimate how much variance is due to different abilities of different participants because each participant is measured for each level
14
The assumptions of the simple one-way ANOVA (between-subjects designs) also apply to the repeated-measures ANOVA except for...
the independence of samples assumption and that the repeated-measures ANOVA must also meet an additional assumption of sphericity.
15
Sphericity
refers to the condition where the variances of the differences btw all possible pairs of within-subject conditions (i.e. levels of the IV) are equal. The violation of sphericity occurs when this is not the case.
16
Example of Sphericity
Consider a study in which subjects are measured at 3 time points: time1, time2, and time3. From this, we can calculate the diff scores btw each time period: time1 – time2, time2 – time3, and time3 – time1.
17
Sphericity requires that the variance of the difference scores are...
equal.
18
What happens when the assumption of sphericity is violated?
The Type I error rate will inflate; if alpha is set at 0.05, the true risk of committing Type I error will be higher than 0.05. (The assumption is not applicable in situations where only two repeated measures are used because only one set of differences can be calculated. )
19
What are the methods used to correct for violations of the assumption of sphericity?
The Greenhouse-Geisser adjustment and Huynh-Feldt adjustment. (Both corrections modify the degrees of freedom)
20
What does the application of the Greenhouse-Geisser adjustment assume?
Maximum violation of the assumption of sphericity; when the violation is minimal, this adjustment to the dof may be too severe, possibly resulting in a Type II error
21
Type II error
Accepting/retaining the null hypothesis when it is actually false
22
What does the Huynh-Feldt adjustment attempt to correct?
The amount of violation that has occurred only; in this adjustment the dof for error are multiplied by a value (epsilon, ε) that ranges from zero (maximum violation) to 1.0 (no violation); violation is considered insignificant if ε ≥ .75
23
Although F may still be significant, these adjustments reduce the...
confidence we can place in our conclusion that the differences among the means are statistically significant
24
If the obtained p value from the overall test is close to the rejection level of α = .05 (suppose we get a p =.04), and the adjustment increases it to p = .06 what must we do?
we must accept the null hypothesis
25
Epsilon values are more conservative for what method?
Greenhouse-Geisser method provides better protection against making Type I errors but increasing the risk of making Type II errors
26
A strategy for determining the significance of F is discussed in the Vincent text:
Evaluate F with the G-G adjustment first: If sig, reject the null (If not sig, evaluate F with no adjustment); If F with no adjustment is not sig (most liberal condition), accept the null hypothesis; If F with the G-G adjustment is not sig, but the F with no adjustment is sig, use the H-F adjustment (a moderate condition) to make your final determination
27
As an alternative to the methods listed above, you could get around a severe violation using a...
multiple/multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with the repeated measures designated as multiple dependent variables; with this, assumption of sphericity is not required (less powerful and provides better protection against Type I errors, but less against Type II errors. )
28
The results of the F test only tell us what? (Post Hoc Tests)
That there is at least one difference among the means; it does not tell us where these differences lie. | https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/test-2-repeated-measures-anova-7631740/packs/12270186 |
In aquaculture research, independent variables are qualitative (with or without a structure), quantitative, or factorial combinations. A qualitative independent variable is a variable that has unquantifiable, nominal variants (levels), which represent different categories such as the fish gender. The structure in a qualitative independent variable refers to the existence of a relation between its different variants, in a way that suggests that some variants can be grouped together and then compared to other groups of variants. A quantitative independent variable is a variable with measurable variants that are expressed numerically and are fixed throughout the experiment, such as water temperatures. In a study with one independent variable, each variant of this variable represents a treatment. In a study with two or more independent variables, also called a factorial or multifactorial experiment, the treatments represent all the possible combinations of the two or more independent variables. Following an analysis of variance (ANOVA) (or a multiple factor ANOVA) showing that there is a significant difference among the three or more treatment means, a multiple comparison test, an orthogonal contrast procedure, or a polynomial contrast procedure is applied to separate or present the relationship among the treatment means, in accordance with the nature and structure of the independent variable. The use of multiple comparison tests such as Least Significant Difference, Duncan's Multiple Range, Tukey's Honest Significant Difference, Bonferroni and Scheffé's tests, is more relevant when there is no structure in the qualitative independent variable; otherwise the use of the orthogonal contrast procedure, which allows the comparison of related treatment means or groups of means to other treatment means, is more appropriate. The orthogonal contrast procedure is also appropriate for factorial experiments. With quantitative independent variables, the use of polynomial procedure, which detects the trend of the relationship or regression that exists between the independent and response variables, is appropriate. The present paper critically analyzed the statistical methods used in articles published in ten selected international peer-reviewed aquaculture journals in the year 2013. This analysis showed that in none of the studies in which the independent variable was qualitative with a structure, the data have been analyzed using orthogonal contrast procedure. Also, the data of only 34% of the studies in which the independent variable was quantitative have been analyzed using polynomial contrast (regression), whereas the data of only 13% of studies with a factorial design have been analyzed using contrast procedure. More attention should be paid on publishing only studies that used appropriate statistical procedures, which conform to the nature of the independent variables of interest. | https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/misuse-of-multiple-comparison-tests-and-underuse-of-contrast-proc |
This project titled a statistical analysis on private government and commercial motorcycle registration in Kwara State is aimed to determine whether there is significantly difference among the three mode of registration and to predict future registration for the three mode of registration. To achieve these, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis were used. The analysis revealed that there is significant difference among the three mode of registration and the future registration is on the increase. It can be concluded that the average registration are significantly different. This suggest that the state government should subsidize the amount imposed on the registration of motorcycle.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble
1.2 Significance
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the study
1.4 Scope of the study
1.5 Limitation of the study
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Review
2.2 Role of central motor registry in generating Revenues of state government.
2.3 Sources of data
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Regression Analysis
3.1.1 Simple linear regression
3.1.2 Least square estimation
3.2 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Analysis of variance
4.3 Regression analysis
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PREAMBLE
One of the main functions of any organization is planning for the future. Before any business and economic planning is to be successful, one must take the responsibility of looking ahead and predict or forecast for the future. This is the basic concept of the time series analysis.
Time series (Xt) is a set of observation made sequentially in time. This time series is of great value in economic business studies. It also helps in evaluating present accomplishment to predict future operation and it greatly assist in planning different variable facilities their comparison. The four component of the composite force which shape series in its movement through time series include; calendar variation, price changes, population changes and other miscellaneous change.
In this project, we are going to identify variation in the data collected from state motor registry i.e. variation which occurs between the figure and to suggest that is to be done prior to the outcome of our findings
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
General motor registry is an important department under board of internal revenue. It is important because of the fund its generated to the purse of the state government. This is achieved various registration been carried out on its behalf by the ministry of licenses area office which are done on various motorcycles. Thus the funds realized are channel to the state government purse to meet up with some of its social responsibility to its citizenry.
The study is to show the effectiveness of the office on motorcycle registration viz: commercial and private motorcycle.
It also show more light on some fact that would be useful in citing of M.L.A office in Kwara state.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study include the following
(a) To test whether there is significant difference among the mode of registration.
(b) To predict future registration for the three mode of registration.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
There are other organization that deals with registration of motorcycle like federal road safety commission (under central motor registry).
The data used were extracted from central motor registry on commercial, government and private motorcycle from the year 2003 – 2011.
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The accuracy of the final result of this study might be affected by a number of limitations which are unavoidable. Some of these limitations are;
i. Resources constraints
ii. Method of data collection
i. Resources constraints: This is a factor that initiate against the production of an in-depth research into a topical issues like this, thus the study is conducted at the headquarter of the motor licensing office.
ii. Method of Data Collection: The most important limitation is the method of data collection. Since the data used are secondary (Data obtained from record of the organization) one is not sure of its accuracy. It is subjected to any criticism of secondary data.. | https://researchwap.com/mathematics-and-statistics-education/prWHZjsyZT7dSA |
Analysis of Clad Bead Width Response on Mild Steel Metal Geometry Using Statistics
Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews,
Page 1-11
The research showed the statistical analysis of clad bead width on mild steel metal geometry. The statistical analysis was performed using response surface method of statistics. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that the Model F-value of 8.95 which implies that the model is significant. There is only a 0.23% chance that an F-value this large could occur due to noise. Probability values of less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. The lack of fit for F-value of 1.05 implies the lack of fit is not significant relative to the pure error. There is a 51.67% chance that a Lack of Fit for F-value this large could occur due to noise. Non-significant lack of fit is good and makes the model more fit. The coefficient of determination of the parameters (R-squared) is 0.9249. The predicted R-Squared of 0.9249 is close to the adjusted R-Squared of 0.8215; however, the difference is not more than 0.2 which is of reasonable agreement. Adequate Precision measures the signal to noise ratio of 10.757, which indicates an adequate signal in the data. The fraction of design space plot, perturbation plot, normal probability plot and the cook’s distance plot show less residuals and more fitness of the data which is good in making the parameters very efficient and more effective in modeling the process. The research achieved reasonable and appropriate statistical results which portray the parameters in the system. Finally, the results are recommended for understanding the influence of the parameters in clad height of reinforcement on mild steel cladding weld metals geometry. | https://journaljmsrr.com/index.php/JMSRR/issue/view/4576 |
Scheffe's Test is a statistical test that is used to make unplanned comparisons, rather than pre-planned comparisons, among group means in an analysis of variance (ANOVA) experiment. An unplanned comparison is a comparison made within a data set after an ANOVA test has been run, so the parameters of the comparison are not built into the ANOVA experiment. Scheffe's test can be used in situations where the results of an ANOVA experiment have yielded a significant F-statistic. This indicates that there is a meaningful difference in the means of the groups being compared.
While Scheffe's test has the advantage of giving the experimenter the flexibility to test any comparisons that appear interesting, the drawback of this flexibility is that the test has very low statistical power.
While pre-planned comparisons can be made using tests such as t-tests or F-tests, these tests are not suitable for post hoc or unplanned comparisons. For such comparisons, multiple comparison tests such as Scheffe's test, the Tukey-Kramer method, or the Bonferroni test are appropriate. Scheffe's test is named after American statistician Henry Scheffe.
A one-tailed test is a statistical test in which the critical area of a distribution is either greater than or less than a certain value, but not both.
A runs test is a statistical technique to test the hypothesis that the elements of a data sequence are mutually independent. | https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/scheffes-test.asp |
Abstract:
The paper describes a model of the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). First, we outline differences between this method and the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). We present basic repeated measures designs and point to the research designs that provide data which can be analyzed only with the MANOVA models. We describe formal structure of the MANOVA model and provide its basic definitions. We show how these definitions are related to terms of ANOVA. Development of the ANOVA logic into the MANOVA model is shown in relation to a discussion on independence between expected values of variables and their bivariate correlations (more precisely – means of variables and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients). We explain how the assumptions, null hypotheses and test statistics of MANOVA have been developed from the ANOVA model. We point to the inconclusiveness of the formal MANOVA solution (lack of the one, established, test statistic) and show these test statistics which appeared most often in the statistical software in the last twenty years. We illustrate formalities of the model with one fictional example of a simple one-way MANOVA. All test statistics introduced in this paper were calculated by hand and compared with SPSS output. Moreover, an example of application of multivariate analysis of variance in psychological research was portrayed, using a study on evaluation of managers’ performance. In this example, we emphasize reasons why it is necessary to complement MANOVA with another method: discriminant analysis.
Keywords: Multivariate analysis of variance – MANOVA, discriminant analysis, mulitvariate methods, statistical models of data analysis.
Cite this article as:
Aranowska, E., Rytel, J. (2010). Multivariate Analysis of Variance - MANOVA. Psychologia Społeczna, 14, 117–141. | https://czasopismo.badania.net/articles/multivariate-analysis-of-variance-manova/ |
Preface INTRODUCTION TO SENSORY TECHNIQUES Introduction Development of Sensory Testing Human Subjects as Instruments Conducting a Sensory Study SENSORY ATTRIBUTES AND THE WAY WE PERCEIVE THEM Introduction Sensory Attributes The Human Senses Perception at Threshold and Above CONTROLS FOR TEST ROOM Introduction Environmental Controls Product Controls Panelist Controls FACTORS INFLUENCING SENSORY VERDICTS Introduction Physiological Factors Psychological Factors Poor Physical Condition MEASURING RESPONSES Introduction Psychophysical Theory Classification Grading Ranking Scaling OVERALL DIFFERENCE TESTS: DOES A SENSORY DIFFERENCE EXIST BETWEEN SAMPLES? Introduction The Unified Approach to Difference and Similarity Testing Triangle Test Duo-Trio Test Two-Out-of-Five Test Same/Different Test (or Simple Difference Test) "A" - "Not A" Test Difference-from-Control Test Sequential Tests ATTRIBUTE DIFFERENCE TESTS: HOW DOES ATTRIBUTE X DIFFER BETWEEN SAMPLES? Introduction: Paired Comparison Designs Directional Difference Test: Comparing Two Samples Pairwise Ranking Test: Friedman Analysis-Comparing Several Samples in All Possible Pairs Introduction: Multisample Difference Tests-Block Designs Simple Ranking Test: Friedman Analysis-Randomized (Complete) Block Design Multisample Difference Test: Rating Approach-Evaluation by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Multisample Difference Test: BIB Ranking Test (Balanced Incomplete Block Design)-Friedman Analysis Multisample Difference Test: BIB Rating Test (Balanced Incomplete Block Design)-Evaluation by Analysis of Variance DETERMINING THRESHOLD Introduction Definitions Applications of Threshold Determinations SELECTION AND TRAINING OF PANEL MEMBERS Introduction Panel Development Selection and Training for Difference Tests Selection and Training of Panelists for Descriptive Testing Panel Performance and Motivation Appendix 1: Prescreening Questionnaires Appendix 2: Panel Leadership Advice DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES Definition Field of Application Components of Descriptive Analysis Commonly Used Descriptive Test Methods Application of Descriptive Analysis Panel Data THE SPECTRUM (TM) DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS METHOD Designing a Descriptive Procedure Myths about the Spectrum Descriptive Analysis Method Terminology Intensity Other Options Modified Short-Version Spectrum Descriptive Procedures for Quality Assurance, Shelf-Life Studies, etc. Appendix 1: Spectrum Terminology for Descriptive Analysis Appendix 2: Spectrum Intensity Scales for Descriptive Analysis Appendix 3: A Streamlined Approach to Spectrum References Appendix 4: Spectrum Descriptive Analysis Product Lexicons Appendix 5: Spectrum Descriptive Analysis Examples of Full Product Descriptions Appendix 6: Spectrum Descriptive Analysis Training Exercises AFFECTIVE TESTS: CONSUMER TESTS AND IN-HOUSE PANEL ACCEPTANCE TESTS Purpose and Applications The Subjects/Consumers in Affective Tests Choice of Test Location Affective Test Methods-Fuzzy Front End Affective Methods: Qualitative Affective Methods: Quantitative Internet Research Using Other Sensory Methods to Uncover Insights Appendix 1: Screeners for Consumer Studies-Focus Group, CLT, and HUT Appendix 2: Discussion Guide-Group or One-on-One Interviews Appendix 3: Questionnaires for Consumer Studies Appendix 4: Protocol Design for Consumer Studies Appendix 5: Additional Fuzzy Front End References BASIC STATISTICAL METHODS Introduction Summarizing Sensory Data Statistical Hypothesis Testing Thurstonian Scaling The Statistical Design of Sensory Panel Studies Appendix on Probability ADVANCED STATISTICAL METHODS Introduction Data Relationships Preference Mapping The Treatment Structure of an Experimental Design GUIDELINES FOR CHOICE OF TECHNIQUE Introduction GUIDELINES FOR REPORTING RESULTS Introduction Summary Objective Experimental Results and Discussion STATISTICAL TABLES Index References appear at the end of each chapter. | https://citationsy.com/archives/q?doi=10.1201/9781439832271 |
Curtail Security has announced the release of ReGrade, a new solution designed to detect version differences in the development lifecycle, and prevent high costs associated with late-state discovery of software flaws and configuration errors.
According to the company, users will now be able to run their current software against proposed updates and compare the network behavior between the two versions. It will offer unique insights into how networks differ when systems process identical inputs.
ReGrade enables teams to improve delivery by generating meaningful developer feedback. It can also measure the performance implications of new upgrades and allow for vetting of application stacks that were built with distinct open source alternatives. The benefits of this include the ability to verify software updates using actual traffic, find flaws before rollouts, prevent expensive rollbacks, and test apps against components of the technology stack, the company explained. | https://sdtimes.com/security/curtail-regrade-designed-to-detects-flaws-before-software-is-deployed/ |
Fewer people agree on:
Fewer people agree on:
* How many updates are acceptable for a stable release'' and how to measure
* How many updates are acceptable for a stable release'' and how to measure
* What constitutes an acceptable update to a stable release.
* What constitutes an acceptable update to a stable release.
Revision as of 15:48, 9 March 2010
Stable Release Update Vision
Background
Recent discussions on various Fedora mailing lists have shown that we currently have a wide variety of positions on what Fedora's update strategy should look like. These range from a rolling release, to a locked down security-only update solution. The lack of clarity on this issue contributes to confusion among package maintainers and end users alike.
Most people agree that broken updates are detrimental to the Fedora distribution and should be avoided at all costs.
Fewer people agree on:
- How many updates are acceptable for a stable release and how to measure them
- What constitutes an acceptable update to a stable release.
For these reasons, the Fedora Board is issuing a stable release update vision statement to help guide the creation and implementation of a Fedora Updates policy.
By creating this statement it is the Board's belief that:
- End-user satisfaction with our distribution will increase
- Developers and end-users will have a have a more solid stable release experience
- End-users and developers will have more time to focus on other areas in Fedora
Factors
When creating an updates overview, there are some factors that need to be taken into account. The first, and foremost, is keeping in mind the broad criteria the Board set out for the entire Fedora distribution, which describe someone who:
- is voluntarily switching to Linux
- is familiar with computers but is not necessarily a hacker or developer
- is likely to collaborate in some fashion when something's wrong with Fedora, and
- wants to use Fedora for general productivity, either using desktop applications or a Web browser.
A shifting platform and visible behavioral changes will affect the user's productivity becuase the user must take time away from the desired tasks to learn how to engage in supporting tasks. Because productivity is postulated as important to this user, this outcome is undesirable. Similarly, dealing with a large number of updates on a regular basis is distracting from the user's desired productivity tasks. Also, while a user fitting these criteria is likely to file a bug when something goes wrong, the user does not therefore automatically expect new issues to emerge in a stable release as a result of consuming updates offered authoritatively. When such issues do emerge, the user's confidence in the platform is undermined.
Another factor to keep in mind is Fedora's rapid development cycle. A six month development cycle for a release allows Fedora to integrate the latest and greatest releases from upstream projects into the 'rawhide' distribution and have that body of work available to the user base in a relatively short amount of time. Ideally, this rapid paced release cycle allows both developers and users the chance to focus on a coherent, consistent, and well functioning set of software content per release.
Vision Statement
Taking the background and various factors above into account, the Board believes update streams should be managed with the following purposes:
- The update repositories for stable releases of the Fedora distribution should provide our users with a consistent and high quality stream of updates.
- Stable releases should provide a consistent user experience throughout the lifecycle, and concentrate on fixing bugs and security issues.
- Close tracking of upstream should be done both through coordinating patch acceptance upstream, and by tracking the upstream version closely in Rawhide repo wherever possible (as opposed to the stable release).
- More skilled and/or intrepid users are encouraged to use Rawhide along with participating in testing of stable branches during the development and pre-release period.
- Stable releases, pre-release branches, and Rawhide should have a graduated approach to ease of updating. For example, if a proposed update does more than fix a bug or security issue, it should be harder to push that update to a stable release than to a pre-release branch or Rawhide. | https://www.fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Stable_release_updates_vision&diff=158427&oldid=158316 |
As part of scheduled improvements to SmartVaults server Infrastructure regular software and hardware updates are made to our network.
A recent update to important systems may render some users on legacy or unsupported systems to be unable to connect to the SmartVault service due to security incompatibilities. Some older software cannot run or understand certain security measures SmartVault's servers use to make your experience the safest possible, which means we can no longer support those systems.
Effected users may be those running legacy web browser software (ex Internet Explorer 8) or unsecured operating systems that are no longer supported by their developer like Windows XP.
It is recommended to upgrade your systems to a more contemporary platform to resolve these issues. | https://support.smartvault.com/Other/Knowledge_Base_and_Known_Issues/Issues_Connecting_to_SmartVault_From_Legacy_or_Unsupported_Systems |
Heartbleed is a critical flaw in the widely used OpenSSL cryptographic software library. This flaw allows information to be stolen that is usually secured by the SSL/TLS cryptography used to secure the Web. SSL/TLS enables communication privacy and security for the internet, mail, messaging services, and some VPNs over the internet.
A defect in OpenSSL's implementation of the TLS Heartbeat extension causes the Heartbleed problem, which results in improper input validation.
It's an open-source software vulnerability that was initially discovered in 2014. Anyone with access to the Internet can use this flaw to access the memory of system vulnerabilities, leaving no trace of a breach.
OpenSSL is the most widely used open-source cryptographic library (written in C) for encrypting Internet data using Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS). Even though the problem is in the OpenSSL library, the SSL/TLS protocols are unaffected. The flaw is in the OpenSSL code that manages the TLS/DTLS Heartbeat extension.
Because of the vulnerability, an evil user might trick a susceptible web server into submitting sensitive information, such as usernames and passwords.
The private keys required to identify service providers and encrypt communications and the identities and passwords of users, and the actual information are all at risk. As a result, attackers can listen in on conversations, steal data straight from services and users, and impersonate those services and users.
Given that the Heartbleed Bug has been known for at least two years, any firm that has installed OpenSSL versions 1.0.1 through 1.0.1f is particularly vulnerable to it and should take action to mitigate it.
Discovery of the Heartbleed Bug
Google developer Neel Mehta and the Finnish security firm Codenomicon were the first to identify the Heartbleed flaw. German software developer Robin Seggelmann introduced the security weakness in the open-source OpenSSL encryption technology. Since the fault became widely known, Seggelmann has stated that he and another code reviewer accidentally overlooked the bug and that the bug was not intentionally introduced.
How the Heartbleed Bug Works?
To comprehend how the Heartbleed vulnerability works, you must first grasp how the TLS/SSL protocols function and how computers keep data in memory.
A heartbeat is an essential component of the TLS/SSL protocols. This is how the two computers interacting with each other let each other know that they're still connected, even if the individual isn't uploading or exporting anything right now.
On rare occasions, one of the systems will send the other an encrypted bit of data known as a heartbeat request. The second computer will respond with identical encrypted data, demonstrating that the connection has not been broken. The heartbeat request also gives data about its length, which is critical.
The Heartbleed flaw developed because OpenSSL's implementation of the heartbeat feature lacked a critical safeguard: the computer receiving the heartbeat request was never tested to see if it was as long as it was supposed to be.
The responding computer sends back its memory data due to a missing bounds check on the length and payload variables in Heartbeat queries and trusting the data received from other machines.
What are the Devices Vulnerable to the Heartbleed Bug?
Although all editions of Android OS contain older versions of the OpenSSL library, the vulnerable heartbeat component is enabled by default only in Android 4.1.1 Jelly Bean. Blackberry has also verified that specific devices are susceptible to the Heartbleed bug, but the OpenSSL flaw does not affect Apple's iOS devices.
IP phones, modems, medical equipment, Smart Television sets, embedded systems, and many other devices that rely on OpenSSL for encrypted communications may also be exposed to the Heartbleed problem, as patches from Google's Android partners are unlikely to arrive soon.
How to Avoid Such Software Vulnerabilities?
You can take the following measures to avoid software vulnerabilities like the Heartbleed bug −
Integrate security-related tasks that are essential for secure software development.
Never place your trust in data from a third-party source.
To ensure the security of your online accounts, you should change your passwords as soon as possible for both the sites that have fixed the problem and those that have not.
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- What is IUD? How does it prevent pregnancy?
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- What is routing? Explain how it works in ASP.NET Core
- What is a parallel database and explain how it works? | https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-is-heartbleed-bug-how-it-works-vulnerable-devices-how-to-prevent |
In our recent post titled macOS 10.13 High Sierra Significantly Improves DisplayLink Performance & Stability we talked about how the latest update to macOS improved behavior when using a DisplayLink product (such as the Plugable UD-ULTCDL docking station). To go with that, we wanted to take a moment to discuss the Gatekeeper security feature introduced back in OS X 10.7 which has gone through some changes in High Sierra that may affect installation of some 3rd party device drivers used in devices from Plugable and other device manufacturers. For Plugable, the issue will only impact our products which don’t have drivers already built-in to macOS, such as our USB Docking Stations, USB Graphics Adapters, and USB Ethernet Adapters. Essentially this issue can affect any extensions not developed by Apple. Thankfully if you encounter this, there’s a simple process to fix. Keep reading for additional information and instructions.
In macOS 10.13 High Sierra, when installing new software and extensions, Gatekeeper now requires users to manually approve any new third-party extension before the computer can load and make use of the extension that was installed. This is important as many devices rely on extensions to function properly, and in some circumstances it can look like the software to power a device was installed but the device still doesn’t work. When this happens, users will see the below message:
If you suspect Gatekeeper is preventing an extension from loading, follow the below steps:
- Open System Preferences and navigate to the Security & Privacy section.
- In the General tab, look for a message at the bottom of the window stating “System software from developer DEVELOPER NAME was blocked from loading”, like in the screenshot below:
For Plugable products, the developer listed in the message should be “DisplayLink Corp” for DisplayLink powered products (such as docking stations that do not use Thunderbolt 3 technology) and “WEI LU SU” for Plugable ethernet adapters that use ASIX chipsets (as of the time of writing this, all Plugable USB network adapters use ASIX chipsets).
- Click Allow, and from there macOS should now be able to properly load and use the extensions and software that were installed.
- Test things out! In some instances, you may need to restart the computer for the extension to properly load. So if it doesn’t work immediately, reboot the computer and the extension should load correctly.
Once an extension from a developer has been allowed, this makes the developer a ‘trusted’ source. Meaning that future extensions that are installed from the same developer should not be prevented by Gatekeeper from loading and should not need to have these steps repeated. However, software and extensions from other developers will encounter this same issue and you will need to follow these same steps.
For additional information on Gatekeeper and the behavior described in this post, check out the below Apple and DisplayLink support documents!
Feel free to share your experiences with High Sierra in the comments below, and if you’re having issues installing driver extensions for any of your Plugable products, please email [email protected] and we’ll be happy to help!
macOS Compatibility
Unfortunately, due to changes in macOS 10.15 Catalina and support for third-party drivers, we are unable to continue support for macOS with our ASIX USB to Ethernet adapters (USB3-E1000, USBC-E1000, USB2-E1000, USB2-E100, USB2-OTGE100). Our USB3-HUB3ME and future USB to Ethernet adapters will use Realtek based chipsets that utilize drivers built into macOS. | https://archive.plugable.com/2017/10/27/how-to-fix-extensions-blocked-by-gatekeeper-in-macos-10-13-high-sierra/ |
Are you a Windows user, but aren’t sure what version of the operating system you have installed on your PC? This article introduces three ways of checking your Windows version in just a few seconds: using a keyboard shortcut, via the Control Panel, or using the Windows Command Prompt (CMD).What version of Windows do I have?
Windows 7 end of support: What do you need to do?
Years after it was first released, Microsoft Windows 7 still counts among the favorite operating systems worldwide. But the time has come to say goodbye. Windows 7 has reached its final end-of-life stadium (EOL). Microsoft will no longer be publishing updates or provide any form of support for the operating system. What are the consequences?
When will support for Windows 7 end?
Support for private users of Windows 7 has already finished. As of January 14, 2020, Microsoft is no longer delivering updates for Windows 7, including any security updates. The technology company terminated general support for the popular operating system back in 2015. Ever since, no updates or additional features have been released. 2020 marks the end for Windows 7: Windows will no longer provide security patches via its Extended Support for the operating system.
However, Microsoft has created a few exceptions. Enterprise clients will have the option to join a fee-based Extended Security Update Program (ESU). Only users of the professional or enterprise editions will be able to join ESU. The program extends the period during which security updates will be provided by another three years. Users will need to renew their ESU license every year and for each device running Windows 7. There are two options for users to join the program. Large enterprises, organizations, or authorities that already have a license can book support via the Volume Licensing Service Center.
Smaller companies that are using the professional or Enterprise edition of Windows 7 will need to contact a cloud solutions provider. The latter is an official Microsoft partner authorized to distribute the software maker’s products. If you don’t have access to the Volume Licensing Service Center, you won’t be able to purchase the extended support directly via Microsoft.
What does the end of support for Windows 7 mean?
The end of support for Windows 7 doesn’t necessarily spell the end of Windows 7. The operating system and many installed programs can still be used. The termination of any extended support for the operating system means just that: Microsoft no longer helps users of Windows 7. This includes any assistance services, updates, or patches. Most importantly, the company will no longer close security gaps.
