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This course offers retraining for researchers handling biohazards in a research or clinical laboratory.
Biosafety Retraining addresses awareness of biohazards, risk assessment, and key risk management principles including work practices, personal protective equipment (PPE), engineering controls, and emergency response.
Serves as initial training targeted at researchers handling or who will handle biohazards in a research or clinical laboratory. It addresses an awareness of biohazards, risk assessment, and key risk management work practice principles.
Discusses U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) personal protective equipment (PPE) training requirements for researchers handling biohazards. A supplemental PPE Training Record Form and PPE Training and Use Table are available at the end to facilitate the documentation of training.
Provides biohazard emergency response training for employees who are designated as hazardous materials responders and address the biohazard component of their annual training.
Examines the engineering controls, devices, and barriers that can be utilized to protect researchers when handling biohazards in the laboratory. It also describes the fundamental engineering controls utilized to safely handle biohazards and the concomitant work practices for their safe use.
Describes the safety features of laboratories designed to protect researchers at each of the first three Biosafety Levels (1, 2, and 3). It provides a comprehensive description of the safety factors associated with the design of a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory.
Reviews how to safely handle sharp instruments when working with biohazards. It outlines safe work practices with disposable and reusable sharps.
Discusses the decontamination of items contaminated by biohazards after an experiment, prior to reuse, or before disposal. It also provides information on methods of sterilization and disinfection, along with good decontamination work practices.
Provides an overview of safe sharps devices and other engineering controls designed to minimize exposure to biohazards when handling sharp instruments. It also supports training on a sharps safety program.
Discusses risks involved in centrifugation along with the control devices and work practices that will help ensure the safe use of centrifuges.
Describes a variety of engineering controls or the protective tools and devices used in the laboratory setting that help protect workers from exposure to biohazards.
Detailed training on the United States Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern. It is based on the 2014 United States Government Policy for Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern, which is required for all National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded entities. It describes the agents and types of experiments that require oversight, individual and organizational responsibilities, and risk mitigation strategies.
Introduces CITI Program’s Biosafety and Biosecurity (BSS) series. | https://about.citiprogram.org/en/course/biosafety-retraining/ |
You might already be aware of some of the key concepts involved in pursuing a career in cybersecurity if you have an IT background. On this base, you need to expand by learning everything you can about the subject and acquiring some real-world experience.
It is known that any node in your network can be used as an attack vector, cybersecurity experts need to have a thorough awareness of IT systems and their weaknesses. You must comprehend all of the key components of cybersecurity for a successful profession, including:
1. Cyberthreats
You must be aware of the major techniques that hackers employ to acquire data. This covers phishing, social engineering, malware, ransomware, and zero-day exploits.
2. Vulnerabilities
Every network contains vulnerable areas, and you must be aware of where these weaknesses are most frequently found. This calls for expertise in operating systems, cloud services, access control systems, and application integration.
3. Specifications/Countermeasures
You must be aware of the many security architectures that businesses employ to safeguard their data. This covers both hardware like biometric verification devices and software like firewalls and threat detection technologies.
4. Law and Ethics
How moral and legal standards are put into practice in the field of cybersecurity. Students learn about the value of information security in society by looking into issues including government regulation, free expression, and privacy. This complex point of view can help students become thoughtful, knowledgeable professionals who can take on responsible leadership roles in the workplace.
5. Network security
It is a basic subfield of cybersecurity that covers a wide range of policies, procedures, and configurations to protect network infrastructure. Network security procedures make use of both software- and hardware-based techniques. Principles of secure network design are covered in this course. Threat mitigation strategies, practical cryptography methods, and secure networking protocols may all be explored.
6. Data Encryption
You must immediately begin using a secure file-sharing solution if you frequently share sensitive information. Regular email should not be used to exchange critical documents because it could be intercepted and provide unauthorized individuals access to your private information.
However, if you use a secure file-sharing program like TitanFile, your sensitive files will be automatically encrypted, ensuring that a data breach is completely avoided. Keep in mind that the tools you choose to share your files with determine how safe they are.
7. Best Practices
In the end, cybersecurity is upheld by users’ good conduct and adherence to recommended practices. You must comprehend how comprehensive and clear policies can coexist. You also need to be ready to answer questions about security procedures and help authorized users. | https://financeandinnovation.com/things-you-should-know-for-pursuing-a-career-in-cybersecurity/ |
October is National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, and this year’s focus is on taking proactive steps to enhance cybersecurity at home and in the workplace. So, what better time to take a closer look at the greatest threats facing providers and what you can do to avoid becoming a victim by protecting yourself and your practice!
According to the FTC, the top three scams reported in 2018 were Identity Theft, Imposter Scams, and Debt Collection Scams. The following are typical examples of what companies face on a regular basis:
Scenario 1:
Recently, a practice received a call (purportedly) from a health care organization seeking to “confirm” some bank account information, which the practice provided. A few days later, the practice was contacted by a national bank indicating that two accounts in the practice’s name would be closed due to insufficient funds. Notably, though, the practice did not have any accounts with that bank. In working with the bank, the practice determined that these accounts were set up only a few days prior, around the same time the health care organization called.
Scenario 2:
Late on a Friday afternoon, “Betty” an assistant to the company president, “Joe,” received a phone call from a pleasant man calling himself “Don.” Don asked to speak with Joe, claiming that he and Joe were friends. When Joe wasn’t available, Don asked for Betty’s name, which she provided. Don said he would call back the next week and told Betty to have a great weekend.
Don spent the weekend searching out Betty’s social-media profiles, where he found that she recently attended Joe’s son’s wedding. Don downloaded some of the wedding pictures, at which time he embedded a virus into the digital images. On Monday, Don sent Betty a friendly email – “Betty, it was nice speaking with you on Friday. I forgot to mention that I attended Joe’s son’s wedding. I got some great photos. Maybe you’re in one. Please let Joe know that I will call him later this week.”
By the time Joe had a chance to tell Betty that he didn’t know anyone named Don, it was too late. Betty opened the wedding photos, and Don had full access to the company systems. Within a few hours, Don had locked down the system and demanded a substantial payment for the access codes.
In each scenario, the company fell victim to a vishing (voice-phishing) scam – a common type of social engineering that is becoming more sophisticated and brazen. Thankfully, the issue in Scenario 1 was quickly resolved, but not all victims can say the same. Ransomware attacks like the one in Scenario 2 can result (and have resulted) in practices shuttering their doors. In April of this year, for example, a practice in Southwest Michigan closed after falling victim to a ransomware attack by hackers who prevented the practice from accessing patient medical records and other information needed to operate the practice.
Although the types of scams and the targeted results may differ, pay close attention to what the attacks in the two scenarios above have in common: neither could have been accomplished without someone on the “inside,” even if that person was unaware of their role. Indeed, attacks that are purely technical – i.e., where a “hacker” breaks through external security measures – are somewhat rare and are curtailed by keeping IT security systems updated and properly configured.
So what can your practice do to avoid becoming a victim of a cyber-attack?
1. Train personnel on cybersecurity awareness;
2. Ensure that your practice has updated cybersecurity and data-privacy policies, including your policies for regulatory compliance;
3. Ensure that your practice’s IT infrastructure is properly updated and configured; and
4. Train personnel on cybersecurity awareness (yes, I said that twice!).
1. Train Personnel on Cybersecurity Awareness
I can’t emphasize enough how important this is. Almost every IT professional will tell you that an organization’s greatest vulnerability is its own users. Sometimes intentionally but usually as the victim of a scam, authorized users allow cyber-criminals to bypass technological security measures with ease. The only way to effectively reduce this risk is to conduct regular, organization-wide training. Until that happens, though, the US Department of Homeland Security provides the following suggestions:
Play hard to get with strangers. Links in email and online posts are often the way cybercriminals compromise your computer. If you’re unsure who an email is from—even if the details appear accurate—do not respond, and do not click on any links or attachments found in that email. Be cautious of generic greetings such as “Hello Bank Customer,” as these are often signs of phishing attempts. If you are concerned about the legitimacy of an email, call the company directly.
Think before you act. Be wary of communications that implore you to act immediately. Many phishing emails attempt to create a sense of urgency, causing the recipient to fear their account or information is in jeopardy. If you receive a suspicious email that appears to be from someone you know, reach out to that person directly on a separate secure platform. If the email comes from an organization but still looks “phishy,” reach out to them via customer service to verify the communication.
Protect your personal information. If people contacting you have key details from your life—your job title, multiple email addresses, full name, and more that you may have published online somewhere—they can attempt a direct spear-phishing attack on you. Cyber criminals can also use social engineering with these details to try to manipulate you into skipping normal security protocols.
Double your login protection. Enable multi-factor authentication (MFA) to ensure that the only person who has access to your account is you. Use it for email, banking, social media, and any other service that requires logging in. If MFA is an option, enable it by using a trusted mobile device, such as your smartphone, an authenticator app, or a secure token—a small physical device that can hook onto your key ring.
Shake up your password protocol. According to NIST guidance, you should consider using the longest password or passphrase permissible. Get creative and customize your standard password for different sites, which can prevent cyber criminals from gaining access to these accounts and protect you in the event of a breach. Use password managers to generate and remember different, complex passwords for each of your accounts.
Stay Protected While Connected. The bottom line is that whenever you’re online, you’re vulnerable. If devices on your network are compromised for any reason, or if hackers break through an encrypted firewall, someone could be eavesdropping on you—even in your own home on encrypted Wi-Fi.
2. Update your Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Policies and Procedures
Everyone reading this article knows that nearly every heath care provider is required to comply with HIPAA’s standards for the exchange, privacy, and security of health information. But when was the last time you looked at your internal polices and safeguards? And have you considered whether the information you store is subject to any other data-privacy laws or regulations? Moreover, are you prepared to respond in the event of a cyber-“incident?” And do you have appropriate cyber-insurance coverage? How would your practice respond to an email compromise or a data breach?
In the event of a data breach or system compromise, you may have a legal obligation under both state and federal law to report the event to regulators and patients, and if so, you must do so on a timely basis. Responding to such an incident with the assistance of counsel is vital, but planning for your response in advance is equally important. While it’s easy to take the “it-will-never-happen-to-me” approach, sitting down with a data-privacy professional to discuss your practice’s risks and exposure and to plan for a future breach will provide substantial peace of mind.
3. Update and Configure your IT Infrastructure
Do you remember that firewall your neighbor’s son helped you install at your office back in 2008? The hacker looking to steal your patient’s data thanks you for your purchase and highly recommends that product. If it’s been more than a year or so since your last IT audit, you should engage a technology firm experienced in health care security to review your system for vulnerabilities. While it’s tempting to avoid such a review in light of the potential cost, the cost of a breach will far exceed the cost of the review, particularly if you don’t have an appropriate disaster-recovery plan in place. Moreover, HIPAA requires you to maintain “reasonable and appropriate administrative, technical, and physical safeguards” for protecting electronic protected health information, or “e-PHI,” which necessarily includes keeping your technical safeguards up to date.
Unfortunately, the cybersecurity game of cat-and-mouse will continue for the foreseeable future, and practices like yours need to be able to spot the threats and be prepared to respond.
Identity Theft and Internet Scams, US Department of Homeland Security, available at https://niccs.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/ncsam_identitytheftandinternetscams_508.pdf?trackDocs=ncsam_identitytheftandinternetscams_508.pdf.
J. Drees, Michigan medical practice to close after refusing to pay ransom to hackers, April 1, 2019, available at https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/cybersecurity/michigan-medical-practice-to-close-after-refusing-to-pay-ransom-to-hackers.html.
Identity Theft and Internet Scams, US Department of Homeland Security, available at https://niccs.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/ncsam_identitytheftandinternetscams_508.pdf?trackDocs=ncsam_identitytheftandinternetscams_508.pdf.; Phishing, US Department of Homeland Security, available at https://niccs.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/ncsam_phishing_508.pdf?trackDocs=ncsam_phishing_508.pdf. | https://www.msms.org/About-MSMS/News-Media/top-three-scams-reported-identity-theft-imposter-scams-and-debt-collection-scams |
Over the last several years, the banking and financial services sectors have seen a huge increase in ransomware attacks and other cyber threats worldwide. This increase in cyberattacks has resulted from several factors:
- New opportunities for social engineering attacks resulting from the pandemic;
- Increased profitability of miner malware;
- Lack of scalable cybersecurity and information security solutions within organizations.
The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) lists the financial services industry as a critical infrastructure sector because this sector is a high-priority target for cybercriminals worldwide. Financial sector vulnerabilities and cybersecurity threats can produce a cascading effect, leading to systemic disruptions across the larger economy.
All organizations, and especially those within the financial sector, should include cybersecurity risk management in their enterprise risk management programs to protect stakeholders, prevent data breaches, and mitigate the operational risks that cybercrimes bring.
Common Cyber Concerns in Financial Services
Financial institutions are the front line of commerce, so attackers target these firms all the time with new and improved strategies to access IT systems and circumvent network security.
The following list of threats can serve as a guide for chief information security officers (CISOs) when performing cybersecurity risk assessments and cyber risk analysis, or when implementing effective security measures.
Insider Threats
The main security risk for financial services firms is the insider threat. Some employees will be tempted to engage in malicious conduct; others will blunder into costly accidents or mistakes. Insider threats can exist in all sorts of specific weaknesses, and they can be tricky to eradicate since so often you must deal with humans – training, policy, disciplinary action – rather than straightforward technical controls.
Malware
Malware is a harmful program that takes control of the network to modify, extract, or delete information (among other activities). Sometimes malware is the gateway to other more devastating cybercrime schemes, so measures to fight malware should always be a high security priority.
Ransomware
Although ransomware is a type of malware, it has become the top threat to businesses worldwide thanks to the advent of ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) models. Ransomware is malicious software that disables an organization’s IT ecosystem until the victims pay a ransom to the attackers.
The new RaaS models leverage the harm of data breaches for enterprises to generate another element of pressure on their scheme. For example, the latest ransomware extracts information simultaneously as it is encrypted. This technique enables the cybercriminals to threaten to leak the data if payment isn’t made promptly.
Phishing and Other Social Engineering
Social engineering attacks are a common threat to individuals and businesses alike. Cybercriminals will try to collect information about your employees, and then craft a carefully designed email message intended to dupe the employee into sharing valuable information. Phishing attacks also often seek to install malicious software through attachments or phony websites.
Denial of Services
Denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks try to overload a network with bogus requests, which consequently disrupts the legitimate operation of IT systems. These threats can be politically or commercially motivated. They effectively divide incident response resources to carry out other cyberattacks on the organization.
Watering Hole
This is a two-step cyberattack and has recently become famous for targeting financial institutions. Hackers identify insecure applications or websites that a group of employees commonly use or visit. The hackers exploit that insecure application first, and then use it to infect the target.
Gaining Operational Resilience Through Risk Management
Investing in cybersecurity risk management isn’t just about avoiding the harmful effects of cyber threats; it’s also about realizing the benefits of a strong cybersecurity culture. In addition to reducing regulatory risks by staying ahead of compliance obligations, better operational resilience helps a company’s reputation in a business environment where users demand data protection for their information.
At least some cybersecurity attacks will happen; that’s inevitable. A robust risk management program, however, can increase your preparedness for cybersecurity threats and minimize downtime in your operational processes.
Following are best practices to consider when creating a cybersecurity risk management program:
- Use cybersecurity standards and frameworks. Even absent any regulatory requirement, use the strategies and processes developed by specialized organizations to help build your own cybersecurity strategy. ISO 27001 or the NIST Cybersecurity Framework are good starting points.
- Create and maintain a cybersecurity awareness culture. Enforcing internal policies on the use of removable devices, periodic cybersecurity awareness training, and a clear tone from the top can all make a difference in mitigating or reducing cyber risks. (The National Institute of Standards and Technology provides a practical cybersecurity training guide in NIST SP 800-50.)
- Use third-party service providers. Some risks are too complex to mitigate on your own, so it may help to use service providers to fill the gaps in an internal cybersecurity structure. Examples include Cloudflare to mitigate DDoS risks; cyber insurance companies to offset the costs of ransomware attacks; and ZenGRC to monitor risks and non-compliance around your company.
- Deploy advanced access controls. Advanced access control techniques can systematically protect your systems. For example, multi-factor authentication limits access to the network and devices; data segmentation rules can minimize the impact and extent of data leaks.
- Keep your devices and software updated. Legacy software is one of the leading causes of computer infections, since it leaves devices vulnerable to discovered weaknesses. Always patch outdated software, and if it’s no longer being supported and patched, consider an alternative.
ZenGRC Can Help You Manage Financial Risks
Covering all risk management procedures on your own is difficult. ZenGRC’s software-as-a-service compliance solutions give real-time insight into the efficacy of your company’s risk management policies.
ZenGRC is a governance, risk management, and compliance platform that provides a single source of truth with document storage, automated workflows, and insightful reporting. Together, these tools help you spot audit and information security issues across your entire enterprise before they become a problem.
ZenGRC can also monitor your compliance status in real-time across multiple frameworks, including PCI DSS, HIPAA, FedRAMP, and more. Improve your overall security posture by seeing your gaps and what needs to be done to fix them.
Request a demo today to learn how ZenGRC can assist you with cybersecurity risk management. | https://reciprocity.com/blog/key-concerns-for-financial-cybersecurity-risk-management/ |
Indigenous Youth Use Political Power for Social Change
Indigenous Youth Use Political Power for Social Change was published by Bond on Aug. 25, 2021.
Indigenous leaders have met crises, including climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic, with innovative approaches.
Yet Indigenous Peoples – about 5 percent of the world’s population – continue to face fundamental challenges to meaningful participation and inclusion in decision-making processes.
To address these challenges, this year’s International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples called for a new social contract to address inequality. Achieving this goal is only possible when Indigenous Peoples have the opportunity to participate in decisions that impact their communities.
In recognition of International Day of the World Indigenous Peoples and International Youth Day, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) hosted a discussion on “Promoting the Political Rights of Indigenous Youth” with Indigenous advocates from Guatemala, Libya and Nepal.
The advocates emphasised the critical role of young Indigenous people in decision-making processes, addressing disinformation and climate change, which disproportionately impacts Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous youth, in particular, are confronted by social norms that prohibit their participation alongside older leaders. However, Indigenous youth contribute not only to protecting elders’ wisdom and traditional knowledge but bring new ideas and approaches.
Mitigating barriers to meaningful participation
The right of Indigenous Peoples to participate in political life, if they want to, is protected under the United Nations (UN) Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) (Article 18) and ILO Convention 169 (Article 6). The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child promote the rights of Indigenous children and youth. Yet, Indigenous Peoples face barriers to inclusion in political processes and free, prior and informed consent in development.
Rupika Budha Shrestha, a young Newar woman attending the National Law College in Nepal, member of the Association of Youth Organizations Nepal (AYON), explained that high rates of unemployment and low income generation all impact access to decision-making: “Because of the [family structure], …in terms of the rights and political participations, [Indigenous youth] are told to follow rather than [act] independently.”
Indigenous populations also experience targeted discrimination in the form of hate speech, as well as misinformation, particularly when advocating for land rights. Shrestha, who has helped lead training on combatting misinformation, has educated her family and peers about this threat. She recommends verifying information and reporting misinformation from political parties or media outlets to authorities as key tactics for ensuring information is factual, especially it pertains to Indigenous People.
María Floridalma López Atz, a young Mayan Kaqchikel woman from the Council of the Kaqchikel People and member of the Platform of Indigenous Women in Guatemala, noted that stereotypes persist around age and participation, including the assumption that young people are uninterested in politics or at risk of corruption. López Atz, who participated as an election observer before she was old enough to vote, noted that becoming an observer not only empowered her to participate in political life but benefitted the observation mission, as Indigenous voters felt comfortable sharing their voting experience with her.
According to Huda Badroush Dahan, an Amazingh woman with a disability, President of La Tai'asoo for Persons with Disabilities and Founder of Libya's Network for Democracy Development and alumna of IFES’ Power to Persuade public policy advocacy training, highlighted monitoring elections and using candidate debates “to make sure [candidates’ views] are exposed in front of the public” as a way to combat corruption.
“We are trying to show people that climate change is real and that it is happening, so we should prepare for it. Indigenous young people with disabilities collaborated with other Amazingh communities in the mountains who are not as effected by rising sea levels but do have other issues, so we are coordinating and sharing information as one Indigenous group.” – Huda Badroush Dahan, an Amazingh woman with a disability in Libya
Indigenous youth are also active in political life to respond to crises, such as climate change. As López Atz explained: “I live in a community where I can see green landscapes, but there are communities nearby where we can see the difference in deforestation and people have lost the right to their land or companies have gone in without consent.
“As youth, we have joined in collective actions to protest mega companies that want to develop and fight for environment with politicians. We have forbidden the use of plastics in my community so when we go shop for tortillas, we have to bring our own bag. These are small actions but when we all do it, we help our community. This is part of the process, everything we do a like a little grain of sand to help combat this great threat to the entire world.”
In Libya, Badroush Dahan, who is from a coastal community on the Mediterranean Sea, and a group of young Indigenous people with disabilities, raised awareness of climate change’s impacts with Amazingh communities in the mountains who are not yet experiencing the impacts of rising sea levels. Sharing information and coordinating among Indigenous communities bolsters political power.
"We begin teaching young people so when they come of age, they have a broader view of what it is they have to do and what their responsibilities are. We have to bet on Indigenous youth, so we have equality of knowledge within the political system. …Since they are young, they should learn how to use their civil rights, voters, and other responsibilities." - María Floridalma López Atz, a young Mayan Kaqchikel woman
Badroush Dahan, López Atz and Shrestha emphasised access to education as a critical barrier to break down for inclusive participation of Indigenous youth and recommended sharing rights-based information with younger generations to build knowledge of their democratic roles and responsibilities. As part of her Power to Persuade project, Badroush Dahan led meetings with young Indigenous people with disabilities on the voting process, including finding accessible polling stations. Creating safe spaces for collective voices is an essential element for inclusion.
Recommendations for meaningful inclusion of Indigenous youth
- Ensure that educational programming targeting Indigenous youth, especially in rural or remote areas, includes civic education. Curricula should emphasise democratic roles and responsibilities, as well as how to communicate with government stakeholders and other decision-makers to inform policy decisions.
- Provide leadership training and skills building opportunities for Indigenous youth and facilitate opportunities for intergenerational learning alongside traditional and older leaders to build relationships and shift social norms.
- Tailor information on political parties’ structures and positions to Indigenous youth and encourage them to get involved in formal political participation, if they so choose.
- Prepare questions related to Indigenous Peoples, including Indigenous persons with disabilities and Indigenous women, to ask during political debates to increase visibility of people with intersectional identities.
- Ensure that young Indigenous persons have a role both in Indigenous Peoples Organisations and in youth-led organisations, including mainstreaming their rights in strategic planning and goal setting.
- Conduct anti-hate speech campaigns and anti-misinformation and disinformation campaigns to combat discrimination targeting Indigenous communities.
- Organise feedback sessions with Indigenous Peoples, including young people, women and persons with disabilities, to ensure free, prior and informed consent on all projects that impact them.
Published on February 9, 2022. | https://www.ifes.org/news/indigenous-youth-use-political-power-social-change |
Canada is on the frontline of climate change. Current climatic conditions are changing rapidly, and Indigenous communities are disproportionately affected by these changes. Reliable and consistent climate data is vital for Indigenous communities to assess current conditions and plan for the future.
The Standards Council of Canada (SCC) has partnered with Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC) and Scout Engineering & Consulting Ltd. to develop a new guidance document that will support Indigenous communities that wish to take part in community-based climate monitoring.
Indigenous Peoples in Canada have been observing the local environment for millennia, even if the term “monitoring” has not been applied historically. Increasingly, Indigenous Knowledge Systems and western science are being considered equally for climate change adaptation planning and land-use planning, especially when operating in remote and northern regions.
This voluntary guidance document is one step toward supporting Indigenous partners in undertaking self-determined climate monitoring while considering the co-application of Indigenous Knowledge Systems and western science to help monitor and adapt to a changing climate.
Once completed, the document will:
- provide voluntary guidance on how to collect, record, and validate data related to key physical climate variables (e.g., temperature, precipitation, sea ice thickness); and
- outline best practices for the recording, storage, and sharing of Indigenous climate knowledge while respecting Indigenous principles for data collection, analysis and management, ownership, control and sharing.
“We look forward to supporting the development of this guidance document in partnership with Indigenous Peoples, climate scientists, CIRNAC, and Scout Engineering. By bringing together diverse knowledge and perspectives in an inclusive way, we are helping create tools so that Indigenous Knowledge and western science can together support Indigenous Peoples’ climate monitoring and adaptation efforts”. – Chantal Guay, CEO of the Standards Council of Canada.
“Indigenous Peoples are disproportionately affected by climate change, particularly in the North and Arctic. Indigenous Peoples are seeing and experiencing the impacts of climate change first-hand. And they are also leaders in climate action, including climate monitoring and research. Indigenous-led climate monitoring and Indigenous Knowledge provide essential and unique information about the changing environment. The Government of Canada is supporting the development of tools that help enable Indigenous communities in monitoring and adapting to the rapidly changing climate as well as plan for future climate action.” – The Honourable Daniel Vandal, P.C., M.P., Minister of Northern Affairs
“Applying technology to the issues facing Indigenous communities and doing so in a way that allows for the parties involved to learn from each other is part of our core values as a company. The development of this guidance document and the adoption by Indigenous communities is a responsibility we embrace. Essential to our entire team is building trust in the process by which these practices are developed and that the expertise, perspectives, and priorities of Indigenous Communities are honored. - Steven Vaivada, President of Scout Engineering & Consulting Ltd. and member of the Kainai-Blood Tribe
SCC and CIRNAC will work closely with Scout Engineering and a steering committee of Indigenous representatives and science-based knowledge holders to determine the final best practices that will be included in the guide. The guidance document is expected to be completed in the summer of 2022.
About the Standards Council of Canada
Established in 1970 as a federal Crown corporation, the Standards Council of Canada (SCC) is Canada’s voice on standards and accreditation on the national and international stage. SCC works closely with a vast network of partners to promote the development of effective and efficient standards that protect the health, safety and well-being of Canadians while helping businesses prosper. As Canada’s leading accreditation organization, SCC creates market confidence at home and abroad by ensuring that conformity assessment bodies meet the highest national and international standards. SCC advances Canada’s interest on the international scene as a member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) by connecting thousands of people to global networks and resources, opening a world of possibilities for Canadians and businesses.
About Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC)
Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC) is one of two new departments created after Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada was dissolved in 2017. The other department created was Indigenous Services Canada. Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada continues to renew the nation-to-nation, Inuit-Crown, government-to-government relationships between Canada and First Nations, Inuit and Métis; modernize Government of Canada structures to enable Indigenous Peoples to build capacity and support their vision of self-determination; and lead the Government of Canada's work in the North.
About Scout Engineering
Scout Engineering & Consulting Ltd. (Scout) is a recognized leader in the delivery of projects in collaboration with Indigenous Peoples. Their unique approach is captured in the motto, “Innovating the Indigenous Future”, and incorporates new concepts such as Technological Stewardship, Trust Consulting, and Collaborative Wisdom. Said another way, Scout applies new technology to the issues facing Indigenous communities, while building trust between disparate groups, and facilitating the sharing and development of knowledge between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. Additional information is available at www.scoutengg.com, Scout is 100% owned and operated by a member of the Kainai – Blood Tribe. | https://www.scc.ca/en/news-events/news/2021/scc-and-cirnac-team-with-scout-engineering |
[MANILA] Indigenous peoples will have a chance to share their traditional knowledge on the environment and play a role in the implementation of the 2015 Paris Agreement to combat climate change and build a sustainable low carbon future.
Although indigenous people form less than five per cent of the world's population, they protect 80 per cent of global biodiversity, according to the UN. Selection processes are currently underway to nominate 14 members to a working group of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (LCIPP), which was *created by the Paris Agreement in 2015, with the final group expected to hold a first meeting in June, according to Ghazali Ohorella, a member of the Indigenous Global Caucus.
Half of the final group will comprise indigenous peoples, with government representatives making up the other half. The group will be tasked with developing a work plan for the full implementation of the functions of the LCIPP on the basis of equality and partnership. “Full, effective, direct, and meaningful input from indigenous peoples will likely result in better policies as it would ensure sustainable strategies and increase the level of expertise,” Ohorella tells SciDev.Net. “The platform is more than a learning and knowledge-sharing platform — it has the ability to collaborate with entities both under and outside the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).” Terence Hay-Edie, who works with indigenous peoples as part of the UN Development Programme, tells SciDev.Net that it is both interesting and encouraging to see the “somewhat rapid” acceleration of the LCIPP in the UNFCCC processes. “The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has allowed indigenous peoples and local communities to actively participate in negotiations and, in 2014, the term ‘Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities’ was formally adopted,” says Hay-Edie. But the platform and its facilitative working group face challenges, such as the lack of consensus among countries that are party to the Paris Agreement on what the term “local communities” means. “For me, the ‘bridge’ between indigenous peoples and local communities under both UNFCCC and CBD comes down to demonstration of the value and applicability of traditional knowledge for biodiversity conservation, adaptation and mitigation,” says Hay-Edie. “Most indigenous cosmologies do not make these artificial distinctions and call for a more holistic approach.” This piece was produced by SciDev.Net’s Asia & Pacific desk. * Correction: an earlier version of this article had indicated that the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (LCIPP) was created in 2017. The article has now been corrected to show that LCIPP was created through the Paris Agreement in 2015. | http://www.southsouthnews.com/civil-society/civil-society-features/98-media-for-development/scidev-news/182502-indigenous-people-to-have-say-in-un-climate-policy |
Arctic Policy Framework Roundtables Report, Extractive industries, Ottawa, February 5, 2018
The opinions and views set out in this report prepared by Stratos | BDO are not necessarily the opinions or views of the Government of Canada.
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ
Objective
To inform the development of the new Arctic Policy Framework (framework) by gaining insight into the interests, priorities and desired outcomes of partners and stakeholders; and to identify possible areas for joint action to achieve shared goals.
Participants
Representatives from extractive industries across Canada participated in this roundtable, along with representatives from some of the framework’s co-development partners. To protect the privacy of participants, the names of individuals are not disclosed, except where permission to be quoted has been obtained.
About the report
This report synthesizes the input provided by participants across the 6 thematic areas:
- Comprehensive Arctic infrastructure
- Strong Arctic people and communities
- Strong, sustainable and diversified Arctic economies
- Arctic science and Indigenous knowledge
- Protecting the environment and conserving Arctic biodiversity
- The Arctic in a global context
The discussion within each theme was guided by a small set of discussion questions, which are provided below. Comments were shared by individual participants, unless otherwise noted.
Information gathered during this roundtable will be used as input to the development of the framework, along with information gathered at other national and regional multi-stakeholder roundtables, and through ongoing engagement with Indigenous governments and representatives and territorial and provincial governments directly involved in the co-development process.
Overarching themes and messages for the framework
Key themes and messages that were repeated throughout the day and often applied to multiple themes are listed below, in no particular order of importance.
- Many participants acknowledged there were strong links between all themes, particularly the first three themes of infrastructure, communities and economies, and that all these themes need to move forward in an integrated manner
- Multiple participants said the framework should clearly state support for responsible resource development and acknowledge that, done responsibly, it can foster economic and social development
- This statement should lead to the removal of barriers to responsible resource development, e.g. lack of infrastructure, uncertainty in land use plans
- The framework should be built on science and Indigenous knowledge shared in plain language, rather than ideology or the loudest voice in the room
- Many participants urged that this framework result in an implementation plan with measurable outcomes and timelines to support nation building, designed and implemented collaboratively with Northerners
- All government departments and levels should collaborate to leverage funding sources to empower Northerners via education, business development, collection of Indigenous knowledge, etc.
- Government representatives should visit Northern communities to understand their realities and build relationships
- Canada should promote domestic and foreign investment in the Arctic by resolving uncertainties and advocating for the value of land use plans and treaty rights
"Infrastructure can drive the economy, and people and communities can benefit from economic development; economic development can and will drive social outcomes and in that sort of harmonious context, I think that’s the kind of virtuous circle that we would like to see come out of this" - Brendan Marshall, Mining Association of Canada
Comprehensive Arctic infrastructure
Discussion questions
- What are the key infrastructure priorities for the Arctic?
- What specific opportunities for partnership and joint action should be explored?
The need for infrastructure
- There are many studies and reports documenting the infrastructure deficit in the North, (e.g. recent consultation on the Transportation Act, National Aboriginal Economic Development Board study, etc.)
- Addressing infrastructure will likely improve the competitiveness of the Arctic as a region in Canada, and Canada’s competitiveness in the global economy
- Lack of infrastructure is seen as a barrier to the retention of youth and skilled Northerners, as well as a barrier to resource development
- The framework should result in a government program dedicated to Northern infrastructure
The importance of an integrated infrastructure development plan
- There is a need for a comprehensive, long-term plan for infrastructure development, which will require champions and partnerships from all levels of government, as well as Indigenous and industry representatives
- Infrastructure built by and for industry should be leveraged to also benefit nearby communities
- Government should play a leadership role when there is a lack of consensus amongst communities on infrastructure priorities and/or "red tape" barriers preventing the formation of partnerships
- There are many studies and reports on infrastructure corridors for transportation, connectivity, energy, etc.; these need to be examined together to develop an integrated plan
- Participants shared examples of infrastructure projects where partnerships are being or should be pursued, including:
- Grays Bay Port and Road Project, which is a positive example of a partnerships between governments, with third-party financing, which is moving forward
- Indigenous regional development corporations are working together to pursue broadband connectivity, but do not have an obvious source of funding
- Road and hydro power access in the Slave Geological Province would foster more competitive resource development projects
Climate change
- The impact of climate change on infrastructure should be considered
- A carbon tax could put the North at even more of a disadvantage for resource development than it already is (i.e. Northern energy costs are already much higher than the South)
- To improve the competitiveness of the North, alternative and cleaner energy sources should be considered, which could be developed in partnership with industry
Current and future needs
- It is important to consider how technology will continue to evolve (e.g. landlines to cell phones, transmission lines to decentralized energy distribution) when assessing infrastructure needs
- The opening of the Northwest Passage will likely have implications for new resource and economic development opportunities in the near future
- Infrastructure planning should be an ongoing process, with continual investment in both maintaining existing infrastructure and building new infrastructure
Strong Arctic people and communities
Discussion questions
- What key actions could increase well-being within Arctic communities?
- What specific opportunities for partnership and joint action should be explored?
Role of extractive sector
- The extractive sector should be leveraged to support the attainment of broader regional economic and social development goals Footnote 1
- Economic and social development conversations should be kept separate, to avoid delaying economic development opportunities
- Education cannot support strong people and communities in the absence of economic development opportunities; education therefore should align with economic opportunities
Role of government
- Governments at all levels should understand and address social impacts in communities from mining, as well as barriers to participating in the mining sector (e.g. access to daycare, post-secondary education)
- An important part of this includes visiting communities and speaking with the youth
- A barrier to strong communities is the lack of resources and plans for implementing land claim agreements in the North
Role of universities
- Partnerships between universities Footnote 2 should be fostered to support education in the North
- A participant cited an example from a region outside of the framework’s scope, where a research alliance of 4 universities and 6 community colleges in Northern Ontario has allowed better leverage of funds for common causes
- Indigenous peoples need more accessible education programs
- For example, Laurentian and Lakehead Universities provide practical medical training to a diverse mix of English, French and Indigenous peoples; graduates often stay in their communities after completing the course
- A university in the North is not possible without connectivity/broadband access
Other comments
- Basic needs should be met first and foremost (e.g. housing, physical and mental health, etc.)
- Indigenous economic reconciliation is an important framework for all of the above-described efforts
- Job opportunities and related training should be identified, developed and communicated early (e.g. pre-graduation for students)
Strong, sustainable and diversified Arctic economies
Discussion questions
- What can be done to advance sustainable economic development, grow small-to-medium Arctic businesses, and diversify the Arctic economy?
- What can be done to build capacity/expertise and increase the participation of Arctic residents in local economies?
- What specific opportunities for partnership and joint action should be explored?
Recognizing the role of the extractive sector
- The public sector and extractive sector are the two primary drivers for economic development in the North
- Several participants agreed that the framework should acknowledge the role that the extractive sector has played in building a strong, sustainable and diversified economy that is less reliant on the public sector
- Tourism is seen as significant opportunity (i.e. instead of extractive projects); it would be useful to study the economic opportunities available through tourism and compare this to the extractives sector
Barriers to economic development
- The infrastructure deficit needs to be addressed to reduce the cost differential Footnote 3 of doing business in the North
- The infrastructure deficit is well known and action is needed, rather than further studies
- Infrastructure should support sustainable community development, versus boom and bust towns
- Land claims need to be resolved to increase the clarity of rules for operating in the North
- The environmental assessment process should consider both impacts and economic benefits
- Inadequate housing is preventing Northerners from owning and operating businesses
- For example, because most of the North consists of public housing, a house often cannot be used as collateral for business loans
- The moratorium for offshore oil and gas exploration in the Arctic Ocean was unexpected and reduced industry’s confidence in the government
- Indigenous economic development corporations find it difficult to find funding as they are neither a purely profit-driven organization, nor a non-profit organization
Training and capacity building
- Indigenous Northerners are hired mostly in entry-level positions in the extractives sector; to change this will take generations (e.g. producing engineers, biologists, metallurgists) and will require partnerships with governments and long-term funding
- For example, individual mining companies currently spend more on training than the Aboriginal Skills and Employment Training Strategy provides on an annual basis
- Tax credits could further support private sector investment in training programs
- Training programs should be run by Northerners for Northerners
- A sustainable economy can be supported by Indigenous-owned and managed businesses
Funding programs
- Funds are provided by multiple parties and it is challenging and complex to navigate and to understand who to go to for what funding
- Funding programs should be tailored to the three territories separately, versus one Northern fund
- Funding applications should be processed and approved in a timely manner, as time is of the essence when dealing with unpredictable commodity cycles
Arctic science and Indigenous knowledge
Discussion questions
- What can be done to respond more effectively to local knowledge needs?
- What can be done to increase the capacity of Arctic residents to participate in Arctic research initiatives and to better integrate Indigenous knowledge into decision-making?
- What specific opportunities for partnership and joint action should be explored?
Terminology
- Participants acknowledged that "science" refers to natural, social, physical and applied sciences
- Indigenous (or traditional) knowledge and local knowledge should be differentiated
- Indigenous knowledge documents how the land was used historically, how this has changed over time, and what ecosystem components are valued, while local knowledge documents current land use
Use of Indigenous knowledge
- Indigenous knowledge should act as a foundation for science research, rather than be integrated at the end
- Indigenous knowledge is being lost over time; gathering this data is an urgent issue (e.g. Inuit are now 2 generations removed from the land)
- Indigenous knowledge use should be expanded (e.g. to inform research and development, innovation, housing designs)
- broader use of Indigenous knowledge will give it increased credibility
Co-generation of data
- Industry can help address gaps in community social and economic data, although one participant noted that not all data may be shared due to competitiveness factors
- Communities should lead the development and implementation of project impact mitigation plans for the industry’s review and consideration
- In Nunavut, this could be led by the hunters and trappers organizations
- This promotes involvement of knowledge holders rather than opinion holders
- Completed research sometimes cannot be accessed by communities, although one participant noted that Library and Archives Canada has been more co-operative in providing communities access to land occupancy studies
- Government funding is needed to support community-based gathering and management of Indigenous knowledge
- For example, environmental technician graduates from Cambridge Bay cannot find local employment due to lack of local funds to hire environmental monitoring staff
- Industry and government could pay communities for data access to support the system’s operations and maintenance
- Data gathering opportunities should be exploited to maximize use for future needs
- Better communication is needed between data gatherers and data analysers
Protecting the environment and conserving Arctic biodiversity
Discussion questions
- How can Indigenous and local experience/knowledge be incorporated into action on climate change and biodiversity?
- What specific opportunities for partnership and joint action should be explored?
Assess probable rather than possible benefits and impacts
- The environmental assessment process focuses on impacts more than benefits, which may encourage reactive rather than proactive thinking
- In particular, the environmental assessment process often does not distinguish between probabilities of impact occurring (i.e. the credibility of the scenario)
- For example, a resource project could bring the benefit of greater funding for environmental data
Use of Indigenous knowledge
- The government should clarify whose role it is to obtain scientific and Indigenous knowledge data for the environmental assessment process
- For example, the federal government could fund data gathering for strategic environmental assessments to inform future projects
- There is an opportunity to create a centralized database with data from government and industry
- Funding to support community-based gathering and management of Indigenous knowledge should be prioritized based on areas of need (e.g. where future projects may occur)
- Most policymakers and regulators do not receive training on the use of Indigenous knowledge
- For example, caribou migratory patterns and calving grounds data from the Kitikmeot Inuit Association’s traditional knowledge database has not been reflected in the Nunavut land use plan
- Universities may act as neutral parties to help reconcile science and Indigenous knowledge
- Remediation planning meetings should be conducted on the land with Elders, youth, business owners, etc. to start the conversation from an Indigenous knowledge perspective
Environmental assessment challenges
- The environmental assessment process is complex and sometimes unclear in the Northwest Territories
- There is a lack of government funding for community participation in the environmental assessment process
- Some environmental assessment reviews take too long, which results in investment leaving the North
Terminology
- Term "protecting" implies there is a need for defense; can we change terminology to focus on what we would like to promote rather than defend?
- Term "fragile" Arctic environment is misleading; it is also a harsh, resilient ecosystem
Other comments
- The Canadian North is effectively protected by its remoteness and the infrastructure gap
- There is a concern that the 17% protected areas goal will predominantly impact the North
- The environmental assessment process should assess impacts to future and planned land use, in addition to present use (e.g. building traplines in areas that are not currently used, but there may be plans to use it or it has been used in the past)
The Arctic in a global context
Discussion questions
- What domestic interests and priorities should the Government of Canada pursue internationally?
- What do you see as the main challenges and opportunities for Canada's Arctic foreign and defence policy in the next 10-20 years?
Increasing the global and regional competitiveness of the Arctic
- Long-term and short-term (e.g. exploration) foreign investment should be supported and welcomed
- Land use planning is viewed as a barrier to foreign investment, because it takes a long time
- The federal government could advocate for the value of land use planning internationally
- Predictability and clarity on engagement, permitting, etc. is essential for foreign investors, who may not be familiar with the context of Indigenous peoples in Canada; there are also some conflicting government policies in the North
- Removing infrastructure in the North (even if it is old or outdated) sends the wrong message internationally about Canada’s commitment to addressing the lack of infrastructure. | https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1532620749537/1537885946666 |
Longboarding is one of the most fun and enjoyable things you can do on a sunny day. But sometimes, even when it seems like everything is going right, your Longboard will start to speed wobble. This article will provide you with 7 tips that will help you totally stop Longboard Speed Wobbles!
Let’s get started with the question!
What's in it?
- What is speed wobble?
- What causes Longboard Speed Wobbles?
- 7 tips To Totally Stop Longboard Speed Wobbles!
- Tip #01: Stay low in the center of your board:
- Tip #02: Keep your weight centered
- Tip ##03: Push off harder when starting
- Tip #04: Practice carving back and forth
- Tip #05: Use a more flexible deck
- Tip #06: Tighten up loose bolts:
- Tip#07: Ride at your own pace.
- How to Prevent wobbles on an Electric Longboard?
- Can Speed wobble cause an accident?
- Conclusion:
What is speed wobble?
Speed wobble is when the front wheel of your Longboard starts to shake or move side to side uncontrollably. This usually happens while you are going fast and can cause a rider’s balance to be thrown off, causing them to fall over, slow down quickly, or even stop!
Longboard Speed wobble is a common problem for longboarders. Speed Wobbles are when you start to feel like your board starts shaking from side to side while riding it at high speeds, almost as if the ground below was slinging back and forth beneath you!
It can be hard to stay on your board or even stop without falling off when this happens.
This article will give information about how Longboard speed wobbles happen and what causes them to understand better how to stop Longboard Speed Wobbles.
What causes Longboard Speed Wobbles?
There are three main ways Longboard Speed Wobbles might start: from imbalance at the front/back wheels, uneven surface, or too much traction.
There are three main ways Longboard Speed Wobbles might start: from imbalance at the front/back wheels, uneven surface, or too much traction.
The first way:
The first way of understanding why our boards shake may have something to do with balance. Some people find themselves naturally shifting weight so that they put all their pressure on one foot (either front or back) while coasting, which causes the board to tilt in one direction.
This makes it more difficult for them to balance themselves out and stay on their feet because they are constantly throwing all of their weight off-center.
This shift in weight causes a lot of board-shaking, which can be a nuisance but is not dangerous to the rider. It’s like when someone keeps shaking you while you’re trying to sleep and it drives you crazy.
It can, however, become dangerous if we are not able to balance ourselves back out because there will be one less foot (or two) for us to push off with. This will most likely cause us to fall off the board or get really badly hurt if we hit something hard enough (like the pavement). In this case, wobbles come from loss of control due to imbalance, not loss of traction.
The second way:
The second way that speed wobbles might happen is due to an imbalance between your front and rear trucks/wheels. If there’s a lot of friction or tension happening at the back wheel, but not enough going towards the front wheels’ brakes, this will cause instability as you go faster.
There may also be too much traction from either the left or right foot (based on how you’re steering), causing some portion of your rider weight to shift over time until everything starts getting unstable again.
If you’re doing something weird with the way that you’re riding your board, or if you hit a bump at a bad time, chances are good that the wobbles will result from an imbalance between front and rear wheels.
That’s one of those things where balance is important…but only for certain situations. If you push off a lot, create more traction on the back wheels (or even all four wheels), then this can cause speed wobbles too. Of course , there are also other ways to deal with this problem that aren’t related to longboarding at all .
What causes Longboard Speed Wobbles? The short answer: imbalance due to friction/traction.
The third way:
Thirdly, speed wobbles can happen if you’re on uneven pavement. This is sometimes the case when people are riding in a park where there’s grass and dirt mixed with concrete.
Whenever the wheels are on uneven surfaces, they can get stuck in one position for a short time. And when that happens , it’s like you have no steering control at all.
As you may know, going too fast is not good. But going too slow isn’t good either. Speed wobbles will definitely be your worst nightmare if you’re trying to go as fast as possible without falling down. In fact, most people who got speed wobbles probably went way overboard with their speed and/or took turns too sharply . That’s because many of them (not all) eventually learned how to handle speed wobbles while riding normally and/or slowly enough .
And that brings us to the question: what causes longboard speed wobbles?
Let’s start by saying that Speed Wobbles is caused mostly by the roughness of the road. It can be a thin layer of water, a bumpy patch of tarmac or even just dirt on the asphalt. Anything, really…
You see, riding over an uneven surface will cause your wheelbase (the distance between your trucks) to get stuck in one position for a short time. This means you won’t have any steering control at all.
Then, when you’re trying to steer left, for example , all your wheels will actually turn right . Making it incredibly hard to keep your balance . Or simply impossible if you’re going
There are some other reasons too! Like,
if you’ve got a really loose rear axle, then that’s going to cause speed wobbles. Also, it could mean that your bearings are too tight if they easily spin or make contact in the wrong way when you’re pushing on the trucks with your hands.
And, if you’ve got too much toe-in (when your wheels are facing each other or pointing inwards), then it’ll be a little harder to stay balanced. That’s especially the case if you’re trying to do something like grind, because things will start getting shaky quickly.
But I think the big one is uneven pavement. It can happen in a variety of ways. But basically, when you get up enough speed, you lose some control over how the board reacts to each wheel interacting with the ground.
This has two root causes:
1) You’re leaning too far into your turn:
In order to turn, you have to lean into the turn. But if you’re leaning so much into it that one of your wheels actually goes up on the gutter or curb, the wheel angle will change and you’ll lose a ton of control over steering.
I’ve noticed this mostly with people wearing shoes other than sneakers (like boots). The extra material at the heel makes it way easier for them to lean too far into their turns. Even without heels though, just using your toe-stops to control your board can also cause this problem.
If you’re trying a trick like manualing down some stairs while turning, it’s easy to screw things up in pretty much any manner imaginable . You can get really close to a stair and still not realize it. You can lean too far forward at the stairs and end up dropping your nose onto the edge. You can also launch off a step or curb without realizing that there’s more ahead of you (gasp!).
It turns out that one of the trickiest spots for learning how to land on your board is trying to learn how to manual down stairs . It seems like such a simple thing, but it’s actually pretty tricky to get right in most circumstances. Once you do master it though, hitting all the other gaps in the street won’t be too hard!
It’s easy to practice on either a set of small raised platforms or steps built into some cardboard. Pick whichever feels easier for you!
2) The pavement isn’t level for both wheels at all times:
Sometimes the surface of the street may be more level in some areas than others. If you’re used to skating on flat surfaces, it’s easy to forget that as long as your wheels are touching down, they will roll forward no matter what angle you’re moving at!
The first time I realized this happening was while going down a hill way too fast and watching helplessly as my rear wheel started ‘skipping’ over cracks in the road. I had been so busy focusing on how fast I was going, that I didn’t realize just how uneven parts of the road were! In this case having better bearings definitely helped me spin faster and not slow down whenever my back wheel hit one of those cracks.
The same goes for skateparks. If you’re cornering super fast at top speed and come to an uneven part of the transition, your wheels will react to this by searching for a ‘smoother’ surface – which can be anything from a crack in the wood, or a small gap between two paver stones!
You’ll notice this if you push down on the tops of your wheels – they should ‘squash’ and then spring back up again when you let go. That’s because skateboard wheels are made from urethane with negative bends in them, and natural springs! (more about that here ) So when a wheel hits a crack or bump in the park, it turns into a compression zone which allows for more grip-force (which we definitely want).
If it’s really bad bumps we’re talking about though, it can put so much pressure through your trucks that they get turned the other way around !
These two factors cause everything to go out of whack until there
No matter the reason, you should be aware that Longboard speed wobbles are a common problem for all.
7 tips To Totally Stop Longboard Speed Wobbles!
Now here goes our 7 tips To Totally Stop Longboard Speed Wobbles!
Tip #01: Stay low in the center of your board:
Stay low in the center of your board. This lowers your center of gravity and helps keep you stable.
When you’re riding staying in the center, you’re closer to the ground, and your weight is more evenly distributed. This makes you less likely to take off too quickly or catch air on a turn, leading to speed wobbles. Moreover, it’s easier to lean when you’re on the lower end of your board, which helps with turning.
you see, gravity is a bit*h and it’ll turn you down every time! Therefore, you should always try to be on the lower end of your board.
When you ride in the center of your board, you also make yourself more responsive for riding curbs and obstacles. Moreover, when too close to the tail or nose of a longboard, any small movements will cause big changes in your balance. For example, if you’re trying to hit something while speeding down the street and shift slightly forward towards the nose (for better balance), but then accidentally knock into something causing you to lean back (now off balance). This may lead to speed wobbles or even just falling over entirely.
How low is low enough? Well it’s different for everyone. But generally if your feet are hitting the ground while standing centered on your deck then you should be good — but test it out and see what feels best for you! Another way to check if this is right is if you grab hold of both decks near their nose while rolling at medium speed, and then try to kick off each respective wheel while trying to roll straight. If you can do this without the decks moving around or falling down (when held evenly at their noses) then you should be fine too.
Tip #02: Keep your weight centered
Keep your weight centered over the trucks at all times; this keeps you stable by balancing out your weight distribution.
When you lean too far forward, your weight is shifted toward the front and makes it hard for you to recover from a mistake.
You should keep your head up and look where you want to go, not at the ground in front of the wheels.
As soon as you put your head down, it can mess with your balance because now all of your attention will be focused on what’s going on under the wheels, making it harder for you to make quick corrections if something goes wrong.
Remember that when leaning back or kicking off a wheel while rolling straight at slow speeds, there is no need to lean backwards very much! It’s best to just lean slightly over the rear truck so that if any sudden deceleration happens due to hitting a crack or braking too hard, the rear end of your board will be supported as it goes over.
When you are moving at faster speeds, 20mph+ for example, more weight needs to be put over the nose wheels of you longboard because this is when things start to happen much quicker and any sudden changes in speed can make you lose control if they aren’t planned ahead of time. A lot of people have had their first experience with speed wobbles while going fast down hills on their longboards in an effort to cool down from skateboarding.
If you’re having problems maintaining balance while carving at high speeds, especially downhill, there are some things that can help! Most people don’t realize that by simply standing straighter and pushing can make the difference!
When you ride with your weight centered between the two trucks, it keeps your center of gravity low and balanced.
This will make it much easier to stay stable when turning or stopping quickly. Additionally, if you have too much weight on one side of your board, that can cause wobbles because the truck is pushed off balance by all the extra pressure from one direction.
Tip ##03: Push off harder when starting
Push off harder when starting from a stop or slowing down to avoid catching air, leading to speed wobbles.
The harder you push off, the more your weight will get distributed over both trucks rather than just one. So instead of just one truck absorbing the whole impact, more weight is distributed to both trucks reducing the chance that you will catch air and your board will wobble.
This is especially important when riding with a more extended deck and larger wheels because of their increased sensitivity to speed wobbles.
Tip #04: Practice carving back and forth
Practice carving back and forth on flat pavement. This will give you more control over how much grip is needed for each turn and smooths out the ride since it’s not going up hills or anything like that. It will also help you get a feel for what too much speed feels like, which is important for being able to control your speed. It’s kind of like training wheels on a bike!
So just remember that the smoother you can make all of your turns, the more stability you’ll have.
Practicing carving back and forth is a good way to do this.
Carve back and forth until you’re comfortable with controlling stability without speed wobbles. Moreover, Practice will make it more comfortable and easier to balance if you start catching air or wobble and will eventually make it second nature.
Tip #05: Use a more flexible deck
Use a more flexible deck if it’s too stiff. This is important because the stiffness of your board affects how much speed you can carry before catching air.
Thus the chance for speed wobbles increases when going over bumps or dips in a pavement that would otherwise keep you stable with less speed. Deck flexibility will give you more stability and control over your board.
When using a less flexible deck, make sure to take your time when going over bumps and dips in the pavement. This will help you maintain speed and stability.
A board that is less flexible will be more suited for high speeds because it can hold its form, while a very flexible deck loses its shape at higher speeds.
If the deck is too flexible to allow (it tends to bend under your feet), then it’s probably better not to force the flex and start looking for another deck.
The stiffness of a board should depend on your weight, riding style and how much experience you have as a longboarder. Look closely at the deck design if it’s not obvious. It will tell you what type of rider this specific board has been designed for: Lightweight riders – Most decks are aimed towards lightweight riders, also called freeriders .
Longboarders who do a lot of commuting will benefit from having an extra stiff deck with lots of grips to keep them stable on the slick pavement and avoid speed wobbles when catching air over uneven bumps in the road.
Tip #06: Tighten up loose bolts:
Tighten up loose bolts at least once every two weeks to avoid loosening due to vibrations from riding; this will also help prevent any screws from coming out.
This could lead to dangerous situations like having one foot on each side of your Longboard and not stopping without falling off!
Loose bolts can be fatal sometimes as well, so you’ll want to keep an eye on this. Regular maintenance will help you avoid this problem and keep your Longboard in top shape and condition.
Tip#07: Ride at your own pace.
Ride at your own pace. Speed wobbles are more likely to happen when you’re going too fast for the conditions, so take it easy and don’t push yourself beyond what feels comfortable.
It may sound obvious, but you will be less likely to speed wobble if you are in control of your board and not going too fast. Following friends or racing chasing may seem like a good idea, but it’s not. The board will be hard to control, and there is the risk that you’ll speed wobble or fall off entirely because of how fast you are going.
The slower you go for the conditions, the better control you’ll have of your board.
The same is true when you’re riding on a slope- going too fast will take away your ability to control your board properly and can even cause you to fall off altogether. Make sure that you know how fast looks right for each situation so that it’s comfortable to ride at this speed- if not, then slow down!
Likewise, speed wobbles are more likely if there is an object or obstacle in front of you and also make sure that all of your friends are following behind by at least five feet. This gives everyone enough room to breathe without being bunched up or unnecessarily speeding up.
How to Prevent wobbles on an Electric Longboard?
Electric Longboard is often much more reliable as their weight makes them less prone to speed wobbles.
Besides, the power-dropping characteristics of hub motors gives them superior acceleration and climbing abilities.
What cause wobbles on electric longboards? Despite these advantages, like all other longboards, they can suffer from speed wobbles while going downhill at high speeds. The reasons are numerous:
· You may be riding a new board that does not have much mass and thus is more sensitive to movement in the ground.
· Your wheels may be out of round, which can be caused by hitting something or just wear and tear (you can usually see this with uneven wearing of your wheels). Most stores will replace your wheels if you have this concern.
· You may have not adjusted the kingpin to be in a lower position, which is often done by people who ride longboards to feel more stable and have less wobbles.
· Your batteries might be getting old or are low on juice because you’ve been riding your electric longboard all day and so they’re dying out quickly. This can make them less powerful as well as cause the motor/controllers to overheat quicker which can also lead to instability of your board. By simply tuning up your battery packs, it’s likely that these issues will go away.
· Lastly, your wheels could be dirty or full of debris (e.g., sand) that could worsen accidents during downhill rides when you speed down hills. All you need to do is clean your wheels with some soap and water by using a rag or toothbrush and it’ll make your wheel roll better over any terrain as well as prevent any unnecessary accidents during downhill rides.
· Another way to prevent these wobbles are to use trucks that can handle the weight of your electric longboard . If you’re riding on lighter setups like 7-ply Maple Longboards or Bamboo Longboards, there’s a chance that the wood in these decks aren’t strong enough to support itself while being pushed through rough terrains which can cause wobbles so it’s best not to ride such boards if you want stability for more safety precautions.
Many people report that it is much easier to prevent an electric longboard from getting a speed wobble than non-electric. This is because the weight distribution and center of gravity are not disrupted as they can be with other models.
The reason some electric longboarders get a speed wobble is because the batteries are too close to the wheel wells. When you push off from an object on your left, and right legs, it can cause tension in the board which may potentially wobbles. You need to ensure that there’s adequate space between batteries and wheels for proper weight distribution so that it balances out when you lean into turns.
One way to avoid all your worries about preventing these irritating and potentially dangerous speed wobbles on your next ride is by investing in the best electric Longboard skateboard! We all know how hard it is to find the best electric skateboard nowadays. That’s why we created this article in which I’d reviewed some of the most popular and best electric longboards available on Amazon and compare them side by side.
But if you have a wobble on your current ride, and it’s an electric Longboard. The main idea would be the same as the regular Longboard, stay low in the center of your board and keep your weight centered over the trucks. Most of all, don’t panic! If you are comfortable on your board and have practiced balance, this will be easy.
I’ve personally never wobbled at high speeds, other than in my first few seconds of learning how to ride a Longboard. So if you can get a solid grip on your Longboard tricks and maintain speed while getting air off jumps or ramps then it should be quite easy for you to feel the vibrations in your feet which indicate an instability in the trucks.
Taking good care of your ride is essential on an electric one, especially as there is more component to look after! Try to keep water off the battery and motor. I know this can be hard to do but I find that wrapping my deck up while riding in the rain is a great way of doing this. I also always waterproof any exposed wires and connectors with electrical tape. I spray them down with an electric contact cleaner once every few months as well, just to make sure everything is working smoothly!
Screws, nuts and bolts should all be tightened regularly when you notice they aren’t as tight as before. Most places sell Loctite Threadlocker which will provide extra security against vibrations loosening screws over time.
It’s important to clean your bearings regularly so that dirt doesn’t build up . It’s especially important to do this while the board is new, as not cleaning them can lead to damage of the bearings or motor.
Lastly, but most importantly, make sure you are riding within your limits!
Steps: 1) Remove wheels 2) Remove motors from their mounts 3) Put a drop or two of bike chain lube in each side 4) Install motors back into mounts 5) Scrape excess lube off 6) Enjoy smoother rides
Can Speed wobble cause an accident?
Yes, It can!
“speed wobbles” contributed to 37% of all fatal longboard accidents between 2003 and 2013. The NTSB is an independent U.S. federal agency responsible for investigating transportation accidents, especially civil aviation crashes with significant life or property damage loss.
Conclusion:
There are many ways to prevent them, and they can lead to accidents if not handled correctly. So, if you’re having trouble with speed wobble on your Longboard (whether it’s electric or not), take a look at the tips provided in this article. I hope it won’t be a problem anymore. | https://longboardreviews.org/tips-to-stop-longboard-speed-wobbles?noamp=mobile |
Jan H. Sachers M.A takes us on a remarkable journey.
As a modern sport, horseback archery (HBA) is a relatively new phenomenon. But its origins date back many thousands of years, and over the course of history it has been practiced and perfected in many different cultures, producing different styles, different disciplines.
While some of them have survived the centuries in form of tradition or ritual, others are now being rediscovered by eager practitioners around the world.
The roots of horseback archery lie in ancient forms of warfare practiced by mounted warriors. It was the Scythians who first made entire empires tremble with the hoofbeat of their horses and the showers of their arrows.
They inhabited the endless plains of the Eurasian steppe around the Black Sea, and they seemed so united with their steeds that they probably inspired the centaur myth.
In the 5th century BC the Greek historian Herodotus wrote about the Scythians: ‘Having neither cities nor forts, and carrying their dwellings with them wherever they go; accustomed, moreover, one and all of them, to shoot from horseback; and living not by husbandry but on their cattle, their waggons the only houses that they posses, how can they fail of being unconquerable, and unassailable even?‘
Of the Persians, another ancient people famous for its mounted archers, it was later said that they taught their sons only three things: to ride, to shoot with bow and arrow, and to always speak the truth.
The Sarmatians in the area of todays Iran, the Parthians and Sassanids, the Avars and Alans were also known and feared as horseback archers, and many of them served in the armies of Rome.
In the 4th and 5th centuries AD the mounted archers of the Huns were feared throughout Europe as the ‘Scourge of God‘, and ‘Lord, deliver us from the arrows of the Hungarians‘ was a common enough prayer in the 9th century.
Mongols
The most successful of these peoples from the Eurasians steppes however were the Mongols. From the backs of their small, but sturdy ponies they conquered not only vast parts of Asia between the Mediterranean coast and China, but also advanced west as far as Hungary and Poland, before they returned home in 1241, their mighty empire slowly falling victim to internal disputes.
Medieval European armies struggled with the nomad way of fighting. Small bands of mounted archers cantered towards them, passing their front line, loosing arrow after arrow at armoured knights and infantry alike, before circling back to the main body.
They were fast and highly mobile, manoeuvring their horses solely with their legs – making use of the stirrup, said to be invented by the Huns, which was adapted only slowly by Western riders during the Middle Ages.
Another common factor among the steppe peoples was the type of bow they used: It was the short, reflex composite bow, laminated from layers of horn and sinew on a wooden core.
Differences in design reflect cultural preferences as well as availability of materials, and innovations in bow construction such as the V-splice, not so much an evolution in bow design.
Even the earliest examples, the Scythian composite bows, were of extraordinary power, and enabled a long draw despite their shortness.
Japan and the east
Many modern bows copy these old designs, using artificial materials like fibreglass and carbon, and are marketed as ’horse bows‘, which is a silly name, since every bow can be, and has been, used on horseback – even the extra-long Japanese yumi.
This 2.25 m long Bamboo-composite bow is built asymmetrically, with the bottom end being considerably shorter, so it does not get in the way of the horse.
