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Q: Comparing values on previous row to perform calculations on the current row, SQL sql fiddle: http://sqlfiddle.com/#!4/a717b/1 Here is my Table: Here is my Code: select key, status, dat, sysdat, (case when key = 1 and type = 'Car' status = 'F' then round( sysdat-dat,2) else 0 end ) as Days, (case when key = 1 and type ='Bus' and Status = 'F' then round( sysdat-dat,2) else 0 end) as Days from ABC Expected Output: So I want to calculate days between the 'dat' column and current date for the following conditions. 1) For every key, The sequence is always car first, bus second. which means that for every key, only when the status of the car is true we check for the bus. 2) If the Status OF 'CAR' IS 'T' then I don't want to calculate the days 3) If the Status of 'Car' IS 'F' then I want to calculate the days only for the 'Car' and not for 'Bus' because it is always 'car' first 'bus' second 4) If the Status of 'Bus' is 'F' and Status of 'Car' is 'T' then I calculate the days because it matches the condition, 'Car' first and 'Bus' second. A: With 2 vehicles If you always have a car and a bus, and only a car and a bus of the same key, you could self-join the table, and check if either the vehicle a (which you're querying) is Car with status F, or if the related verhicle, b, is a car with status T. In either case you're gonna get a date, and in any other case you don't. That covers your example, and also implies that if car and bus would both be T, the date would still be shown next to the bus only. select a.key, a.type, a.status, a.dat, case when (a.type = 'car' and a.Status = 'F') or -- a is a car and is F (b.type = 'car' and b.Status = 'T') -- a is related to a car (b), which is T then trunc(sysdate) - a.dat end as DAYS from ABC a join ABC b on b.key = a.key and b.type <> a.type order by -- Sort the query by key first, then type. a.key, decode(a.type, 'car', 1, 2) The query above: http://sqlfiddle.com/#!4/a717b/5/0 With N vehicles If you have more vehicles, a different approach can be better, especially when the number of vehicles is high, or not fixed. The query below has a list of all the vehicles and their sort order. This is an inline view now, but you could use a separate lookup table for that. A lookup table is even more flexible, because you can just add vehicle types or change their sort order. Anyway, that lookup table/view can be joined on your main table to have a sort order for each of your record. You can then make a ranking using window function like rank or dense_rank to introduce a numbering based on that sort order ("falsenumber"), and the fact that status is 'F'. After that, it's easy to put the date on the first row that is F (falsenumber = 1). with VW_TYPES as -- This could be a lookup table as well, instead of this hard-codeslist of unions. ( select 'car' as type, 1 as sortorder from dual union all select 'bus' as type, 2 as sortorder from dual union all select 'train' as type, 3 as sortorder from dual union all select 'airplane' as type, 4 as sortorder from dual union all select 'rocket' as type, 5 as sortorder from dual), VW_TYPESTATUS as ( select a.*, t.sortorder, dense_rank() over (partition by key order by case when a.status = 'F' then t.sortorder end) as falsenumber from ABC a join VW_TYPES t on t.type = a.type) select ts.key, ts.type, ts.status, ts.dat, case when ts.falsenumber= 1 then trunc(sysdate) - ts.dat end as DAYS from VW_TYPESTATUS ts order by ts.key, ts.sortorder The query above: http://sqlfiddle.com/#!4/71f52/8/0 Vehicle types in a separate table: http://sqlfiddle.com/#!4/f055d/1/0 Do note that oracle is case sensitive. 'car' and 'Car' and 'CAR' are not the same thing. Use lower(type) = 'car' if you want to allow type to contain the vehicle type with any casing. Do note that that's bad for using indexes, although I think the impact isn't that bad, since you only got a couple of rows per key. Alternatively (arguably better), you could introduce a numeric VehicleTypeId in the new types table, and use that id in the ABC table, instead of the string 'Car'.
The utility model discloses a bulletin board, and aims to solve the problems that pedestrians inevitably feel tired after standing for a long time when staying at the bulletin board for watching and learning for a long time, so that the pedestrians leave, and the propaganda effect of the bulletin board is reduced. Key points of the technical scheme are as follows: the key points are as follows; bulletin board, the bulletin board comprises a bulletin board body and a supporting frame used for supporting the bulletin board body. Wherein a plurality of seats are fixedly connected onto the supportframe, each seat comprises a cushion, a backrest and armrests, the backrest is fixedly connected with the support frame, a bolt seat is fixedly connected onto the side wall of the backrest, a bolt rod is arranged on the bolt seat, one end of the cushion is hinged with the bottom end of the backrest, and an insertion hole matched with the bolt rod is fixedly connected onto the side wall of the cushion. According to the propaganda column, through cooperative work of the seats, the armrests and the two-dimensional codes on the armrests, pedestrians can know information on the propaganda column body while sitting down, and therefore the propaganda effect is improved.
Download Article Download Article wikiHow is a “wiki,” similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, volunteer authors worked to edit and improve it over time. X wikiHow is a “wiki,” similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, volunteer authors worked to edit and improve it over time. There are 8 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed 73,395 times. Learn more... Most cars can be locked both manually and automatically, but regardless of how you do it, locking your car is one of the simplest and most important actions you can take to prevent theft and improve safety. You should always lock your car after leaving the vehicle and while you're actually inside it. Steps Method 1 of 3: Part One: Standard Ways to Lock the Car Download Article Method 1 of 3: - 1Check the operator's manual. All cars have manual methods of locking and unlocking the doors, but nowadays, the vast majority also have automatic locks. Check the vehicle's instruction manual to determine which locking mechanisms your car has. - If you do not have the operator's manual, check inside the car to look for automatic lock buttons. Cars that do not have internal automatic locks probably don't have external automatic locks, either. - You can also check the car key to determine whether or not the car has automatic locks. Vehicles equipped with such locks usually have keys with lock buttons on them, but if your car key does not have any buttons on it, you probably won't be able to lock and unlock the car automatically from the outside. - 2Lock the car manually from the inside. When you get into the car, you can usually lock all of the doors manually. - Manual locks can be located at the base of the window frame or on the side of the door, near the handle. Switching the lock to the "down" position usually locks it, while flipping it "up" typically unlocks it. - When using manual locks, you will likely need to lock all doors separately. - 3Internally activate the automatic locks. Cars equipped with automatic locks have an automatic lock button near the handle of the door and/or in the center console. - These buttons are typically labeled with the image of a traditional lock. Pressing the button down toward the closed lock image will lock the car, but pulling the button up toward the open lock image will unlock the car. - In most cases, pressing the automatic lock button from any point in the car will lock all of the vehicle's doors. - 4Manually lock the car with the key. As long as the car door has a manual lock on the handle, you should be able to manually lock it from the outside. - Most cars only have locks on the two front doors (driver side and passenger side). Some may only have a lock on the front driver side door. - Insert the key into the keyhole and turn it toward the trunk. Doing so should lock the car. Turning it toward the hood should unlock the car. - Note that in some cars, the car lock might be reversed. If turning toward the trunk does not lock the door, try turning it toward the front of the car. - 5Use the lock button on the key. To lock automatic locks from the outside, you'll usually need to use the lock button on the key. - In most cases, the lock button will be clearly identified by a closed lock icon. - Most keys also have a separate unlock button marked by an open lock icon. - 6Lock the car with a keyless remote. In some cases, the automatic locks can be operated with a wireless key fob instead of an actual key. Advertisement - Key fob remotes are built into keychains. There might be a "lock" icon on the keychain you can use to lock the car, but this isn't always the case. - Sometimes, you will need to keep the key fob nearby while standing directly next to the vehicle. There should be an unmarked button on the car handle. Press the button once to unlock the vehicle and twice to lock it. This will only work if the key fob is within a certain distance of the vehicle itself, however, and this distance can vary by manufacturer and model. Method 2 of 3: Part Two: Reasons for Locking the Car Download Article Method 2 of 3: - 1Prevent theft. Locking your car limits access. As a result, potential car thieves will have a harder time breaking into it, making it a less appealing target for theft. X Trustworthy Source National Highway Traffic Safety Administration U.S. government agency responsible for writing and enforcing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards Go to source - On average, roughly half of the cars stolen in combined urban, suburban, and rural areas were left unlocked at the time of the theft. - In addition to locking your car, you should also take extra precautions to discourage potential thieves from targeting your vehicle. Most thieves will opt for an easy target over a hard one, so the less accessible your car is, the less likely it is to be stolen. - 2Protect yourself. Keeping the car locked while you're inside the vehicle can help prevent kidnappings and carjackings. Advertisement - Anyone with a weapon can target you while you're in the car. If a potential threat approaches the car without you noticing, you stand a better chance of noticing in time and driving away unharmed if the criminal is delayed by a locked door. - You can also protect yourself from kidnappings and carjackings by traveling on well-lit, busy roads, especially when it's dark outside. Be as aware of your surroundings as possible and keep the car in gear at stop signs and traffic lights so that you can drive away from potential threats quicker. Method 3 of 3: Part Three: Extra Precautions Download Article Method 3 of 3: - 1Keep the windows up. Keep the windows completely rolled up. In many cases, open windows make it possible for thieves to unlock the door. X Research source - You shouldn't even leave the window cracked on a hot day. Depending on the design of the car, it might be possible for a thief to grab onto the lock with a hook or wire and open the car that way. - 2Take your keys. Regardless of whether you lock the car or not, you should remove all sets of car keys from the vehicle and take them with you. X Research source - Approximately 13 percent of stolen vehicles have keys at them at the time of the crime. - If you do leave a second set of keys in the car, you should hide them in an unusual and hard-to-reach spot. Professional car thieves know just about all of the possible hiding places, however, so it is still better to remove the keys completely than it is to hide them. - 3Set the alarm. If your car comes equipped with an alarm, set the alarm every time you leave the vehicle. - Even if your car is equipped with an alarm from the manufacturer, it can be a good idea to install a secondary alarm, as well. More layers of security are better than fewer. Opt for an alarm that activates sirens, horns, and lights for maximum coverage. - 4Remove number codes from your key. If potential thieves know your car's key code, they might be able to make a copy of that key without the key itself. Remove visible signs of the key code from your keys to prevent this from happening. - Some keys have the number stamped directly on the key, in which case, you should cover it with a sticker or something similar. In other cases, the key code will be on a separate sticker, decal, or tag that can be completely removed from the key. X Research source - 5Park your car in secure locations. Park your car in a garage when possible, especially when parking at home. If you need to park your car in an open lot, choose the best possible location for it. X Trustworthy Source National Highway Traffic Safety Administration U.S. government agency responsible for writing and enforcing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards Go to source - It is much more difficult for thieves to break into both a garage and a car, so using your home garage is strongly recommended. Make sure that both the garage and car are locked to provide maximum security. - When parking in an open lot, choose a well-lit area and a crowded lot. Avoid parking in between large vehicles that hide your car, too. More people and improved visibility will both deter potential thieves. - When possible, you should also park close to your destination for the sake of your own safety. - 6Make the car difficult to tow. Nowadays, some advanced thieves may attempt to steal your vehicle by towing it away. There are some things you can do to make your car tougher to tow, however. - Turn the tires toward the curb when parallel parking. When parking in a driveway or parking lot, turn the tires as far to one side as possible. - Back into your driveway if your car is equipped with rear-wheel drive. The rear wheels will lock, making it harder to tow. Cars that only have front-wheel drive should be parked front-end forward. - Use the emergency brake when you park your car, as well. - 7Never leave the car running. Ideally, you should only run the car when you're actually inside it. Never leave your car with the key still in the ignition, even if you only need to leave for a minute or so. X Research source - Plenty of cars are stolen at ATMs, gas stations, and other similar locations when their owners leave the engine running. - Similarly, some cars are stolen from driveways, streets, and parking lots when their owners leave the vehicle running to warm it up on a cold day. - 8Keep several forms of identification. At minimum, you should carry the vehicle's registration with you in your purse or wallet instead of keeping it in the car. - Keeping the registration in your car can make it easier for a thief to sell it, and it also has your home address on it, giving the thief knowledge of where you live. For the same reasons, you should also keep the title filed away in your house. - You should also know your car's Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), which will make the car easier to identify if it does get stolen. Etch the VIN into all windows and take plenty of pictures of your car with the plate number visible to show police. - Another way you can make it easier for police to identify your car is to place identification markers, like dye markers and engravings, around multiple places, including tailgates, spoilers, and under the hood. - 9Hide all valuables. It's best to remove valuables from your car, but if you need to keep something of value in your vehicle temporarily, make sure that it is hidden out of sight. X Research source Advertisement - While valuables don't make your car easier to break into, they can make the car seem more tempting. - Do not hide your valuables under a blanket or jacket since this can still seem obvious to many thieves. Don't keep them in your glove compartment or center console, either, since most thieves will think to look there. If you need to leave a valuable in your car, the best place for it is usually the trunk. - While you may not necessarily think of it as a "valuable," you should also remove your garage door remote since it can provide thieves with access to your home. Community Q&A Search - QuestionIf I lock my car manually in a car with automatic locking. Can I open the car manually?Community AnswerYes. There should be a key hole to use your key in. By using the handle from the inside, it always unlocks unless there is child safety lock on. - QuestionI heard you should lock your car from inside instead of using the lock on the key. Is that true?Community AnswerIt really makes no difference, as long as you're sure you've locked it. The only time it would make a difference is if there's a problem with either one of your locks or your key (or you happen to press the wrong button). - QuestionCan I lock the car door if my second set of remote keys are in the car?MurialvoidCommunity AnswerIt depends on the model, but most modern cars require you to not have keys inside the car in order to lock it. - QuestionIs it possible to have the driver's door unlocked whilst the rest of the doors are locked? I am concerned about accidents and afraid I might be locked in the car and not be able to get out.MurialvoidCommunity AnswerTry researching some statistics on accidents (they are rare), and maybe read some information on how the locking/unlocking system works from the inside in your car. This will make you feel safer in the car. The car door will open if you do it correctly (unless the door is severely damaged). Practice getting out of the car quickly if you are afraid of an accident, so that the movement is in your muscle memory. - QuestionIs there anyway to lock my car with a simple magnetized or suction device from the outside?MurialvoidCommunity AnswerNot with a simple one, but all wireless systems have a risk of breach. Ask a Question 200 characters left Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered.Submit Advertisement References - ↑ https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/vehicle-theft-prevention - ↑ http://www.cityofhomer-ak.gov/police/prevent-theft-lock-your-vehicle - ↑ https://www.allstate.com/blog/10-tips-to-avoid-car-theft/ - ↑ http://www.triple-c.com/How_to_find_your_cars_lock_or_key_code.cfm - ↑ https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/vehicle-theft-prevention - ↑ https://www.safewise.com/blog/7-ways-avoid-getting-car-stolen/ - ↑ https://www.geico.com/information/safety/auto/preventing-auto-theft/ - https://cars.usnews.com/cars-trucks/how-to-prevent-car-theft About This Article Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 73,395 times. Did this article help you?	https://www.wikihow.com/Lock-Your-Car-and-Why
To download and view the complete trip information packet, please CLICK HERE. TO REGISTER NOW FOR THE MARCH 25-30 BRIGADE, CLICK HERE! The batey communities are made up of marginalized Dominicans of Haitian descent. Historically these were temporary communities made of of Haitian migrant workers coming to work during the sugar cane harvest. These were mostly men, living in company housing, known locally as barrancones, consisting of one room for multiple men. Eventually these men brought their wives, had children, and the communities became permanent. In present day there are many families living in rooms that were intended as temporary housing for workers, and these communities have some of the lowest standards of living in the country. Explore the ongoing challenges facing the bateyes and get to know the community members. Through partner organizations and their network of community organizers, we will organize clinics to provide basic healthcare to residents of these communities. Access to care is a continued issue in these communities due to a variety of factors such as legal status, transportation, and economics. Participants who are not healthcare professionals will assist the medical professionals at the clinics and may also work on ongoing infrastructure projects that Rustic Pathways has taken on such as the construction of homes, or latrines. Day 1: Bienvenidos a La República Dominicana Arrive at Las Americas International Airport (SDQ) in Santo Domingo and spend your afternoon in the Colonial Zone of Santo Domingo. This is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is home to the first cathedral, hospital, and university in the Americas. The group will have the chance to walk through the cobblestone streets, learn about local history, and visit a few of these historical sites. This will also be a good time for you to go shopping in the bustling “Mercado Modelo”. You will also get your first glimpse into the issues affecting healthcare in the Dominican Republic as you do walk throughs of a private and public hospital. Through these visits you will see first-hand what the disparity in quality and access to care is. Then we will have a local doctor join us for dinner to discuss the issues health care professionals and their patients face in the Dominican Republic. After dinner, travel to the volunteer center where you’ll stay during your program. Start learning about the batey communities you’ll assist through service work. Flight Details: Rustic Pathways will coordinate flight reservations once all volunteers are enrolled. Overnight: Hotel or Volunteer Center, San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Republic Days 2 – 4: Medical Brigade Days in Batey Communities For the next three days we will be setting up a clinic for people of the batey communities around San Pedro de Macoris, specifically around the town of Consuelo. The patients will be determined based on the specialty of the attending physicians. Areas of high need include pediatric, and geriatric care as these are the two most vulnerable communities. Optometry would be another highly valued specialty as sugar cane workers tend to develop extreme cases of cataracts due to their high exposure to sun and the dust from sugar cane. We will provide transport to patients from nearby bateyes to health centers in coordination with the Ministry of Public Health. Participants who are not healthcare professionals will assist in the running of the clinic days or participate in other projects. Projects may include partnering with health promoters to conduct preventative interventions or carrying out a community health assessment with social workers from a local NGO. Each afternoon and evening we will take part in cultural activities and/or dialogue with local stakeholders. These would include, Overnight: Hotel or Volunteer Center, San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Republic Day 5: Hello Tropical Paradise! Spend the last day in the Dominican Republic taking advantage of some of the Caribbean sights. Wake up early and board the bus to Bayahibe; a beautiful coastal town with white sand beaches and turquoise waters. Take a catamaran tour of Isla Saona, stopping along the way to snorkel and enjoy various beaches. Overnight: Bayahibe Hotel, Bayahibe, Dominican Republic Day 6: Return Home Activities on this day would depend on the flight schedule of the group. Would likely consist of breakfast at the hotel and then heading to the airport to catch a mid-morning or early afternoon flight. Flight Details: Rustic Pathways will coordinate flight reservations Program Cost: $3,000 per traveler Airfare to and from Cleveland, Ohio will be arranged for travelers unless MedWish is informed otherwise at the time of reservation. A block of seats have been reserved by Rustic Pathways, however space is limited and the block will be filled first come first serve. If you enroll after the block has been filled, the trip cost may increase due to changes in flights costs and itinerary. How to sign-up? Click below to complete the online registration OR complete and mail in the registration form at the end of the downloadable packet. Please note that your space will not be confirmed until your full trip deposit is received. Eligibility Both medical professionals and non-medical volunteers are welcome. We recommend that Brigade participants be at least 12 years old or older at the time of the Brigade. However, if a family would like to bring a child younger than 12, please contact us so we can further discuss. Any participant that is under the age of 18 must be accompanied by a parent or authorized guardian. Accommodations We will be staying in a local guesthouse in the region. The accommodations are basic with varied room sizes ranging from dormitory style to double occupancy. Most rooms will have en-suite bathrooms. Clean towels and linens are provided. Airline Reservations Rustic Pathways will arrange group airline transportation through Cleveland Hopkins Airport. Participants that do not wish to have their flights booked must contact MedWish at the time of registration to indicate their intentions. Any participant traveling independently must provide MedWish with his/her flight information by March 5th and must coordinate their travel with the group. Cost This MedWish Medical Brigade is $3,000 per person for all those included in the initial block of reserved airline seats. Those who register after the block has been filled may be charged additional due to increase cost in flights or change in itinerary. A non-refundable deposit of $1,000 is due by February 9th to reserve your place. Reservations are taken on a first come first serve basis. A percentage of spots will be held for medical participants, so secure your spot TODAY! The remaining amount of the total trip cost will be due in increments leading up to trip departure. This schedule will be provided to registrants. Your Trip Contribution Includes: It does NOT Include: Trip Orientation There will be a team orientation meeting prior to departure. At this meeting, participants will have the opportunity to meet, learn more about the upcoming Brigade, and talk with the MedWish team about what to expect and how to best prepare. The date and location of this meeting will be announced in February. Supply Pickup MedWish International will be providing the medical supplies needed for the mobile clinics run during the Brigade. Each participant is expected to transport one bag full of supplies with them to the Dominican Republic. Participants will need to come to the MedWish warehouse prior to departure to pick up the bag of supplies. The specific pickup times will be announced in February. Participant Information Once registered, participants will be provided with participant information forms that must be completed and returned to both MedWish International and Rustic Pathways. Participants are responsible for making sure these are turned in before their deadlines. Immunizations and Travelers Health You may need country-specific pharmaceuticals and/or immunizations when traveling to the Dominican Republic. To learn more, please visit the CDC’s website. For health-related concerns, please speak with your primary care physician or a local travel clinic. Click here for more details. Traveler’s health insurance will not be purchased for participants and is the responsibility of each participant to secure if desired. Passport A valid passport is required for entrance into the Dominican Republic. Make sure your passport is valid for at least six months after our date of return. If you have any questions, please contact Britta Latz at [email protected] or 216.692.1685 x33 An Important Note About Availability and Schedule Changes: Rustic Pathways and MedWish International reserve the right to change, alter, or amend the daily itinerary for this trip at any time. Changes can be made for various reasons including changes in flight or program schedules, changes in the schedules of various external operators or partner organizations, changes due to weather or safety concerns, the addition of new activities into a trip, or the substitution of a new activity for an old activity. The itinerary shown here provides our best projection of the daily schedule for this program. As with any travel program, some changes may occur.	https://www.medwish.org/2019-dominican-republic-medical-brigades/
The utility model discloses a translation formula annular on -vehicle cargo bed steering mechanism that shuttles back and forth, a serial communication port, including rotatable carrying board and gear wheel, the gear wheel is fixed in the inboard of guide rail circular arc part, coincides with the centre of a circle of guide rail circular arc part in the centre of a circle of gear wheel, and rotatable carrying board locates the frame top of annular shuttle, and rotatable carrying board's rotation center is connected with the top of rotation axis, and the center of frame is located to the rotation axis, is equipped with the rotary mechanism rather than the synchronous revolution on the rotation axis, and rotary mechanism includes the pinion, when annular shuttle is being turned, pinion andlarge gear, height such as the flank of tooth of pinion and the flank of tooth of gear wheel. The utility model discloses a mechanism adopts the driving method of pure mechanical type, realizes thatthe principle is simple, and the structure is reliable, need not the external world and provides extra power, and the purpose of rotatable carrying board relative ground translation can be realized tothe power of the annular driving license body that shuttles back and forth of dependence.