But just because you can continue to use Windows 7 doesn’t mean you should. Usage of the operating system could be risky because Microsoft will continue to provide security updates via the ESU program. In this way, security gaps can be deduced for unsupported versions of Windows 7. Cyber criminals may then be able to detect existing weaknesses in the operating system. In fact, something similar happened with Windows XP. The software was considered safe and stable, but once it was no longer supported, fraudsters were able to detect and abuse security gaps.
Over time, however, Windows 7 will become unusable. The end of support is already taken as an opportunity by software developers to no longer make their products compatible with Windows 7. For example, Google announced that Chrome would only continue to support Windows 7 until July 15, 2021. Other software developers are likely to follow suit.
Windows 7 EOL: What you need to do
To avoid security and compatibility issues, users should upgrade to a newer version of Windows (preferably Windows 10). Clients of the ESU program can take a bit more time, but are not advised to wait the full three years before upgrading. For one, that could become very costly because the price for the ESU license increases year by year. Secondly, it’s advisable to upgrade to a higher version of Windows because Microsoft offers more comprehensive support.
What’s more, Windows 7 users can currently upgrade to Windows 10 for free – albeit unofficially. Microsoft originally suspended the free upgrade on July 29, 2016, but according to reports from multiple websites, the upgrade can still be downloaded via the official software Windows Media Creation Tool. During installation, you’ll just need to enter the licensing key for your Windows 7 version and Windows 10 should work as expected. A valid product key will be necessary for the free upgrade to work – without one, the free upgrade will not be successful.
Because Microsoft officially terminated its support for a free upgrade in 2016, there is no guarantee that it still works. It’s possible that the Windows developers may close down any loopholes for existing free upgrades and charge users looking to upgrade swiftly now.
But should you continue to use Windows at all? Some users are taking the Windows 7 EOL as an opportunity to consider alternatives to Windows. While Apple’s macOS requires users to purchase new hardware, Linux and affiliated distributions allow for older PCs and notebooks to be used. Potential users should note that Windows and Linux do differ quite significantly though.
Still one of the favorite operating systems
The days of Windows 7 are numbered. Microsoft announced its end of support for the software back in 2012, but many users either weren’t aware of the announcement or forgot about it. Either way, Windows 7 continues to run on many desktop PCs still today. NetMarketShare reports that as of 2020, 26.6% of Microsoft users worldwide were still using the outdated Windows version.
The reasons are manifold. In comparison to other Windows versions, Windows 7 was a favorite among many users. Whilst its predecessor (Windows Vista) and successor (Windows 8.1) left the community feeling disappointed, professional users were particularly fond of Windows 7.
And it’s the professional user group for whom a transition to Windows 10 is difficult. A business that has equipped its entire office with hundreds of PCs all running a particular operating system faces the hugely complex task of upgrading all its systems. In some cases, an upgrade may require the acquisition of new hardware, upgrades of other software, and a good amount of time spent on configuration.
But the alternative is just not viable. Following the end of support for Windows 7, it would be irresponsible for a company to continue to work with the instable version. This does not only jeopardize a company’s data and processes, but may also endanger any customer data a business stores. In that case, businesses may violate data privacy regulations. The EU regulations obligate companies to secure client and user data from access of unauthorized third-parties. | https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/server/know-how/windows-7-end-of-life/ |
For over 200,000 people in over 150 countries, logging on to their computers was not business as usual yesterday. The cyberattack that hit over the weekend, called “WannaCry” or “WannaCrypt,” caused disruptions to universities, hospitals, businesses, and daily life across the world. No catastrophic breakdowns were reported, but the cyberattack has people concerned about their online security.
The attack was carried out via an email attachment. The malicious software or malware, contained in the attachment locks users out of their computers, with the threat of destroying data if a ransom is not paid via untraceable bitcoin.
The question for many remains, “am I safe?”. The good news is that there are things that you can do to keep yourself safe online.
First, ensure that you keep up with software updates (including web browsers, operating systems, etc.). Many malware infections result from criminals exploiting bugs in software, updating helps keep your devices and files safe. It is also essential that you use and update antivirus and firewall software. This will keep your computer free of the most common malware.
Second, do not click on links, banners, and attachments without knowing their origin. You can hover the cursor over a link or attachment, this will reveal the actual destination URL, which may differ from that in the text you see. Do this even if the apparent sender is someone familiar because, as these attacks have proven, criminals target people using links or attachments that are similar to things that we are likely to click on.
For years, Microsoft has complained that a large majority of computers are running pirated versions of their software. This leads to the third way to keep your computer safe: browse and download software from only trusted websites. Microsoft provided a patch two months ago that protected computers against such an attack, but because people did not update their software or were not using a licensed version of the software, they were more vulnerable to this attack. It is also important on mobile devices to only install mobile apps from official and trusted sources.
The threat that was issued to victims of the “WannaCry” attack was withholding access to your computer data until a ransom was paid. The effects of this threat could have been mitigated by regularly backing up the data stored on your computer. Backing up data will save you time and money if you ever had to restore your computer, additionally you are still able to access your backed up data on another computer. If you are a victim of a cyberattack please report it and do not pay them any money – it does not guarantee that you will regain access to your data.
Finally, it may seem simple, but passwords play an important role in keeping your device secure. Ensure that your computer or device is password protected with a strong password. As an extra layer of security on top of device password protection, you can also lock any documents or files you choose (such as financial documents or sensitive business files). For example, in Microsoft word you can save a file as an encrypted document.
These tips and guidelines can not guarantee that your computer and data are 100% safe, but it heavily reduces the risks. Lakeridge Hospital in Oshawa was a victim of the latest cyberattack, but their antivirus software contained the attack and kept medical and health records safe and there was no effect on patient care. This example shows the importance of following the above guidelines to ensure any threats are able to be contained and ensures business as usual for you. | https://www.collaborativehausmarketing.com/blog/2017/05/16/3-tips-to-keep-your-computer-safe |
One of the interesting things about the term ERP is that it is a name that as much describes what the software aspires to as what it actually does.
What do I mean by that? Take the example of a manufacturing business and a consulting firm. Beyond standard financial management modules, the functionality delivered by ERP systems for each company is very different. But each system could still fairly be described as an ERP system. What's the common thread?
The common element that qualifies a system as an "ERP" is ultimately the aspiration of the software to provide as "comprehensive" a solution as possible in terms of managing the full range of financial and operational tasks. It's also really "comprehensiveness" that is at the root of many of the core ERP benefits: sharing data effectively across the enterprise, eliminating expensive and difficult to maintain integrations, and accelerating efficiencies and learning curves through a common software interface.
There's a risk involved in this gathering together, though. While it's of course easier to carry the eggs in a single basket, it's all the more important not to spill the basket. Essentially, the broader the scope of your ERP system, the more important it is to inventory and address all security risks.
Read on to get insights direct from experts on what ERP threats and risks you need to be aware of and how to address these issues.
Risk 1: Outdated, unsupported software can lead to crashes and integration issues
“One risk that companies often seem to be ignored is the risk of running outdated, unsupported software systems. Why does this matter? Because older software versions will not be compatible with and won’t integrate with newer products. Even servers and browsers can be adversely affected. And if the software is no longer supported, where will you go for help when (not if) your system crashes? Staying up to date means upgrading to the newest versions of the software you currently use, or, moving to a new software system altogether.” -Marcia Nita Doron, Marketing Director,
Risk 2: Insufficient reporting capability can lead to external reporting and a loss of data control
"One of the top reasons driving new ERP purchases is that lack of functionality has caused users to not be able to access and analyze data with the tools available within their system. As a result, users resort to more “user friendly” tools such as Excel and Access to create systems that are external to the ERP system and often hold critical information that is only available within them. Over time as these propagate within the organization, management loses track of the extent and locations of “user systems” and they are not part of regular system backups. So, if an employee were to leave or become disgruntled, the data could be permanently lost. The solution is to establish a directory on a server that is regularly backed up, make it mandatory that these systems reside there." -Ken Hilty, Vice President of Sales,
Risk 3: Technical personnel and providers have access to make large scale changes to program behavior
"Rightfully so, many organizations focus enterprise system risk management primarily on external threats, data center procedures, and end-user security. However, when it comes to a software developer’s direct access to the system, this is an area that usually deserves more scrutiny. For example, controls should be in place to manage their ability to make program changes or prevent any other unauthorized updates to business data within the production system. But what is more frequently overlooked is their access to the “soft coded” system configuration settings. These are the parameters and switches that can make the software function very differently, without traditional programming." -Steve Phillips, Author,
Risk 4: Delayed updates can lead to software vulnerabilities
"An often overlooked ERP/accounting software related security threat is related to the delay companies have updating their software. While all software manufactures are continuously improving their software (which often address security vulnerabilities), the SaaS model allows for real-time and continues updates. Traditional on-premise ERP vendors are challenged when it comes to distributing updates. The problem is that upgrading traditional on-premise ERP is hard. 66% of companies are not running on the most current version of their ERP system*. As such, an astute hacker has a easy access to exploit the vulnerabilities that the manufacture has now pointed out." Kevin Lalor, President,
Risk 5: Lack of compliance with security standards
"One major area of security issues is compliance. For example, the Payment Card Industry’s Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is a credit card industry requirement for being able to accept credit cards. Many legacy ERP systems are not compliant. Some very well known packages included. Fundamentally the solution cannot store customer credit card numbers in any way in a non-heavily encrypted format. Those numbers cannot include the 3 or 4 digit security code. Those numbers should never be retrievable to employees beyond the last 4 digits. There are numerous back end requirements about having powerful firewall, very strong passwords, no 'back doors', and tight controls on data and backups." -Mark Chinsky, Owner, | https://www.erpsoftwareblog.com/2013/10/5-erp-security-risks-to-be-aware-of/ |
Lately, many iPhone users running iOS 14.6, using iMessage have reported having spyware installed on their devices. What’s important is that the spyware gets installed without even tapping a thing. This behavior is of particular concern, and with iOS 14.7 being released people think, this vulnerability will be fixed. But is it true? Will iOS 14.7 patch things? Or is it something Apple is not paying attention to?
To get an answer to all these questions, we did some digging, and here’s what we found.
Why iMessage?
Bill Marczak, the researcher at Citizen Lab, told Forbes that in certain cases Apple’s iOS automatically runs data within iMessage and attachments. This puts users at risk because even when they are from strangers they run. To change this behavior, he suggested that Apple should try applying something like Facebook where DMs from strangers are slightly hidden and by default filtered into a separate pane.
THREAD with a couple of interesting bits from @AmnestyTech‘s new report on what they learned from looking for NSO Group’s spyware on phones https://t.co/CG60vx7cRg
— Bill Marczak (@billmarczak) July 18, 2021
Who all are at risk due to this iMessage security problem?
Government officials, journalists, religious figures, and business executives are at the target. This means if you are a common man, you are spared 😊.
Why should Apple pay attention to it?
If Apple keeps on overlooking this problem, these types of zero-click iMessage attacks will certainly open doors for less sophisticated attacks.
Is there a fix to the Pegasus spyware iMessage problem in iOS 14.7?
No, but this doesn’t mean you can skip Pegasus spyware. If you want to prevent your iPhone from being hacked, update to iOS 14.7 now.
Followed with a warning to update iOS 14.7 this new update includes fixes for four flaws in WebKit (the engine that is behind Apple’s Safari browser).
How to update to iOS 14.7?
To update to iOS 14.7, follow the steps below:
- Tap iPhone Settings
- Tap General > Software Update and follow on-screen instructions to update your iOS.
Why doesn’t Apple share details about security fixes?
It seems that that company likes waiting for users to update their phones first. Once a large proportion of users have updated iOS then the company makes a statement.
Do you think this is the right practice? Or should it be changed? Do share your thoughts in the comments section.
With that being said, and iOS updates being released with one or the other issue, Apple releases iOS 15 public Beta. Does this mean, now the misery of iOS users will end?
I doubt that, thinking why? Here are the reasons.
iOS 15 Beta Bugs
Before we begin with the issues, we would like to reiterate never download the beta version of any software on your primary device. As this might put your device at risk. However, if you have a testing device then no worries, you can install it on your secondary device.
According to Apple’s developer release notes here are the issues you can find in iOS 15.
1. Find My network issues
If the device language is set to English only then you will be able to see Find My network is active. Furthermore, in iOS 15 Beta, Notify When Left Behind doesn’t work for Apple Watches and Intel-based Macs.
2. Finder is unresponsive
If you install iOS 15 public beta via Restore Images, Finder might not work. To avoid facing this problem, install device support from Apple’s Beta Software Downloads page.
3. Open in New window
When you choose to open a file in a new window, the file sometimes quits unexpectedly.
4. Camera Issues
Live text is unavailable in the Camera app and when the iPhone runs in Low Power or Panorama mode it gives unexpected results.
5. Home screen widget problems
In public beta, when a category is selected in the widget gallery, Apple noted certain issues like incorrect category appearance, home screen quits, and more.
6. CarPlay connectivity
When the screen is shared in the SharePlay session, connecting the phone to CarPlay fails. The workaround for this as suggested by Apple is to stop screen sharing before connecting the phone.
Wrap Up
Frankly, after knowing about all these issues I am getting a bit stressed. As Apple released iOS 14.7, I was like okay now the spyware problem with iMessages will be fixed, but that didn’t happen. Then the announcement of public beta iOS 15 came, and I was like okay now things will be settled. But my bad luck it seems Apple is now going to just share updates that have some or the other issue be it related to security or features. If that is the case, how can we trust Apple this is what I think?
What is your take on it? Do you think we can trust Apple products when it comes to security, or do we need to pay attention to things ourselves? Do share your thoughts and opinions on the same in the comments section.
We love hearing from you. To know more about iOS 15 Beta and other updates stay connected and bookmark this page. | https://wethegeek.com/will-ios-14-7-fix-ios-14-6-imessage-security-problems/ |
Xiaomi’s developer team has made an important announcement that might interest users waiting for the MIUI’s next major update — MIUI 12.
While launching a beta update patch for MIUI 20.3.23 developer build, the team announced that it will stop working on MIUI 11 developer ROMs starting next week for a while. The message could mean that Xiaomi will start MIUI 12 development from the following week.
The statement also said that developer ROM updates for Xiaomi Mi 9 Pro, Mi 10, Mi 10 Pro and Redmi Note 8 have been postponed, due to incomplete testing.
Meanwhile, several MIUI beta testers claim they are seeing signs of MIUI 12 under development. When trying to enroll themselves in the beta program of the current MIUI version, users saw the phrase “Not found, participating in MIUI 12 will be a good choice”.
In the message, the developers said, “I believe that good things will happen.” This indicates that the team is excited to work on the next MIUI major update; however, the statement could also mean developers are optimistic about the departure of the Coronavirus Pandemic.
While the pandemic has cleared off from China, a few days ago, the country was the epicenter of the virus. Coronavirus forced many Chinese tech giants to stop or delay manufacturing and software updates, including Xiaomi.
Hence, taking a break from developing MIUI 11 ROMs could also mean that Xiaomi is managing resourcing after being hit by the pandemic.
Nevertheless, if it is about MIUI 12, then we can expect several Android 11 features on our Xiaomi devices such as new permissions, improvements to gestures, and more. Apart from revealing the MIUI 12 logo, Xiaomi has not announced any further information about the next major update in MIUI. | https://fossbytes.com/xiaomi-stops-miui-11-developer-roms-could-it-be-miui-12/ |
Note: This blog post is from 2013. Some content may be outdated--though not necessarily. Same with links and subsequent comments from myself or others. Corrections are welcome, in the comments. And I may revise the content as necessary.
If you may have looked at the release notes for the latest (as of this writing) JVM update (Java 1.7 update 21), you may have noticed that it refers to an "expiration date" for this version of the JVM. What's that about, you may wonder?
So what's this Java 1.7 JVM update "expiration date" about?
First, let's get this out of the way: it's not that the JVM will stop working on that date.
Rather, on the one hand this "expiration date" does tell us first, as readers of that document, that we should regard that particular update to be (in Oracle's mind) no longer as updated as it could be, after that date.
But more important, what it's really about is it's supporting the automated mechanism in the JRE, which would normally watch out for new updates from Oracle, to report to users (via a desktop notification) if there were any available updates.
If that check can't reach the internet for some reason, Oracle didn't want users to mistakenly assume that their JVM was reasonably updated. So now if it can't reach the internet to check, that desktop notification feature will automatically report that to users. Again, though, it won't affect CF's use of that Java runtime.
How did I find this out? And where can you learn more?
The expiration date for JRE 7u21 is 07/18/2013.
And curiously there is no mention of any expiration date in the 4 previous JVM updates, 17, 15, 13, and 11. More on that in a moment.
The JRE relies on periodic checks with an Oracle Server to determine if it (the JRE)is still considered up-to-date with all the available security fixes (above the security baseline). In the past, if the JRE was unable to contact the Oracle Server, it continued to behave as though it is still the most recent version with regard to security, for an indefinite period.
To avoid this problem, a secondary mechanism, that does not rely on external communication, has been added to the JDK 7u10. From this release onwards, all JREs will contain a hard-coded expiration date. The expiration date is calculated to end after the scheduled release of the next Critical Patch Update.
This means that JREs that are unable to contact Oracle Servers for an extended period of time, will now start offering additional protection after a reasonable period, and will not continue to behave as if they were still up-to-date with security fixes.
Why no expiration dates for updates 11, 13, 15, and 17; only for 21?
Still, it is indeed curious that the intervening JVM updates between 10 and 21 don't mention any expiration date.
We might assume that perhaps it's that the subsequent updates didn't have security fixes, but that's not the case. The very next one, 11, did mention in its technote that it fixes "security vulnerabilities". It also listed itself as the new "security baseline" for java 7 at the time of its publication.
So I would think that it should have had an expiration. I suspect it did, tracked internally in its files, even if not mentioned in its technote. But I'll leave that for others to explore. Indeed, you can learn more about how that date is tracked, and what some are doing to deal with the nuisance of these alerts to their end users, in in this Symantec discussion forum.
To repeat, we who might use an updated JVM in ColdFusion do NOT need to worry about this expiration date causing any prompts to our users. That prompting is to the desktop user who has installed Java.
So while your CF server admin may see such a prompt on the server, your end users will not see any such prompt based on your having update Java on the server and not updated it again after that expiration date. I don't suppose too many people would have worried about that, but as long as some might, I did want to get that out of the way.
But I point all this out because again while the expiration date WAS mentioned in the current latest update's technote above (Update 21, as I write), it did NOT have any explanation at all, and i just wondered what it was about. And I only found it by digging further and finding the explanation in Update 10 (I also have searched the Oracle technote site and find no other explanation of it except in that one technote), so I thought I'd share the info here.
This is similar to what happened with CF and its hotfixes: if you don't know to go back and look in previous hotfix technotes, you might miss some important things that may apply, even if (especially if) you jump to a later one. For more on that issue, with respect to CF hotfixes, and a new document that lists important notes from past hotfix technotes, see my blog entry from a couple of weeks ago, "CF911: New Adobe document about #ColdFusion security hotfixes: required reading, I'd say".
Thank you. Just started to find out behavior of Java message appearing.
Thank you for clearing this up. I noticed it in the u55 release notes and was worried. Many other software vendors actually *do* disable their applications automatically at a preset expiration date, and I thought Oracle was heading down the same path. It's a deplorable practice which is just one more way of hassling loyal users, and stuff like that is the reason why people in the know consider pirated/cracked software to be of higher quality than their licensed originals… glad to hear that in the case of the JRE, this was a false alarm. Oracle should really think about rewording that paragraph. | https://www.carehart.org/blog/client/index.cfm/2013/6/11/java_update_expiration_date_what_its_about |
The latest versions of Red Hat Software Collections and Red Hat Developer Toolset are available now in beta. Red Hat Software Collections 3.6 delivers the latest stable versions of many popular open source runtime languages, web servers and databases natively to the world’s leading enterprise Linux platform. These components are supported for up to five years, helping to enable a more consistent, efficient, and reliable developer experience.
New collections in the latest release of Red Hat Software Collections include:
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Node.js 14 which introduces an upgraded V8 engine, a new experimental WebAssembly System Interface (WASI), a new experimental Async Local Storage API, and numerous bug and security fixes.
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Nginx 1.18 web and proxy server provides a number of bug fixes, security fixes, new features, and enhancements over version 1.16, including enhancements to HTTP request rate and connection limiting. In addition, new PROXY protocol variables have been added.
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Git 2.27 adds a number of new features for developers, such as new switch and restore commands, new configuration variables, and several new options have been added that enable users to configure SSL for communication with proxies.
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Apache httpd 2.4 (update) fixes a number of bugs and includes an updated mod_http2 module.
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PHP 7.3 (update) updates the PHP 7.3 collection to the latest version with multiple bug and security fixes.
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HAProxy 1.8.24 also updates the collection and provides multiple bug and security fixes.
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Perl 5.30 updates the collection adding perl-CGI.
Also new in Red Hat Software Collections 3.6 is Developer Toolset 10 featuring GCC 10.2, an updated, curated collection of compilers, toolchains, debuggers and other critical development tools. Forming the foundation of Developer Toolset 10 is GCC 10.2, a new update of the popular open source compiler collection. Additional updates in Developer Toolset 10 center on delivering new updates of C/C++ and Fortran debugging and performance tools.
All new collections in Red Hat Software Collections 3.6 are also available as Red Hat Certified Containers through the Red Hat Ecosystem Catalog. This makes it easier to build and deploy mission-critical applications using the supported components of Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Red Hat OpenShift environments.
Red Hat Software Collections 3.6 continues Red Hat’s commitment to customer choice in terms of the underlying compute architecture, with availability across x86_64, ppc64le, s390x and aarch64 hardware.
Red Hat customers with active Red Hat Enterprise Linux subscriptions can access Red Hat Software Collections via the Red Hat Software Collections repository.
For more information, please read the full beta release notes. | https://www.redhat.com/ja/blog/red-hat-software-collections-36-and-red-hat-developer-toolset-10-beta-now-available |
Basic Function:
The primary function of the Community Supports Coordinator is to increase the independence and self-determination of Chicagoans with disabilities annually. All consumers enter Access Living’s Community Supports programs as a referral by the Mayor’s Office for People with Disabilities. The employee works one-to-one with identified people with disabilities on issues they face in their journey to independence and self-determination.
Specific Duties:
- Support the consumer in conducting her/his own life as independently as possible.
- Assess (via telephone while social distancing measures are in place and then afterwards in-person) consumers for any needs that allow them to direct their life in the own home. Staff must consider the supports and services already in place when making the assessments.
- Identify and recommend methods to increase independence of consumers, specifically review the consumers’ needs for assistive technology, homemaker services, home delivered meals to be provided by the Mayor’s Office for People with Disabilities, and/or ongoing case management if the consumer is eligible.
- With the consumer, create goals to increase their ability to self-direct his/her life.
- Model self-advocacy skills to the consumer and empower consumers by encouraging them to complete this work as independently as possible, and provide supports as needed.
- Provide Activities of Daily Living trainings when requested by consumers.
- Refer consumers to outside programs and/or other Access Living programs that will assist the consumer to achieve her/his goals.
- Accurately reflect work in applicable databases in a timely way
- Maintain consumer and organizational confidentiality
- Ensure all deadlines and outcomes are met.
- Other duties as assigned.
Education and Training:
Preference will be given to candidates with a social work degree (MSW/BSW). Bachelor of Arts or Science is required and/or Orientation and Mobility Specialist and/or Certified Rehabilitation Counselor and one year of experience in service of people with disabilities is preferable. Experience in evaluating individuals with disabilities for assistive devices and independent living skills training is a plus.
Experience:
Access Living permits six months of skill development to attain acceptable performance in the position. Employee must have basic knowledge of disability rights laws and experience in the field of independent living, disability rights and self-determination movements. Understanding of issues that people with disabilities is essential. Good communication skills needed.
Travel Demands:
Traveling within the City of Chicago to conduct home visits.
Equipment Operated:
Computer, phone, fax, copier, printer
Working Environment:
When in the field, the working environment is within the homes of consumers. In the office, the environment is a shared work space in the Access Living headquarters. During the interview process, candidates will learn more about our hybrid work model.
Salary
$40,000 – $45,000
Other Information:
- Offer of the position will be contingent on clearance of state criminal background check.
- Number of Employees Directly Supervised: None
- Supervised by: Manager of Community Supports
How to Apply:
To apply for this position, send your resume and cover letter to [email protected]. | https://www.accessliving.org/get-involved/job-openings/community-supports-coordinator/ |
Special Interest - Vision Impairment Program
The Vision Support Program at Seaview High School provides students with vision impairment access to all educational opportunities. Students are fully integrated and participate in all areas of the school curriculum as well as many co-curricula activities.
Specialist staff from the South Australian School for Vision Impaired (SASVI) are placed at Seaview High School as both teachers and support officers. Support teachers are qualified and experienced in the education of students with vision impairments.
Support staff assist the students to access the school curriculum, while teaching them a range of specialised skills aimed to support them in life beyond school. SASVI staff work collaboratively with the classroom teacher, providing advice and assistance to ensure that materials and teaching practices are modified to accommodate each student’s vision needs.
Staff are skilled in the use of Braille and other alternative print formats and the teaching of the Expanded Core Curriculum (see below) for vision impairment and can advise on the educational implications of specific vision impairments.
Expanded Core Curriculum
As part of their program at Seaview High, students with a vision impairment study an expanded core curriculum, which encompasses the specific skills and knowledge that a person with a vision impairment will need to be as independent as possible in school and post school life.
The curriculum varies throughout the year depending on availability of outside agency support and includes:
- ICT training
- Braille and Tactile Skills
- Independent Living and Study Skills
- Recreation, fitness and Leisure
- Social Skills/Self-Advocacy
- The Use of Adaptive Technology
- The Use of Low Vision Devices
- Transition to Post School Options
Orientation and Mobility
Students have specialised teaching in this area from visiting orientation and mobility teachers who work with the program at Seaview High School. The program includes:
- Independence in the school environment
- residential travel
- route and travel planning and execution
- public transport
- GPS devices
- transition to post-school
Specialised Resources
To participate in the curriculum, students receive training in the use of a range of special materials and equipment such as:
- Large print and audio materials
- Specialised Braille technologies
- Low vision devices
- Talking and large display calculators and dictionaries
- Special lighting equipment
- Mobility devices (e.g. long canes)
- Adaptive and ICT equipment
Speech, recording, magnification and Braille
Braille requirements are provided by the Support Program through the resources of the SA School for Vision Impaired, the statewide service for Braille.
Braille teaching and learning is part of the program offered at Seaview High School for some students.
Alternative Braille/tactile, large print and audio materials are produced for individual student needs in a teacher/office area and on-site Braille transcription of daily teacher and school handouts is provided.
For further information regarding SASVI please download the SASVI Brochure. | http://www.seaviewhs.sa.edu.au/specialinterest.php?id=32 |
The hearing itinerant works with students who are deaf and hard of hearing and their classroom teachers on a regular basis to meet the student's individual needs as outlined on the IEP.
The areas appropriate for instruction with students having a hearing loss are the basic skills necessary for functioning in the standard educational environment. These may include:
- Auditory training
- Speechreading
- Language and vocabulary development
- Compensatory listening and communication
strategies
- Self-advocacy skills
- Synthesis of auditory and visual cues
- Adjustment, orientation, and management of
assistive devices, including hearing aids.
Itinerant teachers can pre-teach and reinforce vocabulary and concepts taught in the general education classroom. They can help provide the student with independent skills necessary to learn those concepts in the classroom.
Itinerant teachers keep close contact with parents and classroom teachers in order to monitor the impact the hearing loss may be having on the student's educational progress.
Itinerant teachers monitor the student's educational performance as it relates to his/her hearing loss. Any changes in medical status or educational placement can result in a need to change the level of service.
In-servicing and providing on-going support to classroom teachers and support staff regarding the characteristics and impact of hearing loss is an essential part of the Itinerant's role.
The Itinerant teacher may conduct classroom observations. Observations provide an opportunity for the Itinerant to evaluate the student in the following areas: attending skills, speech reading skills, coping/repair strategies, use of residual hearing and assistive devices.
A variety of formal and informal assessments may be utilized for purpose of three year evaluations and annual reviews. | https://www.swcccase.org/Page/2110 |
Mission: PEP strives to enhance the development of our students by providing travel training, independent life skills, community internships, workplace readiness skills and self-determination skills.
Vision: To offer students a successful transition through a continuum of community resources, technology utilization, instructional strategies and diverse course offerings. School and family partner together with community service providers to establish future career planning.
PEP is a community based program for supported work experience, supported travel training, and independent living training. One of the many goals of PEP is to empower our young adults with self-advocacy through self-determination. Students learn independent living and work readiness skills within community settings, and all skills are tailored to meet individual student needs. PEP partners with local businesses to help teach work and social skills within the business setting. These internships experiences provide an opportunity for students to demonstrate their talents. Two days a week, when students are at the Career Center for a full day, teachers engage students in direct instruction in the domains of personal finance, technology skills, resume writing, interview skills, guest speakers, and a variety of community outings. PEP students encourage to pursue enrichment experiences in a variety of ways, such as community/adult learning courses and/or Career and Technical Education (CTE) classes.