While Kyudo, the Japanese art of archery, has long found its way into the West, Japanese horseback archery or Yabusame is not yet equally well known outside its homeland. It is a spectacle with traditions dating back hundreds of years, and mainly associated with certain religious holidays.
In Yabusame, three rather small painted wooden targets are set up along a 255 m long track. The arrows, which are equipped with a heavy wooden head and V-shaped iron tip, are shot from full canter and make the targets burst with a loud bang when hit.
Jinba Ittai, ’horse and rider are one‘, is the ideal of this discipline, that qualifies more as a ritual than as a sport. The events are part of elaborate ceremonies, the archers are clad in colourful traditional garb, and follow a strict protocol.
Mounted archery has played an important role in many cultures, sometimes up into modern times. In Korea, the tradition of Mogu originated as a means to practice the hunt from horseback. One rider has a huge ball on a string attached to his horse. He is given a certain lead before two or four mounted archers chase after him, trying to hit the madly jumping target with blunt arrows.
In the Turkish Qabaq game (literally: ‘gourd‘) the target is mounted on top of an eight to twelve metres high pole. It was very popular throughout the Ottoman empire, and even sultans like the famous Murad II were keen to show their archery prowess in this discipline.
Archers were usually divided into two teams taking turns cantering along a track and trying to hit the target from below, shooting straight up while twisting their bodies down and back in the waist.
Around the world
The Habsburg emperor Maximilian I (1459-1519), ‘the last knight‘, favoured bow-hunting from horseback, and many other regents and rulers in East and West throughout history shared his taste. Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos (1118-1143) even found his unfortunate end while chasing after a boar.
three sections of equal length, the three targets at its centre facing three different directions. In the first section, the archers shoot forward, in the second to their left, and in the final section they turn backwards as if shooting at a pursuer.
Shooting backwards while riding forward: this far-from-easy task is known as the ’parting shot‘, although it was originally called the ‘Parthian shot‘, after the mounted warriors of antiquity who were said to be masters of this technique.
On the Korean track one, two, or five targets are set up to the left of the rider, with their centre 1m above the ground. The track is 90 or 150 m long, and has to be finished, and all targets shot at, within 12 or 15 seconds.
Various other disciplines are being practiced in different countries, and new ones developed all the time, even tracks with jumps and other obstacles, or 3D archery on horseback on cross-country courses.
Advanced riding skills are a prerequisite in all forms of horseback archery. When handling bow and arrow, there is no hand left to hold the reins, and the rider has to be able to command his horse with his weight and legs alone.
In a canter, there is a short phase when all the horse‘s four hoofs are off the ground. This is the ideal time for arrow release, while the rider straightens up in the saddle. The next arrow has to be pulled out of the quiver and put on the string without taking the eyes off the next target.
The motions of the horse make the usual systems of aiming obsolete, and the limited time requires each shot to be performed in one smooth, fluid motion with a ‘floating‘ anchor.
All breeds of horses are suited for horseback archery, but the horse has to be specially trained, so as not to spook when the rider is handling pointy objects within its field of vision.
The twang of the string and the sudden rapid movement of a projectile can easily result in panic reaction in unconditioned horses! So the mount has to be taken through a process of careful training and conditioning to learn that there is no danger in whatever the rider does on its back – and it is the responsibility of the horseback archer to make sure it is so.
Nowadays, there are HBA associations to be found in most European countries as well as in the US, to help people start their journey in this fascinating sport.
Horseback archery today
The World Horseback Archery Federation (WHAF) is the international association of mounted archers recognised by the UNESCO.
Several national and international competitions are now held regularly, comprising of different disciplines like Hungarian and Korean targets, Mogu, Qabaq, and others, each one fast and thrilling, and a sight you don‘t see everyday.
If you‘re interested, check for EOCHA, the European Open Championships of Horseback Archery, or the al-Faris competition in Jordan under the royal patronage of King Abdullah II ibn Al-Hussein.
All of them, and many others throughout the world, help keeping the international traditions of horseback archery alive, and develop it into a sport of the future. | https://www.bow-international.com/features/the-history-of-horseback-archery/ |
Iran increases precision of indigenous missile
Commander of the Aerospace Division of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) Brigadier General Amir-Ali Hajizadeh said Iranian defense experts have increased the precision of the missile to less than 8.5 meters, down from the previous figure of 30 meters which was registered during its successful test in July 2012.
He noted that the delivery of Khalij-e Fars anti-ship ballistic missiles to the IRGC naval forces has prompted transregional countries to consider ending the mission of their warships in the Persian Gulf.
Khalij-e Fars supersonic anti-ship ballistic missile reportedly has a range of 300 kilometers (186 miles). It is equipped with a 650-kilogram explosive warhead, and benefits from a combination of guidance systems to evade interception.
While most cruise missiles travel at supersonic or high subsonic speeds, Khalij-e Fars missile is fired like other ballistic missiles, but is able to detect its targets and hit them in a vertical manner. | https://en.trend.az/iran/2162804.html |
# Monopod
A monopod, also called a unipod, is a single staff or pole used to help support cameras, binoculars, rifles or other precision instruments in the field.
## Camera and imaging use
The monopod allows a still camera to be held steadier, allowing the photographer to take sharp pictures at slower shutter speeds, and/or with longer focal length lenses. In the case of video, it reduces camera shake, and therefore most of the resulting small random movements. Monopods are easier to transport and quicker to set up than conventional tripods, making them preferable for on-the-go (OTG) photography. An OTG photographer is not able to carry a heavy, bulky tripod around, and when they see a potential shot, there is no time to bother with setting up a complicated tripod. A simple monopod is easy to carry, easy to set up, and enables the photographer to take advantage of the situation they are presented with, all while providing camera support to capture a clear, sharp image. Examples of situations in which a monopod is preferable include wildlife and sports photography where you can dramatically increase the stability of long lenses, travel photography, particularly around the golden hours and of course outdoor macro photography, especially when trying to photograph insects etc.
When used by itself, it eliminates camera shake in the vertical axis. When used in combination with leaning against a large object, a bipod is formed; this can also eliminate horizontal motion.
Unlike a tripod, monopods cannot support a camera independently. In the case of still cameras, this limits the shutter speed that can be used. They still allow longer exposures than hand holding, and are easier to carry and use than a tripod. Because it confers less stability than a tripod, monopods may present difficulties when trying to get a good image with very low light photography, i.e. night time, and shots where you need a 100% stable camera for example shooting light trails or landscapes with extreme depth of field.
Many monopods can also be used as a "beltpod," meaning that the foot of the monopod can rest on the belt or hip of the photographer. This is usually used in selfies for clearer shots by ensuring that the camera is not in motion relative to the body.
With a special adapter, monopods can be used as a "chestpod", meaning that the foot rests now on the chest of the photographer. The result is that the camera is held more steadily than by hand alone (though not as steadily as when the foot is planted on the ground), and the camera/monopod is completely mobile, travelling with the photographer's movements. This technique is widely used in videography in which the photographer has to move with the subject e.g. first-person scenes, and is also especially useful for disabled photographers.
Generally, in terms of mobility versus stability, if mobility increases, stability decreases as follows:
Tripod or tablepod resting on a solid surface (most stable) Monopod on solid surface "Chestpod" / "Beltpod" Hand-held (least stable)
Monopods are often equipped with a ball swivel, allowing some freedom to pan and tilt the camera while the monopod remains relatively stationary.
Walking sticks or "trekking poles" exist that have a 1/4"-20 threaded stud on the top of the handle, usually covered by a cap when not in use, allowing them to double as a camera monopod. The user would usually need to carry a ball swivel adapter separately and mount it as needed.
Monopods used with a smartphone or camera to take selfie photographs beyond the normal reach of the arm are known as selfie sticks, and (depending on the model) may have Bluetooth connectivity.
## Ways of attaching a camera
There are two ways to attach your camera to a monopod. The first is to screw the monopod's screw thread directly into the camera body. This is fine if you're using a fairly small, light lens.
If you're shooting using a long, heavy telephoto lens, it's better to use a tripod mount ring. This fixes the monopod to the lens rather than the camera body, giving better balance and stopping the monopod from rotating in your hands as you try to position it.
There are various different types of monopod head available, and ball heads offer the most flexibility. They allow you to shoot in portrait or landscape orientation, and angle your camera to adjust for any sloping of the monopod.
## Firearms
A monopod can be used for firearms. They have the advantage of being light and compact, although when used in firing mode they can only be used with small firearms. They are also used as "butt spikes" as a rear support on precision rifles.
## Precision optical and measuring instruments
When used to support a compass or transit, the monopod is referred to as a jacob staff. Mounting the compass atop the jacob staff eliminates reading errors introduced by body movements, and permits the taking of more precise bearings to targets.
Monopods known as finnsticks are also used to steady high-power (typically, 10× or more) binoculars to permit a clear view without shake or wobble introduced by the user's hand and body movements. With the introduction of gyroscopically stabilized binoculars, the use of stabilizing supports for binoculars have declined in recent years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopod |
I don’t believe in bicycles.
No, let me specify: I don’t believe in the physics that govern bicycles.
Even more specific: I don’t believe in the physics that govern the movement of bicycles.
A bicycle cannot stand up unless it is in motion. It will slump in a rigid heap on the ground in an instant if left to balance by itself. So how can something that does not have enough balance to stand still manage to stay upright while moving. My theory: human imagination.
Human imagination had to be present to build the bicycle in the first place. The history is remarkable – to conceive a two-wheeled moving machine that could propel a person through space, and yet cannot stand up by itself, is frankly bizarre. The discovery must have been monumental.
Today, even with our great understanding of physics, it is still debated as to how aeroplanes gain lift and leave the runway. I once flew a plane and this is what my instructor told me on the first lesson, to settle my nerves.
It is generally accepted that changes in pressure below and above the wings create “lift”, and that this is how an aeroplane can leave the surface of the earth. The principles that govern the gliding motion of a plane, or the rudder/engine propulsion are uncontested, yet the principle that governs lift, to this day, over 100 years since the invention of the flying machine, is still contested.
This is how I feel about the principles governing bicycles.
This idea was contributed to Wikipedia by “expert” Joel Fajans:
The rider applies torque to the handlebars in order to turn the front wheel and so to control lean and maintain balance. At high speeds, small steering angles quickly move the ground contact points laterally; at low speeds, larger steering angles are required to achieve the same results in the same amount of time. Because of this, it is usually easier to maintain balance at high speeds.
I can personally confirm that this is entirely incorrect, as I recently found out after a tremendous fall off my bike that has resulted in a broken bone (after I began writing this post). High speeds do not maintain balance.
My hypothesis: The bicycle can only remain balanced if the will of the human being riding it is strong enough. This will is a combination of imagination and luck (90/10 split) and is the only thing that can keep an object, which has no business standing up by itself, standing. This is the reason for my own accident – I didn’t lose my happy thought, or run out of fairy dust. I had just stopped believing.
I therefore submit the bicycle into the ambiguous category of the “perpetual motion machine”. If the balance of bicycles can only continue while they are moving, then what I regard as their principle point of existence, as moving transportation machines, is all but pitifully useless, unless in perpetual motion. So through the power of imagination, a bicycle solves two human quandaries: First, it explains its own existence, and second it ensures that a perpetual motion machine can also exist. The only other possible explanation is that bicycles have consciousness and personality, but I submit to the grander ideas of Professor De Selby on that aspect.
QED.
All images in this post are my own and subject to copyright unless stated. I don’t mind reproductions, but please credit them to this blog or contact ([email protected]) for more information. | https://shanefinan.org/moonunderwater/?p=846 |
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It is estimated that there are approximately half a million practitioners of kyūdō today.
History
The beginning of archery in Japan is, as elsewhere, pre-historical. The first molded metal images with distinct Japanese asymmetrical longbow are from the Yayoi-period (ca. 250 BC – 330 BC). The first written document is the Chinese chronicle Weishu (dated before 297 AD), which tells how at the Japanese isles people use "a wooden bow that is short from the bottom and long from the top." [Yamada Shōji, [http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/The_Myth_of_Zen_in_the_Art_of_Archery.pdf The Myth of Zen in the Art of Archery] , Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 2001 28/1–2] During these times the bow began to be used in addition to hunting also in warfare. Later the ceremonial use of a bow was adopted from China and continued in Japan after it ended in China. From China was also adopted the composite technique of bow manufacturing gluing together bamboo and wood splinters.
The changing of society and the military class - the samurai - taking power in the end of the first millennium created a requirement for education in archery. This lead to the birth of several archery schools, such as the mounted archery school Ogasawara-ryū. The need grew dramatically during the so called Genpei war (1180–1185). From the 15th to the 17th century Japan was ravaged by civil war. In the latter part of the 15th century
Heki Danjo Masatsugurevolutionized archery and his footman's archery spread rapidly. Many new schools were formed, some of which such as Heki-ryū Chikurin-ha, Heki-ryū Sekka-ha and Heki-ryū Insai-ha remain even today.
The use of bow as a weapon of war came to an end when the first Europeans arrived in Japan in 1542. The bow however remained along side the arquebus for a long time due to its longer reach, accuracy and especially because it was 30–40 times faster. Arquebus however did not require the same amount of training as a bow, so Oda Nobunaga's army consisting mainly out of farmers armed with arquebus annihilated a traditional samurai archer cavalry in a single battle in 1575.
During the Tokugawa-period (1603–1868) Japan was tuned inward as hierarchial cast society in which the samurai were at the top. There was a long time of peace during which the samurai moved to administrative duty, although the traditional fighting skills were still esteemed. During this period archery became a "voluntary" skill, practiced partly in the court in ceremonial form, partly as different kinds of competition. Archery spread also outside the warrior class. The samurai were affected by the straightfoward philosophy and aim for mind control zen-buddhism that was introduced by Chinese monks. Earlier archery had been called kyūjutsu, the skill of bow, but monks acting even as martial arts teachers lead into creation of a new concept – kyūdō.
During the changes brought by Japan opening up to the outside world in the beginning of the Meiji-era (1868–1912) the samurai lost their position. Therefor all martial arts, including kyūdō, grew less in teaching and esteem. In 1896 a group of kyūdō-masters gathered to save the traditional archery. Honda Toshizane, the kyūdō-teacher for the imperial university of Tokio, merged the war- and ceremonial shooting styles creating a hybrid called Honda-ryū. It took however until 1949 before the All Japanese Kyudo Federation (ANKF, jap. Zen Nihon kyūdō renmei) was formed. Guidelines published in 1953 kyūdō kyōhon define how in a competition or graduation archers from different schools can shoot together in unified form.
Purpose
In kyūdō, like all archery, the purpose is to hit the target. Kyūdō however is practiced in many different schools, some of which decend from military shooting and others that descend from ceremonial shooting. Therefore, the emphasis is different. Some put emphasis on esthetics and others to efficiency. It is so, that to hit is to be done with a correct technique. Or in inverse to shoot correctly will result inevitably in hit. For this a phrase "seisha hitchu", "true shooting, certain hitting", is used.
Kyūdō practice as all "
budō" includes the idea of moral and spiritual development. Today many archers practice kyūdō as a sport, with marksmanship being paramount. However, the goal most devotees of kyūdō seek is "seisha seichu", "correct shooting is correct hitting". In kyūdō the unique action of expansion ("nobiai") that results in a natural release, is strived for. When the technique of the shooting is correct the result will be for the arrow to arrive in the target. To give oneself completely to the shooting is the spiritual goal, acchieved by perfection of both the spirit and shooting technique leading to "munen muso", "no thoughts, no illusions". This however is not Zen, although Japanese bow can be used in Zen-practice or kyūdō practiced by a Zen-master. [Prof. Genishiro Inagaki, 1980 in Bagge 2001, Kyudo - Japanilainen jousiammunta, ISBN 951-98366-0-8] In this respect, many kyūdō practitioners believe that competition, examination, and any opportunity that places the archer in this uncompromising situation is important, while other practitioners will avoid competitions or examinations of any kind.
Since after the Second World War kyūdō has often being associated with Zen-buddhism. While kyūdō as such remains non-religious, this misinterpretation is a result of a single book "
Zen in the Art of Archery" (1948) by the German author Eugen Herrigel. Herrigel did not speak Japanese and his view on kyūdō was in part due to miscommunication. Even so Herrigel's book, when translated into Japanese in 1956, had a huge impact on perception of kyūdō also in Japan. [Yamada Shōji, [http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/The_Myth_of_Zen_in_the_Art_of_Archery.pdf The Myth of Zen in the Art of Archery] , Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 2001 28/1–2]
The Kyūdō Dojo
Kyūdō Dojos vary in style and design from school to school, and from country to country. In Japan, most dojos have roughly the same layout; an entrance, a large dojo area, typically with a wooden floor and a high ceiling, a position for practice targets (Called "makiwara"), and a large open wall with sliding doors, which, when opened, overlooks an open grassy area and a separate building called a "matoba" which houses a dirt hillock and the targets, placed 28 meters from the dojo floor.
Practice
Kyudo is practiced in different schools and styles and even between dojos of the same style the form of practice can vary. To harmonize practice and ceremonial shooting (sharei) in 1953 the All Nippon Kyūdō Federation (ANKF) formed an establishing committee from the main schools to take the best elements of each school and form the ANKF style that is used today throughout Japan and in most kyudo federations in the west.
In kyudō there are three kinds of practice ("geiko"): "mitori geiko" - receiving with the eyes the style and technique of an advanced archer, "kufu geiko" - learning and keeping in mind the details of the technique and spiritual effort to realize it and "kazu geiko" - repetition through which the technique is personified in one's own shooting. [Prof. Genishiro Inagaki, 1989 in Bagge 2001, Kyudo - Japanilainen jousiammunta, ISBN 951-98366-0-8]
Learning of kyudo starts with a rubber practice bow "gomuyumi" and by practising the movements of "hassetsu". The second step for a beginner is to do "karabiki" training with a bow without an arrow to learn handling of the bow and performing "hassetsu" until full draw. Handling and maintenance of the equipment is also part of the training. After given permission by the teacher beginners start practicing with the glove and arrow. Next steps may vary from teacher to teacher, but include practicing first "yugamae", then the draw and last release and shooting at "makiwara". When beginner is starting to shoot at mato, they may be asked to shoot from half or three-quarters distance from the usual. [Feliks Hoff, The Way of the Bow, 2001 (engl.ed.) ISBN 1-57062-852-1]
Advanced beginners and advanced shooters practise shooting at "makiwara", "mato" and some with "omato".
"Makiwara" is a specially designed straw target (not to be confused with "
makiwara" used in karate). The "makiwara" is shot at from a very close range (about seven feet, or the length of the archer's strung "yumi" when held horizontally from the centerline of his body). Because the target is so close and the shot most certainly will hit, the archer can concentrate on refining his technique rather than on worrying about where the arrow will go.
"Mato" is the normal target for most kyudo practitioners. "Mato" sizes and shooting distances vary, but most common is "hoshi mato" thirty-six centimeters (or 12 "sun", a traditional Japanese measurement equivalent to approximately 3.03 cm) in diameter shot at from a distance of twenty-eight meters. In competitions and graduations "hoshi mato" is used. For ceremonies it is most common to use "kasumi mato" which is the same as "hoshi mato" but with different markings.
"Omato" is the "mato" used for long distance "enteki" shooting at 60 m distance. The diameter of "omato" is 158 cm. There are separate competitions also for enteki shooting. [Feliks Hoff, The Way of the Bow, 2001 (engl.ed.) ISBN 1-57062-852-1]
Equipment
The "
yumi" ( Japanese bow) is exceptionally tall (standing over two meters), surpassing the height of the archer. "Yumi" are traditionally made of bamboo, wood and leather using techniques which have not changed for centuries, although some archers (particularly, those new to the art) may use synthetic (i.e. laminated wood coated with glassfiberor carbon fiber) "yumi". Even advanced "kyūdōka" may own non-bamboo "yumi" and "ya" due to the vulnerability of bamboo equipment to extreme climates. The suitable height for "yumi" depends from the length of archers draw ("yatsuka") which is usually about half the archers height.
"Ya" (arrow) shafts were traditionally made of bamboo, with either eagle or hawk feathers. Most "ya" shafts today are still made of bamboo (although some archers will use shafts made of aluminum or carbon fibers), and "ya" feathers are now obtained from non-endangered birds such as turkeys or swans. The length of an arrow is the archers "yatsuka" plus between 6 to 10 centimeters. Every "ya" has a gender (male "ya" are called "haya"; female "ya", "otoya"); being made from feathers from alternate sides of the bird, the "haya" spins clockwise upon release while the "otoya" spins counter-clockwise. Kyūdō archers usually shoot two "ya" per round, with the "haya" being shot first. It is often claimed that the alternate spinning direction of the arrows would prevent two consecutive identically shot arrows from flying identically and thus colliding.
The kyūdō archer wears a glove on the right hand called a "yugake". There are many varieties of "yugake", they are typically made of deerskin. Practitioners can choose between a hard glove (with a hardened thumb) or a soft glove (without a hardened thumb); there are different advantages to both.
With a hard glove, the thumb area is not very flexible and has a pre-made groove used to pull the string ("tsuru"). With a soft glove, the thumb area is very flexible and is without a pre-made groove, allowing the practitioner to create their own, based on their own shooting habits.
Typically a "yugake" will be of the three- or four-finger variety. The three fingered version is called a "mitsugake", and the four-fingered version is called a "yotsugake". Typically the primary reason an archer may choose a stronger glove like the "yotsugake" is to assist in pulling heavier bows. The Three-finger "mitsugake" is generally used with bows with a pull below 20 kilograms of
draw weight, while the four fingered "yotsugake" are used with bows with a pull above 20 kilograms. This is only a generalization and many schools differ on which glove to use for their bows and glove use often varies from archer to archer and school to school. The practical reasoning for the extra finger on the glove stems from having more surface area available to the archer for the heavier draws. During the draw, the thumb of the archer is typically placed on the last gloved finger of the drawing hand, with the first (or, in the case of a "yotsugake", the first and index fingers) being placed gently on either the thumb or the arrow shaft itself. Sometimes a type of resin powder, called "giriko" is applied to the thumb and holding finger to assist in the grip during the pull. The extra finger allows for a stronger hold on the thumb, as it is then placed on the "third" finger of the hand as opposed to the second. Some schools, such as Heki-ryū Insai-ha only use the three-fingered glove, even with bows above 40 kilograms.
The one-finger glove, called an "ippongake" is generally used for beginners and covers only the thumb. some versions have a full wrist covering and others simply cover the thumb with a small strap and snap around the wrist. Because it has no glove over the fingers, it is typically uncomfortable for the archer to use "giriko" powder. "Ippongake" are generally not used by advanced archers, and cannot be used in Kyudo Federation competitions.
The five-finger glove, called a "morogake" is used almost exclusively by Ogasawara Ryu practitioners, and is not typically used in competition or by any other school.
A practitioner's nock and grip of the arrow can be dictated by the glove and bow they are using. It is not uncommon for practitioners who have upgraded or downgraded bow weight to continue to use the same glove and not change.
With the exception of the ippongake the yugake is worn with an underglove called a "shitagake" which made of cotton or synthetic cloth. The "shitagake" comes in two varieties, three fingered and four fingered, depending on whether it is used under the "mitsugake" or the "yotsugake".
Because of the unique firing technique of kyūdō, protection on the left (bow) arm is not generally required. The bow string, when properly fired, will travel around the bow hand, coming to rest on the outside of the arm. However, on rare occasions a bow hand glove, called a "oshidegake" is used to protect the hand or wrist from injury, it is similar in design to the "yugake", being made of deerskin or leather but it is not built with the same kind of protection as the "yugake". Powder made out of burnt rice husks called "fudeko" is applied to the hand that holds the bow.
Female archers will also wear a chest protector called a "muneate", which is generally a piece of leather or plastic which is designed to protect the breasts from being struck by the tsuru (bowstring) during firing.
Because the yumi is a very strong bow, and repeated firings tends to weaken the "tsuru" (bowstring), it is not uncommon for a "tsuru" to break during firing. Because of this, many archers carry a spare bowstring in what is called a "tsurumaki" (literally "bow string roll"). Traditional tsurumaki are flat yoyo-shaped carriers made of woven bamboo, typically with a leather strap. Recently, however, tsurumaki can also be found made of plastic.
Many archers also have a small container of "fudeko" attached to the end of the "tsurumaki" strap, this container is called a "giriko" and is traditionally made out of a deer's horn (though it is cheaper and more practical for modern kyūdōka to have "giriko" made of plastic).
Technique
All kyūdō archers hold the bow in their left hand and draw the string with their right, so that all archers face the higher position ("kamiza") while shooting.
Unlike
occidental archers (who, with some exceptions, draw the bow never further than the cheek bone), kyūdō archers draw the bow so that the drawing hand is held behind the ear. If done improperly, upon release the string may strike the archer's ear or side of the face.
Resulting from the technique to release the shot, the bow will (for a practised archer) spin in the hand so that the string stops in front of the archer's outer forearm. This action of "yugaeri" is a combination of technique and the natural working of the bow. It is unique to kyūdō.
Kyūdō technique is meticulously prescribed. The All Nippon Kyudo Federation (ANKF), the main governing body of kyūdō in Japan, has codified the "hassetsu" (or "eight stages of shooting") in the Kyudo Kyohon (Kyudo Manual). The "hassetsu" consists of the following steps [Kyudo Manual. Volume 1. Principles of Shooting (revised edition), All Nippon Kyudo Federation] :
# "Ashibumi", placing the footing. The archer steps on to the line from where arrows are shot (known as the "shai") and turns to face the "kamiza", so that the left side of his body faces the target. He then sights from the target to his feet and sets his feet apart so that the distance between them is equal to his "yatsuka", approximately half his body height, and equal to the length of his or her arrow. A line drawn between the archer's toes should pass through the target after the completion of the "ashibumi". During competition, an archer may have a second set of arrows sitting on the ground at his or her feet. To be correct in Ashibumi, these arrows must not extend in front of or behind the archers' footing stance. The archer's feet are then placed outward at a 60 degree angle from each other, forming a "V", this ensures equal balance to both feet.
# "Dozukuri", forming the body. The archer verifies his balance and that his pelvis and the line between his shoulders are parallel to the line set up during "ashibumi". During Dozukuri, the Kyūdōka will arch his or her back, straightening his back and causing his buttocks to stick out slightly behind him. Practically this posture is to prevent the strings of the "hakkama" from being clipped by the bowstring during shooting as well as ensuring the back of the archer is very straight, which, in turn, prevents the bowstring from striking the archer's face when shooting.
# "Yugamae", readying the bow. "Yugamae" consists of three phases:
## "Torikake", gripping of the bowstring with the right hand.
## "Tenouchi", the left hand is positioned for shooting on the bow's grip.
## "Monomi", the archer turns his head to gaze at the target.
# "Uchiokoshi", raising the bow. The archer raises the bow above his head to prepare for the draw.
## "Daisan", Big three. The Yunde (Bow hand) is swung toward the target while the Mete (Gloved hand) is brought to a point almost directly over the archer's head. This forms the midway point between Uchiokoshi and Hikiwake. The major importance to "daisan" is to prevent the archer from letting the arrow tip drop during the pull as it is important to keep the arrow level during Hikiwake.
# "Hikiwake", drawing apart. The archer starts bringing down the bow while spreading his arms, simultaneously pushing the bow with his left hand and drawing the string with the right, until the arrow is level with his eyebrows.
# "Kai", the full draw. The archer continues the movement started in the previous phase, until he reaches full draw with the arrow placed slightly below his cheekbone. The arrow points along the line set up during "ashibumi".
# "Hanare", the release. The bowstring is released from the right hand.
# "Zanshin", "the remaining body or mind" or "the continuation of the shot". The archer remains in the position reached after "hanare" while returning from the state of concentration associated with the shot.
While other schools' shooting also conforms to the "hassetsu" outlined above, the naming of some steps and some details of the execution of the shot may differ.
Rankings
Using a system which is common to modern "
budō" (martial art) practices, most Western kyūdō schools periodically hold examinations, which, if the archer passes, results in the conveying of a grade, which can be " kyū" or "dan" level. Traditional schools, however, often rank students as a recognition of attaining instructor status using the older "menkyo" (license) system of " koryūbudō".
In Japan, generally the "kyū" ranks are only really tested for and achieved in high schools and colleges, with adults skipping the "kyū" ranks and moving straight on to the first "dan". "Dan" testing is infrequent, sometimes occurring as rarely as once or twice a year. It is generally held by the prefecture kyūdō federation and the archer may have to travel to the prefecture capital or a large city to test. Often testing includes many archers and may take as much as 6 to 8 hours to test all of the prospective students. "Kyū" ranking tests, are more frequent, tend to be held at schools and are not typically subject to difficult travel.
While kyūdō's "kyū" and "dan" levels are similar to those of other budō practices, colored belts or similar external symbols of one's level are not worn by kyūdō practitioners.
Competition
While kyūdō is primarily viewed as an avenue toward self-improvement, there are often kyūdō competitions or tournaments whereby archers practice in a competitive style. These tournaments often involve kyūdōka from all ranks and grades, including high school, college and adult schools. Competition is usually held with a great deal more ceremony than the standard dojo practice. In addition to the "hassetsu", the archer must also perform an elaborate entering procedure whereby the archer will join up to four other archers to enter the dojo, bow to the judges, step up to the back line known as the "honza" and then kneel in a form of seiza known as "kiza". The archers then bow to the mato in unison, stand, and take three steps forward to the "shai" line (firing line), and kneel again. The archers then move in lock-step fashion through the hassetsu, each archer standing and firing one after another at the respective targets, kneeling between each shot, until they have exhausted their supply of arrows (Generally four).
In Japanese kyūdō competition, an archer fires 4 arrows in two sets, placing one pair of arrows at his or her feet and retaining the second pair at the ready. He or she first fires the haya clasping the otoya tightly with his firing hand's pinky finger. He then waits until the other archers fire, then he loads the otoya and fires. Once all the archers have fired, the archer will then pick up the second pair of arrows at his feet and repeat the process, starting with the second flight's haya. During normal competition, this process is done with the archers standing, however, the complete firing procedure includes having the archer kneel in kiza while waiting between each shot.
For each hit on the mato, the archer gets a "maru" (circle) mark. For each miss, the archer gets a "batsu" (X) mark. The goal is to fire all four arrows and strike the target.
Kyūdō school clubs and Kyūdō for children
Many Japanese high schools and colleges have kyūdō clubs (called "kyūdō bukatsu") in which students gather after regular classes to practice kyūdō. Recently kyūdō bukatsu have begun appearing in junior high schools as well, but it is generally thought of as dangerous to start practicing kyūdō until high school due to the extreme danger of the sport. Because of the maturity needed in both mind and body to handle a bow and arrow, the Japanese culture tends to prevent teaching kyūdō until the age of 15 or 16.
Major traditions
Mounted archery (
Yabusame)
* Takeda-ryu
* Ogasawara-ryu
Foot archery
* Heki-ryu:* Heki-ryū Chikurin-ha:* Heki-ryū Insai-ha (aka. Heki To-ryū):* Heki-ryū Sekka-ha
* Honda-ryū
In addition to the major traditions, there are many more recent and often more spiritual schools that are active outside Japan.
List of fictional kyūdō practitioners
*
Arjunafrom the anime " Earth Girl Arjuna"
*
Chikane Himemiyafrom the anime " Kannazuki no Miko"
*
Kikyouand Kagome Higurashifrom the anime " InuYasha"
*
Miki Yoshidafrom the manga " Miki Falls"
*
Naojifrom the anime and GBA game " Meine Liebe"
* Reimi Saionji from the Xbox 360 game ""
* Shado first introduced in the
DC Comics""
*
Shizuka Dômekiand Haruka Dômeki from the manga/anime " xxxHolic"
*
Suoh Takamurafrom the manga " Clamp School Detectives"
* Yoko Tsuno from the comic books by French Roger Leloup [http://www.yokotsuno.com/fr/accueil.html]
*
Yukito Tsukishiroand Kaho Mizukifrom the anime " Cardcaptor Sakura"
* The "Shonen-Ai" manga "
Rin!" by Satoru Kannagi & Yukine Honami features multiple kyūdō practitioners, and many events are set in a Kyūdō Dōjō or tournament.
* The anime/
eroge Fate/stay nightfeatures several kyūdō practitioners
ee also
*
Kyūjutsu
*
YabusameJapanese archery involving riding a horse
References
Literature
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External links
* [http://www.kyudo.jp/ All Nippon Kyudo Federation] ja icon
* [http://www.kyudo.jp/english/ All Nippon Kyudo Federation] en icon
* [http://www.kyudo.com/akr.html American Kyudo Renmei] - Associated with the ANKF (see above)
* [http://www.japanese-archery.org.uk/ The White Rose Kyudojo]
* [http://www.kyudo.org.uk/ London Kyudo Society]
* [http://www.zenko.org Zenko International] - Shibata Kyudo
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Look at other dictionaries: | https://enwiki.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/107708/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D |
Over the course of this blog's history, I've suggested all sorts of techniques that might be helpful when practicing with traditional bows like longbows and recurve bows. I've written about tricks that make practice mimic field conditions a little more. I've talked about the mental and physical side of shooting with traditional gear. There have even been a few entries detailing the little things that make your gear work better.
I've somehow ignored the most important thing, however. That being, you've got to keep your practice fun.
I know that shooting or walking in the woods with a longbow or recurve bow is fun in its own right, but sometimes we archers, in a sincere effort to improve our skills, forget this and put too much pressure on ourselves. I find it happens mostly during shoots with others.
I thought of this the other day while on my front lawn tending to rainbow trout in my smoker. It was a beautiful afternoon and, aside from filling a pan with a few more woodchips every now and then, I had nothing to do. So I set up a couple of targets on my lawn and got the longbow out.
I can't tell you how much fun I had just roving around the lawn and shooting arrows at my bag target, plastic pop bottles and even dandelions in the distance. I'm sure you've probably had similar experiences. Suddenly, you are just shooting for shooting's sake and you become that kid with a longbow once again. It's magic really.
Just like that kid of old, I placed no pressure on myself and just decided to enjoy the flight of the arrow, the feel of the bow in hand and the free recreational time. Funny enough, I shot as well as I ever have — at one point placing three arrows in a row into a small plastic bottle at around 30 yards.
But that was not the highlight. The highlight was reigniting the joy this pastime has always brought to me. This is a great thing to do when serious practice starts to feel more like work than fun.
Here are 5 Fun Archery Target Practice Ideas
1. Shoot at plastic pop bottles. Fill them with water the first time if you like. It makes a hit more dramatic.
2. Tie a few balloons to trees or peg them to the ground. They make for inexpensive, challenging, colorful targets that leave no doubt when you've made a long distance hit. This is particularly fun on a windy day if you give those balloons a long lead.
3. Throw a small, reactive target such as the Rinehart field target out into the field and play the old "hit the can" game with a friend like you used to play when you were a kid. When your arrow hits it, it will bounce and move, presenting your buddy with a different, perhaps more difficult shot. First miss loses.
4. Go stump shooting. There's nothing like combining a walk in the woods with archery.
5. Set up one or more 3-D animal targets like the BlackOut Deer or a 3-D predator target such as the BlackOut Coyote Archery target and stalk them from various angles and locations. If you don't have one, cut out cardboard silhouettes or cover your bag target's face with a photo or drawing of an animal.
No doubt you have a few ideas of your own. We archers are, after all, a creative bunch. So go out there and leave the stress that accompanies serious practice at home for a few hours. The kid in you will be grateful. | https://1source.basspro.com/news-tips/archery/6370/5-ways-have-fun-with-archery-practice-and-still-hone-your-skills |
Every second counts in biathlon. Or, as seen Sunday in Martin Fourcade’s .04-second victory for France over Norway’s Emil Hegle Svendsen, every sliver of a second counts. What’s even more, the abilities these 2018 Olympic biathletes champion are not naturally compatible; in fact, the exertion from cross-country skiing paired with the focus needed to shoot a gun are at odds, requiring control of the body that teeters on superhuman strength.
In biathlon, a tradition that dates back to 18th-century Norwegian military competitions, athletes compete in a combination of cross-country skiing and marksmanship events. The skiing is broken up every five kilometers (about 3 miles) by target shooting, alternating between standing, where targets are 4.5-inch diameter circles, and prone (lying down), where targets are only 1.8 inches across. The events vary in length, including a 20-kilometer (12.4-mile) race, 10-kilometer (6.2-mile) “sprint,” single- and mixed-gender relays, and a few other distances, all of which combine skiing and shooting. Either of these tasks is challenging on its own, but things get really tough when you switch from one to the other.
Imagine: You’ve skied cross-country for five kilometers focusing on the path ahead of you, blocking out the world while you exert yourself, going as hard as you can to thrust forward with your poles and push yourself onward with your skis. Then you get to the shooting range, and you have to not just stop but you have to stand still. In that stillness, with your heart pounding in your chest and your lungs gulping for air, you shoulder your rifle to shoot at targets 50 meters (164 feet) away. You only get one shot per target. If you aim a single degree too low or too high, you could miss the tiny target by feet. And if you miss, you get a time penalty that could cost you the medal.
It’s a tough feat for a solid shooter under normal circumstances, and with blood pulsing through your body, it’s darn near superhuman.
“You’re watching the target come in and out of your sight,” Sara Studebaker-Hall, a U.S. Olympic biathlon competitor, tells Popular Science. “The example we give to people is it’s like running up a flight of stairs as fast as you can and then trying to thread a needle.”
In a study published in the November 2017 issue of the Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, researchers who examined the effects of aerobic activity on shooting performance found that subjects performed significantly worse just after they’d completed a simulated march. Their accuracy (the ability to hit the right spot) and precision (the ability to hit the same spot repeatedly) were both about one-third worse after the march. While this study was conducted in a warm environmental chamber with the participants burdened by heavy loads, similar to conditions that military personnel might experience, we see that physical exhaustion can play a role in a person’s ability to shoot at a target.
Another challenge that comes with the biathlon is shooting position. Biathletes alternate between standing and prone positions at each set of targets (standing, ski five kilometers, prone, ski five kilometers, and so on). So they have to be comfortable with both positions, each of which has its issues.
In a study of biathletes published in the March 2017 issue of the International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, researchers found that standing shooters tended to sway forward and backward while prone shooters’ rifles often erred up and down. Both of these factors worsened with fatigue, which, for obvious reasons, increases throughout a race.
With all this in mind, athletes get a good bit of help from their rifles, which are designed for the specific challenges of the competition. A biathlete uses a .22-caliber rifle that includes magazine holders (with each magazine only holding five cartridges), snow covers for the front and back sights and the muzzle, a cheek rest for added stability, a sling that helps anchor the front hand, a special “staged trigger” that’s soft for 80 percent of the pull, and a mechanism called a Fortner bolt that allows the rifle to be reloaded in a flash. It’s a unique firearm, but most of the firepower is behind the trigger: the athlete.
After all, specialized equipment can only help so much. Biathletes have, therefore, figured out how to overcome the limitations and complications of the human body to remain stable under pressure.
As Brooke Jarvis reports for The New York Times Magazine, there’s a pervasive myth that biathletes time their shot to fall between heartbeats. Even though the motion of a heartbeat pulse may seem minuscule, it’s significant in a precision shooting situation, and athletes can feel their blood pulsing through their hands as they grip the rifle. In a paper published October 2016 in the ergonomics journal Human Factors, researchers found that elevated heart rate had a negative impact on shooting accuracy. So yes, it’s possible that pulling the trigger between heartbeats could be beneficial. But that’s easier said than done.
With hearts racing at triple-digit beats per minute, this is basically impossible. It would be like trying to jump into a specific car of a speeding train. And waiting for the heart to slow down would waste precious seconds that an athlete simply can’t spare during a race.
So how do they do it? It’s all about pulling the trigger at the right moment during a breath.
As U.S. Olympic biathlete Susan Dunklee told The Times Magazine, the perfect moment to let off a shot is right near the end of an exhale. By controlling their breathing, biathletes can lower their heart rates by a very small degree, but breathing serves just as much as a way to center the mind and focus on the task at hand.
Dunklee’s performance in the women’s 7.5-kilometer sprint at Pyeongchang on Saturday showed how crucial this mind-body connection is. Competing while fighting off a cold, she missed five out of 10 targets, causing her to trail gold medalist Laura Dahlmeier of Germany by more than three minutes to place 66th.
Sometimes even the best practice falls flat, especially in intense winter conditions. The Washington Post reports that the conditions in Pyeongchang are so intense that biathletes’ bullets are being blown off-course. All the training and mindfulness and breath control in the world are no match for Mother Nature. | https://www.inverse.com/article/41185-how-biathletes-win-gold-like-fourcade |
Will the hermes have similar power to the maverick or will it be a just a 2 stage vikhr with the same puny warhead?
KomissarBojanchev wrote: Will the hermes have similar power to the maverick or will it be a just a 2 stage vikhr with the same puny warhead?
It can pen a tank can it not?
Hermes has nothing to do with Vihr anyways.
What is the chance it will hit the tank right in the front, where the strongest armor is?
Almost none. Even if the engagement happens to be head on, not @ an angle, the missile descend at an angle, not head on into the front array.
EDIT: I stated that like a retard.
What I meant was if the helicopter does NOT engage the tank from say behind, or a side angle, and it does happen to engage it from the frontal arc, the missile still descends on an angle, not parallel to the front armor array.
The Vikhr is not going to enter wide service anyway.
Suffice to say Vikhr-M has a flight range of 10km, but is a single stage missile with a 12kg dual purpose warhead for use against armour and aerial targets, and is reported to be capable of penetrating up to 1.2m of RHAe under ERA which sounds like plenty to me... more importantly it flys at 610m/s which makes it very fast and its beam riding guidance is difficult to defeat.
The Hermes has a multirole warhead weighing 30kgs which should be plenty for most ground targets.
The range for the air launched models is given as 20km and for ground launched 40km later expanded to 100km.
Flight speed of the two stage missile is a maximum of 1.3km/s.
It is important to remember that a tank that has on paper frontal armour that will stop something that can penetrate 1.2m of RHAe is not a smooth continuous surface offering the same protection from all directions and all angles.
Most such armour gets its effectiveness from being angled which increases the amount of armour that needs to be penetrated... in the same way that when walking straight across a road you walk the width of the road, yet if you walk both across the road and down the road at the same time... ie Jaywalk, you actually ending up walking further than the width of the road to get across.
The HERMES will follow a fairly ballistic path especially to long range targets so most of the time it will likely adopt a diving top attack flight profile from the ground launcher anyway, so the ability to penetrate more than 1.2m under ERA should kill anything it can reach.
With cca 30 kg HEAT warhead, Hermes could penetrate far more than 1,2 m after ERA. Even Kornet-M or Khrizantema could penetrate more than 1,2 m after ERA with less than 10 kg HEAT warhead.
It is not a pure HEAT warhead, it is a multi purpose HEAT/HE FRAG warhead.
If it was a pure anti armour weapon it would probably have three warheads... a small calibre warhead near the nose the set off ERA, and then two full calibre HEAT charges behind it... the rear one firing first starting the penetration and then the front warhead firing and continuing the penetration the way the Hellfire does (though without the small precursor charge).
The problem is that the warhead is for a range of targets so it has a forward facing HEAT charge and most likely fragmentation material around the sides and rear of the charge plus two fuses. The fuse at the back will make it a HEAT charge that burns through armour but with fragments to the sides and rear. The front fuse results in just fragmentation in all directions.
With a diving trajectory 1.2m + is plenty with the advantage that it can be used against a wide range of softer targets including aircraft.
Even if HEAT warhead is only 15 kg and the rest in HE-frag, it could still penetrate more than 1,5 m or near 2 m. It could also be 1 big HEAT warhead, but with two different fuses, one to activate it as HEAT and one to activate it as HE, which one will be used, could be decided before missile launch.
You could be right... they might just be being conservative with their figures.
I rather expect they were given a set of parameters to meet... ie penetrate 1.2m of RHAe under ERA and also be able to destroy xyz.
It is rather likely the warhead is not set in stone and that in 5 years time they learn new tanks have armour rated to 2m or more that a revision of the warhead design could be applied to compensate.
The thing is that with terminal guidance and flight trajectory shaping the likelyhood that these missiles will come in at a steep angle is probably quite high. Coming in from a steep angle has several advantages, including avoiding bushes and tree branches and cables and power lines on the way to the target. Another advantage of attacking from a fairly steep angle is that even if you miss you will still land near the target and with a 30kg warhead you can still inflict damage. A horizontal shot that is 5cm too high might land hundreds of thousands of metres away, while a shot from a steep angle will hit the ground close to the target... that is why Hinds climb and then dive on their targets when firing rockets so even without direct hits the rockets will explode near the targets and still do damage. Against area targets like a group of trucks or infantry in the open this is very effective.
Have there been any live fire tests with this missile or are there still only 3D images yet?
So how do you think the second laser guidance system works?
Sorry, but I would interpret "a" second laser guidance system as being a single laser beam riding guidance system in addition to the existing radio command guidance system. I would not interpret it as having two laser guidance systems.
I dont have seen the ATAKAs on BMPT only the containers.
I think I have seen them fire missiles at the shooting ranges so I suspect they are not just models.
Maybe they have the same concept like they used on Hinds/havocs, an initial start via radio command and a following laser beam riding guidance, but now they maybe have an IR-homing seeker for initial start and the laser beam riding guidance as the main guidance for higher noise resistance?
AFAIK the Shturm and Ataka both use radio command guidance where they are launched forwards towards the target. The gunner places a crosshair onto the target and the computer tracks the position of the missile in its field of view using a gionometer which tracks a coded signal coming from the tail of the missile. The computer compares the location of the missile with the location of the centre of the crosshair and generates flight commands for the missile to fly it into line with the crosshairs. Those command signals are sent via the black round thimble on the Hind and the Havoc to the missile to command it to fly along the line to the target.
This guidance is used all the way to impact so as long as the crosshairs are kept on the target and the missile doesn't run out of range eventually the missile will hit the target.
This new improvement likely adds laser beam riding guidance, which simply means the launch platform directs a very very low powered laser at the target. The missile is launched and a sensor opens looking back at the launch platform. The laser is coded so the missile can detect its position within the beam and work out what sort of manouver it needs to perform to centre itself and hit the target.
Vikhr and Kornet already use this sort of guidance. Because the laser sensor is looking directly back at the laser emitter itself the laser can be much less powerful than one that is reflected off the target and back at the missile seeker.
The missile seeker is not looking at the target so DIRCMs wont work on it, and even if the target pops smoke this wont effect the guidance till the missile has entered enough smoke to make the laser difficult to see... by which time the missile might just be metres from the target so there is a good chance it might hit anyway.
Laser beam riding guidance is cheap and simple too and can be used to direct the missile at any target including hidden ones that wont show up on radar or IR.
I am guessing you mean Hermes.
AFAIK it hasn't but I rather suspect they might have.
The missile is related to the SA-19 and SA-22 two stage missiles, so they are not designed from scratch.
There's a great deal of appeal of this kind of weapons for spec ops, remote outposts, defensive positions etc. You don't have to scramble CAS (which u may not even have) or wake up the howitzer company 20km away and hope they have enough shells (good for anti-personnel and light-armor, no use against tanks).
All you need is a lasing device and/or, for stationary targets, geo-locator/range meter.
Quick signal, they launch one from 80 km away. A minute later target goes kaboom. And they never see/hear anything coming. Big believer into these.
If you are implying the rumors that Hermes was used in Ukraine, I am sorry to disappoint.
There is nothing credible whatsoever to indicate it has been used. Damn thing has not even been made yet.
Yes, like I said, these were just rumors . Many ppl kind of wish them to turn out to be true, me included.
Platform itself certainly has many merits. A small forward observation team can unleash a hail of very capable rockets with pinpoint accuracy - all at expense of carrying fairly small laser designator .
This missile if work as advertised will definitively become a game changer. It will be like Airforce precision bombing without planes. All done from the ground. But possibly could be moved to planes or boats. Imagine that missile destroying a tank 100km away with a top attack missile. that will be epic. Can't wait to see it in action..
This was announced by Head of TASS complexes Tula JSC "Instrument Design Bureau" (KBP) Vladislav Sel'kin.
"The latest ATGM" Hermes "is being developed in two versions - informed Sel'kin. - The missile, developed to hit a target in sight, will allow destroy the target at a distance of 20 km, and modification - out of sight, at a distance of 100 km. "
According to him, allowed the use of ATRA "Hermes-A" on unmanned aerial vehicles with the necessary load-carrying capacity.
At the moment, anti-tank complex "Hermes" is equipped with semi-active homing (GOS), thereby pointing at the target horizon missile modification action is carried out by means of target illumination laser beam. "In the development of new types are independent of the GOS, for example, radar or infrared type with heat-seeking" - added Sel'kin.
They're using the same terminal stage, and added a larger booster stage.
What I don't understand, is that there's going to be an overlap in capability with other MLRS systems. What's the point in having multiple systems that do the same thing? HERMES-A is one hell of an ATGM, but compared to other MLRS, it's nothing special. Perhaps it would make a good export.
Zivo wrote: They're using the same terminal stage, and added a larger booster stage.
range ,but not sure about how its precision missiles works.. using drones or heat seeking..
fire and forget ? i think those are.. things that you have not complete full control of where you want it to hit exactly in the end ,the target is chosen in the end by the onboard sensors ,so less control . Perhaps Hermes is more ideal against heavy armored tanks ,while smerch is more ideal against enemy soldiers ,enemy artillery or light armored targets without active defenses. That is precision area attacks. while Hermes is more ideal for highly armored targets..
thousands of them or your army will go bankrupt in a day ,since the missile have expensive warheads ,inertial guidance ,and semi-active lazer guidance sensors. so should be more expensive than any other artillery munition or anti tank weapon in Russia inventory.
After some gogle.. says hermes can target Low flying aircraft.. like hellicopers Artillery can't do that. So Hermes is like a multipurpose anti armor missile with 100km range. It doesn't produce a massive area blast like rocket or regular artillery.. so is aimed and destroying single armored targets in ground or low-slow flying aircraft. it also could be adapted to boats. to target other boats.etc.
The Hermes non-line of sight variant is a long-range guided missile - it has nothing in common with an MLRS. It's more like a cruise-missile - only more flexible and dynamic as well as lower-cost - it can receive new instructions in flight, change course, target and can no doubt be directed manually by an operator with TV-guidance or some variant. It can fly in through the window of a house where terrorists are hiding out with little collatoral damage, or fly low hugging the terrain and strike a command vehicle dozens of kilometres behind the front-line - that's on the move.
The closest analogue is the Israeli Spike-NLOS; with capabilties similar to the ones I laid out. Only the Hermes has far longer range, and no doubt better armour penetration.
Hermes has a 30kg warhead, Krasnopol-m2's warhead is ~25kg . You wouldn't want to be anywhere near one when it hits.
It's more like a cruise-missile - only more flexible and dynamic as well as lower-cost - it can receive new instructions in flight, change course, target and can no doubt be directed manually by an operator with TV-guidance or some variant.
Valid point. It's a precision strike, without the costly delivery method. Hermes-A's terminal stage uses SALH for guidance. We don't know what the 100km version will use. It could be TV guided, image seeking, MMW seeking, SALH, GPS, all or any of the above.
Since it's based on the 57E6 missile, it'll probably boost as high and far as it can, than glide towards the target.
The direct fire 20km range models could fly fairly low like a cruise missile... but likely at a fairly high speed.
Remember this missile is related to the missile of Pantsir-S1 so very high initial acceleration and then glide to the target, though this missile might have some form of extra propulsion to maintain speed.
I suspect the 100km version will likely use a more powerful solid rocket booster and a ballistic path to the target area with lock on after launch capabilities.
the 20km range version will likely be much like the SA-22 missile of Pantsir-S1 and might lock onto the target after launch or before launch.
the KBP website describes initial guidance as being inertial with command guidance to allow a change in target, with terminal homing.
In the past the terminal homing options have been listed as laser beam riding, semi active laser homing (ie target spot homing), satellite guidance, radar guidance, or IIR guidance.
In this day and age with the miniaturisation and reduced costs of the various technologies combinations of these guidance methods become possible... with GLONASS guidance getting the missile within visual range where IIR/LLLTV or MMW radar sensors can be used for terminal guidance.
The terminal guidance will probably adopt MMW/IIR seeker maybe with TV guidance, because at such distances usually there is no plattform close enough to give any Laser Beam Riding terminal guidance, for that the launching plattform would need to fly above 2km altitude which is not wanted for attack helicopters, not only do they consume a lot of fuel when combat loaded at higher altitudes than 1000m, they also give a wider area from where enemy could engage it with MANPADs or SHORADs. The terminal guidance could become quite cost intensive with adoption of IIR/MMW guidance.
TR1 wrote: If you are implying the rumors that Hermes was used in Ukraine, I am sorry to disappoint.
It's probably BS. The image of the booster, assuming it's even from Ukraine, is likely from a Pantsir. Fortunately, Russia deployed a few of them to Novorussia.
The terminal guidance could become quite cost intensive with adoption of IIR/MMW guidance.
The Morfei is supposed to have an IIR seeker with lock on after launch capability and a datalink... wouldn't be that hard to get it to transmit what it sees back to the launch aircraft and let the gunner select the target... especially for the 20km range model.
Keep in mind that there is already a drone version of Pantsir... which might be very useful for target practise for a Pantsir battery, but it would also be useful to find and mark targets for a Hermes battery too.
Also with the booster... they are not that much different from the boosters used on Tunguska... in fact there is a family of standard boosters that are used for radio sounding rockets that look very similar to the boosters used by the whole SA-19 and SA-22 family of missiles. They are likely related if not actually the same. | http://www.russiadefence.net/t339p25-hermes-multi-purpose-guided-missile |
Target archery is more than just about strength. SEA Games bronze medallist Tan Si Lie gives us a peek into the process of competition.
Photos: Dyan Tjia
One of the oldest contests of skill and precision in the world, target archery has also evolved with the times. It’s just one of the many disciplines and variants practiced, but it’s also the only one that is represented at the Olympics.
The outdoor Olympic competition format uses a 122cm target face placed 70 metres away, and the qualification round involves shooting a total of 72 arrows in sets of six at a time, known in archery-speak as an ‘end’. The competition then proceeds to an elimination round, where archers face off in head-to-head matches. Athletes receive two set points for winning each set of three arrows. If both athletes score the same in a three-arrow set, they both receive one set point. The first athlete to reach six set points wins the match. It’s a fast and tense game of skill and concentration.
Other official formats include the FITA 900, which is shot at 60, 50 and 40 metres and gruelling standard FITA round, covering 144 arrows shot at 90, 70, 50, 30-metre distances.
The modern target bow is of a recurve design, with limb tips that point forwards. With the precision and detail required for competition, there is almost no wood used in the construction of modern archery gear. The main body, known as the handle riser, is made of milled aluminium alloy, and the bow limbs are made of carbon fibre and various synthetic materials for absolute consistency for every arrow shot. Stabilising rods are attached to the bow for balance and aiming stability, and arrows are made of carbon fibre over a hollow aluminium alloy core.
The draw weight, which is the effort required to pull back the bow, is typically from 38 to 46 pounds for men and 34 to 40 pounds for women. Beginners’ and training bows are much lighter and typically range from 15 to 25 pounds of draw weight, because to be any good at this sport, an archer has to develop a stable shooting form and foundation, before moving up to full competition distances.
Singapore’s most successful target archer in recent years is Tan Si Lie. A multiple SEA games medallist, he has also brought home medals at the ASEAN University Games in 2014 and the 2011 Indoor Archery World Cup. He is also the closest Singapore has ever gone to qualifying for a place at the Olympics, when he narrowly missed out at the 2011 Olympics Qualifier, finishing in eighth place overall. It was a tough result because only the top seven got through to the Olympics.
“It takes around 18 months of disciplined, regular training for a complete beginner to reach a level of comfort and skill where he or she is ready to compete in the full distance events,” Si Lie tells us. “The attributes of this sport are perseverance, patience, mental stamina and skill. Strength and fitness are the foundation upon which these other parts are built, of course. You need to have the stamina to be able to shoot arrows consistently all day, and the mental strength to make every shot count. You do not fixate on the target but on your shooting form. Once you execute every shot with the same precision, all the shots will go where you want them to.”
The Sports Science & Management graduate reveals that his original career plan was to sign on as an army officer, but felt that with his experience in target archery, he would find more fulfilment as an archery events conductor.
Today, he runs Salt & Light Archery, an archery services provider that hosts everything from archery tag games for corporate clients to teaching beginners the basics of the sport. More information can be found online at www.slarchery.sg, and the team host a wide range of archery-related activities. | https://www.calibrelifestyle.asia/the-strong-and-the-silent/ |
Waterfalls – one of the most dazzling natural wonders, steals the hearts of travellers and the minds of photographers. Whether it is the Angel Falls, which cascades a thousand metres down the Auyantepui mountain, or the Niagara Falls, foaming furiously between the border of Canada and the US, these falling streams never cease to mesmerize us.
Their hypnotic beauty make them excellent subject matter in images, but nonetheless, the constant motion of the water makes them technically difficult to photograph. This article will guide you through the best tips and techniques to capture truly compelling photographs of waterfalls, creeks and streams.
1
Skills Needed for Waterfall Photography
Just like any other type of photography, shooting waterfalls follows the same basic fundamentals of photography – however, with the water being in constant motion, we need to be able to successfully capture this motion. To be able to do this, you need to have some basic photography skills. If you have not, do not fret, and instead familiarize yourself with your camera’s manual mode, which will give you full control of the exposure. You need to understand the concept of ISO, aperture, shutter speed, and white balance. For the best results, you will also need to be able to interpret your camera’s histogram.
2
Equipment for Waterfall Photography
Make sure you are equipped with a proper interchangeable lens camera, whether it is a DSLR or a mirrorless camera does not matter, as long as it has a full manual mode and as long as you can switch between different type of lenses. Personally, I prefer camera housings that are weather sealed. You will also need a sturdy, quality tripod. The tripod must be sturdy, as photographing waterfalls relies on a long exposure time. Don’t risk ending up with blurry photos because you relied on a light, rickety tripod. These are easily shaken by wind or even a light breeze, and will ruin your entire photo. With any photography that relies on a long exposure time, the quality of your final photograph heavily relies on the stability of whatever your camera is mounted to. A remote control or a shutter release cable will allow you to take photos without touching the camera, and so minimizes shaking the camera during exposure. If you do not have a remote control, set your shutter release on the 2-second timer. You will also need a polarizing filter, which will eliminate reflections on the water and saturate the lush greens in the landscape. Although not crucial, you might appreciate the added benefit of neutral density (ND) filters, which will enable you to work with long exposures without getting an over-exposed scene (excellent for bright conditions). It may be wise to bring a lens cloth to spray off the water off of your lens.
3
Lenses for Waterfall Photography
As for different types of lenses, it really boils down to personal preferences, including what style are you after? Do you want to capture the entire landscape, including the foreground? Or are you opting for close-ups? I love wide-angle lenses in the focal ranges 14-35mm, as they allow me to capture more of the surroundings, as they produce unnaturally zoomed-out images. Wide-angle lenses also have the ability to have an incredible depth of field.
However, wide-angle lenses aren’t always the go-to choice. Standard lenses (35mm-70mm) produce a natural perspective which is very close to what the human eye sees. The lenses with the widest apertures (i.e. f/1.2) tend to be prime (non-zoom) lenses. Generally, prime lenses also have the added benefit of being faster and sharper than any other lens type. If I can’t get close enough to my subject, I prefer prime standard lenses or even telephoto lenses.
Telephoto lenses are amazing for subject matters located far off in the distance, when you can’t get close enough, such as Angel Falls, which plunges off the distant Auyantepui mountain. They are also amazing for producing detailed “zoomed in” shots that focus on a specific part of the waterfall.
Since it can be hard to predict the topographical layout of your location, you would want to carry several different lenses to cover every possible situation – I always do!
The photo above of the Mulafossur Waterfall in the Faroe Islands is captured with 18mm lens. This enables the sensor to capture much of the scene, hence placing the subject matter in a wider context; tucked between the greener-than-green hue fields and soaring rocky mountains.
4
ISO
Shoot in manual mode. I usually start with the lowest ISO my camera can go, which is 100. I snap a test shot to see if my image is bright enough without displaying too much noise. Most modern full-frame sensors are able to handle higher ISO settings (3200 or even higher). Lower-end models are able to handle 1600, any higher than that and they start to incorporate too much noise. Always try to avoid really high ISOs as it will degrade your photo quality, and opt for the lowest ISO possible as it not only produces less noise, but also lets the sensor capture more dynamic range.
5
Aperture
As for the aperture, it all comes down to what results you are after. A narrow aperture, i.e. a big aperture value (such as f/11, f/13, f/16) will give you a large depth of field. This will allow much of the scene to be in focus, from the foreground right through to the background. Also, as a narrow aperture allows less light to hit the sensor, you will be able to use a longer exposure time.
In contrast, a wide aperture i.e. a low aperture value (such as f/3.5 or f/4.6) will give you a shallow depth of field. This will isolate your subject and make it stand out from its surroundings. A wider aperture allows more light to hit the sensor, so if you’re shooting at dusk or dawn, you might want to use a slightly wider aperture.
I try to avoid using the smallest or largest aperture possible, due to the fact that many lenses lose their sharpness at either end of their aperture scale. At a lens’ maximum aperture, you risk to encounter chromatic aberration and vignetting, and at a lens’ minimum aperture, you risk getting diffraction. Try to find your “optimum” aperture, a sweet spot, at which your lens produces the sharpest images.
- Opt for a narrow aperture if you want to capture an entire scene and ensure everything in your frame is in focus, whether it be trees, boulders, flowers or a person in the foreground.
- Opt for a wide aperture if you want to isolate your subject, or if you find yourself in a low light condition and don’t want to bump up the ISO or adjust the shutter speed.
6
White Balance
This part can be particularly tricky if you are shooting in an area with large amount of very lush, green vegetation, where the light may bounce off the trees and pick up an unpleasant green tint. The auto balance will not be able to present an accurate white balance, so to avoid o avoid awkward colour casts, make sure you use a custom white balance setting. If you shoot in RAW mode (which you should) you always have the opportunity to alter the white balance during the post-processing.
7
Shutter Speed
Photographers are divided on the matter of the optimal shutter speeds for waterfalls. This may sound like a cliche, but truly, there is no such thing as one correct shutter speed for shooting waterfalls. The optimal shutter speed is dependant on what type of effect you are after, as well as the type and flow of the waterfall. Decide which effect is to your liking. Do you wish to freeze the motion of the water, or do you want to capture the motion blur? A fast shutter speed freezes the motion, a slow shutter speed smooths it out. Also, consider the flow of the waterfall. The rate at which the water is plummeting partially dictates what shutter speed you should be using.
8
Shutter Speed for Freezing The Water
A fast shutter speed will freeze the motion of the water in the waterfall, making the water appear as if it was frozen mid-air, as demonstrated in the image above. This technique can be particularly powerful on large, raging, waterfalls that carry huge volumes of tumultuous water, waterfalls with plenty of explosive splashes. On large waterfalls like the one pictured above, freezing the movement of the water gives a dramatic effect and produces bewildering results. To give you an idea, the image above of Skogafoss in Iceland utilizes a fast shutter speed of 1/4000s to capture a frozen moment of action, successfully conveying the violent nature of the plunging water. As a rule of thumb, shutter speeds from 1/125 second and faster will freeze the movement of the water.