A method of treatment of foodstuffs (A) containing liquids (L 1 ) and air, such as vegetables and mushrooms, comprising a step of a) washing the foodstuffs (A) with a washing liquid (L 2 ), a step of b) draining the foodstuffs (A) and a step of c) removing air from the foodstuffs (A) by applying vacuum. Steps are further provided of d) impregnating the foodstuffs (A) in a closed chamber (5) by applying thereto an atmosphere saturated with an impregnation liquid (L 3 ) and of e) packaging the foodstuffs (A) with a preserving liquid (L 4 ) in a packaging workstation (22). The method further comprises a step of f) steam cooking the foodstuffs (A) in a vessel (11) for at least partially extracting the liquids (L 1 ) contained therein and obtaining a broth (B), a step of g) collecting and storing the broth (B) in a first reservoir (12) connected to the vessel (11) and a step of h) recirculating the broth (B) stored in the first reservoir (12) to the closed chamber (5) of the impregnation step. The impregnation step d) and the packaging step e) are carried out using the broth (B) obtained during the step of cooking f) of batches (Pi) of previous foodstuffs (A) as an impregnation liquid (L 3 ) and as a preserving liquid (L 4 ) respectively.
Q: Ammonia decomposition on platinum surface I was given a problem I have to solve, unfortunately I cant wrap my head about it. I've searched the page for answers but they doesnt seem to fulfill my needs, so i'm asking for little guidance. The problem: When the decomposition of ammonia is carried out on platinum surface at 1000°C the hydrogen binds strongly on the surface. Prove the that the rate is equal to $\frac{dp(NH_3)}{dt}=-k\frac{p(NH_3)}{p(H_2)}$. I dont understand why we have to divide with the partial pressure of hydrogen. In my understanding the rate is $\frac{dp(NH_3)}{dt}=-kp(NH_3)$. I know I have to use the fact that hydrogen binds strongly at the surface, but I'm lost. Can you please explain to me how should I derive this, or just hint me to the right direction. I lack of good understanding on this topic, so sorry for this novice question. What I've searched: Why is decomposition of ammonia gas on quartz a 1st order reaction? What is the molecularity of the RDS of a zero order complex reaction? Thank you for your time. A: Thanks to Poutnik's comment, I arrived to the answer and I would like to share it. $$\ce{2NH_3 ->N_2 + 3H_2}$$ $$\theta_{NH_3}=\frac{K_{NH_3}p(NH_3)}{1+K_{NH_3}p(NH_3)+K_{N_2}p(N_2)+K_{H_2}p(H_2)}$$ $$\theta_{N_2}=\frac{K_{N_2}p(N_2)}{1+K_{NH_3}p(NH_3)+K_{N_2}p(N_2)+K_{H_2}p(H_2)}$$ $$\theta_{H_2}=\frac{K_{H_2}p(H_2)}{1+K_{NH_3}p(NH_3)+K_{N_2}p(N_2)+K_{H_2}p(H_2)}$$ Since the hydrogen binds strongly on the surface, we can safely determine that $K_{H_2}>>1$, wich means the denominator $1+K_{NH_3}p(NH_3)+K_{N_2}p(N_2)+K_{H_2}p(H_2)\approx K_{H_2}p(H_2)$. So the surface coverage of ammonia can be written as $\theta_{NH_3}=\frac{K_{NH_3}p(NH_3)}{K_{H_2}p(H_2)}$. By definition $v=-\frac{dp(NH_3)}{dt}=k_0\theta_{NH_3}=k_0\frac{K_{NH_3}p(NH_3)}{K_{H_2}p(H_2)}$, defining $k=k_0\frac{K_{NH_3}}{K_{H_2}}$ we arrive at the desired equation. Feel free to edit.
Catarah Coleman and Shoneji Robison of "Southern Girl Desserts" are making a decadent Valentine dessert. Chocolate Sweetheart Cakes Course: Dessert Seasonal Event: Valentine's Day INGREDIENTS: Cake - 2 ½ cups all-purpose flour - 2 ½ cups granulated sugar - 1 ½ cups unsweetened cocoa powder - 1 tablespoon baking soda - 1 ½ teaspoons baking powder - 1 ½ teaspoons salt - 4 large eggs - 1 ½ cups milk - 1 ½ cups warm water - ½ cup vegetable oil - 2 tablespoons vanilla extract Strawberry Cream Cheese Frosting - 8 oz. of strawberry cream cheese - 4 cups of confectioners’ sugar - 1 teaspoon of pure vanilla extract - 2 teaspoons of strawberry extract DIRECTIONS: Cake - Preheat oven to 325 F. Spray ¼ sheet pan with a nonstick cooking spray and line with parchment paper. - In a medium bowl, cream together the sugar and oil. Beat in the eggs, one at a time, then stir in the vanilla. - Combine flour, cocoa powder and baking soda and salt, add to the creamed mixture and mix well. - Finally stir in the milk until batter is smooth. - Pour batter into the sheet pan, be sure the batter is even in the sheet pan and bake for 30-35 minutes. Cool in freezer for approximately one hour before use. Frosting - In a medium bowl, cream together cream cheese and butter. Add confectioners’ sugar and vanilla and strawberry extracts. Mix until fully combined and smooth. You may have to use a spatula to scrape the sides of the bowl to make sure all ingredients are mixed well. Make the Hearts - Once the cake is cold, use different sized heart cut outs to make hearts (two of each size). - Pipe strawberry frosting in the inside of ONE of the cut outs and place the unfrosted cut out on top of the frosted cut out like a sandwich. - Cool again in freezer for at least one hour. Cake must be cold to successfully complete the next step. - While the cake is in the freezer, melt melting chocolate of any color and make sure it’s not too thick. You may use Crisco or melting crystals to liquify the chocolate enough that it pours easily. - Take the frozen cake and pour the chocolate over the heart shaped cake. You’ll want to put a cooling rack on top of parchment paper or a sheet pan to catch the excess chocolate. - Cool the chocolate heart in the freezer for another 10 minutes until chocolate is hardened.	https://www.hallmarkchannel.com/home-and-family/recipes/chocolate-sweetheart-cakes
Have you recognized the duties of a store cashier for those of you who just got a job as a store cashier? In general, the position of a store cashier is to serve customers. It applies to store cashiers, including retail stores, mini markets, supermarkets, department stores, etc. In addition to serving customers, there are many other store cashier duties. Come on, see the full review here. 1. Main Duties of a Retail Store Cashier in General So far, you must have known that the tasks of a retail store cashier that are often seen include inputting purchases made by customers, packing groceries, and accepting payments by cash, debit, e-money, credit cards, or other types of payments. After the payment is received, the cashier will print the proof of the transaction. These tasks are, on average, the duties and responsibilities of a retail store cashier. But in addition to these tasks, there are still some cashier duties that you must master if you work as a retail store cashier. Continue reading, yes. 2. Understand and Know Store Policies Every retail store must have determined various payment policies, product returns, discounts, promotions, exchanges, reporting systems, and total sales. There are rules and procedures, even absenteeism, working time, and shift changes. Well, a retail store cashier must understand and know all these policies. That’s why, at the beginning of working as a cashier, you will be asked to learn company regulations and cashier SOPs. The goal is to minimize errors in tasks that harm the store. 3. Know How Store Cashier and Point of Sales Applications Work As a retail store cashier, you must know how the store cashier application used in retail stores works. Starting from how to use the application, printing transaction receipts, data input systems to the store cashier application, recap sales, checking stock of goods, and others. In principle, you can adequately operate Point of Sales (POS) devices used in stores. 4. Recognizing Product Code To be able to serve customers and operate the store’s cashier application system, you must, of course, recognize and remember the product code. This will be useful when an error occurs during the barcode scanning process, and you must also enter the product code manually. However, because there are so many product codes in retail stores, at least you can open the product inventory menu in the store cashier application to find product codes more easily. 5. Store Cashier Needs to be Cross-Selling Cross-selling is a technique of offering supporting products or complementary products from products that customers have purchased. For example, a customer buys toothpaste and bath soap. Then the cashier can offer his toothbrush and shampoo, for example. The purpose of cross-selling is to encourage customers to buy more to increase sales. 6. Saying the Amount of Money and Checking the Authenticity of Money The following important task of a retail store cashier, you must state the amount of money, both when receiving cash from customers and when handing over change. Mention the amount of money to ensure customers know the number of purchases they have made. Then when receiving money, the cashier is also obliged to check the authenticity of the money carefully to avoid the possibility of receiving counterfeit money. 7. Other Cashier Duties and Responsibilities In addition to those mentioned above, the following are the obligations and duties of other retail store cashiers: - Must have high accuracy and foresight with regard to selling and receiving money. - Friendly and skilled in serving customers. - Honest and responsible for the tasks carried out. - Able to make accurate financial reports and bookkeeping. Including adjusting to the actual state of money. - Maintain cleanliness and tidiness in the cashier area. - Regularly check the stock of goods and report it to other departments regarding goods that are almost out of stock. - Ensure that the store cashier application device, gadget, printer, or another cashier device can function properly. That’s the job of a retail store cashier that you need to know. To ease the task of a cashier, ensure the store where you work has used a good store cashier application. This is the Reason Using the Store Cashier Application Can Support Business Development.	https://www.ireappos.com/news/tugas-kasir-toko/
Lost in the Sands, is a new world mission added in the latest 3.1 update which was released in Genshin Impact. This worldwide mission will have players explore some of the new dungeons introduced by Hoyoverse in Genshin Impact. It is the first world mission of the Sumeru Golden Sleep Chain, titled Lost in the Sands. Find out how to start the Lost in the Sands adventure, as well as how to explore and uncover the ruins and secrets of Abdju’s Pit, right here. How to unlock and start the Lost In The Sands mission in Genshin Impact To unlock Lost In The Sands, the player must follow the guidelines below: - To unlock the Lost In the Sands mission, the player must first go to the Aauru village gate, not far from the Statue of Seven. - After going there, the player must then speak to Bonifaz in Aaru’s village to begin the global quest for Golden Slumber. Walkthrough of Lost In The Sands Quest For the first step of the mission, the player must follow the tracks on the path leading from the village of Aaru to Abdju well (formerly Abdju Road) after requesting the start of the search in Bonifaz. The newly discovered hole is where players will be able to find the crew of archaeologists. Access to the Red Desert Threshold domain will also be possible through this. The next step would be to look for hints at the bottom of the pit. The player must speak to the Hermit, a Sumerian scholar and Nachtigal who are seated around the camp if you get off at Abdju Pit and enter the campsite. Afterward, talk to the fourth boy in the distance near the entrance to the ruins. Jeht is a hermit who resembles a Desert Clearwater in appearance. After that, he goes back to the campsite with Jeht. With Tirzad, the player must then travel to the vicinity of the ruins. Go and return to the entrance to the ruins near where Jeht was previously. The Abdju Road ruins will then be shown after a short cutscene. Explore the long corridor ahead. Once unlocked, enter and activate the teleport waypoint inside. Until you reach the other side, proceed through the long corridor. Investigate the ruins of Abdju’s pit. Players should then investigate the ruins that lie beneath Abdju’s Pit. This area has winding streets, crumbling puzzles, and underground secrets that you can uncover. You will also receive the Scarlet Sand Slate device, which allows you to interact with various features of the desert ruins. How to explore Abdju Pit ruins in Genshin Impact To begin exploring the Abdju Pit ruins, the player must blow Anemo at the buried cube mechanism on the other side of the passage. He enters the area using the cube mechanism, then uses Jeht and Jebrael to defeat the Primordial Construct. Also, this is where the player can find the first Sacred Seal! Follow the Seelie into the next room, then use the cube mechanism to unlock the door. Go follow the Seelie. Avoid attacks from trap devices at all costs! Look for the Dendroculus floating at the far end of the room within the area beyond the Seelie court. An elevator can be found on the panel under the Dendroculus. When the player activates it, he should stand on top of it to move down the room. To unlock the cube mechanism, light all the torches in the room. Shooting the Tri-Yana suit with Electro will expose the right fractured torch. To unlock the following door groups, operate the cube mechanism. The player should also follow the Seelie, as it will point you in the right direction. Keep going until you encounter some Fungi monsters. After that, turn right and go down the stairs. Collect the next Holy Seal by going down the stairs. If the player passes by this location, an additional cutscene will start. The next step would be to turn on the elevator, then go up the few steps in the room. Get closer to the protected gadget. Check out the Strange Machine next to it after Jeht has finished speaking. Report the findings to Jebrael, Tirzad and Jeht after getting off the elevator once more. Additionally, the player will be able to receive a Scarlet Sand Slate device! Go back to the elevator and use the newly unlocked blue book to open the door. The way to go is straight. The player should simply follow the Seelie and avoid the obstacles until reaching the next area. Obtain the floating inverted pyramid known as the Forged Primordial Light and place it on top of the Replicator Stone (light panel on the right). To open the door, transmit the Primal Beam to the device on the left. This should connect to the mechanism by itself! After that, in the next room, get the third Holy Seal. This time, take the two forged primal lights and apply them to the two panels. For the last few steps, the player must make sure that the cell connects to the appropriate mechanism and rotate it at least twice. This will then open the book. Next, to open the door, the player must interact with the book. The next step would be to eliminate all Primordial Constructs that spawn nearby. Once the player manages to defeat the Primordial Constructs, he can use the book that has been unlocked to open the door. To officially end the exploration of the Abdju Pit ruins, the player must now exit the ruins. To finish the mission, take the path leading to the southwest and exit the pit through the door. Rewards for completing the Lost In The Sands mission In the Lost In The Sands mission, players can earn rewards by completing the mission. Rewards include - blue raspberry x 43500 - Mystical spell mineral x 3 - Primogem x 40 - Spirit of the hero x 3 It was all in our Genshin Impact guide to completing Lost In The Sands. What do you think of our Lost In The Sands Quest in Genshin Impact guide? Let us know in the comments below.	https://sbenny.com/blog/technology/games/game-guides/genshin-impact-lost-in-the-sands-quest-guide-and-tips/
What is Lemon Verbena? I absolutely love Lemon Verbena and wouldn’t be without it in my garden. Lemon Verbena, or Aloysia citrodora, is a deciduous shrub that can get up to 2.5 metres high. I planted a small plant in my herb garden last summer and I thought I lost it over the very cold winter. It dropped all leaves and I was left with a few sticks poking out from the ground. I was thinking of pulling out the plant, it really looked dead, but then in March I saw some small green leaves coming from the stems. As the weather improved, it kept on growing leaves and now it is a really handsome plant with lots of green fragrant leaves. The smell from the leaves is amazing! I don’t know if my description will do it justice, but it is a very lemony citrus smell, a bit like lemon sherbet. It’s no wonder it is widely used in perfumery. Plant it next to a path or seating area so you can smell the amazing lemon scent every time you brush past it or when sitting down having your morning coffee. How to care for a Lemon Verbena Plant Lemon Verbena is a Mediterranean climate plant but fairly hardy in the south of England. It may need protection further north, but as long as the roots are kept fairly dry, it should withstand a cold winter. The roots like to have good drainage, so mix a bit of sand or grit into your planting compost to improve drainage. This will prevent them being waterlogged in winter and will help it survive the cold weather. You could also mulch around the roots when the weather starts getting chilly and this will protect the plant too. This herb will lose all its leaves, but don’t worry, they will come back stronger and better next spring. Keep pruning the plant to keep a nice bushy shape and also to harvest the leaves. How can you use Lemon Verbena? The easiest way to use Lemon Verbena is to make a tea with it. This is super easy, you just pick a handful of leaves, fill a tea-pot or mug with them and pour in water that’s just come off the boil. Let it infuse for 5 minutes or so and you’re done! You can also let it cool and pour over ice-cubes. Add a little sugar or honey to taste and enjoy the lemony freshness. You can also make Lemon Verbena sugar, in the same way that you can infuse sugar with Lavender flowers, you can also use the Verbena leaves to give sugar a lovely lemony taste. Ideal for baking and desserts. Add finely chopped Verbena leaves to fruit salad or blend them with olive oil, vinegar and salt to make a Verbena vinaigrette. You can use the leaves to make essential oil by letting them infuse in a neutral carrier oil. Very useful when making Verbena soap or candles. I could think of so many other uses, I can feel another blog post coming up! How to dry Lemon Verbena to use in Tea Pick a handful of Verbena leaves, wash them and pat dry with a clean tea-towel. Pace them in a clean and dry open container. Leave in the airing cupboard or somewhere dry and out of direct sunlight. When the leaves are completely dry, store them in a closed container. You can also cut Verbena stems, tie them together and hang them up to dry. When completely dry, run your fingers down the stems to release the leaves. You can then store them and use them for tea, cooking or even soap making. What are the benefits of Lemon Verbena? You’ll be very astonished to hear how many reasons there are to grow Lemon Verbena. And some of these benefits will surprise you! Lemon Verbena is said to help with: - Congestion – Lemon Verbena helps loosening up mucus and phlegm as it is a natural expectorant. I’ll try drinking Lemon Verbena tea next time I have a cold. I might also see if it helps with my sinusitis! Will let you know if I noticed any improvement! - Inflammation – Due to anti-inflammatory properties it could help ease joint pain or other types of inflammation. Would love to know if any Arthritis sufferers have any experience with this? - Fever – Lemon Verbena is used traditionally in some cultures to treat fever. - Weight loss – Lemon Verbena is thought to help feeling full up for longer after eating and studies showed that polyphenols lowered fat levels in human cells. - Anxiety and stress – This plant is often used to calm and soothe, especially during times of stress and anxiety. It is also used to help treat insomnia due to its calming effects. A cup of Verbena tea before going to bed after a stressful day may help. I know I’ll be trying this and will update you. - Insect repellant – This plant has been traditionally used as an insect repellant by hanging bunches of it in doorways. You could also burn Lemon Verbena candles and would get a similar effect as burning Citronella candles to repel mosquitoes. Lemon Verbena oil is also said to help against head lice. - Indigestion – The most common use for Verbena leaves is to improve digestion and prevent candida infection. A cup of this tea after eating is said to help with heart-burn, bloating and regulates your appetite. - Muscle fatigue after exercise – Studies have shown that Lemon Verbena reduced muscular damage after exercise by protecting white blood cells. It also reduced oxidative damage to fats and proteins. Disclaimer: Whilst Lemon Verbena tea is generally considered safe, too much, as with anything, could have negative effects. Always ask your Doctor first if you pregnant, breastfeeding or suffer from kidney problems. Whilst some of these claims are based on studies, not enough have been conducted to prove all of these properties. *This post may contain affiliate links.	https://sweetlifeandlemons.com/all-about-lemon-verbena/