Prerequisite(s): The referral process must begin with the transition coordinator at the comprehensive high school. The PEP Program Coordinator then reviews all transition coordinator referrals, taking into account student’s age, attendance record, student conduct (school and community), year in school, and prior job training experience.
Contact Information: | https://careercenter.apsva.us/programs/pep/ |
The Kentucky Office for the Blind is a state government rehabilitation agency that offers assistance to persons who are blind or visually impaired. They also provide services for employers interested in hiring or accommodating workers who have a vision loss.
The mission of the Kentucky Office for the Blind is to provide opportunities for employment and independence to individuals with visual disabilities. They offer services that help individuals become more independent and productive in the workplace, community, school, and home.
Offices are located in Ashland, Bowling Green, Elizabethtown, Florence, Frankfort, Lexington, Louisville, Owensboro, Paducah, Prestonsburg, and Somerset.
Staff
Corey Marcum, Director, Kentucky Business Enterprises, [email protected], 502-782-3404
Cora McNabb, Executive Director, [email protected], 502-782-3402
Services Offered
- Counseling
- Offers rehabilitation counseling.
- Employment/Job Training
- Provides evaluation, work experience, pre-vocational and vocational training, vocational placement, follow-up services. Administers the Kentucky Business Enterprises, which trains and certifies Kentuckians who are legally blind and licenses them to operate vending and other food service facilities.
- Daily Living Skills/Independent Living Skills Training
- Provides training in the use of assistive devices, braille and advocacy. Offers independent living services for seniors across the state.
- Assessment
- Performs vocational and personal adjustment assessments.
- Computer Training/Assistive Technology
- Offers training in the use of assistive technology.
- Information and Referral
- Provides information regarding blindness-related services.
- Braille and Reading Instruction
- Offers adult education and GED training at McDowell Center. Provides training in the use of braille.
- Assistive Products
- Distributes low vision devices and activities of daily living devices.
- Travel/Orientation and Mobility
- Provides training in orientation and mobility. | https://visionaware.org/directory/profile/8081 |
Current Newsletter Summer 2019 – three ways to view it:
1. with photos and formatting, open the Adobe pdf
2. use a screen reader on this page below the image
3. download a RTF formatted document to be used with a screen reader
Let’s Work Together to Bridge the Gaps
Many people who are blind or visually impaired live in remote areas where services aren’t readily available. The Earle Baum Center works in partnership with other agencies to bridge those gaps and improve people’s lives.
Robert Brewster was having trouble finding vision services where he lived in West Virginia. He had lost his vision in one eye due to a traumatic injury when he was 4 years old. At 35, the sight in his other eye began to fail. “I noticed I was squinting more, especially in the sunlight,” he said, “and I was having trouble driving at night.” He became legally blind in 2007. Now, at 50, his vision is like looking through a tunnel.
“I had a family member who was totally blind and had a guide dog,” Robert said. “He got along fine – just as well as someone with sight.” So, Robert decided to get one. But when he contacted Guide Dogs for the Blind (GDB), he learned that he would first need to have orientation and mobility training (O&M) and learn to use a white cane. With a mental map, and information from his other senses, he would be able to learn how to direct the dog to a destination.
There is a nationwide shortage of O&M Specialists who teach these skills. But as a delivery partner for GDB’s Orientation & Mobility Immersion Program, EBC is now able to help GDB clients like Robert become “guide dog ready.”
Regina Kutches has been working as an O&M Specialist at EBC for ten years, and was eager to take part in the program and use GDB’s proprietary curriculum. Preparing someone for a guide dog is somewhat different than the normal curriculum. “We pay more attention to the auditory and environmental cues that will help a client figure out where they are spatially,” Regina said. “There’s a difference in the sound of passing an open doorway when walking down a hallway. The hum of an air conditioner can mark a location. We focus less on the tactile information the client gets through the tip of the white cane.”
In addition to learning O&M skills, Robert took advantage of the range of EBC services – from independent living training to counseling, adaptive technology, and the Low Vision Clinic. Regina referred him to resources in his home area so that he may be able to get coverage for magnifiers, glare shields, and other devices that can reduce his eye strain and protect his remaining vision.
“It’s easy to just give up when you’re losing your vision. You feel helpless,” Robert said. “But I tell people, ‘Don’t be afraid to ask your eye doctor if there are more resources that can help you. Ask what kind of skills you can learn.’ This last week couldn’t have been more perfect for me!”
Just as he returned home, Robert’s job as a Walmart People Greeter was being eliminated. He was given the chance to apply for a job as a Customer Host. Armed with his new tools and skills, Robert got the job, and a raise! “It makes me feel ecstatic to know I still have a bright future,” he exclaimed. “I’m still going to be independent – it’s overwhelming!”
Message from the Director of Development
Dear Friend,
In this issue of Limitless, we’d like to tell you about some unique partnerships. I have a unique partnership with my guide, Langley. My dog brings smiles to the people I meet and helps me break the ice. We walk fast together, and he keeps me safe.
For the past year, the Earle Baum Center has embarked on another unique partnership – with Guide Dogs for the Blind (GDB) in San Rafael, where I got Langley. GDB selected EBC to be one of its official delivery partners for its Orientation & Mobility Immersion Program. EBC’s Orientation and Mobility Specialists are helping GDB clients refresh their knowledge of using a white cane and using their senses other than sight to keep track of where they are and where they need to go next. With these crucial skills, clients are prepared to take the next step and see if a guide dog is the right mobility choice for them.
While they are in this immersion program, we invite them to access our other services, including counseling, technology, independent living skills training, and our Low Vision Clinic. They learn about tools and devices that can help them cope with the challenges of blindness and low vision. For many of these people, it is an incredible opportunity to get help that may not be available where they live. As you will read, this innovative program is already proving to be a tremendous success.
Thanks to you, EBC is able to offer a safe and trusting environment for people who are blind or visually impaired to learn practical, relevant skills that will keep them safe. It is just one of the many ways you are helping us transform people’s lives by restoring their confidence, independence, and joy.
Warm Regards,
Bob Sonnenberg Director of Development Interim CEO
Why I Give: Andrée MacColl
Andrée MacColl honors the memory of her partner Elizabeth Cooley by carrying on her work in support of the Earle Baum Center. She hopes to spread the word about EBC so that people will gain a better understanding of blindness and the services that are available to help them.
The couple first came to Sebastopol in 1995. Elizabeth had just retired from a successful career as a clinical psychologist, and she was eager to devote her energies to woodworking. But soon after the move, she discovered she had macular degeneration.
“That put the kibosh on woodworking!” Andrée said. “Elizabeth was terribly depressed and in denial at first. She didn’t disguise her feelings. But she was someone who loved life and wanted hers to be meaningful. She reached out to the Earle Baum Center for help. It was fabulous for her.” In the ensuing years, Andrée had a front-row seat to the impact of EBC’s services. “Elizabeth’s life changed in so many ways because of her vision loss. EBC helped her make the best of it.”
Elizabeth once said, “When I came to the Earle Baum Center, it was as if somebody threw me a rope.” Once she was able to adjust to her new life, she developed a positive attitude. With her signature beret, white cane, and encouraging manner, Elizabeth was a wonderful role model. She was often asked to join in EBC group activities. “Why sit at home and grumble when you can make a difference?” she would say. She served on EBC’s Board of Directors and set up a scholarship fund to help EBC clients overcome financial barriers to assistive technology, independent living skills, orientation and mobility, and senior services.
After Elizabeth died in 2011, Andrée was inspired to continue to promote support for the Dr. Elizabeth Cooley Scholarship Fund that her partner founded. “It is a way for me to pay tribute to Elizabeth’s memory,” she said. “It gives more meaning to my life to be involved in this way. I don’t know of another place like the Earle Baum Center. It is really unique. I’m always touched by the people I meet when I go there. We are very fortunate to have such a place here to help people get over the humps and deal with low vision and blindness. I’m very impressed by EBC.”
Rusty No More!
Phillip Daigle had to admit that his cane skills were getting rusty. He’d first learned to use a white cane 14 years ago after losing his sight due to glaucoma. But thanks to the Earle Baum Center and Guide Dogs for the Blind (GDB), he’s walking with renewed confidence.
For 10 years, Phillip traveled with Detroit, his black Labrador retriever guide from GDB, until the dog developed cancer. Phillip lives in Crowley, Louisiana, and like many people with vision loss, especially in rural areas, he found himself becoming isolated. “Without a dog, I stay in the house,” Phillip said. “I read books on the computer or play guitar. But I need to get out and do things. A guide dog would motivate me to do that.” A guide dog would make the two-and-a-half-mile walk down his parish road more inviting. And it would also inspire him to visit the guitar store that’s three miles down the road.
When Phillip contacted GDB for a successor dog, they told him he first needed to refresh his orientation and mobility skills (O&M) by participating in GDB’s Orientation & Mobility Immersion Program at one of its partner organizations. “They wanted me to go to a one-week immersion program at EBC,” he said. | https://earlebaum.org/newsletters/ |
According to their own data “Of the 55,000 people in Ireland who are blind or vision impaired, just 5% or approximately 2,750 of those are blind. This means that approximately 52,250 people across the country have a form of vision impairment or are affected by sight loss in some way. The impact of vision impairment varies from person to person”. Often employment can be difficult to obtain. However The NCBI has recently launched an employment programme looking to match their users to employers to reduce unemployment amongst their community.
1. NCBI advocates for people who have sight loss and their families in Ireland. What are the main ways that you do this?
As the Irish national sight loss agency, we are inspired by the determination to overcome any obstacle. We work with children and adults across the country with a range of programmes all designed to ensure the individual can live life confidently and independently.
We offer timely information and support, relevant technology and innovative approaches to sustain those with a vision impairment in education, the workplace, and wider society. NCBI provide intervention across the lifecycle:
· Children and Young Person’s Team services support the development and independence of all children who are blind or vision impaired, from birth to transition students. If you are a parent of a child that has recently received a diagnosis of an eye condition resulting in vision loss, we know this can be overwhelming. Our dedicated team will provide assessments and individual intervention plans to help maximise the child’s potential. We offer a suite of practical and emotional support and training to help children and young people develop strategies so they can thrive. Our interventions aim to reduce the impact of vision impairment through the provision of skills to compensate for reduced or lack of visual learning. At every stage from early years through to young adulthood, we work with the parent and child or young person to ensure they can meet key developmental milestones, transition well within the school system and travel and live independently.
· Adult Team Services offer diverse programmes and supports designed to enable, empower and support adults who are blind or vision impaired to live their life confidently and independently. We offer tailored programmes, delivered virtually, one-to-one or in groups, all designed to empower and support you in all aspects of your life. Our services across the country provide people with sight loss with the necessary skills such as mobility, daily living skills and support with technology to ensure they can live confidently and independently. When a person is referred to NCBI, they are assigned to a Community Resource Worker (CRW) who is their point of contact for all services. The CRW is an expert in activity analysis, environmental adaptation, assistive technology, maximising the use of residual vision, and comprehensive rehabilitation and is a support on persons’ journey with sight loss.
· NCBI Labs offers technology training and support to people with sight loss including Technology Support Line, Technology Sales for Mainstream & Assistive Technology, Technology Training, Technology Live Events, and Virtual Technology Clubs. Whether a person wishes to use a computer, phone or mobile device, access materials in print or become more efficient at work, school or university – there is a piece of technology available that can help.
· NCBI Library Access Service is Ireland’s largest digital library for people who are blind or vision impaired with over 700,000 titles available to download in a variety of accessible formats. The NCBI’s Library Access team work to support the individual reading needs of every member by providing a bespoke reading solution to children and adults. A key pillar of the Library’s recent growth has been due to Bookshare Ireland which has extended the library’s reach to support students with reading difficulties in education. The Library Access production unit also offers Braille and audio solutions for print documents and is the accessible production unit of choice for Government Departments.
· Vision Sports Ireland is the national governing body for sports and leisure activities for people with sight loss in Ireland. It promotes a variety of activities including athletics, golf, football, judo, swimming, tandem cycling, tennis, triathlon, walking, water skiing and much more. It facilitates all levels of fitness and abilities.
· The Employment, Training and Academia Team offer support for people to retain and gain employment and access further education. You can read more about it in the following text about our Employment Programme.
· The Advocacy Department empower people who are blind or vision impaired to create change within their local communities through their local campaigns or on a national level through NCBI Campaigns by providing dedicated training and support. The NCBI Local Advocacy Networks are broken down into regional and topic-specific meetings and are facilitated by people who are blind or vision impaired. The LANs are open to anyone living with sight loss to identify obstacles or barriers that need to be addressed. They then work together to develop a campaign to affect change on these issues by working with other stakeholders, engaging in media, lobbying decision-makers etc. Additionally, all the NCBI national campaigns and policies are developed in partnership with people who are blind or vision impaired. The Clear Our Paths campaign is a great example of where NCBI works with service users to raise awareness of the issues affecting people with sight loss when there are temporary obstacles on the footpaths. This year that campaign received over 167 media engagements and had a reach of over 16 million people.
2. What role do your training centres play in supporting those with sight loss and their families?
NCBI’s National Training Centre (NTC) is Ireland’s only training centre for people of working age with vision impairment. The centre provides people of working age with sight loss the training opportunities and skills required to support entry into meaningful employment. NTC seeks to support the growth of the current low 24.4% labour force participation rate for people of working age with vision impairment in Ireland (Census 2016), by providing the best platform to prepare all students for entry into the workforce. Our targeted QQI (Quality and Qualifications Ireland) certification modules help you develop skills based on areas of interest and need. You can find more details about each of the courses offered at NTC on the following link: National Training Centre Programmes – NCBI
3. Your Employment Programme assists people who have sight loss in gaining employment in the future. Can you describe what this programme entails and what barriers your community faces in gaining employment?
NCBI’s Employment, Training and Academia Team offers a service to people with sight loss who may need assistance with employment retention or those who are seeking employment. This includes providing support, advice, and training to aid accessibility and inclusion in the workplace. We partner with businesses to create an inclusive, accessible workplace and advocate for the rights and entitlements of people with sight loss in the workforce or pre-employment.
Whether a person has a general idea of a career path they would like to pursue or a specific role they are hoping to apply for, NCBI’s Employment Advisors will work with them to enable them to take the next step. Some areas of intervention may include mobility training, assistive technology training and support, communication skills, self-advocacy skills, interpersonal skills, and employer-employee support.
For individuals experiencing sight loss while in employment, Employment Advisors support and train them in accessibility features on their equipment and new assistive technology. They may also look at new ways to complete the tasks a person needs to do for work by adapting the activities, creating an accessible environment for you to work in, and collaborating with the employer to ensure a person gets every chance to carry out their work.
4. If a company was interested in employing someone who has sight loss, what should they know before employing them and what should they do to employ them?
General advice we would offer to employers: when employing a person who is blind or vision impaired, do not make assumptions about what they can and cannot do — ask them. Each individual is the best judge of their abilities and what they can accomplish. If you don’t do this, you could be missing out on an ideal candidate for the position. Keep in mind that a person wouldn’t be applying for the role if they felt they don’t have the skills and knowledge to do it.
Also, make sure your recruitment process is accessible. Offer people an opportunity to disclose if they need reasonable accommodations when applying for a job, and make sure there is a contact person they can confidently reach out to with any questions or concerns.
You can learn more through our online resources at the following link: Seeing Your Career – NCBI
5. You host a lot of events and fundraising efforts. What do you find is the most effective in terms of fundraising for the events that you run? Do you have any events coming up that you are particularly excited about?
NCBI Foundation is responsible for raising funds to support NCBI Services. We do this through direct mail campaigns, corporate giving and community events. The most effective event/community fundraising happens digitally, through online fundraising pages. Participants create pages they can share with their network of contacts all over the world and funds raised go directly to NCBI.
In January 2023, we are launching a Vision Walk in Marbella, Spain, which we are really excited about. Participants can win this 6-day trip to Marbella, in October 2023 by purchasing a €3 ticket from any of our 130 retail stores nationwide. Alternatively, they can fundraise a minimum of €1500 to book their seat on the trip. [email protected] to find out more.
6. What other marketing efforts do you employ to help raise the awareness of people with sight loss?
NCBI uses various marketing efforts to raise awareness of the work we do for people with sight loss. Social media allows us to reach thousands of people to spread information about our services and supports, our active campaigns and general insights with our service users. We do this through organic social media tactics and, to a much lesser extent, paid promotion when justified. We also utilise email marketing at various stages throughout the year, providing monthly e-zines about all areas of NCBI as well as dedicated mailings about important information which pertains to service users and our support of them. NCBI issues regular communication to media organisations around Ireland about our efforts to help people who are blind or vision impaired and to raise the profile of the organisation and its work in making Ireland fairer, and more accessible for people who are blind or vision impaired. We also use existing relationships with media organisations to promote and advertise NCBI events, campaigns and messaging throughout the year.
7. What advice would you give to companies looking to make their business or website more accessible for people with sight loss?
If you wish to commit to providing more accessible services and making your business more inclusive there are a lot of aspects to be considered and evaluated. Luckily, there is plenty of support out there for employers who want to make a good business decision by making diversity and accessibility their priority. If you’re unsure whether your website is accessible, we suggest checking it with the free web accessibility evaluation tool, WAVE. The tool will highlight whether your web content is accessible to individuals with disabilities. If your results are not great, don’t feel discouraged! Get in touch with NCBI, and we can help you determine the next steps on your path to accessibility.
Additionally, keep in mind that every change starts from the inside. Review your company/business culture, as well as your internal policies – are you welcoming to diverse talent, including people with disabilities? If you are not sure, the best way forward is to link in with your local organisations that support different groups of individuals (such as NCBI), as we are all happy to provide advice and support.
8. How did the pandemic affect the organisation and your community? Are there any positives you can take from this time?
The pandemic was challenging, but there were still people in need of NCBI services. As a key public services provider, we implemented different safety measures but continued to provide support to our service users. Now that world is slowly getting back to pre-pandemic settings, we can observe how some of the challenges potentially opened new doors. For example, potentially easier hiring of people with disabilities. From the recruitment perspective, an option to have an online interview instead of an in-person one can help to remove part of the stress for some people with visual impairment. From the employment perspective, options to work remotely or in a hybrid setting are now more in demand, and a flexible work environment offers more space for people with disabilities to thrive.
9. Are there any other organisations in Ireland in the Diversity and Inclusion area that the NCBI are big fans of?
While there are a lot of non-profit organisations and charities across Ireland we collaborate with, on this occasion we would like to highlight the Open Doors Initiative and their Towards Work project, as well as AHEAD. The Open Doors Initiative provides opportunities to some of the marginalised members of our society, while Towards Work makes the central point for people with disabilities in Ireland to access resources and support in their journey towards employment or entrepreneurship. AHEAD is an independent non-profit organisation working to create inclusive environments in education and employment for people with disabilities. | https://focusondiversity.ie/2022/12/29/the-ncbi-working-to-reduce-unemployment-amongst-the-blind-community/ |
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — India Scott was 5 years old when a benign brain tumor resulted in her becoming blind in both eyes. As a high school student, she twice participated in Pennsylvania’s Summer Academy for visually impaired students to help her become more independent as she prepared for college. This year, she will return to the academy as a resident assistant.
“I want to help other participants after seeing myself and how independently I was able to care for myself during my freshman year of college,” Scott said. “A lot of participants come in very insecure, but when you leave, between the bonds and friendships you make and the amount of expertise and knowledge you gain, you are empowered.”
The Summer Academy for Students who are Blind or Visually Impaired is a three-week intensive program that runs from July 8 to Aug. 3 at the University Park campus. The academy focuses on enhancing independence skills for students transitioning to postsecondary education and is available at no cost to eligible high school students who anticipate attending college or technical/trade school after graduation.
Scott, who recently completed her sophomore year at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, was an academy participant in both 2012 and 2014. The Johnstown-area native, who uses braille, can see outlines and has light sensitivity but no optimally functioning vision. Scott says she remembers colors and what things look like from before she lost her vision, and now she can visualize appearances when listening to people’s voices.
The Summer Academy works with students to help develop skills needed for daily living activities, travel, self-advocacy and networking, career awareness, social interaction, utilizing technology and low-vision rehabilitation. The academy will host an Assistive Technology Expo from 9 a.m. to 10:15 a.m. and 12:30 p.m. to 2 p.m. on Saturday, July 15, in the HUB Alumni Hall, where the public can see and experience the same assistive technology that participants use at the academy.
Scott said learning how to navigate public transportation was particularly useful. She also said completing a team-building activity at the high ropes course at Stone Valley Recreation Center helped teach her how to face new challenges.
“I got on the top story and was pretty convinced that I was going to die,” Scott said. “It was scary, but when I came down, it was something simple that helped teach me that if you can conquer something like that you can conquer anything.”
The Summer Academy is offered through the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry’s Office of Vocational Rehabilitation and the Bureau of Blindness and Visual Services; and is in partnership with the Department of Education’s Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance Network within the Bureau of Special Education; and Penn State’s College of Education and College of Health and Human Development, in conjunction with Penn State Conferences and Institutes.
Scott says the academy builds your self-confidence.
“Believe in your own ability, believe in other people and the ability to learn to trust,” Scott said. “Believe in what you can and cannot do, and that you’ll find your way.”
Visit the Summer Academy’s Web site for more information. | https://gantdaily.com/2017/07/08/penn-state-hosting-academy-for-blind-visually-impaired-high-school-students/ |
Specialties:
Academics/Functional Academics
Advocacy
Assessment
Assistive Technology
Behavior
Communication
Curriculum
Daily Living Skills
Early Education
Fine and Gross Motor Skills
Inclusion
Literacy
Low Vision
Music Therapy
Orientation and Mobility
Parenting and Family Support
Psychology/Counseling
Recreation and Leisure/Play Skills
Sensory Development
Sex Education
Social Skills
Teacher Training
Teaching MDVI/DB
Transition Planning
Vocational Skills
Biography:
Benjamin is a program officer at Sense International in Tanzania, an organization that works to empower deafblind/MSI people and their families. Previously he worked for the government of Tanzania as a special needs education officer in the Mufindi district, and before that as a teacher of the deaf at Iringa School for the deaf. He holds a bachelor's degree in special needs education with a focus on cognitive disabilities from Tumaini University in Tanzania. | https://www.perkins.org/international/elp/profiles/benjamin-kihwele |
The Kentucky Office for the Blind is a state government rehabilitation agency that offers assistance to persons who are blind or visually impaired. They also provide services for employers interested in hiring or accommodating workers who have a vision loss.
The mission of the Kentucky Office for the Blind is to provide opportunities for employment and independence to individuals with visual disabilities. They offer services that help individuals become more independent and productive in the workplace, community, school, and home.
Offices are located in Ashland, Bowling Green, Elizabethtown, Florence, Frankfort, Lexington, Louisville, Owensboro, Paducah, Prestonsburg, and Somerset.
Hours of operation: Mon.-Fri. 8:00 AM-4:30 PM.
Clients served on average per year: 2,911 (includes VR and IL)
Number of staff: 105
Geographic area served: Kentucky.
Publications: Monthly newsletter and annual reports.
Locations
411 19th Street
Ashland, KY 41101
153 Patchen Drive, Suite 17
Lexington, KY 40517
220 North Eighth Street, Suite E
Paducah, KY 42001
16 Bingham Street
Prestonsburg, KY 41653
400 East Main Street
Suite 302
Bowling Green, KY 42101
121 East Main Street
Owensboro, KY 42303
409 North Miles Street
Elizabethtown, KY 42701
650 North Main Street, Gateway Center, Suite 240
Somerset, KY 42501
8020 Veterans Memorial Drive #100
Florence, KY 41042
8412 Westport Road
Louisville, KY 40242
Staff
Allison Flanagan, Executive Director, (502) 782-3416, [email protected]
Richard Nesbitt, Director, Kentucky Business Enterprises, (502) 564-4754 243, [email protected]
Gay Pannell, VR Administrator, Independent Living Services, (800) 222-1215, [email protected]
Services Offered
Services for Adults
- Assessment
- Performs vocational and personal adjustment assessments.
- Assistive Products
- Distributes low vision devices and activities of daily living devices.
- Computer Training/Assistive Technology
- Offers training in the use of assistive technology.
- Counseling
- Offers rehabilitation counseling.
- Daily Living Skills/Independent Living Skills Training
- Provides training in the use of assistive devices, braille and advocacy. Offers independent living services for seniors across the state.
- Employment/Job Training
- Provides evaluation, work experience, pre-vocational and vocational training, vocational placement, follow-up services. Administers the Kentucky Business Enterprises, which trains and certifies Kentuckians who are legally blind and licenses them to operate vending and other food service facilities.
- Information and Referral
- Provides information regarding blindness-related services.
- Travel/Orientation and Mobility
- Provides training in orientation and mobility. | http://www.visionaware.org/directory/profile/kentucky-office-for-the-blind/12 |
Assistive Technology Overview Presentation
On August 8, 2018 the Assistive Technology (AT) team from the California School for the Blind presented "An Overview of Assistive Technology for Students with Visual Impairments" to Santa Clara County staff. Attendees included Teachers of Visually Impaired (TVIS), Orientation Mobility Specialists (O&Ms), Adaptive Physical Education (APE) teachers, and other staff who serve and support students with visual impairments. Assistive and adaptive technology is one of the most important skills that teachers, parents, and staff can provide to students with visual impairments because it gives them immediate access to homework, classroom assignments, allows students to collaborate in group assignments and allows our students to be competitive with their sighted peers.
California School for the Blind's AT team gave a brief overview of screen readers, magnification, Windows based computer navigation, the importance of braille displays for screen reader users, CAASPP state testing, and Google Suite Apps such as Drive, Docs, Gmail, and Classroom. An overview of using Tiger Software Suite in Microsoft Word to easily make tactile graphics, and how to convert a PDF into an accessible Google Doc were demonstrated during this presentation. It was a packed presentation with a lot of information and we were only able to skim the surface of the various assistive technology that is out in the field. If TVIs would like to request topic specific training, please fill out the outreach request form .
Events
- Fall Registration Forms 2022-23
- "Anything is PAWsible", Dogs and Daily Living Skills Workshop for Students and Parents
Join us at this workshop!
- CTEBVI Scholarships
Check out some scholarship opportunities sponsored by the California Transcribers and Educators for the Blind and Visually Impaired (CTEBVI) conference. | https://www.csb-cde.ca.gov/instruction/assistivetech/atoverviewsc.aspx |
This tip sheet is intended to guide the Teacher of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (TDHH) in their part of determining the extent to which a student’s vision and hearing loss impacts his/her ability to move and travel with purpose and safety in the environment of home, school and community.
Orientation & Mobility Menu
- Environmental Sounds Considerations for the Audiologist and O&M
- Collaboration Tool for Environmental Sounds
- Developing Auditory Skills
- Delineation of Roles Related to Safe and Independent Travel for the Student with Deafblindness
- Tip Sheet for Teacher of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
- Sample Letter to the Audiologist
Access to Information
For a student who is deafblind, the combined effects of the vision and hearing loss create a barrier that significantly impedes the ability to gather information from the environment. This can lead to a lack of access to incidental learning and delayed or fragmented concept development. Students cannot learn what they do not detect, and they may be unaware of what they are missing. Similarly, developing auditory skills is critical in order for these students to be safe in and able to navigate and learn from their environment. Determining the best approach for maximizing audition for students who are deafblind will require a team approach and possibly even looking at these skills from a new perspective. Access to information is a primary issue for all students who are deafblind, and should be addressed in each IEP. The effects of deafblindness should be taken into account in assessments, evaluations and delivery of all related services provided to the student.
Assessments
Skill, patience and teamwork are all required to meaningfully assess students who are deafblind. Two areas with which the teacher of the deaf and hard of hearing is very familiar show this concept clearly. The audiological report not only includes a description of the implications of hearing loss in a variety of settings with or without amplification, but also addresses the student’s vision loss in the following areas:
For communication during O&M instruction and during interaction with others during travel in various types of lighting conditions (twilight, with artificial light, bright sunlight, in glare) determine:
- Appropriate distance and placement for receptive fingerspelling and signing.
- Appropriate pacing for receptive fingerspelling and signing,
- Appropriate access to tactile signing and fingerspelling, hand tracking, and co-active signing if necessary, and/or
- Appropriate distance for speech reading.
- Ability to identify speaker or sound source at both near and distance in all types of lighting and in varying sound environments which is critical to identifying landmarks, cues, and signals and evaluating traffic noise;
- Ability to localize sound source with or without amplification for orientation and mobility at both near and distance in all types of lighting; and
- Ability to see a referent under discussion at both near and distance in all types of lighting.
Note: To properly assess this the TDHH should collaborate with the TVI and/or COMS. You may want to reference the Assessment of Deafblind Access to Manual Language Systems (ADAMLS).