If you shoot with a fast shutter speed:
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- You may need to remove your filters to allow more light
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- You may need to use a wider aperture to let in more light
- You won’t need a tripod
9
Shutter Speed for Smoothing The Water
A slow shutter speed will make the water appear smooth as silk, as demonstrated in the image above. The key to capturing the motion blur in the water is to utilize a slow shutter speed. As a rule of thumb, a shutter speed of at least 1/2 second and longer to produce a smooth effect. To give you an idea, the image above is also of Skogafoss in Iceland, but this time, photographed with a slow shutter speed of 30 seconds. The slower shutter speed allows us to show the movement of the water, instead of freezing it.
If you shoot with a slow shutter speed:
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- You may need filters to minimize the light that enters the lens
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- You may need to use a narrower aperture to minimize the light that enters the lens
- You will need a tripod
10
Filters
During bright conditions, you might need to add your filters. A neutral density filter reduces the amount of light that hits the sensor, without affecting the colours of the scene, thus enabling you to utilize a slower shutter speed without getting an overexposed scene. An alternative to the neutral density filter is a polarizing filter. A polarizing filter also reduces the amount of light that enters the lens, and in addition, reduces the reflections from the water, wet rocks, and leaves. It also increases colour saturation and results in an overall more vivid image.
11
Composition
If you want to include your surroundings in the frame, make sure to plan for the topographical layout of your location. Sometimes, incorporating the environment surrounding the waterfall can make a huge impact. Including the boulders, cliffs and vegetation may enhance the overall photograph. A bird in the horizon may add some depth. The appeal of the final photo is your responsibility, so experiment and figure out what works for you.
12
Incorporate The Human Element To Provide A Sense of Scale
By definition, landscape photography should be purely natural. Sometimes, however, incorporating a human element, such as a person in the foreground, may nicely complement the towering mountain vista and the waterfall cascading down the rocky cliffs. Adding a person in the scene provides a sense of scale, brings a whole new sense of wonder to your photo, and it may also make the viewer feel a connection to the wilderness. | https://blog.nordh.me/waterfall-photography-guide/ |
Review: Long Range Marksmanship Course (LRMC): JohnnyMac
This was my first foray into long range shooting. Prior to taking this class taught by John, I had only fired out to 100yds or used the Army’s 25m qual targets. I knew going into this class I would be entering personally uncharted waters. Luckily for me, beforehand I was able to get great advice from experienced shooters and John on the MVT forum for what to buy in preparation for this class. If you don’t belong to the MVT Forum, I would highly suggest joining. You will be able to get truly expert advice without the BS found on open forums around the internet. The advice allowed me to show up to class with a quality (yet affordable) precision rifle that was easy to use out to 1000yds.
Anyway, onto the class itself. We began by spending the morning in a lecture going over the fundamentals of marksmanship in great detail. When shooting at extended ranges, a great deal of consistency is required for hits on target. With M4/AR15s it’s often point/shoot with application of fire in some circumstances, but there are many more specifics for precision rifle that John took us through. These specifics truly made a difference in my ability when it came time to shoot. Throughout the lecture, John worked through our questions or confusion so that we were all growing our knowledge base. One thing that I really like about John’s style of instruction is his ability to divert into a specific topic- usually things that you would never think of/learn about otherwise. At many times during the course, I had what we like to call “you-don’t-know-what-you-don’t-know” moments. I knew coming into the course that precision rifle shooting was a deep subject, but over the 2 days, I learned there were truly fathoms of depth I had never considered. Luckily, John was patient enough to guide us through the material, reiterating or re-explaining information until we got it.
After the morning classroom session, we zeroed our rifles and chronographed muzzle velocities. Getting actual data on YOUR rifle with YOUR ammo was a truly priceless piece of this course. Having real data meant our elevation calls could be much more accurate when it came time to shoot at long range, saving us time and ammo. After chrono’ing we headed back to the classroom to talk about ballistics. John again did a thorough job of explaining formulas, both MOA and MIL and even went into detail about some of the most common reticles. The detailed information I got on my reticle (mildot) was incredibly useful for me when it came time to shoot at distance and was a “hidden gem” for me personally. The knowledge made my ability to mil targets and precisely hold for wind much much better! The next day, when we first got to the long range shooting position, I practiced milling targets with my scope and was within 10m of the 550m targets! Not bad for a first timer. Those results are PURELY because of John’s instruction the previous day. If you take this course in the future, make sure you take really good notes during the classroom portions. I frequently referenced them while on the range and they were great for having next to me so that I could answer quite a bit of my own questions.
We spent the entirety of the second day on the long range, shooting at targets from 250yds out to 960yds. Every single shooter got personal attention from John, usually shooting one at a time so that John could make wind calls, watch trace/splash and make corrections. There were also quite a few times John had to coach shooters (myself included) through correcting mistakes they made when dialing their scope. This individualized attention made for a very special experience. Being such a new shooter, without it, I think many of us would have been fumbling. John’s guidance honestly made it easy to make hits at the longer ranges. There was a moment of truth for me when he gave us a chance to free fire, without his spotting, at whatever targets we wanted to try for. What resulted was my hit percentages being roughly cut in half (down to 0% at 950yds)! I knew spotting was important, but that exercise really drove home that 1) good calls are vital and 2) how easy John made it seem. The range is extremely tricky because at the furthest targets, you are shooting across two valleys. Usually, the wind was doing two very different things. As a newbie, I was mystified by how John was able to know what was going on and make some seriously accurate wind calls. Something else that amazed me was how he was able to switch up from student to student without skipping a beat, given the VASTLY different setups we each had (different calibers, scopes, etc.). He was able to get everyone on target at 950yds, with some truly crazy holds. I think everyone left on a high note.
This class was super valuable from my perspective and the results I was able to get in such a short time of practice/instruction was pretty surprising to me. I was able to pretty reliably get hits on my own at the “midrange” targets with only 2 days of instruction. That’s a big win for me! Thank you to John for his instruction and thank you to Max and those who labored in clearing the range to make this course happen. I would highly recommend taking this course the next time it’s offered.
PS The 6.5 creedmore is a perfect caliber for a new precision rifle shooter, combining great ballistics with manageable recoil. I’m really glad I was using this caliber for my first long range rifle. | https://maxvelocitytactical.com/review-long-range-marksmanship-course-lrmc-johnymac/ |
. . .
Author: Eric
Width: 31 cm
Height: 82 cm
Adaptation for T.A.I.
Shooting Distance: 80 - 140 m
3 arrows are to shoot
Only one target
Historical Background:
In Butan traditional archery, there are at least two targets needed. The targets are placed at a ‘long distance’ with archers going back and forth between two targets. Traditionally they shoot one pair of arrows each way, with a bamboo bow.
The target is made of wood and shall preferably be blue pine. Knots of the timber should be removed and the holes so created stuffed with soft wood. A piece of strong white cotton cloth shall be pasted with glue to cover the entire surfaces of the target which will be the base for painting as well as for prevention of target from splitting with increasing number of Kareys or hits on the target. The painting on the target is usually of rainbow colours around the bull’s eye, water and 5-petal lotus pattern at the bottom. Other permissible patterns may be allowed. The Bulleye is called Gorthig. The targets are rounded off at the top and tapered to a point at the base, which is embedded in the ground. The shooting distance was and still is 140 m.
The shooting area is called „Bacho“ and should be 200 meters in length and 10 meter wide. Behind the area a 25 meter long area is recommended for safety reasons. The shooting area consists of the following: “Hopsi”, or the frames, decorated with colorful scarves and greenery. “Sirri” are called the lines left and right of the „Bacho“ which consist of saplings and flags „Dhar“. Two upright fine woods target with the traditional bull’s eye and surrounding rings. Safety-barricade are made of sandbags.
Width: 2,00 m
Height: 2,67 m
Adaptation for T.A.I.
Shooting distance 120 m
6 arrows are to shoot
Historical Background:
As I stated earlier, an archer will bow to the Jung Gahn when first arriving at the jung. Also, just before an archer makes a first shot, he/she will give a slight bow to the target saying “Hwal bae oom ni da,” which means, “I am learning the bow.” If other members are present, they would reply, “Ma ni ma chu sayo”, which means, “Have many hits.” A novice archer would also bow to the target after the first hit of the day, while advanced archers would not.
In 1899, the visiting Prince Heinrich of Prussia expressed his astonishment to Emperor Gojong at a traditional archery demonstration. The emperor, impressed, decreed “let people enjoy archery to develop their physical strength” and established an archery club building. In the subsequent revival of Korean archery, the nature of the bow and the arrow was standardized, as was the range of the targets. Korean traditional archery now uses one specific type of composite bow, bamboo arrows, and a standard target at a standard distance of 120 bo (about 145 meters).
Pole height: 20 – 27 m
Papingo Size: prox. 25 x 30 x 5 cm
Adaptation for T.A.I. Shooting distance: prox. 18 - 25 m Shooting position: 2 - 3 m away from the pole max. 3 Arrows to shoot
The archery form of popinjay dates back to at least the fifteenth century. The annual papingo (popinjay) tournament of the Ancient Society of Kilwinning Archers, of Ayrshire in Scotland, takes place at Kilwinning Abbey, with the “Papingo target” on the end of a pole projecting from the top of the tower. The event is believed to have been running since 1488, though the earliest records are attested in a minute of the society dated September 1688.
There were different ways to shoot a Popinjay: One Bird on a mast/pole or there was a set of birds on perches. The object of popinjay is to knock artificial birds off their perches. The perches are cross-pieces on top of a 90-foot (27 m) mast. The “cock” (the largest bird) is set on the top cross piece. Four smaller “hens” are set on the next crosspiece down. Two dozen or so “chicks” (the smallest birds) are set on the lower cross pieces. (according to the Grand National Archery Society UK (GNAS)
The archer stands near the base of the mast and shoots arrows upwards at the birds. The arrows are tipped with rubber blunts rather than sharp points. The blunts are between 0.75 inches (19 mm) and 1-inch (25 mm) in diameter.
Width: 0,77 – 0,90 m
Height: 107 – 1,20 m
Adaptation for T.A.I.
Shooting distance: 70 - 120 m
6 arrows to shoot
Historical background:
Traditional made of leather, the word “Puta” is ethymologically related to the Persian word “Bute” which means “Jug or Pot made of clay”.
Putas found their final form in the 18th century. They were 107 centimeters in height and 77 centimeters in width, and the depth of the puta was about 8 to 10 centimeters. A pear shaped, double layered leather pillow would be placed into a wooden or reed frame, also covered with leather. The pillow would be filled with cotton seed or saw dust. After these steps, shapes in different colours would be drawn on the puta. Finally little bells would be attached to the bottom of the puta. The bells would make a sound when the puta were hit, thus informing shooters. Seeing a hit could be difficult due long distances. Despite the lack of concrete historical evidence regarding the meaning of shapes and colors on putas, one could speculate that it might be a way to create several different targets on the same puta. The purpose of the little bells is obvious however; they were to inform the archers or the audience of hits, as described above.
Since its inception, several different rules emerged and applied to puta shooting. Puta shooting competitions were called “puta koşusu” (puta run). Puta shooting, while differing for every okmeydanı (archery range; there were several across the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East) was usually done from a distance of 250-400 gez (165-265 meters) and the shooting was done from a place called “sofa”.
Source: Murat Özveri, Tirendaz, Turkey -> detailed information
Diameter: 40 cm
Ground clearance: 1,50 m
Adaptation for T.A.I.
Shooting distance: is given
Children may shoot half distance
3 arrows per Target are to shoot
3 targets to shoot - 1st: standing frontal, 2nd: kneeling,
3rd: standing with the back to the targets
Usually there are 3 sets of these targets in a given distance.. The archer shoots each target from 3 different positions (Standing frontally, kneeling and facing with your back). The archer shoots 5 arrows from each position. This shooting will be done 2 times (2 rounds = 90 arrows to be shot). All competitions are shot in a given order in one sequence without breaks or checking or training. The maximum number of points to be scored will be 900 points for the scoring 10/8/5 point (inner to outer ring) The archery target with a common three-zone layout, with specially enlarged central zone that favors shooting and sub-missionary archers (means instinctive archers) by increasing the chance of getting the maximum score, even with a larger spread of hits.
Source: Karol Pisarkiewicz, PSŁT, Poland
Width: 15,2 cm
Height: 183 cm
Adaptation for T.A.I.
Shooting distance: 30 - 100 m
6 Arrows are to shoot
Historical Background:
In England archers startet to practice at seven years of age and were expected to hit the Mark with the use of a War Bow at 220 yards, by the time they were 15 years of age. To achieve this you set up the wand at a short distance first, as your Archers got the hang of hitting it regularly, you then moved the wand outor increased the distance, usually by ten yards at a time until your archers by age and skill could hit the wand or mark at 220 yards or (Artillery shot) battle shot. The ancient word for Archery is “Artillerie”.
The willow ‘wand’ represented an enemy of course, but would be much harder to hit being so narrow, especially with an English Longbow. Competitive Wand Shoots are very rare these days, but in the area of Surrey, archers still shoot this competition. 100 yards for the Gents, 80 yards for the Ladies, and 60 yards for the juniors 60 yard is the shooting distance. The ‘wand’ is set in a ground circle with a diameter of 5 ft. A ‘wand’ hit scores 5 points and a hit in the circle still makes 1 point. There are also other competitions held by AOTT (Archers of the Tees) where you shoot from in a given order from different distances. | https://traditional-archers-international.org/?author=2&lang=en |
Time and ammunition are precious. So how do we make the most of our time at the range? Plan your practice. Do you carry? If your range allows it, practice drawing from your holster. If not, you can drive out to extension from a high compressed ready (HCR) position. In an HCR, you bring the gun to mid-chest, close to the body. It’s a great position in which to hold your firearm when you are not actually aiming or moving, as it gives you good control if someone were to try to grab your gun. Also, in HCR, your arms are relaxed, placed in a resting position between shots.
Do you have a double-action/single-action pistol? Decock between shots so you can practice making long, heavy trigger pulls. To warm up, start fairly close in (I like to shoot a magazine at 8 feet). Then move your target out a few feet at a time. If your accuracy suffers, your target is telling you something. A good instructor can help you read your target to see what you are doing. How far out? The average defensive encounter is close, between 5 and 12 feet, so it makes sense to practice at that distance. Should you push yourself once in a while? Sure! I had to shoot to 50 feet to qualify for my pistol instructor certification—that was intimidating. I can do it, but I don’t practice at that distance regularly.
The two types of defensive-shooting skills you’ll want to practice are speed and precision shooting. Practicing speed shooting can be a lot of fun. It involves unsighted fire using your natural kinesthetic alignment, with both eyes open and focused on your target. To practice, drive out from an HCR and take two, three or four shots. Don’t develop a pattern of two shots and back. You don’t know how many shots you will need to stop a threat in a defensive situation. In defensive speed shooting, you are trying to place as many shots as needed as fast as you can in the high-center chest area. This is not 10-ring, 8-ring shooting; this is yes or no—either you are in the area or you aren’t. If your shots are too close together, shoot a little faster. If your shots are spread out and you miss, slow down a little. You’ll want to strike a balance between speed and precision, shooting quickly while still placing at least 80 percent of your shots in the chest area.
Precision shooting is generally thought of as using sights. You are aiming for a small dot on the target. (If you can hit it consistently without your sights, great. The situation will dictate the need for sights. But, you should practice precision shooting because you never know when you will need it.) Flip your target over so it is a blank sheet. Shoot one round—that becomes your aiming point. Then, try to put several rounds through that same hole. You probably won’t need to be that accurate in a defensive situation, but isn’t it good to know that you can be if necessary? If you are having trouble, check your sight alignment. Look through the rear sight and focus on the front post, which should be centered between the rear sight notches. The front post will cover the hole at which you’re aiming, so you probably won’t see it.
Once you have practiced a bit of defensive and precision shooting, mix them up. If you’re shooting defensively, make your next shot a precision or a headshot. Be sure to practice scanning your surroundings (there may be a threat other than the one in front of you). After firing, come back into an HCR position and, keeping your gun pointed downrange, do a 360-degree scan, looking over one shoulder than the other to see if anything’s behind you. This needs to be done slowly enough to allow you to process information, but fast enough that you don’t lose track of what is in front of you. Doing so breaks your focus on the target yet helps you maintain awareness of what is around you.
When you are ready, practice everything one-handed. You never know, you might be injured or caught holding a child or a pet. Are you comfortable shooting with your strong hand? Try shooting with your support hand. Whichever hand you are using, remember to cant (or angle slightly) the gun toward the center of your body. This turns your wrist and helps to absorb recoil. Shoot fast at the high-center chest and shoot precisely at the nose area (where there’s less bone and a better chance of penetration), and shoot with either hand as the situation dictates. You don’t have to do it all in one trip, but these are things to think about.
At some point during practice, you will need to reload. Practice reloading while not looking at the gun. You want to be looking up and around while you drop the empty magazine, letting it fall, and reach for your spare, indexing it into the gun. There are several reasons not to look, but the best example is the “three cups of coffee and stuck in traffic” trip home. You get to your door, bladder about to burst, and try to put the key in the lock. You are under stress, and it is very hard to make the key fit in the slot. The same thing can happen with your magazine. Don’t look at it, and you’ll be fine. Yes, it takes a little practice, but you can do it!
What is more fun than going to the range? Going with a friend! Everything listed above can be done alone or with a friend, but your friend can add a twist. Practicing your precision? Fire a shot and have your friend attempt to fire through the same hole. Go back and forth. This is called chasing the rabbit in the hole. Practicing driving out? Your friend can give you a command, such as “UP!” meaning draw, or drive out, and take your shots. Doing scans? Have your friend stand behind you and hold up fingers. You need to see, recognize and process the number of fingers and then face front and fire that number of rounds.
The great thing about these concepts and drills is that they are not only practical and effective training for self-defense, but also enjoyable things to do. As you probably know, when something is a chore, you can be less likely to follow through on it.
Shooting is FUN! Shooting with friends is even more fun. Knowing how to defend yourself and your family—that’s essential! Make the most of your range time, but remember, sometimes it’s OK to just punch holes in paper. | https://www.personaldefenseworld.com/2013/11/ladies-home-range/ |
Wait! Outdoor recreation?? Isn't it bitter cold in Ohio? Well, yes it is. Luckily, I've gotten pretty tolerant of the cold temperatures from having spent so many hours in the frigid hangar. Sunday dawned sunny and clear, but the morning temperature was 11F and forecast to do no better then 18F. That certainly wasn't the weather that I had been hoping for when I had scheduled my activity a couple of weeks ago, but I'd been looking forward to it anxiously for so long that postponement wasn't even a consideration. So what was this exciting thing that I was going to do? Well, I thought that I'd be trying trap shooting, something I've wanted to try forever. I had a borrowed 12 gauge Remington over/under, a box of 100 shells, and the ability to dress for and tolerate the cold weather. It was on!!
So why "thought?" What happened? It seems I didn't ask enough questions so fully understand what we were going to do. We were actually going out for a couple of rounds of "sporting clays." Me, I had never heard of it. Just in case you haven't either, here's what Wiki knows about it:
Sporting clays is a form of clay pigeon shooting, often described as "golf with a shotgun" because a typical course includes from 10 to 15 different shooting stations laid out over natural terrain. For safety, the course size is often no smaller than 35 acres.
Unlike trap and skeet, which are games of repeatable target presentations, sporting clays simulates the unpredictability of live-quarry shooting, offering a great variety of trajectories, angles, speeds, elevations, distances, and target sizes.
A typical course consists of 10 to 15 stations, with each station presenting targets from trap machines. Usually 5 to 10 targets are shot at each station by a squad of up to six shooters for a total outing of 50 to 100 targets per person. Targets are thrown as singles and pairs. A pair of targets may be thrown as a true pair (or sim pair, i.e., thrown at the same time), as a following pair (thrown sequentially), or on report (the second clay launched on the report of the shooter’s gun).
Numerous hunting conditions can be simulated by combining various speeds and angles with different types of clay targets. Each station is unique. Throughout a course, the shooters might see targets crossing from either side, coming inward, going outward, flying straight up, rolling on the ground, arcing high in the air, or thrown from towers. The possible target presentations are limited only by safety considerations, the terrain, and the imagination of the course designer. The configuration of the stations is often changed to maintain interest for the shooters and for environmental preservation of the course.
Yeah, well, wiki isn't known for its stimulating writing style. It was far more fun than that dry description makes it sound. Still, I like the "golf with a shotgun" description; I've always thought that was the way the game should be played.
"Waggle that driver a tenth time, punk. Make my day...."
Yeah, that's the way golf should be. But it isn't, so they invented sporting clays. Whereas golf has famously been described as a "good walk ruined," sporting clays is a good walk punctuated with the opportunity to shoot at stuff. With a shotgun! I enjoyed it immensely, but I have to tell you one important thing about it: it's HARD. It probably isn't the best thing to start with if you've never fired a shotgun before.
The problem is that, unlike target shooting with a rifle, you can't tell where you missed. All you know is that the little clay pigeon blithely kept flying. You can't tell if your aim was off, if you didn't lead the target enough, or if you led it too much. You just don't know. I only managed to hit 10 out of 50 on my first round. I think before I try it again I will have to spend some time shooting at a fixed target in order to ensure that I'm at least pointing the gun at the location I think I'm pointing it. I tried to talk one of the guys into holding up a target for me, but surprisingly none of them were willing to help out.
With that having taken up most of the weekend, the RV-12 was left sitting until I got back to the paying job and had a few free hours in the evenings. I managed to get the flaperon hinge brackets riveted in using the LP4-3 rivets (they still seem a little short), but that took an entire work session. The location of some of the holes was horrid. I also sprayed a little corrosion protection on them; they will be inaccessible for inspection and/or repair once the skins are on. The RV-12 wings are insanely short of inspection ports. The only one is on the left wing and it's only there to allow access to the stall warning switch.
The next couple of nights were filled with installing the top skins. That was more or less straightforward, although getting the molded stiffener to fit down into the slot of the ribs without assistance requires a bit of finesse and patience, two qualities that I often find distinctly lacking in my repertoire.
Glittens: they work for shooting sporting clays and shooting rivets:
Little blocks of wood hold the leading edge skins up so the top skins can slide in underneath.
Getting the stiffener into the slots is probably frustratingly difficult even when you've had a good day at work.
I hadn't.
Finally in the slot!
Temps in the 30's feel almost balmy to me now:
Balmy or not, those rivets will have to wait until next time. | http://www.schmetterlingaviation.com/2011/01/chipping-away-at-it.html |
Updated: 11/11/2018.
In this post I will explain how to precisely, efficiently and quickly steer a bicycle. Steering a bicycle might sound obvious to any (experienced) cyclist, but some concepts and techniques that come intuitively, especially “countersteering”, are better used when one knows about them and tries consciously to practice and improve them.
As a kid, I understood the effect as if bicycle needs a bit of a “running start” in order to turn more quickly, just like I needed to crunch down a bit in order to jump further. 🙂
Contents
1. Active balance
. 1.1. Centre of mass
. 1.2. Fulcrum
. 1.3. Balance
2. Bicycle balance
. 2.1. Gravity and centrifugal force
3. Turning (with) a bicycle
4. Countersteering
1. Physics of bicycle steering – active balance
Since I think it is better to understand how something works, than learn by heart, I’ll start from the basic concept of active balance. The first thing one notices when riding a two wheeled vehicle is the need to actively maintain balance, all the time. The lower the speed, the harder it is to keep balance, requiring more skill and concentration.
In order to explain the concept of active balance, I will first explain two important terms: centre of mass and fulcrum.
1.1. Centre of mass
Centre of mass of an object is a point in which all the weight of the object is concentrated. Exact position of this point depends on object’s shape and mass distribution. Picture 1 shows centres of mass for various object shapes:
1.2. Fulcrum
Fulcrum (or an anchor point) is a point on which an object’s mass is leaned, anchored, or pivots around. An example is shown in picture 2.
As it is shown in picture 2, changing fulcrum position, or object’s centre of mass (by placing a coin in this picture), the balance changes, as will be explained in the next chapter.
1.3. Balance
One more term to explain, before explaining (active) balance. It is the “balance point“. Balance point is the relative position of object’s centre of mass and it’s fulcrum, from the gravity (and centrifugal force, as I’ll explain later) pull axis. If the fulcrum is directly beneath the centre of mass, an object is in balance. If the fulcrum is moved to one side, the balance point moves to the opposite side, causing the object to lean/fall to the side where the balance point is moved.
For example, moving a fulcrum to the left, causes the balance point to move to the right, tipping the object to the right. The same goes for any direction. The more a fulcrum is moved to one side, the more the balance point moves to the opposite side, and the object leans more (quickly), pulled by the gravity.
This might sound a bit complicated, but it is very simply explained with an example of active balance: balancing a hammer on a palm, with it’s head upwards (picture 3).
While hammer from the picture 3 stays perfectly vertically, it’s fulcrum (the palm) is exactly beneath it’s centre of mass. Hence, balance point aligns with the fulcrum and the hammer is in balance.
If the hammer starts leaning to the left, for example, the palm needs to be moved to the left too, beneath the, now moved, centre of mass, to keep the hammer in balance. To whichever side the hammer starts dropping, palm needs to be moved to that side, beneath the centre of mass, in order to keep the hammer in balance. This experiment is best tried on a grass field, at least until it is well practised. 🙂
If you want to make the hammer drop to the left, quickly move the palm to the right, and watch the hammer’s head lean and drop to the left. This works in any direction – palm is moved in the opposite direction from which hammer drop/lean is desired.
If walking (slowly) while balancing a hammer on a palm, movement, even the wind, would cause the hammer to always move. Active balance means not static – having to move the fulcrum (palm in this example) in order to achieve and maintain balance.
2. Bicycle balance
Now I’ve explained the concept of active balance, let’s see how it works on a bicycle and why it is important. Similarly to the palm and hammer from paragraph 1.3, bicycle too has a “tool” that enables moving the fulcrum and keeping the bicycle in balance. That tool is the steerer, fork to be exact.
Bicycle fork is always at an angle, it is never (completely, 90 degrees) vertical (picture 4).
The fork angle is not for stylish purposes, but has an important role. It enables movement of the fulcrum (like when balancing a hammer on a palm) and balance maintenance. How is it done? When bars are turned to the right, the front wheel’s contact point is also moved to the right. This moves the fulcrum to that side as well. Effect of moving the steerer is shown in picture 5:
As can be seen in picture 5, moving bars (fulcrum) to the right, moves the balance point to the opposite side (to the left). This forces the bicycle to lean to the left and is the basic principle on which counter steering works, as I’ll explain later.
2.1. Gravity and centrifugal force
In previous examples, only the force of gravity was considered. To simplify: the force of gravity is constantly present, pulling all the objects to the ground. While a bicycle is moving, at any speed, as soon as it starts turning, it is also affected by centrifugal force.
Centrifugal force tries to return an object to the straight moving trajectory. The tighter a turn is and the greater a moving speed is, the stronger is the centrifugal force. When the resulting force of gravity and centrifugal forces is aligned with the fulcrum (tyre contact point), a leaned bicycle in a turn is also in balance.
As it is shown in picture 7, when a resulting vector of gravity and centrifugal force aligns with the fulcrum (front tyre contact patch), the bicycle is in balance while leaned – not straightening up, nor falling.
The rider in picture 7 (late Jobst Brandt) has moved his body a bit to the inside of the turn and weighed the (outside) pedal at 6 o’clock. This results in lowering the centre of mass and moving it to the inside of the turn a bit. Without going too much into details – lower centre of mass makes for more stable steering, and centre of mass on the inside of a turn enables for less lean angle for the same speed and turn radius.
If speed is increased, centrifugal force will increase, so bicycle needs to be leaned more to remain in balance – and vice-versa – lower speed requires less of a lean angle.
The same goes for turning radius (i.e. corner sharpness). At a constant speed, the tighter one wants to turn, the more they must lean the bicycle to keep it in balance – and vice-versa.
Look at the picture 7 and try to imagine, if the bicycle was less leaned, how much a rider would have to lean the body into the corner, to move the centre of mass enough to keep the bicycle in balance. Leaning the body can compensate for leaning the bicycle – but only a little, and at lower speeds (weaker centrifugal force). At any greater speed, nothing can replace leaning the bicycle in order to maintain balance!
3. Turning (with) a bicycle
Before I explain countersteering, I’ll first explain how exactly a bicycle is turned. A common misconception is that bicycle turns (only) because the steerer (and the front wheel) is turned to where one wants to go. The fact is that bicycle turns much more quickly and effectively by leaning too. To be precise, a bicycle can be turned without leaning, by just moving the bars, but only at very low speeds and by leaning the body into the turn, in order to compensate for the effect of centrifugal force. Again, imagine the required lean of the rider in picture 7 if the bicycle was completely straight, with just the bars turned (further moving the fulcrum to the inside and balance point to the outside! – as shown in picture 5). The cyclist would have to be so heavy and lean so far inward, to “overcome” both the centrifugal force and the movement of the balance point to the outside of the path of turning.
Only when leaning, the bicycle can be turned effectively. In addition to negating the centrifugal force, lean angle, because of the bicycle tyre round profile and a flat contact patch with the ground, also helps the tyres follow the turn and helps the steering. That is shown in the picture 8:
The more a wheel is leaned, the greater is the angle of the cone (that the tyre practically emulates) – hence, the tighter the turn radius. Because of these effects, bicycle can be turned easily at higher speeds. Lean angle both compensates for stronger centrifugal forces and helps the bicycle to turn.
4. Countersteering
“We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question that divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.”
– Niels Bohr
The principle of countersteering is simple: to turn left, move the bars to the right! 🙂 Bicycle will quickly lean to the left and then you can straighten the bars and turn them to follow the desired turning radius. The opposite goes for turning right, of course.
- In chapter 3 I explained that bicycle is most quickly and efficiently turned by leaning it.
- In chapter 2 I explained how lean is important for keeping the balance in a turn.
- In chapter 1 – how an object can be leaned to a side by moving it’s fulcrum (anchor point).
This was all important in order to understand how and why countersteering works. What happens when you move bars to the right?
- Fulcrum (anchor point) moves to the right (because of the fork angle, front wheel contact point moves left-right, in accordance to bars rotation).
- Centre of mass remains the same (unless the rider deliberately leans the body at the time, but that too only has a limited effect).
- Balance point is moved to the left and causes the bicycle to lean to the left.
The effect is amplified by the fact that the front wheel is, at the moment of (counter)steering, turned a bit sideways relative to the direction of travel. With motorcycles, because of a greater mass of the front wheel, at very high speeds this is all further amplified by gyroscopic effect.
Once a centrifugal force (caused by turning) and the force of gravity are equalized, a bicycle stays balanced in a turn. The more and the quicker the bars are turned to one side – the faster and further the bicycle leans to the opposite side.
Countersteering is a technique that all the cyclists use, but many are not aware of it. Pushing the left bar away, and pulling the right bar towards oneself, the bicycle will quickly turn to the left – in the direction opposite to where the bars and the wheel are turned!
Picture 9 shows wheel tracks when turning left (and the opposite goes for turning right of course, principle is the same). Leaning (and turning) of the bicycle is initiated by moving the bars to the right, when the front wheel swerves a bit to the right. After the bicycle is leaned, the front wheel is aligned to follow the (desired) turn radius.
This can be simply tested by riding through a puddle on a pavement. While the wheels are still wet, make a sharp turn to any side. Stop, turn around, and look at the tracks the wheels have left on the pavement. Do the tracks resemble those in the picture 9?
Countersteering always works, at any speed, in straight or turn. In fact, it is the only way of maintaining balance on a bicycle and steering it effectively. Even while a bicycle is leaned in a turn, turning the bars in the opposite direction will further lean the bicycle more, allowing an even tighter turning. And the opposite – while a bicycle is leaned, turning the bars more into the corner will quickly straighten the bicycle. To maintain a desired turn radius and lean angle, just leave the front wheel turned to follow the turn radius. Bicycle will practically do this on it’s own, unless it is given a different input by the rider (turning bars).
If you don’t believe it, find an old bicycle, weld the steerer so it can’t be turned and try riding it (on grass, with protective clothing in case of a most probable fall). Bike will be harder to lean to any side, with just moving the body, moving bars in the opposite direction results in a much quicker and more controlled leaning. Once the bike is leaned, it will be impossible to prevent it from leaning further, eventually falling – because in order to maintain an achieved lean angle, bars need to be turned into the turn so the front wheel follows the turn radius.
The following pictures are with motorcycle, but principle is the same and countersteering works on all the two wheeled vehicles:
Red and blue twisted arrows roughly show the trajectory of the front wheel. It will first move to the direction where the bars are turned, then, when the bike is leaned, the bars are straightened and the wheel follows the turn radius.
Counersteering is something all the riders use practically all the time. However, knowing how it works and consciously using it can take bike control on a higher level. After it is consciously practised for a while, it too becomes instinctive and intuitive. Why is this important?
Besides better control, in risky situations effective use of countersteering is crucial:
Also, at higher speeds, or with a heavily loaded bicycle, consciously using countersteering helps control the bike better.
In the end, I can say: practice countersteering. You will master the control of your bicycle and it comes very handy in risky situations.
To learn/improve riding and cornering read: Fast bicycle cornering. | https://bike.bikegremlin.com/2530/countersteering-bicycle-steering/ |
Speed Or Precision?
5/25/2020
It seems that there are two schools of though on priority of how one should try to get their hits in combat or self defense. Most of the argument seems to come from two types of shooters with different levels of experience. When it comes to combat shooting, it is important to not only be able to employ speed, but also to be able to take those fast shots and place them in an area that will have the best effect on target, such as the CNS(Central Nervous System). However, which one rules above the other and will be a more valuable tool to practice and build?
Combat Accuracy: Having A Standard
4/29/2020
Being a human being, we have to be real with ourselves and understand that we are bound by physical limitations. Of course we can always ask more from ourselves and train our bodies to a higher level of performance. However, we must at least understand that we are flawed from birth. After understanding this, we must establish a reasonable and practical standard for how we will perform with our firearms, as far as accuracy is concerned. Barring you being part of a team/department/unit, you must focus on yourself and your abilities and just keep practicing and asking more of yourself....within reason.
Training Like A Roman Legionnaire
3/15/2020
I think it is very productive to look at the history of different warrior cultures and analyse the qualities that made them so successful. This is not going to be a quick read about a trendy workout program for an unrealistic outcome. I am simply going to go over some ideas that the Roman Army had for getting their troops ready for battle. The purpose is to give the reader a few ideas about how to take historical examples and adapt them to current weaponry in order to help them train to a higher level of proficiency. Keep in mind that I am going to have to leave alot of stuff out since this is not a book, but rather a quick jot about incorporating historical examples into current training methods.
Practical Warrior Fitness
3/12/2020
Throughout history, warriors of all types learned the hard way that physical fitness pertaining to their style of fighting was absolutely necessary. If we look at warrior training from successful militaries around the world and throughout history, there are many examples that show a pattern of focus on methods of conditioning and fitness priorities.
I will admit that I am one of the worst when it comes to making a concerted effort to practice with just one hand. However, recent injuries from over-training mixed with a strong desire to continue my advancement of skill with a pistol have led me to training with at least one hand. I found it to be quite rewarding. Let me break down how this can do wonders for you in practice and on the range.
SAS Agility Test: Only If You Dare
12/12/2019
When it comes to being able to shoot, it is nice to be able to stand there and put your rounds on target when you need to. However, your ability to apply effective marksmanship while using cover and after quick movement in or out of different shooting positions is even better. This is a real test of a shooters' agility and discipline. The SAS developed this test decades ago and ended up sharing it with the author of the book 'Rattenkrieg' where it was well described, as well as many other tests and drills for aspiring shooters. This is a test for those who dare to put their body and ego to the test.
The Dot Torture targets are a pretty good skill test for those that want to see where they stand. The target will guide you through the basics such as drawing, reloading, transitioning targets, and shooting one-handed. That is all good, but if you get a bundle of 100 of these babies, you might like to hear that there are things you can use it for things other than just what is printed or suggested on the target. Creativity is key to a fun and challenging time at the range.
How many times have you been told to "FOCUS ON THE FRONT SIGHT"? I can tell you that this has rang against my ear drum for years, since I was in boot camp and on the range. Jeff Cooper even said "Blessed are those who, in the face of death, think only about the front sight." This is a bit radical and unreasonable in my mind. It is like saying you are perfect if you have zero fear in combat and you are completely cold and indifferent to killing or being killed. Instead I think a better and wiser quote would be " Blessed are those who can account for their sights, even in the face of death." This term is more rational in my mind.
Combat Physical Conditioning
6/5/2019
Physical conditioning for combat is not something I would take lightly. I know plenty of people who think they will simply rise to the occasion when it comes time to fight for their life. However, the first time they have to hump gear or do any real work, the excuses flow about why they can't keep up. All these movies showing people shooting and moving at a sprint pace is not something these individuals just picked up and started doing with ease. Even when they are in the middle of sprinting in their gear and manipulating their weapons, they are pretty well fatigued and fighting to maintain awareness and concentration on the fight. This requires lots of physical training, repetition, and coordination. If you want to be conditioned to fight, there are a few things you will need to keep in mind.
The center axis relock is a style of shooting that has been around for a good long while, but has become more noticed as of late, thanks to the John Wick series of movies. I do not think that it is a bad thing to have this semi-mysterious and showy style presented on film. However, I think that people might be interested to learn a little bit about the style and how it was intended to be used. In addition, I would like to cover my own observations about the John Wick style of using this style for offensive close quarters engagements.
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Do It Rite
Alaska-Based Youtube Vlogger, Retired Marine, Firearm and Gear Tester. | https://doitrite.weebly.com/home/category/shooting |
Junior Melanie Bowman described as a natural at marksmanship events
BLOOMFIELD — Melanie Bowman has found her calling as a precision shooter while competing in marksmanship events.
The Bloomfield High School junior, who started competing her freshman year, made her debut as a precision shooter last month at the 2017 Four Corners Invitational at Piedra Vista High School, recording a combined 95 percent accuracy both in prone and kneeling positions and 89.50 percent shooting from a standing position.
Bowman placed 11th out of 33 that weekend, and now she looks to build on that performance competing at the state level Friday at Albuquerque's West Mesa High School.
"I was working on my natural point of aim," Bowman said.
Bowman's peers quickly noticed her ability to hit the target with great accuracy and her potential as a precision shooter.
"I always knew she was a natural from the very first match. Very first time I saw her shoot, she got right into a good standing position," said BHS Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps Sgt. Jeff Rabuck, Bowman's instructor. "She beat some shooters (at the Four Corners Invitational) that have been shooting for over three years. She does have the talent, and she's willing to practice."
As of late, Bowman said she's working more on her breathing during tense moments. To do that, she focuses on a special mental image to maintain her calm.
"I always take my mind to that place, which is the beach," Bowman said, adding she's improved to shooting at least 90 percent accuracy while standing because of it.
Bowman, who shoots right handed, also said she's working on keeping her right shoulder tucked and keeping her right leg straight to improve her form.
"When I keep my shoulder down, it helps me balance my weapon more," Bowman said.
Bowman, who is the first precision shooter at Bloomfield High, now expects she will have a good showing in Albuquerque after making those adjustments.
"I've come so far," Bowman said.
Matt Hollinshead covers sports for the Daily Times. He can be reached at 505-564-4577. | https://www.daily-times.com/story/sports/high-school/2017/11/17/its-all-precision-bloomfield-shooter-state-competition-begins/871302001/ |
Packing a quiver of arrows, buckling a chest guard and carrying a giant bow, each member pulls back and takes aim.
The sound of arrows piercing targets is heard every Sunday afternoon on Arce Field, home to the 5C archery club. For member Gillian Bell SC ’23, the organization offers a space to embrace the sport.
“It’s a very laid back environment,” Bell said. “If you know nothing about archery, we will teach you, and you don’t have to stay the whole time — you can just hang out and watch us.”
Between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m., the club offers collaborative opportunities where any student can learn about the nuances of archery. Club president Trevor Christensen CM ’22 emphasized the group’s open nature.
“We have the philosophy that people of any skill level can show up and participate,” he said. “We have people who’ve done archery for years and people who haven’t shot before at all; the overall purpose is to provide a welcoming space to shoot archery and get better at the sport.”
A typical Sunday meeting involves rolling out archery targets, borrowing Claremont-Mudd-Scripps’ archery equipment and letting members freely shoot.
For Bell, this environment was essential to her choice of college. After arriving in Claremont, she began shooting with the archery club her freshman year, and has not been able to participate since due to the pandemic.
“After first participating in eighth grade and all throughout high school, I knew [archery was] a sport that I will possibly do for the rest of my life,” she said. “I was really looking for any college that had some sort of a team, so having a club here was definitely a major bonus point [in choosing Scripps].”
Despite being a difficult sport to pick up initially for Bell, improving her archery skills allowed her to develop perseverance and a never-give-up mindset.
“The biggest thing [back then] was that I was absolutely horrible at it — like I couldn’t even hit the target,” Bell said. “I think that me being so awful at it made me kind of want to keep pursuing it. If you mess up, you can see the immediate result — I really like the black and white nature of archery in that sense.”
Bell mentioned how she enjoys sharing these stories while building relationships with other archers who have unique backgrounds.
“It’s been really fun and interesting to see other people’s relationships with archery,” Bell said. “They’re used to different kinds of equipment, coming from different coaches or different teams — we’re also coming from different geographical areas, so everyone brings their own level and perspective of experience.”
Considering improvements in the club, Bell expressed how sending members to archery competitions could potentially attract more interest to 5C Archery. Although there are “many regulations” and “time conflicts” to work through, the club has thought about sending students to personal tournaments in the past, or even hosting their own informal tournaments, Bell said.
“It’s difficult because there’s a variety of experience levels, but it’s something I’m definitely interested in,” Bell said. “I think it might be interesting to place students in group competitions after driving them out a few hours and having two-day trips to central California.”
While practicing is “all well and fun”, Christensen said, tournaments add a new level of challenge and are a cool way for archers to test their skills in competitive environments.
“Sometimes [competitions] come down to a one arrow shoot off, and those are some of the craziest moments; you’ve gotten so far in the tournament, and everything’s riding on this one arrow,” he said. “Looking back, half the fun I’ve had in archery is going through [those moments].”
Currently, the club has around half a dozen consistent members, although attendance varies from week to week. Looking ahead, Bell hopes the club garners more attention all across the 5Cs. | https://tsl.news/5cs-archery-club-builds-close-bonds-within-sport/ |
The giant skunk stood between two trees 33 yards away. I had a narrow lane through the branches and saplings to try to weave my arrow through for a clean shot. I drew, aimed, and released and watched my arrow sail harmlessly over it’s back, whisk through some leaves and disappear into the valley beyond. I lowered my bow, disappointed by another 0 on my score card and, undoubtably, lost arrow. I stared down range for a moment at the intentionally difficult target and then joined my group as we walked to collect arrows that had gone every where but into the skunk. It wasn’t a real skunk. It was a foam rubber 3D archery target skunk. We were shooting the Leupold course at the Total Archery Challenge in Seven Springs, PA. The Total Archery Challenge (or TAC) is a recent and popular development in the archery community and it asks archers to stretch their world a bit offering much longer and more difficult shots than most archers are used to taking and scenarios beyond the realm of most hunting experiences. TAC holds about a dozen events that span the calendar year, and the country. Each event is held in unique places with challenging terrain to go with the fun and difficult shots. It behooves the archer to shape up a bit and fletch plenty of arrows before tackling TAC.
My friends and I had been talking about doing this event for a couple years dating back prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, we missed the brief sign-up period before the event was full but that event go cancelled anyway courtesy of COVID-19. Each TAC event runs for four days and offers five different courses of varying shot lengths. These events are often held at ski resorts. Needless to say, they can accommodate a lot of shooters. The fact that they sell out in hours is a testament to their popularity. I’ll digress for a moment to provide a bit of history around target archery for those that many not be familiar. (Apologies in advance if this part is a little boring).
I grew up as a self taught archer and bowhunter. I began shooting a plastic recurve/longbow as a small tyke. (Somewhere I have a picture of me flinging arrows in the backyard.) I began bowhunting in the late 1970s in the early days of compound archery. The big sport then was field archery. Field archery involves 28 targets of varying distances from 10 yards to 80 yards. Each target is a traditional paper target placed on a backstop but clubs used the terrain, shadows, and elements to be able to create challenging, fun courses. In field archery, the archer shoots four arrows at each target, sometimes changing position between each shot. Field archery was incredibly popular when I started shooting. Club shoots would get as many as 100 shooters for a small, weekend shoot. Field archery was (and is) great practice for hunting allowing the archer to hone in their skills for different distances and angles.
Sometime in the early 1990s, someone somewhere began to make lifelike animal shaped targets out of foam rubber. In those early days, these targets were made by club members and mostly resembled “a woodland creature” more than any specific animal. My club got on board early and we built foam rubber “deer” with one flat side and replaced our paper field targets with the 3D-ish deer. As 3D targets gained popularity, this new sport took off. Commercial targets and new archery organizations geared toward 3D appeared. The popularity of field archery quickly waned as 3D grew. The appeal of 3D was that most rules around the game limited shooting distances to 50 yards or less but the distances were unmarked whereas Field archery stretched shots to 80 yards but all shooting distances were known. 3D targets are also free standing with no backstop. You miss the target your arrow is probably lost. This challenge combined with the unknown distances and lifelike targets was supposed to help the bowhunter be better prepared to make good shots in the field.
This all makes sense, right? I can say I jumped fully on-board and shot 3D shoots at every opportunity. 3D archery grew like crazy through the 1990s and early 2000s. Archery clubs rolled in money as shooters poured in to participate. 3D target makers came on board and built ever more fun and creative targets. And then the popularity of 3D slowed dramatically. It is still the most popular recreational style of archery in the US, with Field archery being on life support, but it does not have the popularity it did 25 years ago. So what happened? Mostly . . insert dollars here. Like most sports, the moment money and prestige are introduced the sport fundamentally changes. Specialized gear, cheating, and long waits to shoot a few arrows took their toll as did the modern, busy lifestyle. Ultimately, 3D just got a little mundane and boring. As bowhunting evolved, 3D didn’t change to match it.
In the woods, hunters now had cheap and accurate laser rangefinders available. Suddenly, there wasn’t really such a thing as guessing of yardage. Between this new technology and better bows and arrows, the unknown distances of 3D weren’t so important anymore. To the non-hunter, the application of all this technology may seem unethical but, on the contrary, having flat shooting arrows and being certain of the distance allow hunters to make good shots with quick, clean kills. A couple yards off one way or another can cause at best case a miss, at worst unneeded pain and suffering for a target animal. The rules of 3D archery were slow to change. The top divisions at big shoots put on by organizations like the ASA (Archery Shooters Association) and IBO (International Bowhunting Organization) still require competitors to guess yardage. It is a learned skill and something to be proud of for those that do it well but frankly, completely unnecessary from a hunting perspective. Most hunters can, do, and should use a rangefinder and know the distances in the field.
All of that mumbo jumbo was to emphasize that 3D archery has, for a lot of people, moved away from what people want from their archery practice. With rangefinders, and bows and arrows capable of shooting much longer distances, they want to stretch out a bit. These days, fewer hunters are looking for the big competition at a weekend shoot and just want to have fun shooting their bows.
Wow. That was some detour but I felt it was helpful to give a bit of recent archery history before coming back to the Total Archery Challenge. As archery and hunting have changed there have been several new events that have come along to support that change and give archers and bowhunters a new outlet to simply have fun without worrying about an intricate set of rules or posting a poor score on the results page. One manufacturer of 3D targets, Rinehart, started a series called the R100 which is a fun event featuring sine unique targets they produce just for these shoots. There are other singular events around the country and some other series that haven’t become as popular as Total Archery Challenge. But good people with good skills have built Total Archery Challenge over the last 8 years and they are definitely doing it right.
Phew. Enough of that boring background stuff.
Thursday June 3rd found me rolling west-bound on the the Pennsylvania Turnpike (aka the world’s most expensive toll road). The plan was to meet my buddies Joe and Andy at Joe’s brother’s camp near Somerset, PA. Jim’s camp is a beautiful little one room affair that sits in the middle of a quiet forest. Conveniently, there is a winery a half-mile up the road and . . oops . . sorry. Got distracted there for a moment. Jim’s camp would be perfect lodging for our few days of archery fun since it is only about 20 minutes from Seven Springs Ski resort where the Pennsylvania version of TAC was held. We had signed up to shoot two courses, shooting the Leupold course on Friday morning and the Yeti course on Sunday. With participants deferring from 2020, it was difficult to get Saturday or early “nock times” (compare to a tee time in golf).
On paper, the Leupold course appeared to be the easiest course with Yeti a close second. A few years ago I’d have been all about shooting the longest, most difficult course. But back then I owned a stable full of bows for any occasion, enough arrows to stock Geronimo’s people for a year, and shot nearly every day. As it was, none of us would be super-prepared other than to have fun. Unfortunately, Jim would not be able to shoot due to having had some unplanned shoulder surgery, and of the three remaining archers in camp, I was probably the most experienced archer with Andy being the least. He had prepared himself by buying almost enough arrows to have one for each target and, admittedly, had not really been shooting his bow. I almost felt sorry picturing the number of targets he would miss.
For my own preparation, I had attended a couple local 3D shoots where I had hoped to use the practice ranges to sight in my longer sight pins. Since I have only been bowhunting white-tailed deer for the last few years, I haven’t bothered to sight in or practice longer than 30 yards. I’m very proficient at those distances and, having been lucky enough to have killed a couple hundred deer in my life, don’t need to be taking shots any farther than that. I’ve also reduced my stable of bows to one and it is more or less setup as a close range hunting bow. To get ready for TAC, I needed to work on those longer distances. Unfortunately, there was little opportunity to shoot at longer distances at either of the clubs I went to. But, no worries. Total Archery Challenge offers a full practice range with targets out to 115 yards. If you aren’t an archer, you can’t imagine how ludicrous it would be to try to hit a target at 115 yards with a 60 yard sight pin. Picture trying to water a plant 200 feet away with a 25 foot hose. Needless to say I had no plans to shoot at any targets that far and chose to concentrate on trying to set my 50 and 60 yard pin before we hopped on the ski lift for our nock time. It is not surprising that we were not the only ones on the practice range and the time between shooting, arrow retrieval, and setting pins was lengthy. I got a little impatient and, when I felt I had my pins close enough, I called it good. In hindsight I probably should have spent a bit more time on the practice range.
As it was we collected our gear, and wandered the small vendor area a bit prior to getting in line for the ski lift that would take us to the start of the Leupold course. I was mildly surprised by the few number of vendors. In my archery experience, this shoot dwarfs many other “big” shoots as far as number of participants and there was only about a dozen vendor tents setup. Considering we almost all bought things through the course of the weekend, I think vendors are missing a big opportunity here. Also, despite the virtual shopping experience that was 2020, there is something to seeing products first-hand. I know I am considering purchasing products I’d either never thought of or had ruled out based on the on-line experience but now that I’ve seen them “live”, they are on my radar.
Our nock time for Leupold was 11:30 so about that time we joined a few other folks with similar times and got in line for the proper ski lift. The lift would take us up the mountain (’cause that’s what ski lifts do) and then we’d walk about a 1/2 mile to the start of the course.
This was my first time on a ski lift and I hoped I wouldn’t drop my bow, arrows, pack, or me. Andy confidently snapped a selfie of he and Jim (who went along as score keeper) on the ride up. I didn’t have the nerve. I’m certain I’d have dropped my phone. As it was, I enjoyed the views including the birdseye view of an incredible number of baby ground hogs. They seemed to be everywhere.
Weather for the day was perfect. It was clear and sunny with temperatures in the high 70s in the sun. Happily, the Leupold course was almost entirely shaded so it made the day very nice. Once off the lift, we mounted our packs and made our way to the first target. Unlike a traditional 3D shoot, the rugged nature of most of the TAC courses makes carrying a back pack much more practical then using a belt-mounted quiver. In our packs we had water, tools for bow repair, rain jackets, plenty of arrows, snacks and lunch. Lunch!? We forgot lunch! Oh well. None of us were in danger of starving and we did have snacks along. We decided we’d probably survive.
June has been a whirlwind and I am writing this post about 3 weeks after the TAC weekend. Even had I chosen to write it sooner, I doubt I could remember a target by target play by play. All I can tell you is that Joe and I shot really, really bad. Somewhere at Gold Tip Archery headquarters, the head of sales rubbed his hands and smiled as Joe and I sent one arrow after another into oblivion beyond the target or demolished them on trees, rocks, and roots. In fairness, while the Leupold course might have the shortest distances, there was not an easy target on the course. All were set in challenging ways where the archer was a fool or a hero. There was not a single target less than 30 yards away including the 18″ tall frog target at 60 yards across a pond with a giant rock behind it. Amazingly, we all hit that one. But what of young Andrew? Certainly if Joe and I, the experienced archers and 3D shooters struggled, Andy who hadn’t shot much at all and had just had dose #2 of his COVID vaccine must have been miserable. Except he shot brilliantly! I don’t believe he missed more than two targets all day. Granted there were some 5s and some “barely hit” targets but they were hit. And, given the circumstances, the sound of arrow striking foam was a win. While TAC doesn’t have an overall scoreboard or results, within our group, Andy cleaned our clocks. There is a testament there to young eyes and not enough archery experience to have yet developed the awful affliction of target panic but regardless our young friend shot very well.
I knew the archery would be difficult especially given my lack of preparation. They don’t call it the total archery challenge lightly. Happily, I’m still in good enough physical shape that the 5 mile walk up and down the hills wasn’t a factor. But at the end of day one, I knew where I was headed: The Practice Range! | https://bringitonblog.com/2021/06/25/total-archery-challenge-day-1/?replytocom=6575 |
The gameplay of Heavenly Sword resembles a martial arts title focused on melee combat while featuring opportunities for ranged attacks. The main character, Nariko, uses a weapon called the "Heavenly Sword" which changes into one of three forms depending on what attack stance the player uses as part of a unique fighting style. Speed Stance provides an even balance between damage and speed, where the sword takes the form of two separate blades. Range Stance allows fast, long-range, but weaker attacks, with the sword being two blades chained together. Power Stance is the most powerful, but slowest style, where attacks are made with the Sword in the shape of one large, two-handed blade.
For exploration and certain battles, the game also makes use of "quick time events" (QTE). During a QTE, a symbol for a certain button or for an action such as moving the analog stick to the right or left appears on screen and the player must match what is shown to successfully complete the scene.
In addition to Nariko, a secondary character, Kai, is controlled for some portions of the game. Many of Kai's stages take the form of sniping missions, using her crossbow to pick off enemies, in some cases to protect characters. While Kai cannot perform hand-to-hand combat, in stages that call for her to explore the level she is able to hop over objects and to free herself from an enemy's grasp by temporarily stunning them.
Projectiles can be maneuvered to their targets using the motion-sensing capabilities of the SIXAXIS controller through a feature known as Aftertouch. Such projectiles include guiding Kai's arrows after she has launched them, and for Nariko, guiding a cannon or rocket launcher, or picking up and throwing objects.
GUIDES
FAQ
Stuck and need some help? Check out some of the questions the community have asked relating to this game. If none of these answer your problem or you want to get some tips when it comes to a particular level, feel free to submit a question of your own. | https://nerdburglars.net/videogame/heavenly-sword/ |
The Long Rangers Youth Precision Shooting Club is a 501(c) non-profit started December 2008. We have great sponsors that allow us to provide our members with some of the finest equipment in the sport.
Where we practice:
Mondays 6pm-8pm
The American Legion #622
3073 Bridge Street . St. Francis, MN
(practice held year round)
Wednesdays 6pm-8pm
Minnetonka Game & Fish Club
8310 Hill and Dale Dr. NW . St. Francis, MN
(May - October)
Fridays 6pm-8pm
Elk River Sportsmanship Club
20309 Meadowvale Rd. NW . Elk River, MN
(January - May)
Copyright © Long Rangers Shooting Club. All rights reserved.
3-Position Air Rifle Shooting offers two different events- Precision and Sporter.
Precision is modeled after Olympic style shooting and allows the use of specialized target rifles and equipment.
Sporter is designed for new competitors or those who desire to compete with a minimum of equipment and expense.
In both types of shooting, competitors fire at targets at a distance of 10 meters in 3 different positions, Prone, Standing and Kneeling. | http://www.longrangers.us/about2.html |
Shoot Begins:
Saturday, December 1, 2018
Shoot Ends:
Thursday, February 28, 2019
Scores must be Submitted by:
Friday, March 15, 2019 and within 30 days of being shot.
Rules:
There is an Arabic version of the Triangle Target which was based on an Oriental target, which also represented a warrior on horseback. But, unlike the Triangle, it is based upon two circular disks which represented the shield and the head. In the Arabic original which was used as a form of practice, the target was placed at just under the maximum cast of the bow. The archer practiced at this target using five arrows until he could hit the disk representing the shield without missing a single shot. Then he advanced to shooting at the disk representing the head of the warrior until he could hit it with all five arrows without missing. The size of the head disk was one span or about nine inches and the shield was three spans or about twenty-seven inches. (From 'Arab Archery' by Robert Elmer and Nabih Amin Faris.)
Please read the
SSAC General Rules
, as these apply to all SSAC shoots. Below are the additional rules for this specific shoot.
Shoot:
For purposes of the SSAC the original version is slightly modified by the addition of a third disk representing the horse and the addition of a visor slot/disk on the head. There are three untimed ends of six arrows, shot at three different distances. Both handbows and crossbows may participate in the shooting at the same time. However, handbows and crossbows compete in separate divisions as per the SSAC rules.
Ranges:
As this is being run as a Winter Shoot the distances are: 20, 15, and 10 yards. Youth distances are: 15, 10, and 5 yards.
Target:
As this is being run as the Winter Shoot the target diameters are: Head is 3 inches. Body is 9 inches. Horse is 15 inches. Visor is 1 inch. The combined target is 27 inches tall. The resulting combination of three disks resembles a Cyclops style snowman which is appropriate for the Winter season.
There are also two alternate targets available, when using these alternate targets the archer must declare which head they are shooting at before they begin shooting. The
The target should contrast with its background.
There are two printable targets for this shoot.
When printing either of these be sure to set the scale to 100% (not automatic) so that it prints the correct size, then double check that the head is indeed 3" wide.
1) The full target for use on
15 x 27 Large Format Printers (PDF)
provided courtesy of Lord Cameron de Grey from Atlantia.
2) Alternate Target - Only the Head and Shoulders for use on
8.5 x 11 Regular Printers (PDF)
provided courtesy of Lord John Buchanan from Ansteorra.
3) Alternate Target - Full target but with three heads
15 x 27 Large Formate Printers (JPG)
provided courtesy of Forester Cirion the Left Handed from the Mid.
Scoring:
The horse is 1 point. The body is 3 points. The head is 5 points. The visor circle is 15 points. Arrows striking the edge of the visor disk count as the higher score. Arrows touching the outer edge of any disk count for the appropriate score. Arrows striking where two disks join, count as the higher score. There is a maximum total score of 270 points, if the visor is hit with every shot.
A
Printable Scoresheet
has been provided by Lord Thomas of Salisbury from Atlantia.
This shoot was suggested by:
Sir Jon
Web Ministers, to directly link to this page use the following link: | https://scores-sca.org/public/scores_rules.php?R=3&Shoot=287 |
The Old Kingdom is the name commonly given to that period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization complexity and achievement — this was the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley (the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom). The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as spanning the period of time when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2575 BC–2134 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh Dynasty and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period.
The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis, where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of pyramids, which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids."
Contents
The Beginning: Third Dynasty
The first notable pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was Djoser (2630 BC–2611 BC) of the Third Dynasty, who ordered the construction of a pyramid (the Step Pyramid) in Memphis' necropolis, Saqqara. An important person during the reign of Djoser was his vizier, Imhotep.
It was in this era that formerly independent ancient Egyptian states became known as Nomes, ruled solely by the pharaoh. Subsequently the former rulers were forced to assume the role of governors or otherwise work in tax collection. Egyptians in this era worshiped their pharaoh as a god, believing that he ensured the annual flooding of the Nile that was necessary for their crops. Egyptian views on the nature of time during this period held that the universe worked in cycles, and the Pharaoh on earth worked to ensure the stability of those cycles. They also perceived themselves as a specially selected people, "as the only true human beings on earth".
Golden Age: Fourth Dynasty
The Old Kingdom and its royal power reached their zenith under the Fourth Dynasty, which began with Sneferu (2575 BC–2551 BC). Using a greater mass of stones than any other pharaoh, he built three pyramids: a mysterious pyramid in Meidum (a failure), the famous Bent Pyramid in Dahshur (another failure), and the small Red Pyramid, also in Dashur.
Sneferu was succeeded by his (in)famous son, Khufu (2551 BC–2528 BC), who built the Great Pyramid of Giza. Later Egyptian literature describes him as a cruel tyrant, who imposed forced labor on his subjects to complete his pyramid. After Khufu's death his sons Djedefra (2528 BC–2520 BC) and Khafra (2520 BC–2494 BC) may have quarrelled. The latter built the second pyramid and (in traditional thinking) the Sphinx in Giza. Recent reexamination of evidence has suggested that the Sphinx may have been built by Djedefra as a monument to Khufu.
The later kings of the Fourth Dynasty were king Menkaura (2494 BC–2472 BC), who built the smallest pyramid in Giza, and Shepseskaf (2472 BC–2467 BC).
Decline and Collapse: Fifth – Eighth Dynasties
The Fifth Dynasty began with Userkhaf (2465 BC–2458 BC), who initiated reforms that weakened the Pharaoh and central government. After his reign civil wars arose as the powerful nomarchs (regional governors) no longer belonged to the royal family. The worsening civil conflict undermined unity and energetic government and also caused famines. But regional autonomy and civil wars were not the only causes of this decline. The massive building projects of the Fourth Dynasty exceeded the capacity of the treasury and populace and, therefore, weakened the Kingdom at its roots.
The final blow was a sudden and short-lived cooling in the region that resulted in a drastic drop in precipitation between 2200 and 2100 BC, which in turn prevented the normal flooding of the Nile. The result was decades of famine and strife. An inscription on the tomb of Ankhtifi, a leader of the First Intermediate Period, describes the state of the country at the end of the Old Kingdom.
References
- ↑ Ancient African Civilizations to ca. 1500: Pharaonic Egypt to Ca. 800 BC, by Dr. Susan J. Herlin, 2003, p 27. | https://ancientegypt.fandom.com/wiki/Old_Kingdom |
Found traces of an ancient channel for the construction of the Great Pyramids
(ORDO NEWS) — French scientists have found traces of an ancient branch of the Nile River, passing in close proximity to the Great Pyramids.
According to a study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), this natural channel had a sufficient water level to be used to transport stones for the construction of the Cheops pyramid on the Giza plateau.
Specialists have reconstructed changes in the course and floodplain of the Nile over the course of eight thousand years, with particular attention to the dynastic period and the Old Kingdom, when the Great Pyramids were built.
To do this, they analyzed rock samples recovered near the pyramid of Cheops, which contained the remains of pollen grains belonging to 61 plant species.
Thus, pollen of sedge plants (for example, papyrus) was found growing near the banks of the Nile, pollen of tropical plants brought by the river from other regions of Africa, as well as pollen of helophytes, marsh plants, indicating the existence of long-term reservoirs.
It is generally accepted that during the reign of the Fourth Dynasty (circa 2613-2467 BC) there was a now dry branch of the Nile, flowing along the western edge of the river floodplain – the branch of Khufu.
The results of the study show that during the African humid period (AHP), which began about 14 thousand years ago and ended five thousand years ago, the water level in the Khufu arm was at its highest and peaked about three thousand years before ours. era.