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention Description of the Related Art SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention relates to a three-dimensional detecting method and a three-dimensional detecting apparatus in which confocal images at a horizontal plane consisting of a plurality of pixels are taken at a plurality of heights which are different from each other in the direction of the height of a sample object and surface information of the sample object is obtained based on the plurality of the confocal images. The present invention also relates to a three-dimensional displaying method of displaying a surface shape or the like of the sample object based on the surface information which is obtained using the three-dimensional detecting method. In recent years, in technical fields related to production of a semiconductor device and a liquid crystal device, as a device has become denser and manufacturing steps have become more complex, the need for observing and detecting a three-dimensional structure of a surface of a substrate has been mounting. This is because three-dimensional observation of a device makes it easier to grasp manufacturing steps and makes it possible to identify the type of a defect which is created in the device and a cause of the defect. Meanwhile, in technical fields related to biotechnology as well, as an interest on a three-dimensional structure of a cell and a molecule has increased, the need for observing and detecting three-dimensional structures of a cell and a molecule has been mounting. To satisfy these needs, a confocal microscope utilizing the principles of confocal point has been proposed. For instance, a conventioanl confocal microscope is constructed to take confocal images at a horizontal plane at a plurality of heights which are different from each other in the direction of the height of a sample object while moving the sample object in the direction of the height. An optical axis position, i.e., a height position in the direction of the height, at which the quantity of light is maximum is calculated for each pixel and used as surface information which expresses a surface of the sample object. Further, while detecting the sample object three-dimensionally, a surface shape of the sample object is displayed in a display part such as a CRT based on the surface information which is obtained from detection so that an operator can observe the shape. While the conventional three-dimensional detection specifies the surface of the sample object based on a criteria that the height position at which the quantity of light is maximum is the surface of the sample object as described above, such a criteria cannot be applied on some samples. For example, with a sample object in which a plurality of films are formed on a surface of a substrate, typically a semiconductor device, plurality of light quantity peaks appear. One of the light quantity peaks having the maximum light quantity does not necessarily correspond to the surface. Rather, the peaks differ depending on the transparencies of the films and interference among the films. Hence, a detection result is not accurate when the light quantity at a light quantity peak which corresponds to the true surface of the sample object is smaller than the light quantities at other light quantity peaks. Thus, with three-dimensional detection of a sample object by means of the conventional confocal microscope, a detection result varies depending on the types of films on a substrate, film thicknesses, etc., and therefore, it is impossible to accurately detect the surface of the sample object. Further, since the conventional three-dimensional detecting method cannot accurately detect the surface of the sample object as described above, it is impossible to accurately display the surface shape of the sample object. Still further, while techniques for detecting a surface shape of a sample object have been disclosed conventionally, techniques for detecting and displaying an internal structure, and especially a cross-sectional shape of the sample object have not been proposed. On the other hand, a defect and a layer structure within the sample object can be easily known if information regarding a cross-sectional shape of the sample object, i.e., cross-sectional information can be obtained and displayed, which is useful. The present invention is directed to an apparatus for detecting a three-dimensional shape of a sample. According to the present invention, the apparatus comprises: a) pickup means for taking respective confocal images at different heights from the sample to obtain light-intensity levels in the respective confocal images for each pixel; b) peak position detecting means for detecting respective peak positions where the light-intensity level of each pixel is local maximum among the different heights for each pixel; c) selecting means for selecting one of the peak positions for each pixel to obtain a spacial distribution of characteristic heights; and d) determining means for determining a three dimensional shape of the sample from the spacial distribution of characteristic heights. In an aspect of the present invention, the peak position detecting means comprises b-1) comparing means for comparing the light-intensity level of each pixel with respective light-intensity levels of corresponding pixels in nearest up-side height and down-side height to determine a local maximum light-intensity level of each pixel; and b-2) defining means for defining each of the peak positions by the local maximum light-intensity level of each pixel. In another aspect of the present invention, the selecting means comprises c-1) means for selecting highest one of the peak positions for each pixel to obtain a first spacial distribution of characteristic heights; and d-1) means for determining a surface-shape of the sample from first spacial distribution of characteristic heights. Since with respect to each pixel, the highest one of the peak positions is selected as surface information regarding the sample which corresponding to the pixel, even when a peak position which is related to an internal structure of the sample appears, it is possible to accurately detect a surface shape of the sample. In another aspect of the present invention, the selecting means comprises c-2) means for selecting one of the peak positions except highest for each pixel to obtain a second spacial distribution of characteristic heights; and d-2) means for determining a cross sectional form of the sample from second spacial distribution of characteristic heights. Since one of the peak positions except for the surface information is determined as internal information regarding the sample, it is possible to accurately obtain internal information. The present invention is also directed to a method of detecting a three-dimensional shape of a sample. Accordingly, a first object of the present invention is to provide for a three-dimensional detecting method and a three-dimensional detecting apparatus with which it is possible to accurately detect a surface shape of a sample object. A second object of the present invention is to provide for a three-dimensional displaying method for accurately displaying a surface shape of a sample object. A third object of the present invention is to provide for a three-dimensional displaying method for accurately displaying a cross-sectional shape of a sample object. These and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 is a view of a three-dimensional detecting apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 2 and 3 are flow charts showing an operation of the three-dimensional detecting apparatus of Fig. 1; Figs. 4A to 4D are schematic diagrams showing the operation of the three-dimensional detecting apparatus of Fig. 1; Fig. 5 is a conceptual view showing a relationship between a height position D(j) and a corresponding confocal image Fj; Fig. 6 is a conceptual view showing a relationship between a height position D(j) and a peak height position P(x, y, L); Fig. 7 is a flow chart showing displaying of a surface shape of a sample object; Fig. 8 is a view of an example of a surface shape of a sample object (mid-tone image) which is displayed in a display monitor shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 9 is a flow chart showing displaying of a cross-sectional shape of a sample object; Fig. 10 is a view of an example of a cross-sectional shape of a sample which is displayed in the display monitor shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 11 is a flow chart showing an operation of a three-dimensional detecting apparatus according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention; and Fig. 12 is a flow chart showing a local maximum peak detection process. Fig. 1 is a view of a three-dimensional detecting apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this three-dimensional detecting apparatus, a microscope stage 11 is disposed for free movement in a height direction Z and linked to a motor 12 which is driven in response to a signal obtained from a control part 20 which controls the entire apparatus. Hence, by appropriately controlling the motor 12 after mounting a sample object OB on a top surface of the microscope stage 11, the sample object OB can be positioned at an optional height in the height direction Z. Thus, in this preferred embodiment, the microscope stage 11 and the motor 12 constitute moving means which positions the sample object OB at a plurality of heights which are different from each other in the height direction Z. Further, a pickup unit 30 for taking a confocal image of the sample object OB is disposed above the microscope stage 11. The pickup unit 30 is comprised of a light source 31 such as a xenon lamp, a confocal optical scanner 32, an objective lens 33, and a CCD camera 34. The pickup unit 30 takes a confocal image at a horizontal plane XY of the sample object OB which is positioned at a predetermined height position in the manner described above, by means of the CCD camera 34, and supplies an analog image signal regarding the confocal image to a video capture 21 of the control part 20. In the control part 20, the analog image signal supplied to the video capture 21 is converted into a digital signal and supplied to a CPU 22 for a three-dimensional detection process which will be described in detail later. The CPU 22 is connected to the motor 12 through an input/output port not shown. While positioning the sample object OB at heights which are different from each other in the height direction Z by controlling the motor 12, confocal images at the horizontal plane XY at the respective height positions are taken, and based on the plurality of the confocal images, surface information which expresses a surface of the sample object OB and internal information which expresses an internal structure of the sample object OB are obtained by the three-dimensional detection process which will be described later. Thus, in this preferred embodiment, the control part 20 functions as peak position detecting means and surface information determining means for determining the surface information regarding the sample object OB. Further, the CPU 22 is also connected to a display monitor 40 through the input/output port, so that a surface shape or a cross-sectional shape of the sample object OB is displayed on the display monitor 40 based on the obtained surface information or the internal information. In Fig. 1, denoted at 23 is a memory for temporarily storing image data, a program for executing the three-dimensional detection process which will be described later, etc. Although the pickup unit 30 is fixed and the microscope stage 11 is moved in the height direction Z in this preferred embodiment, the microscope stage 11 may be fixed and the pickup unit 30 or the objective lens 33 may be moved in the height direction Z, in which case as well it is possible to take the plurality of the confocal images of the sample object OB at different heights. Figs. 2 and 3 are flow charts showing an operation of the three-dimensional detecting apparatus which is constructed as described above. First, an operator enters a lower limit height Zl and a upper limit height Zh of the stage and the number n of image-to-be-taken (n>2), through a key board (not shown) which is disposed to the control part 20 (Step S1). As herein termed, "the number n of image-to-be-taken" is a value which denotes at which step the microscope stage 11 is positioned when confocal images of the sample object OB are taken at the respective heights. ΔZ = (Zh - Zl) / (n - 1) The value which is obtained at Step S1 is substituted in the following formula: whereby a stage moving pitch ΔZ is calculated and stored in the memory 23 (Step S2). Following this, a drive instruction signal is supplied to the motor 12 from the control part 20 so that the microscope stage 11 is positioned at the lower limit height Zl (i.e., height position D(1)) (See Fig. 4A), while a count j is initialized to "1" (Step S3). The count j is related to the height position of the microscope stage 11, and is an integer from "1" and "n." D(j) = Zh - Zl - ΔZ × (j - 1) Next, while positioning the microscope stage 11 at heights which are different from each other within the range between the lower limit height Zl and the upper limit height Zh by executing Step S4 to Step S7 n times, confocal images Fj at the horizontal plane XY at the respective height positions are taken and stored in the memory 23. That is, a relative height position D(j) of the sample object OB is calculated at Step S4, from the following formula: Further, the confocal image Fj at that height position D(j) is taken and stored in the memory 23 at Step S5. This is conceptually illustrated in Fig. 5. For instance, a confocal image F1 is taken and stored in the memory 23 at the lower limit height D(1), a confocal image F2 is taken and stored in the memory 23 at the height D(2), and a confocal image Fn is taken and stored in the memory 23 at the upper limit height D(n). At Step S6, whether images are taken n times is judged. As long as it is judged "NO" at Step S6, the microscope stage 11 is moved upward by the stage moving pitch ΔZ while incrementing the count j by "1" at Step S7. Conversely, if it is judged "YES" at Step S6, the sequence exits the processing loop from Step S4 to Step S7 and proceeds to Step S8. At Step S8, counter values x, y, which denote X-coordinate and Y-coordinate of a plurality of pixels which form a confocal image, are initialized to "1," "1." At Step S9, a count L is initialized to "0" while the count j is initialized to "2." As herein termed, the count L is a value which indicates whether a local maximum peak of the quantity of light (i.e., light-intensity level) at a pixel (x, y) is related to a surface of the sample object OB or to an internal structure of the sample object OB. A local maximum peak with L=0 denotes the surface of the sample object OB, while a local maximum peak with L≧1 denotes the internal structure of the sample object OB. The reason of this will be described in detail later. Fj (x, y) - Fj+1 (x, y) > 0 and Fj (x, y) - Fj-1 (x, y) > 0 Following this, at Step S10, whether the relationship of inequities below are satisfied is judged: In other words, the quantities of light of confocal images Fj-1, Fj, and Fj+1 at the pixel (x, y) are compared with each other, and if there is a local maximum peak of the quantity of light exists for the count j (i.e., height position D(j)) is determined. When it is judged "YES" at Step S10, the confocal image Fj is a local maximum peak with respect to the pixel (x, y). Therefore, the height position D(j) corresponding to this is determined as a peak height position P (x, y, L) and stored in the memory 23, the count L is incremented by "1" (Step S11), and the sequence proceeds to Step S12. On the other hand, when it is judged "NO" at Step S10, the sequence proceeds directly to Step S12 without executing Step S11. At Step S12, whether the count j is smaller than a value (n-1) is judged. When it is judged "YES" at Step S12, the count j is incremented by "1" at Step S13 and the sequence returns to Step S10. An operation where this processing loop (Step S10 to Step S13) is repeated until it is judged "NO" at Step S12 will be described with reference to Figs. 4A to 4D and 6, while citing a specific model. D(p+q-1) D(p+q+1) A description will be given on a case where there is an interface between layers within the sample object OB, as shown in Figs. 4A to 4D. As such an sample object OB is gradually moved upward by the stage moving pitch ΔZ from the lower limit height Zl, a surface of the sample object OB which corresponds to a pixel (x1, y1) at a height position D(p) is positioned at a focal position (Fig. 4B), and the quantity of light at the pixel (x1, y1) at the height position D(p) becomes larger than the quantities of light at the height position D(p-1) immediately below and the height position D(p+1) immediately above, whereby it is judged "YES" at Step S10. Now, the symbol p satisfies 2<p<n. Hence, at Step S11, the height position D(p) is supplied as the peak height position P (x1, y1, 0). As the microscope stage 11 is moved further upward, as shown in Fig. 4C, at a height position D(p+q), the layer interface formed within the sample object OB is positioned at the focal position, so that for the pixel (x1, y1), the quantity of light at the height position D(p+q) becomes larger than the quantities of light at the height position immediately below and the height position immediately above, whereby it is judged "YES" at Step S10 and the height position D(p+q) is supplied as the peak height position P (x1, y1, 1) at Step S11. Thus, in this preferred embodiment, since a peak height position at which the quantity of light becomes local maximum is found while gradually moving the sample object OB upward, the peak height position P (x1, y1, 0) which appears first denotes the height position of the surface of the sample object OB. Hence, even if there are a plurality of peak height positions (x1, y1, 0) and (x1, y1, 1) for the pixel (x1, y1) as described above, it is possible to accurately and easily identify the peak height position P (x1, y1, 0) which corresponds to the surface of the sample object OB. The other the peak height position P (x1, y1, 1) is related to the internal structure of the sample object OB, i.e., the layer interface in this specific model. Now, referring back to Fig. 3, when it is judged "NO" at Step S12, that is, when detection of a local maximum peak of the light quantity for the pixel (x, y) is completed, the sequence exits the processing loop from Step S10 to Step S13 and Step S14 is executed. At Step S14, a final value of the count L is supplied to the number of peaks PN(x, y) regarding the pixel (x, y). At Step S15, whether x = xmax and y = ymax are both satisfied, that is, whether the processing from Step S9 to Step S14 (i.e., judgement of peak process) described above is completed on all pixels (x, y) is judged. As far as it is judged "NO" at Step S15, the judgement of peak process is repeated after appropriately setting coordinate values x, y at Step S16 and thereby shifting a pixel which is under processing. In this manner, the peak height position P (x, y, 0) which expresses the position of the surface of the sample object OB and the peak height positions P (x, y, 1), (x, y, 2), ... which express the internal structure are obtained, with respect to every pixel (x, y). As described above, confocal images F1, F2, ... Fn at the horizontal plane XY at the plurality of the height positions D(j) which are different from each other in the height direction Z are taken while moving the sample object OB in the height direction Z. Based on the confocal images F1, F2, ... Fn, the peak height position P(x, y, L) at which the quantity of light becomes local maximum in the height direction Z is calculated for each pixel (x, y). The highest position, i.e., the peak height position P (x, y, 0) is determined as the surface information regarding the sample object OB which corresponds to the pixel (x, y). Hence, even if there are a plurality of local maximum peaks of the light quantity for the pixel (x, y), it is possible to accurately and easily calculate the height position of the surface of the sample object OB, and consequently, to accurately detect the surface shape of the sample object OB. Further, of the peak height positions P(x, y, L) which are calculated in the manner described above, those except for the peak height position P (x, y, 0) which corresponds to the surface information regarding the sample object OB are internal information which is related to the internal structure of the sample object OB. From the internal information, it is possible to grasp a cross-sectional shape of the sample object OB. By the way, this three-dimensional detecting apparatus not only simply obtains the surface information and the internal information regarding the sample object OB to detect the sample object OB three-dimensionally, but also executes Step S20 and displays the surface shape of the sample object OB on the display monitor 40, and further, executes Step S30 and displays a cross-sectional shape of the sample object OB over the surface shape on the display monitor 40. Fig. 7 is a flow chart showing displaying of the surface shape of the sample object. First, the counter values x, y, which denote X-coordinate and Y-coordinate of pixels are initialized to "1," "1" at Step S21. Following this, whether the number of peaks PN(x, y) for the pixel (x, y) which is supplied at Step S14 is "0" is judged (Step S22). When it is judged "NO" at Step S22, that is, if it is judged that the number of peaks PN(x, y) is "1" or larger, the first one of the peak height positions P(x, y, L) which correspond to the pixel (x, y), that is, the peak height position P (x, y, 0) which expresses the surface is supplied to surface height data H(x, y) (Step S23). On the other hand, if it is judged "YES" at Step S22, that is, if it is judged that the number of peaks PN(x, y) is "0," the surface height data H(x, y) are set as "0" (Step S24). Following this, at Step S25, whether the processing from Step S22 to Step S24 (i.e., setting of surface height process) is completed on all pixels is judged. While the setting of surface height process is not completed on all pixels, the setting of surface height process from Step S22 to Step S24 is executed while appropriately shifting the pixel under processing (Step S26). When it is judged at Step S25 that the setting of surface height process is completed on all pixels, based on the surface height data H(x, y) which are obtained in the manner described above, marks expressing the surface of the sample object are put on in correspondence to the respective pixels, whereby the surface shape of the sample object OB is displayed on the display monitor 40. Fig. 8 shows an example of the surface shape which is drawn on the display monitor 40. Thus, in this preferred embodiment, not only the surface information regarding the sample object OB, i.e., the peak height position P (x, y, 0) is simply calculated to perform the three-dimensional detection on the