Teaming
Due to the complexity of needs of students who are deafblind continuous input from a core group is often needed to guide daily programming. The function of the core team is to review, refine, and direct on-going educational programming and may include those who interact with the student (e.g. parent, intervener, classroom teacher, teacher of students who are deafblind, teacher of students with visual impairment, teacher of the deaf and hard of hearing) daily and weekly. The core team should meet regularly (weekly, bi-weekly, monthly or quarterly) based on the student’s needs. An extended team may meet with the core team when expertise is needed in specialized therapy areas (e.g. PT, OT, O&M).
In regards to orientation and mobility instruction, all staff should be guided to communicate with the COMS. It is the COMS who will determine priority skills and share strategies for things like sighted guide, travel within the classroom and outside the classroom, the use of trailing, pre-cane and travel canes, how to help the student tune into landmarks, cues, and clues, sound identification and localization. They can also train the team on the use of proper techniques to support independent travel.
Communication
A combined vision and hearing loss can profoundly impact the development of both receptive and expressive communication. A lack of informal and/or formal communication creates a barrier affecting all areas of learning. Many students who are deafblind encounter a lack of access to engagement with potential communication partners without support from someone (e.g. intervener, interpreter, teacher of students who are deafblind) who can bridge the divide between the student’s unique communication system and the communication systems of verbal or signing speakers. Without this support the student is cut off from accessing both instruction and conversational interactions that are key to learning.
During O&M instruction, the student is likely to require the support of an intervener or other qualified communication partner if the COMS is not trained in the child’s individual communication system. Even if the COMS is able to communicate, it is important that they understand how to check that communication devices and amplification are working properly. The student may also need some type of communication system for engaging with the public while traveling in the community. This might take the form of a print booklet with braille or tactile symbols attached or the use of assistive technology.
Etiology
There are a number of syndromes that result in both a vision and hearing loss and may have bearing on the best educational approaches to use with the student. For example, the concept development of a student with CHARGE Syndrome may be affected by their experience of numerous early hospitalizations. They may also experience problems with balance. A student with Usher Syndrome, may appear to see very well until it is dark or as they move from dark to light environments. They may also have balance problems.
Understanding and helping to educate the team on any impact of the child’s etiology that may impact travel is important.
Behavior
For students who are deafblind, issues of challenging behavior are usually closely tied to sensory access and communication. Behavior is often the result of coping with situations that seem confusing or threatening due to lack of information available from others or from the environment. It can also be the result of frustration from lack of access to partners skilled in responding to the student’s methods of communication. This can create barriers in recognition, trust, and bonding between students and caregivers which can have an impact on behavior. Additionally, behaviors may result from the student’s need to stimulate or regulate sensory input, or they may be in response to pain associated with medical conditions like glaucoma or ear infections.
It is important to understand the root cause of any distress that may be labeled as “behavioral challenges” and develop strategies to address them. Travel outside of very familiar environments or if the child does not feel safe may trigger some of this type of distress. Helping the team know how to communicate with the child when they are distressed and how to prepare the child for potentially stressful travel situations is important.
Social Issues
Deafblindness can impact the ability to form relationships and respond to interactions with others in typical ways. For example, a lack of environmental information makes it difficult to identify people, locate them, know what they are doing, or understand what they want. Many ordinary interactions may seem threatening, negative, or confusing to the student. In turn, the student’s need to gather information by close viewing and/or touch can offend others. It is not unusual to see withdrawal and problems with bonding. It is important to consider that social problems for a student who is deafblind are often the result of an on-going lack of essential information. The psychological impact of changes in vision and hearing experienced by a student who is deafblind may need to be addressed in the IEP.
Because travel in the community is an important part of orientation and mobility instruction, the team may need to provide specific instruction related to situations like meeting strangers, appropriate personal space, and stranger danger. Not all children will become skilled enough to travel independently, but all of them will interact with the public throughout their lives. Addressing critical personal interaction skills is very important for all students who are deafblind.
Orientation and Mobility (O&M)
Deafblindness affects the ability of students to know where they are, and how to go from place to place. Certified orientation and mobility specialists (COMS) will find that working with this population may require some changes in instructional approaches. Students who are deafblind receive less information from the environment, which may impact their motivation to explore. Deafblindness affects the identification and use of sound cues. Students need more orientation to environments, and strategies to gather information about their surroundings.
As the TDHH, if you are working with a student who is not receiving orientation and mobility instruction, you may need to talk to your team about requesting assessment in this area. Additionally, you may recognize situations that are causing problems for the student that others are not aware might be occurring. You need to make note of this and share it with the team as part of informal assessment.
Transition Planning
The need for experientially based vocational assessment and instruction in real-world environments is heightened when sensory issues affect access to environmental information and practical experience. The ability to initiate and sustain meaningful leisure activities is impacted by the capacity to learn through modeling and gather environmental cues. Being an effective self-advocate about communication and access to information is essential for success in higher education, employment, and other community settings. Additionally, referrals to community services designed for people who are deafblind lead to better adult outcomes (e.g. community intervener, support service provider, interpreter, specialized residential and vocational support) lead to better adult outcomes.
One major support for many young people who are deafblind, is helping them to find community after they leave school. As the TDHH you may have access to various deaf-related supports and resources that others on the team do not have such as adult deaf clubs and organizations, special Medicaid waiver programs for deafblind that might help pay for an intervener during travel, and likely employment resources. | https://txdeafblindproject.org/tip-sheet-for-the-teacher-of-auditorially-impaired/ |
Service includes support, supervision and engaging participant with eating, bathing, dressing, personal hygiene and other activities of daily living. Support and engaging the participant describes the flexibility of activities that may encourage the participant to maintain skills gained during habilitation while also providing supervision for independent activities.
Respite
Respite provides periodic relief for the family or primary caregiver of the individual with developmental disabilities and can be provided in the individual's home or out of home setting, inclusive of overnight, weekend care, emergency care or continuous care up to ten consecutive days.
Supported Employment
Supported employment provides assistance with choosing, acquiring and maintaining a job for individuals whom competitive employment has not been achieved or has been interrupted or intermittent. It includes pre-job training to prepare the participant, job shadowing, resume preparation, interview skills, study skills and learning skills for job retention.
In-Home Skill Building
Provides habilitation and skill building to enable the participant to acquire and maintain skills, which support more independence. It consists of training in interpersonal skills and development and maintenance of personal relationships. Skill building supports the participant in increasing community living skills such as shopping, recreation, personal banking, grocery shopping and other community activities. Training with therapeutic exercises, supervision of self-administration of medication and other services essential to health care at home, including transferring, ambulation and use of special mobility devices and transportation to support implementation of in-home skill building.
Community Networking
Provides individualized day activities that support the participant's definition of a meaningful day in an integrated community setting, with persons who are not disabled. Services are designed to promote maximum participation in community life while developing natural supports within integrated settings, which can include adult education, time management skills, community based classes, volunteer work, participation in community groups, training in education in self-determination and self-advocacy, and using public transportation. It can be used for children to provide them with supports in day care or after school summer programs.
Residential Support
Consists of an integrated array of individually designed training activities, assistance and supervision. It includes habilitation aimed at assisting the participant to acquire, improve, and retain skills in self-help, general household management and meal preparation, personal finance management, socialization and other adaptive areas, assistance in activities of daily living while the participant is dependent on others to ensure health and safety. Habilitation services allows the participant to participate in home life or community activities.
The following services would be available for those individuals that are not receiving services under the Innovations waiver. They still may have a condition that may be defined as a developmental disability though.
Personal Assistance
This is a support service which provides aid to a client so that the client can engage in activities and interactions from which the client would otherwise be limited or excluded because of his disability or disabilities. Assistance includes: (1) assistance in personal or regular living activities in the client's home, (2) support in skill development, or (3) support and accompaniment of the client in regular community activities or in specialized treatment, habilitation or rehabilitation services programs.
Developmental Therapy
This is a developmental disability service that includes individually designed instruction, training or functional developmental intervention activities based on the assessment of, and unique strengths and needs of the individual. This service is only available to school aged children. It is designed to support the individual in the acquisition of skills that the recipient has not gained during the developmental stages of life and is not likely to develop without additional training and supports. The focus is on strengthening skills in the major developmental domains such as self-help, language, cognitive development and psychosocial skills. It can also include training in activities to strengthen appropriate developmental functioning in self-care, mobility, socialization, independent living, self-advocacy and rights.
Group Living
This is a 24-hour service that is provided in a licensed facility, it provides support and supervision in a home environment to enable the participant to participate in community activities, social interactions in the home and participate in treatment / habilitation / rehabilitation services.
Wait List for Services
Benjamin House Residential
Benjamin House Community Services | https://benjaminhouse.org/community-services |
The Center for the Visually Impaired is a nonprofit agency dedicated to serving the special needs of blind and visually impaired individuals and has been providing a wide variety of critical services for the past 20 years.
A full range of rehabilitation and training programs, as well as social services, low vision services, and employment services for teenagers enables participants to preserve their independence and achieve their highest potential.
Staff
Ronee Silverman, Executive Director, [email protected]
Services Offered
- Daily Living Skills/Independent Living Skills Training
- Provides independent living training and individual instruction.
- Computer Training/Assistive Technology
- Offers computer training.
- Travel/Orientation and Mobility
- Offers O&M training.
- Support Groups
- Sponsors self-help groups called PALS (Persons Adjusting to Limited Sight) in four counties. PALS provides the visually impaired person and their families an opportunity to get together for social, educational and recreational purposes on a monthly basis. For more information on PALS, go to PALS (Persons Adjusting to Limited Sight) Support Groups. | https://visionaware.org/directory/profile/7589 |
inABLE has a mission to empower blind and visually impaired people through assistive computer technology and income generation skills. By partnering with special schools for the blind in Kenya, inABLE helps students become computer proficient, and equips them with employable skills and knowledge necessary to become economically independent.
UNFCU Foundation is supporting inABLE’s assistive computer technology training for visually impaired students. This training, hosted at the Thika High School for the Blind, provides students with critical skills needed on their paths to economic independence, including those needed for university education and eventually the job market.
The skills training helps visually impaired young adults to become independent users of technology, thereby opening doors to access educational information and more engagement opportunities. With UNFCU Foundation’s support, the organization will be able to assist and train additional students. | https://www.unfcufoundation.org/inable/ |
Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired provides services necessary to help people with visual loss to enter, re-enter, or maintain employment. Most services are provided without charge to the referred individual as the Services for Blind and Visually Impaired Program is supported by State and Federal tax dollars.
Hours of operation: Mon.-Fri. 8:00 AM-4:30 PM.
Clients served on average per year: 1000
Number of staff: 13
Geographic area served: New Hampshire.
Publications: Annual reports to federal and state government.
Locations
30 Maplewood Avenue
Suite 201
Portsmouth, NH 03801
195 McGregor Street
Suite 120
Manchester, NH 03102
25 Riverside Street, Suite 102
Nashua, NH 03062
85 Mechanic Street
Suite 260A
Lebanon, NH 03766
Two Industrial Park Drive
Concord, NH 02301
Staff
William Finn, Administrator, (603) 271-3537, [email protected]
Rose Prescott, SSIL Program Coordinator, (603) 271-3537, [email protected]
Services Offered
Services for Adults
- Computer Training/Assistive Technology
- Provides computer training.
- Counseling
- Offers consultation and referral, psychological testing.
- Daily Living Skills/Independent Living Skills Training
- Provides training in personal management, home mechanics, home economics, and communications skills. Oversees New Hampshire's Title VIIC program (Older Blind Independent Living).
- Employment/Job Training
- Offers evaluation, pre-vocational and vocational training, vocational placement, follow-up service, vending facility program, post-employment programs.
- Information and Referral
- Offers information about programs.
- Library Services
- Maintains library of talking book records and cassettes and provides reader services.
- Support Groups
- Offers peer support groups.
- Travel/Orientation and Mobility
- Provides orientation and mobility training. | http://www.visionaware.org/directory.aspx?action=profile&AccountID=1071 |
Deaf & Hard of Hearing
The Ingham Intermediate School District's teacher consultants for students who are deaf or hard of hearing (TC DHH) provide direct and consultation services in accordance with students' Individualized Education Program (IEP).
Students who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) may require support to access the general education curriculum.
Service delivery may include:
- Consultation with educational staff and families regarding classroom accommodations, modifications and hearing assistive technology
- Evaluation for eligibility in collaboration with local district staff within the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
- Facilitation and attendance at Individualized Education Program (IEP) meetings
- Instruction in auditory skills, language development and self-advocacy
- Development and implementation of specially designed instruction in order to facilitate access to the school environment/curriculum
- Provide academic support as hearing loss can adversely affect educational performance
- Training and support regarding use of hearing assistive technology (HAT)
RESOURCES
Michigan Department of Education: Low Incidence Outreach, Deaf/Hard of Hearing
MDE-LIO provides tools and services to support students who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.
Michigan Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Program
The Michigan Early Hearing Detection & Intervention (EHDI) Program's goals are to provide for better outcomes for Michigan newborns and young children with hearing loss and their families, through early hearing screening, appropriate audiological diagnosis, and intervention. | https://www.inghamisd.org/ouracademics/instructional-services/special-education-services/deaf--hard-of-hearing/ |
The Academic & Applied Learning Model places an emphasis on students achieving their highest levels of autonomy. An explicit instructional approach to lesson design and delivery, grounded in evidence-based methods, is provided to help students learn and apply material independently across generalized settings. Academic content instruction is aligned to content standards and applied instruction is delivered across the areas of social skills, job readiness and career awareness, community skills, and daily living skills. Teaching occurs at school, in community jobsites, and in the community.
This model is designed to serve students who are successful in a highly structured, small group instructional environment with accommodations and modifications. Students are those who may not have been successful in less restrictive settings due to the academic and adaptive demands. Students often require modifications to the general education curriculum such as slowed pacing and/or simplification of language and content, in addition to accommodations.
Students participate in either a diploma or certificate program and after graduation, transition into the workforce and/or college.
The model seeks to empower students to move in the direction of their goals through self-determination and self-advocacy; removal of barriers that may have prevented academic achievement in other settings, and explicit adaptive or applied everyday life skills instruction that builds student autonomy across school, community, and home. Foundational to this goal is a community where relationships are cultivated between students, staff, and families to ensure learning occurs in a safe and supportive environment.
Disabilities Served
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability, Speech or Language Impairment, Multiple Disabilities, Other Health Impairments, Specific Learning Disabilities
Grades/Ages
Elementary/Middle School (grades K-8) and Secondary School (grades 9-12), ages 4 to 21 (students earning Certificate of Completion)
Instruction is provided in highly structured, small groups of approximately 3-5 students to one teacher. This ratio allows each student to receive the level of attention and support they need to maximize their success and learning. Instructional methods are grounded in evidence-based methods from the fields of applied behavior analysis, special education, and general education, ensuring that students learn, maintain, and apply their learning outside of the classroom. Central to this goal is active student learning. Students engage in frequent active student responding and/or rehearsal of skills. This serves to promote engagement and success. Each student has an individualized schedule and transitions between classrooms throughout the day (e.g., from English to homeroom).
Academic instruction is aligned to jurisdictional content standards and delivered with needed modifications and accommodations. Academic areas include English/Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies, in addition to technology, current events, health, and sexuality. Adaptive instruction is provided in the areas of self-determination and self-advocacy, study skills, social interaction skills, job readiness and career awareness, community skills, and daily living skills through teaching at school, community jobsites, and in other community settings. Adaptive instruction expands in type and amount as students progress through grades. For example, in elementary school, completing daily routines, maintaining personal belongings, and social and group learning skills are prioritized. In middle school, we focus on pre-requisite skills for community participation and pre-vocational training along with health, sexuality and hygiene training.
Course Sequence
Students pursuing a high school diploma typically participate in an extended high school program across five or six years as compared to a standard four-year program as determined by the student’s IEP team. This extra time allows students to participate in courses to increase prerequisite skills, remediate courses, and allow access to adaptive programming that otherwise would not be possible given the rigorous diploma course requirements.
Students pursuing a certificate of completion remain in the high school program for approximately three to four years based on age, before moving to our Post High School (PHS) Program. These students participate in academic courses and are provided increased access to functional academics and adaptive programming. | https://www.ivymountschool.org/program-and-services/aspire-academic-and-applied-program/ |
Discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610 with three other Jupiter moons, Europa, Io, and Callisto, Ganymede is the 7th moon Jupiter’s 67 moons.
Ganymede Moon Profile
|Orbits:||Jupiter|
|Discovered By:||Galileo Galilei January 7, 1610|
|Diameter:||5,262.4 km|
|Mass:||1.48 x 10^23 kg (2.0 Moons)|
|Orbit Distance:||1,070,400 km|
|Orbit Period:||7.16 days|
|Surface Temperature:||-163 °C|
These four moons are called Galilean moons and Ganymede is so larger that if it was orbiting a Sun instead of Jupiter, it would be considered a planet.
Just a bit smaller than Mars, Galileo originally called Ganymede Jupiter III, but later renamed by German astronomer Johannes Kepler after a mythological Greek Trojan prince who was a cupbearer for the gods.
With twice the mass of our Earth, Ganymede is the largest moon in our Solar System.
Scientists have long thought that if Jupiter had a larger mass it would be a gas giant that experienced nuclear fusion, turning it into a sun.
Magnetic Field
It has many moons in its orbit that could have been planets. Ganymede is the only moon within our solar system that has its own magnetic field.
Although very light, it’s believed that the field was created due to the liquid iron core at Ganymede’s center. But the magnetic field isn’t the only thing that makes Ganymede notable.
Layers of water
It is made up of layers of water ice and silicate rock in almost equal amounts, and scientists believe that there just might be liquid saltwater under its thick crust of ice.
Researchers think that this water may be as close to the surface as 124 miles and that it is next to the moon’s rocky mantle.
Life
This theory would make Ganymede an excellent candidate for finding potential life. There is a thin atmosphere of oxygen on Ganymede but it isn’t great enough to be life supporting.
Another interesting thing about Ganymede is that it is thought to have tectonic activity that builds up heat and friction, causing the surface to have activity that covers the impacts from comets and asteroids.
Dark areas cover 40% of the surface and may be impacts from around 4 billion years ago.
There are lighter areas that are not that old, with grooves that scientists believe are due to the tectonic activity.
Ganymede is tidally-locked to Jupiter. This means that it has one side that faces the planet and one side that faces away from the planet.
How long dose it take to orbit Jupiter
The moon is orbiting Jupiter at 24,321 mph/39,165 kmh, and it takes Ganymede 7.16 Earth days to complete one Jupiter orbit.
Surface temperatures on Ganymede average -171 F to -207 F during daytime areas and at night it can reach -193 C.
Scientists are very interested in Ganymede and there have been quite a few spacecraft flybys that have gathered data on this moon.
The early missions in the 1970’s offered only blurred images, however, the later 2007 New Horizon mission sent back incredible detail on the topography and make up of Ganymede.
So far, there have been six space missions that have flown by Ganymede.
Facts about Ganymede Moon
- Until the Voyager 1 and 2 space missions that flew by Ganymede, scientists thought the largest moon in the solar system was Saturn’s moon, Titan.
- The core of Ganymede is made up of metallic iron and then a layer of rock with a surface crust that is mostly thick ice.
- Ganymede has many “bumps” on its surface that scientists think are rock formations.
- The Hubble Space Telescope viewed the auroras on Ganymede to determine the magnetic field changes between Jupiter and Ganymede.
- Ganymede’s auroras seem to “rock,” which is a strong indication that there is salt water under the surface.
- Scientists don’t believe that there are any hot water vents on Ganymede to bring water to the surface due to the high internal pressure.
- We already know that Ganymede has polar ice caps that are made up of water ice.
Q&A:
-
- What position does Ganymede have as one of Jupiter’s moons?
7
- Before information was discovered about Ganymede, which moon was considered to be the largest in the solar system?
Titan
- Who discovered Ganymede?
Galileo Galilei
- What planet in the solar system is just a little bit larger than Ganymede?
Mars
- What name was originally given to Ganymede?
Jupiter III
- What is Ganymede’s core believed to be made of?
metallic iron
- Back to : Astronomy for Kids
- What position does Ganymede have as one of Jupiter’s moons? | https://www.coolaboo.com/astronomy/ganymede/ |
Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, and Io.
It is one of Jupiters moons, the sixth closest and the smallest of jupiters four main moons.
Jupiters four biggest moons, Calisto, Lo, Ganymede and Europa were discovered by Gallileo
Io
Galileo Galilei
Europa
Its Calisto,Ganymede,Europa, and Io
He could only make out four of Jupiters' largest moons.
Because Galileo saw them through his telescope and is credited with discovering them.
Jupiter's four largest moons are known as the Galileans. They are individually named Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, named my Simon Marius in 1610. Ganymede is the largest of these four moons.
Jupiter has 63 moons.
no it does not. But some of jupiters moons do.
they are called galilian moons
Jupiters moons are made out of gas
Yes, there is water on some of the moons.
jupiters ice moon is Io
No why not?
we can't use jupiters moons for anything because fistly we can not get out that far to reach Jupiters moon and if we could it would take thousands of years and Jupiters Moons would be to big to do anything with anyway. so the answer to What could Jupiter's moons be used for? is....Nothing.
smelly connor
it's moons
Socrates, Gallileo
All of jupiters moons
Jupiter's largest four moons, called the Galilean satellites because Galileo was the first person to see them, are Europa, Io, Callisto and Ganymede.
Galileo Galilei discovered the moons using his homemade telescope. | https://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_Jupiters_four_moons |
Last updated on July 2nd, 2021
Our Solar System is vast and there are multitudes of things that are being discovered about it by scientists all over the world. Jupiter is an important planet and in recent years, a lot of important information and data about it has been gathered by various space agencies. With these 42 facts about Jupiter, let’s learn more about this gas giant.
1. Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun in the solar system and the largest of all. (Order of the planets from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto (the dwarf planet)).
“Jupiter is 11 times wider than Earth.”
2. Jupiter is the third brightest planet in the night sky after Earth’s moon and Venus.
3. Jupiter mainly consists of Hydrogen, Helium and other liquid matter.
4. Jupiter, like other most planets, is not a well defined solid object. It mainly consists of gaseous matter.
5. Jupiter is famous for its Great Red Spot, which is a giant spot observed first in the 17th century. The giant Red Spot is a dust storm that is so immense that it gets larger than the size of Earth.
6. Four of the Jupiter’s moons were discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. These are the largest of all the moons that Jupiter has and are called the Galilean satellites.
“Ganymede (larger than Mercury and three-fourths the size of Mars) is the only moon in the solar system to have its own magnetic field.”
Ganymede quick facts
|Discovered by||Galileo Galilei|
|Discovery date||January 7, 1610|
|Diameter||5262.4 Km|
|Mass||1.48 x 10^23 kg|
|Orbits||Jupiter|
|Orbit distance||1,070,400 km|
|Orbit period||7.16 days|
|Surface temperature||-163 degree Celcius|
7. Jupiter has been studied by at least 8 space crafts that have been sent to space for the mission. They were sent by NASA between 1979 and 2007. They are Pioneer 10, Pioneer-Saturn, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Ulysses, Galileo, Cassini, and New Horizons.
8. Jupiter is also famous for its colored clouds that are red, brown, yellow and white. These clouds appear as strips on the planet and impart Jupiter a very distinctive look.
9. Jupiter’s ring system has three main components that were spotted for the first time in 1976 by Voyager. They are named: Halo (a thick inner ring), Main (a wide and flat ring) and Gossamer rings (a pair of faint outer rings).
10. Jupiter has the strongest magnetic field in the solar system, except that of the Sun.
“More than 1,300 Earths would fit inside Jupiter.”
11. It also has an ocean of liquid Hydrogen, which is responsible for almost all the power that this giant planet has. Due to the high speed with which the planet spins, the liquid inside the planet attracts everything that comes in its vicinity and produces a strong magnetic field.
12. Jupiter is also accredited with having the largest moon in the solar system – Ganymede (diameter – 5262 kilometers). This was also discovered by Galileo, and this moon is even bigger than the planet Mercury.
13. A special spacecraft – Juno – was sent by NASA in 2011 which reached its orbit around Jupiter on July 4th, 2016. It is expected that this spacecraft will send a lot of potential data about Jupiter back to Earth.
14. Jupiter also has the ability to alter the orbit of other planets such as Mars and that’s mainly because of its weight.
“Pioneer 10 was the first mission launched to study Jupiter in 1972.”
15. Jupiter is also nicknamed “vacuum cleaner of the solar system” because of its ability to attract other heavenly bodies into it due to its sheer mass and strong magnetic field.
16. Jupiter helps the earth by deflecting comets and asteroids away from it. Otherwise, these comets and asteroids could strike Earth causing potential damage.
17. Jupiter does not have a conducive environment for supporting any life form on it.
18. Scientists believe that Jupiter could have been a star had it been 80 times more massive than what it is today.
19. As Jupiter spins at a high speed, and because of the lack of solid mass in the planet’s composition, Jupiter has flattened out at the poles and has bulged at the equator.
20. Jupiter is the biggest source of radio emissions in the sky. Its radio waves are even received on Earth but are mostly below the audible level for humans.
. . . continue reading on the next page. | https://thefactfile.org/jupiter-facts/ |
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) — NASA’s Juno spacecraft has offered the primary close-ups of Jupiter’s largest moon in 20 years.
Juno zoomed previous icy Ganymede on Monday, passing inside 645 miles (1,038 kilometers). The final time a spacecraft got here that shut was in 2000 when NASA’s Galileo spacecraft swept previous our photo voltaic system’s greatest moon.
NASA launched Juno’s first two photos Tuesday, highlighting Ganymede’s craters and lengthy, slim options presumably associated to tectonic faults. One exhibits the moon’s far aspect, reverse the solar.
“This is the closest any spacecraft has come to this mammoth moon in a generation,” stated Juno’s lead scientist, Scott Bolton of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. “We are going to take our time before we draw any scientific conclusions, but until then we can simply marvel at this celestial wonder – the only moon in our solar system bigger than the planet Mercury.”
Ganymede is one in every of 79 recognized moons round Jupiter, a fuel big. Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei found Ganymede in 1610, together with Jupiter’s three next-biggest moons.
Launched a decade in the past, Juno has been orbiting Jupiter for 5 years.
___
The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives help from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely answerable for all content material. | https://digitalnewshub.com/spacecraft-buzzes-jupiters-mega-moon-1st-close-up-in-years/ |
The five naked-eye planets were known even to the ancient people. It is no wonder therefore that we can find them on their coins, either pictured as stars or as allegoric. Discovering of the moons of planets became possible by the invention of telescope. Soon after this the moons appeared on coins and medals.
When Galileo Galilei aimed the Jupiter with his telescope in January 1610, he immediately discovered the moons of Jupiter. Their motion that were connected to Jupiter revealed to him, that they are not stars, but bodies circulating around Jupiter. These small bodies were called on different names during times. Galilei named them first to Cosmica Sidera honoring his generous patron Cosimo II de' Medici, the grand duke of Tuscany. Later he changed – suggested by the duke – to Medicea Sidera, i. e. Medici stars, meaning the duke and his three brothers (Francesco, Carlo and Lorenzo). The discovery was first published in Venice in March 1610, less then after two month of first observation. Johannes Kepler – who in the beginning doubt the existence of the moons – in August and September 1610 convinced on their validity by his own observations and in 1611 in his work Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo (Prague, 1610, Frankfurt 1611), and its extension "Narratio" he mentioned “stars” that “Mr. Galilei discovered” beside the Jupiter. In this time the moons were named simply stars, or satellites (trabanten). J. D. Cassini in his book issued in 1655 named them “Medici planets”. Naming the satellites of planets to moons spread in the end of XVIIth century, Currently the four largest moons of Jupiter are commonly named Galilean moons.
Possibly the first medal that displays the Galilean moons – and moons of the Solar System at all – can be found on a medal of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, issued for emphasizing the naval power of Tuscany. On the reverse a starboard broadside view of a three-masted ship on the calm sea is visible, a haloed astrological sign of Jupiter above and four stars around. There is no need of too much imagination, that they are not only simple stars, but rather the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galilei, and of Cosimo III – the grandson of Cosimo II – was certainly proud. Only a few monarch could take pride in having stars named on their family. The text around 'CERTA . FULGENT . SIDERA' is a citation of Horace's Ode II-XVI “Otium”. Below the name of the medalist is visible 'TRAVANVS', i. e. (Gioacchino) Francesco Travani.
|Original||English|
|Otium divos rogat in patenti
|
prensus Aegaeo, simul atra nubes
condidit lunam neque certa fulgent
sidera nautis;
|
|
Peace the sailor prays, caught in a storm on the open Aegean, when dark-clad clouds have hid the moon and the stars shine no longer certain;
See whole text here
On the coin extracted from its original context and left out negative it means its opposite ' stars shine certain'. The shining star must be the Jupiter and its four Medicean Stars. Therefore this medal not only supports Tuscany’s naval power, but also that the Medici family and Cosimo III himself was proud of his four stars, that Galileo Galilei owing excellent diplomatic talent named after them.