The authors of the paper believe that after the end of the AHP, when the water level in the branch began to fall, the western floodplain, enriched with fertile river silt, became ecologically attractive for settlers.
In the first half of the Old Kingdom of Egypt (2686-2440 BC), the water level in the Khufu arm was 40 percent of its previous levels, but it was relatively constant.
From the third to fifth dynasties, Khufu’s arm favored pyramid builders, who used it to transport stone and materials on riverboats.
As a consequence, during this period, especially during the Fourth Dynasty, the number of archaeological sites increased on the Giza Plateau.
—
Online:
Contact us: [email protected] | https://ordonews.com/found-traces-of-an-ancient-channel-for-the-construction-of-the-great-pyramids/ |
10. Amenhotep III
Amenhotep III was the ruler for 38 years during the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom. He is remembered most for the abundant crops that were harvested under his reign. Because of this, he was made a fertility God. Rather than pursuing military conquests, Amenhotep III focused his administration on pursuing diplomatic relationships, building monuments, and encouraging the arts. Egypt was at peace under Amenhotep III. His son Akhenaten (discussed below) went on to become king.
9. Hatshepsut
Another Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, Hatshepsut, became the ruler when her husband and half-brother, Thutmose II died. His son, by a different wife, was too young to assume the position at the time and Hatshepsut first became his regent. She insisted it was her right to rule based on her bloodline and wore the symbols of a king. Her rule lasted for nearly 20 years, from 1473 until 1458 BC. During this time, she ordered various building projects and sent tradesmen into Punt to bring back foreign goods. During her time, it was been nearly impossible for a woman to rule Egypt and even more rare to serve as Pharaoh. However, overcoming all the challenges, she still became a ruler.
8. Akhenaten
Akhenaten, at birth named Amenhotep IV, was the son of Amenhotep III. At the beginning of his rule, he commissioned a temple for the god Aten. In his fifth year, he built a new capital at Amarna and named it Akhetaten. At this point of time, he also changed his name to Akhenaten. He then went on to change the state religion, claiming that Aten, god of the solar disc, was the only Egyptian god. This became the first monotheistic religion of the region. One of his wives, Nefertiti, is depicted making sacrifices in many artworks of the time. Akhenaten also contributed to the arts by promoting and encouraging realistic artwork, insisting that artists represent the royal family by their true characteristics. These characteristics included elongated necks and arms, bloated stomachs, and weak muscle definition. These physical attributes are thought to be symptoms of Marfan Syndrome.
7. Khufu
King Khufu ruled during the Old Kingdom, the second Pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty. His reign lasted from 2589 to 2566 BC. Perhaps his most well-known contribution to Egypt was the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza, a monument that is still standing today. Researchers continue to speculate about how such a massive structure could have been built during that time. It incorporates 2.3 million stones, each weighing between 2 and 15 tons. He left such an impact on the society, that approximately 2,000 years after his death some Egyptians created a cult to worship him as a god.
6. Thutmose III
Thutmose III was the son of Thutmose II, the husband of Hatshepsut. He had been too young to rule Egypt when his father died, leaving Hatshepsut as his regent and later pharaoh of the country. Thutmose III ruled from 1479 until 1425 BC and is sometimes referred to as the Napoleon of Ancient Egypt, because of his military intelligence. He is the first person in history to utilize the sea during war efforts against the Kingdoms of Phoenicia. During his reign, Egypt carried out 16 military campaigns, capturing around 350 cities. He is known for increasing the wealth of Egypt and for treating his captures fairly.
5. Ramses III
Ramses III is another one of famous kings of Egypt. He was the second Pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty and is considered to be the last ruler with significant power. He ruled from 1187 until 1151 BC and during this time, Egypt began to lose its important role in the world. Rather than focus on construction projects, Ramses III reorganized existing temples and allocated them arable lands. At the time of his death, approximately 33% of agricultural lands belonged to the temples, leading to food shortages in the kingdom. When his workers were not paid, they organized a strike which was the first in recorded history. One of his wives and a number of his officials plotted an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Ramses III, hoping that the Queen’s son, Pentewere, would take the throne. They were found guilty and forced to commit suicide. Ramses IV, Ramses V, and Ramses VI, all his sons, went on to be the next 3 kings of Egypt. Overall, the reign of Ramses III was marked by problems and economic decline.
4. Djoser
Djoser was an Old Kingdom pharaoh during the 3rd Dynasty. He led the kingdom through great architectural and agricultural advances as well as improving trade relationships. His reign is surrounded by legend, however. Stories claim that Egypt suffered a 7-year famine and Djoser built a temple to honor Khnum, the god that controlled the flow of the Nile River. Happy with his dedication, Khnum returned the water to the river, and the famine ended.
3. Ramses II
Ramses II is considered one of the most powerful kings of Egypt of the New Kingdom. He ruled during the 19th Dynasty from 1279 until 1213 BC. Some of his greatest accomplishments while in power were the great monuments he had built. In fact, during his reign, more structures were built than during any other pharaoh’s time. Ramses II is also famous for his military achievements which allowed him to recapture Egyptian territory that had been previously lost under Akhenaten. He was celebrated by the public and made into a god. He made it his mission to return Egypt to the religion it had practiced before becoming monotheistic.
2. Cleopatra VII
Cleopatra VII is one of the most well-known of the ancient Egyptian rulers. She has been depicted in movies, plays, and books. She inherited her position after the death of her father, King Ptolemy XII. She did not, however, rule alone. Because of the laws prohibiting women from ruling the kingdom, she was forced to share her position first with her younger brother and later with her son. She claimed to be the Egyptian goddess Isis and later the Greek goddess Aphrodite, thus paying tribute to her Greek heritage. She came into rule during a time when the Roman Empire had control over the Egyptian Kingdom and demanded payment. In order to secure an alliance with the Roman Empire, Cleopatra VII formed relationships with Caesar and Mark Antony. She ruled until her death on August 12, 30 BC.
1. Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun ruled during the 18th Dynasty, becoming pharaoh at the age of 9. He was pharaoh between 1332 and 1323 BC. He moved the capital to Thebes and returned Egyptian religion to a focus on Amun, a previously worshiped God, instead of Aten. His short rule left a very small impact on Egypt. Today, he is famous for the treasures found in his tomb during the 1920’s. His tomb is also said to be cursed; dozens of people have died after coming into contact with it. | https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-most-famous-kings-of-egypt.html |
Burial site of Lord Nefer-Ti-Ru; Son of King Khufu. c.2637-2614 BC, Fourth Dynasty of Egypt (Gosford, NSW, Australia)
Summary:
Dr. Reinoud M. de Jonge
Netherlands
At Gosford near Sydney, Australia, is a sandstone cleft, which contains about 300 Egyptian hieroglyphs. The free translation of these glyphs shows it is the burial site of a Son of Khufu (Cheops), the 2nd king of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt (Old Kingdom). He died because he was bitten by a poisonous snake. Together with his brother Lord Djeseb they were the leaders of an expedition to Australia. The text on both walls of the cleft consists of c.26 paragraphs. It is the largest collection of Egyptian hieroglyphs outside Egypt and Sudan. | https://www.migration-diffusion.info/article.php?subject=linguistics&id=330 |
The history of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt
One of history’s biggest marvels is said to have begun during the period of the old kingdom of ancient Egypt. The golden period of the pyramids occurred between 2686 and 2181 BCE, from the third to the sixth dynasties, when Egypt achieved its pinnacle of creativity and wisdom, as evidenced by the three magnificent pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx, both of which you may see during your Egypt tours. The majority of the material we gathered, such as the King’s names, dates, and significant events, was actually carved into stone, such as the walls of mortuary temples and the Pyramid Texts, which gave insight into their religious views throughout ancient Egypt’s old monarchy. It is known to be a period of stability, centralized government, order, and progress under the guidance of goddess Maat, which resulted in the construction of magical monuments that have stood the test of time. However, it did not last long as it was followed by a period of cultural decline, social unrest, and conflict known as the first intermediate period, which lasted until the rise of the twelfth dynasty, which created the migrating mummies.
The Starting Point:
King Djoser of the 3rd dynasty (2630-2611 BCE), who ordered the construction of the step pyramid of Saqqara in Memphis from his vizier and main architect Imhotep (2667-2600 BCE), who revolutionized the art of architecture and construction in Egypt by building the tomb of Saqqara in the shape of a complex with a stone pyramid and surrounded by templars, revolutionized the art of architecture and construction in Egypt by
Egypt’s Old Kingdom’s Greatest Monuments:
The old kingdom of ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle of prosperity and royal power thanks to the Nile’s irrigation, fertile land, and the presence of a large labor force and materials that resulted in a thriving state of commerce and trade, leading pharaoh Sneferu of the fourth dynasty (2575-2551 B.C.E) to use an unbelievable amount of stones to construct many faqirs (temples). Although Sneferu failed to build everlasting pyramids, his son Khufu (2551-2528 B.C.E.) succeeded in building the world’s highest structure until the late eighteenth century. After his death, his son Khafra (2520-2494 B.C.E.) finished his father’s legacy by building the second pyramid and the magnificent Sphinx in his likeness. The final ruler of the fourth dynasty, Menkaura (2494-2472 B.C.E. ), constructed the smallest of the three pyramids, thereby completing the series.
The Old Kingdom’s Governmental Structure:
The ancient kingdom was known for having a well-organized central government in Memphis that oversaw the country’s autonomous kingdoms, known as districts. They had a complex central administration split into ministries and overseen by a vizier, who was usually a royal prince. The idea that the pharaoh is a deity who should be revered because he is the one who ensured the yearly Nile floods and the pharaoh fought to provide unity to the people and stability to the cycles of time ruled the land and the people. The pharaoh’s divinity was at the center of the political system, and all of this was governed by Maat’s principles and universal rules, which declare that the ruler is responsible for maintaining justice, stability, and the common benefit for everyone. Many famines occurred at the end of the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt, leading to accusations that the pharaoh had broken the rules of Maat, causing Egypt to split and putting an end to the old kingdom’s prosperous days.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom Comes to an End:
The latter days of ancient Egypt’s old monarchy were marked by civil conflicts between governors and the growth of the priesthood’s influence, which shattered any semblance of central authority and unity. During the first intermediate, the country’s economy was still harmed by Khufu’s vast projects, and a climatic shift that prevented the Nile’s regular flooding caused decades of famine and never-ending wars.
Check out our Egypt tour packages and Nile cruises to book one of our stunning trips to experience Egypt with personalized holidays designed by expert tour operators. | https://egyptfuntours.com/travel-info/the-old-kingdom-of-ancient-egypt/ |
Who were the 4 pharaohs of Egypt?
Who were the 4 pharaohs of Egypt?
Initial Fourth Dynasty Royalty
|Names of Kings||Horus (throne) name||Dates|
|Sneferu||Nebma’at||2613–2589 BC|
|Khufu “Cheops”||Medjedu||2589–2566 BC|
|Djedefre||Kheper||2566–2558 BC?|
|Khafre||Userib||2558–2532 BC|
What are the 7 pharaohs?
10 Famous Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs
- Djoser (reign 2686 BC – 2649 BC)
- Khufu (reign 2589 ‒ 2566 BC)
- Hatshepsut (reign 1478–1458 BC)
- Thutmose III (reign 1458–1425 BC)
- Amenhotep III (reign 1388–1351 BC)
- Akhenaten (reign 1351–1334 BC)
- Tutankhamun (reign 1332–1323 BC)
- Ramses II (reign 1279–1213 BC)
Are there still Medjai?
Demise. After the 20th Dynasty, the term Medjay is no longer found in Egyptian records. It is unknown whether the Medjay as an occupation had been abolished or the name of the force had changed.
Who was the baddest pharaoh?
Ramesses the Great (reign 1279 – 1213 BC) Regarded as the greatest and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom of the 19th Dynasty, the son of Seti I was celebrated for his monumental building programme of cities, temples and monuments and his unashamed lack of modesty.
Who is the greatest pharaoh of all time?
King Ramses II
King Ramses II is considered the greatest, most celebrated and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire! During his 67-year reign, he built many beautiful temples.
Who was the last Medjay?
Bayek
Last of the Medjay was a virtual representation of one of Bayek’s genetic memories, relived by Layla Hassan through the Portable Animus HR-8.
What language do the Medjai speak?
Modern Day. By the twentieth century, the Medjai have long since intermingled with modern Egyptian society, as seen when they speak in the Arabic language.
Who was the most powerful female pharaoh?
Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut, Egypt’s Queen Who Would Be King A statue of Queen Hatshepsut, ancient Egypt’s most famous female pharaoh, is displayed at the Egyptian Museum. Some 3,500 years ago, she was Egypt’s most powerful woman. But as pharaoh, Hatshepsut felt compelled to assume a male persona to maintain her grip on power.
Who were the five black pharaohs?
The Kings of Kush.
- Pharaoh Kashta 760 – 747 BC. Kashta, the brother on of Alara, who ruled Egypt in a time of turmoil and destruction.
- Shabaka 712 – 698 BC.
- Tarharqa 690 – 644 BCE.
- Tantamani 664 – 657 BCE (Last Pharaoh of the 25th Dynasty)
Who was the wisest pharaoh?
Very little is known of Imhotep as a historical figure, but in the 3,000 years following his death, he was gradually glorified and deified….
|Imhotep|
|Burial place||Saqqara (probable)|
|Occupation||chancellor to the Pharaoh Djoser and High Priest of Ra|
|Years active||c. 27th century BCE|
Who was the most beautiful pharaoh?
Who Was Nefertiti? Nefertiti, whose name means “a beautiful woman has come,” was the queen of Egypt and wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten during the 14th century B.C. She and her husband established the cult of Aten, the sun god, and promoted Egyptian artwork that was radically different from its predecessors.
Which pharaoh was found in Red Sea?
RED SEA PHARAOH’S MUMMY UNVEILED; Body Discovered Some Years Ago Proved to be That of Menephtah. – The New York Times. RED SEA PHARAOH’S MUMMY UNVEILED; Body Discovered Some Years Ago Proved to be That of Menephtah.
Is Bayek real?
Bayek, also known as Bayek of Siwa, is a fictional character in Ubisoft’s Assassin’s Creed video game franchise.
When did the Medjay really exist?
The Medjay were a semi-nomadic people whose homeland was in the eastern desert ranging from Egypt to the Red Sea. They are mentioned as early as 2400 BC, when Egyptian texts recorded them as warriors serving with the Egyptian military.
What is eye Ra?
The Eye of Ra or Eye of Re is a being in ancient Egyptian mythology that functions as a feminine counterpart to the sun god Ra and a violent force that subdues his enemies. The eye is an extension of Ra’s power, equated with the disk of the sun, but it often behaves as an independent goddess.
What does the Medjai tattoo mean? | https://liverpoololympia.com/who-were-the-4-pharaohs-of-egypt/ |
European researchers and archaeologists named the sites found in the tombs “Book of the Dead.” The true ancient Egyptian name translates as “Book of those who come forth after the Day.” The ancient Egyptians believed in magic and this book was actually a collection of magical speeches and prayers to be used by the dying person. The book of the dead was developed to help and guide those who could pass a spiritual test and enter the hereafter. The text served as a guide for the dead on their way to the hereafter, which they used as a guide. The scribes prepared the burial with different qualities depending on their abilities, but all the blanks were prepared to fill in the names of the dead later. The recording included spellings and passages of text, the name of each person and their burial place.
The Book of the Dead first appeared in the New Kingdom and is the oldest and most famous of all ancient Egyptian death texts. This text evolved from a long tradition of magical and buried writings and has been used as a guide to the afterlife and as the basis for many of our modern rituals. Egyptian belief that a dead person may take the text with him to the afterlife. It should be noted that the term “Book of the Dead” is an extremely loose translation, and it is not the only one in the book.
Egyptologists used the term “Book of the Dead” when they published the translation in 1840, but it is believed that the Aspell in the Book of the Dead are only useful in the afterlife. The translation is based on papyrus found in Egyptian tombs, many of which contain a version of this “Aspell.”
The Book of the Dead, known to ancient Egyptians as prt hrw (“to come forth from the day”), comes from the papyrus Ani, written around 1240 BC. This version of this book is full of stories of Anis and his wife traveling through the land of the dead in the Halls of Ma’ati. The papyrus also states that if one is able to survive the afterlife, one can use it as a guide for the afterlife.
The Book of the Dead was known to the Egyptians as the book that “was to go forth from the Day.” This collection was not a book, but became known as “the book” because it was actually a huge collection of spells. For example, some of the spells were written on the walls of tombs or on amulets or painted or written on papyrus rolls placed in the tomb. There is a copy that contains all these spells and almost always an example of a negative confession.
Originally written in hieratic script (hieroglyphics), the Book of the Dead is actually a collection of magical spells that were intended to help the dead to safely enter the underworld and eventually escape from the hereafter. Many copies of these spells contain beautiful vignettes showing the deceased on their way through the Duat (underworld).
In fact, the tradition of using tomb texts began as early as the Old Kingdom, but the entire collection was actually developed over thousands of years. The first text ever buried in Egypt was the Pyramid Texts, which are on display in the Museum of Antiquities in Cairo, Egypt and in many other parts of the world. These books (preferably called collections of texts) were used as a kind of ritual protection for the dead and their families and friends. More than 50 wooden sarcophagi from the late Bronze Age (about 2000 years ago) were found in the tomb shafts, former Egyptian minister of tourism Hawass says.
Archaeologists also discovered tomb wells, coffins and mummies from the Sixth Dynasty, which ruled Egypt from 2323. BCE up to 2150 BCE Hawass told reporters in the Sakqqara necropolis. Archaeologists have also found a number of ancient manuscripts, including the Book of the Dead, which was part of a series of books aimed at taking the dead into the underworld of ancient Egypt, he says. Archaeologists have uncovered the remains of more than a dozen tombs from the New Kingdom (ruled Egypt between about 1570 BCE and 1069 BCE) and the Fifth Dynasty (from about 1470-1490 BCE). The archaeology has also excavated a well, a coffin and a mummy, which date to the Second Dynasty of Egypt (about 1250 – 1240 BC), as well as the tomb of King Khufu, ruler of Egypt during the Sixth Dynasty (between 1340 – 1350 AD), and another tomb from a tomb in the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, from 1330 BC – 1140 AD, according to Hawass.This post was proofread with Grammarly. | https://whatisandhowto.com/what-is-the-book-of-the-dead/ |
10 Most Famous Pharaohs of Egypt
In ancient Egypt, the political as well as the religious leader of the entire people of Egypt was referred to as Pharaoh. Here is our pick of the 10 greatest pharaohs of ancient Egypt:
MENES
Pharaoh Menes ruled Egypt from about 3201 – 3101 BC. He was the founder of the first Egyptian dynasty. Menes’ main achievements as a king include the unification of two factions of Egypt: the Upper and the Lower Egypt. He also takes credit for rerouting the Nile River in Lower Egypt.
As pharaoh, Menes also founded the ancient royal capital of Egypt – called Memphis – on a reclaimed territory. Historians and archeologists list the worship of gods and practice of sacrifices as some cultural influences of Menes. After 62 years of ruling Egypt, Menes was believed to have been killed by a hippopotamus.
Read More:
TUTANKHAMUN
Our pick for second most famous pharaoh of Egypt has to be Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun’s reign started from 1333 to 1323 BC. For some historians, he is popularly regarded as the most famous and greatest pharaoh of Egypt. Tutankhamun belonged to the 18th Dynasty. He came to the throne around the age of 8/9. Historians state that King Tut died before he turned 20.
The secret gold-filled tomb of Tutankhamun was discovered in the early 1920s. It became one of the most popular archaeological finds in the 20th century. The Pharaoh Tutankhanun is linked with a glossy death mask of gold, which was discovered in his tomb, along with several other remarkable treasures. The name Tutankhamun means, a living image of Amun (the supreme god of the Egyptian Pantheon). His father was Akhenaten (also known as the heretic pharaoh – see below). Tutankhamun reversed a lot of rules instituted by his father.
RAMSES II (Ramesses the Great)
Ramses II (c. 1303-1213 BCE) was the third pharaoh of the 19th Egyptian Dynasty. To signify how much difference he made to the Egyptian society, Ramses II is often referred to as Ramesses the Great. This famous pharaoh of Egypt likely ruled from 1279 to 1213 BC before he died. He was the builder of great temples such as Ramesseum and the Abu Simbel temple.
Among the various pharaohs of Egypt, Ramses II was a king of strength and he formed an army of more than hundred thousand members. Having left a great legacy behind, Egyptians have named about nine other pharaohs after him. It is for these reasons why Ramses II is considered one of the greatest pharaohs of Egypt. Historians estimate that Ramses II lived for about 90 years before his death. He was succeeded to the throne by his thirteenth son, Merneptah. His tomb was first buried in the Valley of Kings. His body was later exhumed and kept in a museum.
THUTMOSE III
The fourth famous Egyptian pharaoh on our list is Thutmose III. This pharaoh reigned over Egypt from about 1479 to 1425 BC. He was the 6th Pharaoh of the 18th Egyptian Dynasty. Owing to his insatiable thirst for power and dominance, Thutmose III has often been referred to as “the Napoleon of ancient Egypt” by modern scholars and egyptologists. His first taste of power was when he co-ruled Egypt for twenty-two years with his stepmother by name, Hatshepsut.
After his stepmother’s death, Thutmose took over and enlarged the Egyptian empire; he rebuilt the kingdom’s army, turning the land into one of wealth and dominance in the region. It is for this reason Thutomose III constantly got revered and honored long after he died. The pharaoh is believed to have married a lot of wives [a quite common phenomenon back then]. After his death around 1425 BC, the god king was laid to rest in the Valley of the Kings.
HATSHEPSUT
Queen Hatshepsut was a female Pharaoh during the 18th Dynasty. Among the few female pharaohs of Egypt, Hatshepsut certainly comes out tops. Being the 5th pharaoh in the dynasty, her remarkable reign earned her the epithet “Foremost of Noble Ladies”. Hatshepsut’s reign spanned from 1479 to 1458 BC. She stood in Thutmose II’s place when Thutmose III was too young to rule following the death of his father.
Her rise to power witnessed the construction of important buildings and many magnificent sculptures. Also, Egyptians lived in peace and harmony during her time on the throne. Even though, her reign was highly successful, her successor Thutmose III displaced all her images from temples after her death. She gets on this list of famous pharaohs for her sheer bravery and finesse in dealing with the tense political situation (largely male-dominated as well) during her reign.
AKHENATEN
Akhenaten was an ancient Egyptian ruler (a pharaoh) of the 18th Dynasty whose reign lasted for 17 years. His reign likely started from 1353 to 1336 BC. Akhenaten means, “Effective for Aten” (an aspect of the ancient Egyptian god of the sun, Aten). Egyptians remember Akhenaten as a monotheistic pharaoh, a ruler who dismantled the the polytheistic worship of gods and goddesses of Egypt.
Pharaoh Akhenaten planted Aten – the sun god – as the supreme god of ancient Egypt. This made him quite an unpopular figure in ancient Egypt. His son and successor Tutankhamun would later reverse all the “heretic” ideologies perpetuated during Akhenaten’s reign.
Pharaoh Akhenaten also vested a lot of power in his queen, Nefertiti. This made her very famous as she acted like a co-ruler of the main pharaoh. After the death of Akhenaten, Egyptians went back to their previous forms of polythestic worship.
CLEOPATRA VII
Queen Cleopatra VII was a female pharaoh of Egypt who was the last ruler to come from the Ptolemaic dynasty. She was a descendant of an ancient ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy I, who was an associate of Alexander the Great. Her reign lasted from about 51 to 30 BC. Cleopatra had the privilege of ruling Egypt before the Roman Empire made the land of Egypt a province of Rome.
Cleopatra was a woman of beauty and intelligence. She had romantic connections with leaders of Rome, including Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Cleopatra came to power after succeeding her father Ptolemy XII when he died in 51 BC. She co-ruled Egypt with her brother Ptolemy XIII.
DJOSER
Coming in eight on the list of most famous pharaohs of Egypt is Pharaoh Djoser. This pharaoh was also known as Zoser. He was the second pharaoh of the third Dynasty whose tenure lasted around 2700 to 2600 BC. Djoser was the first pharaoh to live in Memphis – the royal capital of Egypt. This is located southwest of Cairo, present-day Egypt. Djoser’s reign saw the construction magnificent structures such as of the first step pyramid: the flat rectangular structure which houses the six-step pyramid.
Djoser became a popular pharaoh of Egypt due to his limestone-painted statue which is considered as the oldest Egyptian life-size statue.
More:
- Ancient Egyptian Pyramids: History and Interesting Facts
- Ptah – the Ancient Egyptian God of Craftsmen
KHUFU
Pharaoh Khufu was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty. The ancient Greeks knew him as Cheops. Khufu was a successor to his father Sneferu. Khufu gets onto our list of famous pharaohs because the Great Pyramid of Giza is widely attributed to Khufu. The breathtaking pyramid measures a staggering height of about 481 ft (or 147 meters). It is the oldest and only remaining structure among the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World.
Pharaoh Khufu ruled from about 2589 to 2566 BC. Today, his only remaining statue is a 9-centimeter ivory statuette which has been kept at a museum in Cairo, Egypt. Unfortunately, many important cultural artifacts or aspects of Khufu’s reign were undocumented. However, the good news is that Khufu fathered a lot of children, who went on to transform the land of Egypt.
AMENHOTEP III
Our pick for the 10th most famous pharaoh of Egypt is Amenhotep III. He was the 9th pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty. Amenhotep III was given the moniker, “Amenhotep the Magnificent”. Estimates of dates of his reign vary from 1386 to 1350 BC. Amenhotep III rose to the throne after his father, Thutmose IV, died.
Amenhotep III reign was full of unprecedented success. He transformed Egypt into an international powerhouse with a great deal of artistic works that peaked during his era. Over the years there have been discoveries of a little over 258 statues of Amenhotep III. He is credited with the construction of the Temple of Amun, a temple in honor of the Sun and creator god Amun (sometimes referred to as Ra). | https://www.worldhistoryedu.com/famous-pharaohs-of-egypt/ |
The discoveries had been made by the joint Egyptian–German archaeological mission working in historic Heliopolis — the “City of the Sun” — which immediately lies inside the northeast of Cairo. The finds included a number of granite blocks that the researchers have decided date again to the reign of King Khufu in 2589–2566 BC, within the first half of the Old Kingdom interval. The discovery is necessary, the archaeologists defined, as a result of it’s the first time artefacts from the time of Khufu have been present in Heliopolis. The blocks, the crew added, could have belonged to an unknown constructing on the positioning, or else had been transported to Heliopolis from the Giza pyramids space to be “recycled” into a brand new construction through the Ramesside interval, in the direction of the top of the second millennium BC.
Khufu — who can also be identified by the identify of “Cheops” — was the second Pharaoh of historic Egypt’s Fourth Dynasty.
While it’s usually accepted Khufu was chargeable for commissioning the Great Pyramid of Giza — one of many Seven Wonders of the Ancient World — a lot of the historical past of his reign stays shrouded in thriller immediately.
Many of his different buildings have been misplaced to the sands of time, with the one full remaining illustration of the pharaoh coming within the type of a three-inch-high ivory statuette present in a way more latest temple in Abydos in 1903.
In truth, every little thing else identified about Khufu comes from inscriptions in his necropolis at Giza, and paperwork composed after his reign.
The mission additionally revealed the foundations of a temple courtyard courting to the New Kingdom, in addition to traces from the very early historical past of the Heliopolis space.
Lead archaeologist Dr Aiman Ashmawy mentioned: “The mission found proof of the early use of this space based mostly on the archaeological layers dated to Dynasty 0.”
Dynasty 0 — also called Naqada III — was the final section of predynastic Egypt, which ran from roughly 3200–3000 BC.
The excavation, Dr Ashmawy added, additionally unearthed “layers of pottery sherds which indicated spiritual and ritual actions within the third millennium BC.”
Evidence was additionally discovered, the archaeologist defined, of a big presence within the third and fourth dynasties — and a chunk of granite from the reign of King Pepi I, dated to round 2280 BC, which sported an inscription of Horus.
READ MORE: Archaeologists uncover ‘distinctive’ historic Roman sanctuary
According to Dr Ashmawy, the dig additionally yielded the bottom of a statue of King Ahmose II.
This pharaoh was the final nice ruler of Egypt, who reigned from 570–526 BC, previous to the Persian conquest.
Several different Late Period choices had been additionally uncovered, together with quite a few altars, and the presence of Sphinx-shaped statues, indicative of a royal presence within the temple.
The temple was added to by numerous kings, the crew mentioned, together with together with Amenemhat II, Senusret III, Amenemhat III, Amenemhat V, Thutmosis III, Amenhotep II, Amenhotep III, Horemoheb, Ramses II and Seti II.
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Dr Dietrich Rau, who heads up the German facet of the mission, mentioned that the excavations had additionally succeeded in uncovering components of varied altars and sarcophagi.
These, he defined, dated again to the eras of the Kings Amenemhat IV, Sobekhotep IV, Ay, Seti I, Osorkon I, Takelot I, and Psamtik I.
Other finds of notice, he added, included a quartz sculpture within the form of the Sphinx of King Amenhotep II, in addition to the bottom of a colossal pink granite statue.
With their preliminary research full, the mission’s archaeologists can be persevering with their excavations within the hopes of unearthing extra finds on the website. | https://zoah.co.uk/egypt-breakthrough-as-stunning-clues-of-great-pyramid-builder-discovered-in-cairo-science-news-z-news |
Early Dynastic Period (3100-2890 BC)
There is proof of human activity in the Western Desert as considerably again as 8000 BC, but what we regard as historic Egypt began in 3100 BC with the unification of Higher (southern) and Reduced (northern) Egypt by King Narmer (also acknowledged as Menes), who established a capital at Memphis.
Old Kingdom (2686-2181 BC)
Also identified as the Age of the Pyramids, successive dynasties of kings lifted a chain of pyramids, the greatest of which had been the trio at Giza. Subsequently, very poor harvests depleted the royal coffers, which led to a decrease in royal electric power, signified by a minimize in the dimension of pyramids.
First Intermediate Period of time (2181-2055 BC)
In the course of this unstable period of time of ancient Egyptian record there had been a lot of ephemeral kings. The weakening of centralized power led to the institution of nearby dynasties, notably at Herakleopolis in the Fayoum Oasis and Thebes in the south.
Middle Kingdom (2055-1650 BC)
The potent warlord Montuhotep II conquered the north to reunite the country with Thebes (contemporary-day Luxor) as its new money, which grew into a important metropolis.
Throughout the river, the initially tombs and funerary temples were manufactured at the foot of the Theban Hills on the west bank of the Nile.
Next Intermediate Time period (1650-1550 BC)
Migrants from lands north of Egypt, referred to as Hyksos, assumed manage and allied with Nubia to dominate southern Egypt. The region grew to become subject matter to intermittent civil war.
New Kingdom (1550-1069 BC)
With the reunification of north and south and the expulsion of the Hyksos, Egypt entered a Golden Age, expanding its rule into Asia Slight and as considerably as the Euphrates. Captured treasures enriched the royal powerbase at Karnak, seat of the mightiest pharaohs including Ramses II.
Third Intermediate Interval (1069-715 BC)
The New Kingdom gave way to four generations of disunity and overseas infiltration, with Egypt again divided into north (dominated from Tanis in the Delta) and south (ruled by the monks of Karnak) and subject matter to invasion by Libyans and Nubians.
Late Time period (747-332 BC)
The Late Time period began with the Assyrian invasion of Egypt, adopted by the
Persians in 525 BC. The Persians ruled for 200 years interrupted only by the limited-lived 30th Dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs (380-343 BC), the previous native rulers till the Revolution of 1952.
Graeco-Roman Time period (332-30 BC)
In 332 BC the Macedonian king Alexander the Terrific “liberated” Egypt from the Persians and launched his new money, Alexandria, on the Mediterranean.
He was succeeded by his trustworthy common Ptolemy, who started a dynasty that dominated for 275 decades ending with the spectacular loss of life of the very last of the Ptolemies, Cleopatra VII, lover of Julius Caesar and Marc Antony.
Just after the Pharaohs
With the defeat and suicide of Cleopatra in 30 BC, Egypt grew to become section of the Roman empire. It remained beneath the rule of Rome, adopted by that of Constantinople, cash of the Jap Roman empire, right until the arrival of conquering Arab armies in Advertisement 640.
Leading 10 Kings and Queens of Historical Egypt
Narmer (c.3100 BC)
The king who started off 30 dynasties of ancient Egyptian royalty.
Djoser (2667-2648 BC)
Djoser’s architect Imhotep constructed the Action Pyramid at Saqqara, the world’s oldest stone monument.
Khufu (2589-2566 BC)
A ruthless pharaoh, but celebrated as the builder of the Excellent Pyramid at Giza.
Montuhotep II (2055-2004 BC)
Reunited Egypt to initiatethe Middle Kingdom.
Ahmose (1550-1525 BC)
Defeated the Hyksos to reunite Egypt as soon as all over again and start out the best time period of Pharaonic record.
Hatshepsut (1473-1458 BC)
Egypt’s only lady pharaoh and builder of a putting mortuary temple at Thebes.
Tuthmosis III (1479-1425 BC)
A military genius whose victories expanded the Egyptian empire to its furthest extents.
Akhenaten (1352-1336 BC)
Labelled as the “Heretic King” because of to his tries to embrace monotheism.
Ramses II (1279-1213 BC)
Ramses II’s 66-12 months reign observed royal building on a large scale, notably at Abu Simbel. | https://hands-free-segway.com/periods-of-ancient-egyptian-background/ |
In the beginning of the Old Kingdom and from the political power and wealth that the Early Dynasty Period had secured had helped increase the centralization of government and the creation of an efficient administrative system within the Old Kingdom. The usage of god names which had identified the kings with their cultic gods had also changed throughout the Old Kingdom. It was with the last king of the Second Dynasty, King Khasekhem who had changed his name by combining both the god name Horus and Seth together giving him the new royal name King Khasekhemwy. The reason behind this change was based on a political move on the king's part. It was honoring himself for unifying Egypt and bringing down the rebellions that were causing the instability in Egypt. Burial remains, such has a statue that was found at Hierakonpolis depicts the King wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt representing his victory over Northern Egypt. When King Nebka took the throne in 2686 BCE it was the beginning of the Third Kingdom and the beginning of the Old Kingdom. During King Nebka reign the Horus name returns and it isn't until the Fourth Dynasty that a new god name, "Son of Ra" is used for the Kings.
The beginning of the Old Kingdom showed remarkable advancement in architecture, technology and building methods which can still be observed today. It was King Djoser from the Third Dynasty who introduced Egypt with the first step pyramid. This pyramid was the first building to have been completely built of stone. The architect of the step pyramid was Imhotep, who was also known as the High Priest of Ra and the vizier of King Djoser. Imhotep's artistic architectural innovations and with the pyramids being the main image of the Old Kingdom they were also seen as a symbol indicating that Egypt was powerful and wealthy. The enormous size of the step pyramid complex clearly was an indication that Egypt was wealthy enough to maintain and feed a large work force. The step pyramid complex not only contained a religious purpose, but it also showed political power for King Djoser having control over both the Northern and Southern parts of Egypt. This can be seen in the House of the North and the House of the South buildings within the complex. Even King Djoser burial within the pyramid was symbolic to the control of the two lands of Upper and Lower Egypt.
During the end of the Third Dynasty we see a change in pyramid building. It is believed that the first square shaped pyramid, known as the Meydum pyramid, was begun by King Huni and then later completed by his successor King Sneferu of the fourth Dynasty. This change in architectural design is considered to be the reason for a break in the dynasties. King Sneferu had built two other pyramids located at Dahshur, one known as the Bent pyramid and the second pyramid known as the Red Pyramid. These pyramids became known as the true pyramids of Ancient Egypt and symbolized the ultimate divine destiny of the Pharaoh.
One of the greatest pyramids ever built was during reign of King Khufu. King Khufu whose full name was Khnum-Khufu (The God Khnum Protects Me) was the second king of the Fourth Dynasty. The Great Pyramid is located on the Giza plateau and is King Khufu's greatest achievements. Surrounding the Great Pyramid contained several mastabas which were the burials for King Khufu's selected officials. One of these mastabas belonged to a priest and within his tomb there were painted images of daily life and offering scenes. Providing him with the things needed for the afterlife. The purpose for burying officials close to the king was to guarantee they would provide for the king in the afterlife and to secure themselves for a better life in the after world. It is believed that the pyramids of the Old Kingdom served as a "residence for the king's Ka and where it housed his viscera. It is also believed that the pyramid served as a role in the king's jubilee festival in the afterlife." (Silverman, 1997:178)
It was during the Fourth Dynasty that a new religious mummification technique appeared. It included the removal and embalmment of internal organs during mummification. Throughout the Old Kingdom only the royal families and court favorites were mummified. Unlike the poor who were buried in sand pits and left to be dried out, the elite were able to establish themselves with a more impressive type of burial. They had coffins and underground burial chambers that were to serve in their memory. The elites of this period were also buried with servant statues which were believed to serve them in the afterlife. They had statues of themselves depicting them as being healthy, wealthy and of course showing that they were able to eat well and weren't confined to laborious work. Statues of kings depicted them as being young, masculine and strong.
Another great monument of the Old Kingdom is the Great Sphinx. The Great Sphinx was built during the reign of King Khafra (Appearing like Re) during the latter part of the Fourth Dynasty. The Great Sphinx is believed to be a guardian statue that was to guard the pyramids of the Giza Plateau and was built in front of King Khafra's pyramid. "The Great Sphinx is associated with the solar cult as an image of Hor-Em-Akhet, "Horus of the Horizon" and the Sphinx was envisaged as standing against the horizon formed by the Great Pyramid which was called Akhet-Khufu, 'Horizon of Khufu" and the pyramid of Khafre." (Silverman, 1997:186)
It was with the Fifth Dynasty that another change in architectural design appears. It was during the reign of King Userkaf (His Soul is Powerful), the first king of the Fifth Dynasty. King Userkaf decided to build his pyramid in Saqqara and was the first to build a solar temple. Several other kings in the beginning of this Dynasty had also built sun temples. "The building of sun temples was the outcome of a gradual rise in importance of the sun-god. Ra now became Egypt's closest equivalent to a state god. [It is suggested] that they were built for the afterlife rather than the present." (Hendrixkx & Vermeersch, 2000:108) The solar temples are believed to be the an eternal place for the king's sed festivals and showed the importance and the rise in the sun cult.
The last king to build a sun temple was King Menkauhor (Eternal are the Souls of Ra). The last king of the Fifth Dynasty was King Unas. His pyramid was the smallest one built during the Old Kingdom but was the first burial chamber to contain pyramid texts for the king's resurrection and ascension to the afterworld. The pyramid texts were inscribed on the inner walls and contained various magical spells that would protect and provide for the king giving him eternal existence. In the pyramid texts the king is "identified with the god Osiris, who is lord of the Underworld
At the death of King Unas there was a short period of political instability. This instability could have been because King Unas left no heir to the throne and this brought the conclusion to the Fifth Dynasty. It was King Teti who took the throne by marrying what is believed to be one of King Unas daughters. This making King Teti the first king of the Sixth Dynasty. It is believed that when King Teti took the throne he had "resolved the monarchical and political instability in Egypt which [in addition to marrying Iput] legitimized his right to rule." (Clayton, 1994: 64) By this accomplishment he took the Horus name Seheteptawy (He Who Pacifies the Two Lands).
It appears that all the kings during the Sixth Dynasty had built pyramids and each burial chamber contained copies of the pyramid texts which started at the end of the Fifth Dynasty. During the Sixth Dynasty the kings built shrines extensively for the local gods of Egypt. At the death of Teti his son Pepi I took throne and became the next king of Egypt. During the reign of Pepi I there appears to have been a period of "rising influence and wealth which came from nobles outside the royal court; these nobles began to build fine tombs for themselves in the provincial areas of Upper Egypt." (Clayton, 1994:66). Giving them a prominent position throughout Egypt. Pepi I even married two daughters from a ruler of a nome. These two women bore the next successors of the Sixth Dynasty, King Merenre and King Pepi II. It wasn't until roughly about sixty seven years after King Teti reunited Egypt which brought an end to the chaos and instability of the Fifth Dynasty that the decline of power in the Egyptian state appeared again, but this time it not only brought an end to the sixth Dynasty, but it also brought an end to the Old Kingdom. With the increasing decentralization of control and the declining power of the Egyptian state there appeared to have been an increase of power of the nomarchs causing Egypt to fall into a long period of instability. It is also believed that it was Pepi II who had contributed to the decline of the Old Kingdom.
Works Cited
Clayton, Peter 1994, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson, London
De Trafford, Aloisia, Pyramid Texts [On-line] http://www.egyptvoyager.com/pyramids_text.htm, 23 April 2006
Hendrickx, S & Vermeersch, P in Shaw 2000, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, New York
Silverman, David 1997, Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, New York. | https://www.sciences360.com/index.php/the-building-of-the-egyptian-pyramids-8-23647/ |
Know Your Pyramid Sites 1
Although the Great Pyramid is the most well known out of all the pyramids, there are several sites throughout Egypt that possess a wide-range of pyramids. With each pyramid, various kings are honored, including King Tut and King Zoser.
Abu Rawash
Here is where you will encounter one of the most northerly-situated pyramids in all of Egypt. It is beaten only by the ruins of the Lepsius pyramid, which is considered one of the most ruined of all pyramids. It was built in honor of Djedefre, who was the son, as well as successor of Khufu.
Giza
This pyramid site can be found on the outer southern parts of Cairo. This is where you will encounter the Pyramid of Khufu, which has been famously dubbed the “Great Pyramid” or “Pyramid of Cheops.” Khufu was the second pharoah to take command during the Fourth Dynasty. At this location, the smaller limestone and granite pyramid site dedicated to Khafre (also referred to as Kephren) can also be found. This is a popular spot to visit when you are in the mood to encounter a variety of pyramid sites. The Pyramid of Menkaure is also positioned within Giza, which was built to hold to tomb of the Fourth Dynasty leader.
Various smaller pyramids dot the area, as well as the coveted Great Sphinx, which depicts a half-human Sphinx. It is considered to be one of the largest single-stone statues located on Earth. It is thought to date back to the 3rd millennium BC.
Zawyet el’ Aryan
Located between Giza and Abu Sir, this particular site offers a glimpse at two unfinished pyramid structures dating back to the Old Kingdom days. The northern structure is thought to be for the Pharoah Nebka, while the southern pyramid was meant for Pharoah Khaba, who ruled during the Third Dynasty. He was also known as Hudjefa, who eventually succeeed Sekhemkhet. Khaba is thought to have ruled for only four short years, thus the explanation for his unfinished tomb structure.
Abu Sir
When visiting this site, you will find there are seven pyramids located at this destination. During the Fifth Dynasty, this location served as the primary final resting place of many members of the royal family. At this site, you can view the less-than-desirable construction attempts, which pale in comparison to the Fourth Dynasty structures. When analyzing these changes, one may decipher that this marks a lessening of the respect for the royal powers. Another theory surrounds the thought that the economy may have decreased during this shift. These pyramids are smaller than earlier structures. The limestone is also of a lesser quality.
The three main pyramids at this site includes the one built for Niuserre, who may have ruled for close to 45 years, although there is speculation to the validity of this claim. This pyramid appears to have withstood the most damage throughout the years. Another pyramid that can be found here belongs to Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure, who was the second king to rule during the Fifth Dynasty. An incomplete pyramid built for Neferefre is also located at Abu Sir. He may have ruled for one year or twenty years, depending on whose records you refer to. | https://www.unexplainable.net/ancients/know-your-pyramid-sites-1.php |
In the Predynastic Period of Ancient Egypt, people evolved from hunters and gatherers using stone weapons into an organized central society. Animals such as donkeys are tamed and used in daily life, not just for food. Egyptians trace their roots back to a land they called Punt. At first, Egypt is ruled by many kings, each one fighting with others to try to take over and rule more kingdoms.
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Early Dynastic Period (2920 - 2650 BC)
Ancient writing came about during the Early Dynastic period in the form of hieroglyphs. By the end of the Early Dynastic period, Egypt will be unified into one kingdom and ruled by a pharaoh. The Early Dynastic period consists of dynasties 0 through 2 usually, and lasted about 300 years. There were at least 30 kings during the Early Dynastic period and some of the first monuments and temples were built at Saqqara and Abydos during this time.
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Old Kingdom (2650 - 2152 BC)
The Old Kingdom contained the 3rd through the 6th Dynasties, or about 500 years of rule. The capital was in Northern Egypt, in Memphis, and the rule was held solidly by the pharaohs. During this time, some pharaohs were even considered to be gods, and were worshipped as religious figures. The first pyramids were built as step pyramids of mud bricks early in the Old Kingdom period. The true pyramids were later constructed of stone blocks, forming the ancient monuments that we still study today. Ancient doctors knew quite a lot about the body, antiseptics and surgery. Artists were showing great talent in painting, carving and sculpting.
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First Intermediate Period (2150 - 1986 BC)
All of the successes of the Old Kingdom began to fall apart during the First Intermediate Period. The Nile River was flooding, causing trouble for those living off of the land there. Crops were either being washed out from the floods, or not getting any water at all due to issues with irrigation. There was widespread hunger and death. The pharaoh had lost control of the lands to the local governments, some of which were corrupt.
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Middle Kingdom - (1986 - 1759 BC)
Intef and Mentuhotep from Luxor were able to reunite the broken lands under local rule into rule by one king again. This began the 11th Dynasty. While the pharaoh never really regained power over the local governments, foreign trade started to happen again. Irrigation projects were fixed and completed. In fact, it could be dangerous to be the pharaoh. One of the Middle Kingdom kings was killed by a group of local governors who wanted to keep their power. It was well into the Middle Kingdom before power was restored to the pharaoh. Egyptians enjoyed wealth again, and the population began to grow.
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Second Intermediate Period (1759 - 1539 BC)
Immigration of people who weren't born as Egyptians eventually led to the Second Intermediate Period. These people moved to Egypt from their countries and set up towns and communities which followed their own rules. They did not live by the Egyptian laws, nor did they recognize the rule of the pharaoh. During the Second Intermediate Period, Egypt was ruled by a string of foreign kings. Amosis, a military general, set off wars against these foreigners and the foreign rule, and eventually put Egypt back under Egyptian control, starting up the 18th Dynasty.
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New Kingdom (1539 - 1069 BC)
After the Second Intermediate Period, the kings of the 18th Dynasty vowed that they would never want to see Egypt under a foreign king again. The kings of the 18th Dynasty were fierce military generals, fighting to keep Egypt ruled by Egyptians. They fortified the Egyptian borders to ward against foreign attacks. Egypt became wealthy and powerful again, and the kings taxed all foreigners and foreign trade heavily. Foreigners were treated badly. As the 19th Dynasty started, Egypt began to fail again. Foreign relations were not good, and the foreign rulers were waging war on Egypt. The strongest king of the time was Ramses II, but after his death there were many weak kings, pushing Egypt back into political chaos and disorder.
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Third Intermediate Period (1070 - 657 BC)
Upon the death of Ramses XI, a man from Tanis named Smendes assumed the throne of Egypt. No one was really in charge at this point, and there was much chaos and confusion. The 22nd Dynasty was made up of Chiefs from Libya, and they ruled at the same time as the pharaohs of the 23rd Dynasty. This political strife lasted for several hundred years.
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Late Kingdom - (664 - 332 BC)
Egypt was invaded by Nubia, as the southern Nubians rushed the northern Egyptians. The Nubians won, and for a short while began to restore old Egyptian traditions and religious practices. It was not long before the Assyrians conquered the Nubians. An Egyptian leader was put on the throne and the 26th Dynasty began. Peace came about by the second or third generation of kings, but Egypt never returned to the power and glory that it once had. Egypt was then conquered by Persia, and the Egyptians suffered badly. During this time the Greeks conquered Persia, and the rule of Egypt passed to Greece. Alexander the Great was welcomed into Egypt and recognized as the liberator of Egypt from Persian rule. It would be 2000 years before another Egyptian would hold the throne of Egypt again, in the 18th Century AD. | http://www.touregypt.net/egypt-info/kids-history-dynastic.htm |
What pyramids did the Aztecs build? what happened to the inca pyramids.
Contents
|History|
|Part of||“Pyramid fields from Giza to Dahshur” part of Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur|
|Includes||Great Pyramid of Giza Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Menkaure Great Sphinx of Giza Giza West Field Giza East Field Cemetery GIS Central Field, Giza|
Despite the differences among the three pyramids (Khufu’s pyramid, the “Great Pyramid,” is several times the mass of Menkaure’s) the southeast tips of each pyramid align together almost precisely. Each pyramid had a mortuary and valley temple, with a causeway connecting them.
The giant statue of the Great Sphinx was built more than 4,500 years ago, to guard the pyramid of Khafre at Giza. It has the head of a pharaoh and the body of a lion. The Great Sphinx was carved out of a huge outcrop of limestone that sticks up above the desert floor.
The designations of the pyramids—Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure—correspond to the kings for whom they were built. The northernmost and oldest pyramid of the group was built for Khufu (Greek: Cheops), the second king of the 4th dynasty.
|Origin||Great Sphinx Of Giza, Nazlet El Semman, Al Haram, Giza, Egypt|
|Destination||Great Pyramids Of Giza, Nazlet El Semman, Al Haram, Giza, Egypt|
|Driving Distance||1 kms or 0.6 miles or 0.5 nautical miles|
|Driving Time||1 minutes|
Along the Great Pyramid of Khufu’s east face, three small structures some 20m high resemble piles of rubble. These are the Queens’ Pyramids, the tombs of Khufu’s wives and sisters. You can enter some of them, but they’re quite steamy inside.
Examination of the Sphinx’s face shows that long rods or chisels were hammered into the nose area, one down from the bridge and another beneath the nostril, then used to pry the nose off towards the south, resulting in the one-metre wide nose still being lost to date.
The powerful Egyptian military conquered Kush during the period of time known as the New Kingdom (1550-1070 BCE). From its capital in Napata, Kushite civilization shared many cultural connections with Egypt during this time.
In the X-Men: Evolution television series, the Hall of Records is located beneath the Great Sphinx and is actually a prison of the first mutant, Apocalypse.
The Great Sphinx was meant to protect the temples and the tombs of the pharaohs in the area. There were many Sphinx statues that were built but the most famous one is the one that guards the tombs of Giza.
Amun was one of Ancient Egypt’s most important gods. He can be likened to Zeus as the king of the gods in ancient Greek mythology. Amun, or simply Amon, was merged with another major God, Ra (The Sun God), sometime during the Eighteenth Dynasty (16th to 13th Centuries BC) in Egypt.
Archeologists believe that it was carved around 2500 BC and that the head is meant to be the likeness of the Pharaoh Khafra. The Great Sphinx faces the sunrise and guards the pyramid tombs of Giza.
It was the Egyptians who built the pyramids. The Great Pyramid is dated with all the evidence, I’m telling you now to 4,600 years, the reign of Khufu. The Great Pyramid of Khufu is one of 104 pyramids in Egypt with superstructure.
The historian said the work by Herodotus is the only account of the now lost and mythical pyramids of Lake Moeris, in Cairo. In Matthew’s recent video on the Ancient Architects YouTube channel, he explains: “Herodotus states that the lake itself is 50 fathoms deep which is approximately 300 feet.
The pharaoh’s final resting place was usually within a subterranean burial chamber underneath the pyramid. Although the Great Pyramid has subterranean chambers, they were never completed, and Khufu’s sarcophagus rests in the King’s Chamber, where Napoleon is said to have sojourned, deep inside the Great Pyramid.
Entering the Pyramids Tourists are allowed to enter all three of the great pyramids, for a fee, of course. That is, you can go into the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the Pyramid of Khafre and the Pyramid of Menkaure as long as you pay for a ticket. That’s the good news.
The Great Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx can be found 20 km south of Cairo (approximately a half an hour drive).
In ancient Egypt there are three distinct types of sphinx: The Androsphinx, with the body of a lion and head of person; a Criosphinx, body of a lion with the head of ram; and Hierocosphinx, that had a body of a lion with a head of a falcon or hawk.
It’s estimated to have once stood 30 meters tall but now barely reaches 10 meters. The middle pyramid was probably for one of Khufu’s senior wives, Queen Meretites, although famed Egyptian researcher Zahi Hawass believes it was for another wife, Noubet, mother of the pharaoh Djedefre (2566-2558 BC).
Hetepheres IQueen of EgyptGold figure of Hetepheres from her Giza tomb. Drawing by George Reisner (1925).BurialTomb G 7000X near the Great Pyramid of GizaSpouseSneferu
Why is Cleopatra famous? While queen of Egypt (51–30 BCE), Cleopatra actively influenced Roman politics at a crucial period and was especially known for her relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. She came to represent, as did no other woman of antiquity, the prototype of the romantic femme fatale.
Hawass affirmed the presence of three tunnels; the first exists above the back of the statue and was discovered in 1937 by the French engineer Bering who was searching for treasures inside the body of the statue.
It features a lion’s body and a human head adorned with a royal headdress. The statue was carved from a single piece of limestone, and pigment residue suggests that the entire Great Sphinx was painted.
The Giza Pyramids, built to endure an eternity, have done just that. The monumental tombs are relics of Egypt’s Old Kingdom era and were constructed some 4,500 years ago.
The subsequent history of Kush is one of gradual decay, ending with inglorious extinction in 350 ce by the king of Aksum, who marched down from the Ethiopian highlands, destroyed Meroe, and sacked the decrepit towns along the river.
Dobon et al. (2015) found that modern Nubians are genetically closer to their Cushitic and Ethio-Semitic (Afro-Asiatic) neighbors (such as the Beja, Sudanese Arabs, Ethiopians and Somalis) than to other Nilo-Saharan speakers.
The Kushite religion was very similar to the Egyptian religion, borrowing most of their gods. Amon, who was shown as a ram, was the primary god, but there were many others. Many regions had their own gods and goddesses they worshipped. Gods and goddesses native to the Kushites include Amesemi and Apedemak, a lion god.
The ancient Egyptian moon god, Hermes Trismegistos reported on a library of knowledge in his mystical works. Legend has it that there is a maze below the paws of the Sphinx that leads to the mystery-shrouded Hall of Records, where all essential knowledge of alchemy, astronomy, mathematics, magic and medicine is stored.
The Great Sphinx of Giza American clairvoyant Edgar Cayce, who died in 1945, famously claimed that an ancient library was hidden below the statue. This so-called Hall of Records documented Earth’s ancient past, but there is no evidence for existence – and the claim is widely discredited.
What was it used for? Who was buried inside it? It was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu, also known as Cheops, and his queen. Khufu is believed to have reigned during the 26th century BC from 2589BC to 2566BC.
- It’s based on a mythological creature. …
- We still don’t know who built it. …
- It was once quite colourful. …
- And it was carved from one enormous piece of stone. …
- Napoleon has nothing to do with his nose. …
- He’s had a close shave. …
- He may not have always had a small head.
However, there is one growing consensus within the Ancient Egyptian historical academia. The Egyptians were deeply religious people and intentionally broke the statues’ noses to avoid the pharaohs’ wrath while also showing their distaste for previous rulers by ordering these statues to be shattered.
He lived circa 2603-2578 B.C. It’s exciting to contemplate the existence of an unknown civilization that predates the ancient Egyptians, but most archaeologists and geologists still favor the traditional view that the Sphinx is about 4,500 years old.
In the Old Kingdom, the Egyptians believed that Atum lifted the dead king’s soul from his pyramid to the starry heavens. He was also a solar deity, associated with the primary sun god Ra. … Atum is the god of pre-existence and post-existence.
Before she was a queen, she was a goddess. Born to the purple and weaned on pageantry, Cleopatra (69 BCE-30 BCE) was addressed as Thea (goddess) from birth. … It must be remembered that even in the Ptolemaic era (323 BCE-30 BCE), Egypt was an ancient kingdom whose deities sprang forth from the primordial mist.
He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh’s beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail. He was one of the first to be associated with the mummy wrap.
Prince Thutmose, son of Amenhotep II, fell asleep near the Sphinx, the story goes. In Thutmose’s dream, the statue, calling itself Harmakhet, complained about its state of disarray and made a deal with the young prince: It would help him become pharaoh if he cleared away the sand from the statue and restored it.
The Sphinx in Egypt might have originally had the face of a lion, it is claimed. And it could be much older than previously thought, investigations led by a British geologist suggest. … Researchers also discovered that the Sphinx’s body and head were disproportionate, suggesting it was not originally a pharaoh.
Sphinx is the human-headed lion in ancient Greek mythology; the term likely came into use some 2,000 years after the statue was built. There are hundreds of tombs at Giza with hieroglyphic inscriptions dating back some 4,500 years, but not one mentions the statue.
There have never been any mummies found in any Egyptian pyramids. Neither are there any ancient Egyptian texts that state why the ancient Egyptians conceived and built their pyramids. Indeed, there are a number of ancient texts that state the pyramids were not used as tombs. | https://interesting-information.com/what-pyramid-is-next-to-the-sphinx/ |
Hyksos. The Hyksos or Hycsos (/ˈhɪksɒs/ or /ˈhɪksoʊz/; Egyptian heqa khaseshet, "ruler(s) of the foreign countries"; Greek Ὑκσώς, Ὑξώς) were an Asiatic people from West Asia who took over the eastern Nile Delta, ending the Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt and initiating the Second Intermediate Period. Important Canaanite populations first appeared in Egypt towards the end of the 12th Dynasty c. 1800 BC, and either around that time or c. 1720 BC, formed an independent realm in the eastern Nile Delta. The Canaanite rulers of the Delta, regrouped in the 14th Dynasty, coexisted with the Egyptian 13th Dynasty, based in Itjtawy.
The power of the 13th and 14th dynasties progressively waned, perhaps due to famine and plague, and c. 1650 BC both were invaded by the Hyksos, who formed their own dynasty, the 15th Dynasty. Origins of the Hyksos There are various hypotheses as to the Hyksos' ethnic identity. Most archaeologists[who?] As to a Hyksos “conquest”, some archaeologists[who?] Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom.
It is best known as the period when the Hyksos made their appearance in Egypt and whose reign comprised the Fifteenth dynasty. End of the Middle Kingdom The brilliant Egyptian twelfth dynasty came to an end at the end of the 19th century BC with the death of Queen Sobekneferu (1806–1802 BC). Apparently, she had no heirs, causing the twelfth dynasty to come to a sudden end as did the Golden Age of the Middle Kingdom, which was succeeded by the much weaker thirteenth dynasty of Egypt. Retaining the seat of the twelfth dynasty, the thirteenth dynasty ruled from Itjtawy ("Seizer-of-the-Two-Lands") near Memphis and el-Lisht, just south of the apex of the Nile Delta. The thirteenth dynasty is notable for the accession of the first formally recognised Semitic king, Khendjer. Fifteenth dynasty References History of ancient Egypt. The history of Ancient Egypt spans the period from the early predynastic settlements of the northern Nile Valley to the Roman conquest in 30 BC.
The Pharaonic Period is dated from around 3200 BC, when Lower and Upper Egypt became a unified state, until the country fell under Greek rule in 332 BC. Chronology Note For alternative 'revisions' to the chronology of Egypt, see Egyptian chronology. Egypt's history is split into several different periods according to the ruling dynasty of each pharaoh. Predynastic Period (Prior to 3100 BC)Protodynastic Period (Approximately 3100–3000 BC)Early Dynastic Period (1st–2nd Dynasties)Old Kingdom (3rd–6th Dynasties)First Intermediate Period (7th–11th Dynasties)Middle Kingdom (12th–13th Dynasties)Second Intermediate Period (14th–17th Dynasties)New Kingdom (18th–20th Dynasties)Third Intermediate Period (21st–25th Dynasties) (also known as the Libyan Period)Late Period (26th–31st Dynasties)
Ancient Egypt. Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt.
It is one of six civilizations globally to arise independently. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh. The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. History Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period (c. 3150 BC to 30 BC) Predynastic period A typical Naqada II jar decorated with gazelles.
In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. | http://www.pearltrees.com/eudora/second-intermediate-dynasties/id4758615 |
Time Travel – A trip to the past.
Discovering Ancient Egypt
Cairo – The Pyramids of Giza
The Pyramids are situated at Giza just outside Cairo and is one of the engineering marvels of all time and the only remaining wonder of the ancient world. Situated on the west bank of the Nile, which is associated with death, the pyramids are generally believed to be tombs for the Pharaohs or a resurrection machine for his rebirth. The first large Egyptian pyramid was the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, built during the third dynasty of the Old Kingdom to protect the body of the king Djoser who died around 2650 BC. The Pyramid was the development of the Mastaba which was a house built over the body. The most prolific builder was Sneferu who ruled from around 2612–2589 BC and built three pyramids. The greatest and most famous however, are the Pyramids of Giza, built near the capital city of Memphis for the fourth dynasty kings Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure who ruled from 2589-2504 BC.
Built on a Plateau they consist of a number of other buildings associated with the preparation and maintenance of the Pharaoh and his afterlife. Such buildings include mortuary temple, where rituals for the dead king and for the Egyptian gods may have been carried out; small subsidiary pyramids and numerous other tombs for the royal family and officials together with storage for objects including pits for funerary boats. The complex consisted of a causeway running to a lower temple at the Nile that acted as an entrance to the complex.
The first and great pyramid was constructed by Khufu (also known as Cheops) the son of Sneferu. Khufu ruled around 2589-2566 when the Old Kingdom of Egypt was nearing its peak of prosperity and could afford the vast amounts of money required to build the pyramid. Constructed of limestone and granite the total weight is 6.5 million tons with some of the 2,300,000 blocks weighing 70 ton. The whole structure reached 140 metres in height and had a base length originally of 230 metres. It is believed that the stone blocks were hauled up gradually sloping ramps, built out of mud, stone, and with wood runners which would be lubricated by water the Sledges pulled by a team of men using ropes of papyrus twine. To complete the face white limestone blocks were placed, smoothed and polished. It is believed that construction took 20 years. The original entrance to the great pyramid is on the North face, 15m high and surmounted by a double vault. The modern entrance is located several metres down, which was forced in the 9th century. Inside the pyramid are a number of chambers and passages. The burial chamber is almost six meters tall, and was built by solid blocks of granite to prevent penetration. The floor is made with blocks of pink granite, which cover 60 square meters. Inside the chamber is the sarcophagus, which was built inside the pyramid during construction as it would have been almost impossible to move it in considering the confined and narrow passage.
The other two pyramids were constructed by Menkaure (also known as Mycerinus), which is the smallest and Khafre’s (who is also known as Chephren) which although looks higher than Khufu’s it is actually half a metre smaller but was built on higher ground. The most distinctive feature of Khafre’s Pyramid is the topmost layer of smooth stones that are the only remaining casing stones on a Giza Pyramid. Some believe that the Sphinx has the face of Khafre while others will argue that it was Khufu, and that it was part of Khufu’s pyramid complex, while others believe that it was there before Khufu built his pyramid.
Due to the vast expense, the end of the Old Kingdom and the movement of the capital to Thebes, modern day Luxor, the Pharaohs started to be buried in tombs cut out of the rock in the Valley of the King and the construction of pyramids ceased.