sample object OB, but also the surface shape of the sample object OB is displayed on the display monitor 40 based on the calculated surface information. Therefore, an operator or the like can visually and easily grasp the surface shape of the sample object OB. Fig. 9 is a flow chart showing displaying of a cross-sectional shape of the sample object. First, to designate a cross-section which is to be displayed, an operator enters a cutting direction (x, y) and a cutting position through the key board (not shown) at Step S31. Next, the count j is initialized to "0" at Step S32. At Step S33, an appropriate mark is plotted on the display monitor 40, in correspondence to a peak height position P(x, y, j). When j=0, the peak height position P(x, y, j) is P(x, y, 0), and therefore, the plotted mark on the display monitor 40 indicates the surface of the sample object OB. On the other hand, when j>0, the peak height position P(x, y, j) is internal information which is related to the internal structure of the sample object OB, and therefore, the corresponding plotted mark on the display monitor 40 indicates the cross-section of the sample object OB. By judging whether the count j coincides with the number of peaks PN(x, y) at Step S34, whether plotting of the mark on the display monitor 40 in correspondence to all peak height positions P(x, y, j) with respect to the pixel (x, y) is judged. If it is judged "NO" at Step S34, the count j is incremented by "1" at Step S35 and the sequence returns to Step S33. By repeating this, the surface and the cross-section of the sample object OB which corresponds to the pixel (x,y) are displayed. Conversely, if it is judged "YES" at Step S34, the sequence proceeds to Step S36 to judge whether the processing from Step S32 to Step S35 (i.e., cross-section displaying process) is completed on all pixels of the cutting direction. If it is judged "NO" at Step S36, the sequence returns to Step S32 to repeat a surface/cross-section plotting process (i.e., Step S32 to Step S35) so that a cross-section as that shown in Fig. 10 of the sample object OB taken in the cutting direction is displayed. On the other hand, if it is judged "YES" at Step S36, indicating that displaying of the cross-section of the sample object OB taken in the cutting direction is completed, the cross-section displaying process is ended. Fig. 10 shows an example of the cross-sectional shape which is drawn on the display monitor 40 in this manner, as a reference example. Thus, in this preferred embodiment, not only the surface information and the internal information regarding the sample object OB, i.e., the peak height positions P (x, y, L) are calculated to perform the three-dimensional detection on the sample object OB, but also a cross-sectional shape related to the internal structure of the sample object OB is displayed on the display monitor 40 based on the calculated surface and the internal information. Therefore, an operator or the like can visually and easily grasp the surface shape of the sample object OB. Further, from the cross-sectional shape which is displayed on the display monitor 40, it is possible to easily understand a layer structure inside the sample object and to easily find a defect such as a foreign material. While the preferred embodiment above requires to take the confocal images F1, F2, ... Fn at the respective height positions D(j) and store the same in the memory 23, if the number n of images to be taken is increased to enhance the resolution, a necessary memory capacity is proportionally increased and a cost for the three-dimensional detecting apparatus is accordingly increased. On the other hand, although it is possible to suppress the memory capacity if the confocal images F1, F2, ... Fn are recorded on a magnetic disk and properly read, reading takes time and a total processing time becomes longer. Such a problem can be solved if local maximum peaks are sequentially detected while taking confocal images and storing the peak height positions P (x, y, L) in the memory 23. In the following, a three-dimensional detecting apparatus according to such a preferred embodiment will be described. Fig. 11 is a flow chart showing an operation of a three-dimensional detecting apparatus according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. As the structure of the three-dimensional detecting apparatus according to this preferred embodiment is identical to that of the apparatus described above, a redundant description on the structure will be omitted. Rather, a description will be given on a three-dimensional detection process, the surface shape displaying process and the cross-sectional shape displaying process. In this preferred embodiment, processing which is similar to that from Step S1 to Step S3 of the previous preferred embodiment is carried out. That is, after entering the lower limit height Zl, the upper limit height Zh and the number n of images to be taken (n>2) through a key board (not shown) which is disposed to the control part 20 (Step S41), an operator calculates the stage moving pitch ΔZ and stores the same in the memory (Step S42). Following this, the drive instruction signal is supplied to the motor 12 from the control part 20 so that the microscope stage 11 is positioned at the lower limit height Zl (See Fig. 4A) and the count j is initialized to "1" (Step S43). Next, with respect to all pixels, the number of peaks PN(x, y) are initialized to "0" at Step S44. D(j) = Zh - Zl - ΔZ × (j - 1) Following this, after the relative height position D(j) of the sample object OB is calculated in a manner similar to that at Step S4, Step S5 of the previous preferred embodiment, in accordance with the following (Step S45), the confocal image Fj at the height position D(j) is taken and stored in the memory 23 (Step S46). At Step S47, whether the count j is larger than "2" is judged. This is because at least three confocal images are necessary to detect a local maximum peak of the quantity of light. While the count j is judged "1" or "2" at Step S47, confocal images F1, F2 are taken without a local maximum peak detection process (Step S50). On the other hand, if it is judged "YES" at Step S47, indicating that the count j is 3 or larger, the local maximum peak detection process is executed (Step S50). The contents of the detection process will be described with reference to Fig. 12. Fig. 12 is a flow chart showing the local maximum peak detection process. First, the counter values x, y, which respectively denote X-coordinate and Y-coordinate of pixels which form a confocal image are initialized to "1," "1" at Step S51. Fj-1(x, y) - Fj(x, y) > 0 and Fj-1(x, y) - Fj-2(x, y) > 0 At Step S52, whether the following inequities are satisfied is judged: That is, the quantities of light of confocal images Fj-2, Fj-1, and Fj at the pixel (x, y) are compared with each other, and if there is a local maximum peak of the quantity of light exists for the count j-1 (i.e., height position D(j-1)) is determined. When it is judged "YES" at Step S52, the confocal image Fj-1 is a local maximum peak with respect to the pixel (x, y). Therefore, the height position D(j-1) corresponding to this is determined as a peak height position P (x, y, PN(x, y)) and stored in the memory 23, the number of peak PN(x, y) is incremented by "1" (Step S53), and the sequence proceeds to Step S54. On the other hand, when it is judged "NO" at Step S52, the sequence proceeds directly to Step S54 without executing Step S53. At Step S54, whether x = xmax and y = ymax are both satisfied, that is, whether the processing from Step S52, Step S53 (i.e., judgement of peak process) described above is completed on all pixels (x, y) is judged. As far as it is judged "NO" at Step S54, the judgement of peak process (Step S52, Step S53) is repeated after appropriately setting counter values x, y at Step S55 and thereby shifting a pixel which is under processing. In this manner, when three confocal images are obtained, the peak height position P (x, y, 0) which expresses the position of the surface of the sample object OB and the peak height positions P (x, y, 1), (x, y, 2), ... which express the internal structure are calculated based on the obtained three confocal images. When it is judged "YES" at Step S54 and the judgement of peak process is completed on all pixels (x, y), the sequence proceeds to Step S48 of Fig. 11. Now, referring back to Fig. 11, at Step S48, whether images are taken for n times is judged. As far as it is judged "NO" at Step S48, the processing from Step S45 to Step S48 and Step S50 is repeated after moving the microscope stage 11 upward by the stage moving pitch ΔZ while incrementing the count j by "1." Conversely, when it is judged "YES" at Step S48, the sequence exits the processing loop from Step S45 to Step S50, and the surface shape of the sample object OB is displayed at Step S20 while the cross-sectional shape of the sample object OB is displayed at Step S30 as in the previous preferred embodiment. As described above, in this preferred embodiment, while moving the sample object OB in the height direction Z, confocal images F1, F2 at the horizontal plane XY at the plurality of the height positions D(j) which are different from each other in the height direction Z are taken, and when the successive three confocal images are obtained, the peak height positions P (x, y, L) which serve as the surface information and the internal information are calculated. Hence, confocal images to be stored in the memory 23 are limited to three images, which suppresses the memory capacity. Of course, it is possible to perform the three-dimensional detection in a short time since it is not necessary to record data on a magnetic disk. While the invention has been described in detail, the foregoing description is in all aspects illustrative and not restrictive. It is understood that numerous other modifications and variations can be devised without departing from the scope of the invention. The features disclosed in the foregoing description, in the claims and/or in the accompanying drawings may, both, separately and in any combination thereof, be material for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof.
What type of fish is smoked to make a kipper? What vegetable is often referred to as "Ladies Fingers"? What name is given to the green horseradish sauce widely used in Japanese cooking? From which animal does the meat Venison come? What is the principal ingredient of Guacamole? What was the first frozen vegetable to be available in the UK? If a dish is served Florentine, what would it contain? What part of the Mint plant is used to make Mint Sauce? What name is given to a person who will eat no food of animal origin? Which famous cook was born Isabella Mary Mayson? What herb is used to flavour Lincolnshire Sausages? What name is given to pasta shaped like wagon wheels? What is traditionally eaten for dessert on Thanksgiving Day in the USA? What is the Welsh dish of Laverbread? Which fruit has the alternative name of Chinese Gooseberry? From which fruit is Grenadine made? What are dried plums called? From which country does Pilsner beer originate? What type of pastry is used to make the Greek dessert Baclava?	https://www.kensquiz.co.uk/quizzes/food-a-drink-quizzes/food-and-drink-11/
"Everywhere, everyday, our children spread their dreams beneath our feet. And we should tread lightly." -Sir Ken Robinson -Sir Ken Robinson Johanna Riddle I provide coaching, instructional design, and direct and distance instruction for diverse populations, ranging from elementary education to professional development for adults. I currently work as a Lead SEED Coach with Volusia County Schools, through a New Teacher Center grant. My goals are to empower every child to love to learn, to understand how education can change their life, and to help them make crucial connections between learning, real life, and their dreams. \| \| Resume' Selected Presentation Venues: Professional & Program Spotlights 2010 The Changing Face of Education, Texas A & M University 2007 Making the Most of the Resources at Hand T.H.E. Journal 2006 Adobe TV: K-12 Education Showcase (video) 2005 Teacher Spotlight on the Power of Education, Orlando Sentinel 2004, Art Links with Education, Daytona Beach News Journal Selected Journal Publications September, 2011 Teacher, Adventurer, Citizen of the World--Choosing the Road Less Traveled May, 2011 Playing Around With Technology March, 2011 Out of the Box … Media, Technology, and the Small School Initiative January, 2011 When ‘Birds of a Feather’ Try Their Wings September, 2010 How Sweet It Is--One Teen’s Take on Classroom Management Software and the Future of School-to-Home Communication July, 2010 Through the Computer Screen--On the Other Side of the Webinar June, 2010 IVLA Selected Readings May, 2010 A New Kind of Book Club March, 2010 21 Things--Kinder, Gentler Tips for Effective Technology Infusion January, 2010 Podcasting in the Classroom--A Sound Success Reprinted in Write Now! (Pearson, 2012) Fall Quarter, 2009 Florida Education Leadership Journal Teaching in the Nexus November, 2009 Samsula Academy: Old School, New Tricks October, 2009 Is Piaget Declasse'? September, 2009 These Lessons Pop! May, 2009 The Long Climb of Technology Infusion June, 2009 Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself July, 2009 The Collaborator July, 2009 Redefining the Role of the Teacher March, 2009 Celebrating 21st-Century Learning at the International Student Media Festival January, 2008 The Summer Travel Blog: A 2.0 Travelogue to Bridge Summer “Down Time” March, 2006 Bookbinders: Fusing Technology, Image, and Literature - Contact me: \| \| Engaging the Eye Generation (Stenhouse, 2009) About the Book Book Review, Education Briefs, August 10, 2009: Riddle, Johanna. (2009). Engaging the Eye Generation: Visual Literacy Strategies for the K-5 Classroom. Portland, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers. A gap exists between what students learn in schools and what they need to be successful in the 21st century (Partnership for 21st Century Schools, n.d.). The challenge many teachers face is determining how to best infuse practical strategies into their daily lessons that address this problem. Johanna Riddle addresses the question of how in her book, Engaging the Eye Generation: Visual Literacy Strategies for the K-5 Classroom. Riddle stresses that it is not necessary to change what we are teaching, but how we are teaching. In fact, with successful integration of visual literacy skills, Riddle shows readers the potential for enriching and deepening what is currently taught in most schools. In the introduction, an expanded view of literacy is defined with the help of the North Central Regional Education Laboratory. Eight categories of literacy are listed: basic literacy, scientific literacy, economic literacy, technological literacy, visual literacy, informational literacy, multicultural literacy and global awareness. By combining the use of many of these literacies, Riddle effectively writes about integrating multimodal literacies into classroom instruction. However, the main topic of this book is visual literacy defined by the North Central Regional Education Laboratory as the ability to "interpret, use, and create visual media in ways that advance thinking, decision making, communication and learning" (p. 3). Riddle, an educator with twenty-five years of experience, invites us into her classroom to witness how she successfully began using and integrating multimodal literacies. She honestly shares her own learning curve and gives readers permission to start changing their instruction even when they fear they do not know enough. Riddle explains that the importance of teaching students to critically analyze, manipulate and produce visual information was more important than her own comfort level with visual literacy integration. She realized that her "students' need to know superseded my need to know it all" (p. 33). Throughout the book there are examples of teachers learning with and from students. This concisely written text contains numerous examples of lessons in K - 5 classrooms in which students were engaged in meaningful learning that is innovative, challenging and high-quality. Issues such as standards and lack of computers that tend to be hurdles in implementing this type of learning were addressed. In the first chapter, a clear connection between language arts standards and visual literacy is articulated. Evidenced through actual classroom examples, it is apparent that every content area is strengthened by a strong visual literacy emphasis. Riddle emphasized collaboration throughout the book, "Born out of necessity--when you have a handful of computers and a class full of students, shared learning becomes part of the experience" (p. 48). Readers can find ideas for projects that address multiple literacies, along with examples of easy to use rubrics that were co-constructed with students. Strategies and structures, such as a structure for problem-based learning (p. 44) are helpful additions. There are many resources and websites highlighted--including a number of free resources. Issues that worry teachers, such as copyright and Internet safety are addressed. For example, Riddle provides a list of websites where students can find stock photos that are copyright free for students to use in slide presentations. Pictures of real student work can be found throughout the text. "Can You See It?" boxes inset into the text offer tips, resources and suggestions for implementing a curriculum that addresses visual literacy. Real classrooms and the students in them are at the heart of this book--there are examples of how to appropriately scaffold and differentiate learning experiences for all levels of learners and their specific needs. It is clear from Riddle's classroom examples that she moves between short whole group lessons to small group and individual work. She understands that she should guide and facilitate her students' learning, but demonstrates they are able to learn more if they are released to think, ask questions, research, collaborate and create in small groups and individually. Similarly this short text gives the reader a compelling rationale for implementing visual literacy strategies, ideas for doing so, permission to begin even if the teacher knows less than his/her students and tools to continue this learning and exploration. Engaging the Eye Generation is a relevant, engaging text for preservice and inservice teachers of all experience levels, as well as administrators and instructional coaches. I highly recommend this text for a literacy or social studies methods course or as a book study for any school community that is serious about transforming instruction to ensure that their students will be leaders who "will find innovative solutions for global challenges ahead" (p. 112). Reviewed by Tricia DeGraff, Assistant Teaching Professor, Institute for Urban Education, University of Missouri-Kansas City.	http://youignitethelight.weebly.com/johanna-riddle.html
A mind map visualizes information or ideas. Usually, there’s a main concept in the center and major concepts branching outward from it. Smaller ideas start from the major concepts. So, a mind map can look like a spider web. Here, we draw a mind map of the concepts of TeX. Full explanation in Chapter 9, Creating Graphics: Putting thoughts in a mind map.	https://latex-cookbook.net/mindmap/
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a digital camera, more particularly, it relates to a digital camera capable of taking bracket images. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, it is known that a digital camera takes bracket images while setting gradual steps for a parameter of photograph condition e.g. exposure value, as shown in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) NO. 2003-87608. In this case, when a release button is pushed, an object is photographed continuously so as to obtain a plurality of photograph images, of which the compositions are substantially same, but which are taken under different photograph conditions from one another. Sometimes it is difficult to judge the appropriate exposure value when the object is photographed. In this case, if the bracket images are taken, it is possible to choose the best image which is photographed under the appropriate exposure values among the plurality of photograph images after photographing. Namely, taking bracket images counteracts failure to set the correct photograph conditions e.g. exposure value. Further, when an object moves fast, it is impossible for more than one photograph image having the same composition to be taken because the opportunity for photographing it is very short. However, if the bracket images are photographed, it is possible to obtain a plurality of images which are photographed under various photograph conditions and having the same composition. Namely, even if the object moves fast, a plurality of images having various characteristics can be obtained by taking bracket images. In order to obtain the image having the characteristics the photographer desires, it is necessary to set the parameters for the photograph conditions precisely. However, if there are too many steps for setting only one parameter e.g. exposure value, it often happens that the image which the photographer desires is not obtained. Accordingly, it is thought that bracket images should be photographed while setting several steps for one parameter and this photographing operation should be repeated after setting several steps for another parameter. In this method, another parameter has to be set manually by operating an operation device, and this operation takes a long time. Therefore, a good opportunity for photographing is sometimes lost, if the object moves fast. Further, the plurality of images, which are photographed as described above method, are not displayed on the camera monitor at the same time. In addition to this, the plurality of images are not associated with each other automatically. Therefore, it is difficult for users to select the most desirable image from the plurality of photograph images.