On the obverse bust of Cosimo III de Medici to the left is displayed in long hair and armour, fancy mantled. Date of 1666 is visible on his shoulder. Text around: 'COSMVS . III . PRINC . AETRVR' means Cosimo III duke of Etruria, as the Medici named themselves sometimes.
Bronze medal with diameter 47.8mm, weight 45.4 gramm.
The moons of Jupiter played important part in further development of science. The first precise measurement of speed of light was performed by Ole Rømer, a dutch physicist in 1676. He observed Io, the first moon of Jupiter and discovered variance in its revolution period. Rømer got 227000 kilometer per second velocity for the light. The eclipses and other events of the moons had been intended to use in navy for the determination of longitude of ships, before the first clock that worked precisely in nautical conditions was developed by John Harrison.
A lot of astronomers studied the motion of Jupiter’s moons, among them was the Swedish astronomer Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin. A silver medal that was issued in 1783 – a work of Carl Gustaf Fehrman – shows Wargentin's portrait to the right.
On the reverse above the globe of Earth the Ecliptic runs from the Fish on the left to the Aquarius on the right. Close to this later the globe of Jupiter is visible. The moon Europa is placed right to it signed by '2' , while the other three moons are visible on the left: '1' is Io, '3' is Ganymede and '4' is Callisto. Text around "SUBLIMIORA IAM CURAT" means “he already cared sublime (matters)”, refers to his studies of Jupiter. Wargentin became the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1749. He kept this position until his death in 1783, for 34 years, as it can be read from the text below.
Another medal also mentions Wargentin's research work on Jupiter, although in rather allegoric form.
On the obverse, around the portrait to the left his position as a secretary of Academy is mentioned. On the reverse allegoric scene with winged Prometheus is pictured, holding astrolabe in his hand. The text "ADSPECTAT OLYMPUM INQUIRITQUE JOVEM" means “he observed the Olympus and studied Jupiter”. Even if he did not steal the fire from the Olympus, he monitored most secrets of Jupiter, Father of Gods and men. Below the dates of his birth and death are displayed, 1717 - 1783.
65 moons of Jupiter have been discovered in the time of writing this text. In contrary to the Galilean moons the other moons are tiny and faint, they can hardly be observed even by telescope. Although some of them are not too faint, they lost in the enormous glare of Jupiter. Thanks to this the fifth moon was only discovered in 1892. No wonder therefore that on a token that was issued in the age of Luis XIV French king and displays the known Solar System of time only the four Galilean moons are pictured (on the lower left). On this token the Moon of Earth, and five moons of Saturn are also displayed.
Mercury and Venus has no any moon, the two tiny moons of Mars were undiscovered of the production of this token.
Modern coins and medals often display the Solar System, but from most of them the moons of planets are missing. One of the several exception is an 500 Tugrik coin of Mongolia that remembers Isaac Newton the “genius of the millennium”. The revers of the coin displays the planets of Solar System, their path around the Sun, and two comets viewed from ‘above’. Jupiter stands on the left, and four small dots around it the Galilean moons are pictured. | http://astrocoins.mrcollector.eu/index.php/english-menu-1/solar-system/the-moons/17-the-moons-of-jupiter |
On October 18, 1989, the unmanned NASA spacecraft Galileo was launched on her mission to study the planet Jupiter and its moons. Named after the astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an orbiter and entry probe, which descended into Jupiter‘s atmosphere.
The Galilean Moons
It was Galileo Galilei, who connected us to the skies in 1609, when he demonstrated the improved instrument “for seeing things far away as if they were nearby” by Hans Lippershey – the telescope. In this period, scientists began dreaming of observing the stars and planets more detailed and more target-oriented than ever. Jupiter was among the first objects in the nightly sky that Galileo observed. On January 7, 1610, Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter’s moons. At the time, he saw only three of them, and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter. He continued to observe these celestial orbs from January 8 to March 2, 1610. In these observations, he discovered a fourth body, and also observed that the four were not fixed stars, but rather were orbiting Jupiter. The Galilean moons (or Galilean satellites) are the four largest moons of Jupiter — Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They were the first objects found to orbit another planet. Only a few centuries after, mankind began traveling into space as Jules Verne in 1865 already predicted. After the first successful moon landing in 1969, scientists needed further goals even farther away to explore the universe and its origins. It was worth it traveling to Jupiter for more than six years and even more years of development and construction efforts in order to gather better information. The spacecraft Galileo was supposed to collect the most detailed data on Jupiter, its moons and the many active volcanos and icy terrains on them.
Exploration of the Galilean Moopns
The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter were Pioneer 10 in 1973, and Pioneer 11 a year later, taking low-resolution images of the four Galilean moons. The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited Jupiter in 1979, discovering the volcanic activity on Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa. The Cassini probe to Saturn flew by Jupiter in 2000 and collected data on interactions of the Galilean moons with Jupiter’s extended atmosphere. The New Horizons spacecraft flew by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its satellites’ orbital parameters.
The Galileo Spacecraft
Work on the spacecraft Galileo began already in 1977 just before Voyager 1 and 2 were about to launch. Galileo’s mission was originally named Jupiter Orbiter Probe and was scheduled to launch in 1984. According to initial plans dating back to 1977, Galileo was to be launched as early as January 1981. Various delays in the original launch vehicle Space Shuttle, financing uncertainties and finally the Challenger disaster led to several years of delay and changes in the probe and the flight path. Originally, Galileo was to be launched into space with the cancelled STS-61-G mission in May 1986. On 18 October 1989, however, the time had finally come. The space shuttle Atlantis brought Galileo into orbit with the STS-34 mission, where it was abandoned.
The Mission
During its flight, Galileo did not have enough power sources to get to Jupiter directly. The NASA “borrowed” energy through swing-by’s at Earth and Venus to slingshot the spacecraft to the distant Jupiter. In February 1990, Galileo flew past Venus at a distance of 16,000 km, passing Earth for the first time in early December of the same year and again two years later. Meanwhile, it was able to send spectacular images of both Venus and Earth to the ground station. On its way, Galileo took very detailed images of the asteroid belt, especially of asteroid Gaspra and in 1994, the spacecraft could perfectly “watch” Shoemaker-Levy 9’s crash into Jupiter and delivered the only images of the direct impact as Earth-based telescopes had to wait until they rotated into the right view.
Exploration of the Jovian System
In July, 1995 the spacecraft’s probe was sent out to a solo flight, slicing into Jupiter’s atmosphere and releasing its parachute. Meanwhile, detailed weather data could be collected and it became clear that Jupiter’s atmosphere was a lot drier than expected. The probe recorded numerous thunderstorms with lightning strikes up to 1000 times more powerful than those on Earth. The spacecraft also investigated the four largest moons Ganymede, Callisto, Io and Europa and showed that especially Io has great volcanic activities. It was further found out that the volcanic eruptions were quite similar to those of Earth’s early days. There was evidence of a water ocean under the ice crust of Europe and of zones of liquid water in the cloaks of Ganymed and Kallisto and the volcanoes on Io. Both Io, which is constantly kneaded through by the tidal forces of Jupiter, and Ganymed, the largest moon in our solar system, have an iron core, and Ganymed surprisingly has a strong magnetic field. The data was then taken to explore conditions on Earth 3 billion years ago. During the mission, Galileo returned over 15,000 pictures and next to Gaspra, it managed to view another asteroid, Ida that even had its own moon called Dactyl. It was the first known moon of an asteroid.
Mission End
The mission part at Jupiter was originally only planned for 23 months until December 1997, but was then extended a total of three times, as the equipment and propulsion were still functional and good results could be expected. The focus of the first two mission extensions was the moon Europe, while in the last part of the mission two fly-bys of Io inside the Jupiter system, which was controlled by dangerous radiation, were dared. On 21 September 2003, Galileo was directed into Jupiter’s atmosphere and burnt out there, as the probe would later no longer have been steerable due to a lack of fuel and electronic failures caused by the high radiation dose received from Jupiter in recent years. There was a danger that Galileo could crash onto the moon Europe and contaminate it with terrestrial microorganisms. This would have made future life-trace exploration missions on the Jupiter moons more difficult.
At yovisto academic video search, you may like the video lecture by Professor Ian Morrison. He presents the talk ‘Voyages to the Outer Solar System‘ at Gresham University.
References and Further Reading: | http://scihi.org/galileo-jupiter/ |
Something Weird Is Going On With Jupiters Great Red Spot Right Now
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Jupiter is the third brightest natural object in the Earth’s night sky after the Moon and Venus, and it has been observed since prehistoric times. It was named after the Roman god Jupiter, the king of the gods.
Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen, but helium constitutes one-quarter of its mass and one-tenth of its volume. It probably has a rocky core of heavier elements, but, like the other giant planets in the Solar System, it lacks a well-defined solid surface. The ongoing contraction of Jupiter’s interior generates more heat than it receives from the Sun. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet’s shape is an oblate spheroid: it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator. The outer atmosphere is divided into a series of latitudinal bands, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result of this is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm which has been observed since at least 1831.
Jupiter is surrounded by a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. Jupiter’s magnetic tail is nearly 800 million km (5.3 AU; 500 million mi) long, covering nearly the entire distance to Saturn’s orbit. Jupiter has 80 known moons and possibly many more, including the four large moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Io and Europa are about the size of Earth’s Moon; Callisto is almost the size of the planet Mercury, and Ganymede is larger.
Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter, making its closest approach to the planet in December 1973. Jupiter has since been explored by multiple robotic spacecraft, beginning with the Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions from 1973 to 1979, and later with the Galileo orbiter in 1995. In 2007, the New Horizons visited Jupiter using its gravity to increase its speed, bending its trajectory en route to Pluto. The latest probe to visit the planet, Juno, entered orbit around Jupiter in July 2016. Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of Europa.
Source:WikiPedia
Scientists don’t only study planets, but also their weather. And on one of the planets in the solar system, there are storms 1.3 times the diameter of Earth, and raging with a force that is hard to imagine.
What’s going on with Jupiter, and why is it so important that everything is okay with the gas giant?
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Europa, Io, Ganymede, and Callisto are four of Jupiter's moons, and known collectively by which name?
And the answer: Galilean.
There are more than 75 moons surrounding Jupiter, and the largest four are known as the Galilean moons. They were first documented by Galileo Galilei in the year 1610, and were the first objects found to orbit another planet. They're among the largest objects in the solar system (with the exception of the sun and the eight planets).
As the largest and most massive planet in the solar system, Jupiter has a very strong gravitational field. As such, Jupiter holds on to many moons — some ranging from planetary size to mere boulders floating in space. All four of the Galilean moons are some of the largest in the solar system. In fact, if Jupiter's bright glare wasn't present, the moons could be seen with the naked eye.
Ganymede is the largest of Jupiter's moons. At over 3,000 miles in diameter, Ganymede is the largest moon of any planet (and is even larger than Mercury, a planet itself!). Ganymede is much like a planet in other attributes as well, including the rock and ice which decorate its surface. Scientists believe it could even have a liquid iron core and magnetic field. Even more surprising: multiple passes by the Galileo spacecraft in the 1990s and observations from the Hubble telescope reveal that deep below the surface of Ganymede, there are oceans of salty water.
The second largest moon, Callisto, is much like Ganymede in physical attributes, but orbits Jupiter much farther away — almost a 1.5 million miles away. This means that its gravitational pull is not affected by the other moons, nor are theirs affected by its own.
The third moon, Io, on the other hand, rotates around Jupiter much more closely. In fact, it is so small (about the same size as our own moon) and rotates so tightly that it only takes about a day and a half to complete a full rotation of Jupiter. Io is the most volcanic object in the entire solar system. Its 400 active volcanoes erupt daily, rearranging the surface of the moon. Much of the erupted material is sulfuric, which make the surface of Io yellow, orange and red.
The fourth and final of Jupiter's large moons is Europa. Slightly smaller than our moon, Europa has been known for decades as an incredibly reflective moon, largely believed due to the presence of ice. However, when the Voyager spacecraft passed Europa, its surface was completely lacking in craters, marks or dents of any kind. Even more curious: thin cracks, dark streaks and complex ridges dotted the surface of the moon. Europa's smooth surface — an incredibly unique feature for moons — is thought to be the result of the internal material of Europa welling up and forming a new surface, much like lava does on Earth. However, on Europa, that material is water. It is now believed that Europa has an entire ocean of water sealed under a solid crust of ice.
Learn more about Jupiter's amazing moons below. | https://www.askqotd.com/moons-of-jupiter/ |
What is Jupiter’s biggest moon called?
Ganymede
What’s the closest moon to Jupiter?
The closest of the Galilean moons to Jupiter is Io, the first moon to be discovered by Galileo. This satellite’s distinctive feature is its volcanoes, making it the only celestial body in the solar system besides Earth to have volcanic activity.
How many moons does Jupiter have 2019?
Jupiter has at least 67 known moons ( http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/moons ). The largest four are called Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. These four moons are called the Galilean satellites because they were first seen in 1610 by the astronomer Galileo Galilei.
Are the moons of Jupiter bigger than Earth?
Surrounding Jupiter is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. Jupiter has 79 known moons, including the four large Galilean moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these, has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury.
Which of Jupiter’s moons can support life?
In the Solar System
|Name||System||Article|
|Europa||Jupiter||Life on Europa|
|Enceladus||Saturn||Enceladus – potential habitability|
|Titan||Saturn||Life on Titan|
|Callisto||Jupiter||Callisto – potential habitability|
5 more rows
Is Titan bigger than Earth?
Titan is the sixth gravitationally rounded moon from Saturn. Frequently described as a planet-like moon, Titan is 50% larger than Earth’s moon and 80% more massive. It is the second-largest moon in the Solar System after Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, and is larger than the planet Mercury, but only 40% as massive.
What are Jupiter’s main moons?
The Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They were first seen by Galileo Galilei in December 1609 or January 1610, and recognized by him as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610. They were the first objects found to orbit another planet.
How close is Europa to Jupiter?
628.3 million km
Which Jupiter moon has water?
In the early 2000s, Jupiter Europa Orbiter led by NASA and the Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter led by the ESA were proposed together as an Outer Planet Flagship Mission to Jupiter’s icy moons called Europa Jupiter System Mission, with a planned launch in 2020.
How many moons does Jupiter have Wikipedia?
79
Does Jupiter have an atmosphere?
The atmosphere of Jupiter is the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System. It is mostly made of molecular hydrogen and helium in roughly solar proportions; other chemical compounds are present only in small amounts and include methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and water.
How many satellites are in space?
Since then, about 8,100 satellites from more than 40 countries have been launched. According to a 2018 estimate, some 4,900 remain in orbit, of those about 1,900 were operational; while the rest have lived out their useful lives and become space debris.
What is the eye on Jupiter?
The Great Red Spot is a persistent high-pressure region in the atmosphere of Jupiter, producing an anticyclonic storm, the largest in the Solar System, 22 degrees south of the planet’s equator. It has been continuously observed since 1830.
Is the moon bigger than Earth?
The Moon is exceptionally large relative to Earth: Its diameter is more than a quarter and its mass is 1/81 of Earth’s. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, though Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto, at 1/9 Pluto’s mass.
Is Ceres bigger than the moon?
It was roughly one-twentieth the mass of Mercury, which made Pluto by far the smallest planet. Although it was still more than ten times as massive as the largest object in the asteroid belt, Ceres, it had one-fifth the mass of Earth’s Moon.
Can we live on Jupiter’s moon?
Europa, the fourth-largest moon of Jupiter, is a subject in both science fiction and scientific speculation for future human colonization. Europa’s geophysical features, including a possible subglacial water ocean, make it a possibility that human life could be sustained on or beneath the surface.
Which mission will study a moon of Jupiter?
The mission is being developed to visit the Jovian system and is focused on studying three of Jupiter’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa (excluding the more volcanically active Io) all of which are thought to have significant bodies of liquid water beneath their surfaces, making them potentially habitable
How many planets can support life?
In November 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs in the Milky Way, 11 billion of which may be orbiting Sun-like stars.
Can there be life on Titan?
Whether there is life on Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, is at present an open question and a topic of scientific assessment and research. Titan is far colder than Earth, and its surface lacks stable liquid water, factors which have led some scientists to consider life there unlikely.
Is Titan habitable for humans?
Saturn’s largest moon Titan is one of several candidates for possible future colonization of the outer Solar System. According to Cassini data from 2008, Titan has hundreds of times more liquid hydrocarbons than all the known oil and natural gas reserves on Earth.
Was the Death Star based on Mimas?
When seen from certain angles, Mimas resembles the Death Star, a fictional space station and superweapon known from the 1977 film Star Wars. Herschel resembles the concave disc of the Death Star’s “superlaser”.
Who is Jupiter?
Jupiter (Latin: Iuppiter) is the king of the gods in Roman mythology. He was the god of the sky and thunder. He is known as Zeus in Greek mythology. His brother’s name was Pluto and his sister was Ceres.
What space probes have visited Uranus?
The exploration of Uranus has, to date, been solely through telescopes and NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft, which made its closest approach to Uranus on January 24, 1986. Voyager 2 discovered 10 moons, studied the planet’s cold atmosphere, and examined its ring system, discovering two new rings.
What is Saturn’s smallest moon?
Enceladus
What planets can you land on?
Planets
- Mercury.
- Venus.
- Mars.
- Jupiter.
- Saturn.
- Earth’s Moon.
- Moons of Mars.
- Moons of Saturn.
Will humans ever colonize space?
The primary argument calling for space colonization is the long-term survival of human civilization. By developing alternative locations off Earth, the planet’s species, including humans, could live on in the event of natural or man-made disasters on our own planet.
Do any other planets have oxygen?
In addition to Earth, many of the other astronomical objects in the Solar System have atmospheres. These include all the gas giants, as well as Mars, Venus, and Pluto. Several moons and other bodies also have atmospheres, as do comets and the Sun. There is evidence that extrasolar planets can have an atmosphere.
Does Ganymede have life?
Ganymede orbits Jupiter in roughly seven days and is in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance with the moons Europa and Io, respectively. Ganymede is composed of approximately equal amounts of silicate rock and water ice.
Do any planets have water?
Using such methods, many scientists infer that liquid water once covered large areas of Mars and Venus. Water is thought to exist as liquid beneath the surface of some planetary bodies, similar to groundwater on Earth.
Was there ever water on the Moon?
Liquid water cannot persist at the Moon’s surface, and water vapor is decomposed by sunlight, with hydrogen quickly lost to outer space. However, scientists have conjectured since the 1960s that water ice could survive in cold, permanently shadowed craters at the Moon’s poles.
Does India have spy satellites?
RISAT-2, or Radar Imaging Satellite 2 is an Indian radar reconnaissance satellite that is part of India’s RISAT programme. It was built by Indian Space Research Organisation and successfully launched aboard a PSLV-CA rocket at 01:15 GMT on April 20, 2009 from the Second Launch Pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.
Does Pakistan have satellite?
Pakistan. On 9 July, 2018, Pakistan launched two satellites from China’s Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre with Long March 2C Rocket. The Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite (PRSS-1) was a dual-purpose Earth observational and optical satellite. It was designed and developed by SUPARCO’s engineers.
How much space junk is around Earth?
However, these are just objects large enough to be tracked. As of January 2019, more than 128 million bits of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 900,000 pieces of debris 1–10 cm, and around 34,000 of pieces larger than 10 cm were estimated to be in orbit around the Earth. | https://the-biggest.net/nature/what-is-the-biggest-moon-of-jupiter.html |
A Moon is a celestial body that orbits round a planet which in turn orbits round a star normally unless it is a rogue planet which free-wanders in space. A planet doesn't have to have a moon to be called a planet, after all both Mercury and Venus have no moons orbiting them. From Earth onwards outwards, each planet and dwarf planets (Eris, Pluto) have at least one moon orbiting it. Whilst some moons have names like Miranda and Oberon, our moon is simply known as The Moon.
The first Moon other than the moon to be discovered was discovered by Galileo Galilei who on 7th January 1610 discovered four moons of Jupiter when he looked at the planet through a telescope that he had invented. (Io, Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa) ref: Wiki.
The moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos are believed to be Asteroids that flew too close to the planet and were pulled into orbit around the red planet by the Planet's gravity.
Moons are not just limited to planets in this Solar System, they have been found orbiting Extrasolar Planets (Exoplanets), they are know as Exomoons. According to the University of Washington, life could exist on Exomoons as well. Ref: McMaster University Researchers Therefore the Forest Moon of Moon of Endor and Pandora from Avatar could be grounded in reality.
The moon of Europa has a tenuous atmosphere of Oxygen and has a frozen landscape which it is believed to have a water under the crust. Future missions to the system will try to find out what is under the crust and if there is indeed water and possibly life.
The Moon of Titan is believed to have an atmosphere much like in the same way we have on Earth and on Mars. The atmosphere is not one that we can sadly breathe in but it is the closest of the moons to have an atmosphere like ours.
The Largest Moon in proportion to the size of the planet that it orbits is the The Moon, the one that orbits our planet. However if you are talking about size generally then the largest moon in The Solar System is Ganymede which if it was orbiting The Sun would be classified as a planet. Ganymede is bigger than both Mercury and the furthest (dwarf) planet Pluto. To put it into contents, Ganymede is still only about three quarters the size of Mars.
There's no register feature and no need to give an email address if you don't need to. All messages will be reviewed before being displayed. Comments may be merged or altered slightly such as if an email address is given in the main body of the comment. | https://www.universeguide.com/fact/moons |
Nov 20, 2019 · Europa is arguably the most intriguing of Jupiter’s 79 moons. Scientists have long suspected that there may be a salty, liquid water ocean beneath the moon. Europa [yur-ROH-pah] is a unique moon of Jupiter that has fascinated scientists for hundreds of years. Its surface is among the brightest in the solar system, a consequence of sunlight reflecting off. Europa is the sixth moon in distance from the planet Jupiter and the fourth largest. Europa's diameter is 1,940 miles 3,122 kilometers, slightly smaller than Earth's moon. Europa takes three and a half days to orbit Jupiter at an average distance of 416,900 miles 670,900 kilometers.
Europa is one of the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo and the smallest of the moons he found. Europa is a little smaller than Earth’s moon, and it is the sixth largest moon in our solar system. Europa has a diameter of 3,100 kilometers. Europa is the sixth closest moon to Jupiter, though Io is the only large moon closer in. Interesting Europa Facts: 1-5.3. Europa is thus, the smallest moon of the Galilean group of moons. Interestingly enough, despite being the 6th largest, Europa is smaller than the moon of our Earth. 4. Europa was discovered back in 1610 on January 8. The credit for the discovery of Europa is. Europa is a frozen moon, so at first glace, it doesn’t seem like a great candidate for life. However, the thick icy crust hides a sub-glacial ocean.
Mar 28, 2012 · The continental moon of the planet Jupiter is Europa. This moon is the 6th largest moon in the solar system and the closest moon to the planet. The icy moon gets stretched and released by the tug of Jupiter's gravity, in an endless cycle, as Europa orbits the giant planet. This squeezing in and out is a process called tidal flexing, which may be creating heat inside Europa; the warmed ice from this heat may be pushing the surface upward to.
Life on Europa? This moon of Jupiter might have life in a subsurface ocean. Life on Europa: Water from a subsurface ocean on Jupiter's moon, Europa, could reach the surface through seeps or erupt from hot water vents. This water would reveal the chemistry of the. Jul 08, 2017 · NOTE: Meant to say underground ocean not "underwater", obviously. Europa oceanic moon of Jupiter. So then what would happened if it were to become our moon. Beyond Earth, Jupiter’s moon Europa is considered one of the most promising places in the solar system to search for signs of present-day life, and a new NASA mission to explore this potential is moving forward from concept review to development.
The innermost moon is volcanic Io; next in line is the ice-crusted ocean world Europa, followed by massive Ganymede, and finally, heavily cratered Callisto. The Galilean Moons The planet Jupiter's four largest moons are called the Galilean satellites after Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, who first. Nov 21, 2014 · Scientists believe there is an ocean hidden beneath the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. NASA-JPL astrobiologist Kevin Hand explains why. NASA's Europa Clipper will conduct detailed reconnaissance of Jupiter's moon Europa and investigate whether the icy moon could harbor conditions suitable for life. The mission will place a spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter in order to perform a detailed investigation of Europa -- a world that shows. | http://ligabold.com/europa-moon-of-2020 |
Discover the cosmos! Each day we feature a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
September 4, 1995
Ganymede: Moonquake World
Credit: NASA, Voyager, Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton
Explanation: Ganymede probably undergoes frequent ground shaking events not unlike terrestrial earthquakes. Ganymede, the largest moon of Jupiter and the Solar System, has a thick outer coating of water ice. Passing Voyager spacecraft found a large number of cracks and grooves in the ice so it is thought that Ganymede, like the Earth, has large shifting surface masses called tectonic plates. Ganymede was discovered by Galileo and Marius in 1610, and is larger than the planets Mercury and Pluto. The NASA spacecraft Galileo is scheduled to arrive at Jupiter is December of 1995.
Tomorrow's picture: Europa: Ancient Water World
We are proud to acknowledge that an external review by Point Communications has rated Astronomy Picture of the Day in the top 5 percent of all World Wide Web sites. | https://sprite.phys.ncku.edu.tw/astrolab/mirrors/apod_e/ap950904.html |
When Galileo first saw Jupiter's four largest moons, he realized that Earth was not the center of the universe. Since then, we've discovered many exciting things about Jupiter's moons.
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system and contains more matter than all of the other planets combined. Jupiter has a composition much like the Sun, and the planet has Auroral emissions much like Earth's northern lights. Jupiter also has a ring system, but the rings are invisible from Earth.
On January 7, 1610 when Galileo observed Jupiter through his telescope, he thought he saw three stars near the planet, but later the stars appeared to move. Galileo observed four "stars" total, and later realized that the stars were actually moons. This was proof that everything in the uinverse did not revolve around the Earth.
According to NASA, German astronomer Simon Marius may have observed Jupiter's moons before Galileo, but did not publish his discovery. Galileo referred to the moons as the "Medicean planets" in homage to the Medici family. Marius had his own names for the moons, suggested to him by fellow German astronomer Johannes Kepler, and those are the ones we use today: Io, Europa, Callisto and Ganymede, three maidens and a boy beloved by the god Jupiter. These four moons are now known as the Galilean moons.
Jupiter has 62 known moons, but the Galilean moons, which are the four largest, are the most well known. Io, Euorpa, Ganymede, and Callisto may share a common host planet, but they are very distinct orbs.
Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. Jupiter affects the surface of Io very powerfully; according to NASA, the surface bulges inward and outward by as much as 330 feet. The incredible pressures that Jupiter brings to bear on Io is the primary cause of its volcanic activity. Io also cuts across Jupiter's magnetic field; the resulting radiation contributes to Jupiter's auroras.
Europa is thought to be covered by an ocean of salt water. Because Europa is so far from the Sun, the surface of the planet is completely frozen. NASA recently announced that it has plans to send a spacecraft to Europa to explore the possibility of life beneath the ice.
Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system. In 1995 the Hubble telescope discovered that Ganymede had a very thin ozone layer.
Callisto is the most heavily cratered moon in the solar system, it is thought to have almost no surface activity. Callisto's surface is dark compared with the other large moons of Jupiter, but it is brighter than the Earth's moon.
In December of 2000, the Cassini spacecraft took the highest quality photo of Jupiter ever. In this image you can see the planet's famous "red spot" as well as the distinct colors and lines that cover the gasous planet. The Hubble Telescope has captured many images of moons within our solar system; browse a few of those images on HubbleSite.
See the moons for yourself with help from Sky and Telescope magazine, which offers tips for tracking Jupiter's moons in orbit. | http://www.findingdulcinea.com/features/science/space/jupiters-moons-galilean-satellites.html |
Over the last 50 years, the term satellite has come to be used to describe the man-made satellites launched into orbit for communication and broadcasting purposes, but the term actually refers to any object found to orbit around a planet. Referred to as natural satellites or moons, more than 150 such bodies orbit around planets in the solar system. Just as our moon orbits Earth, satellites have been observed orbiting five other planets: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
Mars
The planet closest to Earth with known satellites is Mars. Named for the Roman god of war, Mars is orbited by two moons, Deimos and Phobos. Discovered by American astronomer Asaph Hall in 1877, Deimos and Phobos are theorized to be caught asteroids, asteroid that have passed closely enough to a planet to be caught in its orbit. At only 12 and 22 kilometers in diameter, Demois and Phobos are some of the smallest satellites in the solar system.
Jupiter
With over 60 moons and satellites, Jupiter is not only the largest planet in the solar system, but also boasts the most moons in its orbit. Four moons, the Galilean Satellites, were first observed in 1610 by Galileo, and they include:
- Io
- Europa
- Ganymede
- Callisto
Ganymede, measuring more than 5,200 kilometers in diameter, is the largest satellite in the solar system. At 4,800 kilometers in diameter, Callisto is the second-largest of Jupiter’s moons, and like Io and Europa, was named after human women in mythology who had love affairs with the Roman god Jupiter.