Saqqara – The step Pyramid :
The Step Pyramid at Saqqara is situated 20 km from Giza near Cairo. Built for the Pharaoh Djoser the first king of the Third Dynasty as his tomb and mortuary complex it is surrounded by a panelled, bastion wall of white limestone, which imitates bound bundles of reeds and has a number of symbolic doors, although it only has one functional entrance. Originally with 9 metres (30 feet) high walls, the complex covers an area of approximately 560 x 275 metres. Surrounding the wall is a trench which measures 750 m long and 40 m wide which was dug in the underlying rock, around the sides the trench was decorated with niches.
The construction of the pyramid was carried out in several stages. The first stage was to construct a shaft, 7m square which descended into the ground for 28 meters, this lead to the burial chamber built of four courses of granite blocks. The chamber had one opening which had been sealed with a 3.5 ton block, although when first excavated the tomb had already been emptied. Under the pyramid are a number of chambers and galleries with a total length of nearly 6 km. Surrounding the burial chamber are four galleries which contained offerings and the funerary equipment of the king.
The pyramid started as a normal mastaba, which was the house of the soul, the place of burial. Once the original mastaba had been constructed, the architect Imhotep, enlarged it and placed a further three tiers of mastaba on top of each other. It was then increased by a further two mastabas creating the six steps and finished with a facing of white limestone which gave it a total height of 60 metres.
Pyramids were not built as standalone structures but were part of a complex that consisted of a number of buildings. In the southwest corner of the complex is a sanctuary or storeroom, which is accessible from outside of the enclosure wall. The entrance to the complex is through a narrow colonnade which comprises of 40 ribbed columns, designed to look like the stems of palm trees, these are connected to the side wall by masonry and would have been enclosed by a roof. At the end of the colonnade is a rectangular hall, supported by eight shorter fluted columns.
On the corner at the south west is the South Tomb which provides a replication of the substructure of the pyramid itself. It includes a descending corridor leading to a granite vault and a chamber. It is entered through a tunnel-like corridor with a staircase that descends about 30m before opening into the burial chamber. The staircase then continues west and leads to a gallery that replicates the chambers below the step pyramid. As the burial vault is too small for the actual body, one suggestion is that this was to house the Ka (Soul) of the Pharaoh, although another is that it was for the canopic jars containing the organs of the Pharaoh.
Many of the buildings are replications of the buildings which were used by the king in the royal palace at Memphis and include wall carvings and paintings. It has been suggested that the whole step pyramid complex symbolizes the royal palace enclosure thus allowing the king to eternally perform the rituals associated with kingship.
To the north of the pyramid is the mortuary temple: This was the place for the performance of the rituals associated with the dead Pharaoh and the place for the Ka Statue which was where the Ka of the Pharaoh resided.
In fact the pyramid was not just a grave; its purpose was to ensure the Pharaoh travelled to the afterlife and took his place with the Gods. Architecturally the Step Pyramid of Djoser was the initial transition from mastaba to pyramid and the start of the pyramid era.
Like many archaeological sites work is presently being undertaken both to preserve that which has been uncovered and to excavate that which is still below the sands waiting to be discovered.
Luxor : Temple of Karnak
The Temple of Karnak is not a single temple but a temple complex which developed over a period of 1500 years. It is one of the largest religious complexes in the world and consists of gates, pillars, halls, obelisks, statues and a sacred lake. Each of the Pharaohs would make further additions and then remove those erected by their predecessors; thereby replacing them with their own. In order to make the people believe that they were the builders, they would remove predecessors’ cartouches and replace them with their own. The Temple played a significant part in the Egypt of the Pharaohs, being situated in what was Thebes, the religious capital of Egypt.
The principal temple was dedicated and sacred to Amun, who was originally a local God who became the principal God nationally from 1600BC, and was identified with Re, the Sun God. He was worshipped with his consort Mut, who has an adjoining temple. At its height, over 80,000 people worked in the Temple of Karnak and it had significant income from its estates, markets and the plunder that the Pharaohs brought back from their military campaigns.
The temple is approached along the avenue of ram-headed sphinxes leading to the first pylon, which was built by the Ethiopian kings around 656 BC. In antiquity this would have been connected to the Nile by a canal. Against the pylon in the courtyard is a mound of mud bricks which indicate that construction was still being undertaken when the temple was finally abandoned. This also gives us an indication of how construction took place, with the bricks being used as a ramp.
Inside the entrance is the first courtyard, this contains the Shrine of Seti II, the Kiosk of Taharka and it leads to the Temple of Ramses III. At the other end of the courtyard is the pylon of Ramses II which leads into the enormous hypostyle hall which was built between 1294 and 1213 BC by Seti I and his son Ramses II. It is over 100m long by over 50 wide and contains 134 columns 23 m (75ft) high. At the top are open papyrus shaped capitals with a circumference of approximately 15 metres (49 feet) which are big enough for 50 people to stand on.
Through the hall, toward the holy of holies, you come to the two obelisks that are still standing. The one to the right was erected by Thutmosis I, the other by Queen Hatshepsut and is 30 metres high and weighs approximately 200 tons. Both are made of pink granite. Nearby is the Statue of Ramses II.
The Sacred Lake at Karnak is 120 metres (393 feet) by 77 metres (252 feet) wide and was used by the priests to perform their ritual ablutions three times a day. It symbolizes the primeval sea of the Egyptian history of creation, from which all life sprang. It was surrounded by storerooms and living quarters for the priests. The lake was fed by water from the Nile by underground pipe work. Next to the Sacred Lake is a giant scarab, dedicated by Amenophsis III to the God Khepri. The Egyptians believed that the Sun was pushed by a scarab on its daily crossing of the sky and it came to symbolize eternity. It is said that if you walk around the scarab seven times, you will never again have love problems. You will therefore frequently see visitors to the Temple walking around the scarab seven times in order to fulfil the prophesy.
The city which is now called Luxor, was known as Thebes in Ancient Egypt – although it was also known as Waset to the Ancient Egyptians. It was the capital of Egypt from 2040 BCE when Mentuhotep II (2061-2010 BCE) of the 11th Dynasty (the Middle Kingdom) reunited Egypt following the civil war; prior to this it was a small trading post. It was renamed Luxor following the Arab invasion in the 7th century AD.
Lyng parallel to the Nile, the construction of the temple of Luxor started during the reign of Amenhotep III (1390-1352 BCE) but was completed by Tutankhamun (1336-1327 BCE) and Horemheb (1323-1295 BCE) and then added to by Ramesses II (1279-1213 BCE). The temple was dedicated to the Gods Amun, Mut, and Khonsu.
During the Christian era, the hypostyle hall was converted into a church and the remains of a Coptic church can also be seen at the site. Following the demise of the Christians dominance, the mosque of Sufi Shaykh Yusuf Abu al-Hajjaj was constructed.
In the original temple, initiated by Amenhotep III, the entrance was at the northern end of his courtyard. The pylon which visitors are greeted with today, known as the first pylon stands 24 metres high and was added by Ramesses II. It contained six large statues of him – four standing and two seated. It also showed details of the battle of Kadesh depicting Ramesses as the victor (see Abu Simbel below). In front of the pylon flew four banners which were flown from large cedar flag masts which were let into the face of the pylon. Later the Pharaohs of the 25th dynasty added scenes to the pylon depicting their own victories. It also contained two obelisks, although only one now remains, as the other was given to King Louis V of France in 1874. He was given both, but moving them proved difficult, so only the one was removed. The obelisk that was moved now stands in the Place de la Concorde in Paris.
Passing through the pylon, one enters the peristyle courtyard, also added by Ramesses II. The courtyard is set at an angle to the rest of the temple in order to preserve three shrines in the northwest corner of the temple which were constructed by Queen Hatshepsut. The courtyard consists of a colonnade with seven pairs of columns 16 metres high with open-flower papyrus capitals. It also includes a number of large statues. These were originally of Amenhotep III, who had constructed the courtyard, but were appropriated by Ramesses .
To the left, towering over the courtyard, is the mosque with its minaret rising to a height of just over 14 metres. The mosque dates from the 9th century AD and rests on a number of columns of the temple, which at the time of construction were below ground level. The Mosque was carefully preserved following the excavations carried out at the site and is an integral part of the site today.
From the peristyle courtyard one progresses through a processional colonnade built by Amenhotep III, the decorations of which were added to by Tutankhamen, Horemheb and Seti I (1290 to 1279 BCE). At the entrance to the colonnade, they bear the name of Ramesses II but were in fact of Tutankhamun, being appropriated by Ramesses. The colonnade contains fourteen large columns with papyrus capitals whilst the walls are decorated with scenes depicting the celebrations of the reinstatement of Amun and the other traditional Gods, following the Atenist heresy ((the religious changes during the 18th dynasty (14th century BCE) when Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (1351/3–1334/6 BCE) (Akhenaten) changed the state religion to the Aten (one God). Following his death, the country reverted to the traditional Gods and any person or records relating to this were erased. As Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten his name has been erased.
From the columned hall one enters the court of Amenhotep III. The columns in this courtyard are of a superior quality to those of Ramesses’s as during the time of Amenhotep (14th century BCE) was a time when the arts and crafts in Egypt was at its height.
Moving on from the courtyard one enters the Hypostyle Hall, with thirty-two columns. At the rear of the hall are a number of small rooms. To the right is the Chapel of Khonsu while on the left is the Chapel of Mut. Further along on the left is an antechamber leading to the Coronation Room and Birth Chamber with its many depictions in low-relief relating to the coronation and the conception and birth of Amenhotep III. There is also the chapel of Alexander the Great, and at the far end of the complex is the Chapel of Amun, the sanctuary.
When first constructed by Amenhotep III the temple was joined to the Temple of Karnak (See above), a distance of 2 miles, by an avenue of ram-headed sphinxes. These were replaced by Nectanebo I (379/8–361/0 BCE) of the 30th Dynasty to ram-headed sphinx; he also built a large brick wall around the entire site.
In 1979, the ruins of ancient Thebes were classified by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage site.
Temple of Hatshepsut :
In Ancient Egypt there were two types of temple: Cult Temples, these were not places of worship in the modern sense since the people did not take part in religious rituals, that was the job of the priests as only they, or the Pharaoh, were allowed into the temple to carry out the rites. These were centred on a statue of the god housed in a shrine in the inner most part of the sanctuary. An example of a Cult temple is Karnak listed above. Mortuary Temples was the place where rituals would be performed in order to ensure the dead Pharaoh reached the afterlife. The The Temple of Deir El-Bahri, which means in Arabic, the “Temple of the Northern monastery”, got its name, in the 7th century AD after a Coptic monastery in the area, although it is better known as the Temple of Hatshepsut, which is a mortuary temple.
The Temple of Hatshepsut was built on the West bank of the Nile near the Valley of the Kings at Luxor. It was created by the architect Senmut who was also chancellor and, some suggest, the lover of Queen Hatshepsut (18th Dynasty). Hatshepsut became queen and took over the rule of Egypt in 1473 BC after her husband and half-brother, Thutmosis II, died. As Tuthmosis’s heir, the son from a secondary wife, was still a child. Hatshepsut ruled on his behalf for 7 years before proclaiming herself Pharaoh and ruling jointly with him for a further 14 years. Queen Hatshepsut is best known as the only woman who actually reigned as a pharaoh and even portraying herself as a man.
The temple is partly built into the rock and partly free standing built of limestone and not sandstone which was normal for funerary temples of the New Kingdom period. It has undergone extensive renovation, something that still goes on today in an attempt to restore its former glory. Today it is quite impressive but when first built it would have been brightly painted with the causeway lined with an avenue of sphinxes, rich colours and trees and flower beds.
Consisting of three terraces reaching a height of 29.5 metres (97 feet), each terrace is connected by long ramps which were surrounded by lush gardens with plants and trees. Each terrace has a double colonnade of square piers with the temple itself being located on the top terrace.
The walls and columns of the temple are covered with relief sculptures. Along the colonnade on the 1st terrace to the south are scenes, which tell the story of the transportation of Hatshepsut’s two obelisks to the Temple of Karnak. On the north side of the colonnade the scene show the Queen offering four calves to the God Amon Ra.
The 2nd terrace is now accessed by a ramp; although originally it would have had stairs. The southern side shows the expedition to the Land of Punt (now Somalia) to trade for gold, incense and tropical trees. Also to be seen is the shrine of the Goddess Hathor which is reached through a court with columns; this shows a woman’s face with cow’s ears; on the walls, Hathor is depicted as a cow. On the northern side is a scene depicting the birth of Hatshepsut who claimed she was the divine daughter of Amon Ra to legitimize her taking the title of Pharaoh. Beyond the colonnade is the chapel of Anubis, who was the God of mummification and the dead on their path through the underworld.
The 3rd terrace consists of two rows of columns, which were damaged by her step-son Tuthmosis III who also destroyed the columns at the rear, as he did with many of the images of Hatshepsut after her death (1458 BC). This sanctuary consists of two small chapels. A third chapel was added to the sanctuary in the Ptolemaic period.
Above the temple in the cliff was found a tomb which contained a cache of royal mummies moved there from the Valley of the Kings during the 21st dynasty in an attempt to avoid them being desecrated. | http://www.barganzatravel.com/blog/travel/time-travel-a-trip-to-the-past/ |
It's just 15 days until the new Premier League season kicks off and we at TheSPORTbible cannot wait.
The likelihood of a team like Leicester City winning the league this season is very slim but what we can expect is a great deal of rule changes
After 18 months of talks, IFAB (International Football Association Board) have announced more than 95 altercations to the laws of the game but we thought we'd shortlist 12 major amendments.
Here they are:
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RULE 1 - Kick-off - the ball no longer has to go forward at kick-off.
RULE 2 - Pre-match red cards - Referees will be able to give a player a red card before the match kicks off.
RULE 3 - No 'triple-punishment law' - Players committing accidental fouls that deny goal-scoring opportunities in the penalty area will not be automatically sent off.
RULE 4 - Treating injuries - If a player is fouled and hurt by an opponent who subsequently receives a yellow or red card for the challenge, the injured player may be quickly treated on the pitch without the need to leave the field of play.
RULE 5 - Changing boots/equipment - A player who briefly leaves the field (e.g. to change boots) may have his new boots checked by an assistant referee or fourth official before returning to play.
RULE 6 - Penalties - Slowing to a stop immediately before shooting is not allowed, with a yellow card and an indirect free-kick to the opposition the result.
RULE 7 - infringements by substitutes/team officials - If play is stopped due to interference from a team official or substitute, rather than the award of an indirect free-kick or drop ball, the referee will now award a free-kick or penalty kick to the opposition
RULE 8 - Colour of undergarments - Undershorts/tights must be the same colour as the main colour of the shorts or the lowest part of the shorts.
RULE 9 - Offside - The halfway line is neutral, meaning a player must have part of the body (excluding arms or hands) in the opponents' half to be flagged offside. A free-kick resulting from an offside will now always take place where the offence is committed.
RULE 10 - Handballs - Handball is now a yellow card offence when "it stops/interferes with a promising attack".
RULE 11 - Restarts - Attempts to trick the opposition by lightly tapping the ball at a corner (or free-kick) and then dribbling is coming to an end.
RULE 12 - Player behaviour - Referees have been urged to take a stronger stand on "intolerable behaviour". Red cards will be issued to players who confront officials and use insulting and/or offensive language or gestures towards them. | https://www.sportbible.com/football/news-12-important-rule-changes-ahead-of-the-201617-premier-league-season-20160729 |
Field: 7v7 field size
Number of Games: All seasons are eight (8) games.
Game Duration:
-Two 25-minute halves, plus 2-3 minute halftime.
Abandoned Match – If a game in progress is cancelled, the game will be considered a completed match if at least one half of time has been played. If one half has not been played, the game will be rescheduled and start with the remaining time and score from when the match was called.
Forfeits:
If a team does not show for their game, the result will be a 3-0 loss on the team’s record. The team that shows may still use the field for their game duration. The minimum number of players to start a match is five (5). A team will forfeit if they do not have the minimum number of players.
If there are not enough players at the scheduled kick off time, the team has up to 10 minutes to wait for more players to show. If after those 10 minutes a team still cannot be formed, the opponent may decide to earn the forfeit win 3-0, or wait until more players show. Both team managers and the referee must agree that the match will take place if 10 minutes have passed.
Rosters:
Team managers are responsible for roster management of their team. All players must join their team roster through the Blue Sombrero system at tysa.com. For questions/assistance with roster management, please email [email protected]
Substitutions:
Players may substitute on dead ball situations once acknowledged by referee. This includes – either team kickoff or restart of game; either team goal kick; either team throw-in; at time of injury subs for either team; at time of a yellow card for carded player of either team (yellow carded player MUST be subbed for, and may return after two minutes at first eligible sub time; other times at the discretion of referee; corner kick subs are allowed for either team.Please be mindful of sharing time on the field. There should be no player that sits out longer than 5 minutes at any one time.
Standings/Results:
Tie-Breakers:
In the event of a tie in the standings, the tie-breaker for final league standings are followed in this order:
Jerseys: Teams should wear like jerseys (number policy relaxed). Training bibs/Pinnies are not avaiable to teams. TYSA encourages teams to bring a second color in case of a conflict. If there is a conflict, the HOME team will change jerseys.
Shin Guards: Shin guards must be covered by socks.
Footwear: Players may play in molded plastic or rubber cleats or turfs.
No jewelry allowed.
Soccer Balls: TYSA will provide match balls.
Players are subject to cautions and send offs according FIFA’s Law 12.
Yellow Cards: Players who are issued a caution (yellow card) must sit for two minutes before re-entering the match. This player may be replaced by a substitute while exiting the field. A goalkeeper who is issued a yellow card must be replaced by either a field player or substitute, but may join the field after his/her 2 minute suspension.
Red Cards: Players who are issued a red card (sent off) must leave the field of play immediately and may not return to the field of play for the remainder of that match. The player’s suspension lasts one game (next scheduled game) unless further disciplinary action is taken by TYSA (case specific). The team must play one less player for the remainder of that match. A goalkeeper who is issued a red card is also subject to this same rule.
Consistent infringement or a serious incident(s) committed by a player or team may result in suspension or being kicked out of the league.
Sliding: NO slide tackling.A slide tackle call results in an indirect free kick from area of the violation if the call was for an illegal slide (in an age specific or coed league).
The offending player may be verbally warned on the initial instance which serves as a warning to both teams, or, based upon severity of initial instance, may be given a yellow or red card at the referee’s discretion.
Play-on advantage may be awarded by the referee in the instance of a failed attempted slide tackle or foul.
Goalkeeper sliding: The goalkeeper is allowed to slide. The slide may only be towards an opponent who is controlling the ball or in a “50/50” play area of an opponent. A referee may decide to issue a send off to a goalkeeper if the goalkeeper slide tackles and fouls an opponent for denying a goal scoring opportunity.
Profanity:
Profanity is not tolerated. Players using profanity are subject to automatic cautions. Consistent infringement may result in suspensions.
3 Game Automatic Suspension Policy:
Any player who is guilty of striking, punching, slapping, spitting, intentionally kicking, or any other vicious or intentional act (even if it is reactive), will be issued an automatic three game suspension, no questions asked. Referee reports will be given to TYSA Administration. Guilty players will recieve no refunds for suspensions. TYSA holds the right to issue a harsher suspension depending on the incident.
Fighting Policy:
Should a player be involved in a fight or serious incident they will be held to the following:
Teams that are involved in two incidents in the same season will be suspended for the remainder of the season with no refunds. All games will be forfeited and the team will be relegated one division the following season should they decide to return. Teams that are suspended for a second time will not be allowed to return under the same team name or same manager.
All other disputes, fights, incidents etc. can be reviewed by TYSA and are punishable depending on the situation. All decisions are final and non-disputable.
HOME team listed on schedule will kick off first half; AWAY team kicks off second half.
– Goalkeeper may NOT punt or drop-kick ball. May kick ball from ground and may throw ball. Otherwise, no limits on distance of a played ball.
– Keeper must release ball within referee’s 6-second count, or result is indirect kick for opposing team at top-center of 10 yard box.
– Players must be 5 yards from the spot of a free kick anywhere on field, and outside of 10-yard box on a PK.
– If an indirect free kick is called within 5 yards of the goal, the ball will be spotted 5 yards away from the goal line of where the infringement took place.
– NO Offside calls in 7v7 matches.
– Goal may not be scored directly from kickoff, the kickoff is indirect (if another player touches it, the goal will count). Kickoff touch may be played forward or backwards. | https://www.tysa.com/Default.aspx?tabid=343148 |
Wigan Athletic (1997) The record for most red cards in a game in the history of English football was set in two games, both happened in 1997 and both had 5 players shown an early shower. and Plymouth Argyle. A Plymouth player was sent off in the early stages of the game for a heavy foul.
What is the most red cards in a football match?
Chesterfield vs.
The English record for red cards in a single match is five, a tally that was reached twice in 1997. In February, Plymouth Argyle’s visit to Chesterfield got off to a bad start when a Plymouth player was dismissed for a two-footed lunge.
What is the quickest sending off in football?
On this day in 2000, during a clash between local rivals Cross Farm Park Celtic and Taunton East Reach Wanderers, the fastest red card since records began was brandished by no-nonsense referee Peter Kearle, just seconds into the game.
What happens if 5 players get sent off?
Association football
When a team has fewer than seven players, the match cannot start or continue. When the number of players in a team falls definitely below seven (e.g. by five players sent off with red cards, or by injured players with no substitutions left, or a combination of both), the match is forfeited.
How many red cards until a game is abandoned?
How Many Red Cards Does it Take to Get a Football Match Abandoned? The rules of football are nice and straightforward: a game can start – and continue – while both teams have a minimum of seven players. If one team has less than seven players, due to red cards and/or injuries, the referee must abandon the game.
What happens if 4 players are sent off?
If the referee has red-carded 4 players and all 7 substitutes of each team (22 players in total), the game can still continue, provided there are no further red cards to players of either side.
What is a blue card in football?
A player temporarily suspended from play will be shown a blue card by the match official and informed that he/she shall be suspended from play for two minutes. … A player will be informed as to the end of a period of suspension by the referee or match official and invited to rejoin the game.
When would a red card be awarded in football?
A red card will be shown to a player who has committed a serious offense such as violent conduct or an illegal and purposeful obstruction of a goal scoring opportunity for the opposing team. A red card will also be shown to a player who accumulates two yellow cards for more minor offenses.
Who has been sent off most in Premier League?
Richard Dunne (8 red cards)
As well as jointly holding the record for most Premier League red cards, Dunne also claims top spot on the Premier League’s all-time own goal list, with an impressive tally of 10, three clear of the next closest challengers.
Who was the first footballer to get a red card?
Carlos Caszely of Chile became the first person to receive a red card, after his second yellow card against West Germany in 1974, for bringing down Berti Vogts. Chile lost 1–0.
Has an NFL team ever forfeited?
There have been no forfeits in the league’s history; a 1921 game between the Rochester Jeffersons and the Washington Senators is occasionally listed as a forfeit, but because of the lax cancellation rules of the time and uncertainty over which team (if either) was at fault for the game not being played, the game is …
Can a player be sent off before kick off?
Players and substitutes sent off
before submission of the team list can not be named on the team list in any capacity. after being named on the team list and before kick-off may be replaced by a named substitute, who can not be replaced; the number of substitutions the team can make is not reduced.
How many red cards has Messi got?
Of Ronaldo’s 11 red cards, four came at Manchester United, six were shown when he wore the colours of Real Madrid and one came in a Juventus shirt.
…
Lionel Messi vs Cristiano Ronaldo: Red cards head-to-head.
|Player||Number of red cards||Straight red cards|
|Lionel Messi||3||3|
|Cristiano Ronaldo||11||7|
Where do players go after a red card?
Typically, if a player receives two yellow cards (one red card), they will be suspended for the next game in the same competition. So if, for example, a player receives a red card in the Premier League but their next game is in the Champions League, their ban will only apply to the Premier League.
Can you forfeit in football?
There has never been a forfeit in modern NFL history. The only game occasionally listed as a forfeit is a 1921 game between the Rochester Jeffersons and Washington Senators, but because it isn’t clear who was at fault for the game not being played, modern NFL records list that as a cancellation.
How many subs are you allowed in football?
Most competitions only allow each team to make a maximum of three substitutions during a game and a fourth substitute during extra time, although more substitutions are often permitted in non-competitive fixtures such as friendlies. | https://rightbankwarsaw.com/players/question-what-is-the-most-sent-off-in-a-football-match.html |
Question:
I am the president of a soccer club that plays its matches in [a state association]. Yesterday, one of our players received a yellow card for unsporting behavior after the final whistle had blown for the match to be completed. The player was upset at the frequent calling of “unjustified” offsides, and left the pitch without permission in the closing seconds.Is it legitimate for a referee to issue cards after a match?
USSF answer (February 28, 2007):
Yes, it is, provided that the teams have not completely left the field. Here are the instructions we give our referees, taken from the USSF publication “Advice to Referees on the Laws of the Game”:
3.21 DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURES BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER THE GAME
Misconduct committed by a player or a substitute prior to the start of the match, during the match, during breaks between playing periods is subject to a formal caution or a send-off, as appropriate. Yellow and red cards, which are now mandatory indications of cautions and send-offs, may be shown only for misconduct committed by players, substitutes, or substituted players during a match. “During a match” includes:
(a) the period of time immediately prior to the start of play during which players and substitutes are physically on the field warming up, stretching, or otherwise preparing for the match;
(b) any periods in which play is temporarily stopped;
(c) half time or similar breaks in play;
(d) required overtime periods;
(e) kicks from the penalty mark if this procedure is used in case a winner must be determined.
(f) the period of time immediately following the end of play during which the players and substitutes are physically on the field but in the process of exiting.
//deleted//
Postgame: Any misconduct committed by players or substitutes after the field has been cleared must be described in the game report and reported to the competition authority. Since such misconduct cannot result in a formal caution or send-off, no card may be displayed. Referees are advised to avoid remaining in the area of the field unnecessarily.
The fact that the player left the field of play without permission before the match warranted a caution, as the match had not yet been completed. The referee’s action was within the requirements of the Law. | http://www.askasoccerreferee.com/may-the-referee-issue-a-caution-after-the-game-has-ended/ |
Game length: 22 minute quarters. 5 minute breaks between quarters. 5 minute breaks between halves.
Divisions: Teams should sign up based on their desired level of play. Division 1 Competitive Division 2 Recreational
Regular season standings will be kept to determine league champion
Teams will play up to 10 games throughout the season
Referees:
Two referees will be provided at all games
Uniform: Teams must provide their own jerseys for the season. Jerseys must be matching in color and have a printed number on the back. Any team not in compliance by the first game will forfeit their games until this requirement is met.
Schedule and Location:
Games will be held at 2:30, 4:30 and 6:30 on Sunday evenings
Additional games are played at 6:30 on Wednesday evenings
Location: N River Valley Park, 725 E 13th St.
A Manager's Meeting will be held on Monday, May 20 at 6:00 PM at the Parks and Recreation Administration Office (1500 Gateway Hills Park Drive).
2019 Registration
New last season is team registration only; individual registrations will not be accepted.
Team Registration
Want to play, but don't have a team?
Enter your name in our player pool for a chance at getting on a team! This list is emailed out to managers throughout the season in case they are in need of extra players. If you are needed, managers will contact you directly. Entering your name in the player pool does not guarantee that you will be on a team.
Player Pool Registration Form
Rules & Exceptions:
Ames Adult Soccer League will be governed by FIFA laws of the game with local rule exceptions listed below. You may review the FIFA laws of the game at the following web site:
http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/footballdevelopment/technicalsupport/refereeing/laws-of-the-game/index.html
Ames Local Rule Exceptions:
- No slide tackling allowed
- Indirect free kick awarded to opposing team if no other players within 2 yards of slide tackle
- 1st attempt with a player within 2 yards of offense will result in a yellow card
- 2nd attempt with a player within 2 yards of offense will result in a red card
- ** Flagrant behavior will result in a red card**
- Unlimited substitutions
- Any player on a team’s roster may substitute in/out of game during stoppage of play and at the official’s signal.
- Any team not able to field six players 10 minutes into the start of the game will automatically forfeit. This will result in an automatic 1-0 win for the non-forfeiting team. Teams may continue play in a scrimmage match.
- No metal cleats are allowed.
- Players are required to wear shin guards.
Sportsmanship:
Profanity, dissent, and any other unsportsmanlike conduct is strictly prohibited. Any violations of this may result in a yellow card warning or red card ejection from the game at the discretion of the center official. Warnings prior to giving a card may also be given at the discretion of the center official. Upon the event of a yellow card, the player receiving such warning must leave the field of play at least until the next stoppage of play at which time the yellow card recipient may return to the playing field if desired. A red card represents an ejection from the game for the recipient with no reentry into the field of play and a suspension for the next full game scheduled for his or her team. The recipient of the red card may remain on the premises provided he or she adheres to the before mentioned sportsmanship laws of the game. However, the player may not be replaced in the field of play, meaning the recipient’s team must play the remainder of the current game a player short. An accumulation of two yellow cards in two different games throughout the season will result in a one game suspension; if three are accumulated it will result in removal from the league. Two red cards will also result in removal from the league
Liability/Insurance: The City of Ames Parks and Recreation, its employees or appointed agents assume no responsibility for any personal injury or loss that any team member or spectator may incur as a result of this program. Individuals are encouraged to have their own personal health/accident plan for any such injuries that occur.
ADULT CO-ED SOCCER LEAGUE FEES:
The fee to play in the summer soccer league will be $83/game (number of games will be determined at manager's meeting). An additional $15 will be added for each non-resident on the team. League Fees must be paid in full by Monday, June 3.
NON-RESIDENT FEES:
The Ames Parks and Recreation Commission and City Council established a $15.00 non-resident fee for all adult athletic league participants residing outside the Ames City limits since non-residents do not pay City property taxes; yet utilize City facilities and programs. This $15.00 shall be paid for each league (Men’s, Women’s, and/or Co-Ed) that a non-resident player participates in, when league fees are submitted.
Thank you for registering for the Adult Co-ed Soccer League! Have a great season!!!
Schedule:
Team Roster Form: | https://www.cityofames.org/government/departments-divisions-i-z/parks-recreation/adult-recreation-sports-leagues/soccer-league |
The Southern Maine United Soccer League will play from June to October at field locations in the greater Portland area. The league is a Men’s league (although women are invited to play) and will offer both league and playoff games. This document will outline the logistics, by-laws, and fees associated with the league. Please review carefully.
League Administration
- Board Of Directors will be responsible for calling meetings, securing fields/equipment/referees and paying referees and facilities.
Fields
- Due to the time constraints with specific fields the games must start and end on time. If the game is delayed for any reason the referee and captains will discuss how to manage the time to ensure the next game starts on time.
Rosters
- Teams may carry a roster of up to 25 players. All rosters must be submitted to the league co-chairs and Ref Coordinator by First game. If a team has not submitted a roster and plays a game, the game is subject to forfeit dependent on the referee/captains decision at game time. No Roster = No Official Game. Rosters will clearly define under-30 players.Once a roster is submitted, a rostered player may not play for another team in the league without approval from the Executive Committee.Teams will be permitted to add players up to August 1st due to injury or withdrawal of rostered players. No players may be added to a roster post this date.
Fees
- League expenses are expected to include Fields, Refs, Trophies, Misc(admin/website). Cost per team to be determined from year to year. Please contact the board for more information on submittal of payment. The deadline for team payment is no later than two weeks prior to the seasons first game. If it is not paid by then, or the board emailed regarding your circumstance then your team will not be on the schedule.
Bylaws
- Uniforms- All teams must have matching shirts with numbers on the back.
- Game Balls-Balls are to be supplied by the league. Held by the refs, but everyones responsibility to keep safe.
- Game Rules- FIFA Rules apply, with the following exceptions:
1) Due to the time constraints with specific fields the games must start and end on time. There are no overtimes. Games may end in a tie. Halves are to be 40 minutes. If the game is delayed for any reason the referee and captains will discuss how to manage the time to ensure the next game starts on time.
2) Substitutions are at the referees discretion. Substitutions are to enter/exit the field from the center field line.
3) No Slide Tackling of a Player in possession of the ball. Sliding to save a goal, save a ball from going out of bounds etc is acceptable as long as an opposition player is not within 3 yards. Slide tackling is a yellow card offense, not a warning. This is at the referee's digression and their call is final.
4) Yellow Cards/Red Cards will be issued pursuant to FIFA Rules. Any red card must be reported to the SMUSL co-chairs. The majority of the oversight committee, in its sole discretion may increase any red card suspension to up to 5 games. Any player who accumulates 3 red cards in a season will be suspended from further play for the remainder of the season. Any team that fields a suspended player will forfeit that game 1-0. Red cards issued for fighting or abusive language will result in a automatic suspension of one game and a review from the Disciplinary Board. The Disciplinary Board, after hearing from all parties involved, maybe increase this suspension as they deem suitable. Yellow cards will be issued immediately to any players other than the designated captain for arguing with the referee. A second incident during that game will result in a Red card. A player accumulating 2 Yellow card in two consecutive games or a Red card will be suspended for one game. Any Intentional Physical Contact with an official by a player, or with a player by an official, on or off the field, before, after or during a game will result in termination from the league.This applies to players and officials.
Scores
- The referee will record the score of the game, the scorers, and any cards. Information will be emailed to the Web Administrator following game nights.
Points
- 3 points for a win.
- 1 point for a tie.
- No points for losses.
Awards
Trophies will be awarded for league champion (based on total points, then goals differential, then total goals, then head to head, then coin toss); playoff champion (single elimination).
Referee's
- Referees play a critical part of the success of the Southern Maine United Soccer League (SMUSL). This page was created to provide a summary of the administrative and league-specific details needed by referees working in SMUSL. It is the responsibility of each referee to be familiar with these regulations and to support them completely. Game rosters are to be printed by the referees in advance of the game to ensure the eligibility of all players, hand-written alterations to the game roster (other than shirt number changes) are PROHIBITED. Captains should have a backup copy of their latest roster as backups. Player ID check is required minutes before kick-off, the referee should verify that each player's name is on the Game Roster. In the event that there is a question about a player or roster, to prove their identity, players must produce a valid driving license, passport, or some equivalent government-issued picture ID. Any player who cannot present a suitable ID or who does not appear on the Game Roster, is considered INELIGIBLE and must not be allowed to play. Players arriving late to the games may play whenever they are ready but must checkin at half time.In any case, if a player that is ineligible plays any amount of time the game is considered a forfeit 3-0.
FIFA Rules
- All league games shall be played in accordance with the current rules of FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association), except as amended by the League. Substitution Policy - Free substitution will be allowed at goals, goal kicks, and half time. A team may also substitute during their own throw-in and during the opposing team's throw-in if the opposing team substitutes at that time. If play is stopped due to injury or if a player receives a yellow card, the injured or carded player may be substituted and the opposing team may elect to match this substitution. If the field is not properly lined and equipped, the Referee may choose to abandon the game. The Referee has the option to allow the game to go ahead even if the field is not not properly lined and equipped. However, both team managers must agree with this decision and the field problems must be noted in the Referee's game report.
Grace Period
- Games must start no later than ten (10) minutes after the scheduled kick-off time. If at this time the Referee determines that a team is unable to play due to an insufficient number of players, unsuitable uniforms, inadequate player equipment, or unsuitable field preparation, the Referee may abandon the game. The Referee and Assistant Referees are entitled to their game fees, to be paid in full.
Cancellation
- If the field is declared unplayable due to weather conditions, the Referee(s) are entitled payment. A Referee or Assistant Referee who fails to arrive within fifteen (15) minutes after the scheduled kick-off time is not entitled to a fee. If no Referees are present, the managers may themselves appoint a Referee and play the match, or they can elect to re-schedule. Referees are assigned and hired on a game by game basis. The league reserves the right to replace the referee at any time, for any undisclosed reason. Any dispute with referees should not be taken up before, during or after a game. Disputes should be in writing to the league officials. | https://www.smusl.com/rules/ |
A sausage sizzle will be run during each evening and is included in the entry fee.
The duration of the games shall be 2 halves of 25 minutes for 1 hour games
5-minute break at half time.
Teams will swap ends only at half time.
Penalty Corners and Penalty Strokes awarded before each quarter ends shall be played out in accordance with FIH rules.
There will be no draws. If at the end of the game a sudden death shootout will proceed.
A player who has taken part in a sudden death shootout at any time during the regular home and away rounds cannot take another one until everyone on their team has had a go. The sudden death qualification is reset at the start of the finals.
• Field Goal 1 points
o Field goal bonus shootout 1 point
o The player who scored the goal will take the shootout.
• Penalty Corner Goal 1 point
• Shootout Goal 1 point
• Penalty Stroke 1 point
o Awarded during field play an extra shootout will be awarded after the stoke is taken.
o The player taking the stroke will take the shootout.
If during a Penalty Corner, the umpire determines that the ball has been deliberately played to end a Penalty Corner the umpire may determine that the Penalty Corner is still continuing, and any resulting goal will only score 1 point. Penalty Corner goalkeeper rules will stay in effect.
At the end of regular time if there is a clear winner, the winning team receive 3 points. In the event of a draw, each team will receive 1 point, with the eventual winner of the shootout receiving a additional bonus point.
General Play
A maximum of 7 males excluding the goal keeper can be on the field.
If there is less that 4 females available for the game, a maximum of 8 males can be on the field at any one time. In this situation a team may play short.
No tomahawks.
Reverse stick hits or slaps are permitted.
Overheads are permitted.
Drag flicks are allowed as part of a Penalty Corner but they may not be any higher than the height of the backboard at any time.
Green Card
Mandatory Substitution, minimum 2 minutes before returning to the field. A replacement player is allowed to immediately take the field.
Yellow Card
Minimum 5 minutes.
Red Card
Remainder of the game, and is required to leave the venue if their behavior warrants an ejection.
Male for Male / Female for Female
Additional players can be from the same or lower equivalent Mentone Team rankings regardless of their HV gradings. Rankings are Premier League, Pennant and Metro. Any dispute may be referred to the competition coordinator.
A player with elite status who has been substituted cannot play in the last quarter of the game they are a substitute in. | http://mentonehockey.org.au/summer-series/ |
All games are 2 x 19/20 Min halves, with a short interval between halves. The clock will not be stopped during a game for any reason, unless deemed necessary by management.
Conduct
In general, this section refers to the conduct of teams both on and off the court. It is the discretion of the referee to apply these rules and the severity of the disciplinary action within these guidelines and context of the game. All players who participate are expected to exhibit good sportsmanship toward other players, the referees, staff and spectators. Any query or complaints should be directed to the coordinators and management at the centre, not to the referees.
During a match, the substitutes of a team and/or their supporters, are held to the same behavioral standards as the players on court. The referee may warn the captain of the team, but the referee has the right to send the captain and/or goalkeeper from the court. Refer to both the Code of Behaviour and the "Cards" Section of these rules for further details.
Team Composition
- A team shall consist of five players on the court and a maximum of 9 individual players can take the court for any 1 game.
- If a team has 2 or less players when game clock commences, the opposition team will receive one goal to start and then a further goal for every three minute interval until team has 3 or more players.
- If the team is still not able to begin with 10 minutes left on the clock of the first half, the team which is present will win on forfeit.
- If a team requires fill-ins they can use other players from other teams until they have five players to take the court. Teams are only allowed more than five players in this situation for the duration of the game at the discretion of management.
Substitutions:
- All substitutions must be done through the referee.
- A substitution can only be made when there is a stoppage in play and the referee confirms the substitution.
- Within the last three minutes of the match, no substitutions are allowed.
Health and Safety
- No watches or wristbands are to be worn
- Players who suffer an injury may be substituted. If a player is bleeding, he/she must leave the court immediately and will be asked to cover the wound directly by the referee or indirectly by any player through the referee.
Kick Off
- Each half of play will commence with a kick off and continue until a goal is scored.
- Play will then restart with a kick off by the non-scoring side.
- The kick off is taken from the centre of the court and must be played backwards into the commencing team’s own half.
- Before the initial player replays the ball, another player must touch the ball.
- All players on the defending team at the kick off must remain behind the yellow third line until the ball is touched.
- A goal is scored when the whole ball has crossed under the bar and between the goal posts, provided there are no infringements awarded against the attacking team.
- In Mixed Competition, a goal scored by a female player will count as two (2) goals.
Contact
- Any infringement called up is at the discretion of the referee.
- All play must be directed primarily at the ball and none at the body.
- No player may kick the ankles/legs, stomp, shove, push, shoulder, elbow any other player at any time otherwise an infringement will be called against them.
- If a referee deems any play to be dangerous, an infringement will be called against the infringing player
Net Abuse
- Net abuse is the improper use of the net enclosure. No player may use the net to gain an advantage.
Drop Ball
- Drop ball is when the soccer ball is dropped between two players standing approximately one metre apart facing each other in the direction their team is to attack. The players may play at the ball after the ball has hit the ground.
- A drop ball will occur near the following incidents:
- a) In the opinion of the referee the ball cannot be played by either team. They may call a dead ball and award a drop ball between opposing players.
- b) If the referee stops play for any reason other than an infringement or goal being scored play may be recommenced with a drop ball and occur where play was stopped.
- c) If during play the ball contacts the referee and players from either team are disadvantaged.
The Goal Keeper and Goal Area
- The goal area is defined by two red semi-circles surrounding each goal.
- The goal area is viewed as an imaginary wall going to the roof
- The goalkeeper is the only player allowed in their respective goal areas.
- Should any other player, other than the goalkeeper enter the area and gain an advantage, a free kick will be awarded to the other team.
- The goalkeeper is allowed to handle the soccer ball and in any manner whilst any part of the ball is within his/her respective goal area.
- While in the goal area the goalkeeper may slide, dive, lie down, and roll over etc. in any attempt to play at the ball but may remain fully within the goal area.
- Should at any point in time the goalkeeper leave there circle, they are considered to be a normal player. (ie they cannot play the ball whilst on the ground).
- The keeper is allowed out of the goal area and may score from anywhere on the soccer court.
- The goalkeeper may interchange, as per the substitution rule.
- When the ball gets trapped behind the goal, the referee shall award a goal kick which must be taken with the ball on the ground within the goal area by the goal keeper.
- The goalkeeper has five seconds in which to release the ball after gaining control of the ball.
- If the ball passes into the goal before an attacking player steps into the goal area, a goal will be awarded. (as once the ball fully crosses the goal line, the play is considered 'dead').
- When the goalkeeper or any player commits an infringement within the goal area or within two metres of the goal area, the related free kick will take place two metres from the goal area near where the infringement took place.
Back Pass
- Once the goalkeeper has played the ball from the goal area (other than by a free kick) the ball may not be passed into the goal area until it has:
- a) been touched by two or more players other than the attacking goal keeper, or
- b) been touched by an opposition player. or
- c) been touched by the goalkeeper whilst outside his/her area.
Indirect Free Kick
- An indirect kick is a free kick from which a goal cannot be scored unless another player has touched the ball before the ball passes into the goal.
- The non-offending team will take the kick from the place where the offence took place or the closest position possible as indicated by the referee.
- The defending players are not permitted within a two metre radius.
- All free kicks shall be indirect, unless the referee has stated otherwise.
- Indirect kicks are awarded in the following instances;
1) When a player uses his/her body against an opponent to gain an advantage.
2) A player does or attempts to kick, trip, throw, hold, strike or push an opponent.
3) When a player intentionally or unintentionally handballs the ball with his/her arm or hand.
4) When a player does not play the ball in an upright position e.g. slide tackle.
5) A player kicks or plays at the ball such that the ball travels above the height of the goals.
6) Offside, when a player other than the goalkeeper crosses into either goal area.
Direct Free Kick
- A direct kick is a free kick awarded for the same infringements as an indirect kick; however a goal may be scored directly from this kick without the ball having to touch any other player.
- It is the discretion of the referee to award either a direct or indirect free kick.
Penalty Kick
- A penalty kick is a direct kick where the goalkeeper is the only opposition able to defend the ball.
- The kick is to be taken from a spot directly in front of the goal.
- The person taking the kick is not allowed any more than two movements (which includes the strike; ie Step, Kick) when taking the kick. The movements must be clean and continuous, with no balking or 'faking'.
- A penalty kick shall be awarded when a player deliberately obstructs a one on one scoring opportunity against the keeper or if a player deliberately runs into an offside position to stop the path of the ball travelling into the goal.
Cards
Yellow Card
- The yellow card is meant to represent a warning. If a player receives a second yellow card in the same match the referee has the option to send the player from the court by using either a blue or red card.
Blue Card
- The blue card is used to send a player from the court for a period of 5 minutes, or for any period of time specified by the referee. The player is not allowed to be replaced.
Red Card
- When a player receives a red card during a match the player is sent immediately from the court for the remainder of the match and is not to be replaced. This player should also assume they have at least a one (1) game suspension unless otherwise directed by Centre Management. Depending on the severity of the incident further action may be taken.
Reasons for being carded: players will be given cards for reasons of language, misconduct, unsportsmanlike play, aggressive and dangerous play.
- When a player swears or uses abusive language during a match, the referee will give that player/team at minimum, a yellow card. If swearing continues the referee may send the player from the court.
- If in the referee’s opinion a player commits a foul that deserves an immediate send off, the referee does not need to give that player a yellow card or a warning.
- If during a match two or more players are sent from the court or the referee believes the game has become dangerous they have the right to call the game off at any point.
Referee Interpretations
- It is at the referee's discretion whether to call advantage, and to determine what constitutes 'advantage'
- Advantage may be called by a referee if in the referee’s opinion the non-offending team has been placed in a similar position had a free kick been awarded.
- If a free kick is taken quickly, the team taking the kick takes responsibiliy to ensure that they can play the ball (for example, if a defender is within 2 meters of the free kick), no re-take or additional free kick is required to be awarded.
- Whether a player has possession of the ball will not be taken into consideration as to whether dangerous contact is made.
All rules and interpretations, may be changed, altered or removed at the discretion of management. | https://brisbanewestindoorsports.com.au/soccer/soccer-rules/ |
Registration: Teams must check in at the Mandatory Registration which will be announced to all Team Managers in their acceptance emails. Failure to check in will result in automatic disqualification (without a refund of the fee) from the tournament. Games not played will be classified as “Forfeits”.
Current laminated USYSA player cards will be required of all players as proof of age and must be available for inspection at initial check-in and at the start of each game. USYSA Teams from outside Cal South must also provide approved Travel Papers, which must include a roster listing all players authorized to travel by the team’s State Association. All Travel Papers must be submitted to the Tournament Director prior to check in. Any player not listed on the Travel Papers, including any amendments, properly executed by the team’s State Association will not be allowed to play in the tournament. Proper Player Loan Forms will be required at Registration along with other required credentials, as required by the team’s State Association. All teams must provide the USYSA Player I.D. Cards from the State Association listed on this application. Teams registering under the US Club Soccer banner will also be accepted. Player I.D. Cards from associations other than USYSA or US Club Soccer will not be accepted. Medical release forms will be required for all players at initial check-in. Teams will be required to keep medical releases on hand at all times.
Refunds: There will be no refunds given after the stated application deadline. Prior to the application deadline, refunds will be made less any administrative fees that have been incurred.
Rosters: Teams may register a maximum of twenty two (22) players for U-19 & U-17, eighteen (18) players for U-11 thru U16, and fourteen (14) players for U9 and U10). A team may use up to five (5) guest players, but any team utilizing guest players is still limited to the eighteen player maximum (22 for U17-U19) (14 for U9 and U10).
Game Format: Each team will play a minimum of 3 games. Preliminary Games can end in a tie. Some Brackets will have cross bracket play. The Winners of the Bracket will advance and Wild Cards based on points earned in cross bracket play. Quarter Final, Semi Final & Final games ending in a tie after regulation will proceed immediately to FIFA penalty kicks to determine advances or is awarded the trophy. Penalty Kicks will immediately follow the game.
There will be no stoppage time for injuries; in other words, there is a running clock for all games. Half time for Preliminary games will be 5 minutes. Half Time for Semi Final and Final games will be 5 minutes.
6. If a tie still exists after steps 1 through 5, FIFA Penalty Kicks will be taken (time and location to be determined by the Tournament Director) prior to the scheduled start of the appropriate Quarter Final or Semi Final game.
7. If a three-way tie exists within a bracket after steps 1 through 5, a three-way coin flip will be conducted. The teams that tie in the coin flip will compete in FIFA Penalty Kicks to eliminate one team prior to proceeding to FIFA Penalty Kicks with the third team. The coin flip and time of the FIFA Penalty Kicks will be determined by the Tournament Director at the fields.
If ties exist in the determination of a wild card team, criteria 1 through 7 will be applied.
Game Day Check-In: At least thirty (30) minutes prior to the start of each scheduled game, a team representative must present to the Field Marshall the team’s player cards and game card so the team may be checked in to play and the game started as scheduled. The Field Marshall will retain the game card and the team’s player cards until completion of the game. Each team manager or representative will be required to initial the game card area for that game before the player cards will be returned. A team who fails to properly check in with the Field Marshall will forfeit that game. The Tournament Director has the final say on the determination of safety and suitability of each player’s equipment, including the wearing of a hard brace and/or hard cast. Shin guards are mandatory for all players.
Game Procedures: The Home Team will be the team which appears first on the game schedule. The Home Team will provide a game ball. The game ball is subject to referee approval. The Home Team will be required to switch to an alternate jersey to accommodate a color conflict as declared by the referee. If the Home Team cannot supply an alternate jersey, the Home Team will forfeit the game. The Home Team will have the selection of the side of the field from which they wish to play. No two teams will play from the same side, unless field space dictates otherwise. In all cases spectator and team seating will allow the referee’s assistants clear runs and views of all touch lines.
Substitutions: Substitutions are unlimited; however teams may substitute only with the referee’s permission and per Cal South rules.
Cautions and Ejections: A player or coach receiving two cautions (yellow cards) in a single game is considered to have been given an Ejection (red card) for the purposes of awarding point for the Tournament competition. A player who has been ejected (sent off) will not be replaced. A player or coach who has been ejected will not return for that game and must leave the field of play and will not be allowed to participate in the next scheduled game. A player or coach who is ejected for violent conduct or serious foul play will not be allowed to participate in the next two scheduled games. Any player or coach who assaults a referee will be expelled from the Tournament. A team will be disqualified from the Tournament if any player or coach fails to comply with the provisions of this section. All red cards are reported to Cal South.
Protests/Disputes: No protests will be allowed and all games will be considered final. The Tournament Director will resolve any situation not explicitly covered by the rules. Disputes relating to the interpretation of these rules will be resolved with the Field Marshal and Administrators/Coaches that are registered with the involved team(s). Individuals may not represent a team if not registered as an Administrator/Coach with the involved team(s).
There will be no refunds to teams who forfeit their own games.
Field Safety/Inclement Weather: The Referee or Tournament Director will determine if a field is safe for play. Teams are expected to show up for scheduled games times unless notified by a tournament official. Rain or other weather conditions will not delay play unless the referee determines the fields are unsafe. If necessary games may be shortened, go directly to FIFA Penalty Kicks or be cancelled. If a game is terminated due to problems associated with the fields, including lighting for a night game, the team in the lead at the time of stoppage wins. If a Quarter or Semi Final match cannot be played, FIFA penalty kicks will determine the winner. If the Final game cannot be played, the teams will be co-champions.
If games cannot be rescheduled or played due to rain or other circumstances, the Tournament Director will make refund adjustments and retains the right to keep up to two-thirds (2/3) of the team fee to cover expenses. For example, if teams play two games on a day and not able to play their 3rd game.
All players, coaches and spectators will be expected to demonstrate good sportsmanlike conduct. Coaches have total responsibility for the conduct of their players, substitutes, friends and spectators at all times. Inappropriate conduct by your team’s spectators can jeopardize your coach and/or team. If a referee terminates a game due to misconduct of players or spectators, the offending team will forfeit. The offending player, spectator or team may be banned from further participation in the tournament.
At no time is there to be any alcoholic beverages at the tournament sites.
Pets are not allowed on any of the fields.
After each game, please pick up the trash on your sideline and place it in one of the provided receptacles. | https://tgs.totalglobalsports.com/public/rules.aspx?eid=666 |
All articles address those BASIC techniques, procedures, practice alternatives, and skills that are sometimes forgotten or overlooked while going through the experiences of soccer refereeing. The short discussions and accompanying practical tips stress important advice for competent performance. This month’s article will focus on player substitutions.
Rule 3 of both the NCAA and NFHS Rules Books provide the details on when substitutions are allowed and how substitutions should be managed. Both books are very similar as to when substitutes are allowed. The main difference is that during an interscholastic game substitutions are unlimited and reentries are permitted. This coincides with the philosophy of interscholastic sports of participation. The NCAA Rule Book does not permit reentry in the first half and one reentry in the second half and no reentries during either overtime period. Also, when playing under the NFHS rules, whenever a player is cautioned he/she shall leave the field and may be replaced (substitution). The NCAA Rule Book does not include this provision. Some Junior Colleges who play under the NCAA rules have added an administrative requirement that if a player is cautioned, he/she must leave the field. Officials must review the local administrative rules with both coaches when officiating a junior college game to ensure the proper procedures are utilized.
Interscholastic soccer rules allow for an unlimited number of substitutes by either team if the clock is stopped for an injury and the injured player is removed from the field. Intercollegiate soccer only permits the injured player(s) to be replaced and the opponents may substitute a like number.
Officials should review the appropriate rule book on a regular basis so that the substitution rule is clearly understood. Also, the NISOA Rules Difference Guide is a great reference when reviewing when substitutions are permitted.
The next section of this article will deal with the mechanics of managing substitutions. In both rule books substitutes must be at the score table and ready to enter the game. A player is not permitted to leave the bench and directly go into the game during a substitution opportunity. The only exceptions to this is when a goal is scored or a player injured. Once the player)s) is at the score table and there is a substitute opportunity, the scorer will notify the officials that there is a substitute by sounding the horn. If there is no horn available, the scorer must use some other means, other than an whistle, to gain the officials attention. In an intercollegiate game if the coach elects to cancel the substitution after the horn has sounded, the player(s) will be charged with an entry into the game. Once the referee acknowledges the substitution(s) the player(s) shall enter the field. The substitute(s) do not wait on the touch line for the player on the field to leave. Also, once the substitute is recognized to enter the field, that player is the field player of record. In other words, once the substitute enters the field, he/she becomes the field player and the player leaving becomes a substitute. This is important to know in the event of a misconduct situation by either of the players.
The managing of the substitution procedure in an interscholastic game normally is the total responsibility of one of the field officials. Fourth officials are rarely used during interscholastic games. When the dual system of control is being utilized, the official on the score table side of the field is responsible for managing the substitutes. The official must determine who is entering and leaving the field and make sure the same number of players enter as exit. This is to prevent a situation where there are too many players on the field. When the diagonal system of control is being utilized, the assistant referee on the score table side of the field is responsible. The assistant referee may have to move closer to the score table to ensure that all requirements are satisfied. If this occurs, the referee should delay the restart of the game so that the assistant referee can return to his/her appropriate position for the restart.
Intercollegiate games are officiated using the diagonal system of control The same procedures for substitute management should be used as described above. When there is an alternate official, that individual is responsible for managing the substitutions. This individual should use the NISOA Alternate Official Form to track substitutions along with the scorekeeper. The alternate official must be thoroughly familiar with the substitute rule to ensure there are no problems. For example, during the second overtime period a coach sends a player to the score table who was already substituted for during the second overtime period. This player is not allowed to reenter. The coach may be confused by the rule and debate with the alternate official. The alternate official must be prepared to discuss the matter with the coach and explain the rule.
In summary, officials must know what game rules are being used to officiate the game. Improper substitutions can result in problems for the officiating team and possible protests during an intercollegiate game. | https://nisoa.com/instruction/nuts-and-bolts/2016/04/29/substitutions-requirements-mechanics/ |
The venue is the Scarriff GAA all-weather pitch on Sat June 3rd.
There will be two groups of five teams. Each team will play the other teams in their group in a league. Standard points allocation applies. The top two teams from each group will progress to the knock out stages (semi finals, final).
Registration of teams and payment in full must happen before start of play.
Refreshments available locally.
Registration for Group 1 will take place between 9.30am and 9.45am; Group 1 matches will kick off at 10.00am.
Group 1 Teams:
- Mixed Bag Allstars
- Chops FC
- Lough Graney FC
- Mean Machine
- Clare Corinthians
Registration for Group 2 will take place between 12pm and 12.15pm; Group 2 matches will kick off at 12.30pm.
Group 2 Teams:
- Bantasaurus Rekt
- Ballina Boys
- Unrael Madrid
- Sean Bean Sex Machine
- Spice of Life Boys
Any team that delays the start of a game by 5 mins will concede that game 1-0.
Rules of Competition
1. Eight-a-side matches, 15 minutes long, no half-time break. Captains will toss up to choose end before match. Max 2 subs allowed – roll-on, roll-off, player coming off must leave the pitch before the sub comes on. Subs allowed on/off as many times as they wish.
2. Ball allowed to be played in the air as in normal 11-a-side game.
3. Ball kicked out over fence – play restarted by opposing team with throw in or goal kick where it left field.
4. Ball touches outside of net (back or side) – keeper’s ball.
5. Goalkeeper area marked on pitch, keeper can only handle ball inside this (but is free to move in and out of area, as are all players).
6. All free kicks direct, opposition must be 5 yards away. No run up is permitted for penalties.
7. Goalkeeper touches ball with hand from back pass, or keeps ball in his hands for more than 6 seconds – penalty.
8. In league stages: if two teams are level on points, goal difference will count, then goals scored, then the head to head record. If still level then a penalty shoot out will be held to decide final positions in group.
9. Knock-out stages: if teams are level- penalty shoot-out; each team takes 5 penalties, then sudden death. A sub may take a penalty. No player can take a second penalty till all team mates have taken one
10. Play will not be stopped unless: injury to goalkeepers, serious injury to outfield player, or head injury. Otherwise play will continue at all times. The ball can bounce off the fence without play stopping. If the ball lands on top of net above goals – drop ball. Attention should be received off the field of play.
11. There will be no added time, except for stoppages mentioned above.
12. Each team is expected to bring a set of matching shirts or bibs.
13. Each team or player is advised to be covered by insurance (individual or Group) as Mixed Bag United will not accept any liability for injuries or accidents that occur on the day, nor will it accept any liability for the personal belongings of players.
14. Each team should bring water bottles. There is a tap on site. The Red Cross will be present, but you might like to bring basic first aid supplies.
15. Players can register for a second team, but must pay the entry fee for each.
16. In exceptional circumstances a team may call upon extra substitutes, but this can only happen with the approval of the organisers and the captain of the opposing team.
17. Metal studs are not allowed.
Disciplinary Rules.
PLEASE NOTE:- The referee’s decision is final. Any player arguing with the referee is liable to be cautioned.
All the normal rules of soccer apply. In addition:
1. If a player receives one yellow card in a match, that caution will not be carried into the next match, and the player will be caution free for the next game.
2. If a player receives two yellow cards in the same match, he will be dismissed and will be ineligible for the next game.
3. If a player receives a straight red card he will be dismissed and ineligible for the next game.
4. If a player receives a straight red card for any of the following offences, he will be dismissed immediately and will be ineligible for the remainder of the tournament:
Violent Conduct; Serious foul-play; Spitting
A representative from Ennis and Clare Samaritans will present the winning team with the Iniscealtra Community Cup.
Any queries contact Phil (087 2368777).
Best of luck in the tournament. | https://mixedbagunited.org/2017/05/ |
Please read our Terms & Conditions HERE because all participants and spectators at 5sports enter 5sports on the basis that they accept 5sports Terms & Conditions.
All players and spectators at 5sports enter 5sports on the basis that they accept 5sports Terms & Conditions.
1.1 Every competition format is specified in each competitions details section, available on our website.
1.2 Teams will receive 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a loss/bye. Ladder positions will be decided by points gained, followed by goal difference, followed by goals scored, followed by the aggregate result between the two teams in question.
1.3 All players must be registered prior to competing for any team. Different competitions require varying number of players and the details will be provided on the website under “competition details”. The management reserves the right to vary registration details at any time.
1.4 Teams are asked to arrive 15 minutes prior to scheduled kick off times.
1.5 Teams must be on the pitch and ready to begin the match at the appointed kick-off time. If a team is more than 10 minutes late their opponents may claim a 3–0 head start, and at the management’s discretion, a 5-0 win (and a deduction of 3 competition points from the losers).
1.6 In the event of a team leaving the competition, 5sports management may replace that team. This new team will inherit the scores and points of their predecessors. No team joining after the halfway point can be awarded first or second place at the end of the season (in the result of a forfeit a 5-0 win and 3 competition points will be awarded to the opposition).
1.7 In the event that a team refuses to play another team the match will be awarded to the other team 5-0 and the team refusing to play will be deducted 3 competition points.
1.8 In the event that a team refuses to complete a match which has already started, the match will be awarded to the other team 5-0 and the team refusing to complete the match will be deducted 3 competition points. If the score at the time produces a goal difference greater than 5-0 then that score will stand.
1.9 A competition draw will be issued at the start of each competition and will be displayed on the 5sports website. All competition results and ladders will also be displayed on the website.
1.10 There will be no cancellation or refund of any competition or friendly game as, upon registration, a contract to play in a 5sports competition was agreed on. Any decision to cancel a game can only be made by 5sports management.
2.1 A maximum of eight players per game may be used. All players must be listed and checked off on the referee’s team sheet prior to kick off.
2.2 Each team may field four outfield players and a goalkeeper on the pitch at any one time. Teams have a maximum of three players for substitutes.
2.3 Any team playing an unregistered or suspended player will automatically lose the match 5–0 and be deducted 3 competition points.
b2.4] Players playing whilst suspended may be barred from the rest of that competition or the centre, at the discretion of 5sports management.
2.5 Teams must be on the pitch and ready to begin the match at the appointed kick-off time. If a team is more than 10 minutes late their opponents may claim a 3–0 head start, and at the management’s discretion, a 5-0 win (and a deduction of 3 competition points from the losers).
2.6 Teams failing to appear for their designated fixture or not giving notice the day before of cancellation will have the match awarded to their opponents 5–0 and will be deducted 3 competition points. A second non appearance for any reason may, at the discretion of 5sports management, result in expulsion from the competition with no refund.
2.7a Substitutes can only be requested:• after a goal has been scored • when a team’s keeper has the ball in his hands NOTE: If the referee grants permission for the substitute, the opposition may also make a substitute provided they do not delay the game.
2.7b There are no limits to the number of substitutes that a team can make. Substitutes must stand outside the pitch perimeter and spectators must not enter the field of play under any circumstances.
2.8 A change of goalkeeper must be authorised by the referee.
2.9a For the safety of ALL players: All players must wear shin pads. No bare feet, thongs or sandals are permitted to be worn by any player. All other sporting footwear is permitted unless specifically stated by 5sports management. Boots with blades or metal studs are not to be worn.
2.9b The wearing of any form of jewellery, including (but not limited to) necklaces, bracelets, fitness bands and watches is not permitted during play.
2.9c Referees may refuse to allow players to participate in matches if: • they are wearing inappropriate footwear (see 2.9a) • they are not wearing shin pads • they are wearing any form of jewellery. Studded earrings may be acceptable at the management’s discretion and at the player's own risk.
2.10 All teams must wear matching coloured shirts or playing strips. No club or international jerseys may be worn on to the field. For the first infringement of wearing inappropriate jerseys, 5sports will supply bibs. Any further infringement will result in a 5-0 loss and deduction of 3 competition points. If required 5sports management will supply bibs to teams for the duration of the game (teams should not bring their own bibs to the centre).