FTIR can generate an infrared spectral scan of samples that absorb infrared light. Scope: Standards include: ASTM E168, E1252 If the material does not absorb infrared light a spectral scan cannot be obtained. Example: metals do not absorb infrared light. FTIR is the first logical step in identifying a polymer. FTIR is also used for quality control of materials and for contamination analysis (surface or internal). Test Procedure: A material’s absorbance of infrared light at different frequencies produces a unique "spectral fingerprint" based upon the frequencies at which the material absorbs infrared light and the intensity of those absorptions. The resulting spectral scan (absorbance or transmittance) is usually specific to a general class of material. Example: the spectral scan of Polycarbonate does not look like the scan of Nylon but all Nylon scans have unique similarities. Unknown spectral scans can be analyzed to determine the base material of the unknown by comparing their scan to spectral scans of known materials that are stored in a computer-based library. A typical infrared scan is generated in the mid-infrared region of the light spectrum. The mid-infrared region is from 400 to 4000 wavenumbers, which equals wavelengths of 2.5 to 25 microns (10-3mm). Matching the unknown infrared spectrum to known spectra can be done manually or with the help of a computerized program. Computerized spectral searches can quickly compare an unknown spectrum to a very large number of spectra located in multiple databases in a very short period of time. Computerized spectral matches to the unknown spectral scan are presented from best to worst with assigned certainty ratings. Computer programs are very helpful for comparing unknown spectral scans to those of known materials, but computer selected matches can be misleading. A skilled FTIR analyst is needed to examine the computer selected spectral matches to ensure that sample identifications are both accurate and complete. Computer matching programs have difficulties with subtle differences that can be critically important. Sample size required: Samples the size of a single resin pellet can be scanned by reflective FTIR. Samples, which can be easily tested by reflective FTIR, include polymer pellets, parts, opaque samples, fibers, powders, wire coatings, and liquids. Materials with large quantities of carbon (carbon black or carbon fiber) are difficult to obtain a usable spectral scan from because carbon strongly absorbs infrared light in a broad range of frequencies. This results in an FTIR spectrum without the minute details necessary to identify the unknown material. Basic Identification: As previously noted, FTIR polymer identification of an unknown is done by matching the material’s infrared peaks, either transmittance or absorbance, to the peaks of similar infrared scans of known materials. The better the match, the higher the certainty for a correct identification of the unknown polymer. An FTIR spectral analysis can easily identify classes of polymers such as Nylons, Polyesters, Polypropylenes, Polycarbonates, Acetals, or Polyethylenes. However, an FTIR spectral scan alone should not be expected to identify the type of Nylon or Polyester, identify a Polypropylene or Acetal as a homopolymer or copolymer, or determine whether the Polyethylene is a high density or low density material. Further identification may be aided by DSC. Further identification may be aided by an Ash Test. Quality Control: A spectral scan of a reference material can be generated and stored in a spectral library database. A stored reference scan will allow all future material scans to be compared back to the same earlier scan. The objective is to look for material differences. Differences noted in a newly generated spectral scan could indicate a change in processing or a possible contamination problem. Internal Polymer Contamination: FTIR spectral subtractions are used to look for internal contamination in polymers. A computer program is used to subtract the peaks associated with the base polymer from the spectral scan and then an analysis of the remaining spectral scan is performed. The amount of contamination that can be detected depends on the spectral scans of the base polymer and the contaminant. Contamination involving materials with very different infrared spectra can usually be detected at a level of about 1-2%. Contamination involving materials with similar infrared spectra may not show up at even the 10% level. Surface Contamination: Obvious surface contamination of polymers can be analyzed by normal reflective FTIR because the infrared beam only enters a few microns into the sample surface. Another method to look for a possible surface contamination involves a solvent wash of the sample’s surface. A solvent wash involves using a solvent that is nondestructive to the sample. A solvent wash of the sample’s surface is collected and evaporated to dryness on the FTIR reflective sample area. Once the solvent is evaporated off an FTIR analysis is performed on the solvent wash residue. **Please note that this test description is intentionally generic in nature and aimed at providing a descriptive summary to enhance test understanding. Standards can be obtained from appropriate standards authorities. Need help or have a question?	http://www.intertek.com/polymers/testlopedia/ftir/
Ukrainian culture minister Oleksandr Tkachenko said on social media, that the Khanenko Art Museum and the Kyiv Art Gallery are among the destroyed Kyiv Cultural Sites. Missile attacks continued overnight into Tuesday. As a result, it is one of the worst attacks on Kyiv from the start of the invasion on 24 February. “Russia is targeting central cultural sites in Ukraine” – Zelensky “Facades, roofs and interior elements of many cultural and educational institutions are in ruins”, says Tkachenko in a Facebook post. He also listed destroyed institutions during the attack. From the Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University to the National Philharmonic and the Museum of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-21. The windows of many important cultural centers were also destroyed. Some of them are the Khanenko Art Museum, the T. Shevchenko Museum and the Kyiv Art Gallery. There are also the National Natural Science Museum, the Museum of the History of the City of Kyiv, and other important Ukrainian cultural sites. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky says Russia is targeting cultural heritage at the heart of Ukrainian identity. “The playground in Shevchenko Park became a target for a Russian missile. But it is not just in Shevchenko Park. It is on one of the main museum streets of Kyiv. In particular, the attack damaged the Khanenko Art Museum.” The culture ministry’s website reported Tkachenko is calling for a meeting of the culture ministers of G7 countries “regarding the strengthening of sanctions against Russia and the strengthening of support for Ukraine”. More than 150 cultural sites destroyed – UNESCO Get the latest articles delivered to your inboxSign up to our Free Weekly Newsletter More than 150 cultural sites in Ukraine–including churches, museums and monuments–are damaged or destroyed in warfare since Russia invaded Ukraine. This confirms UNESCO, the United Nations’ cultural branch, as officials claim Russian forces are targeting Ukrainian culture. UNESCO’s verification says, among the destroyed buildings are 152 cultural sites. Most sites are in the heaviest welfare regions. This includes 45 sites in Donetsk, 40 in Kharkiv, and 26 in Kyiv. UNESCO noted that none of Ukraine’s seven World Heritage Sites—designations given by the organization to places with “outstanding universal value,” including St. Sophia Cathedral and Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra monastery in Kyiv and the historic Old Town in Lviv—appear to have been damaged since the invasion began.	https://www.thecollector.com/kyiv-cultural-sites-reportedly-damaged-in-russian-invasion/
An appeals court has snubbed a drone owner's demand for $1,500 compensation from a furious dad who blew the flying gizmo out of the sky when it hovered over his family. In July 2015, William Merideth, 47, was at home in Hillview, Kentucky, America, when his daughter came in from sunbathing in the garden to say there was a drone buzzing overhead. As a firm believer in his Second Amendment rights, Merideth loaded up his shotgun with bird shot, waited until the camera-fitted quadcopter came over his home, and then took it down with a single shot – which bought the drone's operators running. "They asked me, 'Are you the S-O-B that shot my drone?' and I said, 'Yes I am'," he told journalists. "I had my Glock on me and they started toward me and I told them, 'If you cross my sidewalk, there's gonna be another shooting'." The police were called and they arrested Merideth – not for shooting down the drone per se, but for discharging a firearm within city limits. In October, a judge agreed with Merideth (now known as the Drone Slayer) that he was within his rights to take down the trespassing drone. The dad was cleared of all charges. David Boggs, the drone's owner, was not a happy chap. He sued Merideth for the $1,500 it had cost to replace his toy, insisting that only the US Federal Aviation Administration has the right to control airspace, so his aircraft couldn't have been trespassing. The problem is there is considerable confusion about the jurisdiction of the FAA. The agency claims it is responsible for everything from the ground up, but numerous court cases have established different limits for when the airspace becomes a government issue. A court case in 1946 established that homeowners can control up to 83 feet above their property, while also suggesting a 500-foot limit before the FAA took jurisdiction. Other cases have made similar rulings, but this has never been established by Congress. In the case of Boggs verses Merideth, the courts disagreed with the plaintiff and refused to order compensation be paid. Undeterred, Boggs appealed, and this week was again told he had no case against his shotgun-toting nemesis.	https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/03/25/drone_slayer_rules_in_court/
Made from beechwood for early addition and subtraction learning. Each standard set comes with a tray, removable numbers (1-20) in a storage bag and removable +, - and = signs. Every piece is sanded. Wool balls are not included. Dimensions: Board-2044 cm(7,8'' 17,5'') Each number tiles-44 cm(1,6'' 1,6'') Thickness 1,8 cm (0,7'') Extra set includes;1-20 number blocks,greater than,Less than and not equal symbols(Total 23 blocks) Recommended for over 3 years old. Do not put it directly into the water. Wiping with a slightly damp cloth is recommended. Our prices do not include Import Duty and GST/VAT applicable in your country. Please read "Terms and conditions" for more information.	https://craftower.com/products/wooden-math-board
Erect, slender stems, hairy and usually unbranched, reach 4–33-inches tall. Note the 3–12 pairs of tubular, white to pink flowers at spaced nodes on the stem with petals deeply cut into 2–4 narrow lobes. FLOWERS: May–September. Stems with a loose spike with 3–7 nodes, each with paired flowers in subsp. pringlei, widespread in Arizona and NM. Tubular to bell-shaped flowers have 5 petals, each divided into 2 fork-like lobes, with a fringe of tiny petal-like appendages around the throat; 10 stamens extend beyond the throat, note there are only 3 styles; the calyx (holding the petals) is bell-shaped to tubular, 3/8–1/2-inch long (8–13 mm), densely hairy with 10 prominent ribs or veins. Flowers bloom from the bottom up the stem. LEAVES: Opposite, 1 pair per node. Stem leaves narrow, lance-shaped to oval, 2 3/8–10-inches long (6–25 cm); margins entire, surfaces hairy on both sides. HABITAT: Rocky, gravel-loam soils, roadsides; pinyon-juniper-oak, ponderosa-Douglas fir, spruce-fir aspen forests, subalpine meadows. ELEVATION: 6,000–11,600 feet. RANGE: AZ, CO, NM, UT. SIMILAR SPECIES: The 2 subspecies in NM have slightly different flower features: The widespread subsp. pringlei has nodding flowers with a tubular calyx (beneath the petals) and 3–12 flowering nodes per stem. The Rocky Mountain subsp. hallii has erect flowers with a bell-shaped to tubular calyx and 3–8 flowering nodes. Drummond’s Catchfly, S. drummondii, in much the same range and habitat, has petals with 2 lobes that barely extend beyond the calyx, and 4–5 styles inside the throat with the stamens; flowers bloom from the top downward. The widespread Sleepy Catchfly, S. antirrhina, has small flowers with pink to white petals with two notches, and reddish, sticky internodes. The introduced White Campion, S. latifolia, in northern NM, has a noticeably inflated calyx beneath deeply notched petals. NM COUNTIES: Statewide at mid- to high-elevation mountain habitats (absent on eastern plains): Bernalillo, Catron, Cibola, Colfax, Dona Ana, Grant, Lincoln, Los Alamos, McKinley, Mora, Otero, Rio Arriba, San Juan, San Miguel, Sandoval, Santa Fe, Sierra, Socorro, Taos, Torrance. SIMPLE (SCOULER’S) CATCHFLY SILENE SCOULERI Pink Family, Caryophyllaceae Perennial herb THE CONTENTS OF THIS WEBSITE ARE COPYRIGHTED AND CANNOT BE USED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF GEORGE OXFORD MILLER •The calyx has 10 prominent ribs, or veins, and is densely hairy (left arrow). •Flowers have petals with two forked lobes (middle arrow). • A fringe of tiny petal-like appendages surrounds the throat of the flower (right arrow). Paired flowers grow at nodes spaced along the stem. Paired narrow, hairy leaves grow at nodes along the stem.	https://wildflowersnm.com/Wildflowers_of_New_Mexico/Silene_scouleri.html
- Abbreviation of quantum bit. An individual particle utilized to store information. Particles, which obey the laws of quantum mechanics, can have their spin influenced for storage, and detected for retrieval. A single qubit can be used to represent a one, a zero, or both, with a coefficient representing the probability for each state. Two qubits can represent every two-bit number, which specifically are 00, 01, 10, and 11. Each additional qubit increases the number representation exponentially, at a rate of 2n, where n is the number of qubits. For example, 50 qubits can represent every number between zero and beyond a quadrillion. - synonym quantum bit Not what you were looking for?	http://www.dictionaryofengineering.com/definition/qubit.html
Videos in: 2003 "We're beginning to get some revolutionary new ideas about how social behavior originated, and also how to construct a superorganism. If we can define a set of assembly rules for superorganisms then we have a model system for how to construct an organism. How do you put an ant colony together? You start with a queen ant, which digs a hole in the ground, starts laying eggs, and goes through a series of operations that raise the first brood. The first brood then goes through a series of operations to breed more workers, and before long you've got soldier ants, worker ants, and foragers, and you've got a teeming colony. That's because they follow a series of genetically prescribed rules of interaction, behavior, and physical development. If we can fully understand how a superorganism is put together, we'll come much closer to general principles of how an organism is put together. There are two different levels—the cells put together to make an organism, organisms put together to make a superorganism. Right now I'm examining what we know to see if there are rules of how superorganisms are put together." "All these multiverse ideas lead to a remarkable synthesis between cosmology and physics...But they also lead to the extraordinary consequence that we may not be the deepest reality, we may be a simulation. The possibility that we are creations of some supreme, or super-being, blurs the boundary between physics and idealist philosophy, between the natural and the supernatural, and between the relation of mind and multiverse and the possibility that we're in the matrix rather than the physics itself." "We see fantastic examples of synchrony in the natural world all around us. To give a few examples, there were persistent reports when the first Western travelers went to southeast Asia, back to the time of Sir Francis Drake in the 1500s, of spectacular scenes along riverbanks, where thousands upon thousands of fireflies in the trees would all light up and go off simultaneously. These kinds of reports kept coming back to the West, and were published in scientific journals, and people who hadn't seen it couldn't believe it. Scientists said that this is a case of human misperception, that we're seeing patterns that don't exist, or that it's an optical illusion. How could the fireflies, which are not very intelligent creatures, manage to coordinate their flashings in such a spectacular and vast way?" "What I'm going to suggest is a road map of factors in failures of group decision making. I'll divide the answers into a sequence of four somewhat fuzzily delineated categories. First of all, a group may fail to anticipate a problem before the problem actually arrives. Secondly, when the problem arrives, the group may fail to perceive the problem. Then, after they perceive the problem, they may fail even to try to solve the problem. Finally, they may try to solve it but may fail in their attempts to do so. While all this talking about reasons for failure and collapses of society may seem pessimistic, the flip side is optimistic: namely, successful decision-making. Perhaps if we understand the reasons why groups make bad decisions, we can use that knowledge as a check list to help groups make good decisions." "What interests me is the question of how humans learn to live with uncertainty. Before the scientific revolution determinism was a strong ideal. Religion brought about a denial of uncertainty, and many people knew that their kin or their race was exactly the one that God had favored. They also thought they were entitled to get rid of competing ideas and the people that propagated them. How does a society change from this condition into one in which we understand that there is this fundamental uncertainty? How do we avoid the illusion of certainty to produce the understanding that everything, whether it be a medical test or deciding on the best cure for a particular kind of cancer, has a fundamental element of uncertainty?"