Saturn
Known for its rings, Saturn also has more than 50 named satellites. The Roman equivalent of Cronos, the father of Zeus, Saturn is the god of agriculture, and the planet named for him was first observed with a telescope by Galileo in 1610. The major moons of Saturn include:
- Mimas
- Enceladus
- Tethys
- Dione
- Rhea
- Titan
- Hyperion
- Iapetus
- Phoebe
The largest moon, Titan measures over 5,000 kilometers in diameter and was first observed by Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens in 1655.
Uranus
The seventh planet from the sun, Uranus, has 27 named satellites, including five major satellites named Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon. Discovered by British astronomer Sir William Herschel in 1787, Titania and Oberon are nearly equal in diameter, both measuring between 1,500 and 1,600 kilometers. Ariel and Umbriel, discovered by William Lassel in 1851, are also close in diameter at just over 1,100 kilometers each. Finally, Miranda was first observed by Gerard Kuiper in 1948 and has a diameter of nearly 500 kilometers.
Neptune
Named for the Roman god of the sea, Neptune is the furthest planet from the sun and has 13 named satellites. The three major Neptunian satellites, Proteus, Nereid and Triton, range in diameter from 340 to 2,700 kilometers. Triton, the largest of the three, was the first discovered in 1846 by William Lassel, the same astronomer who would later discover the Uranian satellites of Ariel and Umbriel. In 1949, Gerard Kuiper, who also discovered a Uranian satellite, was the first to observe Nereid, named for sea nymphs in mythology. Most recently discovered by Voyager 2 in 1989, the satellite Proteus measures 418 kilometers.
References
About the Author
Jennifer Hayes began writing professionally in 2010. Previously published online, Hayes has written a series of crafting tutorials with an emphasis on green crafting and creativity on a budget. She attended Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, where she studied English and art. | https://sciencing.com/planets-known-satellites-8473104.html |
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass one-thousandth that of the Sun, but two-and-a-half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter has been known to astronomers since antiquity. It is named after the Roman god Jupiter. When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can be bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows, and is on average the third-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus.
Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium, though helium comprises only about a tenth of the number of molecules. It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements, but like the other giant planets, Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet’s shape is that of an oblate spheroid (it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by telescope. Surrounding Jupiter is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. Jupiter has 79 known moons, including the four large Galilean moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these, has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury.
Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by robotic spacecraft, most notably during the early Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions and later by the Galileo orbiter. In late February 2007, Jupiter was visited by the New Horizons probe, which used Jupiter’s gravity to increase its speed and bend its trajectory en route to Pluto. The latest probe to visit the planet is Juno, which entered into orbit around Jupiter on July 4, 2016. Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of its moon Europa. | https://michaelruark.blog/2019/08/24/the-largest-planet-in-the-solar-system/ |
MillefioriMillefiori is a glassmaking technique in which a bundle of colored glass rods is heated, fused, drawn out thinly, and then cut to create flower patterns. Millefiori is of ancient origin and was used in Anglo-Saxon jewelry and decoration. The process was revived in 16th-century Venice, and then again in 19th-century France and Britain, where it was used for objects like paperweights. It was during this period that the technique was given its name, which combines two Italian words that mean what? More...
|This Day in History|
Galileo Galilei Discovers Three of Jupiter's Four Largest Moons (1610)Jupiter has more than 60 moons. The four largest—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—were the first satellites of a planet other than Earth to be detected. They were discovered by Galileo in 1610, shortly after he invented the telescope, and are therefore known as the Galilean satellites. On January 7, 1610, Galileo observed near Jupiter what he described at the time as "three fixed stars, totally invisible by their smallness." How long did it take Galileo to realize they were not stars? More...
|Today's Birthday|
Millard Fillmore (1800)Born in a log cabin in rural New York, Fillmore was compelled to work at an early age to help support his large, impoverished family. Despite his limited education, he became a lawyer and was elected vice president under Zachary Taylor. Upon Taylor's death in 1850, Fillmore was sworn in as president. His attempt to take a moderate stance on the highly contentious issue of slavery ended his political career. While being fed soup, a dying Fillmore made what remark that turned out to be his last? More...
|Quotation of the Day|
|Great men need to be lifted upon the shoulders of the whole world, in order to conceive their great ideas or perform their great deeds. That is, there must be an atmosphere of greatness round about them. A hero cannot be a hero unless in a heroic world.|
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
|Today's Holiday|
Ganna (2021)The Christmas celebration in Ethiopia (observing the Coptic Orthodox calendar), which is officially called Leddat, is more popularly known as Ganna, after the game that is traditionally played on this day by boys, young men, and occasionally elders. According to legend, the shepherds were so happy when they heard about the birth of Jesus that they used their hooked staffs to play ganna—a game similar to field hockey. Pilgrims gather in the spectacular medieval churches in Lalibela for services, music, and food. More... | https://columbia.tfd.com/_/archive.htm?d=1/7/2015 |
The spacecraft traveled closer to Ganymedes than any spacecraft for more than 20 years.
The United States space administration Nasa’s space probe Juno has taken new close-ups of Jupiter’s largest moon, Ganymedes, says The Guardian.
Juno passed Ganymedes after 1,038 miles. It was closer than any of the probes since 2000. That’s when the moon approached Nassa’s Galileo probe.
“This is the closest to July, like no spacecraft has been in a generation. We are going to wait before we draw scientific conclusions, but until then we can enjoy this heavenly miracle— [Ganymedes] is the only moon larger than Mercury in our solar system, ”said Juno’s chief scientist Scott Bolton From the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas.
Nasa released close-ups of the icy moon taken by Juno on Tuesday.
Juno sonar was launched ten years ago and has been orbiting Jupiter since 2016. The sonar has remained in good condition, so with these prospects it will continue to orbit Jupiter until 2025.
Read more: Juno, a probe that has already orbited Jupiter 31 times, will continue for years to come, next to the big moons
The gas planet Jupiter has up to 79 known moons, of which Ganymedes is known for the longest time. Galileo Galilei discovered the next three largest moons of Jupiter, Ganymede, and the planet as early as 1610.
The next space program toward Jupiter is the European Space Agency Esan Icy Moons Explorer. Its launch is tentatively scheduled for next year.
. | https://pledgetimes.com/space-nassas-space-probe-captures-new-close-ups-of-jupiters-giant-ganymedes/ |
Moon River? No, It's An Ocean On One Of Jupiter's Moons!
NASA says the biggest moon in our solar system has a salty ocean below its surface.
Researchers had suspected since the 1970s that a moon of Jupiter called Ganymede had an ocean. Now they've confirmed it, scientists announced in a teleconference held by the space agency.
Ganymede was discovered by Galileo in 1610, and it's huge — bigger than our own moon, and even bigger than the smallest planet, Mercury. Ganymede has a magnetic field that creates northern and southern lights around its poles.
A team of scientists led by Joachim Saur of the University of Cologne in Germany recently used the Hubble Space Telescope to spend hours watching these ribbons of hot, glowing gas. They saw patterns of movement that showed the moon's magnetic field is being influenced by a vast, salty ocean buried beneath miles of ice.
The new observations "provide the best evidence to date for the existence of an ocean on Ganymede," Saur says.
Our solar system has other moons with subsurface oceans, such as a moon of Jupiter called Europa and a moon of Saturn named Enceladus. Earlier this week, researchers announced that they'd found some compelling evidence that the water on Enceladus might be quite warm and comfortable. These alien worlds are all of great interest to scientists because liquid water is thought to be one of the key ingredients for life.
"Every observation that we make, every mission that we send to various places in the solar system is just taking us one step further to finding that truly habitable environment, a water-rich environment," says Heidi Hammel, executive vice president of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy. "We will certainly be continuing to study Ganymede and learning more about the environment there."
She notes that the European Space Agency is currently working on a mission called JUICE, a nickname for the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer. The plan is for the spacecraft to arrive at Jupiter in 2030 and spend at least three years studying three large moons: Ganymede, Europa and Callisto. | https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/03/12/392583244/moon-river-no-its-an-ocean-on-one-of-jupiters-moons |
The Juno spacecraft orbiting Jupiter has detected an FM radio signal coming from the Jovian moon, Ganymede. This is the first of its kind discovered. Reports are that it originates from a monolith photographed on the surface of Jupiter's largest moon.
What exactly was the content of the five second signal from the surface of Ganymede? NASA hasn't released that yet. Juno was traveling across the polar region of Jupiter, where magnetic field lines connect to Ganymede, and that’s when it crossed the radio source. Scientifically, it is called a “decametric radio emission.”
Juno is a NASA space probe orbiting the Jupiter planet. It was built by Lockheed Martin and is operated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on 5 August 2011, as part of the New Frontiers program. Wikipedia says it entered orbit of Jupiter on July 5th, 2016, with a planned mission life of 7 years.
Ganymede is the largest satellite in the solar system, bigger than both the planets Mercury and Pluto, and two-thirds bigger than Mars. It is also more than twice as massive as our moon, making it the most massive of all planetary moons in the solar system. Based on its mass and diameter of 5,269 km, it should have been a planet, but since it orbits a planet and not the Sun, it is classified as a moon.
Ganymede is the biggest satellite in the solar system, and also the biggest object in the solar system that does not have a substantial atmosphere. Discovered by Galileo in January of the year 1610 along with Io, Callisto and Europa, it was the motion of these bodies around Jupiter that led to the realization that everything in the solar system was orbiting the Sun, and that Earth was therefore not the centre of the Universe.
Ganymede is the only known solar system satellite that has its own magnetosphere, and although it is very weak and barely detectable, it is thought to have been created by convection currents in the molten iron core of the moon. Detailed studies of the moon's magnetosphere are made very difficult on account of the fact that much of it is drowned out by Jupiters' much stronger magnetosphere.
As with many other solar system moons, most investigators are of the opinion that Ganymede may have an ocean of liquid saltwater buried deep beneath its rocky surface. In fact, recent studies suggest that this ocean may consist of several layers of saltwater, which are separated by thick layers of ice in different phases, and that the deepest liquid layer may directly overlay the moon's rocky mantle.
Although the moon is massive enough to retain an atmosphere, the atmosphere is exceedingly tenuous, and while it does contain oxygen, the oxygen content is too low to sustain life as we currently understand it. | https://www.smobserved.com/story/2021/01/13/news/scientists-detect-fm-signal-coming-from-monolith-on-jupiters-largest-moon-ganymede/5218.html |
- Session:
- Time: Monday, November 14, 2016 - 8:00am-8:30am
A compressed hydrogen energy storage system, comprised of an electrolyzer that produces hydrogen from water by using otherwise curtailed renewable electricity, and a fuel cell that utilizes the hydrogen to provide power to the grid, has been considered less favorable than batteries due to lower round-trip efficiency and relatively high cost. However, for integration with large-scale wind energy, accomplishing massive energy storage, and for storing over long periods of time (e.g., seasonal), large energy capacity and low self-discharge become more important than round trip efficiency; therefore such hydrogen energy storage systems become more attractive.
A dynamic model to simulate the integration of hydrogen energy storage systems in utility grid networks has been developed to evaluate the potential of hydrogen energy storage in mitigating the impacts of intermittent renewable power on the grid. A reduction in the renewable energy curtailed and the ramping events has been observed under the application of different hydrogen production, storage and power supply strategies. Data from the state of California has been used as a reference for energy consumption and power generation, assuming the evolution of the power market towards the fulfillment of goals set by the different policies and laws of the state. It was found that both diurnal and seasonal load shifting are possible with gaseous storage facilities that are already available and in use for natural gas storage in the state. Moreover, with the optimal management of the storage facilities, it is viable to dispatch the compressed hydrogen, supplying a significant amount of fuel for transportation applications and averting the need for installing additional electrical transmission and distribution equipment. | https://www.aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2016/proceeding/paper/96a-session-keynote-integration-control-and-optimization-hydrogen-energy-storage-utility-grid |
5 edition of Progress in Hydrogen Energy found in the catalog.
Published
February 28, 1987
by Springer
.
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Format||Hardcover|
|Number of Pages||260|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL9096653M|
|ISBN 10||9027724407|
|ISBN 10||9789027724403|
The two most common methods for producing hydrogen are steam-methane reforming and electrolysis (water splitting).. Steam-methane reforming is a widely used method of hydrogen production. Steam-methane reforming is currently the least expensive way to produce hydrogen, and it accounts for nearly all commercially produced hydrogen in the United States. The Future of Hydrogen provides an extensive and independent survey of hydrogen that lays out where things stand now; the ways in which hydrogen can help to achieve a clean, secure and affordable energy future; and how we can go about realising its potential.
Japan hosted the first Hydrogen Energy Ministerial meeting in , which resulted in the Tokyo Statement outlining four key areas in which to accelerate hydrogen technology progress. In March , Japan amended its hydrogen and fuel cell roadmap, and a . Hydrogen technologies have experienced cycles of excessive expectations followed by disillusion. Nonetheless, a growing body of evidence suggests these technologies form an attractive option for the deep decarbonisation of global energy systems, and that recent improvements in their cost and performance poinCited by:
FY Annual Progress Report 1 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program. Toyota Mirai Testing. Overall Objectives. This is the technology assessment of a Toyota Mirai fuel cell (FC) vehicle using a chassis dynamometer in a controlled laboratory environment and in-depth instrumentation. The objectives are to. The energy minister, Angus Taylor, has announced the Clean Energy Finance Corporation will provide $m for investment in the hydrogen industry. Photograph: Bianca de Marchi/AAP The Morrison.
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How to conduct a cleanup campaign.
The life of Michael Kelly, musician, actor, and bon viveur, 1762-1826
Human factors evaluation in system development
Alderney
dBASE III Plus Program Reference Guide
Plans and the structure of behavior
Ice dances.
Evans family history
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Daily song
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The proceedings of the Workshop are reported in this book, which include the inaugural address, description of the national research and development programme in the field of hydrogen energy, papers presented on production, storage and transportation, and utilisation of hydrogen and the panel : Hardcover.
A considerable amount of research and development work on product ion, storage and transportation, and utilisation of hydrogen is in pro gress allover the world. In India, several institutions have been working on the various aspects of the hydrogen considering it as an energy vector.
The three-volume Proceedings include: (a) national and international hydrogen energy programs; (b) various hydrogen production methods; (c) transmission, storage and distribution of hydrogen; (d) hydrogen-hydride technology; (e) utilization of hydrogen by transportation, industrial, commercial, residential and utility sectors; (f) environmental.
Production of hydrogen: thermochemical. Production of hydrogen: electrolysis systems. Production of hydrogen: photoproduction: biological. Production of hydrogen: photo-electrochemistry.
Storage and distribution of hydrogen: hydrogen storage. Storage and distribution of hydrogen Book Edition: 1. In view of a vast hydrogen Progress in Hydrogen Energy book, very large quantities of hydrogen may be distributed and stored as a liquid at about 20 K (− °C).
Today hydrogen liquefiers are a mature technology for capacities up to 30 ton day − 1 and with energy requirements of 30–40 MJ per kilogram Progress in Hydrogen Energy book liquefied hydrogen. Home» Progress in Hydrogen and Fuel Cells The Fuel Cell Technologies Office (FCTO) focuses on early-stage research and development to advance hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for transportation and diverse applications that contribute to U.S.
energy independence, security, and resiliency, and add to a strong domestic economy. The station has co-produced electricity and hydrogen with 54% efficiency and will provide up to kg of hydrogen a day, enough to fuel 25 to 50 vehicles.
The system has achieved a hydrogen recovery rate of %. PATH’s Annual Report on World Progress in Hydrogen was published by the Technology Transition Corporation.
Thanks are also given to: PATH Board of Directors Terry Kimmel, PATH Chairman, Canadian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association Ian Williamson, PATH Vice Chairman, European Hydrogen Association Ken-Ichiro Ota, Hydrogen Energy Systems Society (Japan).
Title: Progress in Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Subject: Fact sheet describing how the Fuel Cell Technologies Office's early-stage research and development efforts have advanced hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for transportation and diverse applications that contribute to U.S.
energy independence, security,\ and resiliency, and add to a strong domestic economy. FY Annual Progress Report 7 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program.
TreadStone Technologies, Inc. FC Novel Structured Metal Bipolar Plates for Low-Cost Manufacturing. United Technologies Research Center. H2F HydroGEN Seedling: Thin-Film, Metal-Supported High- Performance, and Durable Proton- Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell. The International Journal of Hydrogen Energy aims to provide a central vehicle for the exchange and dissemination of new ideas, technology developments and research results in the field of Hydrogen Energy between scientists and engineers throughout the world.
The emphasis is placed on original research, both analytical and experimental, covering all aspects of Hydrogen Energy. Hydrogen stability for MOFs: MOFs of different topologies based on carboxylate linkers are synthesized and tested for their stability under both static (70 MPa) and dynamic hydrogen exposure ( to 10 MPa, cycles) at room results indicate that most MOFs are stable under high‐pressure H 2, and that the stability‐determining factor is the.
Sustainable Hydrogen Production provides readers with an introduction to the processes and technologies used in major hydrogen production methods. This book serves as a unique source for information on advanced hydrogen generation systems and applications (including integrated systems, hybrid systems, and multigeneration systems with hydrogen production).
Hydrogen Energy Progress VIII Hardcover – November 1, See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Price New from Used Format: Hardcover.
The children based shall map area and n't a window. book Progress in Hydrogen Energy: Proceedings of the National Workshop on Hydrogen Energy, New Delhi, July 4–6,(Moscow) Supplement Series A Membrane and Cell BiologyThe hard list of the mitochondrial Sociolinguistic property all is the mere seminar of F permissions, using widely a seamless /5.
Hydrogen energy involves the use of hydrogen and/or hydrogen-containing compounds to generate energy to be supplied to all practical uses needed with high energy efficiency, overwhelming environmental and social benefits, as well as economic competitiveness.
The world is presently experimenting the dawning of hydrogen energy in all sectors that includes energy. hydrogen and to enable progress toward achieving the [email protected] vision. The subprogram continued early-stage energy consumption, and book-end efficiencies. • The analysis of several of the barriers associated with hydrogen generation via electrolysis is interesting.
DOE Hydrogen Program FY Progress Report 66 Although the use of H2 produced from cellulosic ethanol may increase total energy use (Figure 3), the other two H2 pathways show significant reductions in total energy use.
When one considers fossil energy use (petroleum, natural gas, and coal; Figure 4), H2 from both cellulosic ethanol and renewable electricity is far. Duke Energy Progress. Duke Energy.
Duke Energy Progress. Enter the ZIP code of your service location. Based on your ZIP code, we need to know your street address so we can customize your experience. We are unable to match the address entered. Please enter a. The microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a novel method of hydrogen (H 2) production through the process of electrohydrogenesis.
In MEC systems, various parameters affect H 2 production such as electrodes, system membranes, gas collection, and tubing systems. National Research and Development Programme in the Field of Hydrogen Energy.- Electrolytic Hydrogen Production.- Hydrogen Production Through Photoelectrolysis.- Hydrogen Production by Microorganisms.- Ocean Thermal Power for Hydrogen Production.- Solid State Materials for Hydrogen Storage.- Thin Film Hydrogen Storage System.- Cryogenic Storage of Hydrogen.- .HydrOgEn & Our EnErgy FuturE.
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program: Implementing the President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative. Hydrogen - An Overview.
Under the President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative, the DOE Hydrogen Program works in partnership with industry, academia, national laboratories, and otherFile Size: 2MB.Annual Progress Report. Published in Februarythe Annual Progress Report summarizes fiscal year activities and accomplishments by projects funded by the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program.
Front Cover. Title Page and Project Outline. I. Introduction, Sunita Satyapal, U.S. Department of Energy II. Hydrogen Production. | https://nehefovebe.flatmountaingirls.com/progress-in-hydrogen-energy-book-4914vs.php |
The choice of a heat supply option in new residential areas depends on various factors including available local energy resources and the scale and density of the heat demand in the areas. Here, we study costs and primary energy use of using district heat (DH) and ground-source electric heat pump (EHP) for heating a residential area being developed. We consider different architecture layouts and exploitations of the area along with different building energy efficiency standards which give different heat demand densities and profiles for this residential area. The analysis shows that for existing fuel-based energy supply systems, using DH is more primary energy efficient than using EHP to supply heat to the new residential area. However, if the future production of marginal electricity is based on state-of-the art technologies utilizing renewable energy resources, using EHP can be more primary energy efficient than using DH. The initial investment costs are much lower for options using DH than for options using ground-source EHP for the different exploitation alternatives. Also, the marginal heat cost for suppling DH to the residential area, excluding the sunk capital costs, is significantly lower than the heat cost for supplying heat with ground-source EHPs. The potential use of local ground-source heat linked to the exploitation level of residential area and energy performance of the buildings should be further analyzed in comparison to the use of other types of heat sources such as ambient air or ventilation air.
There is great potential to build new energy-efficient building blocks in combination with efficient energy supply systems. Such a development will contribute to achieve national energy and climate goals as well as the overall aim for a sustainable development. Here, we analyze final and primary energy use for heating a new residential area by using district-heating. The area, located in Växjö, in south Sweden has potentially varied land exploitation levels, energy performance of buildings and district heat supply/return temperatures. The results show that the district heating demand will be reduced by about 52-56% if buildings in the area meet the Swedish passive house criteria instead of the Swedish building code. The exploitation levels of construction in the area strongly influence the total heating demands. A dense instead of a low exploitation will increase the area’s heating demand more than four times. But, the heat demand density of the residential area has quite a small impact on the total heat losses of the distribution network in contrast to changed supply and return temperatures. The distribution heat losses could be reduced by up to 50% with lower supply/return temperatures. However, a reduction of district heat supply/return temperatures to 50/20oC increases electricity use for boosting hot water temperature to avoid the risk of legionella bacteria. This causes a shift from district heat production to electricity production and increases the primary energy use. The results of this study can be used for further considerations of costs and benefits of energy supply options for new residential areas.
In this study we estimate the final and primary energy savings for different energy efficiency measures in a multi-apartment building when heated by small-, medium- or large-scale district-heat production systems (DHSs). The small-scale system is based on heat-only boilers, whereas the other two also include cogeneration of district heat and electricity. In the systems with cogeneration units, a change in building's heat demand may influence cogenerated electricity and hence the overall power system. For the building analyzed, the estimated annual total final heat and electricity savings were 136 (54%) and 30 MWh (52%), respectively, giving total annual primary energy savings of 177–289 MWh. This varies as the ratio of primary and final heat savings depends on the type of energy efficiency measure and the energy supply. For the same heat savings measure, a system with a heat-only boiler gave the highest primary energy savings, whereas a system based mostly on cogeneration of district heat and electricity in combination with averaged-efficiency standalone power plants gave the lowest primary energy savings. When the energy supply is based on energy-efficient renewable-based system, the differences in primary energy savings between large- and small-scale DHSs are minor for the same energy efficiency measure.
The European Union's Directive on energy performance of buildings emphasizes the need to take cost-effectiveness into account when measures are implemented for improved building energy efficiency. In this study, we investigate cost-effective energy renovation measures for a district heated building under different contexts, including varied locations, energy supply systems and economic scenarios. We determine the final and primary energy savings of cost-effective energy renovation packages for the building in the different contexts. The measures analysed include: improved insulation for attic floor, basement walls, and exterior walls; improved windows and doors; resource-efficient taps; heat recovery of exhaust ventilation air; energy-efficient household appliances and lighting. We consider three existing Swedish energy supply systems of varying district heat production scale and tariffs, and also plausible renewable-based energy supply systems. Our analysis calculates the final energy savings of the measures including the cost-effective renovation packages on hourly basis and links these to the different energy supply systems. The cost-effectiveness analysis is based on a double-stage optimization method, considering total and marginal investment costs of renovation measures as well as associated net present values of total and marginal cost savings. The results show that significant final and primary energy savings can be achieved when energy renovation measures are implemented for the building in the different contexts. This study shows that heat demand in existing Swedish building could be about halved while electricity use may be reduced considerably with cost-effective energy renovation measures. The economic viability of the renovation measures is sensitive to the economic regimes especially discount rates and energy price increase.
We estimate the climate effects of directing forest management in Sweden towards increased carbon storage in forests with more land set-aside for protection, or towards increased forest production for the substitution of carbon-intensive materials and fossil fuels, relative to a reference case of current forest management. We develop various scenarios of forest management and biomass use to estimate the carbon balances of the forest systems, including ecological and technological components, and their impacts on the climate in terms of radiative forcing. The scenario with increased set-aside area and the current level of forest residue harvest resulted in lower cumulative carbon emissions compared to the reference case for the first 90 years, but then showed higher emissions as reduced forest harvest led to higher carbon emissions from energy and material systems. For the reference case of current forest management, increased harvest of forest residues gave increased climate benefits. The most climatically beneficial alternative, expressed as reduced cumulative radiative forcing, in both the short and long terms is a strategy aimed at high forest production, high residue recovery rate, and high efficiency utilization of harvested biomass. Active forest management with high harvest levels and efficient forest product utilization will provide more climate benefit, compared to reducing harvest and storing more carbon in the forest.
Biomass is a key resource in a society based on renewable energy, but is a limited resource and the use of biomass in one sector will influence its availability for other sectors. The global energy system is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, and the climate impacts of CO2 occur regardless of the source of emissions. As a result, the climatic effects of biomass use in an energy system depend largely on which biomass feedstock and bioenergy pathway is being used, and what type of fossil fuel pathway is being replaced. In this study, we evaluate the CO2 emissions and climate effects of woody biomass and fossil fuel use. We analyse the potential production of electricity, heat or transport distance when using one kWh of woody biomass and fossil energy system designed to provide the same service to society as the most energy efficient bioenergy systems. The fuel cycle inputs are included in the analyses and are based on different state-of-the art as well as emerging technologies for energy conversion. We quantify the primary energy use and annual CO2 emission of different bioenergy and fossil alternatives. We then calculate the cumulative CO2 emission and climate effects in terms of cumulative radiative forcing for the fossil and bioenergy systems. The results show that primary energy use, CO2 emission, and cumulative radiative forcing vary strongly between the studied alternatives. The use of bioelectricity and electric vehicles instead of biomotor fuel-based vehicles gives about twice the transport distance per unit of consumed woody biomass. Integrated energy systems that supply a package of energy services including electricity, heat and transport distance reduce the primary energy use and increase the climate benefits of woody biomass. The replacement of coal for heat and electricity production by the here studied woody biomass gives large climate benefits immediately.
We analyse the climate implications of producing electricity in large-scale conversion plants using coal, forest slash and municipal solid waste with and without carbon capture and storage (CCS). We calculate the primary energy, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emission profiles, and the cumulative radiative forcing (CRF) of different systems that produce the same amount of electricity. We find that using slash or waste for electricity production instead of coal somewhat increases the instantaneous CO2 emission from the power plant, but avoids significant subsequent emissions from decaying slash in forests or waste in landfills. For slash used instead of coal, we find robust near- and long-term reductions in total emissions and CRF. Climate effects of using waste instead of coal are more ambiguous: CRF is reduced when CCS is used, but without CCS there is little or no climate benefits of using waste directly for energy, assuming that landfill gas is recovered and used for electricity production. The application of CCS requires more fuel, but strongly reduces the CO2 emissions. The use of slash or waste together with CCS results in negative net emissions and CRF, i.e. global cooling.
Different pathways and technologies can be used to convert woody biomass to transport services, but the biomass use and climate implications vary strongly between the alternatives. This study focuses on primary energy use and climate change effects of using bioenergy for transportation in the context of a renewable-based energy system. Integrated pathways to improve the energy efficiency of power and transportation sectors and integrated intermittent renewable energy are considered. The results show that the bioenergy pathway that produces biomotor fuels to replace fossil fuels leads to high primary energy use and instantaneous biogenic CO2 emission per km of driving distance, thus increasing global warming during the first 40e50 years, compared to fossil alternatives. The electric vehicle pathway using bioelectricity from combined heat and power plants leads to immediate global cooling and much greater climate benefits in the long run compared to biomotor fuels. Climate change effects of light-duty vehicles could be strongly reduced by changes in technology together with system integration that links the transport sector to the electricity and heating sectors. The use of biomass should be considered in the context of the overall integrated energy system, and in relation to the development of energy conversion technologies between different sectors.
An appropriate energy solution for buildings depends on the scale of demand and the availability of the surrounding technical infrastructure. Building energy demand can be altered by the application of various energy efficiency measures whereas the performance of the energy supply system can be changed by the involvement of various technologies. As a result, optimal energy supply options could depend on various parameters that depend on specific contexts. In this study, different options to supply energy to apartment buildings of different energy efficiency levels in Sweden are investigated. Different renewable-based alternatives to produce heat and electricity based on various state-of-the-art technologies are considered. The optimizations are based on the hourly variation throughout the year of energy demand and of different energy supply systems that change with the ambient conditions such as temperature and solar radiation. The results prove that optimal options for a building depend on its scale of energy demand and on the availability of technologies in the market. Also, there is a tradeoff between monetary costs and primary energy use in supplying energy to apartment buildings. This study shows that it is essential to consider the interaction between energy demand and supply to estimate the costs and primary energy use for energy supply alternatives. A heating system with an electric heat pump shows to be primary energy efficient option whereas that with a wood pellet boiler is a more cost efficient once. However, an energy supply option based on a combined heat and power unit using fuel cell technology could potentially be the most cost- and primary energy efficient option for buildings with low energy demand.