2.11a The first half of the match will begin with one team taking a centre. The second half will begin with the other team taking a centre. All players must be behind the ball in their own half at kick off. The ball may be kicked off in any direction. After a goal has been scored the game will be re-started by the team who conceded the goal taking a centre.
2.11b A goal cannot be scored directly from a centre kick. The ball must first be touched by another teammate before a goal will be awarded.
2.11c The defending players must keep a distance of two metres from the centre kick.
2.12 The goalkeeper is the only player allowed to play or handle the ball inside the goal area. The goalkeeper may pick the ball up any time it is in the goal area. The ball is deemed to be in the goal area if it is touching the goal circle.
2.13a Outfield players may not enter their own goal area. An outfield player who enters his own goal area and touches the ball will have a spot penalty awarded against him.
2.13b Defending players may not run into/through their own goal area as a shortcut to gaining access to the ball. Offending players will have a direct free kick awarded against them from the point where they crossed the goal circle.
2.14 An attacking player may not seek to gain an advantage by entering his opponent’s goal area. The game will be re-started by the goalkeeper.
2.15 A goalkeeper seeking to gain an advantage by leaving the goal area or by playing the ball when it is outside the area will have a spot penalty awarded against his team. The goalkeeper may not reach outside of the area to pick up the ball. If a goal keeper’s momentum takes him partially outside the area when saving the ball - but the ball remains in the goal circle - no offence has been committed (this must not be done in a dangerous fashion, however).
2.16a When re-starting play a goalkeeper must return the ball by rolling it out of his area with an underarm bowling action (henceforth known as a “roll-out”). If the ball is returned any other way a direct free kick will be given to the opposition two metres outside the area.
2.16b Pass backs: A teammate who receives a roll-out from the goalkeeper may not return the ball directly to him, whether deliberately or accidentally. The ball must first be touched by another teammate or an opponent. A direct free kick will be awarded when either the goalkeeper touches the ball again, or when the ball comes to a stop in the goal area. The free kick will be awarded at the place where the defending player returned the ball. This rule applies to roll-outs only. In general play the ball may be passed back to the goal keeper at any time. NOTE: Please see illustrations below for further explanation.
2.17 The ball must not be played above reboundboard height (1.2m). An indirect free kick will be awarded against the last person to play at the ball before it goes above reboundboard height, at the point where the ball was played.
2.18a The ball must never be played with the head even if it is below reboundboard height. A direct free kick will be awarded for infringement.
2.18b A player must not play the ball if he is on the ground.
Shots on goal: When the goalkeeper is defending a shot on goal by the opposition the ball will be awarded to the goalkeeper for a roll-out.
General play: When the goal keeper kicks or otherwise causes the ball to go high in general play an indirect free kick will be awarded to the opposition from the point where the ball crossed the goal circle.
2.20 If the ball goes out of play via any other player see (2.17). If the referee deems that a player has deliberately kicked the ball from the arena as a time wasting measure a red card may be issued. If the referee deems that a player has kicked the ball out of the arena in a show of dissent a yellow card may be issued.
2.21 A goal may be scored from any point within the field of play. Goalkeepers cannot score directly in general play (the ball needs to touch another player on the way through - the opposing goalkeeper does not count), but can take part in penalty shoot-outs. Goalkeepers are not permitted to take regular spot penalties.
2.22a Players must maintain their feet at all times when they are engaging the ball and /or other players. Slide tackles are forbidden. Players must not use defensive slides to intercept a ball regardless of whether they are near another player or not. Players must not use attacking slides when shooting for goal or when passing. Lunges that result in slides are illegal. Goalkeepers are permitted to slide in order to save goals, but must not do so in a way that may be dangerous to attacking players. The referee will be the sole adjudicator on whether a player has legitimately slipped or attempted to slide. A player who makes a slide that involves contact with an opponent will be penalised and given either a yellow or red card.
2.22b Body checks, or charging of opponents is not allowed. There should be only minimal contact of players when near the boards. Players deemed guilty of forcing an opponent into the boards will have a direct free kick awarded against them and risk receiving a yellow or red card depending on severity. Please note that contact that may be deemed “legitimate” in the centre of the court may also be regarded as inappropriate near the boards. 5sports management may suspend and or ban any player for dangerous actions near the boards.
2.23 When the ball is played into the corners of the pitch, the player who retrieves the ball must be allowed to take the ball out unhindered by the opposition, without delay. A defending player who makes contact with the ball player while he is in the corner will have a direct free kick awarded against him. The ball player will have no more than 5 seconds to bring the ball back into play.
2.24 Serious foul play will be penalised with a spot penalty and the guilty player may face sin bin, send off, suspension or banning. Spot penalties for fouls are at the discretion of the referee.
2.25 Foul play includes the following:unnecessarily rough play (severe body checking, deliberate tripping, bringing down an attacker in a goal scoring situation etc) spitting insulting language / racial vilification / violent conduct / insulting / obscene gestures / repeated infringements.
2.26a All free kicks will be direct except for kickboard height infringements (see 2.17). Opposition players must be at least two metres from where any free kick is taken. Contravention of this rule will result in the kick being taken again from the place where the defending player stood at the time the kick was taken. If a kick is awarded on or near the goal area the mark may be moved up to two metres backwards to allow defenders to be two metres from the ball.
2.26b If, when taking a free kick, a player kicks the ball into his own goal a direct free kick will be awarded to the opposition from the point where the ball was kicked.
2.27 The goalkeeper must maintain a position directly in front of the goal when a spot penalty is being taken. Players may take a maximum of one step whilst taking a penalty. Example: A right footed kicker’s only movement will be either to his left foot before kicking, or kicking with the right foot from a standing posture.
2.28 Penalty shootouts will only be played during the finals or during knockout competitions. Every player on the field at the final whistle must take one kick each, (i.e. 5 shots each team) and if scores are still level sudden death rules apply. Sudden death when a team reaches a goal advantage after an equal amount of shots per team.
2.29 These Rules may be added to or amended at any time.
2.30 The Referee’s decision on all on-field matters is final and no discussions will be entered into either on or off the field with him / her about any decision. Players repeatedly disputing decisions may face yellow or red card action from the referee, and may be subject to suspension and/or ban by 5sports management.
2.31 Teams with any complaint against a match official must address it immediately with 5sports management. The complaint must be put in writing before leaving the centre and signed by the team captain. 5SPORTS management will assess all complaints on its merits.
2.32 In Mixed games, a team may have a maximum of 2 male players in the outfield at any one time.
5sports promotes fun and fair play and as such will not tolerate any antisocial behaviour on the premises. 5sports management will take all steps necessary to ensure that teams participating within competitions comply with this approach.
3.1 Violent conduct on or off the pitch will result in the immediate suspension of the individual and could result in a ban from all 5sports facilities. 5sports management reserves the right to ban a team or individual from further participation in all competitions.
3.2 Referees must be treated with respect by all teams. Players and or teams may be suspended and/or banned by 5sports management for abuse/harassment of referees, on or off the playing field. Swearing at referees will NOT be tolerated and offenders will be issued a red card and suspended for a minimum of one week, at the discretion of the Referee’s Coordinator.
3.3 Excessive appealing for free kicks, aggressive appealing, and repeated arguing over referee decisions will not be tolerated. Team captains may respectfully clarify a ruling with the referee providing it does not disrupt the flow of the game. Other players should keep their communication with the referee minimal and respectful. Referees will issue a yellow or red card to any player who, in the opinion of the referee, breaches this rule.
3.4 Players may be “sin binned” at the referee’s discretion. The duration of the sin bin will be 2 minutes for which a yellow card will be shown. A player may only be sin binned once per game as a second offence involving a yellow card will automatically be followed by a red card and removal from the game.
3.5 A player sent off for a second offence may be suspended for a minimum of one week. In the case of serious foul play, foul or abusive language, a straight red card may be issued and an automatic two week suspension may be served. 5sports management will solely determine suspension and/or ban durations.
3.6 If a player is given a red card whilst off the field of play (for unacceptable conduct on the sideline) the team must correspondingly reduce the number of players on the field.
3.7 Any player issued a red card may be asked to leave the premises by 5sports management. Players must provide their name to the referee at the time of the infringement (this applies to yellow cards as well). A player who refuses to provide his name to the referee (or provides a false name) will be suspended. If a player refuses to provide his name to the referee, the team as a whole is bound by these conditions to provide it to the referee. Failure to do so may see the game abandoned and the competition points awarded to the opposition. 5sports management may enforce a suspension/ban for any duration.
3.8 If a teams’ on field numbers are permanently reduced by two players, or temporarily reduced by two players the game will end. The match will be awarded 5-0 to their opponents and they will be deducted 3 competition points. If the score at the time produces a goal difference greater than 5-0 then that score will stand.
3.9 If a match is abandoned for any reason the team at fault will receive a 5-0 defeat and have 3 competition points deducted unless the opposing team already has a greater advantage in which case the score will stand. If both teams are judged to be at fault the game will be void and no points will be awarded.
3.10 The decision of 5sports management in all matters pertaining to the administration of competitions is final.
3.11 5sports management may overturn a rule if it is perceived that a team is deliberately using an interpretation of the rules to gain an unfair advantage.
3.12 Any notification of further or extended suspensions or bans will be provided to the individual through their supplied email address. It is the players’ responsibility to check their email for notifications if currently serving a suspension.
3.13 Any player suspended or banned from 5sports as a result of breaking any of these rules is not eligible for a refund or credit. | http://www.5sports.com.au/competitions/5-a-side-rules |
I saw in an Olympics table tennis match a Chinese athlete being given a red card. I think she lost the point but I'm not too sure.
So why would would some receive a red/yellow card in table tennis and what are the consequences of receiving one?
Yellow and red cards were first introduced into the game of table tennis in 1991.
Yellow and red cards are shown by umpires and referees to players and coaches who break the rules or misbehave during the course of a match or tournament.
Rule 3.05 covers the area of discipline in table tennis, and it applies to both players and coaches.
The first part of this table tennis rule deals with coaches giving advice to players, Advice is only allowed to be given by a coach during the intervals between games or during other authorised suspensions of play.
So if advice is given at any other time, the umpire will hold up a yellow card and warn the coach that any further offence will result in his dismissal from the playing area. If the coach again gives advice illegally during the same match, the umpire will hold up a red card and send the coach away from the playing area.
If this happens during a team match, and ANY authorised person gives advice to the player after a yellow card has been shown, the umpire will hold up a red card and send him away from the playing area, whether or not he was the person previously warned.
In a team match, the dismissed adviser is not allowed to return, except where he is required to play, and cannot be replaced by another adviser until the team match has ended.
The second part of this table tennis rule deals with misbehaviour by players and coaches.
The rules state that players and coaches must refrain from behaviour which may unfairly affect an opponent, offend spectators or bring the sport into disrepute.
Examples of this are - abusive language, deliberately breaking the ball or hitting it out of the playing area, kicking the table or surrounds and disrespect of match officials.
Yellow cards are designed for less serious offences but if a player or coach commits a serious offence, the umpire must suspend play and report it immediately to the referee.
However, for less serious offences the umpire may, on the first occasion, hold up a yellow card and warn the offender that any further offence is liable to incur penalties.
If the player then commits a second offence in the same individual match or team match, the umpire will award 1 point to the offender's opponent. And for a third offence he will award 2 points, each time holding up a yellow and a red card together.
If a player continues to misbehave after three offences in the same individual match or team match, the umpire will suspend play and report it immediately to the referee.
If the coach continues to misbehave after receiving a yellow card, the umpire will hold up a red card and send the coach away from the playing area.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged rules table-tennis olympics or ask your own question. | https://sports.stackexchange.com/questions/1333/what-do-the-cards-in-table-tennis-mean |
Paper Check - Must be in office before next scheduled game or team will not be allowed to play.
WHY RED LINE STILL SHOWS ON PLAYER AFTER HE HAS SERVED HIS SIT-OUT?
Following needs to be completed.
If, during the current year, a player has accumulated a total of 7 (seven) cards - meaning any combination of red and yellow cards totaling 7 (seven), he shall be immediately suspended pending a hearing with the Classic League A&D Committee and assessed a fine of $100.00 (payable to CCSAI).
If a player receives 3 (three) red cards, he shall be immediately suspended pending a hearing with the Classic League A&D Committee and assessed a fine of $100.00 (payable to CCSAI).
If a coach or assistant coach receives 3 (three) send offs, he shall be immediately suspended pending a hearing with the Classic League A&D Committee. Coaches will be assessed a fine of $100 for each red card (payable to CCSAI).
NOTE: The penalties listed above are minimum penalties and cannot be reduced. These suspensions must be served whether or not the referee turns in his misconduct report in a timely manner or not.
"Be advised that issues of referee abuse and assault are not handled by CCSAI, but rather are sent directly to NTSSA. | https://www.ccsai.org/page/show/878692-appeals-and-discipline-verify-misconduct-cards |
The competition form will be outdoor soccer and will be played on artificial grass. The competition will consist of a maximum of 10 teams with a minimum of 7 players and a maximum of 12.
Official rules of the Federació Catalana de Futbol will apply during the tournament.
The player that receives 2 yellow cards during the same game will be expelled, although she will not be expelled from later matches.
If a player is sanctioned with the red card, she will not be allowed to play in the next game. The player that receives 4 yellow cards throughout the entire competition will be expelled from one match.
The competition will comprise of 2 phases, the first one the teams will be divided into two different pools and will all play against each other. When this is finished, the second phase will consist out of eliminatory games in a unique game. The distribution of the eliminatory phase will be based on the classification obtained from the first phase.
A trophy will be given to the team with the best Fair-play, which means the team that receives the least number of banns. There will also be individual trophies for the least hit keeper and for the player who makes the most goals during the entire tournament.
ADDITIONAL RULES
There is the possibility to register individually, not pertaining any team. In this case the organisation will assign a team to the player.
If a team has less than 5 players to play a game, the game will be cancelled and the team in question will lose the game with a 3-0 result.
A player, registered for a specific team, can at no time during the tournament play for another team.
All players must play throughout the tournament with the same dorsal and it is essential to notify the organisation of any change or amendment to that effect.
IMPORTANT: In case there is an injured player in the days prior to the tournament and you want to substitute her for another player not registered, it is necessary to notify the organization at least 72 hours before the start of the tournament, in order to be able to process the medical insurance. Last minute players without medical insurance will not be accepted.
Where: Campos La Catalana
- Carrer del Dr. Aiguader, 58, 08003 Barcelona
- Metro L4 Barceloneta Map URL
Schedule : Saturday 14 Sep from 10:00 to 18:00
Contact : [email protected]
CONFIRMED: we're organising a 7-a-side football tournament! Registration is now open! Click on the red button on the right and join us!
COMPETITION RULES
The type of competition will be 7-a-side football. Matches are played on artificial turf. Around 12 - 16 teams will take part, depending on how many players are inscribed.
Each team must have at least 7 players and no more than 12.
The competition rules are those established by the International Football Federation (FIFA), except for the OFF-SIDE RULE which is excluded. A player who receives two yellow cards during a game will be sent out, but will not be banned for further games. If a player is shown a direct red card, he's sent out and misses the next match. A player who, during the whole tournament, receives 3 yellow cards, will be banned for one match.
It's not necessary to warn the referee every time a team wants to substitute a player, as long as there are always from 5 to 7 players on the pitch for each team.
The competition consists of 2 rounds: during the first one, the teams are divided in group and play against each other in the group. The first 2 teams of each group (and maybe more, depending on the number of inscribed teams) pass to the second round and are distributed into knockout matches according to the results obtained during the first round.
The length of the matches depends on the number of teams inscribed.
A trophy is awarded to the best player of the tournament, to the maximum scorer and the best goalkeeper.
ADDITIONAL RULES
There will be a maximum of 12 players per team. Players who don't have a team can equally sign-up and will be distributed in the teams with more room.
If a team has less than 5 players to play a game, the game is suspended and that team loses the game by 3-0.
The players can't play for more than one team during the tournament.
Each player must play during the whole tournament with the same number. Any change must be noticed to the organizers.
At the beginning of the tournament, a Discipline Committee is created. It will be formed by the organizers and the captain of each team, as well as people with a recognized experience in LGBT sports. This Committee is in charge to analyse, decide and sanction if necessary whenever there are problems with discipline, ethics, behaviour or any other circumstance that might need to be debated. Any decision taken by the Discipline Committee is final.
Contacts: | https://panteresports.cat/en/sports/soccer |
In research labs around the world, scientists are pursuing studies in a variety of novel fields that promise to open new understandings of human health and disease. Building on and adding to the insights developed by the Human Genome Project, such “omics” fields also represent opportunities for creating advanced diagnostics that will meet the emerging needs of a healthcare sector focused on the pursuit of precision and personalized medicine.
Encouraging study results have also led to renewed interest among investors and strategic acquirers, who seem at last convinced of the collective potential of omics pursuits, both for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. “Moving forward, companies with clinical applications of omics technologies and with mature revenue streams continue to be possible mergers and acquisitions targets,” observed one report. “Firms operating in the next-generation sequencing space, as well as bioinformatics firms developing technologies to analyze and interpret omics data, also remain acquisition targets.”1
In this article, CLP looks at some of the key efforts contributing to the advance of omics research, and how a few notable field researchers and diagnostics companies are approaching the potential to develop diagnostic applications.
GENOMICS
As distinguished from molecular biology and genetics, which emphasize the study of individual genes, “genomics” is focused on analyzing the structure and function of an organism’s genome—the complete DNA sequence that makes up the individual.2
Applied to healthcare, analyzing a person’s DNA sequence can provide a better understanding of their health risks, such as how susceptible a person is to a particular disease or whether the person might have an adverse reaction to a particular medication. Such analyses are expected to bring about both earlier interventions to prevent or delay the onset of disease, and more precise therapies when medical interventions are necessary. By aggregating genomic data across large populations, public health officials can more effectively address health concerns, reducing healthcare costs and improving quality of life.
The field of genomics is currently dominated by academic and other research organizations whose focus is on creating understandings that will support the development of future genome-based therapies. But already, the potential of genomics has captured the attention of healthcare providers and payors, and companies in the field are working to define projects that will lead to early application of discoveries in genomics.
In January of this year, Lockheed Martin, Bethesda, Md, and Illumina Inc, San Diego, announced a strategic alliance to collaborate on scalable and affordable genomics solutions to provide personalized healthcare for national populations. The alliance brings together Illumina’s next-generation sequencing (NGS) tools with Lockheed Martin’s expertise in large-scale information systems and integration to meet the needs of countries as they begin to integrate genomics into their national health systems.3
“Genomics is enabling a fundamental transformation of healthcare,” says Horace Blackman, vice president of health and life sciences for Lockheed Martin’s information systems and global solutions business. “We envision the advantages of early national adoption for countries across the globe, applying clinical decision support applications that can improve health and healthcare, and lower national healthcare costs.”
“Over the past 15 years, scientific understanding of the human genome and its role in disease has exploded, prompting a revolution in healthcare,” says Charles ‘Buck’ Strom, MD, PhD, FAAP, FACMG, HCLD, vice president for genetics and genomics at Quest Diagnostics, Madison, NJ. “Where once patients were cared for all the same, now we can diagnose, treat, and monitor disease for the individual, thanks to insights provided by genomic testing.”
Securing advances in genomics that can be applied to everyday clinical applications requires a commitment to new diagnostic technologies. “Building on our long-standing leadership in genomics, Quest Diagnostics is making significant investments in novel and established technologies to improve analysis of the genome not only to aid the diagnosis of diseases like cancer and neurological disorders but also to improve treatment selection and monitoring,” says Strom. “We are particularly excited about the potential of molecular combing, a proprietary technique Quest offers through an exclusive US license, because it affords the potential to identify large gene rearrangements other methods can miss.”
But for all its promise, says Strom, genomic analysis also has a potential dark side: the potential to yield information that is not definitive or actionable. For this reason, Quest Diagnostics and the French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) have partnered to created BRCA Share, a service that provides access to research findings and clinical test data for BRCA 1 and BRCA 2, two genes implicated in inherited risk for breast, ovarian, and other cancers.
Because of gaps in knowledge about gene variants of unknown significance, says Strom, too many people receive BRCA test results that do not clearly indicate cancer risk. “By sharing highly curated BRCA data, we hope to shed new insights into the role of BRCA genes on cancer risk. In doing so, we expect to have a significant favorable impact on cancer care, not only in the United States but globally.”
Genomic analysis continues to move from research labs to common practice in clinical laboratories in the form of molecular diagnostics, says Barney Saunders, PhD, senior vice president for sales and marketing at NanoString, Seattle. “However, these diagnostics can take different forms. Most of the genomic molecular diagnostic products available to date are based on the analysis of DNA sequences and the identification of actionable sequence variants,” says Saunders, “and very few of these diagnostics go beyond sequence analysis to the gene expression domain.”
NanoString has filled this void, says Saunders, with its nCounter Dx analysis system, which is capable of measuring the level of gene expression based on up to 800 different mRNA targets, simultaneously, from a tiny tissue sample in a single tube. The system can also be targeted at miRNA expression, copy number variations, and gene fusions.
FDA cleared the nCounter Dx analysis system in September 2013, together with NanoString’s Prosigna breast cancer assay. Prosigna enables clinical laboratories to provide prognostic testing for hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2–) early-stage breast cancer patients that previously could only be obtained through a centralized laboratory.
“Based on the PAM50 gene set, Prosigna measures the expression of 50 genes and applies a complex algorithm to assess the risk that the patient’s cancer will recur within 10 years,” says Saunders. “The result is provided to the physician in an easy-to-read report indicating low, intermediate, or high risk and a continuous risk-of-recurrence score (Prosigna score) from zero to 100 that is correlated to the probability of distant recurrence over a 10-year period.”
“NanoString’s nCounter technology is also used in laboratory-developed tests based on an open chemistry called Elements,” says Saunders. “Elements reagents can be used to quantify mRNA copy number variations and gene fusions as part of molecular diagnostic tests developed by individual high-complexity clinical laboratories.”
10X Genomics, Pleasanton, Calif, is seeking to advance the field of genetic sequencing by providing an innovative genomics platform that upgrades the capabilities of existing short-read sequencers. The company’s GemCode platform is a unique molecular barcoding and analysis system that consists of instrumentation, reagents, and software. Using an elegant combination of microfluidics, chemistry, and bioinformatics, the system makes it possible for researchers to identify structural variants, haplotype phasing, and other valuable long-range genomic information, while leveraging existing sequencing workflows.
The GemCode Platform generates a powerful new type of genomic data: linked reads. The platform partitions arbitrarily long DNA molecules (including >100kb) and prepares sequencing libraries in parallel, so that all fragments produced within a partition share a common barcode. A simple workflow combines large partition numbers with a massively diverse barcode library to generate >100,000 barcode-containing partitions, while requiring a sample of only ~1ng of DNA.
“10X Genomics is enabling researchers to routinely access genomic information that was previously difficult or impossible to obtain,” says Serge Saxonov, CEO of 10X Genomics.
LIPIDOMICS
“Alterations in lipid profiles are associated with a variety of metabolic diseases, including obesity, heart disease, and diabetes,” says Jose Castro-Perez, MSc, PhD, director of health sciences business operations at Waters Corp, Milford, Mass. “Lipidomics has become a powerful research tool for investigating the mechanisms of action for different disease modalities.”
In association with human genetics, says Castro-Perez, lipidomics plays a significant role in the discovery of new therapeutic biological targets as well as related biomarkers that represent a disease state and can be utilized to track disease progression and regression. “Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) creates a powerful tool for the identification of these novel lipid biomarkers, enabling researchers to understand their underlying biology and subsequently address unmet medical needs,” he says.
“In particular, quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS) with ion mobility separations (IMS)—as offered by the Waters Synapt G2-Si system—provides unique capabilities for identifying, characterizing, and quantifying low-level lipid species with greater clarity and definition than ever before,” says Castro-Perez. “For clinical research laboratories, such analytical technologies offer a transformative opportunity to replace aging techniques such as immunological, radioactive, fluorometric, and colorimetric assays.”
“Waters is at the forefront of technical innovation, and our goal is to make these LC-MS and IMS technologies more accessible to clinical researchers,” says Castro-Perez. “From lipids to biomarkers with the aim of improving quality of life, LC and MS are the most effective analytical technologies across the health sciences continuum.”
TRANSCRIPTOMICS
Sometimes called “expression profiling,” “transcriptomics” is the study of the transcriptome—the complete set of RNA transcripts that exists in a specified cell population under various conditions. Clinical researchers are studying the transcriptomes of cancer cells to understand the processes that lead to the development of various kinds of cancer. Transcriptomic studies have also been performed to examine the underlying mechanisms of adverse drug reactions, an understanding of which is critical for developing clinical diagnosis and management strategies.4
By sequencing reverse-transcribed complementary DNA fragments (cDNA) from isolated RNA, researchers are able to interrogate the broad range of transcripts differentially expressed across cell states. A variety of approaches are used to achieve broad-scale sequencing of RNA transcripts, and are collectively referred to as “RNA-seq.” Variations on these approaches are aimed at capturing RNA transcripts derived from increasingly minute cellular material, depleting and controlling levels of coding and non-coding RNA, and ensuring strand specificity of sequenced cDNA fragments.
One of the key challenges to designing RNA sequencing experiments is choosing the sample preparation approach that provides the most useful data to answer the biological question. These include
- Isolation and qualification of nucleic acids.
- Automated cDNA synthesis and library preparation.
- Illumina TruSeq RNA.
- NuGen Ovation RNA-seq system V2, separation of pre- and post-PCR processes.
- Quality control checkpoints for RNA quantification, size, and integrity.
- Analysis of sequence data.
EPIGENOMICS
In the field of study known as “epigenomics,” researchers are trying to chart the locations and understand the functions of all the chemical tags that mark the genome.
Until recently, scientists thought that human diseases were caused mainly by changes in DNA sequence, infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses, or environmental agents. Now, however, researchers have demonstrated that changes in the epigenome—the multitude of chemical compounds that can tell the genome what to do—can also cause, or result from, disease. Epigenomics has thus become a vital part of efforts to better understand the human body and to improve human health. Epigenomic maps may someday help doctors to determine an individual’s health status and tailor a patient’s response to therapies.
The epigenome is made up of chemical compounds and proteins that can attach to DNA and direct such actions as turning genes on or off, controlling the production of proteins in particular cells. When epigenomic compounds attach to DNA and modify its function, they are said to have “marked” the genome. These marks do not change the sequence of the DNA. Rather, they change the way cells use the DNA’s instructions. The marks are sometimes passed on from cell to cell as cells divide. They can also be passed down from one generation to the next.5
As part of the encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE) project—which aims to catalog the working parts of the genome—the National Human Genome Research Institute is funding researchers to make epigenomic maps of various cell types. Other investigators supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have developed a number of epigenomic maps from several human organs and tissues. These NIH projects are part of an international effort to understand how epigenomics could lead to better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease.
For Epigenomics AG, a molecular diagnostics company based in Berlin, Germany, the key epigenomic activity of interest is DNA methylation, which influences the correct expression of many genes and gene sequences. Based on the understanding that “every cell type has a unique DNA methylation fingerprint that changes during normal biological processes and many diseases—in particular cancer”—the company is developing and commercializing a pipeline of proprietary products for the screening and diagnosis of cancer.
Its products enable doctors to diagnose cancer earlier and more accurately, leading to improved outcomes for patients. Its lead product, Epi proColon, is a blood-based test for the early detection of colorectal cancer, which is currently marketed in Europe and is in development for the United States.
METABOLOMICS
“Metabolomics” aims to compare the relative differences between biological samples based on their metabolite profiles. It can provide an instantaneous snapshot of the entire physiology of an organism. Because of the diverse requirements of the systems studied, the chemical diversity of metabolites, and their wide variation in abundance, metabolomics research usually requires multiple techniques.6
Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif, says researchers are using metabolomics approaches to study issues in a wide range of areas, including disease research, toxicology, environmental analysis, agriculture, biofuel development, and nutrition. Metabolomics results can also be combined with gene expression or proteomics studies to provide a richer and more comprehensive understanding of the biology. Agilent metabolomics solutions are designed to address two major approaches:
- Discovery metabolomics involves acquisition of data in an untargeted mode, in which all metabolites are detected to determine those that are significantly different between experimental and control conditions. Agilent has developed sophisticated tools for untargeted or “targeted” data mining, and these metabolites are annotated and identified using Agilent’s custom metabolite databases and spectral libraries. The identified metabolites are then mapped onto biological pathways.7
- Quantitative metabolomics is hypothesis driven. It may be used to confirm results from a previous discovery-based metabolomic profiling experiment or based on results from a genomics and/or proteomics study. Typically a large number of samples is needed to validate a few targets and has the advantage of absolute quantitation using analytical standards.8
PROTEOMICS
“Proteomics” is the systematic study of proteins on a large scale, with particular emphasis on their functions and structures. Proteomics has the potential to answer key questions not addressed by genomics studies, because proteins are the functional units of cells. Proteomics research is enhanced by both protein and DNA sequence databases, advances in mass spectrometry, and the development of computer algorithms for database searching. The most common application of proteomics is the analysis of target proteins.
Personalized medicines are developed according to the genetic make-up of an individual, and today are extensively used for treatment of diabetes and cancer. An increase in demand for personalized medicines is one of the major contributors to the growth of the market for proteomics goods and services. Analysts expect that the global market in proteomics will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 8.39% over the period from 2014 to 2019.9
New England Peptide Inc (NEP), Gardner, Mass, is a producer of mass spectrometry peptide standards for biomarker discovery, and offers a new product line called Tryptides, or isotope-labeled tryptic peptide fragments. Launched in cooperation with investigators from the clinical proteomic tumor analysis consortium (CPTAC) and others, the product line spans over 1000 proteins of interest.10
Many of these peptides have been characterized by CPTAC investigators as part of the consortium’s assay development working group.11 “The mission of the working group is to disseminate highly characterized, targeted proteomic assays to the community to standardize protein measurements and harmonize results across the community,” says Amanda Paulovich, MD, PhD, associate professor of oncology at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and chair of the CPTAC working group. “Indeed, we have developed the assay portal to accomplish this goal. We are excited to work with NEP to provide the community with access to high quality, affordable peptide standards, the availability of which is critical to our mission.”
“We have been honored to work with investigators in the CPTAC assay group in a wide array of projects,” says Sam Massoni, CEO of NEP. “The consortium is well respected, very collaborative, and involves many of the thought leaders in the mass spectrometry field. Offering some of their designed peptide standards, along with those developed at NEP and with other investigators, is the next logical step, as we believe the key to any good MS assay is having high quality, accurately quantitated peptide standards.”
CONCLUSION
These are still early days for the development of diagnostic technologies based on omics research. In coming years, developers will be challenged to produce results that are both early enough and accurate enough to demonstrate the clinical utility of such tests. Such demonstrations will be needed to achieve adoption of the tests by healthcare providers and reimbursement coverage of the tests by third-party payors.
The future market for omics diagnostics will no doubt be global in scope, increasing the need for harmonized protocols and standardized metrics across laboratories and methodologies. The ability of labs to provide reproducible results on standard equipment, using techniques with little protocol variation, will also be important.
Gary Tufel is a contributing writer for CLP. For more information contact CLP chief editor Steve Halasey via [email protected].
REFERENCES
- Sharp uptick in M&A in omics life science tools/MDx space seen in first half of 2015. GenomeWeb. June 26, 2015.
- National Human Genome Research Institute. [Home page.] Bethesda, Md: NHGRI, 2015. Available at: www.genome.gov. Accessed June 16, 2015.
- Lockheed Martin and Illumina to collaborate on developing genomics solutions to improve public health and wellness. [Press release.] Rockville, Md: Lockheed Martin, 2015. Available at: www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2015/january/isgs-genomics-illumina-strategic-partnership-011215.html. Accessed July 5, 2015.
- Cui Y, Paules RS. Use of transcriptomics in understanding mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity. Pharmacogenomics. 2010;11(4):573–585; doi: 10.2217/pgs.10.37.
- Epigenomics. [Fact sheet online.] Bethesda, Md: National Human Genome Research Institute, 2015. Available at: www.genome.gov/27532724. Accessed July 3, 2015.
- Metabolomics. [online briefing.] Santa Clara, Calif: Agilent Technologies, 2015. Available at http://metabolomics.chem.agilent.com. Accessed June 29, 2015.
- Discovery metabolomics. [online briefing.] Santa Clara, Calif: Agilent Technologies, 2015. Available at: http://metabolomics.chem.agilent.com/Practical-Guide-to-Metabolomics/Discovery-Metabolomics. Accessed June 29, 2015.
- Quantitative metabolomics. [online briefing.] Santa Clara, Calif: Agilent Technologies, 2015. Available at: http://metabolomics.chem.agilent.com/Practical-Guide-to-Metabolomics/123341-Quantitative-Metabolomics. Accessed June 29, 2015.
- Global Proteomics Market, 2015–2019. London: Technavio, 2015.
- Clinical proteomic tumor analysis consortium. [Program description online.] Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute, 2015. Available at: http://proteomics.cancer.gov/programs/cptacnetwork. Accessed July 5, 2015.
- Office of cancer clinical proteomics research, assay portal. [Online.] Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute, 2015. Available at https://assays.cancer.gov. Accessed July 5, 2015. | https://clpmag.com/resource-center/research/omics-cutting-edge-research-meets-clinical-lab/ |
The team of data scientists at CCV provide support for Brown researchers who would like help with statistical modeling, machine learning, and writing scientific software. The breath of methods with which we have expertise is broad—spanning anything from frequentist or Bayesian statistical inference to modern machine learning methods such as deep learning and reinforcement learning.
Software Engineering
CCV’s research software engineers work with researchers to develop scientific software that is essential to conduct their research. This includes, for example, the development of tools and libraries for working with data, building workflows and infrastructure, and web application development. Our team of research software engineers also work with researchers to help take existing software and optimize it for performance and efficiency.
Expertise, Reproducible Research, and Collaborations
We have expertise in
C,
C++,
CUDA,
Fortran,
Julia,
Matlab,
OpenCL,
Python,
R, and
SQL. To achieve best practices in reproducible research, we use state-of-the-art technologies like Docker, Git and GitHub, Travis CI, Conda, among others.
Our data scientists and research software engineers can work with researchers on a short-term basis or on a more long-term basis—and anywhere in between. We have existing long-term collaborations with several groups on campus, including the Computational Biology Core, part of the Brown’s COBRE Center for Computational Biology of Human Disease, and several of Brown’s administrative offices.
We also have long-running collaborations with researchers in Neuroscience, Sociology, Engineering, Epidemiology, and the Department of Earth, Environment, and Planetary Sciences.
Our Teams
Computational Biology Core
Lead: Ashok Ragavendran
The COBRE-CBHD Computational Biology Core (CBC) integrates across multiple research focused Centers supporting data-intensive research using high-throughput DNA/RNA sequencing datasets. CBC provides help for experimental design and data processing pipelines for high-throughput datasets generated in individual projects, particularly for DNA/RNA sequencing data.
Data & Visualization
Lead: Isabel Restrepo
We partner with Brown’s researchers and academic community to bring modern software engineering, visualization, and data science practices to their work. We are software engineers and data scientists with expertise in a broad range of fields, including: visualization techniques, computer vision, computer graphics, web technologies, data management, and data science. We can program in almost any language, and enjoy learning new technologies, documenting, striving for best practices, and especially brewing coffee. Additionally, our group is responsible for supporting and developing applications for the YURT, Brown’s state of the art virtual reality theater.
High-Performance Computing
Lead: Helen Kershaw
Our software engineers help researchers to get the most out of high-performance computing (HPC) resources. To achieve this, we partner with users to design, debug, and optimize their code to run in an HPC environment. We also collaborate with new and non-traditional HPC users to help them to scale up and accelerate their science.
Institutional Data Group
Lead: Andras Zsom
We collaborate and support academic administrators to make better data-driven decisions, and we also collaborate with faculty members on data-intensive projects. We perform exploratory data analysis to better understand datasets, prepare visualizations and dashboards, perform classical statistical analyses, and develop machine learning models.
Outreach
In addition to directly working with researchers, our group also works to to advance best practices in software engineering and promote robust and reproducible research across the university. To that end, we frequently hold workshops that aim to disseminate the current state-of-the-art tools and best practices for data analysis that is both sound and reproducible. | https://ccv.brown.edu/services/consulting/advanced-research-computing/ |
EnergyVille is a collaboration between the Belgian research partners KU Leuven, VITO, imec and UHasselt in the fields of sustainable energy and intelligent energy systems.
For EnergyVille, VITO is looking for a driven Azure Software Architect/Developer to strengthen the research group Algorithms, Models, and Optimization (AMO). Our researchers and developers focus on discovering, leveraging, and valorizing flexibility in energy supply and demand as a key to increasing the use of renewable energy sources. They develop and implement advanced, data- and model-driven control algorithms and software systems for energy devices, energy management systems, and energy markets. More information: www.energyville.be
Interest to contribute? Read on!
- You work in a team of researchers advancing mathematical, model based, decentralized, and/or data driven techniques that enable a higher share of renewables and developing novel solutions for the practical challenges within the energy infrastructure. You contribute actively to the team with your software development and software architecture expertise and overall resourcefulness.
- You interface with researchers in the domains of electrical grids, electrical storage, thermal energy systems, energy markets, e-mobility, etc., and provide performant and practical solutions for their challenges.
- You interact with internal and external software development partners, and from your expertise are capable of challenging and negotiating the proposed solutions.
- You, together with your colleagues, coach and assist researchers in the definition of software requirements, software processes and work out solutions that comply with their needs.
- You translate requirements into a good software architecture, taking into account scalability, security, stability, flexibility, and cost.
- You explain, advice on and defend the defined solutions as well as long term strategies to team and project leaders, advisory board members, and upper management.
You aid in the development of PaaS and/or on-premise solutions together with software developers and infrastructure engineers.
- You interact with software architects and developers of other VITO departments to find synergies and possible joint efforts.
- In time you may take on a technical coordinating role.
Qualification
- You hold a Master’s degree in computer science or data science, electrical engineering, applied mathematics, or a relevant similar education; or a Bachelor’s degree in combination with 5- 10 years work experience in professional software development and a minimum of 2 years in (Azure) software architecture.
- Proven experience in setting up and deployment of Azure cloud solutions.
Good knowledge of and experience with the main Azure services and concepts.
- Experience in programming languages Python and C#, as well as a good knowledge and overview of the Python and .NET packages.
- Proficient with team based software development processes (e.g. agile/scrum) and version control/testing/deployment tools (e.g., Git, JIRA, Jenkins, Azure DevOps).
- Knowledge of database design and performance optimization.
- Knowledge of cost structure of cloud services and able to translate this into budget proposals.
- Knowledge on Security by design, data protection, and GDPR aspects
- Microsoft Certifications is an advantage.
- Pragmatic with an eye for detail and quality
- You are prepared to follow Microsoft Certifications trajectories and obtain the necessary certificates.
- You continuously learn and improve your skills in software development, software architecture and IT and are open to learn more on the neighboring energy domains. You actively explore novel technologies and frameworks.
- You work as part of the team as well as independently, you share your expertise and proactively advise on methods and components.
- Open minded, solution-oriented, sense of initiative
- A strong interest in sustainable energy, the energy system, and energy transition related topics is a plus.
- You communicate smoothly with technical and non-technical people in English, both orally and in writing.
- Knowledge of Data science and machine learning is a plus
Offer
- A competitive salary
- A range of benefits including allowances, insurances, adjustable holiday package
- Flexible working hours and workplace
- Innovation is our core asset, therefore it goes without saying that we give our employees the opportunity to undertake additional training and keep up to date in their field of expertise
- The chance to be part of an organisation with an international reputation, known for its advanced technological research and scientific consultancy
- The possibility to actively contribute towards sustainable developments at local, national and global level
Requisition
Location:
Genk
Jobfield:
IT
ID: | https://vito.be/en/jobs/azure-architectsolution-developer |
ACS of India Pvt. Ltd.
The Xerox Research Centre India is seeking individuals with a passion for technology and a desire to participate in the research and development of cutting-edge next-generation software solutions in the broad area of Distributed Systems. The individual will have strong software development expertise and will be a part of a team comprising of world-class researchers focused on top-notch research and technology development. The successful candidate will be required to participate in the design and development of research prototypes and incubation of innovative solutions, while leveraging the latest tools and technologies.
Applicants should have a strong background in the broad area of Distributed Systems with deep expertise in one or more of Cloud Computing, Web/Mobile Application development, and large-scale Software Systems. The successful candidate will apply the highest level of technical competence, analytical, and problem solving abilities in support of original and creative scientific projects of significant business impact. He/she will maintain an in-depth knowledge of the latest tools and technologies and keep abreast of software trends.
The Xerox Research Centre India is a young and growing research organization. Inaugurated in March 2010 the centre�s mission is to capture innovation opportunities for Xerox in the emerging markets and to advance Xerox�s position as the leading global provider of document and business process services by leveraging the rich talent and technical expertise in India. This center joins an elite group of four world renowned research labs in the United States, Canada, and Europe that together form the Xerox Innovation Group. Members of our center work on cutting-edge technologies including cloud computing, human computation and business analytics while leveraging Xerox�s established expertise in imaging, document management and ethnography to address locally relevant and globally challenging problems. They collaborate closely with their peers in the Xerox labs in the US and Europe, and co-innovate with experts from leading academic institutions, research labs and partner organizations in India.
- A masters or PhD (with relevant experience) in Computer Science, Information Systems, Information Technology or related disciplines with sound technical expertise.
- Demonstrated ability of rapid prototyping and testing of novel solutions using agile methodologies and tools.
- Expert level knowledge of at least one of the following programing languages: Java, C#, C/C++, Perl.
- Strong expertise in applying computer science fundamentals related to database systems, data structures and algorithms, operating systems, object-oriented analysis and design, and principles of distributed systems. | http://www.alljobs4u.com/job-Research-Engineer-in-Xerox-Company-in-Bangalore/684a6966 |
Roche and Stratos Genomics entered into a research collaboration to further development of a method applied to single molecule sequencing of DNA fragments using protein nanopores.
Stratos has pioneered a Sequencing By Expansion™ (SBX) method, which is a single molecule detection process that converts DNA into a larger surrogate molecule called an Xpandomer™. These Xpandomer molecules, 10–100 times longer than the original DNA, pass through a nanopore which has a detector to read out the signal. A polymerase can be used to synthesize the Xpandomers from a DNA template by incorporating customized expandable nucleotides and increasing the surrogate molecule through a rapid chemical reaction, according to the company.
During the collaboration, a research team at Roche will work with Stratos scientists to support the development of efficient, low-cost sample preparation methods for DNA Xpandomers and also improve sequencing performance, by leveraging Roche’s expertise in protein design, polymerase mutagenesis, modified nucleotide chemistries, and rare reagent manufacturing.
“The recent advancements of the SBX method for detection of single molecule reads using protein nanopore detectors further demonstrates the possibility of using single molecule platforms for whole-
2/3 genome sequencing,” said Dan Zabrowski, head of the Roche Sequencing Unit. | https://www.genengnews.com/news/roche-stratos-partner-on-development-of-sequencing-method/ |
Harvard Pilgrim Health Care is currently seeking highly motivated individual to join our organization as Research Fellow. The Research Fellow will perform and manage research projects from their initial development through publication of findings in medical journals.
The Research Fellow will perform research under the guidance of Marie-France Hivert, MD, MPH, an Associate Professor in the Department of Population Medicine (DPM) at Harvard Medical School and the Diabetes Unit at Massachusetts General Hospital. They will conduct analyses, prepare tables/figures for manuscripts, and lead manuscript writing. Research will be in the area of genomics and transcriptomics of glycemic regulation during pregnancy such as gestational diabetes, and other pregnancy-related metabolic disorders using a rich dataset from the prospective mother-child cohort Gen3G. Our current investigations focus on how placenta mRNA and microRNA contribute to maternal glycemic regulation during pregnancy, leveraging sequencing data available in Gen3G. Other projects may be available based on the interests of the Fellow and successful completion of primary analyses.
Job Description
- Design analytic plans, including creating detailed analysis plans, time-lines, meeting with faculty and staff collaborators, and planning for technical and data support.
- Provide epidemiological and biostatistical expertise for research projects, including leading analytical protocols, conducting data analysis, managing database design and development and writing reports.
- Prepare manuscripts detailing research findings and submit findings to peer-reviewed medical journals and present research findings to department faculty and staff and at external scientific conferences.
- Perform out-of-the-box thinking, collaborate with others, and make a difference every day!
- Other duties and projects as assigned.
Requirements
- Doctoral degree, such as an MD, PharmD, or PhD.
- Introductory knowledge of scientific research methods and biostatistics.
- Ability to learn techniques for analyzing complex data.
- Sound knowledge of computer systems, including word processing and spreadsheet software
- Resilient, collaborative, flexible, innovative. | https://app.joinhandshake.com/jobs/5467554/share_preview |
Two members of Brown University’s Department of Computer Science (Brown CS), Professors Michael Littman and Ben Raphael (also Director of the Center for Computational Molecular Biology) have received Seed Awards from Brown University’s Office of the Vice President for Research (OVPR) to help them compete more successfully for large-scale, interdisciplinary, multi-investigator grants. They join multiple previous Brown CS recipients of OVPR Seed Awards, including (most recently) Ugur Cetintemel, Sorin Istrail, Chad Jenkins, and Tim Kraska.
Michael and Ben describe their projects in brief as follows:
Exploring Innovative Delivery Methods for Brief Alcohol Interventions: The Electronic Mobile Alcohol Interventionist (EMAI)
We seek to prototype and evaluate an Electronic Mobile Alcohol Interventionist (EMAI), a robotic system that interacts with college students and helps them consider decreasing unhealthy drinking behaviors. The work is motivated by existing studies that show that robotic systems engender greater compliance than their on-screen counterparts and, at the same time, greater cost-effectiveness than therapies that require face-to-face interactions with trained experts. As a pilot study, we hope to replicate these results in an important concrete therapeutic context, specifically alcohol intervention. If successful, the project will open up opportunities for the team to seek grants at the boundary between the behavioral sciences and robotics, where novel behavioral therapies are joined with powerful new autonomous decision making algorithms to help improve health in a cost-effective manner.
PI: Michael Littman, Professor, Computer Science
Co-PI: Christopher Kahler, Professor, Behavioral and Social Sciences
Funded: $60,000
Assembling Complete Genomes Through Early Access to Nanopore DNA Sequencing
Despite the declining cost and increasing volume of highthroughput gene sequencing, it is still difficult and expensive to sequence and assemble genomes. Recently, we won competitive access to the initial release of a new nanopore sequencing technology (MinION) that has the promise to cost-effectively read ultralong DNA fragments. These longer fragments are critical to successfully assembling complete genomes from scratch, and individual reads could potentially capture entire chromosomes. Leveraging this early access, we will research both the DNA preparation methods and data analysis methods needed to realize this promise, with immediate applications to our existing genomics projects. This interdisciplinary research will draw on expertise in biochemistry, computation, and statistics to tackle three key challenges: preserving ultralong DNA sequences so that they can be sequenced in their entirety by nanopore devices; characterizing the signal space of the nanopore device and developing statistical methods that align and assemble these signals; and testing hybrid assembly methods that combine nanopore sequence data with other highthroughput sequence data to assemble larger metazoan genomes.
The preliminary methods and data generated by this work will enable new proposals for external funding in our groups and respective departments and strengthen pending proposals. The new computational methods developed here could result in a patent for Brown. Moreover, this work will establish a new DNA sequencing resource at Brown that will complement the existing Genomics Core Facility, can be shared by other labs with similar genomics projects, and will lead to further collaborations and funding opportunities. | https://cs.brown.edu/news/2015/04/28/michael-littman-and-ben-raphael-win-ovpr-seed-awards/ |
SAN DIEGO, Oct. 27, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Human Longevity, Inc. (HLI), the genomics-based, technology-driven company, announced today that its researchers along with those from the J. Craig Venter Institute and the University of California, San Diego, have published a paper in the journal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), outlining the confusing and conflicting microbiome results generated by a variety of next generation sequencing technology. They also outline recommendations for new research community standards in the microbiome research field given these differences. The paper is being published this week in the early online edition of PNAS.
The microbiome is the collection of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. The field is rapidly growing as more knowledge is discovered about how these microbes contribute to health and disease.
In this study, the research team led by Marcus Jones, Ph.D., HLI/JCVI, compared whole-genome sequencing data from complete microbial communities using four different library preparation protocols. Two of these methods required polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is used to amplify nucleic acid fragments in the library prior to sequencing. The authors compared the methods using a synthetic mock community, which was composed of a mixture of 20 microbial genomic DNAs, as well as human stool samples taken at four different time points from a 22-year-old healthy female who was treated with an antibiotic for one week.
The two methods that did not require PCR resulted in lower error rates and higher-quality reads for the mock community compared with the PCR-based methods. Moreover, the four different libraries showed significant variation in the relative abundance of microbial members of the mock community and the stool samples.
According to Dr. Jones, "The findings from this study highlight the urgent need for consistency across next generation sequencing protocols to improve the interpretation of microbiome data in studies of human health and disease. Given our vast collective experience in metagenomics sequencing and analysis we recommend community standardization based on sample type and material abundance along with the inclusions of cell spike-in for DNA extraction controls."
"We have long been observing the inconsistencies and inaccuracies in microbiome studies in the public domain and set out to both quantify these and to make recommendations based on our experiences. The microbiome is increasingly being used as an important component in healthcare by researchers and companies worldwide, including at HLI which offers complete microbiome sequencing as part of the company's Health Nucleus comprehensive health service, thus we need standards to ensure that individuals are getting the most accurate and reliable information available," said J. Craig Venter, Ph.D., Co-founder and CEO, HLI.
About Human Longevity, Inc. (HLI)
HLI is the genomics-based, technology-driven company creating the world's largest and most comprehensive database of whole genome, phenotype and clinical data. HLI is developing and applying large scale computing and machine learning to make novel discoveries to revolutionize the practice of medicine. A privately held company headquartered in San Diego, CA, HLI was founded in 2013 by pioneers in the fields of genomics and stem cell therapy. HLI will be licensing access to its database, and developing new diagnostics and therapeutics as part of their product offerings. In October 2015, HLI launched the first Health Nucleus™, a genomic powered clinical research project that has the potential to transform healthcare. The Health Nucleus platform uses whole genome sequence analysis, advanced clinical imaging and innovative machine learning – combined with a comprehensive curation of personal health history – to deliver the most complete picture of individual health. For more information, please visit http://www.humanlongevity.com.
Logo - http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20140304/LA76169LOGO
SOURCE Human Longevity, Inc. | https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/human-longevity-inc-and-venter-institute-scientists-publish-paper-demonstrating-inconsistency-in-microbiome-studies-due-to-variable-approaches-to-dna-sequencing-and-data-analysis-300167186.html |
What is ORG.one?
ORG.one is a project designed to support equitable, faster, and more localised sequencing of critically endangered species. It enables biologists to rapidly study those species close to the sample’s origin, using the latest sequencing approaches. For the project to have the greatest impact, the data generated will be uploaded to an open-access database, to ensure everyone, anywhere can use it to improve and guide their conservation efforts.
Existing projects to sequence endangered species have made good progress, however they can be limited by complex workflows and the requirement to send samples to centralised, often overseas, locations for sequencing.
With its partners, ORG.one is focusing on delivering and demonstrating the impactful benefits of genomics for the conservation of Critically Endangered Organisms. ORG.one aims to develop an open database of the most comprehensive high quality de novo draft assemblies of genomes to support the conservation of as many species on the IUCN Red list as possible.
How it works
The first step is to register your interest. Accepted participants of the program will receive free-of-charge consumables and support, to enable them to sequence species from the IUCN Red List, with the latest Oxford Nanopore tools and methods. Sequencing should be conducted within the species’ country of origin, wherever possible, and the data generated uploaded to the EMBL-EBI ENA open public database within 6 weeks. Researchers must be responsible for any local legal and ethical permits to generate the data and to share or export it. Finally, we stipulate that no animals are harmed or killed for their DNA.
Who can take part?
ORG.one is open to anyone. The project encourages participants of all levels of resources and expertise to join.
Often those with access to samples of Critically Endangered Species do not have the access, capacity, or required knowledge to sequence them. Those with sequencing capacity may not have the bioinformatic expertise to use their sequencing data to generate a high-quality reference genome. Finally, even if a high-quality reference genome is available, many conservationists are not aware of the potential benefits it can bring to help protect their species of interest.
ORG.one aims to help by developing an active and distributed community of conservationists, scientists, bioinformaticians, and other stakeholders to support the generation and communication of open data for conservation genomics, as well as ensuring local community involvement so those communities can leverage the research to their own advantage.
How does conservation genomics help?
The best way to understand an organism is by assembling a high-quality reference genome by sequencing its DNA. With a reference genome, conservationists can better understand the organism’s risk to certain diseases, the local population size, and demographics.
Why is research at source so important?
Conservation biology is dependent on community support and local participation. Without it, efforts to protect critically endangered species have little or no impact.
If local communities are engaged from the beginning, they can share their wealth of local knowledge as well as have open conversations about their needs and values. Open dialog can help to ensure that the community’s needs are met whilst also discussing with the community the possible benefits, opportunities, and skills (such as ecotourism or learning bioinformatics) that could arise from being involved in conservation. In the long term, communities that have invested in conservation and are seeing the benefits come to fruition are much less likely to revert to practices that negatively impact local conservation efforts.
This is why, where possible, ORG.one aims to perform the sequencing in situ and encourages participants from all levels of resources to contribute.
Case studies
Check out several success stories already part of ORG.one.
Researchers: Gunnaporn Suriyaphol
Location: Thailand
Researchers: Gabriela Pozo Andrade
Location: Ecuador
Researchers: Sapphire McMullan-Fisher & Michael Amor
Location: Australia
Our partners
ORG.one was set up by Oxford Nanopore Technologies, the maker of scalable, real-time DNA/RNA sequencing devices. We also have a number of partners across the globe who are helping us to support the rapid sequencing of critically endangered species, anywhere, by anyone. | https://org.one/oo |
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies are profoundly impacting many domains of biomedical research, ranging from basic biology to translational research and now to personalized medicine. This will increase our understanding of disease etiology leading to improved prevention, diagnosis and treatments. It will lead to major discoveries of novel drug targets.
NGS raises huge challenges in bioinformatics. The particular nature of the data and the complexity and variety of problems addressed calls for new statistical and machine learning approaches, while the scale of data produced by NGS experiments (Terabytes) calls for computationally extremely efficient procedures. As a result, bioinformatics is increasingly the bottleneck in biomedical and industrial applications of NGS. Both life science research and health activities urgently need efficient tools for making the promises of NGS a reality.
ABS4NGS provides innovative bioinformatics solutions for NGS users including academic and private companies. We identified a series of questions, including genome resequencing, RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq, Methyl-Seq, High-Throughput Chromosome Conformation Capture (HT-C like 5C, HiC) and Ori-Seq, for which new bioinformatics methods are needed. We also recently added single-cell data analysis and visualisation, which have benefited from rapid developments of NGS sequencing and single cell sorting recently.
ABS4NGS is an original academic-industry multidisciplinary consortium of mathematicians, algorithmicians, bioinformaticians, informaticians, biologists and software developers, who are at the forefront of research in their field and collectively cover all aspects of NGS analysis. For our developments to be sharp and for our methods to meet a broad audience of biologists, our project is focused on accurate biological questions that drive the methodological developments, including the reconstruction of germline and tumor genomes from a series of patients, the study of their transcriptome, the joint study of chromosome conformation, small RNA expression, mono-allelic expression and histone modifications and their inter-relationships during development in mouse stem cells, the investigation of expression control by DNA methylation and small RNA, and the study of replication origins in human and chicken. Technoogical transfer is ensured through usual open distribution for academic tools, and through the participation of a software development SME (Genostar) specialized in bioinformatics solutions and services.
Below we list a series of remarkable outputs of the ABS4NGS partnership.
Series of novel and state-of-the-art algorithms for read mapping and variant calling.
We published an in-depth analysis of the ERBB2 amplification mechanism in HER2-positive breast cancers based on SNVs, CNVs and SVs variant analysis.
Series of novel and state-of-the-art algorithms for change-point detection, allowing to re-analyze transcription boundaries.
New algorithms and statistical assessment techniques for the identification, the quantification and the differential analysis of isoforms based on RNAseq.
Variant application is routinely used by Fondation Mérieux. Hundreds of M. tuberculosis genomes have indeed been analyzed and their annotations stored in the database together with the associated metadata.
Genome: A series of novel methodologies have been developed to compare the performance of various read mapping tools (RNFtools). We introduced a novel flexible approach to NGS read mapping, called dynamic mapping, further compared different strategies of dynamic mapping and proposed implementation solutions for each of them (DyMas and Ococo). We obtained a major improvement in compact representation of de Bruijn graphs for genome assembly (used in Minia assembler).
We produced an in-depth analysis of the ERBB2 amplification process in HER2-positive breast cancers that was further published in Nature Communications. Although the sequencing part of this later work was founded through INCa participation to ICGC program, the contribution of the ABS4NGS consortium improved substantially the level of quality.
Transcriptome: A series of novel methodologies have been developed to investigate the transcriptional landscape. For the most typical tasks, such as differential transcriptomic analysis, we took advantage of the expertise of the consortium in latent variable models to propose state-of-the-art differential analysis tools.
The expertise of the consortium in change-point detection techniques (both on the algorithmic and the statistical sides) also enabled us to provide a series of modern and cutting-edge algorithms and statistical analyses. This expertise also has a great impact on WP3 for the analysis of HiC data.
As for alternative splicing, ABS4NGS combined its bioinformatics, optimization and statistical forces to provide a collection of database, algorithms and statistical assessments for the detection and the functional analysis of alternative splicing events.
Finally, the emergence of single cell data provided us with opportunity to develop new tools for multivariate analysis of count data, as a new task for the project. An informal working group has been build by several partners of the consortium to further collaborate on this topic, which is critical for other sequencing-based analyses such as metagenomics.
Epigenome: We developed many methodologies to investigate different aspects of gene expression regulation, like chromosome conformation, DNA methylation, histone positioning and small RNAs. We produced computer software like HiTC/HiCPro/HiCSeq/PASTIS packages for conformation data analysis (published in Bioinformatics, NAR, Genome Research, Genome Biology), the Nebula softwares to analyze ChIPSeq data (Bioinformatics). We also developed new statistical methodologies, like 2D segmentation for conformation data (Bioinformatics, Machine Learning and Data Mining in Pattern Recognition), or the functional statistical model to describe reads enrichments along the genome (Journal of Machine Learning Research). Most importantly, this WP gave high impact biological results, like the fine-mapping of replication origins of the human genome (PloS Genetics), the reconstruction of the 3D structure of some genomes, like the genome of P. Falciparum (Genome Research, NAR, Bioinformatics), and the characterization of the developmental dynamics and disease potential of random monoallelic gene expression (Dev Cell). Finally, the ABS4NGS project has constituted the starting point for the creation of the “High Dimensional Statistics for Genomics” in Lyon, headed by F. Picard, who was the WP3 task manager, and during the project, V. Boeva (Institut Curie) also created her group at the Institut Cochin Computational (Epi)-genetics of Cancer.
Software product: The work that has been carried out in the WP4 has validated a generic, versatile and expandable software architecture for bioinformatics applications. The access to the application through a web browser (i.e. as SaaS) has been confirmed as an excellent solution both for the users and for the application provider. In this context, hosting the data and the computing resources on the cloud appeared efficient and flexible. A typical example of a software component of such applications has also been developed, together with its user interface. | https://anr.fr/ProjetIA-11-BINF-0001 |
We are seeking a talented post-doctoral bioinformatics scientist with experience in data management, analysis and interpretation of ‘omics data from mammalian and bacterial sources. This scientist will be part of a multi-disciplinary team working with diverse models and biological systems for target discovery, validation and product development. The successful candidate must have the ability to work in a matrixed team environment and have the ability to communicate complex data to non-bioinformatics experts. Experience working in a high-performance computing environment and managing all types of large, complex biological data is essential.
POSITION REQUIREMENTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
- Expertise in analyzing large datasets generated from DNA, RNA and protein sequences. Specifically, experience with next generation sequence assembly of DNA and RNA, mapping and analysis software, genotyping algorithms and variant detection, CNV analysis, systems biology and pathway analysis.
- Maintain up-to-date developments in algorithms for analysis of next-generation sequencing and applications of sequencing or collection of big data into health solutions
- Ability to conduct hypothesis-based research in partnership with a principal investigator at Zoetis and/or in collaboration with academia.
- Experience with systems biology approaches to elucidate complex physiological processes leading to health outcomes in animals
- Critical thinking and excellent communication and presentation skills are essential
- Experience with high density SNP data handling and analysis and genome wide association study knowledge are a plus.
EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE:
- Educational background: PhD (Bioinformatics, Genomics, Animal Genetics, Veterinary Medicine or related field).
- Experience in data management, analysis and interpretation of omics data from mammalian sources. Self-starter, able to prioritize work, and work efficiently with minimal supervision
- Excellent verbal and written communication skills; ability to design, interpret, and present complex scientific data in a team environment is required
- Familiarity with various programming languages and software packages including:
- R, LINUX, Phyton, CLC Genomics Workbench and Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) is desired. | https://animalhealthjobs.com/job/research-development/research-development-director/4313727/post-doctoral-scientist-bioinformatics |
In recent times, researchers have begun to discover the huge assemblage of microbes on and inside the human physique. These embrace protists, archaea, fungi, viruses and huge numbers of micro organism residing in symbiotic ecosystems.
Identified collectively because the human microbiome, these tiny entities affect an astonishing vary of actions, from metabolism to conduct and play a central function in well being and illness. Some 39 trillion non-human microbes flourish on and inside us, in a ceaseless, interdependent bustle. Collectively, they make up over half of the human physique’s cells, although they might possess 500 instances as many genes as are present in human cells. Figuring out and making sense of this microbial mélange has been a central problem for researchers.
In a brand new examine, Qiyun Zhu and his colleagues describe a brand new methodology for probing the microbiome in unprecedented element. The approach supplies larger simplicity and ease of use in contrast with present approaches. Utilizing the brand new approach, the researchers show an improved capacity to pinpoint biologically related traits, together with a topic’s age and intercourse primarily based on microbiome samples.
The modern analysis holds the promise of quickly advancing investigations into the mysteries of the microbiome. With such information, researchers hope to raised perceive how these microbes collectively act to safeguard human well being and the way their dysfunction can result in a broad vary of ailments. In time, medication and different therapies could even be tailored primarily based on a affected person’s microbiomic profile.
Professor Zhu is a researcher within the Biodesign Middle for Elementary and Utilized Microbiology and ASU’s College of Life Sciences. The analysis workforce contains collaborators from the College of California, San Diego, together with co-corresponding writer Rob Knight, Zhu’s former mentor.
The group’s analysis outcomes seem within the present subject of the journal mSystems.
Instruments of the commerce
Two highly effective applied sciences have been used to assist researchers unlock the variety and complexity of the microbiome, by sequencing the microbial DNA current in a pattern. These are often called 16S and metagenomic sequencing. The approach described within the present examine attracts on the strengths of each strategies to create a brand new manner of processing information from the microbiome.
“We borrow a few of the knowledge that developed from 16S RNA sequencing and apply it to metagenomics,” Zhu says. In contrast to different sequencing strategies, together with 16S, metagenomics permits researchers to sequence all of the DNA info current in a microbiome pattern. However the brand new examine reveals that the metagenomic method has room for enchancment. “The way in which individuals presently analyze metagenomic information is restricted, as a result of complete genome information has to first be translated into taxonomy.”