Recruiting Research Participants All communications to members of the University community or the wider public that ask for volunteers for research participation must include the following information: - The name of the researcher or student, and her/his status and affiliation (e.g. Faculty) within the University. - The University of Wolverhampton logo - The University email address and phone number of the researcher or student (personal e-mail addresses or telephone numbers should not be used) - In the case of student projects (including those of PGR students), the name and contact details of the supervisor of the research. - A statement that the individual(s) named may be contacted for further information about the project before a respondent makes a decision about taking part. - A statement that the research has been approved by the relevant Ethics Committee. Posters, Leaflets, Emails & Use of Social Media for Participant Recruitment Recruitment of participants should be undertaken in such a way that participation is truly voluntary and there is no coercion, either explicit or implicit. Ideally individuals should be able to take a positive step to participate rather than have the discomfort of declining a direct approach. The use of indirect approaches rather than face to face individual requests to potential volunteers is generally preferred, although it is also understood that the nature of the research may not lend itself to indirect approaches. When recruitment is to take place ‘door-to-door’, it is expected that potential participants are made aware of the study in advance. Posters and leaflets may be used to recruit participants. The material can fall into several categories: - Posters displayed within the University - Posters displayed in other institutions (although recruitment on NHS premises may sometimes require NHS REC approval, and usually R&D Office approval from the relevant NHS Trust) - Leaflets - Advertisements in newspapers, magazines etc. - Internet adverts for internet surveys Care should be taken when writing text to consider the nature of the target group, and ensuring that appropriate terminology is used. This is especially important for material likely to be seen by vulnerable groups, and especially for advertisements that are to be published in large circulation magazines etc. Characteristics of a good poster, leaflet or advert The material should be visually attractive with a short clear heading in the form of an invitation and may include illustrations. Sufficient information should be given for potential participants to know roughly what is involved. When there are a large number of inclusion/exclusion criteria it is sufficient to state any generalisable criteria within the poster and include more specific details in the Information Sheet so as not to confuse or put off potential participants. Adequate information for making contact should be given. Please note: - A copy of the poster must be submitted with the application for ethical approval. - You must obtain the relevant permission for posters to be displayed in other institutions. Recruitment emails Circular emails should meet with all requirements in guidelines for posters. Additionally, they should be short; the subject box should contain a short description of the study. Use of electronic mailing lists All staff and student projects that propose the use of block emails to send unsolicited requests for recruitment to research projects or for participation in research such as online questionnaire completion are subject to full ethical review by the relevant ethics committee. Mailings should not be sent until ethical approval has been received. Applications for ethical approval must provide information about the proposed use of email lists, whether existing or created specifically for the project. Later use of lists not envisaged in the application must be notified to the Faculty Ethics Committee. - The ‘all-staff’ and ‘all-students’ mailing lists maintained by the University cannotbe used to distribute recruitment material. Similarly the ‘Staff Departmental Groups’ and ‘Student Departmental Groups’ on the global address list should not be used. This is the case for both student and staff research. - Distribution lists maintained by Departments and Faculties may only be used to recruit research participants with the permission of the authority (e.g. Head of Department) responsible for use of the list, or her/his authorised deputy. In such cases, it must be clear to the recipient which distribution list is being used. - All recruitment emails should include a statement to indicate that use of the mailing list to recruit participants has received ethical approval (including the name of the relevant committee). - Virtual mailing lists and email facilities in the VLE, which allow contact with specific groups of students, and are accessible to academic and administrative staff, may only be used to recruit research participants when the researcher has demonstrated through the application for ethical approval that participation would be beneficial to students, for example by giving them experience of research methods in their discipline. Any use of such lists must be made directly by a member of academic staff, and not delegated to other staff or to students. It must be clear from the email which group of students is being circulated, and why. - E-mail requests for research participation should not disclose to participants (e.g. in the message header) the individual identities of other recipients. (Enter emails into the ‘Bcc’ field rather than the ‘To’ field). Online recruitment methods Information to be distributed via methods such as Twitter, Facebook or other social media should (within the restrictions of the medium) meet with all requirements in guidelines for posters. The text of such posts or tweets should be submitted for approval along with that for traditional media. Where applicable, the subject box should contain a short description of the study, and the post should start with the sentence: ‘Information regarding recruitment of volunteers for study [Title]. This project contributes to University of Wolverhampton’s role in conducting research, and teaching research methods. You are under no obligation to reply to this post, however if you choose to, participation in this research is voluntary and you may withdraw at any time.' Where length restrictions do not allow full details to be provided, a link should be included to an appropriate website, email address or other point of contact where further details can be obtained. University of Wolverhampton Staff engaged in MPhil/PhD research If a member of staff leaves the University of Wolverhampton while engaged in MPhil/PhD research, they must reapply to their Ethics Committee for the continuation of their research. Where student data is being used as part of the research the continued access and utilisation of the data must be expressly approved by the Academic Registrar after discussion with the Dean of Faculty and then approved by the Ethics Committee. This is true even if the member of staff transfers their studies, based on this data, to another HEI. And the same process of renewal of permissions will also apply to data relating to the wider university experience, in respect to surveys conducted on staff (academic or otherwise), and engagements with resources / learning spaces provisions.	https://cdn-wlvacuk.terminalfour.net/research/research-policies-procedures--guidelines/ethics-guidance/recruiting-research-participants/
One thing that is the biggest challenge for MotoGP racers at the Grand Prix of Indonesia on Sunday 20 March 2022 is the difficulty of overtaking at the Mandalika Circuit. Defending champion Fabio Quartararo will look to maintain pole position after securing pole position thanks to a best record of 1:31,067 in the qualifying session, Saturday 19 March 2022. The closest threat to the Yamaha rider is the Pramac Racing team duo, Jorge Martin and Johann Zarco, who parked their two Ducati motorbikes in the front row. It's hard to know how the race will be, because it's a new track. We don't know what will happen, but we will try our best," Quartararo said after qualifying. "I feel much better than Qatar and my potential is much better to fight for the win here. The Monster Energy Yamaha racer wants to forget the bad result at Losail where he was only able to finish P9 after his Yamaha bike experienced problems with tire pressure and a top speed deficit. Arriving at Mandalika, the French racer faced a new challenge on a circuit that had just undergone re-pavement of some of its tracks following the recommendations of Dorna and the FIM after the official test in Lombok last month. Although the track is still not completely clean, Quartararo feels the asphalt at the Mandalika circuit is better than the conditions he found during the pre-season test. Then, the racing line which is still narrow at Mandalika does not give many choices for riders who want to put pressure on their rivals. "For me it's one of the most difficult tracks to overtake, so it's quite positive to start from the front row," said Quartararo. 2020 world champion Joan Mir was surprisingly eliminated from the race for the top two slots in Q1 and will start from P18 after struggling to find the right grip and setting in Mandalika. After almost always falling when driving around corners, the Spaniard is not even sure he can survive the 27-lap race at Mandalika later. "Even I thought I was going to crash, because I was riding too close to the limit at every corner, and in these conditions it's very easy to make mistakes. It will be difficult if we don't improve," said Mir. Mir will anticipate the decline in tire performance during the race and steal the opportunity if Suzuki can find better grip to maintain speed during the race later. "It's not easy to overtake at this track, but when racing every lap it will be easy because of the decrease (tire performance). But this is not an easy track to go from 18th starting position," he said. Next up: Another Suzuki team driver... Another Suzuki team driver Alex Rins was luckier than his teammate after securing P8. From the third row, Rins will try to push forward as early as possible at the beginning of the race. "Here the difficult lap is overtaking, because there is only one racing line and not much space to overtake," said Rins, who found his bike spewing fire from the rear in FP3. "The overtake will be very tight with the other riders, so the key is a good start. A good start and we need to be in the very front at Turn 1." Turns 1, 10 and the last two corners offer openings for overtaking, "but I said earlier the overtake will be very tight.	https://www.skreebee.com/read-blog/95898
Izmir is located in western Turkey on the Aegean coast, is the third largest city in Turkey and is often called "beautiful Izmir" by the locals. This port city of tourism, history and trade is located on an area of around 12,000 km2 and has a population of 4 million. With its beaches and thermal centres, the Çeşme peninsula, which is located in the west of Izmir, plays a major role in tourism. While summer is enjoyed on the beaches and the clubs on the beaches, winter is lukewarm and rainy. Ephesus, also known as the Ionian Pearl, one of the largest cities of the Roman Empire in the 8,000 year history of Izmir, has been an important centre of life and art since ancient times. The famous Egyptian queen Cleopatra, known for her admiration for luxury, would have loved Ephesus and spent a winter in Ephesus. To travel to this diverse metropolis, you can search for and book the cheapest Rotterdam Izmir flight tickets with martiGO. - Transportation - Sightseeing - Food - Culture & Entertainment From the airport to the centre Rotterdam The Hague Airport is Holland's third largest airport. The original airport was bombed before World War II and construction of the new airport began in 1955. In the 1970s the airport was closed for about 30 years due to lack of space and in the early 2000s flights were again permitted and in 2015 the current name 'Rotterdam The Hague Airport' was adopted. Since adopting the new name, the airport has welcomed many guests from different countries. You can compare flight prices through martiGO and book the best Rotterdam Izmir flight deals that are suitable for you. Bus If you want to use public transport to get from the airport to the centre, you can take the RET bus number 33. This runs every 10 minutes during the day and takes you to the centre in around 25 minutes. In order to be able to use public transport, get an OV-Chipkaart, which you can purchase either at the airport or at any ticket counter. Subway The extensive network of the Rotterdam metro is very convenient both inside and outside the city. From the airport you can reach the center with the 'RandstadRail E'. Airport Shuttle The shuttle service leaves the airport every half hour and you can reach the center within 10 minutes. Taxi If you want a smooth and comfortable journey to get to the centre, then take a taxi. You can also reserve your taxi in advance to save time. Car rental Although Rotterdam is a city where bicycles are very popular, it is not popular among residents to walk some distance. If you don't want to use public transport, rental cars would be a good alternative. At the airport you cannot miss the rental car companies that you can also book with Rotterdam Izmir flight. FAQs - booking Rotterdam Izmir flights martiGO compares the flights of more than 540 airlines and lists the most suitable and cheapest flights for you. The cheapest one-way Izmir flight ticket next month on is from and costs . Airlines flying to Izmir are . Yes, because martiGO offers a completely free 24/7 customer service. We are therefore available around the clock in German, Turkish and English. Our team will be happy to answer any questions you may have. Our Customer Hotlines \|Country\|\|Phone Number\| \|Austria\|\|+43 1 909 45 00\| \|Germany\|\|+49 69 333 98 011\| \|Turkey\|\|+90 850 840 62 91\| \|other countries\|\|+43 1 909 45 00\| To make it easier for you to book the flight ticket, martiGO offers you a variety of payment methods (including Sofortüberweisung, PayPal, VISA and MasterCard). The flight cost will be debited without additional fees and you will receive a detailed confirmation email after the transaction has been completed. Flight tickets are generally cheapest before and after peak season. To benefit from current offers, subscribe to our martiGO newsletter.	https://www.martigo.co.uk/flight-ticket/rotterdam-izmir/RTM/IZM
Bummer! This is just a preview. You need to be signed in with a Basic account to view the entire video. Constraint Priorities4:51 with Pasan Premaratne Our constraints are breaking because we haven't told Auto Layout which ones are more important than others. In this video, let's take a look at how we can indicate priority levels. - 0:00 The reason that our constraints are arbitrarily breaking here - 0:03 is that we haven't told auto layout which constrains we care about more than others. - 0:08 Since it needs to somehow accommodate our layout, it modifies or - 0:12 overrides what it thinks will work best. - 0:14 Thankfully we can control this behavior. - 0:17 Select the header label and - 0:19 then select the constraint connecting it to the helmet image. - 0:23 Now if this is hard for you to click on, you can select the label and - 0:28 go to the size inspector. - 0:29 And hover over till you get the constraint you want, so - 0:32 this is the top space to helmet constraint. - 0:35 And then double click to go to the details. - 0:38 You'll see here there's lots of information about the constraint. - 0:40 Including the type of relation. - 0:42 The attributes on each item, such as first item and - 0:46 second item, the constant values that we've provided, multipliers, - 0:51 and one value we haven't looked at yet, the constraints priority. - 0:55 A constraints priority is a number that lets auto layout decide - 0:59 how important that particular constraint is compared to others. - 1:03 When the system runs into a conflict, as it's done in our case, - 1:07 it uses these priority values to resolve conflicts and - 1:10 figure out which constraints are more important than others. - 1:13 Priority values range from 1 on the low end to 1000 on the high end, - 1:18 and are used just like you'd expect them to be. - 1:21 If two constraints are in conflict, - 1:23 the one with the higher priority wins, pretty simple. - 1:26 Since we've added both the height and - 1:28 bottom spacing constraint to the view, to accommodate this, - 1:32 auto layout can choose to modify several vertical spacing constraints. - 1:36 We have one going from the body label to the header label, - 1:40 that's this constraint right here. - 1:41 And one from the header label to the helmet, that's this one right here. - 1:46 I would like the header label to move up and - 1:48 closer to the helmet image when we need to make room. - 1:52 So let's allow auto layout to modify or break this constraint - 1:55 by setting a lower priority on this one compared to the others. - 1:59 So again make sure you're selecting that constraint. - 2:02 And then from the drop down under Priority, select a value of 750. - 2:05 For the priority value, you can specify anything between 1 and 1,000. - 2:10 But since we're not setting a lot of custom priorities, these defaults will do. - 2:16 So, run the app and there we go, that looks much better. - 2:20 By setting a lower priority on one of the constraints, we allow auto layout - 2:24 to make a much more sensible decision regarding which constraint to modify. - 2:28 Okay, let's start the app and now run it on a 6S. - 2:32 As a side note you don't have to keep running it on different devices. - 2:36 If you have more screen real estate, you can go to the assistant editor. - 2:40 Go to the preview mode. - 2:43 And then list all the devices that you want here. - 2:46 Because I can only really display one at a time, I'm going to go ahead and - 2:49 run it on the app every time. - 2:52 Ok so I'm going to run it on a 6S now. - 2:56 You'll notice that despite our changes, - 2:58 our layout here is still the same because we have plenty of space on this device and - 3:02 none of our constraints need to be modified or broken. - 3:05 Using constraint priorities, we can do things like specify - 3:08 multiple height constraints for a single element with differing priorities. - 3:13 Auto layout can then choose which height to set for - 3:16 our view based on the available space. - 3:17 But there's a better way to do that. - 3:20 So let's make another change to our layout here. - 3:22 Right now, this helmet is centered both vertically and horizontally. - 3:27 And while that looked okay on the smaller devices, - 3:29 there's a decent amount of white space wasted here on larger phones. - 3:33 So we're going to go back to the scene, select the helmet, and - 3:37 in the size inspector, get rid of the center y constraint. - 3:43 Instead of centering it vertically, - 3:45 let's add a bottom space constraint to the image view above it. - 3:48 So, vertical space constraint. - 3:50 I'm going to control drag, select Vertical Spacing and - 3:54 make sure that this constraint has a constant of 40 points. - 3:58 Okay, so now if we go back to the preview mode and look at a, - 4:02 let me see, 3.5 inch device, it looks good. - 4:06 On a 4-inch device, you'll notice that it's starting to pull things up. - 4:14 I'd like for the image to stay where it is, that looks good, but - 4:17 I'd like to maybe push this text lower down. - 4:20 The Skip button is also starting to ignore our bottom space constraint and - 4:23 this is clearly more than 20 points from the lower margin. - 4:27 So I don't want this going any higher. - 4:29 Now, on the largest device though, if we compare these two. - 4:33 So the 5.5 inch iPhone, there's a lot of things wrong here. - 4:36 As you can see, the skip button is just pulled way above our restrictions. - 4:41 And we like this text to be much lower on the screen. - 4:43 It's essentially on the top half right now. - 4:46 So let's try and modify constraints in the next few videos to try and - 4:50 tackle this issue.	https://teamtreehouse.com/library/constraint-priorities