The primary energy savings depend on both the final energy savings and the energy efficiency of the supply system. In this study, we evaluate primary energy savings of different energy efficiency measures in a multistory district-heated building in Sweden. We consider various locations of the building with different district heat production systems (DHS) of different scales, technical charac-teristics and heat-load profiles. We show that the primary energy savings of the energy efficiency measures vary with the type of measure and with the type of energy supply systems. The energy efficiency measures give large final energy savings but their primary energy savings vary signifi-cantly. Of the energy efficiency measures, the measure that gives electricity savings but increase the use of district heat is the most primary energy efficient in relation to the final energy savings. Heat savings in buildings connected to small-scale DHS using heat-only boilers is more primary energy efficient than that in buildings connected to medium- and large- scale DHS using combined heat and power units. Evaluation of energy efficiency measures for district-heated buildings re-quires a systems perspective where the final energy savings in buildings are matched to the actu-al energy supply systems. | http://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/person.jsf?pid=authority-person%3A33187 |
Two supercritical CO2 (sCO2) Brayton cycles for waste heat recovery in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-based plant are assessed and compared from thermodynamic and economic perspectives. One cycle considered is a simple sCO2 cycle with recuperation, while the other is the supercritical recompression CO2 (srCO2) cycle. To provide a fair comparison be...
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This research presents an innovative approach for optimization based on a Genetic Algorithm optimization method. The system is configured by the integration of a gas turbine cycle, a dual-pressure heat recovery steam generator, a multi-effect desalination unit, a refrigeration organic Rankine cycle with an ejector, and a proton-exchange membrane el...
A novel integration of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell with lithium ion batteries is presented for a hydrogen electric vehicle. The performance of the PEM fuel cell is affected by the temperature of input air that is drawn from the environment for electrochemical reaction with the hydrogen. Preheating the input air before it enters the P...
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The current study aims to validate and apply an instrument to assess the relationship between institutional support, technological literacy, and self-efficacy on the intention to participate in the Facebook Metaverse using social cognitive theory. We performed a cross-sectional, analytical study of 410 citizens in Peru to assess the influence of in...
Understanding heat delivery in a multifaceted and vital engine component, such as the turbocharger, is important for improving engine performance and efficiency, but it is challenging to determine. In this paper, the temperature distribution in a turbocharger body was measured experimentally using a thermal camera, and a one-dimensional simulation...
This paper proposes and examines a highly integrated microgrid based on a reversible solid oxide cell, aimed at satisfying electrical and thermal loads of a 20-unit residential complex as well as the demands of electric and fuel cell vehicles. Such a system has been conceived as a profitable ready-made solution to be embedded into existing plants a...
This modeling study explores and optimizes the performance of the gasification of a rice husk and low-density polyethylene waste composite utilizing an orthogonal array design of a Taguchi technique. This modeling study uses a signal to noise ratio analysis to optimize the gasification of rice husk and low-density polyethylene waste composite and u...
The net-zero energy concept has attracted increasing attention to facilitate the development of sustainable built environments. Despite promising progress, there is no comprehensive approach that simultaneously considers all technical, economic, environmental, and social parameters. The present study uses the extended exergy accounting concept in t...
The use of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), organic flash cycle (OFC) and Kalina cycle (KC) is proposed to enhance the electricity generated by a supercritical CO2 recompression Brayton (SCRB) cycle. Novel comparisons of the SCRB/ORC, SCRB/OFC and SCRB/KC integrated plants from thermodynamic, exergoeconomic and sustainability perspectives are perfo...
This article presents new hexagonal and pentagonal PEM fuel cell models. The models have been optimized after achieving improved cell performance. The input parameters of the multi-objective optimization algorithm were pressure and temperature at the inlet, and consumption and output powers were the objective parameters. The output data of the nume...
To mitigate global warming and fossil fuel shortages a novel oxy-fuel combustion power plant integrated with a power to gas system is proposed. A net-zero emission MATIANT cycle with inherent CO2 capture ability is selected as the power cycle also providing the CO2 and power demand of the power to gas system, which comprises a proton exchange membr...
New concepts and strategies are continually being investigated to meet fuel efficiency targets for new generations of internal combustion engines. Thermal management methods can reduce fuel consumption by up to 4%. One approach for thermal management is a map-controlled thermostat. In the current work, this concept is investigated through a benchma...
Waste production is a significant problem affecting territories worldwide due to human activities linked to economic development and resource consumption, both in developed and developing countries. Approximately 7–10 billion tons of waste per year are produced worldwide, and large quantities of resources are expended on managing this waste. In the...
Organizations have been transforming their operations under the circularity scheme, leading to a series of changes to make the supply chain sustainable. In this chapter, various components of circularity in processes are described. Detailed information is presented on companies making efforts to develop or implement supply chains based on the circu...
When energy is considered, the circular economy seeks ways to reduce the environmental impact of energy systems by reducing energy use and waste generation. Design facets related to energy, especially energy selection and energy efficiency, are essential considerations in the circular economy and are described in this chapter. The descriptions are...
The circular economy is based on waste management and the generation of new inputs that are alternatives to the current materials in use. For the current status of the world, greenhouse gases are emitted that are a main cause of climate change and that are caused by the increasingly widespread extractive economy based on the concept of “extract-pro...
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the entire global dynamic, causing numerous rapid adaptation processes by companies to survive. The positive impact caused by quarantine via reducing NO2 contamination is examined in this chapter. Perhaps, once countries resume their usual activities, atmospheric NO2 concentrations will rise again. Plans made in Eu...
Fuel cell and hydrogen energy technologies have been investigated by academia, industry, and government to reduce air pollution and mitigate global warming. The transition of heavy‐duty trucks (HDTs) from diesel to hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) could maintain the contribution of HDTs to freight transport at nearly zero carbon dioxide emission. This pa...
A novel cogeneration system consisting of an absorption heat transformer and refrigeration system integrated with a water desalination system is proposed, analyzed, and optimized. The cogeneration and desalination systems interacted thermally. The proposed system is flexible in producing cooling and distilled water with variable fractions. Influenc...
Gasification, as one of the most effective thermochemical methods for treatment of various types of waste, has been well studied for biomass, municipal solid waste, and plastic waste. However, polymeric foam waste gasification has not been addressed well and needs to be developed, particularly because of the large volume of such waste produced espe...
An experimental thermal survey of a turbocharger was performed in an engine test cell using IR thermography. The emissivity coefficients of housings were specified using a furnace and camera. It was shown that the emissivity of the turbine, compressor, and bearing housings are 0.92, 0.65, and 0.74, respectively. In addition, thermocouples were moun...
Biomass gasification technology is a promising process to produce a stable gas with a wide range of applications, from direct use to the synthesis of value-added biochemicals and biofuels. Due to the high capital/operating costs of the technology and the necessity for prudent management of thermal energy exchanges in the biomass gasification proces...
This article presents new hexagonal and pentagonal PEM fuel cell models. The models have been optimized after achieving improved cell performance. The input parameters of the multi-objective optimization algorithm were pressure and temperature at the inlet, and consumption and output powers were the objective parameters. The output data of the nume...
Three geothermal systems, including single-flash, double-flash, and double-flash connected turbine flash geothermal power plants, are compared in terms of electrical power production and exergy efficiency. In the double-flash connected turbine (double-T) geothermal electrical power production systems, the outlet stream from the first steam turbine...
A novel hybrid renewable-energy-based system for generating multiple commodities is investigated in this study. The heat gained from geothermal and solar energy sources is converted into useful products such as electricity, domestic hot water, cooling load, and hydrogen via an integrated energy system including parabolic trough collectors, a Kalina...
Investigating the constructions of borehole heat exchangers with high efficiency (unit heat transfer between the heat carrier and ground) is important. One of the means to improve efficiency is the use of the most efficient construction of the borehole heat exchanger. The paper describes research on borehole heat exchangers’ thermal efficiency, whi...
An analysis is reported of a geothermal-based electricity-freshwater system in which an organic Rankine cycle is integrated with a multi-effect distillation desalination unit. The system is driven by geothermal hot water extracted from the production well. Mass, energy, entropy, and exergy rate balances are written for all system components, as are...
To address energy and water issues as well as concerns about environmental impacts, especially climate change, practices for employing sustainable energy technologies, particularly those based on renewable energy, are growing in importance. The utilization of sustainable energy technologies with water desalination systems is of interest to many. Th...
Energy and exergy methods are described and illustrated, with an emphasis on the powerful tool exergy analysis. A procedure for exergy analysis is given, and key facets of exergy methods are described. To provide a suitable foundation, theoretical and practical aspects of thermodynamics most relevant to energy and exergy methods are reviewed as nec...
Seawater desalination technologies are generally driven by electricity, heat, fuel, or some combination thereof. Assessing the energy requirements of desalination systems becomes more complex when they are combined with other energy systems such as power plants and cogeneration systems. To characterize the performance of desalination systems and to...
Second law or exergy analysis is a powerful thermodynamic assessment tool. Applying exergy methods to desalination systems is useful, as there are notable differences between the theoretical and practical minimum energy requirements for a desalting process due to the irreversibilities in real systems. The use of exergy methods in desalination syste...
The models presented for different desalination techniques help to develop an understanding of desalination technologies and their operation, as well as means for improving them. A proper model accounts for the design and operating parameters when analyzing a desalination system. In this chapter, the modeling of commonly used desalination technolog...
Optimization is a powerful tool through which one or more chosen quantities, known as objective functions, can be minimized or maximized to determine optimal values of design parameters. In recent years, the development and growth of the desalination industry has been highly dependent on the optimization of systems, processes, and designs. Optimiza...
Freshwater production costs generally depend on site-specific conditions such as local energy costs, level of freshwater quality required, and concentration of constituents in feed water. The latter is a particularly important factor in desalination system design and cost. A competitive cost for freshwater production using renewable energy–driven s...
Sustainable energy is a significant and focal aspect of sustainability, an important consideration for human development and activity. Sustainable energy is of importance because of the broad and growing nature of energy use, there are numerous environmental impacts associated with energy systems and the significance of energy to living standards a...
In this chapter, the main desalination technologies and their working principles are described. Each technology is described in detail showing how the process works. Various arrangements and designs for these techniques are presented and compared in terms of specific energy consumption, cost, freshwater production capacity, and energy efficiency. E...
Although water is the one of the most abundant substances on the planet, only 0.5% of natural water resources are freshwater. The global need for freshwater is increasing dramatically, while natural readily available freshwater resources, such as rivers, lakes and aquifers, are diminishing. Numerous freshwater supply options have been employed in t...
A novel geothermal desalination system is proposed and optimized in terms of maximizing the exergy efficiency and minimizing the total cost rate of the system. The system includes a geothermal steam turbine with a flash chamber, a reverse osmosis unit and a multi-effect distillation system. First, exergy and economic analyses of the system are perf...
An innovative energy optimization algorithm is employed for an existing office building. This optimization is done to decrease energy usage and increase the building's energy efficiency. Apart from this optimization, an efficient solar thermal system is used for reducing building CO2 emissions. In addition, to achieve more significant CO2 reduction...
High-energy demand with rapid industrialization and mechanization combined with environmental pollution due to the burning of fossil fuels has driven a shift toward renewable energy. Biogas derived from biomass is a potential renewable energy source that can be used in different sectors such as transportation sector, electricity generation, heat pr...
Energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic evaluations of various geothermal configurations are reported. The main operational and economic parameters of the cycles are evaluated and compared. Multi-objective optimization of the cycles is conducted using the artificial bee colony algorithm. A sensitivity assessment is carried out on the effect of productio...
A new polygeneration system utilizing biomass and composed of a biomass combustor, a Rankine power cycle, a biofuel production plant to produce bioethanol and biogas, and a district heating system for production of hot water, is proposed and investigated. Energy and thermodynamic analyses are conducted on the proposed system. Furthermore, a paramet...
The optimal equipment arrangement for a system for cogeneration of thermal and electrical energy for a total site is determined with exergoeconomic analysis. A steam power plant can operate concurrently in a dual-use mode producing steam and electricity. It is important to know the potential for cogeneration before designing and optimizing a centra...
The purpose of this paper is to optimally and economically schedule residential building energy system, considering renewable energy resources uncertainties and battery energy storage system (BESS) application under different operation modes. The power exchange of this system with the grid, named as building to grid (B2G) or grid to building (G2B)...
Emergy analysis is an effective technique to scrutinize the sustainability of energy systems. In this study, the renewability, sustainability, environmental impacts, and economic aspect of three common hydrogen production systems are studied applying emergy analysis. Hydrogen is produced by (a) biomass gasification and membrane-assisted hydrogen se...
The objective of this empirical study is to determine: (a) the underlying variables of the travel motivations related to a coastal city; and (b) the motivational dimensions that predict return, recommendation, and saying positive things about a coastal city as loyalty variables. This project utilized an in situ investigation carried out in Lima, a...
Integrated approaches across energy, water and environment systems can accelerate the process of mitigating climate change through urgent action. New scientific advances that extend multiple opportunities in this direction have emanated from the 2nd Latin American, 1st Asia Pacific, 4th South East European and 15th Conferences on Sustainable Develo...
Due to continuous growth in population and sharp increases in energy and food demand, research into alternative energy sources independent of fossil fuels has increased over the last decade. Moreover, limitations on greenhouse gas emissions by developed and developing countries are placing much pressure on the energy sector worldwide to use renewab...
Due to continuous growth in population and sharp increase in energy and food demand, research on alternative energy sources independent of fossil fuels has increased over the last decade. Moreover, limitations on greenhouse gas emissions by developed and developing countries are imposing much pressure on the energy sector worldwide to use renewable...
The circular economy can contribute to the eco-efficient use of resources. Firms can obtain relevant benefits if they implement a circular economy. In Peru, the circular economy would create benefits, but it is not fully clear what factors explain the acceptance of firms of implementing a circular economy. Following the theory of planned behavior,...
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have being used in different solar energy systems for thermal energy storage and performance enhancement. Improving heat transfer from PCMs leads to reductions in charge and discharge durations, which makes them more favorable as storage units. Dispersion of conductive solid materials with nano dimensions is a practica...
Energy, exergy, exergoenvironmental, and exergoeconomic analyses of a natural gas boosting station are presented using a real‐gas model and actual operational data. The effect of varies performance parameters on the thermodynamic efficiencies, specific fuel consumption (SFC), gas‐phase emissions, and cost rates are assessed. The results show that,...
Although energy is conventionally examined when studying thermodynamic flows and balances for the Earth and its systems, the planet does not consume energy as its energy inflows and outflows are in balance. Similarly, energy is conserved for systems on the Earth. The Earth does, however, consume exergy and generate entropy, and it is insightful to...
The current study aims to validate and apply an instrument to assess the relationship between communication overload, social overload, technostress, exhaustion and academic performance. We performed a cross-sectional, analytical study of 2286 university medical students to assess the influence of technostress as a mediator of social media overload,...
The Propane thermal cracking reactor process is investigated in an industrial furnace with an alternative wall burner arrangement. Temperature and heat distribution of the furnace is obtained by three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation technique using Ansys Fluent software. Ten calculation domains are adopted to decrease calc...
Diversifying energy supplies by employing renewable energy sources and integrating them with appropriate energy storage options can assist in shifting toward energy sustainability. Solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, and ocean sources are used commonly for providing electricity and heat. Energy storage technologies have become increasingly necessary...
This chapter describes how energy and exergy analyses of thermal energy storage (TES) systems are performed, and to demonstrate the usefulness of such analyses in providing insights into TES behavior and performance. Exergy analysis is a thermodynamic analysis technique based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics which provides an alternative and ill...
Energy demands in the commercial, industrial, and utility sectors vary on daily, weekly, and seasonal bases. These demands can be matched with the help of thermal energy storage (TES) systems that operate synergistically. Many types of energy storage play an important role in energy conservation. Thermal energy quantities differ in temperature. As...
Thermal management systems are essential for ensuring the safety and protection against failure of electronic devices and circuits due to their excess heat generation. Phase change materials (PCMs) are often used for thermal management systems. A PCM is a substance that absorbs/releases sufficient energy upon undergoing phase transition for providi...
This chapter describes and illustrates various numerical approaches and methods for the modeling, simulation, and analysis of sensible and latent thermal energy storage (TES) systems. It provides a brief overview of several techniques used in typical analyses of TES applications, with an emphasis on numerical simulation. Although the field of TES i...
Thermal energy storage (TES) is one of the key technologies for energy conservation, and therefore, it is of great practical importance. One of its main advantages is that it is best suited for heating and cooling thermal applications. TES via latent heat has received a great deal of interest. Perhaps, the most obvious example of latent TES is the...
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A novel system was developed by combining the alkali metal thermal to electric converter (AMTEC) and biomass gasification. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of utilizing the emitted gas caused by biomass gasification as the heat source of the AMTEC device. Key features were studied at constant temperatures under the i...
Hydrogen is produced by an externally fired combined cycle. Hydrogen can be consumed in different ways. For the present study, we use both common and realistic thermodynamic and exergoeconomic analyses. With the realistic method, the results are not necessarily in accordance with common analyses. The compressor pressure ratio (rp) and the gas turbi...
Based on the benefits of integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCCs), a cogeneration plant for providing electricity and freshwater is proposed. The main novelties of the devised system are the integration of biomass gasification and a regenerative gas turbine with intercooling and a syngas combustor, where the syngas produced in the gasifier i...
This research assesses the influence of education development support, conceptual development support, and country support through entrepreneurial self-efficacy over green entrepreneurial intentions. A total of 532 business students in Ecuador participated in an online survey. Eight questions were focused on demographic information, and twenty-seve...
In this paper, a multigeneration system is proposed, which utilizes geothermal energy and a lithium-bromide absorption cooling cycle. The proposed system is capable of providing electricity, heating, cooling, and domestic hot water to a small residential community in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The performance of the system's heating and c...
In this research paper, a multi-objective optimization for sizing a stand-alone photovoltaic system for a Conex in remote areas is developed based on a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) technique. The stand-alone system is composed of a photovoltaic array, a cooling/heating system, battery banks, an inverter, and a charge controller. The MILP...
Since rural systems often have no connections to backup electrical supplies, determining the optimal location and the optimal size of a stand-alone system is an important challenge. In this paper an efficient framework based on a hybrid heuristic approach is proposed to find the appropriate capacity and location for stand-alone, remote photovoltaic...
Meeting the emission norms specified by governing bodies is one of the major challenges faced by engine manufacturers, especially without sacrificing engine performance and fuel economy. Several methods and techniques are being used globally to reduce engine emissions. Even though emissions can be reduced, doing so usually entails a deterioration i...
Due to climate change phenomena, the transition of intercontinental energy supply provides opportunities and challenges for the economy. One salient factor in the economy often is the tourism industry. The scarcity of studies of the relationship between the tourism industry and renewable energy exhorts more studies to inquire about their relationsh...
Transportation sector is one of the core parts of modern civilization. Proper utiliza�tion of energy and exergy in this sector is necessary to ensure energy loss and envi�ronmental sustainability. Increasing exergy efficiency will reduce carbon emissions from this sector. Since 1970, Reistad estimates have been widely used to determine the energy...
Switching from fossil fuels to biofuels is an effective option for small-scale power production and cogeneration systems. The target of the current study is to propose and investigate a novel seasonal combined cycle driven by a biogas-fueled gas turbine from thermodynamic and economic viewpoints. Regarding the high-temperature of the turbine's exha...
In this paper, the advantages of using insulation on building external walls are investigated via a dynamic simulation-optimization technique. The insulation layers are assumed to vary continuously in the external walls in order to cover infinite placement scenarios, for moderate and dry regions. First, the best insulation placement and thickness i...
Space heating and cooling account for major portions of the energy consumption in various types of buildings. Energy use that relies heavily on fossil fuels results in greenhouse gas emissions and ultimately contributes to climate change via global warming. As such, it is important to utilize clean and renewable technologies to meet building energy...
No one can disagree the growing attention to developing and utilizing high temperature fuel cells partly due to their potential for multi-service applications. Recently, much focus can be observed on examination of the integration of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) or molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) systems with other subsystems to propose polygener... | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marc-Rosen-3 |
Under the background of extensive improvement of renewable resources and demand for reliable emergency power supply, we proposed a hybrid energy storage system including an electric double-layer capacitor bank and a hydrogen system which is composed of fuel cell, electrolyzer, gas tank and metal hydride tank. Through its integration with photovoltaic power sources in a local direct current grid, we expect to obtain both of stable energy source at ordinary times and long-time reliable autonomous emergency power supply when outages happen. A three-day demonstration of the proposed system was performed. The fluctuation compensation performance of the components and the long-time stable power supply obtained by the entire system were evaluated at first, hence the configuration and the management methods of the proposed system were verified in the autonomous emergency power supply application. Meanwhile, the performance of the hybrid use of the gas tank and the metal hydride tank in the system was preliminarily evaluated, for its effectiveness verification on reducing auxiliary power for temperature condition of the metal hydride tank. Moreover, we investigated the distribution characteristics of the power and energy loss in the electric double-layer capacitor, electrolyzer and fuel cell, and their correlation to the efficiency characteristics under different conditions during the operation. The investigation results showed that the continual low-load-ratio state of the electrolyzer and fuel cell led to the low efficiency, the rare high-power occurrence of the electrolyzer and fuel cell led their demanded excessive power capacity. Thus, we proposed a solution method of shifting the electrolyzer and fuel cell's load to the EDLC, when the electrolyzer and fuel cell are in low-load-ratio and excessive high-power state, in order for efficiency increase and facility capacity reduction. | https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/continuous-operation-in-an-electric-and-hydrogen-hybrid-energy-st |
E3S Web Conf.
Volume 124, 2019International Scientific and Technical Conference Smart Energy Systems 2019 (SES-2019)
|Article Number||04005|
|Number of page(s)||4|
|Section||Economics and Energy Management|
|DOI||https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912404005|
|Published online||25 October 2019|
Investigation of energy consumption trends in petrochemical plants for the management of resource saving
Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russia
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
The relevance of the research topic is due to the study of the important problem of improving the energy efficiency of the economy and the meso and micro levels. In the conditions of the development of an innovative economy, energy saving becomes one of the main factors for increasing the economic efficiency and economic security of industrial enterprises and complexes. The article discusses the main aspects of the organization of energy-saving environmental production systems. The factors affecting the energy efficiency of the production process from the standpoint of logistics, including the processes of storage, storage and transportation of products within an industrial enterprise, are summarized. As a criterion of energy saving in logistics chains, the coefficient of consumption of energy resources spent per unit of production is given. The analysis of the dynamics of fuel and energy costs per unit of output by the types of activities of petrochemical plants of the Republic of Tatarstan was carried out. The specificity of the level of fuel and energy costs by type of activity is shown, depending on the specifics of production and products. The variation of energy consumption data by types of petrochemical production activities for 10 years has been calculated. The prospects for reducing the energy intensity of petrochemical enterprises in the context of the liberalization of the market of electric energy and power are considered. The materials of the study can be used in managing the development of the real sector of the economy, the service sector, both at the enterprise services level and in government structures. In addition, the proposed methodology is appropriate for assessing the level of resource-saving production, building innovative energy-saving development strategies, and developing a mechanism for targeted actions for the rational use of resources.
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2019
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Fuel cells present a highly efficient and environmentally friendly alternative technology for decentralized energy production. The scope of the present study is to provide an overview of the technological and commercialization readiness level of fuel cells. Specifically, there is a brief description of their general advantages and weaknesses in correlation with various technological actions and political strategies, which are adopted towards their proper positioning in the global market. Some of the most important key performance indicators are also discussed, alongside with a few examples of broad commercialization. It is concluded that the increasing number of companies which utilize and invest on this technology, in combination with the supply chain improvements and the concomitant technological maturity and recognition, reinforce the fuel cell industry so as to become well-aligned for global success.