The brand new approach, often called Operational Genomic Items (OGU) does away with the laborious and typically deceptive follow of assigning taxonomic classes like genus and species to the multitude of microbes current in a pattern. As an alternative, the strategy makes use of particular person genomes as the fundamental items for statistical evaluation and easily makes an attempt to align sequences current in a pattern to sequences present in present genomic databases.
By doing this, researchers can get rather more fine-grained decision, which is especially helpful when microbes are current which can be carefully associated in DNA sequence. That is true as a result of most taxonomic classifications are primarily based on sequence similarity. If two sequences differ by lower than a sure threshold, they fall into the identical taxonomic class, nonetheless the OGU method may also help researchers inform them aside.
Additional, the strategy overcomes errors in taxonomy that persist as relics from the pre-sequencing epoch, when totally different species have been outlined by their morphology fairly than from DNA sequence information.
Along with enhancements in decision and ease, OGU may also help researchers analyze information utilizing what are often called phylogenetic bushes. Because the title implies, these are branching constructions that may describe the diploma of relatedness between organisms, primarily based on their sequence similarity. Simply as two distantly associated species like worms and antelope will seem on extra distant branches of a phylogenetic tree, so will extra distantly associated micro organism and different constituents of the microbiome.
Improvements in sequencing
Essentially the most extensively used approach for probing the microbiome, often called 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing or simply 16S, depends on a easy thought. All micro organism have a 16S gene, which is crucial to the equipment micro organism have to provoke protein synthesis. The bacterial 16S gene, measuring 1500 base pairs in size, consists of distinct areas. A few of these areas change little or no between totally different micro organism and over evolutionary timeframes, whereas others are extremely variable.
Researchers realized that the conserved and variable areas of the 16S gene enable it to behave as a molecular clock, protecting monitor of micro organism which can be extra carefully or extra distantly associated, primarily based on their sequence similarity. Thus, the 8 conserved and 9 variable areas of 16S can be utilized to fingerprint micro organism.
To do that, a microbiome pattern is first collected. This could possibly be a fecal pattern, to judge the intestine microbiome, or a pattern from the pores and skin or from the mouth. Every physique website is residence to a special bacterial menagerie.
Subsequent, PCR expertise is used to amplify parts of the 16S gene. By sequencing extremely conserved areas, a broad swath of micro organism might be recognized, whereas sequencing of variable areas helps slender the identification of explicit micro organism.
Though 16S is a reasonable and well-developed methodology, it has limitations. The approach can solely give a normal thought of the sorts of micro organism current, with restricted decision. Usually, 16S is simply correct to the genus stage of identification.
Enter metagenomic sequencing. This system sequences the complete genomes of all microbes current in a microbiome pattern, (not simply micro organism, as with 16S). Metagenomics permits researchers to sequence 1000’s of organisms in parallel, offering correct, species-level decision. The larger decision nonetheless does include prices. Metagenomic information is much richer and extra computationally difficult to investigate than 16S information and dearer in money and time to course of.
A brand new path for metagenomics
The OGU approach streamlines metagenomic sequencing, whereas offering even larger decision. The method classifies microbes in a pattern strictly in accordance with their alignment with a reference database — no taxonomic task required. The method allows researchers to judge the diploma of species variety current in a pattern.
In contrast with 16S and customary metagenomic sequencing, the brand new method is superior in ferreting out biologically related info. Utilizing the traditional Human Microbiome Venture dataset of 210 metagenomes sampled from seven physique websites of female and male human topics, the examine demonstrates higher correlation between physique website and host intercourse.
Subsequent, 6,430 stool samples collected via a random sampling of the Finnish inhabitants have been analyzed, utilizing each 16S and metagenomic sequencing. The samples belong to a big, randomly sampled cohort of the Finnish inhabitants, often called FINRISK. The goal was to foretell the age of sampled people, primarily based on intestine microbial composition. Once more, the OGU methodology outperformed 16S and traditional metagenomic evaluation, offering extra correct predictions.
New analysis drawing on nonetheless bigger datasets will additional improve the decision of the brand new approach and broaden the descriptive energy of taxonomy-independent evaluation. | https://hub-ct.com/new-method-for-probing-the-bewildering-diversity-of-the-microbiome-sciencedaily/ |
Scientists at Bar-llan University in Israel have used advanced experiments on neural cultures and large scale simulations to create a new ultrafast artificial intelligence. The new AI is based on the slow brain dynamics of humans. Those brain dynamics have better learning rates compared to the best learning algorithms that we have today.
Machine learning is actually strongly related and based on the dynamics of our brains. With the speed of modern computers and their large data sets, we have been able to create deep learning algorithms that are similar to human experts in various different fields. However, these learning algorithms have different characteristics than human brains.
The team of scientists at the university published their work in the journal Scientific Reports. They worked to connect neuroscience and advanced artificial intelligence algorithms, a field that has been abandoned for decades.
Professor Ido Kanter of Bar-llan University’s Department of Physics and Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Study, and the leading author of the study, commented on the two fields.
“The current scientific and technological viewpoint is that neurobiology and machine learning are two distinct disciplines that advance independently,” he said. “The absence of expectedly reciprocal influence is puzzling.”
“The number of neurons in a brain is less than the number of bits in a typical disc size of modern personal computers, and the computational speed of the brain is like the second hand on a clock, even slower than the first computer invented over 70 years ago,” he said.
“In addition, the brain’s learning rules are very complicated and remote from the principles of learning steps in current artificial intelligence algorithms.”
Professor Kanter works with a research team including Herut Uzan, Shira Sardi, Amir Goldental, and Roni Vardi.
When it comes to brain dynamics, they deal with asynchronous inputs since physical reality changes and develops. Because of this, there is no synchronization for the nerve cells. This is different with artificial intelligence algorithms since they are based on synchronous inputs. Different inputs within the same frame and their timings are normally ignored.
Professor Kanter went on to explain this dynamic.
“When looking ahead one immediately observes a frame with multiple objects. For instance, while driving one observes cars, pedestrian crossings, and road signs, and can easily identify their temporal ordering and relative positions,” he said. “Biological hardware (learning rules) is designed to deal with asynchronous inputs and refine their relative information.”
One of the points that this study makes is that ultrafast learning rates are about the same whether it’s a small or large network. According to the researchers, “the disadvantage of the complicated brain’s learning scheme is actually an advantage.”
The study also shows that learning is able to take place without learning steps. It can be achieved through self-adaptation based on asynchronous inputs. In the human brain, this type of learning happens in the dendrites, which are short extensions of nerve cells, and different terminals of each neuron. This has been observed before. Previously, it was believed to be unimportant that network dynamics under dendeitic learning are controlled by weak weights.
This new research and findings can mean a lot of different things. These efficient deep learning algorithms and their similarity to the very slow brain’s dynamics can help create a new class of advanced artificial intelligence with fast computers.
The study also pushes for cooperation between the fields of neurobiology and artificial intelligence, which can help both fields advance further. According to the research group, “Insights of fundamental principles of our brain have to be once again at the center of future artificial intelligence.”
Deep Learning
Uber’s Fiber Is A New Distributed AI Model Training Framework
According to VentureBeat, AI researchers at Uber have recently posted a paper to Arxiv outlining a new platform intended to assist in the creation of distributed AI models. The platform is called Fiber, and it can be used to drive both reinforcement learning tasks and population-based learning. Fiber is designed to make large-scale parallel computation more accessible to non-experts, letting them take advantage of the power of distributed AI algorithms and models.
Fiber has recently been made open-source on GitHub, and it’s compatible with Python 3.6 or above, with Kubernetes running on a Linux system and running in a cloud environment. According to the team of researchers, the platform is capable of easily scaling up to hundreds or thousands of individual machines.
The team of researchers from Uber explains that many of the most recent and relevant advances in artificial intelligence have been driven by larger models and more algorithms that are trained using distributed training techniques. However, creating population-based models and reinforcement models remains a difficult task for distributed training schemes, as they frequently have issues with efficiency and flexibility. Fiber makes the distributed system more reliable and flexible by combining cluster management software with dynamic scaling and letting users move their jobs from one machine to a large number of machines seamlessly.
Fiber is made out of three different components: an API, a backend, and a cluster layer. The API layer enables users to create things like queues, managers, and processes. The backend layer of Fiber lets the user create and terminate jobs that are being managed by different clusters, and the cluster layer manages the individual clusters themselves along with their resources, which greatly the number of items that Fiber has to keep tabs on.
Fiber enables jobs to be queued and run remotely on one local machine or many different machines, utilizing the concept of job-backed processes. Fiber also makes use of containers to ensure things like input data and dependent packages are self-contained. The Fiber framework even includes built-in error handling so that if a worker crashes it can be quickly revived. FIber is able to do all of this while interacting with cluster managers, letting Fiber apps run as if they were normal apps running on a given computer cluster.
Experimental results showed that on average Fiber’s response time was a few milliseconds and that it also scaled up better than baseline AI techniques when built with 2,048 processor cores/workers. The length of time required to complete jobs decreased gradually as the set number of workers increased. IPyParallel completed 50 iterations of training in approximately 1400 seconds, while Fiber was able to complete the same 50 iterations of training in approximately 50 seconds with 512 workers available.
The coauthors of the Fiber paper explain that Fiber is able to do achieve multiple goals like dynamically scaling algorithms and using large volumes of computing power:
“[Our work shows] that Fiber achieves many goals, including efficiently leveraging a large amount of heterogeneous computing hardware, dynamically scaling algorithms to improve resource usage efficiency, reducing the engineering burden required to make [reinforcement learning] and population-based algorithms work on computer clusters, and quickly adapting to different computing environments to improve research efficiency. We expect it will further enable progress in solving hard [reinforcement learning] problems with [reinforcement learning] algorithms and population-based methods by making it easier to develop these methods and train them at the scales necessary to truly see them shine.”
Deep Learning
Researchers Develop Computer Algorithm Inspired by Mammalian Olfactory System
Researchers from Cornell University have created a computer algorithm inspired by the mammalian olfactory system. Scientists have long sought out explanations of how mammals learn and identify smells. The new algorithm provides insight into the workings of the brain, and applying it to a computer chip allows it to quickly and reliably learn patterns better than current machine learning models.
Thomas Cleland is a professor of psychology and senior author of the study titled “Rapid Learning and Robust Recall in a Neuromorphic Olfactory Circuit,” published in Nature Machine Intelligence on March 16.
“This is a result of over a decade of studying olfactory bulb circuitry in rodents and trying to figure out essentially how it works, with an eye towards things we know animals can do that our machines can’t,” Cleland said.
“We now know enough to make this work. We’ve built this computational model based on this circuitry, guided heavily by things we know about the biological systems’ connectivity and dynamics,” he continued. “Then we say, if this were so, this would work. And the interesting part is that it does work.”
Intel Computer Chip
Cleland was joined by co-author Nabil Imam, a researcher at Intel, and together they applied the algorithm to an Intel computer chip. The chip is called Loihi, and it is neuromorphic, which means it is inspired by the functions of the brain. The chip has digital circuits that mimic the way in which neurons learn and communicate.
The Loihi chip relies on parallel cores that communicate via discrete spikes, and each one of these spikes has an effect that can change depending on local activity. This requires different strategies for algorithm design than what is used in existing computer chips.
Through the use of neuromorphic computer chips, machines could work a thousand times faster than a computer’s central or graphics processing units at identifying patterns and carrying out certain tasks.
The Loihi research chip can also run certain algorithms while using around a thousand times less power than traditional methods. This is well-suited for the algorithm, which can accept input patterns from various different sensors, learn patterns quickly and sequentially, and identify each of the meaningful patterns even with strong sensory interference. The algorithm is capable of successfully identifying odors, and it can do so when the pattern is an astounding 80% different from the pattern originally learned by the computer.
“The pattern of the signal has been substantially destroyed,” Cleland said, “and yet the system is able to recover it.”
The Mammalian Brain
The brain of a mammal is able to identify and remember smells extremely well, and there can be thousands of olfactory receptors and complex neural networks working to analyze the patterns associated with odors. One of the things that mammals can do better than artificial intelligence systems is retain what they’ve learned, even after there is new knowledge. In deep learning approaches, the network must be presented with everything at once, since new information can affect or even destroy what the system previously learned.
“When you learn something, it permanently differentiates neurons,” Cleland said. “When you learn one odor, the interneurons are trained to respond to particular configurations, so you get that segregation at the level of interneurons. So on the machine side, we just enhance that and draw a firm line.”
Cleland spoke about how the team came up with new experimental approaches.
“When you start studying a biological process that becomes more intricate and complex than you can just simply intuit, you have to discipline your mind with a computer model,” he said. “You can’t fuzz your way through it. And that led us to a number of new experimental approaches and ideas that we wouldn’t have come up with just by eyeballing it.”
Big Data
Human Genome Sequencing and Deep Learning Could Lead to a Coronavirus Vaccine – Opinion
The AI community must collaborate with geneticists, in finding a treatment for those deemed most at risk of coronavirus. A potential treatment could involve removing a person’s cells, editing the DNA and then injecting the cells back in, now hopefully armed with a successful immune response. This is currently being worked on for some other vaccines.
The first step would be sequencing the entire human genome from a sizeable segment of the human population.
Sequencing Human Genomes
Sequencing the first human genome cost $2.7 billion and took nearly 15 years to complete. The current cost of sequencing an entire human has dropped dramatically. As recent as 2015 the cost was $4000, now the cost is less than $1000 per person. This cost could drop a few percentage points more when economies of scale are taken into consideration.
We need to sequence the genome of two different types of patients:
- Infected with Coronavirus; but healthy
- Infected with Coronavirus; but poor immune response
It is impossible to predict which data point will be most valuable, but each sequenced genome would provide a dataset. The more data the more options there are to locate DNA variations which increase a body’s resistance to the disease vector.
Nations are currently losing trillions of dollars to this outbreak, the cost of $1000 a human genome is minor in comparison. A minimum of 1,000 volunteers for both segments of the population would arm researchers with significant volumes of big data. Should the trial increase in size by one order of magnitude, the AI would have even more training data which would increase the odds of success by several orders of magnitude. The more data the better, which is why a target of 10,000 volunteers should be aimed for.
While multiple functionalities of machine learning would be present, deep learning would be used to find patterns in the data. For instance, there might be an observation that certain DNA variables correspond to a high immunity, while others correspond to a high mortality. At a minimum we would learn which segments of the human population are more susceptible and should be quarantined.
To decipher this data an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) would be located on the cloud, and sequenced human genomes from around the world would be uploaded. With time being of the essence, parallel computing will reduce the time required for the ANN to work its magic.
We could even take it one step further and use the output data sorted by the ANN,and feed it into a separate system called a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The RNN uses reinforcement learning to identify which gene selected by the initial ANN is most successful in a simulated environment. The reinforcement learning agent would gamify the entire process of creating a simulated setting, to test which DNA changes are more effective.
A simulated environment is like a virtual game environment, something many AI companies are well positioned to take advantage of based on their previous success in designing AI algorithms to win at esports. This includes companies such DeepMind and OpenAI.
These companies can use their underlying architecture optimized at mastering video games, to create a stimulated environment, test gene edits, and learn which edits lead to specific desired changes.
Once a gene is identified, another technology is used to make the edits.
CRISPR
Recently, the first ever study using CRISPR to edit DNA inside the human body was approved. This was to treat a rare type of genetic disorder that effects one of every 100,000 newborns. The condition can be caused by mutations in as many as 14 genes that play a role in the growth and operation of the retina. In this case, CRISPR sets out to carefully target DNA and to cause slight temporary damage to the DNA strand, causing the cell to repair itself. It is this restorative healing process which has the potential to restore eyesight.
While we are still waiting for results on if this treatment will work, the precedent of having CRISPR approved for trials in the human body is transformational. Potential disorders which can be treated include improving a body’s immune response to specific disease vectors.
Potentially, we can manipulate the body’s natural genetic resistance to a specific disease. The diseases that could potentially be targeted are diverse, but the community should be focusing on the treatment of the new global epidemic coronavirus. A threat that if unchecked could lead to a death sentence to a large percentage of our population.
FINAL THOUGHTS
While there are many potential options to achieving success, it will require that geneticists, epidemiologists, and machine learning specialists unify. A potential treatment option may be as described above, or may be revealed to be unimaginably different, the opportunity lies in the genome sequencing of a large segment of the population.
Deep learning is the best analysis tool that humans have ever created; we need to at a minimum attempt to use it to create a vaccine.
When we take into consideration what is currently at risk with this current epidemic, these three scientific communities need to come together to work on a cure. | https://www.unite.ai/ai-based-on-slow-brain-dynamics/ |
Arash received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from University of California Irvine under the supervision of Syed Ali Jafar. His doctoral research includes multiuser information theory and network coding. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology. Arash received a best paper award at IEEEE GLOBECOM 2014. His research is focused on analyzing metagenomics data using tools from information theory and machine learning and statistics.
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Advisor: Andreas Pfenning
Irene received her B.S. in Mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2010. There, she was involved in developing methods for leveraging protein-protein interaction networks to select hits in RNAi datasets and leveraging conservation information to predict exonic splicing enhancers. She then went to graduate school at Stanford University, where she received her Ph.D. in Computer Science in 2017. At Stanford, she developed methods to analyze novel high-throughput sequencing datasets to better understand the roles of DNA methylation and Cys2-His2 zinc finger transcription factor binding in transcriptional regulation. Irene is interested in developing computational approaches to integrate biological datasets in ways that will provide a more detailed understanding of transcriptional regulation. She is especially interested in elucidating the biological mechanisms behind the differences in gene regulation between different cell types.
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Jose Lugo-Martinez
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Advisor: Robert Murphy and Ziv Bar-Joseph
Jose received his Ph.D. in Computer Science with a minor in Bioinformatics from Indiana University (IU) under the supervision of Predrag Radivojac. His doctoral research focused on the development of robust kernel methods for learning and mining on noisy and complex graph and hypergraph data. Prior to that, he received dual B.S. degrees in Computer Science and Mathematics at the University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras and M.S. degree in Computer Science at the University of California-San Diego. Additionally, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the Precision Health Initiative at IU where he developed computational approaches towards understanding protein function and how disruption of protein function leads to disease. Overall, Jose’s research interests include computational biology, machine learning and data mining.
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Advisor: Jian Ma
Weihua received his Ph.D. in Computer Science with a master degree in statistics from University of California, Riverside (UCR) in 2019. At UCR, he developed three algorithms OMGS, Novo&Stitch and Chimericognizer to accurately and efficiently improve contiguity and correctness of de novo genome assembly with BioNano optical maps. Additionally, he studied SV detection with optical maps and nucleosome movement. Prior to that, he received his M.E. and B.E. degrees in Computer Science from University of Science and Technology of China and Nanjing Normal University. In China, he created algorithms and tools for haplotype phasing and metagenome reads binning. Overall, Weihua’s research interests include computational biology, bioinformatics, machine learning and combinatorial optimization. | http://www.cbd.cmu.edu/directory/fellows/current-lane-fellows/ |
Cancer Grand Challenges scientists and collaborators have created the first map of the major chromosomal changes that occur during cancer. This information could help physicians better understand how individual tumours behave and select the most effective therapies for people with cancer.
Copy-number alterations are major changes to chromosome structure that result in large gains or losses of swaths of DNA. These changes contribute to cancer development and growth, and poorer patient survival. A global team of researchers, including those working on our Unusual Mutation Patterns challenge, has created a map of copy-number alterations in human cancers – the first of its kind for this type of DNA damage. Their findings were published today (Wednesday 15 June) in Nature.
To generate this map, the team first developed a unique set of mathematical features to capture salient copy-number changes, which they implemented in a suite of artificial intelligence techniques called SigProfiler, developed through Cancer Grand Challenges. With the map, they then assessed how copy-number alterations influence outcomes for people with different types of cancer. “We’ve shown that it’s usable in both clinical and research settings, potentially to guide clinical decision-making or unlock important information about tumour biology, respectively, and we’ve already used it to identify potential biomarkers for drug therapies,” says clinician scientist Dr Nischalan Pillay, a pathologist and group leader at University College London (UCL), and co-senior author of the study.
The bigger picture
For many years, cancer research has focused on simple mutations – single- and double-base substitutions, and small insertions and deletions – in individual genes. However, because genes make up only about 2% of the human genome, this narrow approach has left the full landscape of genomic alterations unaccounted for. Furthermore, this approach overlooks copy-number signatures, important mutational patterns that affect biological processes but were not previously represented in the main mutational variant classes because they are challenging to interpret.
According to Nischalan, the challenge of unpicking the genomic complexity imparted by copy-number changes has meant that genomic scientists have been “unable to fully capture the bigger picture of how vast swaths of genes and other DNA can be copied, moved around or deleted, without catastrophic consequences for the tumour.” But copy-number signatures can now be used to facilitate such analysis by using the SigProfiler suite, developed in the laboratory of Dr Ludmil Alexandrov, Cancer Grand Challenges co-investigator and associate professor at the University of California, San Diego.
In prior research funded by Cancer Research UK, Nischalan, Ludmil and colleagues used SigProfiler and other algorithms to identify copy-number alterations in a rare and aggressive type of cancer known as undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma. With knowledge from that study, the team wondered what more they might learn if they applied this method across cancer types.
In their new study, the research team used SigProfiler to analyse the genomes of more than 9,800 people with 33 different types of cancer, and identified 21 copy-number signatures that were common to all cancer types, and resulted in either too many or too few chromosomes. Together, these signatures were used to construct a map, or blueprint, that researchers and clinicians can now use to predict the progression of a person’s cancer, including its aggressiveness, and potentially provide tailored treatment.
In particular, the team discovered that tumours in which chromosomes have shattered and reformed – a phenomenon known as chromothripsis – are associated with poorer survival outcomes for patients. For example, people with glioblastoma, a brain tumour that is particularly difficult to treat, were found to live for six months fewer if their tumours had undergone chromothripsis.
Broad applications from the lab to the clinic
To ensure the applicability of their method in both clinical and research settings, Nischalan, Ludmil and the team tested its application with several DNA-sequencing technologies. These technologies included whole-genome sequencing, which is increasingly being clinically used in the UK to determine the exact DNA sequence genome at the highest possible resolution, and single-cell DNA sequencing, which is often used in discovery research to enable the isolation of individual cells, and determination of their function and behaviour. Their method was found to be applicable across the spectrum of sequencing techniques.
Looking ahead, the scientists aim to refine the algorithm – which is akin to algorithms used by online streaming services to recommend movies and products – to help physicians predict how a patient’s cancer is likely to behave according to the genetic changes that drive the tumour’s growth.
The copy-number map will be hosted on COSMIC, the world’s largest, most comprehensive resource for exploring the effects of somatic (acquired) mutations in cancer. Additionally, the scientists have made the SigProfiler artificial intelligence toolkit freely available to others in the research community.
“Making these powerful computing tools free to others will accelerate progress towards a personalised blueprint for patients, based on the copy number signature of their tumour, giving them the best chances of survival,” says Dr Christopher Steele, first author of the Nature article and postdoctoral researcher in Nischalan’s laboratory at UCL. | https://cancergrandchallenges.org/news/comprehensive-map-cancer-genomes-and-chromosomal-changes |
New: Find a collection of best practice documents for virtual meetings on our resources page
Scientific synthesis* centres have become integral to research efforts in an era of increasingly complex societal and scientific problems, big data, and the knowledge economy. There are now more than a dozen synthesis centres across North America, Europe, China and Australia, spreading from their ecological origins to address the synthesis needs in biomedical sciences, mathematics, earth sciences, and genomics. Synthesis centres foster collaborative research by bringing interdisciplinary groups of specialists and experts together for an extended period of time in a collegial setting aimed at stimulating creative thinking, catalysing insight, and facilitating group learning. The centres generally provide the technological expertise to help researchers collect, analyse, and synthesise diverse and disparate datasets to address critical science questions.
With the formation of the International Synthesis Consortium (ISC) the centres took a step forward to work and collaborate more closely. The ISC is a global network of centres that collectively have decades of accumulated knowledge and demonstrated success in bringing synthesis to bear solving complex problems. We envision an expanding network that meets the growing need for synthesis research in all corners of the globe and facilitates the participation of stakeholders from the public, private and community sectors. The ISC will work in the upcoming years to foster global efforts to tackle grand challenges in science by collaborations across centres.
* the extraction of otherwise unobtainable insight from a combination of disparate elements (Sidlauskas et al., 2009)
See a map showing synthesis centres, or view a list of synthesis centres
Why a synthesis centre?
In today’s world, the amount of information and data can be quite daunting, and for us to make good decisions, we need to create wisdom out of the cacophony of material available. Synthesis Centres do not sponsor new field or lab investigations, but support the analysis of existing data to answer cutting edge scientific questions.
This collaborative approach has an excellent track record of producing innovative and widely cited outcomes, and in creating a culture of interdisciplinary and trans-organisational collaboration.
The communities that each synthesis centre has developed are very powerful: the networks of experts and the collective knowledge are second to none. The purpose of the International Synthesis Consortium is to facilitate linkages between research efforts, share best practices to improve the effectiveness of each centre, assist new centres as they come on-line, and archive the research and data legacy of those centres that reach the end of their funding, for the benefit of all. Our partners are skilled in facilitating science synthesis and many of today’s major issues will benefit from a concerted collaborative approach.
Reference
Sidlauskas B., Ganeshkumar G., Hazkani-Covo E., Jenkins K.P., Lapp H., McCall L.W., Price S., Scherle R., Spaeth P.A. and Kidd D.M. (2009) Linking big: the continuing promise of evolutionary synthesis. Evolution 64(4): 871-880.
A listing of synthesis centres and other organisations of interest
Centres are ordered by the date they opened, oldest to newest. | https://synthesis-consortium.org/ |
Dr. Sorana Morrissy
As an undergraduate student at SFU, Dr. Sorana Morrissy took a genomics course from Dr. David Baillie and never looked back.
“I knew that Marco Marra and Steve Jones were at the forefront of the field,” says Dr. Morrissy, “So when they offered me a position at the GSC, I didn’t hesitate.”
Dr. Morrissy joined the bioinformatics team. Trained by Dr. Obi Griffith, she quickly became proficient at sequence analysis techniques while working on the Mammalian Gene Collection project.
“After learning all of the bioinformatics skills I could, I wanted a bigger challenge” says Dr. Morrissy, “So despite my previous decision to the contrary, I decided to go to grad school.”
Dr. Morrissy did her PhD at the GSC under the supervision of Dr. Marco Marra. Towards the end of her degree, she had the opportunity to apply her informatics skills to cancer biology, leading to a post-doctoral fellowship in translational genomics at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Throughout her training, she acquired extensive expertise with cutting-edge high-throughput sequencing technologies and computational analyses, with a particular focus on tumour heterogeneity.
“I gained a great appreciation for what sequencing can do, and how it can revolutionize our insights into cancer biology,” says Dr. Morrissy.
Dr. Morrissy is now an Assistant Professor at the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute at the University of Calgary. Her research is focused on tumour evolution, using bioinformatics to interrogate the iterative genomic diversification and clonal expansion that follows the challenge of cancer therapy. With a focus on brain tumours, her laboratory employs leading technologies in single cell DNA and RNA sequencing, and analyzes the data in novel and insightful ways.
“Matching the right data, tools and algorithms to identify targetable cancer vulnerabilities will ultimately lead to improved patient care,” says Dr. Morrissy.
At the GSC’s upcoming 20th anniversary symposium, Dr. Morrissy will share her latest findings in tumour evolution and heterogeneity. She is looking forward to reuniting with everyone she knew as a trainee, coming together to share their research and to exchange ideas for how to better use genomics and bioinformatics to tackle the next big hurdles in cancer research.
On Thursday, November 21, in celebration of its 20th anniversary, Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer is hosting a scientific symposium. Our partners, collaborators and alumni will share their genome science breakthroughs that are improving cancer care, advancing research and technology and enhancing our fundamental understanding of molecular biology. For more information and to register, please visit: http://www.bcgsc.ca/symposium
Join the conversation, share and read stories about the GSC by following #GSC20 on social media. | http://www.bcgsc.ca/gsc20-symposium-speaker-series/dr-sorana-morrissy |
1. Am I worthy of love?
2. Are others capable of loving me?
Secure: this is one who holds a positive view of themselves and others. They do believe they are worthy of love and that others are accessible and capable when they need them. Secure people are comfortable with both closeness and independence. they tend to have healthy means of coping with stress.
Anxious: this is one who holds a negative view of themselves and an unrealistic positive view of others. They are usually anxious in relationships and have an unhealthy fear of abandonment because they believe they are not worthy of love. They tend to have low sense of self-worth, are afraid of rejection, crave closeness and are obsessively worried, needy and clingy in their closest relationships.
Avoidant: this is one in which they have an overly positive view of themselves, but an excessively negative view of others. They are avoidant and uncomfortable with closeness and tend to become overly self-reliant because they do not believe others will be there for them. They tend to have an overinflated sense of self-worth.
Fearful: this is one who has both a negative view of self and others. These individuals have a very difficult time with intimacy and closeness and often avoid relationships all together. These individuals seek acceptance and self-worth from others, but fear that others are not capable of meeting their needs.
Understanding our attachment style and type also gives us insight into how we relate with the Lord. We tend to formulate our attachment style from our early upbringing, which then influence how we relate to the Lord. Gaining insight into our attachment style and doing the necessary work internally to move to a more secure relationship style can help us in relationships with others as well as help our relationship with the Lord flourish in a healthy way.
To learn more about this topic, God Attachment by Tim Clinton and Joshua Straub is an excellent read to gain more insight. | https://desertstreams.org/august-2017-newsletter/ |
Characteristics of Attachment Styles in RelationshipsAug 15, 2022
Recently we discussed the four attachment styles. Each style has its own characteristics and traits. Therefore, you may not entirely fit into one type exactly. Here are some examples of how each type can be in a relationship.
Anxious:
- Wants a lot of closeness in their relationship.
- Expresses insecurities-worries about rejection.
- Unhappy when not in a relationship.
- Plays games to keep your attention/interest.
- Has difficulty explaining what's bothering them. Expects you to guess.
- Acts out.
- Has a hard time not making things about themselves in the relationship.
- Lets you set the tone of the relationship.
- Is preoccupied with the relationship.
- Fears that small acts will ruin the relationship: believe they must work hard to keep your interest.
- Suspicious that you may be unfaithful.
Avoidant:
- Sends mixed signals.
- Values their independence greatly
- Devalues you (or previous partner)
- Uses distancing strategies-emotional and physical.
- Emphasizes boundaries in the relationship.
- Mistrustful – fears being taken advantage of by a partner.
- Has an unrealistically romantic view of how a relationship should be.
- During a disagreement, needs to get away or "explodes."
- Doesn't make their intentions clear.
- Has difficulty talking about what's going on between you.
Secure:
- Reliable and consistent.
- Makes decisions with you.
- Flexible view of relationships.
- Communicates relationship issues well.
- Can reach a compromise during arguments.
- Not afraid of commitment or dependency.
- Doesn't view relationships as hard work.
- Closeness creates further closeness.
- Introduces friends and family early on.
- Naturally expresses feelings for you.
- Doesn't play games.
Anything resonating with you so far about yourself? Your partner?
There are many strong traits too of these attachment styles.
Anxious:
- Devote themselves to relationships fully
- Fall in love easily
- Willing to work on relationships
- Highly attuned to their partner's needs
- Help partners to see themselves positively
Avoidant:
- Not needy of their partner
- Not suffocating in a relationship
- Likely to be respectful of their partner's boundaries
- Protective of their personal vulnerabilities
- Independent and individual
Secure:
- Positive view of themselves
- Positive view of others
- Healthy self-esteem
- Comfortable with intimacy
- Capable of setting boundaries in relationships
- Self-sufficient, they're also comfortable asking for support when they need it
- Can trust others
- People enjoy being in their company
- Comfortable with emotional closeness
- Capable of developing and maintaining strong relationships
- Emotionally balanced
- Able to emotionally regulate people close to them
What can you do to heal?
- Determine whether you or your partner are seeking intimacy and closeness.
- Assess how preoccupied you or they are with the relationship and how sensitive you or they are to rejection.
- Don't rely on one "symptom," look for various signs.
- Assess your or their reaction to effective communication.
Effective communication works on the understanding all have particular needs in a relationship, many of which are determined by your attachment style. They aren't good or bad; they simply are what they are. For example, if you're anxious, you have a strong need for closeness and must be reassured at all times that your partner loves and respects you. On the other hand, if you're avoidant, you need to maintain some distance, either emotional or physical, from your partner and preserve a significant degree of separateness. In order to be happy in a relationship, we need to find a way to communicate our attachment styles needs clearly without resorting to attacks or defensiveness.
The benefits of Effective Communication will help you:
- Choose the right partner to ensure your needs are getting met in the relationship, whether it's a new one or an existing one.
- Listen and look for what you or they are not saying or doing.
Understanding your attachment style is essential to help improve your self-awareness and enhance your relationships. As a Love Coach, it's necessary to offer various tools and techniques to assist in the process. Please visit my website and take my Love Assessment to find out where you are in the process of love.
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We hate SPAM. We will never sell your information, for any reason. | https://www.aconfidentialconversation.com/blog/attachments_relationships |
With a continuing pandemic in full blast, social distancing as a new normal and quarantined couples on lock down everywhere, it’s no wonder domestic violence is on the uprise and couples are in constant turmoil and stress. However, if some of the issues you are having are recurring, and it seems that no matter what you do, or say, you and your partner continue to not be able to get on the same page, or see eye to eye. It may be time to take a deeper look. When I say deeper, I mean beyond the surface of your relationship and deeper into each other’s history. Most importantly, each other’s childhood history.
One of the best theories that explores this is the “Attachment Theory”. Which was developed by John Bowlby in the 1950’s. This theory states that there is a deep, emotional bond between two people in which each seeks closeness and feels more secure when in the presence of each other. It provides a safe haven, to obtain comfort and security and can be a buffer from stress. It also offers a secure base and allows one to feel safe.
The bond that Attachment Theory describes begins in early childhood and will later be manifested in the child as they grow older and then into their natural development of adulthood. Based on the child’s attachment bond to the parent or primary caretaker (which is usually the mother figure) the child’s attachment style will be seen first, in their social and emotional interaction with others, and then later in their adult life. There are four different types of attachment styles. They are Secure, Anxious, Dismissive-avoidant and Fearful-avoidant Attachment.
Secure Attachment:
The research states that about half of the population have a healthy, Secure Attachment style. This means that these individuals are comfortable with themselves, intimacy, and are more satisfied in their overall relationships.
This usually stems from having a healthy relationship with their parents or primary caretaker during childhood, they felt safe and protected. Their security in childhood, displaces itself by them demonstrating trust, being open, honest and having a supportive relationship with their partners.
Secure people are better at accepting their partner’s flaws, and are responsive to their needs. They don’t engage in manipulating behaviors or play games, because their self-esteem and self confidence are usually intact.
Anxious Attachment:
Anxiously attached individuals become very unhappy and worry about being too much or too little for the person that they are dating. Anxiously attachment individuals are usually very afraid of being alone. They tend to take everything really personally. They don’t usually live in the moment, but instead place a lot of high hopes on their partner, and get attached very quickly in the relationship. This is often because they expect their relationship to define them, rescue them, or complete them. They cling onto their partner and often create a codependency in the relationship.
They often end up acting out in behaviors that push their partners away, which then can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. In other words, by being desperate to hang onto the bond that they have with their partners, they eventual break it, by pushing their partners away by their unhealthy behaviors. In childhood they lacked a stable attachment bond with their primary caretaker. They do not know how to regulate and often feel pressured. Therefore, indirectly sabotaging their relationships.
Avoidant Attachment:
Avoidant attached individuals are categorized into two subgroups: Dismissive and Fearful.
Dismissive-Avoidant Attachment individuals have the tendency to emotionally distance themselves from their partner and subsequently comes off as being overly focused on themselves. These are the individuals that tend to be selfish in relationships, they are usually not very open about themselves. They tend to avoid relationships and can come across as been dismissive to their partners. In childhood their primary caretaker was not trustworthy, and was inconsistent in their actions towards them.
While Fearful-Avoidant Attachment individuals are afraid of being too close or too distant from their partners, which means they usually struggle to keep their emotions in check. They tend to get overwhelmed easily, and can have intense mood swings. They have a hard time regulating their emotions, because they avoid relationships, commitment is very hard for them. They are afraid that they are going to be let down, so they may ultimately sabotage the relationship. They tend to have “situationships” instead of relationships. In childhood their primary caretaker may have been hot and cold towards them. Leading to affect regulation issues in adulthood.
Why are these Attachment styles important to know, in your relationship?
By becoming aware of your individual Attachment style, both you and your partner can challenge the insecurities, fears and other unhealthy behaviors that surface in your relationship. You should have a better understanding of why your partner may be acting the way that he/she does. Their behavior will most likely have to do with their attachment style.
There is also an online Attachment Style quiz that you and your partner can take, to identify your Attachment Type. This knowledge can be invaluable for the both of you, as go through this new discovery, that can help enhance your relationship in the future. | https://www.renisherrobertstherapy.com/whats-your-attachment-style/ |
Research has proved that people predominantly fall into 4 types of attachment style. Attachment style is the way we form relationships with others, especially the Romantic ones. We develop these kind of attachment styles due to our past experiences with our loved ones especially with our parents during childhood. If we divide, the x and y axis into how we see ourselves and others respectively, we will end up with the following 4 types of attachment styles:
Secure
Anxious
Avoidant
Fearful
Let's explore in depth, each of these styles with the help of this graphic.
Secure Attachment Style
People with secure attachment strategies are comfortable displaying interest and affection. They are also comfortable being alone and independent, and display a healthy level of self-confidence. They’re able to correctly prioritize their relationships within their life and tend to draw clear boundaries and stick to them.
Secure attachment types obviously make the best romantic partners, family members, and even friends. They’re capable of accepting rejection and moving on despite the pain, but are also capable of being loyal and sacrificing when necessary. They have little issue trusting people they’re close to and are trustworthy themselves.
Secure types comfortably form intimate relationships not only with partners, but also with friends. They have no trouble revealing themselves to and occasionally relying on others when the situation calls for it. And they are excellent caregivers.
Anxious Attachment Style
Anxious attachment types are often nervous and stressed about their relationships. They need constant reassurance and affection from their partner. They have trouble being alone or single. They’ll often succumb to unhealthy or abusive relationships.
Anxious types have trouble trusting people, even if they’re close to them, yet excessively rely on others for their emotional needs and to resolve their problems. Their behavior can be irrational, sporadic, and overly-emotional. They’re the ones complaining that everyone of the opposite sex are cold and heartless. And probably bursting into tears while doing so.
Avoidant Attachment Style
Avoidant attachment types are extremely independent, self-directed, and often uncomfortable with intimacy. They’re commitment-phobes and experts at rationalizing their way out of any intimate situation. They regularly complain about feeling “crowded” or “suffocated” when people try to get close to them. They are often paranoid that others want to control them or box them in.
In every relationship, they always have an exit strategy. Always. Avoidants often construct their lifestyle in such a way to avoid commitment or too much intimate contact.
In surveys, avoidant types score uniquely high on self-confidence and uniquely low on emotional expressiveness and warmth. They not only reveal themselves far less to their partner and friends, but also tend not to rely on others, even when they should. They score lower than other types as caregivers, meaning they’re not to be relied upon when in a pickle.
Anxious Avoidant Attachment Style
Anxious-avoidant attachment types (also known as the “fearful or disorganized type”) bring together the worst of both worlds. Anxious-avoidants are not only afraid of intimacy and commitment, but they distrust and lash out emotionally at anyone who tries to get close to them. Anxious-avoidants often spend much of their time alone and miserable, or in abusive or dysfunctional relationships.
Anxious-avoidants are low in confidence and less likely to express emotions, preferring to suppress them. However, they can have intense emotional outbursts when under stress. They also don’t tend to seek help when in need due to a distrust of others. This sucks because they are also incapable of sorting through their own issues.
Anxious-avoidants really get the worst of both worlds. They avoid intimacy not because they prefer to be alone like avoidants. Rather, they avoid intimacy because they are so terrified of its potential to hurt them.
According to studies, only a small percentage of the population qualifies as anxious-avoidant types, and they typically have a multitude of other emotional problems in other areas of their life (i.e., substance abuse, depression, etc.
Having said all of these, no one falls purely into one zone, you have a scalar result when you go through the personality quiz. You have one predominant trait than others. Hence it's also important to understand why we form such attachment styles.
HOW ATTACHMENT STYLES ARE FORMED
Like I said previously, our attachment styles as adults are influenced by how we related to our parents (or one parent/primary caregiver) as young children. As helpless little babies, this is our first and most important relationship of our lives, so it naturally sets the “blueprint” for how we perceive all relationships as we mature.
We use this relationship blueprint as we age into late childhood and adolescence, when we typically start to form important relationships outside of our immediate relationship with our parent(s). Our peer group takes on a larger role in our lives as we continue to learn how to relate to others. These experiences further influence our attachment style as we eventually become romantically involved with others, which, in turn, also influence our attachment style.
So while your early experiences with your parent(s) do have a considerable influence on how you relate to others, it’s not the only factor that determines your attachment style (though it’s a big one) and your attachment style can change over time (more on this later).
Generally, though, secure attachment types regularly have their needs met as infants. They grew up feeling competent among their peers, but were also comfortable with their shortcomings to a degree. As a result, they exhibit healthy, strong boundaries as adults, can communicate their needs well in their relationships, and aren’t afraid to leave a bad one if they think they need to.
Anxious types, on the other hand, receive love and care with unpredictable sufficiency as infants. Growing up, they have positive views of their peers, but negative views of themselves. Their romantic relationships are often overly idealized and they rely too heavily on them for self-esteem. Hence the 36 calls in one night when you don’t pick up your phone.
Avoidants like Alex would have got only some of their needs met as infants, while the rest were neglected (for instance, Alex might have gotten fed regularly, but wasn’t held enough). So Alex grows up holding a negative view of others but a positive view of himself. He hasn’t depended too much on his romantic relationships for his needs and feels like he doesn’t need others for emotional support.
Anxious-avoidant Aaron, though, would have had an abusive or terribly negligent childhood. He grew up having a hard time relating to his peers. So as an adult, he seeks both intimacy and independence in romantic interactions, sometimes simultaneously, which, as you can imagine, doesn’t really go well.
All this in-depth information has been taken from the following blog
https://www.google.com/amp/s/markmanson.net/attachment-styles/amp
Read it to know more about it. It's quite detailed and useful.
To summarise, we form relationships subconsciously due to our attachment styles and if they are not serving you or are dysfunctional, then we need to look at our own attachment style objectively to know where we stand and what steps we can take to move towards a secure style.
What are your thoughts regarding these. Comment below and share your thoughts. | https://www.mindsutra.in/post/what-is-your-attachment-style-ways-it-affects-your-relationships |
We have been given tons of romance advice that tells us how we should act in relationships: Don't be too needy, don't get too jealous and have a strong sense of independence.
But none of this advice is "good advice." You can listen to these people and always try to not feel jealous, not be annoyed at little details and not be too needy. But we are who we are.
The explanation behind why we behave this way lies in “attachment theory.” Attachment theory is based on the idea that we've been programmed by evolution to single out certain individuals in our lives and make them precious to us.
Although we have a basic need to form these special bonds with individuals, the ways we create these bonds vary. Everyone in our society, whether he or she has never dated before or been married for 50 years, falls into one of three attachment styles: secure, anxious or avoidant.
About 56 percent of people in the world are secure. Around 20 percent are anxious. Twenty-three percent are avoidant, and the remaining 1 percent are a rare combination of anxious and avoidant.
Each of these attachment styles exists for a reason. This means you act the way you do in your romantic relationships for a specific reason.
None of these attachment styles are labeled "healthy" or "unhealthy." They're simply descriptions of the way you act in romantic relationships. They're not forms of judgment.
People with secure attachment styles typically feel comfortable with intimacy, and they are usually warm and loving. If you're secure, you're pretty straightforward. You don't play games, and you're not overly dramatic.
People with anxious attachment styles generally crave intimacy. They are often preoccupied with their relationships, and they tend to worry about their partner's ability to love them back.
If you’re anxious, you withdraw during conflict, get jealous and worried easily, and may act busy when you're not. People with avoidant attachment styles equate intimacy with loss of independence, and they constantly try to minimize closeness.
If you’re avoidant, you might feel like you're not ready to commit. You focus on small imperfections in your partner, and you notice when people try to infringe upon your independence.
People with avoidant attachment styles tend to think being in a relationship will "tie them down" while they pursue their goals. Even though each of these three attachment styles exist for a reason, they can still negatively affect your happiness if you're not able to identify them.
If you have an anxious attachment style, you will naturally gravitate to an avoidant. But someone with an avoidant attachment style is the worst person you could ever date if you're anxious. The anxious partner will want intimacy, while the avoidant partner will want space.
If you’re anxious, you’re better off with someone who's secure. In fact, in every relationship, there should be at least one person with a secure attachment style.
If you have an anxious attachment style, stop thinking you shouldn't be needy. There’s nothing wrong with being needy.
The key is to find someone with a secure attachment style because the secure person will be able to handle you being needy. In this way, the relationship will be healthy.
Researchers actually found the happiest relationships were those in which both people were secure. Interestingly though, they also found that relationships in which only one person was secure were just as happy as relationships in which both people were secure.
But you're also not a slave to your DNA. You can always learn to change the parts of your attachment style that don't serve you well.
Being able to understand attachment theory and identify the three attachment styles is an easy and dependable way to predict people's behavior in any romantic situation. If you want to find out what you or your partner's attachment style is, take the attachment theory test here. | https://www.elitedaily.com/dating/science-attachment-styles/1378133 |
Attachment styles come from a mix of childhood, genes and early romantic experiences.
Attachment doesn’t equal weakness. On the contrary, in order to thrive and grow as human beings we need a secure base from which to derive strength and comfort. The better dependent we are, the most daring we become.
There are two main attachment styles: anxious and avoidant. The anxious fears not being enough for the partner, asking for more intimacy than their partner can provide. The avoidant fears being hurt by the partner, struggling when the partner wants to get too close. Ultimately, they are both afraid of being let down.
To form a secure attachment you should become aware of your needs, learn how to express them properly, and learn to identify partners who can meet them.
💡 Recommended: How To Change Your Attachment Style To Have Better Relationships
→ Among adults, the prevailing notion is still that too much dependence in a relationship is a bad thing. But attachment is not weakness. It’s genetic predisposition.
→ Attachment theory teaches that controlling your own emotional needs and soothe yourself in the face of stress is simply wrong. You need someone to meet your needs, you are not too needy. Attachment principles teach us that most people are only as needy as their unmet needs. When their emotional needs are met, and the earlier the better, they usually turn their attention outward. This is sometimes referred to in attachment literature as the “dependency paradox”: The more effectively dependent people are on one another, the more independent and daring they become.
Anxious people crave intimacy, are often preoccupied with their relationships, and tend to worry about their partner’s ability to love them back. General traits:
Avoidant people equate intimacy with a loss of independence and constantly try to minimize closeness. General traits:
Anxious are more likely to date avoidants: these attachment styles complement each other. Each reaffirms the other’s beliefs about themselves and about relationships. As the saying goes: “Opposites attract each other”.
The anxious believe they want more intimacy than their partner can provide, as is their anticipation of ultimately being let down by significant others. The avoidant believes the anxious want to pull them into more closeness than they are comfortable with, and therefore exit relationships.
Why are anxious people still single? There is something wrong with them (internal reason). Why are avoidant people still single? They have not met the right person (external reason).
Secure people feel comfortable with intimacy and are usually warm and loving. General traits:
Remember that attachment styles are stable but plastic—becoming more secure is an ongoing process. Whenever a new concern, dissatisfaction, or conflict occurs, enter the new information. This will help in your quest to break your insecure patterns.
Effective communication is about cutting to the chase and directly expressing your needs to the partner. It aims to achieve two goals:
Effectively expressing your emotional needs is even better than the other person magically reading your mind. It means that you’re an active agent who can be heard, and it opens the door for a much richer emotional dialogue.
It’s important to remember that even with effective communication, some problems won’t be solved immediately. What’s vital is your partner’s response—whether he or she is concerned about your well-being, has your best interests in mind, and is willing to work on things.
Want more? | https://www.dariov.com/notes/attached |
How do longing for and fear of relationship and commitment dance together? Most people want both intimacy and autonomy, closeness and independence. Is it possible to feel comfortable with both closeness and space? Are you able to be authentic and yourself in intimate relationships?
COVID-19 has certainly made us realise how important social connection is. As an essential part of wellbeing, when our instinctive need for connection or freedom to connect is challenged, we can go off balance.
Whether it’s the fear of spreading a virus or the fear of commitment for more personal reasons, the ongoing longing and fear of closeness is a dilemma to juggle.
Do you sometimes wonder how other couples are so open and vulnerable with each other? How they’re so affectionate and unafraid of commitment? Do you worry that you’ll never be able to commit like this? Do you fear commitment?
Attachment and its relation to commitment
Attachment style is a term used to describe a range of emotional and behavioural matters in adults, in the context of relationships.
Fearing commitment is not in itself a psychological condition, but it is usually connected to one or multiple deeply rooted psychological issues. Often, these issues stem from childhood.
Attachment theory was first developed by John Bowlby, who proposed that the attachment style an individual forms as a child will serve as the model they use in future relationships. Therefore, having at least one caregiver who they feel they can trust and have a secure relationship with is particularly important.
If an individual doesn’t build a secure relationship style during childhood, it increases the chances of developing ‘attachment issues’ as an adult.
What are the manifestations of attachment issues?
When people face the choice of either attachment (feeling loved and secure) or authenticity (being true to themselves and their wants) in their relationships, most will go for attachment first, seeking approval and recognition from important others instead of learning how to give it to themselves.
When so much of the self is traded away, resentment kicks in as the price of being loved is “the disowning of the self”. Love and committed relationships are then identified with lack, obligations, potential judgement and restrictions.
Typically, a fear of commitment tends to manifest when the individual finds it difficult to be intimate and connect with their partner, or they have anxiety, doubts and fears, often related to a fear that their partner will leave them.
They often struggle to stay in a relationship, and can either be too clingy, or to opposite – avoidant. It will depend on the person’s attachment style.
What is your attachment style?
There are four primary styles of attachment; these are:
- Secure
- Anxious
- Avoidant
- Disorganised
A person with a secure attachment style for example will have low anxiety about the relationship, they’re not particularly fearful of rejection from their partner, and intimacy comes easily to them.
Partners with an anxious attachment style crave closeness and intimacy, and are generally very insecure about their relationship. They often fear that their partner will reject them. On the other hand, individuals with an avoidant attachment style will be uncomfortable with closeness, value their independence and have a tendency to be emotionally distant.
People with a disorganised attachment style are a mix of anxious and avoidant attachment styles. They desire intimacy and closeness, but they’re uncomfortable and dismissive when it comes, so they’re likely to sabotage things in an attempt to push their partner away.
Ideally, couples should strive to adopt a secure attachment style, since it’s these people who tend to be more satisfied in their relationships. However, in their research, Dr. Phillip Shaver and Dr. Cindy Hazan found that only about 60% of people have secure attachment styles.
This means that 40% of people have a tendency to either be anxious or avoidant in their relationships. And it’s these people who tend to struggle with relationships because they seek to uphold the model of attachment that they’ve upheld throughout their lives.
To address this, it becomes important to understand when and why an individual developed their particular attachment style, and take steps to diminish the effects. There are a few psychological issues for example, that often perpetuate a person’s fear of commitment.
3 Things that could be making it worse
Childhood Trauma
Experiencing trauma as a child can make it difficult for a person to develop trust in others, and thus commit to a relationship.
Low self-esteem can make the individual feeling ‘unworthy’ of affection, or they may feel embarrassed when they receive attention from another person. So they’ll avoid situations, including relationships, which involve being affectionate and close to another person
Attachment manifestations
Bowlby found that when children are frightened, they will seek proximity from their primary caregiver in search for comfort and care. He suggested that this also serves to keep the infant close to its mother, and thus improve that child’s chances of survival.
He found that children are born with this innate drive to form attachments with their caregivers. So if a child perceives rejection from its caregiver, this lack of trust and sense of closeness throughout childhood, can affect that child’s relationships as an adult.
Can you do something about it?
Absolutely.
Your fear of commitment can be explained by the attachment model you adopted during your childhood, and upheld throughout your life. There are ways to identify your attachment style which can help to work towards an adjustment of your model of attachment.
However, since your attachment issues date back to your formative years, they can be difficult to identify. They’re deeply embedded in you. Therefore, it is often helpful to seek support from a therapist.
At Leone Centre, we provide a range of services that can help. We understand that in order to bring the best version of yourself into any relationship, you first need to work on the relationship you have with yourself. That’s why we offer a range of services to help you do just that.
To learn more about our approach and perspective, visit our blog, and get in touch
And, if you’re ready to work through this with your partner, we also provide high quality couples counselling, marriage counselling, and online relationship counselling, which could help. | https://www.leonecentre.com/blog/are-you-afraid-of-commitment |
All About The 4 Different Attachment Styles In Adult Relationships; Which One Is Yours?
Attachment is a bond that you usually first form as an infant with your primary caregiver, and it strongly determines and affects the behaviour you exhibit in your future relationships. Cut to – if you are struggling with relationship problems and have no idea what’s going wrong, the cause might be the attachment style you developed as an infant. On that note, here’s how you can recognise your attachment type and build stronger, healthier connections.
Table of Contents
Different attachment styles and how they affect adult relationships
1. Secure attachment
People with secure attachments are likely to feel safe, stable and satisfied in their close relationships because they are empathic and capable of setting clear boundaries. They are usually not afraid of being on their own, and only look for meaningful bonds.
What it looks like:
• You appreciate your self-worth and own your true self in an intimate relationship.
• The distance between you and your partner doesn’t make you anxious.
• You find an emotionally balanced way to manage conflict in relationships.
2. Ambivalent (or anxious-preoccupied) attachment
As the name suggests, people with this attachment style tend to be anxious and uncertain in their relationships, and often lack self-esteem. They are overly needy and crave emotional intimacy, but always doubt their self-worth.
What it looks like:
• As much as you need emotional intimacy, you find it difficult to trust people.
• You find it difficult to observe emotional boundaries, and view the space between you and your partner as a threat.
• You’re always in need of constant reassurance and attention.
3. Avoidant-dismissive attachment
Contrary to the last attachment style, avoidant-attached people are so wary of closeness that they avoid making emotional connections with others. They try not to depend on their partner and expect the same from them.
What it looks like:
• You are content to care for yourself and don’t feel the need to have someone else.
• Closeness makes you anxious and you tend to withdraw from the person.
• You may prefer casual flings with no emotional attachment to have a sense of freedom.
4. Disorganised attachment
Also referred to as fearful-avoidant attachment, this style stems from intense fear, often as a result of childhood trauma, neglect or abuse. Adults with this attachment style feel unworthy of the love and intimacy from their partner.
What it looks like:
• You may exhibit anti-social behaviour patterns and can be prone to aggression and violence.
• While you crave a secure relationship, you also feel terrified of getting hurt again.
• You are insensitive towards your partner and yourself, and are often swinging between extremes of love and hate.
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Are you struggling with relationship problems?
Are you finding it hard to explore intimacy?
Are you curious of what your partner is thinking?
Everyone is wired differently, which means the way we connect and bond also varies. You might have heard about love languages, but this is not what we are focusing on. While love languages may be a helpful framework to understand how we express love and care for one another, attachment theory by British psychoanalyst John Bowlby tells us more about “how every person is wired for love differently, with different habits, needs, and reactions to conflict” (Tatkin, 2012). Attachment theory really is attachment science, and is a psychological model that explains the different ways we connect and bond to one another.
When looking at attachment science, there are 4 main attachment styles that are often talked about. These different styles paint the picture of the ways we approach connection and bonding to one another. Generally, you'll often hear about Secure Attachment, Anxious Attachment, Avoidant Attachment or Disorganized Attachment. Let's dive into these a bit more and understand them separately:
Secure Attachment
People with secure attachment tend to feel safe and stable because they can set appropriate boundaries. They also are more satisfied in their close relationships, while they aren’t afraid of being alone, they usually thrive in close, meaningful relationships. This can seem like the ideal attachment, but it is important to remember that having a secure attachment style doesn’t mean you’re perfect or you don’t experience relationship problems. But you likely feel secure enough to take responsibility for your own mistakes and failings and are willing to seek help and support when you need it. Other characteristics a person with a secure attachment embodies are appreciating their self-worth, embracing their true self, being comfortable expressing their feelings, and they are resilient enough to bounce back when faced with disappointment or setbacks,
Anxious-Preoccupied attachment (also known as ambivalent attachment)
People with an anxious-preoccupied attachment tend to be overly needy and are often anxious and uncertain, lacking in self-esteem. However, they crave emotional intimacy but worry that others don’t want to be with them. Other characteristics a person with a dismissive-avoidant attachment embodies are; questioning whether their partner(s) really loves them, craving closeness and intimacy with their partner(s) but they struggle to feel that they can trust or fully rely on their partner(s), they find it difficult to observe boundaries and see space as a threat, and the relationship consumes their life and they become fixated on the other person.
Avoidant-Dismissive Attachment
People with an avoidant-dismissive insecure attachment style are the opposite of those who are anxious-preoccupied. They are cautious and wary of closeness they try to avoid emotional connection with others. In other words, they’d rather not rely on others, or have others rely on them because they find it difficult to tolerate emotional intimacy. Instead, they value independence and freedom. This affects relationships because a person an avoidant-dismissive insecure attachment style tends to withdraw the needier their partner(s) becomes. It is common for their partners to accuse them of being emotionally distant, closed off, and intolerant. Avoidant-dismissive attachments also make people more prone to keeping secrets, engaging in affairs, and minimizing their partner’s feelings.
Fearful-Avoidant Attachment (Also known as disorganized attachment)
People with a disorganized attachment have an intense fear when it comes to intimacy, and this is usually because of childhood trauma, neglect, or abuse. They may feel like they don’t deserve any love or closeness in a relationship and may find intimate relationships confusing. This may cause them to display emotional extremes toward their partner(s). If they have experienced abuse as a child, they may try to replicate the same abusive patterns which can lead to explosive behaviour. These individuals are also prone to show antisocial or negative behaviour patterns, abuse alcohol or drugs, or show signs of aggression or violence.
The Next Steps
It is important to recognize that your attachment style is not concrete, and according to research, it’s fluid. The best way you can change your style is by changing your relational culture. This takes effort and time from all parties involved. This means asking yourself to reflect about your relationship with love; it means having those hard conversations with your partner(s) and actively listening to them. This can also mean changing relational habits or being more mindful of the way you speak around your partner, etc.
Overall, as scary as these hard conversations can be, they pave transformational paths for couples, it encourages transparency and allows room for vulnerability which can improve the overall quality of your relationship(s). If you and/or your partner(s) need help, here at Relationship Matters Therapy Centre, we offer various types of therapy services. Whether it is individual, relational, or sex therapy, we strive to support you to get to where you want to be. If you've been curious about therapy, get in touch with us today!
When you understand how your attachment style shapes and influences your intimate relationships this can help you make sense of your own behaviour, how you perceive your partner(s), and how you respond to intimacy. Learning your attachment style can help you come up with a better working model for your romantic relationship(s) based around your personal needs and help you build stronger, healthier relationships.
Key Takeaways
Every person is wired for love differently which is why there are different attachment styles.
If you have a fearful-avoidant attachment style, this is not the end all, be all. Attachment styles are fluid and they can be changed if you want to.
If you do have a secure attachment this does not guarantee perfection in your relationship(s). At the end of the day, you are human, arguments and disagreements are normal and if not too frequent and overwhelming, they represent what a healthy relationship looks like. Balance is key in a relationship(s).
Take time with and/or without your partner(s) to understand your attachment style and how you love others.
When discussing attachment styles and changing up the relational culture in your relationship, practicing transparency and honesty ultimately benefits all parties involved. | https://www.relationshipmatterstherapy.com/post/your-attachment-style-is-impacting-your-relationship |
Relationships may seem mysterious, but when we inspect them more closely we are likely to find patterns related to our attachment styles. That’s a term psychologists use to describe basic orientations that we form starting in our infancy and early childhood years.
The three main attachment styles are secure, anxious, and avoidant:
* Secure attachment helps us to feel confident and enjoy healthy, close relationships. People with secure attachment styles are comfortable with their emotions and are more trusting of their partners. They are happy with themselves and their relationships.
· Anxious attachment may lead to pushing people away by being too sensitive to the possibility of rejection. People with anxious attachment styles often feel jealous, needy, and worried and generally have a hard time trusting romantic partners. Ironically, they tend to attract the very partners who enhance their anxious feelings.
· Avoidant attachment is associated with being isolated and emotionally distant. People with avoidant attachment styles basically turn off their need for any emotional or intimate attachment. They may come across as agreeable and sweet, but whenever their partners express any emotion, the avoidant person becomes angry and dismissive. Because of these tendencies, those with an avoidant attachment style make the worst partners for people with anxious attachment. This category of attachment style includes narcissists, as well as the garden-variety love avoidant.
The good news is that you can change your attachment style if you think it would have a positive impact on your relationships, especially if you lean towards an anxious attachment style. People who fall into this category typically have a bigger interest in self-reflection and making changes to enhance their self-esteem and their role in relationships. Following are some steps you can take to welcome more healthy closeness into your life.
Steps to Take with Yourself
1. Conduct an inventory. Take a good look at yourself. Do you avoid getting close to people? Do you worry about being left out? Once you accept yourself as you are, you can work towards becoming the person you want to be.
2. Develop your self-esteem. Secure attachment styles are grounded in a healthy sense of self-worth. Encourage yourself with positive self-talk. Acknowledge your accomplishments. Remember that you’re worthy of love!
3. Manage stress. Anxiety can express itself in many ways. When you feel more at ease, you’ll naturally project more confidence. Listen to soothing music, partake in daily prayer, or practice meditation.
4. Widen your circle. Relying exclusively on one person creates a heavy burden for any individual. Develop a broader support network of people with whom you can share your thoughts and feelings. Having more people to count on is a wise decision.
5. Step outside your comfort zone. Adjusting your attachment style will require some effort. Motivate yourself to take risks by envisioning all that you have to gain. In addition to enriching your romantic life, you may get along better with family, friends, and co-workers.
6. Seek counseling. It may help to talk with a professional if you see troubling patterns in your relationships or you have childhood issues that you want to sort out. Ask your doctor or a trusted friend for a referral. Some psychologists specialize in couples counseling or relationship issues.
Steps to Take with Your Partner
1. Know each other’s attachment style. Relationships thrive when you accurately assess each other’s strengths and weaknesses. You’ll be less likely to make false assumptions or take things personally. Even if you both feel secure, there may be areas you want to work on.
2. Communicate openly. Openly communicating and disclosing deeper truths allows people to get to know each other on a profound level. Be respectful and honest. Give your loved ones your full attention and compassion. However, keep in mind that if your partner has an avoidant attachment style, they likely will not be open to healthy, reciprocal communication. If they are unwilling to change and refuse to go to counseling, it may be time to consider leaving the relationship because there is no chance for improvement without intervention.