Proof of Stake Vs. Proof of Work Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of Work(PoW) are the two common types of consensus mechanism, which is a vital aspect of blockchain technology. Consensus mechanisms are critical to the operation of distributed ledgers- the fundamental element of the blockchain technology, allowing it to operate without a central authority. The primary role of the consensus mechanism is to verify the information being added to the ledger, ensuring that it’s accurate and valid. By doing this, the next block added to the network is confirmed to be the most recent transaction, preventing double-spending or any other form of data alteration on the system. Essentially, the consensus mechanism ensures that the entire blockchain network collectively agrees with the contents of the ledger, in addition to providing secure and valid blockchain-based transactions. While there are several different consensus mechanisms available today, PoW and PoS are the most popular blockchain consensus mechanisms. They are quite different based on functionality as well as the pros and cons, as we will discuss in this piece. Proof of Work Explained Proof of Work(PoW) is built on cryptography – an advanced form of mathematics that once solved points at an authentic transaction. Basically, miners solve complicated math problems and get credit for adding a verified block to the blockchain. Finding a solution to the math problems or the asymmetric puzzles is no easy task and involves the use of considerable amounts of computational power to solve them. No skill is required to solve the intricate problems; instead, brute force is needed. Once a computer guesses the right solution for the puzzle, it relies on other computers on the network for verification. The system quickly verifies the problems. Contrary to what most Bitcoin enthusiasts think, PoW existed way before Bitcoin or any other crypto asset. The idea of PoW is credited to Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor in 1993 with Markus Jakobsson coining the term “Proof of Work’ in 1999. Nonetheless, Bitcoin’s creator Satoshi Nakamoto was the first to apply it practically. How Does the Proof of Work Function? An Example of Bitcoin Mining As mentioned above, PoW involves miners solving a cryptographic puzzle to validate a transaction. The miners compete to solve the problem by providing the correct answer, also known as a hash. Once the computers in the network authorize every transaction, miners are rewarded with the blockchain’s native currency in addition to a transaction fee. In crypto mining, a group of network transactions is assembled into a memory pool, also referred to as a mempool. Miners then compete to verify each sale in the mempool by employing substantial computational power to solve the mathematical puzzle. The first miner to solve the problem receives a block reward plus network transaction fees. The mempool now becomes verified and is added to the blockchain in the form of a block. Hashcash(SHA-256) is the proof of work function employed by Bitcoin miners to solve the intricate puzzles and add blocks onto the blockchain. Key Features of Proof of Work Consensus - Asymmetric puzzles that make it difficult for miners to solve the problem. However, the network quickly verifies the correct answer. - Solving the puzzle doesn’t require any technical skill but brute force. The best way to efficiently solve a problem is to enhance computational power. - Parameters in solving the puzzles are updated after a particular period so that the block time can be consistent. Proof of Stake(PoS) PoS consensus is quite different from PoW in the sense that there is no mining as currency power replaces the computational power. With PoS, miners don’t solve asymmetric puzzles. Instead, the miner puts up a stake or holds up several coins to verify a block of transactions. The miner referred to as a forger of the text block is selected using a deterministic approach based on their coin stake. The asymmetric puzzles in PoS are much simpler, and forgers need only to prove that they own a particular percentage of all coins available in a given currency. For instance, if someone owned 2% of all Litecoin (LTC), they can mine 20% of all transactions. How Does PoS Work? In PoS, as mentioned above, forgers must stake their coins into a specific wallet to have the opportunity to validate transactions. The portfolio will freeze the coins and stake them on the network, meaning that you can’t withdraw the coins. Once the coins are staked, the validators bet on the block that they feel will be added next to the chain. If the selected block gets appended, they receive block rewards based on the proportion of their stake. Advantages of Proof of Stake Over Proof of Work In recent years, the crypto space is moving towards PoS services attributed to the benefits it offers over PoW. PoS is undoubtedly better than PoW, as outlined below. Energy Efficiency The major problem with PoW is that the computational power required is very energy-intensive and negatively impacts the environment. For instance, the Bitcoin network’s annual energy consumption is 57.6 TWh, equal to the entire energy consumed by Colombia. PoS systems are much more energy-efficient as they do not require mining, which is energy-intensive. They, therefore, provide an energy-friendly alternative to Proof of Work systems. Centralization-Mining Pools PoW systems are at high risk of centralization. Mining pools are formed by individual miners accumulating their resources to maximize the rewards and also save on the initial starting capital. Some mining pools are full-scale business operations, even employing thousands of employees and investing millions of dollars in dedicated mining equipment i.e., ASCIS, to generate the highest mining power. The problem with mining pools is that centralized PoW networks make it susceptible to hacking attacks e.g., 51% attacks. This is not the case with PoS networks since the rewards are based on the staked coins. Economic Benefits/ Dividends to its Users-MyCointainer The other advantage of PoS over PoW is that it provides economic benefits(dividends) to its users through the option of running a masternode or staking the coins in a staking and masternode platform such as MyCointainer. This is not possible in PoW systems. MyCointainer is a top-notch online automatic and masternode staking platform that helps users trade coins and generate considerable profits in the form of stakes. With MyCointainer, you can earn passively by staking your coins in the automated pool staking and gain from the coin stakes without really taking care of any technical details. Users stake their coins as validators on the platform and, in turn, receive rewards for their investment. Closing Thoughts PoS presents a better blockchain consensus mechanism compared to PoW thanks to the various perks they offer. PoS systems are energy efficient, safe, and provide economic benefits through masternode and staking platforms, notably MyCointainer. Users stake their coins on the network and, in turn, earn passively from their stakes without much hassle. Nonetheless, PoS still has its vulnerabilities but is a better choice compared to PoW.	https://coindoo.com/proof-of-stake-vs-proof-of-work/
I’m sitting here in my apartment in San Francisco, where I’ve spent most of the last three weeks. As COVID-19 sweeps across the globe, I’m counting myself blessed that I have a job where I can work from home, that we have plenty of food and are safe and healthy. Just two weeks before it seems like we Americans was even aware of the severity of this pandemic, I had one of the best long weekends of my life, in Baltimore. It was the first time ever — in the six-year history of The Erasable Podcast — that Johnny Gamber, Tim Wasem, and I had ever been in the same place. We gathered there to record a live episode at the Baltimore Pen Show. It was a blast! We had our friends Brad Dowdy, Ana Reinert and Dade Scolardi on the show to help us make a case for pencils to a bunch of people who come together to buy, sell and trade expensive fountain pens. Have a listen — it’s a fantastic episode. But one of the highlights of the trip was to fulfill a promise we made to ourselves five or more years ago — if we ever met up in person, we were going to get matching pencil tattoos. I agreed to that promise never thinking that we’d go through with it. A podcast about pencils doesn’t seem like it’d be long for this world. What is there to talk about for that long? How would we find time to come together from Baltimore, Johnson City Tennessee, and San Francisco to meet up? Well, we did! So Johnny booked an appointment with his favorite tattoo artist, and now we had to figure out what to get. After discussing a Caroline Weaver-style pencil down our arms, or a KUM wedge sharpener, and a few other things, I presented an idea to my co-hosts. We shape our tools and they in turn shape us Back when I worked at Facebook (from 2014 to the end of 2016), I was really into the Analog Lab. It’s a fully functioning print shop, with a letterpress, screen printer, and multiple risograph machines. One of the designers at the Analog Lab, Tim Belonax, made a poster featuring an Escher-esque yellow pencil, bent in a triangle, drawing itself. It was accompanied by a quote that, at the time was attributed to Marshall McLuhan1: “We shape our tools and they in turn shape us” I’ve always loved that pencil. There’s something about the shape of it, bent around, drawing itself that appeal to me, because so much of my interest in using creative tools (like pencils, or typewriters, or software application) has taken a meta turn — I create media about pencils. I now work at Adobe, which makes creative tools. If I were to describe my relationship with creative tools, it’d be not dissimilar to that quote, and the pencil drawing itself is the perfect emblem for that. Luckily for me, Johnny and Tim connected with the image, and we agreed to get this design embedded into our skin for the rest of our natural lives. We all had a slightly different vision for how it would manifest, though. Tim preferred just the outline of the illustration. Johnny, who is the most tattooed of us (this was the first for Tim and me) got it on forearm next to a few other designs, and colored the pencil teal and purple to match. I decided to be as true to original vision as possible, with solid bright yellow ink and a bright pink eraser. So, now it’s official — I love pencils and I have the ink (ironically) to show it! And Johnny, Tim and I have an unerasable reminder of how our mutual hobby binds us. Three weeks later after the scabbing and the redness has lessened (I’ll spare you the details, but I’ll just saw that , my sensitive skin was pretty angry at me), and I’m still pleased with my decision. A huge thank you to Tim Belonax for the original design, Hunter Spanks, our tattoo artist, and of course Johnny and Tim for taking this journey with me! And PS: because I’ve heard this question a LOT — it didn’t hurt as much as I thought it would, but it definitely hurt.	https://woodclinched.com/
--- abstract: \| Let $S^2$ be the 2-dimensional unit sphere and let $J_\alpha $ denote the nonlinear functional on the Sobolev space $H^{1,2}(S^2)$ defined by $$J_\alpha(u) = \frac{\alpha}{4}\int_{S^2}\|\nabla u\|^2\, d\omega + \int_{S^2} u\, d\omega -\ln \int_{S^2} e^{u}\, d\omega,$$ where $d\omega$ denotes Lebesgue measure on $S^2$, normalized so that $\int_{S^2} d\omega = 1$. Onofri had established that $J_\alpha$ is non-negative on $H^1(S^2)$ provided $\alpha \geq 1$. In this note, we show that if $J_\alpha$ is restricted to those $u\in H^1(S^2)$ that satisfy the Aubin condition: $$\int_{S^2}e^u\,x_j\, dw=0\quad\text{for all }1\leq j\leq 3,$$ then the same inequality continues to hold (i.e., $J_\alpha (u)\geq0$) whenever $\alpha \geq \frac{2}{3}-\epsilon_0$ for some $\epsilon_0>0$. The question of Chang-Yang on whether this remains true for all $\alpha \geq \frac{1}{2}$ remains open. author: - 'Nassif Ghoussoub$^1$ and Chang-Shou Lin$^2$' date: \| $^1$Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia,\ Vancouver, BC V6T1Z2, Canada\ $^2$Department of Mathematics, Taida Institute for Mathematical Sciences,\ National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan title: 'On the Best Constant in the Moser-Onofri-Aubin Inequality' --- Introduction ============ Let $S^2$ be the 2-dimensional unit sphere with the standard metric $g$ and the corresponding volume form $d\omega$ normalized so that $\int_{S^2} d\omega = 1$. For $\alpha >0$, we consider the following nonlinear functional on the Sobolev space $H^{1,2}(S^2)$: $$J_\alpha(u) = \frac{\alpha}{4}\int_{S^2}\|\nabla u\|^2\, d\omega + \int_{S^2} u\, d\omega -\ln \int_{S^2} e^{u}\, d\omega.$$ The classical Moser-Trudinger inequality [@M] yields that $J_\alpha$ is bounded from below in $H^1(S^2)$ if and only if $\alpha \geq 1$. In [@O], Onofri proved that the infimum is actually equal to zero for $\alpha =1$, by using the conformal invariance of $J_1$ to show that $$\inf_{u\in {\mathcal M}}J_1(u)=\inf_{u\in H^1(S^2)}J_1(u)=0,$$ where ${\mathcal M}$ is the submanifold of $H^1(S^2)$ defined by $$\label{cond1} {\mathcal M}:=\left\{u\in H^1(S^2);\, \int_{S^2}e^u{\bf x} \, dw=0 \right\},$$ with ${\bf x}= (x_1, x_2, x_3)\in S^2$, on which the infimum of $J_1$ is attained. Other proofs were also given by Osgood-Phillips-Sarnak [@OPS] and by Hong [@H]. Prior to that, Aubin [@A] had shown that by restricting the functional $J_\alpha$ to ${\mathcal M}$, it is then again bounded below by —a necessarily non-positive— constant $C_\alpha$, for any $\alpha \geq \frac{1}{ 2}$. In their work on Nirenberg’s prescribing Gaussian curvature problem on $S^2$, Chang and Yang [@CY; @CY2] showed that $C_\alpha$ can be taken to be equal to $0$ for $\alpha \geq 1-\epsilon_0$ for some small $\epsilon_0$. This led them to the following\ [Conjecture 1:]{}\ Note that this fails if $\alpha < \frac{1}{2}$, since the functional $J_\alpha$ is then unbounded from below (see [@FFGG]). In this note, we want to give a partial answer to this question by showing that this is indeed the case for $\alpha \geq \frac{2}{ 3}$ and slightly below that. As mentioned above, Aubin had proved that for all $\alpha \geq \frac{1}{ 2}$, the functional $J_\alpha$ is coercive on ${\mathcal M}$, and that it attains its infimum on some function $u\in{\mathcal M}$. Accounting for the Lagrange multipliers, and setting $\rho=\frac{1}{\alpha}$, the Euler-Lagrangian equation for $u$ is then $$\Delta u+2\rho\left( \frac{e^u}{\int_{S^2}e^u\, dw}-1 \right)=\sum_{j=1}^3\alpha_j x_j e^u\quad\text{on }S^2.$$ In [@CY2], Chang and Yang proved however that $\alpha_j, j=1,2,3$ necessarily vanish. Thus $u$ satisfies – up to an additive constant – the following equation: $$\label{eq1} \Delta u+2\rho(e^u-1)=0\quad\text{on }S^2.$$ Conjecture (1) is therefore equivalent to the question whether if $1< \rho \leq 2$, then $u\equiv 0$ is the only solution of . Here is the main result of this note. \[thm1\] If $1< \rho\leq\frac{3}{2}$ and $u$ is a solution of , then $u\equiv0\text{ on }S^2$. This clearly gives a positive answer to the question of Chang and Yang for $\alpha \geq \frac{2}{3}$. The axially symmetric case ========================== The proof of Theorem \[thm1\] relies on the fact that the conjecture has been shown to be true in the axially symmetric case. In other words, the following result holds. Let $u$ be a solution of with $1<\rho\leq2$. If $u$ is axially symmetric, then $u\equiv0$ on $S^2$. Theorem (A) was first established by Feldman, Froese, Ghoussoub and Gui [@FFGG] for $1<\rho\leq\frac{25}{16}$. It was eventually proved for all $1<\rho\leq2$ by Gui and Wei [@GW], and independently by Lin [@L]. Note that this means that the following one-dimensional inequality holds: $${1\over 2}\int_{-1}^1 (1-x^2)\|g'(x)\|^2\ dx + 2 \int_{-1}^1 g(x)\ dx - 2\ln{{1}\over{2}}\int_{-1}^1 e^{2g(x)} dx \geq 0,$$ for every function $g$ on $(-1,1)$ satisfying $\int_{-1}^1(1-x^2)\|g'(x)\|^2 dx <\infty$ and $ \int_{-1}^1 e^{2g(x)} x dx = 0$. $\square$.\ We now give a sketch of the proof of Theorem A that connects the conjecture of Chang-Yang to an equally interesting Liouville type theorem on $R^2$. For that, we let $\Pi$ denote the stereographic projection $S^2\rightarrow\Bbb R^2$ with respect to the North pole $N=(0,0,1)$: $$\Pi(x):=\left(\frac{x_1}{1-x_3}, \frac{x_2}{1-x_3}\right).$$ Suppose $u$ is a solution of , and set $$\tilde u(y):=u(\Pi^{-1}(y))\quad\text{for }y\in\Bbb R^2.$$ Then $\tilde u$ satisfies $$\Delta \tilde u+8\pi\rho \,J(y)\left(e^{\tilde u}-\frac{1}{4\pi}\right)=0\quad\text{in }\Bbb R^2,$$ where $J(y):=\left(\frac{2}{1+\|y\|^2}\right)^2$ is the Jacobian of $\Pi$. By letting $$\label{def2} v(y):=\tilde u(y)+\rho\log\left((1+\|y\|^2)^{-2}\right)+\log(32\pi\rho)\quad\text{for }y\in\Bbb R^2,$$ we have that $v$ satisfies $$\label{eq2} \Delta v+(1+\|y\|^2)^l e^v=0\quad\text{in }\Bbb R^2,$$ where $l=2(\rho-1)$.\ Note that by using with $u\equiv 0$, equation always has a special axially symmetric solution, namely $$v^(y)=-2\rho\log(1+\|y\|^2)+\log(32\pi\rho)\quad\text{for }y\in\Bbb R^2,$$ where again $l=2(\rho-1)$. Moreover, The Pohozaev idendity yields that for any solution $v$ of we have $$4<\beta_l (v)<4(1+l),$$ where $$\beta_l (v):=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\Bbb R^2}(1+\|y\|^2)^le^{v}dy.$$ An open question that would clearly imply the conjecture of Chang and Yang is the following:\ [Conjecture 2:]{} Is $v^$ the only solution of whenever $l>0$?\ Note that it is indeed the case if $\ell <0$ (i.e., $\rho<1$ and $\alpha >1$), since then we can employ the method of moving planes to show that $v(y)$ is radially symmetric with respect to the origin, and then conclude that $u(x)$ is axially symmetric with any line passing through the origin. Thus $u(x)$ must be a constant function on $S^2$. Equation then yields $u=0$, which implies $J_\alpha \geq 0$ on $\mathcal M$. By passing to the limit as $\alpha\rightarrow1$, we recover the Onofri inequality.\ When $l>0$ (i.e., $\rho>1$ and $\alpha \leq 1$), the method of moving planes fails and it is still an open problem whether any solution of is equal to $v^$ or not. The following uniqueness theorem reduces however the problem to whether any solution of is radially symmetric. \[thma\] Suppose $l>0$ and $v_i(y)=v_i(\|y\|), i=1,2,$ are two solutions of satisfying $$\beta_l (v_1)=\beta_l (v_2).$$ Then $v_1=v_2$ under one of the following conditions:\ (i) $l\leq1$, or\ (ii) $l>1$ and $2l<\beta_l(v_i)<2(2+l)$ for $ i=1,2$. In order to show how Theorem B implies Theorem A, we suppose $u$ is a solution of that is axially symmetric with respect to some direction. By rotating, the direction can be assumed to be $(0,0,1)$. By using the stereographic projection as above, and setting $v$ as in , we have $$\label{order} \begin{cases} &v(y)=-4\rho\log\|y\|+O(1),\\ &\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\Bbb R^2}(1+\|y\|^2)^le^vdy=4\rho=4+2l. \end{cases}$$ If $l\leq1$, i.e., $\rho\leq\frac{3}{2}$, then $v=v^$ by (i) of Theorem B, and then $u\equiv0$. If $l>1$, then by noting that $$2l<4\rho=4+2l=\beta_l(v)<4+4l,$$ we deduce that $v=v^$ by (ii) of Theorem B, which again means that $u\equiv 0$. Proof of the main theorem ========================= We shall prove Theorem \[thm1\] by showing that if $\rho \leq \frac{3}{2}$, then any solution of (\[eq1\]) is necessarily axially symmetric. We can then conclude by using Theorem A.\ We shall need the following lemma. \[lem1\] Let $\Omega$ be a simply connected domain in $\Bbb R^2$, and suppose $g\in C^2(\Omega)$ satisfies $$\begin{cases} &\Delta g+e^g>0\quad\text{in }\Omega\quad\text{and}\\ &\int_\Omega e^gdy\leq 8\pi. \end{cases}$$ Consider an open set $\omega\subset\Omega$ such that $\lambda_{1,g}(\omega)\leq0$, where $\lambda_{1,g}(\omega)$ is the first eigenvalue of the operator $\Delta +e^g$ on $H^1_0(\omega)$. Then, we necessarily have that $$\label{bb} \int_\omega e^gdy>4\pi.$$ Lemma \[lem1\] was first proved in [@B] by using the classical Bol inequality. The strict inequality of is due to the fact that $\Delta g+e^g>0$ in $\Omega$. See [@BL] and references therein.\ Now we are in the position to prove the main theorem.\ [Proof of Theorem \[thm1\].]{} Suppose $u(x)$ is a solution of . Let $\xi_0$ be a critical point of $u$. Without loss of generality, we may assume $\xi_0=(0,0,-1)$. By using the stereographic projection $\Pi$ as before and letting $$v(y):=u(\Pi^{-1}(x))-2\rho\log(1+\|y\|^2)+\log(32\pi\rho),$$ $v$ satisfies and $$\label{saiyou} \nabla v(0)=0.$$ Set $$\varphi(y):=y_2\frac{\partial v}{\partial y_1}-y_1\frac{\partial v}{\partial y_2}.$$ Then $\varphi$ satisfies $$\Delta \varphi+(1+\|y\|^2)^le^v\varphi=0\quad\text{in }\Bbb R^2.$$ If $\varphi\not\equiv0$, then by , $$\varphi(y)=Q(y)+\text{higher order terms}\quad\text{for }\|y\|\ll1,$$ where $Q(y)$ is a quadratic polynomial of degree $m$ with $m\geq2$, that is also a harmonic function, i.e., $\Delta Q=0$. Thus, the nodal line $\{y\,\|\, \varphi(y)=0\}$ divides a small neighborhood of the origin into at least four regions. Globally, $\Bbb R^2$ is therefore divided by the nodal line $\{y\,\|\,\varphi(y)=0\}$ into at least $3$ regions, i.e., $$\displaystyle \Bbb R^2\setminus\{y\,\|\,\varphi(y)=0\}=\bigcup_{j=1}^3\Omega_j.$$ In each component $\Omega_j$, the first eigenvalue of $\Delta+(1+\|y\|^2)^le^v$ being equal to $0$. Let now $$g:=\log\left((1+\|y\|^2)^le^v\right).$$ By noting that $$\Delta g+e^g>0\quad\text{in }\Bbb R^2,$$ Lemma \[lem1\] then implies that for each $j=1, 2, 3$, $$\int_{\Omega_j}e^gdy=\int_{\Omega_j}(1+\|y\|^2)^le^vdy>4\pi.$$ It follows that $$8\pi\rho=\sum_{j=1}^3\int_{\Omega_j}(1+\|y\|^2)^le^vdy>12\pi,$$ which is a contradiction if we had assumed that $\rho\leq \frac{3}{2}$. Thus we have $\varphi(y)=0$, i.e., $v(y)$ is axially symmetric. By Theorem A, we can conclude $u\equiv0$. If we further assume that the antipodal of $\xi_0$ is also a critical point of $u$, then $\Bbb R^2\setminus\{y\,\|\,\varphi(y)=0\}=\displaystyle\bigcup_{j=1}^m\Omega_j$, where $m\geq4$. Lemma \[lem1\] then yields $$8\pi\rho=\int_{\Bbb R^2}(1+\|y\|^2)^le^vdy\geq\sum_{j=1}^m\int_{\Omega_j}(1+\|y\|^2)^le^vdy>4m\pi\geq16\pi,$$ which is a contradiction whenever $\rho \leq 2$. By Theorem A, we have again that $u\equiv 0$.\ For example, if $u$ is even on $S^2$ (i.e., $u(z)=u(-z)$ for all $z\in S^2$), then the main theorem holds for $\rho\leq2$. One can actually show that Conjecture 1 holds for $\rho \leq \frac{3}{2}+\epsilon_0$ for some $\epsilon_0>0$. Indeed, it suffices to show that for $\alpha$ smaller but close to $\frac{2}{3}$, the functional $J_\alpha$ is non-negative. Assuming not, then there exists a sequence of $\{\alpha_k\}_k$ such that $ {1 \over 2} < \alpha_k <{ 2\over 3}$, $\lim_k \alpha_k ={2 \over 3} $ and $\inf_{\mathcal M} J_{\alpha_k}(u) < 0$. Since $J_\alpha$ is coercive for each $\alpha >\frac{1}{2}$, a standard compactness argument yields the existence of a minimizer $u_k \in {\mathcal M}$ for $J_{\alpha_k} $ such that $u_k(0)=0$. Moreover, $\\| u_k\\|_{H^1} < C$ for some positive constant independent of $k$. Modulo extracting a subsequence, $u_k$ then converges weakly to some $u_0$ in ${\mathcal M}$ as $k \to \infty$, and $u_0$ is necessarily a minimizer for $I _{{ 2 \over 3}} $ in ${\mathcal M}$ that satisfies $u_0(0) =0$. By our main result, $u_0 \equiv 0$. Now, we claim that $u_k$ actually converges strongly in $H^1$ to $ u_0 \equiv 0$ . This is because – as argued by Chang and Yang – the Euler-Lagrange equations are then $$\frac{\alpha_k}{2} \Delta u_k - 1 +{ 1 \over \lambda_k }e^{u_k}=0 \eqno(3.20)$$ where $\lambda_k = \int_{S^2}e^{u_k}dx <C$ for some positive constant $C$. Multiplying (3.20) by $u_k$ and integrating over $S^2$, we obtain $$\frac{\alpha_k}{2} \int_{S^2}\|\nabla u_k\|^2\,dw +\int_{S^2} u_k(x)\ dw = { 1 \over \lambda_k } \int_{S^2}e^{u_k(x)} u_k(x)\ dw. \eqno(3.21)$$ Applying Onofri’s inequality for $u_k$ and using that $\\|u_k\\|_{H^1} <C$, we get that $\int_{S^2} e^{2u_k}\ dw$ is also uniformly bounded. This combined with Hölder’s inequality and the fact that $u_k$ converges strongly to $0$ in $L^2$ yields that $\int_{S^2}e^{u_k} u_k\ dw \to 0$. Use now (3.21) to conclude that $\\|u_k\\|_{H^1} \to 0$ as $k \to \infty$. Now, write $u = v + o(\|\|u\|\|)$ for $\|\|u\|\|$ small, where $v$ belongs to the tangent space of the submanifold ${\mathcal M}$ at $u_0 \equiv 0$ in $H^1(S^2)$. It is easy to see that $\int_{S^2} v {\bf x}\ dw =0$. We can calculate the second variation of $J_{\alpha}$ in ${\mathcal M}$ at $u_0 \equiv 0$ and get the following estimate around $0$ $$J_{\alpha} (u)= \alpha \int_{S^2} \|\nabla v\|^2\,dw -2\int_{S^2} \|v\|^2\,dw + o(\|\|u\|\|^2).