Ambio Fuel cells are a commercially viable alternative for the production of ''clean'' energy Dimitris K. Niakolas Maria Daletou Stylianos G. Neophytides Constantinos G. Vayenas Fuel cells present a highly efficient and environmentally friendly alternative technology for decentralized energy production. The scope of the present study is to provide an overview of the technological and commercialization readiness level of fuel cells. Specifically, there is a brief description of their general advantages and weaknesses in correlation with various technological actions and political strategies, which are adopted towards their proper positioning in the global market. Some of the most important key performance indicators are also discussed, alongside with a few examples of broad commercialization. It is concluded that the increasing number of companies which utilize and invest on this technology, in combination with the supply chain improvements and the concomitant technological maturity and recognition, reinforce the fuel cell industry so as to become well-aligned for global success. Fuel cells; Market position; Policy making; Sustainable energy; Technology level INTRODUCTION The European Union is committed to transforming its transport and energy systems into low-carbon systems by 2050 and to decouple economic growth from resource and energy use, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing energy security, while maintaining a strong competitive global position. Some recent studies (Lund 2010; Akikur et al. 2014; Maalej et al. 2014; Rothuizen and Rokni 2014; Yazdanie et al. 2014) have concluded that hydrogen, together with electricity, alternative power sources, sustainable biofuels and natural gas, could gradually become a much more significant component of the European energy mix. Fuel cells at the same time are the most efficient means of converting various fuels, especially hydrogen, to clean, efficient, reliable power and heat for a wide range of energy-related applications, including portable devices, combined heat and power (CHP) and road and non-road transport (FCH JU-2-MAWP 2014) . Fuel cells (FC) and hydrogen (H2) systems offer a potential long-term energy option, but still face some major challenges in facilitating their market breakthrough, despite the significant progress that has been achieved the last 20 years. Being a commercially embryonic technology compared to traditional energy sources, the resources needed to bring fuel cells into a commercial breakthrough necessary for a fast market penetration are still significant (Lund 2010) . It is a common belief that nowadays, we are witnessing the beginning of an extremely exciting time for fuel cell and hydrogen technologies, driven primarily by three forces: the recognition of hydrogen as an attractive and important energy storage platform by energy utilities; the interest of major global telecoms in fuel cell backup power; and the commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) by the world’s major automakers. It is a fact that an early market has already evolved. Small fuel cells for charging of smartphones are already commercially available (i.e. PowerTrekk1), as well as small CHP units where more than 100 000 units have been deployed in the Japanese ENE-FARM program. Another successful example is the installation of more than 100 MW of MCFC units for distributed CHP in the US and South Korea. These are some early applications, but of great importance, towards the further growth of the fuel cells and hydrogen field. With an increasing number of truly global companies utilizing and investing in fuel cell technology and with the supply chain improvements and technology recognition 1 http://www.myfcpower.com. that will come with the mass manufacture of passenger vehicles, the fuel cell industry is becoming increasingly well-aligned for global success. Consequently, fuel cells and hydrogen are part of the portfolio of technologies identified in the strategic energy technology (SET) Plan with expected contributions to a sustainable and secure energy supply system in the medium and, mainly, in the long-term. This is also consistent with the goals of the EU 2020 strategy, the energy 2050 roadmap, the white paper on transport, the communication on research and innovation for Europe’s future mobility (strategic transport technology plan, STTP) and the communication on clean power for transport outlining the European alternative fuels strategy (FCH JU-2-MAWP 2014) . Fuel cells are basically open thermodynamic systems. They operate on the basis of electrochemical reactions and consume reactant from an external source (Mekhilefa et al. 2012) . They are favourable alternatives to conventional electricity generation methods for small-scale applications. Hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels contain significant chemical energy in comparison with conventional battery materials; hence they are now widely developed for numerous energy applications (Mekhilefa et al. 2012) . Fuel cell technology is a promising substitute for fossil fuels to provide energy for rural areas where there is no access to the public grid or huge cost of wiring and transferring electricity is required. In addition, applications with essential secure electrical energy requirement such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), power generation stations and distributed systems can employ fuel cells as their device for secure energy production (Mekhilefa et al. 2012) . In general, fuel cells are different according to their operating temperature, efficiency, applications and costs. They are classified based on the choice of fuel and electrolyte into six major groups (Mekhilefa et al. 2012) : • • • • • Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), including the subcategory of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) PEM fuel cell technology has proven to be the most popular type of fuel cell with regard to unit shipments. This can be attributed to its wide application across all applications, unlike other fuel cell types, and its suitability for use at both small and large scales. In terms of delivered megawatts per fuel cell type and according to a recent report on the industrial development from E4tech (2014 ) MCFCs were dominating in 2013, the PEMFCs were second and the SOFCs were third in the ranking producing about half of that of MCFCs. Due to the increase in market pull and the number of products available, the residential combined heat and power (resCHP) market is experiencing annual doubledigit growth. The small, stationary fuel cells used for resCHP systems typically range in power ratings from 0.8 kW to up to 8 kW and provide on-site electricity and low-grade heat generation for the home. Finally, comparison of the estimated capital costs between ICEVs (internal combustion electric vehicles) and FCEVs (fuel cell electric vehicles) shows that although the latter is more expensive due to costs involved with hydrogen system modifications and distribution infrastructure, the operational costs during the vehicle’s lifetime are less. Current innovative and modern fuel cell technologies need to meet the economical features and exceed the advantages of the existing technologies to be acceptable for mass production. In order to improve the feasibility and to increase the efficiency of FCEVs, more R&D should be conducted by research institutes and industries. Fuel cells offer a number of important advantages over internal combustion engine (ICE) and other current power generator systems (Mekhilefa et al. 2012) . GENERAL STRENGTHS OF THE FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS The major advantage of fuel cells is their high thermodynamic efficiency, which can take realistic values in the range of 40–60 %. Meanwhile, there is concomitant production of heat with the electric energy; heat that is available at slightly lower temperature of the one that the cell operates. This means that fuel cells have the potential to be used for cogeneration of electricity and heat, covering thus the heat and power needs for domestic and other larger scale industrial applications, which is very interesting under the perspective of the steadily increased tendency for decentralized power production. Fuel cell systems are flexible regarding the power output and they can be used for the power production of electrical power in the region from 50 W to 100 MW. Specifically, the power output of small portable systems can be as low as a few watts, whereas in the case of biological fuel cells for medical applications the power output can be lower. In contrast to the conventional heating systems, they possess apart from the highest thermodynamic output factor, the following two advantages: (i) the efficiency for the electrical energy production is preserved in high values even for small-scale units, while its value is high under partial load conditions and it can be higher than that under full load conditions and (ii) this technology is environmental friendly, taking into consideration that the pollution emissions are negligible when using H2. Especially in the case where hydrogen is the main fuel there are no polluting emissions at all, while in the case of other fuels, such as natural gas, the quantity of the polluting emissions is approximately two orders of magnitude lower than that in the case of the conventional electro-productive systems. GENERAL WEAKNESSES OF THE FUEL CELLS SYSTEMS • • • Durability issues/stability and useful lifetime Major challenges in producing, transporting and storing hydrogen Production cost use of (rare-noble) expensive raw elements and materials. For example, the catalyst being extensively used in PEFMCs is Platinum (Pt). Consequently, if someone considers the possible scenario in which all vehicles are powered by PEMFCs, then it is most likely that the world reserves of this precious metal are not enough for the future needs. Therefore, there is extensive research activity for the decrease of Pt content or for its replacement with other cheaper and if possible more efficient materials. In the SOFC category that can also operate with natural gas as the fuel a major problem comes with the deactivation/poisoning of the fuel cell electrodes, which is attributed to carbon deposition and/or sulphur poisoning. This deactivation has a negative impact on the stability and reliability of the whole system, while it constitutes another worldwide research field of intensive activities, for the development of effective and tolerant materials. Furthermore, the controlling procedures of many (full power) units are time consuming and expensive. These processes are imperative for ensuring that the reliability and the lifetime of the fuel cell systems will last for approximately 5 000 and 40 000 h for portable and stationary applications, respectively, in order to be commercially viable. Finally, H2 infrastructure for fuelling or even the on-site production of H2 has to be developed. This can be accomplished by the parallel development of renewable H2 production and storage technologies either on site or through a distributed network. The main H2 production technologies comprise water electrolysis from renewable electricity and biofuels production and reforming. The cost of production, transportation and storage of H2 is still high and needs to be tackled. Regarding the adopted actions and strategies in a global extent, the United Nations Environmental programme envisages 27 GW of installed fuel cell capacity in OECD Europe for the year 2020. Moreover, the US total investment in fuel cell companies in 2012 was $307.1 million, while the US Department of Energy (DOE) is continuing to show support for next-generation fuel cell systems. In June 2013, DOE rolled out $9 million in grants to speed up the technology, while $4.5 million will be invested in two projects focused on advanced fuel cell membranes (Minnesota based-3 M and Colorado School of Mines). These projects fall in line with other DOE projects during the past decade with the goal of improving efficiency and lowering costs for fuel cells. The research projects have helped cut down on the amount of platinum used in catalysts by a factor of five. They have also reduced the costs of transportation with fuel cells more than 80 % since 2002. Asia and especially Japan and South Korea constitute the leading market for fuel cells and is likely the most dynamic region for fuel cell development right now. Specifically, Asia continues to dominate the fuel cell industry in terms of system shipments with 28 000 in 2012 and 51 100 in 2013, which correspond to 61 and 75 %, respectively, of the global market. More precisely, the former category is dominated by Japan with more than 40 000 residential CHP units, likely to be shipped during 2014, and several thousand units for backup power installed throughout Asia. Furthermore, Asia overtook North America to lead the 2012 megawatt count with 86.1 MW, or 52 % of the total. North America followed second with 37 % in 2012, while Europe was third with approximately 10 % in 2012. It is noteworthy to be mentioned that this ranking continues in 2013 and in the forecasts for 2014 ( FUELCELLTODAY 2013 ; E4tech 2014 ). Particularly for the MW field, Korea remains the leading market, mostly due to the ongoing installation of large fuel cell systems for prime power in dedicated fuel cell parks. On the other hand, the European Commission has supported research and development in fuel cells and hydrogen technologies since the early EU Framework Programmes (FP) with increasing funding levels over time (e.g. 145 million € in FP5, 315 million € in FP6) (FCH JU-2-MAWP 2014) . In May 2008 the Council adopted a Regulation (EC no. 521/2008) setting up a Joint Undertaking for the implementation of the Joint Technology Initiative on Fuels Cells and Hydrogen (hereinafter referred to as ‘‘FCH JU’’) on the basis of Article 171 of the EC Treaty, now replaced by Article 187 of the TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) (FCH JU-2-MAWP 2014) . The main target is that by 2020, fuel cell and hydrogen technologies should be demonstrated as one of the pillars of future European energy and transport systems, making a valued contribution to the goals of the European strategic energy technology plan (SET Plan) (European Commission 2007, p. 723) and the European strategic transport technology plan (STTP) (SWD (2012) 260 final), contributing significantly to the transformation to a low-carbon economy by 2050. The overall commitment of stakeholders remains strong as shown by a recent survey performed by the FCH JU (FCH JU), even if the economic crisis and the tendency to reduce investment in longer term research have affected some strong industry and research players. Some of the main objectives that need to be achieved by 2020, in order to ensure that the performances of the technologies will allow for their progressive deployment and their full integration in a low-carbon economy during the period up to 2050 (FCH JU-2-MAWP 2014) are as follows: • Reducing by a factor of 10 the production cost of fuel cell systems to be used in transport applications (currently 500 €/kW for cars) thanks to scientific and technology progress as well as scale effects when series production is launched—while increasing lifetime by a factor of 2 (currently 2 500 h for cars). • Increasing the electrical efficiency of fuel cells for power production by on average 10 percentage points (currently 40–50%), while reducing cost by a factor of 3 (currently 4 500–8 000 €/kW) and increasing the durability by a factor of 4 (currently 8 000–15 000 h for PEMFCs, 40 000–50 000 h for SOFCs and 70 000–80 000 h for MCFCs). • Increasing the energy efficiency of hydrogen production via electrolysis from 67 to 77 % while reducing the investment cost to below 2 million€/t per day capacity (currently 3–4 million€/t). • Demonstrating at large scale (10’s to 100 MW) the feasibility of hydrogen as a competitive energy storage medium for integration of electricity produced from renewable primary energy. PROPOSED RESEARCH DIRECTIONS ON MATERIALS, PROCESSES AND FUEL CELL SYSTEMS The new multiannual working plan (MAWP) of the FCH JU is focussing its activities on demonstration and field testing projects aiming to the faster development of fuel cell systems and their market penetration. However, the massive use of fuel cells still needs breakthrough research on materials and their interfaces (mainly the electrochemical interfaces) as these are summarised in the following topics: • Novel materials and novel fuel cell design concepts, which will allow the effective reduction of precious metal loadings. This can be achieved through two main approaches. One is the development of novel, more • • • active, electrocatalysts aiming to atomic distribution of the metal active phase on stable nanostructured supporting materials. The other approach is through the synthesis and development of stable anionic alkaline polymer electrolytes, which will allow the use of non precious metal electrocatalysts. Simulation and understanding the functionality and operational characteristics of a 3D structured electrochemical interface. This research topic aims to (i) 100 % utilization of the active electrocatalyst and (ii) the innovative design of the flow fields. As a result, a uniform distribution of the reacting gases can be achieved along the 3D structure of the catalytic layer, i.e. below the gas streams and below the ribs of the bipolar plates. Novel designs, engineering and operational concepts can be conceived so as to improve the performance of fuel cells. This advance can be accomplished by means of an integrated approach, based both on materials development and on the deployment of innovative cell designs. The specific strategy will permit the effective control of (i) the electrocatalytic activity, especially in terms of the efficiency of the electrochemical interfaces and (ii) the poisoning effect of the feeding gases on the electrodes’ performance. Regarding the fuel cell systems development, the MAWP of FCH JU is focusing its activities for the next seven years on the development of fuel cell systems for transportation by the use of pure H2 and CHP units for stationary applications, operating on natural gas and/or hydrocarbons reforming. Nevertheless, on the basis of future systems development towards 2050, fuel cell systems can play the leading role in a sustainable decentralized and environmentally being H2 economy, as well as in the area of wastewater purification and electricity production. A brief description of such systems is given below: Regenerative or unitized fuel cells can be developed as energy storage/production devices where renewable energy can be stored in a closed water loop in the form of H2 by water splitting through electrolysis, while fuel cell can consume stored H2 at will for the production of electricity. An advanced version of such a system is the development of a unitized fuel cell/electrolyser in one device (Millet et al. 2011) . The technological feasibility and challenge of such a system depends on the development of anode materials, which can be used in polymer electrolyte membrane systems both as anodes for fuel cells and water electrolysis. Furthermore, the same technological approach can be achieved through the development of high temperature Solid Oxide Electrolysis (SOECs) and Molten Carbonate Electrolysis Cells (MCECs). These systems show great dynamics to become commercially competitive against other electrolysis technologies (AEL, PEMEL), which are better established in the market but more expensive and less efficient (Grindler et al. 2014) . Photo excited electrochemical devices can be used for the photo oxidation of organic load in wastewater and electricity cogeneration. The process is based on the photoelectroreforming of the organic matter on n-type semiconducting photoanodes and the production of protons H? which can readily reduce O2 at the cathode for the sustainable electricity production. This process can be termed as ‘‘photo fuel cell’’ and the energy that can be produced by the efficient photoinduced mineralization of urban wastes can be up to 10 % of the electricity of the urban area. CONCLUSION Fuel Cells and Hydrogen (FCH) technologies introduce radical changes and their potential social and environmental benefits will not be monetized on the short term, which increases the investment risk for early movers. Despite its significant progress, the technology has not yet achieved competitive levels of life-cycle cost and overall performance required for a large-scale deployment, though the commercialization of some specific products (e.g. passenger cars, buses, materials handling vehicles, backup power, portable power) has already begun. Thus, a strong technology leapfrogging to reduce the costs would be very beneficial. Large concerted research and development (R&D) actions such as the European fuel cell and hydrogen joint technology effort, the Japanese ENE-FARM program and other actions would be highly justified and could save billions of euros in market deployment efforts otherwise required. The time to breakthrough could similarly be reduced by 60–70 % (Lund 2010) . On the other hand, it has to be mentioned that so far all fuel cells that have been commercially introduced are, more or less, based on ‘‘conventional’’ materials and concepts, which have been tested and technologically established for quite some time. Thus, a large-scale introduction of fuel cells might be already feasible even without major breakthroughs. The latter statement is further verified by the recent commercial introduction of fuel cell vehicles by Toyota and Hyundai. The great opportunity for fuel cells is issued from the fact that this technology connects two basic future energy carriers: electricity and hydrogen. Fuel cells are the most appropriate technology for the conversion of the hydrogen‘s chemical energy to electricity, due to the high conversion efficiency. Furthermore, it is a common belief that we are witnessing the beginning of an extremely exciting time for fuel cell and hydrogen technologies, driven primarily by three forces: the recognition of hydrogen as an attractive and important energy storage platform by energy utilities; the interest of major global telecoms in fuel cell backup power; and the commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) by the world’s major automakers. With an increasing number of truly global companies utilizing and investing in fuel cell technology and with the supply chain improvements and technology recognition that will come with the mass manufacture of passenger vehicles, the fuel cell industry is becoming increasingly well-aligned for global success. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 123 AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Dimitris K. Niakolas is an associate research scientist at FORTH/ ICE-HT. His research interests focus on the areas of heterogeneous catalysis, solid state electrochemistry (ceramic materials, fuel cell and high temperature electrolysis technologies), chemical and electrochemical kinetics. Address: Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou str., 26504 Platani, Rion Patras, Greece. e-mail: Maria Daletou is an associate research scientist at FORTH/ICE-HT. Her research interests focus on the synthesis and characterization of ion conducting polymers, synthesis and characterization of electrocatalysts and liquid and solid-state electrochemistry. Address: Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Stylianos G. Neophytides is a Research Director at FORTH-ICE/HT in the areas of high and low temperature electrochemistry, heterogeneous catalysis, chemical and electrochemical kinetics and reactor design. Address: Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou str., 26504 Platani, Rion Patras, Greece. e-mail: Constantinos G. Vayenas (&) is a professor of chemical engineering at the University of Patras in Greece and a member of the Academy of Athens. He got his PhD from the University of Rochester in 1976 and then taught as assistant professor at Yale (1976–1977) and Associate Professor at MIT (1977–1982) before returning to Greece as professor in 1982. His research interests focus in heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, fuel cells, and mathematical modeling of chemical and physical phenomena. He is a fellow of the ISE and editor of modern aspects of electrochemistry. Address: Department of Chemical Engineering, LCEP, University of Patras, Patras, Greece. e-mail: Akikur , R.K. , R. Saidur , H.W. Ping , and K.R. Ullah . 2014 . Performance analysis of a co-generation system using solar energy and SOFC technology . Energy Conversion and Management 79 : 415 - 430 . E4TECH. 2014 . The fuel cell industry review . Downloaded from: http://www.fuelfellindustryreview.com. European Commission . 2007 . A European strategic energy technology plan (SET Plan)-towards a low carbon future . European Commission. European Commission . 2012 . Communication COM ( 2012 ) 501 final; SWD ( 2012 ) 260 final . FCH JU , M. A. W. P. 2014 . Retrieved from http://www.fch.europa.eu/. FUELCELLTODAY. 2013 . The fuel cell industry review . Available online http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/. Grindler , E.L. , J. Laurencin , J. Villanova , P. Cloetens , P. Bleuet , A. Mansuy , J. Mougin , and G. Delette . 2014 . Degradation study by 3D reconstruction of a nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia cathode after high temperature steam electrolysis operation . Journal of Power Sources 269 : 927 - 936 . Lund , P.D. 2010 . Importance of integrated strategies and innovations for commercial breakthrough of fuel cells . International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35 : 2602 - 2605 . Maalej , K. , S. Kelouwani , K. Agbossou , and K.Y. Dube´. 2014 . Enhanced fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle power sharing method based on fuel cost and mass estimation . Journal of Power Sources 248 : 668 - 678 . Mekhilefa , S. , R. Saidur , and A. Safari . 2012 . Comparative study of different fuel cell technologies . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 : 981 - 989 . Millet , P. , R. Ngameni , S.A. Grigoriev , and V.N. Fate . 2011 . Scientific and engineering issues related to PEM technology: Water electrolysers, fuel cells and unitized regenerative systems . International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36 : 4156 - 4163 . Rothuizen , E. , and M. Rokni . 2014 . Optimization of the overall energy consumption in cascade fueling stations for hydrogen vehicles . International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 : 582 - 592 . Yazdanie , M. , F. Noembrini , L. Dossetto , and K. Boulouchos . 2014 . A comparative analysis of well-to-wheel primary energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions for the operation of alternative and conventional vehicles in Switzerland, considering various energy carrier production pathways . Journal of Power Sources 249 : 333 - 348 . | https://paperity.org/p/74899810/fuel-cells-are-a-commercially-viable-alternative-for-the-production-of-clean-energy |
It is a one-bowl, moist and decadent vegan chocolate cake with chocolate coconut whipped cream frosting. Simple, easy and delicious! Dairy-free and gluten-free as always.
Course
Dessert
Cuisine
Dairy-free, Egg-free, Gluten-free, International, Vegan, Vegetarian
Keyword
chocolate coconut whipped cream, double chocolate cake, gluten-free chocolate cake, vegan chocolate cake
Prep Time
10
minutes
Cook Time
30
minutes
Total Time
40
minutes
Servings
12
slices (9-inch cake)
Calories
100
kcal
Author
My Pure Plants
Equipment
Glass mixing bowl
Flour sifter
Fine mesh strainer
Cake pan with removable bottom (9-inch / 23 cm)
Classic cake pan (9-inch / 23 cm)
Regular parchment paper
Round Perfect parchment paper (no cutting is required)
Silicone spatula
Icing spatula
Ingredients
Vegan Chocolate Cake - Dry ingredients
1
cup
Oat flour
¼
cup
Cocoa powder
½
cup
Coconut sugar
2
tsp
Baking soda
1
Tbsp
Psyllium Husk
or
ground flax
/
ground chia
Vegan Chocolate Cake - Wet ingredients
½
cup
Dairy-free milk (I used store-bought oat milk)
1,2 dl
1
tsp
Apple cider vinegar
3
Tbsp
Peanut butter
list of
gluten-free peanut butters
3
Tbsp
Apple sauce
¼
cup
Sparkling water
Freshly opened is the best
Vegan Chocolate Frosting
2
batches
Homemade chocolate Coconut Whipped Cream
that is 4 can
US Customary
-
Metric
Instructions
This recipe is to make a one-layer chocolate sponge cake base in a 9-inch cake pan. If you need double layer (like on the photos), double the recipe and bake them separately in two 9-inch cake pans.
Mix dry ingredients - Take a glass bowl and add all dry ingredients: oat flour, cocoa powder, coconut sugar, psyllium husk (or ground flax seeds), and baking soda. Mix with a spatula or a spoon.
Add dairy-free milk, sparkling water and apple cider vinegar to the dry mix and stir until you get a smooth batter.
Add peanut butter (and optional melted coconut oil) and mix again.
Line your cake pan with parchment paper and pour in the mixture. Try to make the top as even as you can.
Preheat the oven to 350 Fahrenheit (180 degrees Celsius) and bake for 30 minutes.
Wait for it to cool down before removing the chocolate cake from the baking pan.
Frost you cake with
this creamy, dreamy, 2-ingredient vegan chocolate frosting
. It is easy if you use a silicone icing spatula or a butter knife. To have a decadent frosted cake, you need to count on 1 can per layer and 2 can for the sides. In total 2 batches of the frosting recipe.
For more info including step photos and top tips, check out
the frosting recipe
.
Video
Notes
Use a
flour sifter
or a
fine-mesh strainer
to sift oat flour and cocoa powder to avoid any lumps in your batter.
Even if I use a removable button cake pan, I
always use a non-stick parchment paper
to make removing the cake easier.
RE-TESTED RECIPE AS A REACTION TO COMMENTS
As we received some comments about the amount of baking soda, I re-tested the recipe with new baking soda and ACV amounts and also added apple sauce to make the cake moister.
Nutrition
Serving:
1
slice
|
Calories:
100
kcal
|
Carbohydrates:
16
g
|
Protein:
3
g
|
Fat:
3
g
|
Saturated Fat:
1
g
|
Sodium:
131
mg
|
Potassium:
95
mg
|
Fiber:
2
g
|
Sugar:
6
g
|
Vitamin A:
21
IU
|
Calcium:
26
mg
|
Iron: | https://mypureplants.com/wprm_print/recipe/2565/ |
Your friends and family will never guess this flaky, tender pie crust is gluten free!
Author:
Alison
Recipe type:
dessert
Cuisine:
American
Serves:
1
Ingredients
1¼ cups gluten free flour blend (see notes below)
½ tsp. xanthan gum (this is in addition to what's in the flour blend)
¼ tsp salt
1 Tbs.
organic cane sugar
(optional) (note: I do NOT recommend subbing with coconut sugar)
¼ cup cold
butter
, cubed
¼ cup
organic palm shortening
(may substitute
lard
)
3 Tbs. cold water
1 egg
¼ tsp.
apple cider vinegar
Instructions
Combine first four ingredients in a
bowl
or f
ood processor
with
dough blade
attached.(I always use the bowl and pastry cutter method myself)
Cut in butter and palm shortening with a
pastry cutter
, or process briefly until a crumbly texture is achieved.
In a small separate bowl, with a fork, gently whisk together water, egg and apple cider vinegar.
Add egg mixture to dry mixture and stir/process until just combined.
Shape pastry into a ball, flatten slightly and wrap in plastic wrap.
Refrigerate for at least an hour (I left mine in the fridge for 5 days in this state and it was perfect. You can also freeze at this point).
Remove from fridge; let stand at room temperature for a few minutes.
Dust counter top with more of the gluten free flour blend.
Roll out the crust.
Transfer to 9" pie plate
Fill and bake according to pie recipe (I recommend cooking at 375° F for allotted amount of time).
Alternately, prick bottom of pie crust, bake at 375° F until light golden brown, let cool, and fill.
Notes
Gluten free flour blend
2 cups
white rice flour
⅔ cup
potato starch
⅓ cup
arrowroot powder
(you may substitute
tapioca flour
as well- but know that it has a more "springy" quality than arrowroot)
1 tsp.
xanthan gum
Combine, and use appropriate amount for recipe (this amount will make enough for 2-3 pie's depending on how much you use for rolling out the dough).
Store leftovers in a sealed container.
Stir before using.
This is a great gluten free mix for any baking application!
*Please note that the pie crust recipe is for a single crust. If making a pie such as apple, that requires a double crust, simply double the pie crust recipe (no need to double the gluten free flour blend-there is plenty). | http://www.healthnutnation.com/easyrecipe-print/13499-0/ |
There’s a lot of mystery surrounding pastry and as someone who’s never been much of a baker I have admit I find the topic a bit intimidating. A big problem for me has been consistency: while the basic ratio for shortcrust pastry is a 2:1 mix of flour to fat I always found myself having to add more liquid than the recipe I was using specified. I also found that I’d have to knead the dough for longer to make it come together which only encourages excessive gluten formation: the main thing you want to avoid.
However, an excellent post on Serious Eats I found recently has helped me produce the best pastry I’ve managed to date. It’s a fantastic a fantastic piece of food writing, the sort I really love where a bit of scientific rigour can show how formerly unquestioned assumptions about cooking can often be quite wrong and how small, but informed, alterations to a common process can result in a superior product.
The most counterintuitive part of the recipe is the first stage where you over-process half the flour and all the fat to make a paste that conventional baking says cannot produce a good pastry. By adding the rest of the flour to this paste you can closely control the amount of liquid required to bring the dough together. If you want to know why, you’ll have to read the article because it deserves to be read in its entirety; either way, eliminating this guesswork is a major step to gaining more consistent outcomes.
The other unusual element here is the use of half water and half vodka, as the alcohol does not promote the formation of gluten and makes for a more flaky crust. And there’s no need to worry about any harsh residual taste because the vodka evaporates during the blind baking stage due to its low boiling point.
For the filling I dug out my trusty copy of Harold McGee’s On Food And Cooking and found some good tips such as ensuring that any vegetable ingredients being added to a custard should be precooked: this lowers the chances of leaking juices causing curdling or uneven setting. You can also reduce the amount of egg required by replacing milk with double cream as it contains less water to dilute the egg proteins.
The ratio given by McGee for a quiche filling firm enough to cut is uncharacteristically imprecise by calling for two eggs per 250ml of liquid without mentioning the size of the eggs or referencing whether that liquid is milk or cream. I then found another recipe which gave a 2:1 ratio of dairy to eggs so I just decided to weigh two yolks and one white on my scales and add twice the amount of double cream. The reason for the extra yolk is it gives a creamier custard.
Finally, if you have meat thermometer it makes determining when the filling has set far easier: once the centre hits 75°C take it out of the oven and allow to cool a bit. Again, eliminating guesswork will nearly always produce a more consistent result.
Serves: 2
Ingredients:
For the pastry
100g white flour
2.5g salt
30g butter
30g lard
20g water
20g vodka
For the filling
15g butter
50g nettles (leaves only)
25g wild garlic
Grated nutmeg, pinch of
1 egg whites
2 egg yolks
Double cream (double the weight of the egg liquid)
Salt
Pepper
Method:
- For the pastry, add half the flour and the salt to a food processor and pulse a few times to mix.
- Add the butter and lard to the bowl and pulse as many times as necessary until no dry flour is left. The amount of pulses will depend on the power of the processor but the end product should look very clumpy and not sand-like.
- Redistribute the dough around the processor blades and sprinkle over the rest of the flour.
- Pulse again a few times to incorporate the flour.
- Tip the contents of the processor into a large bowl.
- Sprinkle the water and vodka over the dough and using a spatula press the dough into a ball.
- Flatten the ball into a disc shape and wrap in Clingfilm.
- Leave to rest in the fridge for a few hours or even overnight.
- Lightly flour the work surface and rolling pin and roll out the pastry to 1cm thickness.
- Line the inside of a 20cm quiche tin with the pastry, flute the edges and put back into the fridge to rest for around half an hour.
- For the filling, over a medium heat melt the butter until starts foaming.
- Add the nettles, garlic and nutmeg and sauté until wilted.
- Remove from the leaves from the pan and roughly chop.
- In a bowl, whisk the eggs and cream together with a pinch of salt and pepper.
- Preheat the oven to 180°C.
- Take the quiche tin out of the fridge and prick the base a few times using a fork.
- Line with baking parchment and add some baking beans to the tin (with more pressing against the side than in the middle).
- Bake for around 15-20 minutes until the sides have crisped up.
- Remove the beans and bake for another 5 minutes until light golden.
- Take the pastry out of the oven and lower the heat 130°C.
- Scatter the chopped leaves evenly around the base of the quiche.
- Pour the egg mixture into the quiche base and place in the oven.
- Bake for around 10-15 minutes or until the custard is 75°C when measured in the centre.
- Remove from the oven and allow to cool slightly.
- Cut in half and serve with some dressed watercress. | http://foodblog.stefanovozza.com/nettle-and-wild-garlic-quiche/ |
Click on the button to read this article in Hindi – Hindi
Paneer Paratha Recipe:- You must have eaten parathas like potatoes, cabbage, onions and many more, but today we will tell you how to make Paneer parathas. It is very tasty and the children are crazy about Paneer parathas. It is a very healthy food that gives a very yummy taste that’s why you can put it in your kid’s lunch box, so let’s start the recipe for making Paneer Paratha.
Please also read – What is Quinoa and its best benefits
So let’s have a look at the essential things about the Paneer Paratha Recipe.
What type of Paneer Paratha Recipe is it?
Veg Recipe.
This dish is for how many people?
For 3 – 4 people
Required time for it.
In about 20 to 25 minutes
Ingredients required to make Paneer Paratha Recipe:-
- Paneer (200 to 250 grams crushed)
- Wheat flour (350 to 400 grams)
- Green chilli (2 pieces finely chopped)
- Cumin (one teaspoon)
- Ginger (grated 1 inch)
- Coriander (2 spoons finely chopped)
- Garam Masala (half a spoon)
- Ghee (for making paratha)
- Salt (according to your taste)
- Red chilli powder (one-fourth teaspoon)
Please also read – Best Macaroni Recipe
Method of making Paneer Paratha Recipe:-
- First, we need to make Paneer’s stuff for Paratha hence take the crushed/grated Paneer in a vessel, now add green coriander, green chillies, grated ginger, garam masala, red chilli powder and salt to it and mix it well.
- Now put a pan on the gas and add oil, when the oil gets hot, add cumin seeds to it
- After roasting cumin, pour the mixer into the pan and cook it while stirring for 3 to 4 minutes.
- Now remove it from the gas, keep the stuff on a plate for cooling.
- Your Paneer Paratha stuff is ready now.
- Now you need dough, hence take flour in a vessel and put 01 teaspoons of Deshi Ghee, a small amount of salt, and add water to knead it.
- Take one piece of dough and roll it a little.
- Now put one teaspoon of the prepared Paneer stuff in it and fold the dough up and close it and make it round.
- Now place the pan on the gas, and take one boll of the dough and give it the shape of the rolled paratha with the help of a rolling pin.
- Apply a little oil over the hot pan, now put the rolled bread on the pan, when it is cooked from one side, then turn it over and apply oil on the other side and cook it.
- When the paratha is cooked from both sides, take it off the pan, and likewise make all the Paneer parathas.
Your Paneer Paratha Recipe is ready. Now serve it with any Chutney and enjoy the taste. | https://www.bestswaad.com/english/best-paneer-paratha-recipe/ |
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