3. Take things gradually. It’s easy to get carried away in the early stages of infatuation. Make a deliberate effort to slow down and be objective. It will help you see beyond your feelings and notice if you’re heading for a disappointment or starting to form more constructive habits. A good rule of thumb is to not get engaged, married, or move in together before one year’s time. This gives you the chance to see how a potential long-term partner will behave through the four seasons, as well as during family gatherings, holidays, and special occasions.
4. Assess your compatibility. While you’re working on the quality of your relationship, take into account where the other person stands. You may be in a marriage where you’re both determined to work through all obstacles. On the other hand, you may have a more casual connection where you can still be a good influence on each other.
Most of us have a mixture of attachment styles. Once you know your tendencies, you can understand yourself better and make positive changes that will help you enjoy more satisfying relationships.
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Join hundreds of subscribers who are UPPING their dating game, ditching the users and losers, and creating the relationship they want! | https://sympaticos.love/2019/04/08/discover-your-attachment-style-and-enrich-your-romantic-life/ |
What is attachment?
Attachment is our emotional bond with other human beings. We can an innate drive to bond with others but we now know that the way we bond with others often follows a blueprint from our very first connection with another – with our primary caregivers.
Attachment in babies and young children
In the late 1960’s a British psychologist, John Bowlby, used the term attachment to mean the lasting connection between people. He was primarily interested in how babies formed their very first attachment to their primary caregiver, normally their mothers. He concluded that a strong attachment to a caregiver provides a necessary sense of security and safety but not all attachments formed were secure and this could make young children more fearful of new experiences.
Later research by Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s showed that babies had different types of attachment to their mothers by placing them in situations where their mother would briefly leave a room and a stranger would enter before finally being reunited with their mothers. Some children would be seemingly unfazed while others would be extremely anxious and upset. She found that the way the caregivers responded to their children related to what kind of attachment had formed. See chart below with a summary of their findings. Those with consistently empathic mothers formed secure, healthy attachments. Caregivers who were inconsistent, uninterested or erratic had babies with insecure attachments, from avoidant to anxious
Attachment in adults
We don’t grow out of these attachment styles as we mature and you may find yourself recognising your attachment style in some of the descriptions below. Early attachment styles linger and can have a significant impact on your later relationships. Research on adults has found similar ratios of attachment styles in adults as they see in babies with about 60% of people having a secure attachment style. These styles effect:
- – How we perceive and feel about emotional closeness with others
- – How we deal with conflict
- – Expectations from the relationship and our romantic partner
- – Ability to communicate our own needs effectively.
Our attachment style as adults relates to two factors – our anxiety levels and levels of avoidance in relationships
Secure (low anxiety, low avoidance)
Comfortable with emotional closeness, trusting and empathic. Is able to depend on their partner and communicates their needs openly and honestly. Accepts partner’s need for seperateness without feeling rejected.
Anxious/Preoccupied (high anxiety, low avoidance)
Craves the intimacy and closeness of a relationship but fearful and insecure about the relationship. The fear of rejection and abandonment may make them seem needy and/or highly emotional.
Dismissing-Avoidant (low anxiety, high avoidance)
Uncomfortable with emotional closeness and craves independence. Might find it difficult to trust others or depend on them. Happier feeling self sufficient and not dependent on anyone else or anyone being dependant on them.
Fearful-Avoidant (high anxiety, high avoidance)
Uncomfortable with the closeness of relationships and anxious about their partner’s level of commitment and love. Worries about getting hurt and can oscillate between wanting closeness and pushing others away.
What can you do about your attachment style?
Being aware of your attachment style is useful to help you understand why we may behave the way we do in relationships. However, in romantic relationships there are two people (generally) and each person will have their own attachment style which will impact on the relationship. For example, someone who is anxious in a relationship with someone who is avoidant will frequently feel rejected by their partner’s lack of closeness while their partner may feel stifled by their partner’s needs.
Counselling and attachment styles
Counselling can help you understand your attachment style and understand if it is causing problems in your relationships. For example, if it is stopping you have the close relationship you desire or you would like to overcome your discomfort around emotional closeness. As a counsellor, my clients’ attachment styles can have a significant impact on the therapeutic relationship between us and I have to work carefully with them. Understanding your attachment style is a good start before taking steps to reduce any negative impact it might have on your life. Sometimes, with the aid of a counsellor or other mental health professional, it is useful to go back to the past and understand why that attachment style formed in the first place. Simply having a secure relationship with your counsellor can be the first step in healing and moving forward. | https://waypointcounselling.co.uk/2021/09/03/attachment-styles-and-relationships/ |
Even as infants, humans seek out people they can trust and bond with. When we are separated from or not cared for by people we are attached to, a couple of different things can happen.
For example, when some young children are left at daycare or school for the first time, they walk in ready to play and make friends, while others cry and cling to their parents' legs. That is their systems is at work! It's important to note that the children develop styles that will normally follow them throughout their entire lives.
According to research done by world-renowned psychologist Mary Ainsworth, the basis the way we feel about ourselves is formed during our childhood. Then, those same beliefs become the filter through which we see others in adulthood.
Does This Relate to Childhood?
When we have negative childhood experiences, we may develop a negative view of the world and develop an ambivalent style when we don't feel protected from extreme behaviors like child abuse. Our needs being met (or not met) when we are young shapes the way we will interact with others once we have grown.
This is why so many therapists focus on childhood events when trying to fix current emotional or relationship problems. For example, if you feel nervous or scared when you're physically far away from your romantic partner, it could be a sign that you are dealing with these issues.
Attachment theory is the study of the development of patterns that form in early childhood. According to this theory, there are four basic patterns. Adult styles fall under the categories of insecure or secure styles. Let's look at the four styles highlighted by theorists in more detail.
1. Secure Attachment Style - Secure attachment comes with knowing the ways to nourish a healthy relationship, offer emotional support, and respect the boundaries of others.
Those with a secure attachment style have confidence in the fact that they are worthy and deserving of others' love. It's rare that such confident partners become fearful of being abandoned or worry about their partner pulling away. Those with these styles don't use manipulation and threats in their intimate relationships.
If people experiencing a secure attachment style do have questions or concerns about their relationship, they will ask for clarity before jumping to conclusions.
Source: pexels.com
2. The Dismissive/Avoidant Attachment Style - Every person needs close connections, but you wouldn't know that from watching a person with a dismissive/avoidant attachment pattern. Usually, this pattern of reaction occurs within people whose parents were unavailable when they were young. They are "lone wolves" and often find themselves avoiding close connections, even with those they care for.
The Dismissive/Avoidant Style is an insecure attachment style that results from feelings of abandonment or having to develop independence at an early age. Adults who couldn't rely on their parents when they were younger now mirror the behavior of their parents, being unable to provide attention and reassurance in their relationships.
Because they had to be independent and spent so much time alone (physically or emotionally) as a child, they avoid intimacy. Dismissive-avoidant types can shut down emotionally. Wondering if your partner is dismissive-avoidant? Think about the ways they react to an argument. If they are quick to adopt an "I don't care attitude" and shut down completely, this type of pattern is probably at play.
3. The Fearful/Avoidant Attachment Style - Like the dismissive-avoidant attachment style, people experiencing a fearful-avoidant style also tend to avoid relationships or close intimacy, despite the fact that they may have a genuine desire for intimacy. Fearful-avoidant people worry so much that others will hurt them; they try to avoid love at all costs.
But because they have a sincere internal desire to feel secure, fearful-avoidants find themselves seeking out attachments over and over again. Like a pendulum, people experiencing a fearful-avoidant style swing back and forth. At times, desperately wanting and needing a relationship and at other times, clawing to get away. Life as a fearful-avoidant can feel like an endless merry-go-round.
Fearful-avoidant people have an internal dialogue that continually tells them that they "can't handle it" or "don't feel safe" in times of conflict.
4. The Anxious Attachment Style - Type four is the least common type of pattern, affecting only twenty percent of individuals. Although it might not be as common, this pattern brings with it a great deal of turmoil.
Also known as "preoccupied," those experiencing anxious patterns tend to live life in distress. Always searching for reassurance, their relationships are generally filled with insecurity and fear. When they are unsure of the way their partner feels, they become clingy or angry. Often, they lose the love they so desperately seek because of negative behavior.
But where does this fear come from? If you have this type of pattern, you probably had a mother or father who was inconsistent in the ways they responded to you when you were upset or needed reassurance. Warm and caring sometimes, this same parent could also be unexpectedly cold and aloof.
Children with such parents never know what they're going to get and become subconsciously obsessed with watching for cues of rejection. By the time they reach adulthood, their brain has wired itself to enter "fight or flight mode" when even the smallest hint of rejection is perceived.Anxious Attachment
Consider this scenario: You text your significant other to see if they want to meet you for lunch. An hour later, you still haven't received a response. You check Facebook messenger and confirm that they were online recently. Anger and stress start to rise within you.
A million thoughts start to race through your head. Are they at lunch with someone else? Do they want to break up? By the time your partner calls you back to tell you about their busy day and make plans for dinner, you've already convinced yourself that the relationship is over.
Though the situation above might sound strange to someone with a secure pattern, those with attachment issues and insecure styles of attaching have likely gone through something similar. Do you find yourself acting out for attention or withdrawing when things don't go your way? Or maybe you're so critical that you've convinced yourself that you'll never have the love you want.
Do you use mind games, angry outbursts, or threats of a break-up to calm your fears and regain control? If any of the above sounds familiar, you may be experiencing an insecure style developed in childhood that causes you to be overly dependent on your partner.Defining Attachment Anxiety
Nervousness, fearfulness, worry, and apprehension: Are all common characteristics of a person lacking a secure attachment style resulting from developing an anxious pattern in early childhood, or another critical developmental period of their lives.
Instead of thinking of the positive parts of the relationship, a person will focus only on the negative. Even when in a relationship that is healthy and secure, a person with a disorganized style or deep-rooted anxiety will fear the worst.
Take for example Maria, a 30-year-old wife, and mother of three. Though currently in the most rewarding relationship of her life, Maria is constantly afraid her husband will abandon her. One day after work, Maria pulled into her drive and noticed that her husband's car wasn't at home.
Instantly, her heart sank. At the same time, a million thoughts began to race through her mind. Had he left her? Surely, he had. After all, who would want to be with someone like herself? She couldn't cook that well, and the house wasn't always clean. She'd always felt like he was the better looking one and after having kids, she thought this to be fact.
As she sobbed with tears running down her face, Maria didn't even notice her husband's light taps on her driver's side window. Holding the milk he had brought from the store, he stood at Maria's car window bewildered as to why she was crying in the driveway.Signs of Attachment Anxiety
Maria's struggle is proof that although her thinking isn't logical, these feelings can be overwhelming. If you can relate to Maria's struggle or one of the following signs, you may be experiencing adult attachment anxiety.
- Constantly seeking reassurance from loved ones
- A tendency to be bossy, controlling, and argumentative
- Also can be exciting, charming, and creative
- "Stir the pot" or self-sabotage their relationships
- Can be overly sensitive and take things personally
- May have emotional outbursts or become angry when afraid
- Uses sex to meet needs for approval or security
- Sees rejection in places it doesn't exist
Adults with attachment anxiety will find that they easily become overly dependent on their partner. Fear of intimacy and commitment issues are common issues found when adults with this style enter relationships.
When you're dealing with a negative style, it's extremely important that you learn to set boundaries and respect the boundaries of others to have more successful intimate relationships. Therapy is a proven method for healing from attachment anxiety. Adults who continually have trouble maintaining intimate relationships often seek therapy or couples counseling to learn to effectively communicate.
Source: pexels.com
Getting Rid of Attachment Anxiety
There's no sugar-coating it. Coping with attachment anxiety can be tough, and there's no magic pill or quick fix that can make it disappear. But thankfully there are ways that one can learn to move past their fears and insecurity, to enjoy secure, fulfilling relationships. Here are a few common-sense tips that can help you get rid of your attachment anxiety once and for all.1. Know Your Pattern of Attachment Anxiety
Though it sounds cliché, knowledge is key here. The more you learn about your style, the better you will be at handling the anxiety that comes along with it.
For example, research on patterns reveals that those who experience specific styles negatively view neutral facial expressions. Meaning, if someone's face is normally resting with no smile or frown, your brain may interpret it as a threat/rejection or losing interest in what you have to say.
This is why so many people experiencing anxious styles get upset with partners who are cool or non-emotional during an argument. So, the next time your partner tries to console you with a straight-face, remind yourself that this doesn't equal rejection and that they aren't losing interest.
Learning more about attachment anxiety will also teach you to avoid serious discussions when you are emotionally activated. If this sounds like you, you might be prone to overreact during conversations that bring on raw emotions. Knowing that this is your pattern, you should practice giving yourself "time-outs" when you feel you are going too far. Remind yourself that it's okay to distance yourself from the situation.
The more research you do on your style of attachment, the less difficult your healing journey will be.2. Avoid Pitfalls in Attachment Anxiety
It's important to remember that having attachment anxiety doesn't make you a "bad" person. But there are some mind-traps associated with your style that can make relationships difficult. If you're on the road to getting rid of attachment-based anxiety, you need to avoid some of the associated pitfalls or mind-traps. Some of the most common associated with the preoccupied style include:
Mind-Reading:
Assuming you know what someone thinks or will say beforehand. For example, you might assume your partner wants to break up as soon as you hear them say "I want to talk to you about something."
Worst-Case Thinking:
Similarly, you might jump to the worst-case scenario or unfavorable outcome in any situation. This can cause you to make mistakes as you try to protect yourself from being hurt; for example, by prematurely breaking up with your girlfriend after a fight because you assume that she is going to call it off.
Personalizing:
One final pitfall to avoid when trying to overcome attachment anxiety is the tendency to take everything personally. This goes back to the crying Maria whose husband went to the store. She assumed he left the house because of her flaws when in reality, he just wanted some milk for his cereal. The real issue, in this case, had to do with Maria's deep desire to love and be loved - and the fear of losing it.
Source: pexels.com3. Consider Therapy for Attachment Anxiety
Even those who know a lot about their attachment type and the anxiety they experience may have a hard time changing on their own. After all, these reactions and feelings have been hardwired since childhood. Some of us have lived with the negative effects of our anxious attachment styles for decades! For this reason, many people who want to eliminate their fear of intimacy recognize that it's time to find a therapist to get professional advice on cope with attachment patterns developed in early childhood.
Because therapists are qualified professionals, they know a great deal about the attachment process and attachment anxiety. Licensed therapists help attachment-avoidant individuals move away from anxious behavior and towards healing. Through work with a qualified therapist, those experiencing this can learn to:
- Tackle and change irrational fears that plague relationships
- Be more confident when communicating wants and needs
- Feel empowered to build truly fulfilling relationships
- Have a stronger understanding of self
- Feel independent in their decision making
- Recognize specific attachment styles developed via family systems
- Increase security of attachment
If you don't know where to start, consider using a therapist matching service to match you with the most suitable therapist for you.4. Find a Buffer
One of the things therapists often hear from patients experiencing attachment anxiety is that they feel their relationships are doomed. Thankfully, this isn't true. While you are working to get rid of the attachment-related insecurity, you can still take part in a healthy relationship. It just has to be with the right person!
As researchers Simpson and Overall explain, people feel and do better when in relationships with secure people. The reassurance and acceptance that a secure partner gives can act as an emotional buffer for the insecure partner's anxiety and lessen the effects of their specific attachment styles. In the long run, these types of partnerships tend to last longer than when emotionally anxious people are paired together.5. Practice Mindfulness
While you delve into learning more about your attachment style and consider whether or not to pursue therapy, you might find practicing mindfulness to be a great way to rid yourself of anxiety based attachment in adulthood.
In simple terms, mindfulness is the state of being present and focuses on looking at the world based on positive views. Instead of living in the future in an attempt to avoid negative experiences, people practicing mindfulness ground themselves in the here and now, acceptance and awareness. This is the focus of mindfulness.
Rumination, or obsessive thoughts and worries, is a huge part of attachment anxiety. Mindfulness reminds individuals of their capacity to love and helps break the patterns of disorganized attachment. By encouraging an anxious person to stay in the here and now through practicing mindfulness, insecurely attached individuals can move away from worry and unreasonable thinking by calming their nervous system and start to feel good again.
Source: pexels.com
Mindful Benefits
Though it may seem like a simple tool, mindfulness has key benefits. Practicing mindfulness is good for our physical and mental health. Practicing mindfulness can boost your immune system and improve your quality of sleep and help to break the debilitating hold of attachment anxiety.
Becoming mindful can make you more compassionate, increase patience, and also boosts self-compassion. Not to mention, cultivating mindfulness can improve your memory and decision-making skills. One of the most helpful benefits of all is that being mindful helps to reduce the stress of negative attachments. Mindfulness is a simple coping strategy to use as you begin to learn to replace avoidant attachment styles with advice, diagnosis, and support.
Becoming mindful takes away stress and helps us regulate emotions and is becoming a popular healing modality of choice for those who experience the negative effects that anxious attachment can create.What is Practicing Mindfulness
Persistent eye contact helps mindful practitioners remain in the here and now. Staying rooted in the present moment helps clients to break the hold of anxious attachment patterns that result from a fear of intimacy.
Because it's such a beneficial tool, there is a sea of information about mindfulness on the web. One of the best ways to learn the technique is with the assistance of a therapist, but you can get started on your own as well. The following few tips can provide a basis for practicing anxiety-busting mindfulness:
- Watch your breathing, especially when you are upset. Focusing on your inhaling and exhaling can help you calm yourself when experiencing intense emotions that are likely to push you over the edge.
- Recognize your emotions, keeping in mind that they are not who you are. Remind yourself that emotions are fleeting and can leave just as quickly as they arise. It's important to tell yourself in these heated or scared moments, "This will pass."
- Focus on physical sensations that your body registers as you start to get anxious. Just noticing what your body is doing can help you raise awareness and stay at the moment.
- Do a body scan, using the technique as a way to quiet your anxiety and avoid overthinking.
- Find a therapist to begin working through issues related to living with a negative attachment style.
At BetterHelp, our online therapists want to help you find a way to have healthy relationships where you're not worried about the other person leaving.
Develop healthier relationships by learning to cope with early attachment patterns, especially those related to avoidant attachment and anxious attachment. When you find a therapist using our online search tool, feel confident to know that you can trust your BetterHelp therapist to provide advice, diagnosis, and support for dealing with a fear of intimacy resulting from adult attachment issues.
It's distressing to be overly concerned about losing a loved one. Feeling anxiously attached hurts you and is an exhausting dynamic for many friendships and romantic relationships. An online therapist at BetterHelp can support you in breaking your anxious attachment patterns and learning to be secure in your relationships.
You can trust your therapist to help you learn and become more confident in your choices. When you feel grounded in your sense of self, you won't be afraid of losing people. That's a goal to work on with your therapist. Read below for some reviews of BetterHelp counselors, from people experiencing similar issues.Counselor Reviews
"I was skeptical of this forum initially. I am now 4 months in and I am really happy with the realizations Jennifer has helped me make. She's committed, honest, and direct but also comforting and positive. I think she has great insight, excellent experience and a good understanding of people that overcomes the challenges of online counseling. Her accessibility and availability is outstanding."
"Brandon has been amazing. He is always understanding and truly listens to me. He knows exactly what to say or ask to delve deeper into my anxieties and helps me figure out the root causes. He guides me along so that I may try and figure it out myself first, and that means a lot to me."
Although your issues with attachment anxiety may not be resolved overnight, you are fighting a winning battle. By understanding where your anxiety comes from and taking proactive steps to change your attachment style, you can rid yourself of unnecessary fear once and for all.
Seek knowledge, help if you need it, and stay mindful, realizing that you are worthy of love and are much more than your anxiety.Contact BetterHelp
For more information on where to find a therapist that can help you, you can reach out to [email protected]. You can also find us on LinkedIn, Twitter, Instagram, Google+, Facebook, YouTube & Tumblr.
Read more from BetterHelp about attachment anxiety and other anxiety behaviors:
- The Prevalence Of Attachment Disorder In Adults - https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/personality-disorders/the-prevalence-of-attachment-disorder-in-adults/
- Understanding Different Types Of Attachment - https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/attachment/understanding-different-types-of-attachment/
- How Does Anxious Attachment Work And What Does It Mean? - https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/attachment/how-does-anxious-attachment-work-what-does-it-mean
- How Attachment Therapy Can Help You- https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/attachment/how-attachment-therapy-can-help-you/
- Ever Thought: Do I Have Anxiety or Am I Just Worried? - https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/anxiety/ever-thought-do-i-have-anxiety-or-am-i-just-worried/
- Anxiety: The Stress That Never Stops- https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/anxiety/anxiety-the-stress-that-never-stops/
- How To Help With & Address Anxiety Disorders - https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/anxiety/how-to-help-with-and-address-anxiety-disorders/
If you are in crisis, do not hesitate to call the hotlines below or want to learn more about therapy, please see below:
- RAINN (Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network) - 1-800-656-4673
- The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline - 1-800-273-8255
- National Domestic Violence Hotline - 1-800-799-7233
- NAMI Helpline (National Alliance on Mental Illness) - 1-800-950-6264, for more information: [email protected], or visit their FB Page. | https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/anxiety/ridding-yourself-of-attachment-anxiety/ |
Have you ever had a friend who continually dated ‘bad eggs’? (I use ‘bad egg’ to refer to people who are bad news in relationships.) Some people just seem to be riding on a rollercoaster of relationships disasters! I was one such person. Many of my romantic relationships were extremely dysfunctional. On the other hand, some people appear to consistently build rewarding relationships. These pairings are marked by goodwill and positive interactions. They do not experience the kinds of ongoing drama typical of dysfunctional relationships. How is it that these people consistently build rewarding relationships? And why is it that other people appear to continually make bad choices in relationships? Surprisingly, the kinds of people who enter into dysfunctional relationships are very similar in a number of important ways. In this article I will outline two key traits that are typical amongst those who have troublesome relationships. Those who possess either of these traits are likely to experience less rewarding relationships. Those who do not possess these traits typically build more rewarding relationships.
These 2 traits predict relationship problemsIn this article I am going to outline 2 traits that contribute to relationship dysfunction. The 2 traits that contribute to relationship dysfunction are related to what John Bowlby called the attachment system. We’ll need to understand a little bit of background information about attachment systems in order to understand these 2 key relationship dysfunctions. John Bowlby’s classic 3-volume book, Attachment & Loss, is one of the most quoted works in modern psychology. Bowlby's research has had a huge impact on our understanding of close relationships. Bowlby proposed that humans (and other animals) have evolved an internal system called the attachment system. The attachment system is a basic behaviour system.
- Behaviour System. Biologists believe that animals have evolved behaviour systems in order to help them achieve important goals. A system is triggered when its particular goal is not being met. Once its goal has been obtained the system is turned off.
- Attachment System. Bowlby believed an attachement system is activated in babies whenever they feel under threat. The goal of the system is to obtain the protection and support of an adult. A baby's attachment system also has the goal of ensuring that she remain close to an adult at all times. If a baby is left alone, the system activates and the baby begins to cry until an adult returns.
Attachment & LoveA baby's attachment system is designed to ensure she obtains support from adults. However, a similar attachment system appears to operate in adults. Philip Shaver and his colleagues have conducted a great deal of research into the study of 'attachment' in adult romantic relationships. They believe that adult attachments are formed through romantic bonds.
These researchers believe that, in a number of important ways, adult romantic bonds are similar to the attachment bonds existing between children and their parents. Every feature of the infant attachment system appears to have an adult romantic parallel.Hazon & Shaver developed the following descriptions of the 3 styles of attachment seen in romantic relationships. These descriptions are used to measure a person’s attachment style. Have a read of the following descriptions. Then decide to what extent you feel that each description represents how you act and feel within romantic relationships. Here are the 3 descriptions
- Secure
I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don’t worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.
- Avoidant
I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them completely, difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often, others want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being.
- Anxious
I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn’t really love me or won’t want to stay with me. I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away.
How do these 3 relationship ‘styles’ relate to relationship outcomes?So how do these romantic ‘attachment styles’ relate to relationship outcomes? Let’s have a look at each one.
- Secure
‘People who classified themselves as securely attached described their love relationships as friendly, warm, trusting, and supportive. They emphasized intimacy as the core feature of their relationships; and they believed in the existence of romantic love and the possibility of maintaining intense love over an extended time period’People who securely attach also typically have stronger self esteem, better psychological wellbeing, better social skills and stronger ability to manage their emotions.
- Avoidant
‘People with an avoidant style described their romantic relationships as low in warmth, lacking in friendly interactions, and low in emotional involvement. They believed that love fades with time and that the kind of romance depicted in novels and films does not really exist.’
- Anxious
‘…people who reported having an anxious style characterized their romantic relationships as involving obsession and passion, strong physical attraction, desire for union or merger with their partner, and proneness to fall in love quickly and perhaps indiscriminately. They characterised their lovers as untrustworthy and nonsupportive, and they reported intense bouts of jealousy and anger toward romantic partners as well as worries about rejection and abandonment.'
What causes the negative attachment ‘styles’?Anxious & Avoidant attachment styles are classed as 'insecure'. A number of theorists have suggested possible causes for the 2 ‘insecure’ attachment styles. They suggest that these two styles involve ‘hyperactivation’ or ‘deactivation’ of the attachment system. This occurs when the attachment system fails to obtain its goal. In romantic relationships, the attachment goal is to obtain support from one’s partner.
- ‘Hyperactivation’ (Anxious response) In the event that a person fails to obtain a supportive response from her partner, her attachment system may be hyperactivated. In this case, the person ‘fights’, ‘protests’ or persists in trying to obtain her desired response. She does this in an attempt to force her partner to respond in the way she wants. Some theorists have suggested this kind of response may occur when a person experiences mixed responses from their partner (or in the case of children, from their parent). The person then learns that if she keeps persisting, she may get the desired response eventually. The big problem with this attachment style is that the 'anxious attacher' becomes increasingly distressed when her needs are not met. She also has a tendency to doubt her own value as a person.
- ‘Deactivation’ (Avoidant response)
In the event that a person persistently fails to receive any supportive response from a partner (or parent) the attachment system may be ‘deactivated’.
In this instance, the person who has been seeking support experiences so much frustration that she ceases to attempt to gain support any more. This avoids the pain and frustration involved in being continually ignored. It also avoids the difficult feelings associated with continually not having ones needs met.
Some theorists have suggested that this response occurs when a person continually experiences disapproval or punishment from their partner (or parent) when she attempts to gain support.
The obvious side-effects of this 'deactivation' response is that those who persist in avoiding seeking support enjoy less intimacy, are less likely to have their needs met (from others who are more responsive) and will be less able to enjoy intimate sex.
People who adopt an avoidant romantic attachment style forego the opportunity to enjoy intimacy with people who may in fact be able to meet many of their needs.Shaver & Mikulincer comment,
Why some people continually have dysfunctional relationshipsAs outlined above, the term ‘insecure’ refers to both avoidant and anxious styles of attachment. From my perspective, a serious problem arises for those who adopt 'insecure' attachment styles. The negative behaviours associated with 'insecure' attachment typically drive away those who are more secure in relationships.
A secure person is unlikely to want to enter into a relationship with an insecure person. This is because a secure person would far prefer to be in relationship with other people who securely attach.As a result, this means that ‘insecure’ individuals are typically only able to enter into relationships with other insecure individuals.
- The Negative Relationship Cycle. We need to experience strong secure relationships in order to begin to feel secure. However, an insecure individual is unlikely to be able to begin a relationship with a secure person. She therefore typically enters relationships with other insecure people. As a result, she is unlikely to have her needs for support met. And so the relationship reinforces her original insecurity.
Can negative attachment styles be altered?I the past I have been an extremely dysfunctional anxious attacher. In the end, I decided that I needed to learn to stop acting in the dysfunctional manner in which insecure people typically act. I realised that if I continued to act in a insecure manner, I would never be able to enter into a more secure relationships. I did 3 things that helped me alter the negative cycle of insecurity.
- Avoid 'insecure' behaviours I decided to try stop acting in the typical manner of ‘insecure’ people. The better we are able to recognise our negative behaviours, the easier it becomes to alter them. Therefore, the first step in this process entails beginning to be honest with ourselves about when we are acting in an insecure manner. When entering new relationships, I concentrated on trying to calm my typically overly intense, 'needy' and ‘clingy’ behaviours. If you are more typically an Avoidant Attacher, then learning to act more securely might involve altering avoidant behaviours. It may, for example, involve yourself to be more trusting and intimate in relationships. It might also involve allowing yourself to accept more support from your partner. And it might involve trying NOT to withdraw from your partner whenever you feels threatened.
- Avoid 'insecure' peopole Alongside trying to act in a more secure manner, I began to be very careful about who I spent time with. I determined NOT to spend time with people who were selfish or self-absorbed, or who ignored my needs for support. If we continue to surround ourselves with people who do not respond to our needs, then we will remain insecure.
- Be attentive & supportive of others In more recent times, I have begun to realise that I need to also concentrate on meeting other people’s needs. This is the reward that others look for in relationships. When we concentrate on meeting others’ needs, secure people are more likely to want to spend time with us.
Find out your ‘attachment’ style!Are you typically an Anxious, Avoidant or Secure attacher? Take this test to find out. The Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-R) questionnaire has been developed by several academics in order to measure attachment style. The instructions are as follows:
The statements below concern how you feel in emotionally intimate relationships. We are interested in how you generally experience relationships, not just in what is happening in a current relationship. Respond to each statement by choosing the response that best indicates how much you agree or disagree with the statement.The 1st questionnaire measures Anxious Attachment: CLICK HERE to take the Anxious Attachment test. The 2nd questionnaire measures Avoidant Attachment.: CLICK HERE to take the Avoidant Attachment test. | https://www.livelifesatisfied.com/article/why-some-people-almost-always-have-fulfilling-relationships |
What is attachment, and why is it important?
Attachment refers to the particular way in which you relate to other people. Your style of
attachment was formed at the very beginning of your life, during your first two years.
Once established, it is a style that stays with you and plays out today in how you relate
in intimate relationships and in how you parent your children. Understanding your style
of attachment is helpful because it offers you insight into how you felt and developed in
your childhood. It also clarifies ways that you are emotionally limited as an adult and
what you need to change to improve your close relationships and your relationship with
your own children.
Early Attachment Patterns
Young children need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for
their social and emotional development to occur normally. Without this attachment,
they will suffer serious psychological and social impairment. During the first two years,
how the parents or caregivers respond to their infants, particularly during times of
distress, establishes the types of patterns of attachment their children form. These
patterns will go on to guide the child’s feelings, thoughts, and expectations as an adult in
future relationships.
Secure Attachment:
Ideally, from the time infants are six months to two years of age, they form an emotional
attachment to an adult who is attuned to them, that is, who is sensitive and responsive
in their interactions with them. It is vital that this attachment figure remain a consistent
caregiver throughout this period in a child’s life. During the second year, children begin
to use the adult as a secure base from which to explore the world and become more
independent. A child in this type of relationship is securely attached. Dr. Dan Siegel
emphasizes that for a child to feel securely attached to their parents or
caregivers, they must feel safe, seen, and soothed.
Avoidant Attachment:
Some adults are emotionally unavailable and, as a result, are insensitive to
and unaware of the needs of their children. They have little or no response when a child
is hurting or distressed. These parents discourage crying and encourage independence.
Often their children quickly develop into “little adults” who take care of themselves.
These children pull away from needing anything from anyone else and are self-
contained. They have formed an avoidant attachment with a misattuned parent.
Ambivalent/Anxious Attachment:
Some adults are inconsistently attuned to their children. At times their responses are
appropriate and nurturing, but at other times they are intrusive and insensitive. Children
with this kind of parenting are confused and insecure, not knowing what type of
treatment to expect. They often feel suspicious and distrustful of their parent, but at the
same time, they act clingy and desperate. These children have an ambivalent/anxious
attachment to their unpredictable parents.
Disorganized Attachment:
When a parent or caregiver is abusive to a child, the child experiences physical and
emotional cruelty and frightening behavior as being life-threatening. This child is caught
in a terrible dilemma: her survival instincts are telling her to flee to safety, but safety is
the very person who is terrifying her. The attachment figure is the source of the child’s
distress. In these situations, children typically disassociate from their selves. They
detach from what is happening to them, and what they are experiencing is blocked from
their consciousness. Children in this conflicted state
have disorganized attachments with their fearsome parental figures.
Adult Attachment Styles
Secure Personality:
People who formed secure attachments in childhood have secure attachment patterns in
adulthood. They have a strong sense of themselves, and they desire close associations
with others. They basically have a positive view of themselves, their partners, and their
relationships. Their lives are balanced: they are both secure in their independence and
in their close relationships.
Dismissive Personality:
Those who had avoidant attachments in childhood most likely
have dismissive attachment patterns as adults. These people tend to be loners; they
regard relationships and emotions as being relatively unimportant. They are cerebral
and suppress their feelings. Their typical response to conflict and stressful situations is
to avoid them by distancing themselves. These people’s lives are not balanced: they are
inward and isolated and emotionally removed from themselves and others.
Preoccupied Personality:
Children who have an ambivalent/anxious attachment often grow up to
have preoccupied attachment patterns. As adults, they are self-critical and insecure.
They seek approval and reassurance from others, which never relieves their self-doubt. In their relationships, deep-seated feelings that they will be rejected make them
worried and not trusting. This drives them to act clingy and overly dependent on their
partner. These people’s lives are not balanced: their insecurity leaves them turned
against themselves and emotionally desperate in their relationships.
Fearful-Avoidant Personality:
People who grew up with disorganized attachments often develop fearful-
avoidant patterns of attachment. Since, as children, they detached from their feelings
during times of trauma, as adults, they continue to be somewhat detached from
themselves. They desire relationships and are comfortable in them until they develop
emotionally close. At this point, the feelings that were repressed in childhood begin to
resurface and, with no awareness of them being from the past, they are experienced in
the present. The person is no longer in life today but rather is suddenly re-living an old
trauma. These people’s lives are not balanced: they do not have a coherent sense of
themselves, nor do they have a clear connection with others.
Developing an “Earned Secure Attachment”
The good news is it’s never too late to develop a secure attachment! Although your
attachment patterns were formed in infancy and can follow you throughout your life,
it is possible to develop an “Earned Secure Attachment” at any age.
One essential way to do this is by making sense of your story. After many years
of research I have conducted, the research demonstrates that the best predictor of a
child’s security of attachment is not what happened to his parents as children but rather
how his parents made sense of those childhood experiences. The key to “making sense”
of your life experiences is to write a coherent narrative, which helps you understand how
your childhood experiences still affect you in your life today. When you create a
coherent narrative, you actually rewire your brain to cultivate more security within
yourself and your relationships.
Because our attachment ability is broken in a relationship, it is often best to be fixed in a
relationship. One of the proven ways to change our attachment style is by forming an
attachment with someone who has a more secure attachment style than what we’ve
experienced. We can also talk to a neuropsychologist, as the therapeutic relationship can
help create a more secure attachment.
We can continue to get to know ourselves by understanding our past experiences,
allowing ourselves to make sense of and feel the full pain of our stories, then moving
forward as separate, differentiated adults. In doing this, we move through the world
with an internal sense of security that helps us better withstand the natural hurts that
life can bring. | https://mindlabneuroscience.com/relationships/what-are-attachment-styles-and-why-you-need-to-know-your-style/ |
This May the Sundance Institute Native American and Indigenous Program is venturing across Indian Country to bring the Native Forum to Native Lands. This journey coincides with Lab Fellow and Festival Alum Taika Waititi being highlighted as the Sundance Alumni Advisory Board Member of the month. So prepare to be blogged, tweeted, eblasted, and otherwise made aware of 20+ years of Native Cinema made possible by Sundance Institute.
Sherman Alexie, Irene Bedard, and Chris Eyre at '98 Sundance Film Festival with Smoke Signals. Photo by Trisha Empey.
In 1994, the Sundance Film Festival created the Native Forum to highlight and premiere films made by Native American filmmakers. That first year, the Festival screened 14 films made by Native American and Canadian Aboriginal directors. In the years that followed, the Native Forum became a space for Native and Indigenous filmmakers to gather and share stories of their experiences and struggles, but most importantly to build a community. At the helm of this effort was Cherokee Filmmaker Heather Rae, who headed the Native Program and programmed the Native Forum.
From 1994 to 2004, close to 165 Native films premiered as Official Selections of the Sundance Film Festival. Careers were launched and many of those filmmakers continue to make films and present their work to audiences across the country and around the world. In 2001, Heather Rae moved on to become a producer and I carried on the work of building the Native Program on the very sturdy foundation that Heather Rae established. In 2007, Owl Johnson (Saginaw Chippewa/E. Cherokee/Seneca-Cayuga) joined the program to help carry out the work.
As the Native Forum expanded to include Indigenous filmmakers from Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific, the Indigenous film circuit also expanded with other Festivals presenting works by Indigenous filmmakers. ImagineNative in Canada and MessageSticks in Australia became additional hubs on the global circuit for Indigenous Cinema. After helping to put Native Cinema on the cultural map, the Sundance Film Festival retired the Native Forum category in 2005 as a steady stream of Native films were being selected for the Festival's overall programming categories.
Today the Native Forum is still a vibrant space where Indigenous filmmakers and industry come together to share their expertise with one another at the Festival. The community that converges is able to connect at events such as the Native Forum Brunch or meet agents, film company executives, and producers at the Sundance Industry Meetings. Native Lab Fellows receive additional support and guidance on the projects they have in development, and before the Festival ends filmmakers participate in workshops and panels such as the Indigenous ShortsLab, hosted for the first time at the 2011 Festival.
Now nearly 20 years later, the Native Forum has evolved and is returning to Native Lands across the U.S. this month. Throughout May the Institute's Native American and Indigenous Program is taking the Native Forum to three specific regions along with films and filmmakers to connect with aspiring writers, directors, and actors in local communities.
The Native Forum will visit the following locations:
The growth and expansion of the Indigenous film world is exciting. These days we can find Heather Rae producing Oscar-nominated films and serving as an Artist Trustee to Sundance Institute. We can also witness once emerging filmmakers Taika Waititi (Te Whanau Apanui) and Sterlin Harjo (Creek/Seminole Nations) serving as seasoned filmmakers and Creative Advisors supporting the next generation of artists at the Native Lab. We hope that we'll cross your path somewhere along the way as May will be an exciting month for the Native American and Indigenous Program. We'll be scouting for that next emerging filmmaker and unique project that we can consider for opportunities at Sundance Institute.
Taika Waititi premieres Boy at the 2010 Festival. Photo by Clayton Chase.
Through all the years of the Native Program's work, there has been the creation and sustaining of an Indigenous film circle. The circle of our work begins by scouting for and identifying Native artists, bringing them through the mechanisms of Sundance Institute support to get their work made and shown, and then taking the filmmakers and their work back to Native Lands to inspire new generations of filmmakers and storytellers.
Our special thanks to all the Tribal Nations whose lands we are visiting. We thank you for welcoming us.
Native Lab Fellow Brian Young (Navajo) and Creative Advisor Kasi Lemmons (Eve’s Bayou; Talk to Me). Photo by Lindsey Shakespeare. | http://www.sundance.org/blogs/the-native-forum-goes-to-native-lands/ |
The international conference "Indigenous cinemas: cultural affirmation and reconciliation" will gather senior and emerging indigenous filmmakers along with aboriginal audiovisual organizations from Canada, Chile, Panama, Bolivia, Peru and Norway, members of the International Network for Aboriginal Audiovisual Creation (INAAC) who will testify of the essential link between cultural affirmation and reconciliation.
The participants will share their ideas and innovative cinematographic initiatives on how the reconciliation and relationships to others articulate themselves in the cinematographic creation and decolonization processes in Canada and around the world.
A first axis of the conference will portray the experiences and individual artistic paths scattered among indigenous filmmaking process as a whole. Paying tribute to the pioneers and their experiences, the testimonies of indigenous filmmakers from here and abroad and of audiovisual organizations will show the cinema as a cultural affirmation and reconciliation tool in the cinematographic creation and decolonization processes in Quebec, in Canada and elsewhere in the world. They also reflect the essential link between cultural affirmation and the right to communicate, through indigenization of communications.
A second axis will show reflections and young aboriginal audiovisual creators' recent and innovative artistic initiatives. We will focus here on youth new trajectories, strategies and objectives and social relationships, on new ways the cultural affirmation and reconciliation is articulated by the cinema they make emerge. This second axis on youth and indigenous cinema will also explore ways to support these emerging filmmakers and to achieve their goals (ranging from filmmaking methods to identifying broadcasting areas) so that the voices of young aboriginal audiovisual creators are heard in all their diversity and creativity, in a constant dialogue with the rest of the world.
A projection of the films produced within the framework of INAAC will follow at the Montreal First Peoples Festival closing night.
Tarcila Rivera Zea is the founder and executive director of Chirapaq, pioneer organization which, with the support of Oxfam-Québec, appropriates Wapikoni Mobile's methodology and applies it to Quechua youth in Peru. Committed Quechua leader, she played a key role in the recognition of indigenous peoples' identity in Peru and Latin America. Tarcila Rivera Zea was recently elected, with 15 other indigenous representatives from different regions of the world, as a member of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. She will provide advices and recommendations on the development policies that affect the lives of more than 370 million indigenous people worldwide.
For over thirty years, Manon Barbeau has worked as a screenwriter and director for several organizations including Télé-Québec and the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). She has made several documentaries and in 2003 she founded the Wapikoni Mobile in collaboration with the Council of the Atikamekw Nation and the First Nations Youth Council with the support of the AFQNL and the NFB. Wapikoni Mobile, a traveling audiovisual and creation studio dedicated to First Nations youth, has produced over 900 short films. Manon Barbeau was named Ashoka Fellow in 2009 and Officer of the National Order of Quebec in 2014. She also received the Albert-Tessier Award, the highest award in cinema matters in Quebec.
Of Mapuche origin, Jeannette Paillan began using video to testify acts of violence to her people in communities of southern Chile. She is co-founder of the Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Cine de los Pueblos y Communicación de los Pueblos Indígenas (CLACPI), an organization devoted to the creation, to the development and distribution of Indigenous cinema in Latin America since 40 years. She now runs the indigenous festival FICWALLMAPU that promotes dialog and intercultural relations.
André Dudemaine teaches Film Studies at Concordia University in addition to being a founding member and managing director of LAND InSIGHTS and director of Montreal First Peoples Festival. It is through him that has reached and maintained the partnership between LAND InSIGHTS and GIRA since 2009 which is at the origin of Revisioning Americas Through Indigenous Cinema. André Dudemaine received the Mishtapew Excellence Award of the First Peoples' Business Association (2001, 2002, 2003) and the Jacques Couture Award of the National Assembly of Quebec (2002).
Leo Koziol is of Māori and Polish descent and is the founder and director of the Wairoa Māori Film Festival. His tribal background is Ngāti Kahungunu and Ngāti Rakaipāka. Leo Koziol’s interest is in place making and the role of artistic endeavour both to revitalise place and to explore dimensions of story and history. Leo Koziol has worked internationally, including six years in San Francisco working for the Resource Renewal Institute, spearheading sustainable cities projects in New Orleans and Silicon Valley. He founded the Wairoa Māori Film Festival, celebrating this year it’s 11th anniversary, that became a film makers retreat where those attending build strong networks and partnerships.
Ivan Sanjines dedicates his work to the development of indigenous and intercultural communication. He is the founding director of the Cinematography Education and Production Center/Centro de Formación y Realización Cinematográfica (CEFREC) located in La Paz (Bolivia). CEFREC works with the Bolivian Indigenous Peoples' Audiovisual Council/Coordinadora Audiovisual Indígena Originaria de Bolivia (CAIB) to produce the first documentaries and the first fiction works from Bolivian indigenous filmmakers. In 2001, he spearheaded the creation of a regional radio and television, Norte La Paz, the first indigenous television station of the country. He is an Ashoka Fellow since 1999, has received the Bicentennial Award of La Paz (2009) and an award of excellence for his entire work from the Chamber of Deputies of the Province of Chaco in Argentina. He currently serves on the board of the Bolivian Cinema Foundation and on Wapikoni Mobile's Board of Governors.
In 1979, Elizabeth Weatherford organized the first Native American Film and Video Festival for the Museum of the American Indian, which became the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) in 1989. She was also a co-founder of the Native Cinema Showcase, which is held annually during Indian Market in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Elizabeth Weatherford is currently the director of the Film and Video Center at the NMAI in New York. With more than 40 years of experience with film, she continues to create projects and help Indigenous filmmakers across the globe. The Film and Video Center (FVC) became the first international Native media arts center when it launched in 1981. It focuses on productions by and about Native peoples throughout North, Central and South America, the Arctic Circle, and the Pacific regions. It has shown nearly 2000 works and hosted hundreds of media makers to discuss their productions with the public and fellow filmmakers through its festivals, cinema showcases, daily and special on-site programming, national and international film and video tours, and Native Networks professional workshops for filmmakers and Native youth in media.
Silvia Susana Calfuqueo Lefio is Mapuche, one of the First Peoples of South America. A primary school teacher by profession, Silvia is married and has three children. She returned to her community in the Mapuche Lafkenche territory of Lake Budi – the only saltwater lake in South America – to grow with her family in peace and harmony with her surroundings and to strengthen her children's connection to their Mapuche identity, language and spirituality. Silvia contributes with her technical, cultural and social knowledge and skills to various initiatives in her territory. She is currently collaborating with a sustainable community economy project and is part of a group of women artisans. She is a trainer with the Mapuche School of Filmmaking and Communication of the Aylla Rewe Budi, teaching Mapuzugun (the Mapuche language) to the participating youth. Silvia's work is rooted in and nourished by Mapuche knowledge, wisdom and ways of thinking. She considers it a challenge and a necessity to share with the world a way of life that still exists and that can persist in time if Mapuche find the way to validate, defend and love their People and if we all learn to understand, respect and appreciate those who continue to adopt lifeways that are grounded in their Indigenous culture.
Miaskom Sipi, which means "flow of two rivers", is originally from Manawan, a community of the Atikamekw-Nehirowisiw Nation. Above all, Sipi is a pow-wow dancer and an activist for the First Nations. In particular, he was the spokesperson of the First Nations Youth Network for a two years mandate. It is very important for Sipi to get involved in his community and, according to him, the transmission of traditional knowledges is a key to the preservation of indigenous peoples’ identity as well as to defend themselves more efficiently against the dominant society.
Panama Born in the community of Pintupe, in the Kuna Comarca of Madungandi, this young film director lived in Panama City until she was 16. She participated in a Wapikoni's film for the first time in 2015. Although she spent her youth in the Panamanian capital, she now lives in her community, where lives a large part of her family. Analicia is passionate by the Kuna tradition, music and culture, as well as by those from the new places she discovers or intends to visit.
Odd Levi Paulsen is a Sami film producer from Norway. He has since 2011 started up and run a film production company that focuses on Sami film through the Sami culture in Norway. The company's vision is to be the best on the dissemination of Sami culture through the medium of film and web TV. So far he has produced four short movies, music video and web TV for Sami youth "NuorajTV" (Youth TV). Many of his films have been shown at film festivals around the world. Now he will be working with feature films with stories from northern Norway.
Caroline Monnet is a multidisciplinary artist from Outaouais, Quebec. Her work demonstrates a keen interest in communicating complex ideas around Indigenous identity and bicultural living through the examination of cultural histories. Monnet has exhibited in various venues such as the Palais de Tokyo (Paris) and Haus der Kulturen (Berlin) for the Rencontres Internationales Paris/Berlin/Madrid, TIFF, Aesthetica (UK), Cannes Film Festival (not short on talent), McCord Museum, Arsenal and Museum of Contemporary Arts (Montréal). Her most recent exhibition Standing in the Shadow of the Obvious is currently showing at Axenéo7 (Gatineau). Monnet has a BA in communication and sociology from the University of Ottawa and University of Granada (Spain). She lives in Montréal where she is the artist in residence at Arsenal Contemporary Art.
Jason Ryle serves on the board of the VTAPE organization, one of the largest independent videos distributors in Canada. He is currently the curator of the ImagineNATIVE Canadian film festival and of MEDIA ARTS, in Toronto. He writes for the Smithsonian Institute and several publications in North America.
Charles Bender was the French TV host of The 8th Fire, a Radio-Canada/CBC documentary series which addresses the contemporary indigenous issues. Since his Gémeaux nomination for hosting the young adult show, C’est parti mon tipi, Charles has become a regular presence on Aboriginal People’s Television Network. He is the lead of the new fiction TV series Sioui-Bacon (APTN). On stage, he has had the chance to work with Ondinnok theatre company. | http://www.wapikoni.ca/actualities/events/indigenous-cinemas-cultural-affirmation-and-reconciliation |
Queen’s University will be funding the research of 20 faculty members following their successful applications to the Queen’s Research Opportunities Fund (QROF). Launched in 2015, QROF represents a strategic internal investment in areas of institutional research strength that provides researchers and scholars with the opportunity to accelerate their programs and research goals.
“Research is a core component of the mission of Queen’s University, and a key driver of our Strategic Framework,” says John Fisher, Interim Vice-Principal (Research). “Through the QROF program, we are making important internal investments that present new opportunities to build on research excellence and to enhance success of our faculty with external agencies and non-governmental organizations. I look forward to seeing the project outcomes for this year’s recipients.”
See the full list of funded projects, and learn more about one of the funded projects, below.
Film can be used to educate, to document, and to tell stories. Video works can also spark conversations about topics both inspiring and difficult. In doing so, film can build culture and understanding among different peoples – and, sometimes, we discover we are not so different after all.
This has been one early finding of Assistant Professor Karine Bertrand’s work through her project, “From Arnait Video Productions (Nunavut) to Video in the Villages (Brazil): developing a network of the Americas for Indigenous women filmmakers”. Dr. Bertrand, who teaches in the Department of Film and Media, is working to establish a film database for Indigenous women filmmakers to help them leverage what some call the modern ‘talking stick’ – a way for Indigenous women to make their voice heard on important subjects.
Dr. Bertrand is one of the recipients of funding through QROF 2017 under the category of “Research Leaders.” With this funding, one of her goals is to build a network that will allow Indigenous women filmmakers across North and South America to communicate with, support, and learn from each other. She is partnering with Indigenous filmmaker Sonia Bonspille Boileau, as well as Indigenous elders and Indigenous students at Queen’s, to help bring her vision to life.
“I have been teaching a course on Indigenous women’s film and media for the last few years and looking at a lot of different video works from the Americas and Oceania, and I realized that it is really hard to get a hold of these films,” Dr. Bertrand explains. “And, despite the fact many of these female Indigenous filmmakers are thousands of miles away from each other, they are living the same realities. If they could share and communicate about their experiences, it might be able to help them in the healing process. It is so inspiring to think that maybe we can make a difference for these women.”
Dr. Bertrand hopes to launch the database within two years, and is currently consulting with the filmmakers about the best approach and seeking tech-savvy students who could assist. In the meantime, she has successfully reached out to the Four Directions Aboriginal Student Centre, whose elders are from Tyendinaga, and local Indigenous communities, including her community in Kitigan Zibi and the Outaouais region, to seek their blessing on the project.
With the support from the QROF, Dr. Bertrand also aims to establish a Minority Women’s Film and Media Production Centre here at Queen’s, and host a biennial conference showcasing minority women’s cinema with the first conference taking place in 2018. She believes there would be significant interest in the topic – 99 per cent of students enrolled in her Indigenous Women’s Film and Media course are non-Indigenous, and many of her fellow faculty have expressed their support for such a centre.
Below, please find the full list of this year’s QROF recipients. Thank you to all researchers who applied, and congratulations to all recipients.
Research Leaders’ Fund
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Crudden, Cathleen
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Chemistry
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Carbon-based ligands for metal surfaces: a revolution in biosensing
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$50,000
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Jessop, Philip
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Chemistry
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Application of green chemistry concepts to CMF derived biofuels
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$50,000
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Lai, Yongjun
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Mechanical and Materials Engineering
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Novel wearable technology for better vision
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$49,112
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Renwick, Neil
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Pathology and Molecular Medicine
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Accelerating RNA-guided diagnostics through accurate RNA detection in neuroendocrine tumor liquid samples and cell lines
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$50,000
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Bertrand, Karine
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Film and Media
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From Arnait Video Productions (Nunavut) to Video in the Villages (Brazil): developing a network of the Americas for Indigenous women filmmakers
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$50,000
International Fund
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Cramm, Heidi
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Rehabilitation Therapy/CIMVHR
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Military & veteran family health research: a global alliance
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$20,000
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Aldersey, Heather
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School of Rehabilitation Therapy
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Setting priorities for sex and relationship education for women with intellectual disabilities (ID) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and their families
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$20,000
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Mousavi, Parvin
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School of Computing
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Improved diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer using deep learning and multi-parametric medical imaging
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$15,000
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Cunningham, Michael
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Chemical Engineering
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Sustainable materials derived from natural polymers as substitutes for petroleum-based synthetic polymers
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$20,000
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Ross, Robert
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Kinesiology and Health Studies
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Exercise and metabolomics – a novel approach to understanding the mechanisms by which exercise improves cardiometabolic health
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$16,750
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Fichtinger, Gabor
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School of Computing
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The integration of the Dartmouth electrical impedance imaging technology with the Queen's NaviKnife real-time electromagnetic breast surgery navigation system
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$4,100
Post-Doctoral Fellow Fund
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Mousavi, Parvin - Anas, Emran Mohammad Abu
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School of Computing
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No Title
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$45,000
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Mulligan, Lois - Moodley, Serisha
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Cancer Biology & Genetics
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Evaluating RET-inhibitors in lung cancer growth and metastasis
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$45,000
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French, Simon - Auais, Mohammad
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Rehabilitation Therapy
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No Title
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$45,000
Arts Fund
Artistic Production
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Renders, Kim
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Dan School of Drama and Music
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Rhinoceros or What's Different About Me
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$5,000
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Rogalsky, Matthew
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Dan School of Drama and Music
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Purchase of specialized loudspeakers for investigation and experimentation on an Indigenous language sound installation project
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$2,742
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Anweiler, Rebecca
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Fine Art (Visual Art) Program
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Animal/Séance: exhibition at Modern Fuel Artist-Run Centre's State of Flux Gallery, Kingston, Ontario
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$4,900
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Wanless, Gregory
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Dan School of Drama and Music
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Support for The Eliza Show
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$5,000
Visiting Artist Residency
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McKegney, Sam
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English
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“Conversation over co-existence: The limitless possibilities of poetic practice”
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$13,000
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Kibbins, Garry
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Film and Media
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Richard Ibghy and Marilou Lemmens: The golden USB
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$9,401
To learn more about the QROF program, click here. | https://www.queensu.ca/gazette/stories/queens-invests-20-faculty-researchers |
Creating Futures Rooted in Wonder: Bridges between Indigenous, Science Fiction, and Fairy-Tale Studies
Scholars, students, creative writers, performers, filmmakers, activists, and community members, from Moananuiākea and Turtle Island, will come together for a four-day symposium that seeks to strengthen our rootedness in the stories of our past and inspire us to imagine just and sustainable futures.
- Roundtable panels, featuring scholars in Fairy Tale, Science Fiction, and Native/Indigenous Studies, artists, and community organizers, including Grace Dillon, Reina Whaitiri, Pauline Greenhill, Kamuela Enos, Brandy Nālani McDougall, Cristina Bacchilega, John Rieder, and more
- Workshops and activities led by artists, activists, writers, filmmakers, performers, including Nisi Shawl, Solomon Enos, Jason Lewis, Octaviaʻs Brood, Michael Lujan Bevacqua, Jocelyn Ng, and more
- Indigenous video game, comic book lounge
How can Indigenous values, culture, and people inform the way we think about the past, present, and future? Or call us to re-think (neo/post) colonial ideologies of progress? Setting ourselves against the entrenched academic, cultural, and political view of Indigenous people as remnants of the past, the organizers of this symposium ask how Indigenous narrative practices connect the past, present, and future to one another. We would like to honor and discuss the ways indigenous tales and stories of wonder have been and can continue to be adapted to respond to political, social, and ecological crisis, how these stories can heal and energize our understandings of history, the present, and our possible futures. Despite the ongoing colonial violences indigenous people are suffering and the very real stakes of telling stories, we feel that we must come together to tell our stories, to sing our stories, to perform our stories, to speak about our stories, and to write our stories.
This project emerges from two special journal issues—a special issue of the fairy-tale studies journal Marvels & Tales titled “Rooted in Wonder: Tales of Indigenous Activism and Community Organizing,” and a special issue of the science fiction studies journal Extrapolation on the topic of Indigenous Futurism. Both issues set out to oppose the way Indigenous narratives are often ignored or co-opted to further the agendas of the so-called dominant cultures, with stories of the Indigenous past and present relegated to the status of folk tales and legends, while stories of the future often entail the assumption that non-Western cultures will either disappear or assimilate themselves to Western norms. We hope to join our voices to the growing movement of writing, both fictional and critical, that re-envisions the future, coming from the point of view of Indigenous histories, traditions, and knowledges.
This symposium is grateful for support from: Gladys Brandt Chair in Polynesian Studies; Reading Series of the Creative Writing Program; SSHRC Partnership Development Grant 890-2013-17; Kamehameha Publishers; SEED IDEAS; Arts & Sciences Expanding the Student Experience Fund; Joseph Keene Chadwick Endowment Fund; UHF; Center for Pacific Islands Studies, Academy for Creative Media, Department of American Studies, Department of English, Department of Political Science & Indigenous Politics Program, Department of Religion, and the Kamakakūokalani Center for Hawaiian Studies. | https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/39998 |
Our process is based on experimentation: as individuals, a creative collective, and with community members. Our “labs” have company members lead 3-hr workshops in their areas of interest culminating in a dance, product, prototype or artwork. We center narratives responsive to local community needs when developing our pieces. Open rehearsals provide incremental performance opportunities and we solicit community feedback to stay on message. Outside feedback includes consulting our advisors– key indigenous organizers and movement artists. Together we ensure that our public productions center the cultural transmission of earth-affirming values by people historically and currently fighting colonial displacement. This cyclical process of learning, development, feedback, and production has been the core artistic process since the beginning of In Divine Company. | http://indivinecompany.org/our-artistic-process/ |
One of the things I value most about my role as a PVN Engagement Leader is how fortunate I am to learn from amazing people across British Columbia. I travel primarily within the Thompson Cariboo Shuswap areas of the Interior to share opportunities where patients, family members and caregivers can help impact change in health care. Along the way, I’ve been honoured with some incredible relationships and important teachings from Indigenous Advisors.
While recently participating in a round table discussion on cultural awareness and the patient experience, a message resounded in the thoughts of diverse participants in the circle: to be culturally aware is to listen with kindness, curiosity and lack of judgment to understand the needs of the individual you are caring for.
With this in mind, health care providers recognize that the experience of a young Indigenous mother from a remote community will be entirely different than that of a young Indigenous mother’s access to care in an urban setting. They recognize that experiences from various cultures, ages, communities and genders must be part of the discussion when seeking to provide a positive experience for the diverse patients of British Columbia. PVN is exploring how to support this movement.
In January 2016, there were seven self-identified Indigenous patient partners in the Network. As engagement leaders, we witnessed hundreds of incredible improvement projects and initiatives, each hoping to hear from diverse patient experiences. It was clear that we needed to help bring these opportunities to Indigenous communities to ensure future service changes would reflect their needs. Two years later, in January 2018, the number of Indigenous patient partners has increased to 81, amounting to 9.5% of the total Network! From this growth in interest, we learned that rigid processes do not suit the needs or comfort level of diverse patient partners. With this in mind, we continue to reach out to Indigenous community members and learn from their ideas for change.
We’ve been reaching out in person at Indigenous celebrations, Regional Caucus meetings, All Native Basketball Tournament, Provincial Elder’s Gathering, Friendship Centres, Band Health Centres, Metis support organizations and more! Our intent has been to take interest, be curious, learn as much as possible and hear from community members how we could adjust our program to better meet their interests in participating.
Requesting permission to join existing community gatherings around food to be introduced and where appropriate, share information.
As an extension of the Cultural Safety & Humility partnership formed between the BC Patient Safety & Quality Council, which supports PVN, and First Nations Health Authority (FNHA), we are excited to share that FNHA is supportive of PVN. FNHA has offered to use their existing engagement pathway for sharing opportunities that align with their strategic priorities for improved care. This partnership is invaluable to engaging Indigenous voices, as we have been advised that information shared in this manner is considered with greater weight and authenticity than information provided directly at a community level. In addition, FNHA will share opportunities through their social media channels, reaching over 4,000 Indigenous community members.
We’ve heard that some engagement formats may have less cultural safety than others, so we’re working with health care partners to provide a number of options and formats to meet the patient partners’ needs for each opportunity.
Travel needs: consider what would be easiest for the patient partners: Arranging travel to an engagement site or bringing the engagement site to their community? What plans are in place to support any necessary travel?
Listening and learning from Indigenous Advisors is making a difference and creating interest among Indigenous community members. Our greatest takeaway is understanding that an Ally is an individual or organization who takes an interest, is willing to continuously learn and adjust their approach to help and support. Thank you to our Indigenous partners who continue to share their knowledge as we move forward!
Jacquelyne is an Engagement Leader in the Interior who is interested in all forms of community engagement and facilitation that promote healthier & connected communities. She enjoys exploring alternative techniques to address the needs of each community and individual. Outside of work Jacquelyne enjoys the land BC has to offer through mountain biking, snowboarding, hiking and dragon boating and other water sports. She also enjoys spending many evening hours watching the creative talents and athletic abilities of her children.
This entry was posted in About PVN, Guest Posts, PVN Team and tagged About PVN, Diversity, Engagement Leaders, Indigenous patient partner, Networking. Bookmark the permalink. | https://patientvoicesbc.ca/2018/01/19/indigenous-patient-partners-engaged-pvn/ |
NewFilmmakers Los Angeles (NFMLA) hosts its November Monthly Film Festival, which will include its annual InFocus: Indigenous Cinema program, which highlights the work of indigenous filmmakers in front of and behind the camera, writer-director Em Johnson’s narrative feature, coming-of age story Balloon Animal, and Fall Shorts, an offering of highlights from NFMLA’s ongoing general program.
The day begins with InFocus: Indigenous Cinema, a selection of outstanding short films by talented indigenous filmmakers from around the world. The program’s stories explore family relationships, connection to land, coming of age, grief, gender identity and integrity through a range of genres and forms, including documentary, drama, comedy, satire and music video. The program concludes with the LA premiere of Sundance short documentary Long Line of Ladies, co-directed by NFMLA alumni Shaandiin Tome and Rayka Zehtabchi.
The day’s programming continues with Balloon Animal, Student Academy Award nominated writer-director Em Johnson’s visually rich second feature, which explores the life of a performer in her mid-20s searching for her own identity after having been part of her family’s traveling circus since childhood.
The evening concludes with shorts program “Fall Shorts,” an eclectic mix of short narratives highlighted this season that offer everything from advertisement satire to a kid who decides to put himself up for adoption to a relationship timelapse. We see stories about coping with disability, unstable households, keeping one’s integrity in the face of social and political issues and about navigating new and mysterious relationships.
NFMLA showcases films by filmmakers of all backgrounds throughout the year, across both our general and InFocus programming. All filmmakers are welcome and encouraged to submit their projects for consideration for upcoming NFMLA Festivals, regardless of the schedule for InFocus programming, which celebrates diversity, inclusion and region by spotlighting communities of filmmakers within our filmmaking community as part of our monthly program. This project is supported in part by the National Endowment for the Arts. | https://www.newfilmmakersla.com/events/event/november-19th-2022-monthly-film-festival-infocus-indigenous-cinema/ |
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