$$ Note that the eigenvalues of the Laplacian on $S^2$ corresponding to the eigenspace generated by $x_1, x_2, x_3$ are $\lambda_2=\lambda_3=\lambda_4=2$, while $\lambda_5=6$. Since $v$ is orthogonal to ${\bf x}$, we have $$\int_{S^2} \|\nabla v\|^2\,dw \ge 6 \int_{S^2} \|v\|^2\,dw$$ and therefore $$J_{\alpha} (u) \ge (\alpha- {1 \over 3}) \|\|u\|\|^2 +o(\|\|u\|\|^2).$$ Taking $\alpha =\alpha_k$ and $u=u_k$ for $k$ large enough, we get that $ J_{\alpha_k}(u_k) \ge 0$, which clearly contradicts our initial assumption on $ u_k$. [Concluding remarks.]{} (i) The question whether $J_\alpha (u)\geq0$ for $\frac{1}{2}\leq \alpha < \frac{2}{3}$ under the condition is still open. However, in [@L2], it was proved that there is a constant $C\geq0$ such that for any solution $u$ of with $1<\rho\leq2$ (i.e. $\frac{1}{2}\leq \alpha < 1$), we have $$\|u(x)\|\leq C\quad\text{for all }x\in S^2.$$ (ii) Recently, Liouville type equations with singular data have attracted a lot of attentions in the research area of nonlinear partial differential equations, because it is closely related to vortex condensates appeared in many physics models. One of difficult subjects in this area is to understand bubbling phenomenons arised from solutions of these equations. For the past twenty years, there have been many works devoted to this direction. Among bubbling phenomenons, the most delicate is the situation when more than one vortex are collapsed into one single point. The equation is one of model equations which can allow us to accurately describe bubbling behavior during those collapses. See [@BLT] and [@DET] for related details. Thus, understanding the structure of solutions to the equation is fundamentally important. As mentioned above, it is conjectured that for $l\leq2$, all solutions of must be radially symmetric. This remains an open question, although a partial answer has been given recently in [@BLT]. [99]{} T.Aubin, [Meilleures constantes dans le théorème d’inclusion de Sobolev et un théorème de Fredholm non linéaire pour la transformation conforme de la courbure scalaire (French)]{}, J. Funct. Anal. [32]{} (1979), no.2, 148–174. C.Bandle, [Isoperimetric inequalities and applications]{}, Monographs and Studies in Mathematics, 7. Pitman (Advanced Publishing Program), Boston, Mass.-London, 1980. D.Bartolucci, C.S.Lin, [Uniqueness results for mean field equations with singular data]{}, Comm. Partial Differential Equations, to appear. D.Bartolucci, C.S.Lin, G.Tarantello, preprint, 2009. S.Y.Chang, P.Yang, [Conformal deformation of metrics on $S\sp 2$]{}, J. Differential Geom. [27]{} (1988), no.2, 259–296. S.Y.Chang, P.Yang, [Prescribing Gaussian curvature on $S\sp 2$]{}, Acta Math. [159]{} (1987), no.3-4, 215–259. J.Dolbeault, M.J.Esteban, G.Tarantello, [Multiplicity results for the assigned Gaussian curvature problem in $\Bbb R^2$]{}, Nonlinear Anal. [70]{} (2009), 2870–2881. J.Feldman, R.Froese, N.Ghoussoub, C.F.Gui, [An improved Moser-Aubin-Onofri inequality for axially symmetric functions on $S\sp 2$]{}, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations [6]{} (1998), no.2, 95–104. C.F.Gui, J.C.Wei, [On a sharp Moser-Aubin-Onofri inequality for functions on $S\sp 2$ with symmetry]{}, Pacific J. Math. [194]{} (2000), no.2, 349–358. C. Hong, [A best constant and the Gaussian curvature]{}, Proc. AMS, [97]{}, (1986), p. 737-747. C.S.Lin, [Uniqueness of solutions to the mean field equations for the spherical Onsager vortex]{}, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. [153]{} (2000), no.2, 153–176. C.S.Lin, [Topological degree for mean field equations on $S\sp 2$]{}, Duke Math. J. [104]{} (2000), no.3, 501–536. J. Moser, [A sharp form of an inequality by N. Trudinger]{}, Indiana U. Math. J. [20]{} (1971), p. 1077-1091. E.Onofri, [On the positivity of the effective action in a theory of random surfaces]{}, Comm. Math. Phys. [86]{} (1982), no.3, 321–326. B. Osgood, R. Phillips, P. Sarnak, [Extremals of determinants of Laplacians]{}, J.F.A. [80*]{}, (1988), p.148-211.
Q: How to get the column name using values in a dataframe? Suppose I have a 750x750 matrix placed in a DataFrame, say df. df= c1 c2 c3 ... c750 c1 5 2 5 ... 3 c2 3 1 5 ... 80 c3 4 2 7 ... 10 . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . c750 8 3 5 ... 1 I want to find out the 4 highest-value containing column for each row, which I can easily do it by: a = df.values a.sort(axis=1) sorted_table = a[:,-4::] b = a[:,::-1] However, the result I get is just a list, without the index and column name. [[ 98. 29. 15. 10.] [ 93. 91. 75. 60.] [ 48. 21. 17. 10.] . . . ...] What should I do if I want to know which column name is the sorted-values referring to? I would like to display: df= c1 c512 c20 c57 c310 c2 c317 c133 c584 c80 c3 c499 c289 c703 c100 . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . c750 c89 c31 c546 c107 where c512 is referring to 98 c20 is referring to 29 c57 is referring to 15 and so and so. A: I doubt this is the best answer but I think it works. I hate using for loops in pandas but I couldn't think of a pandas way to do it. import pandas as pd import numpy as np #array_size = 10 #--- Generate Data and create toy Dataframe --- array_size = 750 np.random.seed(1) data = np.random.randint(0, 1000000, array_size**2) data = data.reshape((array_size, array_size)) df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=['c'+str(i) for i in range(1, (array_size)+1)]) df.index = df.columns #--- Transpose the dataframe to more familiarly sort by columns instead of rows --- df = df.T #--- Rank values in dataframe using max method where highest value is rank 1 --- df = df.rank(method='max', ascending=False) #--- Create empty dataframe to put data into --- new_df = pd.DataFrame() #--- For loop for each column to get top ranks less than 5, sort them, reset index, drop i column for i in df.columns: s = df[i][df[i] < 5].sort_values().reset_index().drop(i, axis=1) new_df = pd.concat([new_df, s.T]) #--- The new_df index will say 'index', this reassigns the transposed column names to new_df's index new_df.index = df.columns print(new_df) Outputs: 0 1 2 3 c1 c479 c545 c614 c220 c2 c249 c535 c231 c680 c3 c657 c603 c137 c740 c4 c674 c424 c426 c127 ... ... ... ... ... c747 c251 c536 c321 c296 c748 c55 c383 c437 c103 c749 c138 c495 c299 c295 c750 c178 c556 c491 c445
You first need to see if you have a coin lying in this situation: You can think of a simple way of proving this: 1) Take a coin and put it in a box. Then move the top box one level. 2) If you want the box you just moved to the top of the stack, you can put a coin in it from left to right. 3) if you want the box you just moved to bottom of the stack, you can put a coin in it from the bottom. So even though the top box is higher, it is still lower than the bottom. 4) If an old coin (in this case the old one) comes from the box, it can still be “expected” by this trick. For example, if you leave a coin in the bottom of the box and move the top box one level, you can still move the top box one level and get the old coin that you left in the bottom. This is why the disappearing coin trick is called “the coin trick.” But there are more ways to do this trick like when you use another coin (which would only be “excellent” if the old coin came out again right away). There are also other tricks that allow for very simple coins. You need a small amount of coins with smaller sizes. (See the diagram to the right for how it is done.) After finding this, you don’t need to be the holder of this coin anymore (you can just take them away from its holder). (If you want to know exactly how I found this, read about here.) You can take these coins with you to other locations in the game. If they are in a safe (with no more than 3 coins in it), you can bring them to the other areas in the game in which they fit perfectly well. Also, you can carry them from one storage box to another to prevent the coins from being “lost”. They can even be kept in an invisible box without moving it. Once the coins are gone (or you remove them completely) the game ends and the game card is removed. All these are done with different sets of coins – but they all go to the same place. If you have any questions about this article, have a look at the section below at the links to the sections of the article.	https://educationfounda.111mb.de/magic-tricks/how-do-you-do-the-disappearing-coin-trick-2/
A legendary advocate for wild country, 27-year-old Bob Marshall hiked an astounding 288 miles in eight days during the summer of 1928. Much of his arduous backcountry trip took place in the wilderness that would later bear his name. Over the years I have explored and hiked much of the area in the Mission Mountains that Bob Marshall visited during the final two days of his trip 91 years ago. I climbed most of the mountains he climbed and camped in the same area he camped. While Bob Marshall averaged 36 miles a day on his journey, I averaged 6-7 miles per day at best. After examining his car... For access to this article please sign in or subscribe.	https://www.seeleylake.com/story/2019/07/04/opinion/bob-marshalls-epic-trip-of-1928-the-final-two-days/4969.html
My general area of research is data and knowledge engineering, with a focus on developing effective and efficient data analysis techniques for emerging data intensive applications. Specifically, I am interested in researching and developing data mining algorithms from a data perspective. In the past several years, I have been studying, researching, and practicing various data analysis methods. A key problem that puzzled me is the complexity and diversity caused by the intrinsic characteristics of data. Indeed, real-world data can have varying levels of noise, distributions, densities, types, and dimensions to name a few. While an algorithm may be appropriate for one type of data, it may not be effective for another type. In fact, although it is important to develop novel data analysis techniques, it is also critical to provide a clear understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques with respect to different types of real-world data. In my view, the relationship between a data mining researcher and data can be analogous to the relationship between a medical doctor and patients. Data analysis techniques can be analogous to medical devices and medicines. It is easy to understand that different treatment methods should be used for different patients. The same is true for the use of data mining algorithms. In addition, my research reveals that it is also possible to exploit special characteristics of certain data distributions for developing suitable data analysis tools. The above thoughts cast the light on the major body of my research work, which involves the following three aspects. First, we have been working on the problem of association analysis - the problem of efficiently finding groups of strongly-related data objects. A unique perspective of our work is to exploit traditional statistical correlation measures instead of using the association measures in the support-confidence framework. Also, a novel pruning strategy by exploiting data distributions was developed in this research. Second, we are working towards better understanding clustering algorithms and clustering validation measures from a data distribution perspective. Finally, for data sets with imbalanced class distributions, we have exploited local clustering techniques for decomposing complex concepts in large classes and developed the COG method for rare class analysis. A detailed discussion of these research work is included below. Research Summary Correlation Computing A large body of association mining work in data mining was motivated by the difficulty of efficiently identifying the highly correlated objects in huge data volumes. This has led to the use of alternative interest measures, e.g. support and confidence, despite the lack of precise relationship between these new interest measures and statistical correlation measures. However, this approach is not effective for discovering potentially interesting patterns at low levels of support. Also, it tends to generate too many spurious patterns involving objects which are poorly correlated. There is a clear desire for characterizing the relationship between statistical correlation measures and new association measures towards the development of a science of data mining. Along this line, we provided a precise relation between Pearson's correlation coefficient and the support measure. We also proposed an efficient algorithm called TAPER to identify highly-correlated pairs of objects by contributing two algorithmic ideas: the monotonic upper bound of Pearson's correlation coefficient and novel pruning of candidates based on the ordering of object-pairs containing a common object. This work was published in IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (TKDE) in 2006. In addition, we proposed an efficient algorithm, called TOP-COP, to find the top-k strongly correlated pairs. In this work, we developed a diagonal traversal strategy by exploiting a two-dimensional monotone property of an upper bound of Phi correlation coefficient. This work was published in INFORMS Journal on Computing (JOC) in 2008. While TAPER and TOP-COP can efficiently identify highly correlated pair objects, they have difficulty in identifying highly-correlated objects beyond pairs. Therefore, we introduced a framework for mining hyperclique patterns, which contain objects that are highly affiliated with each other; that is, every pair of objects within a hyperclique pattern is guaranteed to have an uncentered Pearson's correlation coefficient above a certain level. In this framework, an objective measure called h-confidence is developed to find hyperclique patterns. An algorithm called a hyperclique miner is also proposed to exploit both cross-support and anti-monotone properties of the h-confidence measure for the efficient discovery of hyperclique patterns. A key observation in this work is that itemsets involving items with substantially different support levels are usually not the candidates for hyperclique patterns, since the pair wise correlations of items with substantially different support are extremely poor. Based on this observation, the concept of the cross-support property is formally defined. This property can help efficiently eliminate patterns involving items with substantially different support levels, and thus help to identify hyperclique patterns efficiently. This correlation computing technique is particularly effective for the Zipf-like data distribution. In the real world, Zipf-like distributions have been observed in a variety of application domains, including commercial retail data, Web click streams, and telecommunication data. This work was published in the journal Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in 2006. Finally, we have been making a significant effort on the development of an incremental solution for volatile correlation computation. Indeed, the sizes of real-world data sets are growing at an extraordinary rate, and these data are often dynamic and need to be continually updated. With such large and growing data sets, new research efforts are expected to develop an incremental solution, called CHECKPOINT, for volatile correlation computing. To that end, we proposed an innovative idea by setting a checkpoint to establish a computation buffer, which can be used to significantly reduce the correlation computing cost in dynamic data and has the advantage of compacting the use of memory space. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first real-time solution for volatile correlation computing. The result of this work has been accepted for publication as a regular paper in the proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD 2008). Clustering and Validation Measures As a major effort towards understanding clustering algorithms from a data perspective, we presented an analysis of the strength and weakness of K-means algorithms with respect to different data distributions. Indeed, our results show that a skewed data distribution can make a significant impact on the performance of K-means as well as the effectiveness of some external clustering validation measures, such as Entropy and Variation of Information (VI). Also, our recent work shows that all proximity functions that fit K-means clustering can be generalized as K-means distance, which can be derived by a differentiable convex function. This is a big step towards the understanding of K-means algorithms from a data distribution perspective. Such an understanding is critical for guiding the practical use and further development of K-means clustering algorithms. These results have been published in the proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD-2006) and IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM-2007) respectively. In addition, for the case that the KL-divergence is used as the proximity function for K-means, there is a remaining challenge to deal with high-dimensional sparse data. In fact, it is possible that the centroids contain many zero-value features for high-dimensional sparse data. This leads to infinite KL divergence values, which create a dilemma in assigning objects to the centroids during the iteration process of K-means. To solve this dilemma, we propose a Summation-based Incremental Learning (SAIL) method for INFO-K-means clustering. Specifically, by using an equivalent objective function, SAIL replaces the computation of the KL-divergence by the computation of the Shannon entropy. This can avoid the zero-value dilemma caused by the use of the KL-divergence. With SAIL as a booster, the clustering performance of K-means can be significantly improved. Also, SAIL leads to quick convergence and a robust clustering performance on high dimensional sparse data. This work has been accepted for publication in the proceedings of the Fourteenth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD 2008). Clustering validation is a long standing challenge in the clustering literature. While many validation measures have been developed for evaluating the performance of clustering algorithms, these measures often provide inconsistent information about the clustering performance and the suitable measures to use in practice remain unknown. To that end, we provided an organized study of 16 external validation measures for K-means clustering. Specifically, we revealed the importance of measure normalization in the evaluation of the clustering performance on data with imbalanced class distributions. We also provided normalization solutions for several measures. In addition, we summarized the major properties of these external measures. These properties can serve as the guidance for the selection of validation measures in different application scenarios. Finally, we revealed the interrelationships among these measures. By mathematical transformation, we show that some validation measures are equivalent. Also, some measures have consistent validation performances. Most importantly, we provide a guide line to select the most suitable validation measures for K-means clustering. After carefully profiling these validation measures, we believe it is suitable to use the normalized van Dongen criterion (VDn) if we do not have any prior knowledge of data, since VDn has a simple computation form, satisfies mathematically sound properties, and can measure well on the data with imbalanced class distributions. However, for the case that the clustering performance is hard to distinguish, we may want to use the normalized Variation of Information VIn instead, since VIn has high sensitivity on detecting the clustering change. Rare Class Analysis Given its importance, the problem of predicting rare classes in large-scale multi-labeled data sets has attracted great attentions in the literature. However, rare class analysis remains a critical challenge, because there is no natural way for handling imbalanced class distributions. To fill this crucial void, we developed a method for Classification using lOcal clusterinG (COG). Specifically, for a data set with an imbalanced class distribution, we perform clustering within each large class and produce sub-classes with relatively balanced sizes. Then, we apply traditional learning algorithms, such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs), for classification. Along this line, we explore key properties of local clustering for a better understanding of the effect of COG on rare class analysis. Indeed, COG produces significantly higher prediction accuracies on rare classes than state-of-the-art methods and the COG scheme can greatly improve the computational performance of SVMs. Furthermore, we found that COG can also improve the performances of traditional supervised learning algorithms on data sets with balanced class distributions. Finally, as two case studies, we have applied COG for two real-world applications: credit card fraud detection and network intrusion detection. This work has been published in the proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD 2007).	http://datamining.rutgers.edu/CDMBA/overview.asp
After a week of bashing in the sprints with his new teammates at the Santos Tour Down Under, Greipel pedals optimistically into the rest of the season. “The atmosphere is good,” Greipel said. “We are all working good together in the race, and there are more good things to come.” Greipel doesn’t give much away, but from all early indications, he’s relishing the chance to prove his critics wrong. Greipel didn’t win last week, but was fifth, fourth and sixth in the three sprints he contested. For a winner of Greipel’s caliber, that’s not enough. Yet considering he’s coming back to the WorldTour level after racing 2019 on a smaller French team, the veteran German sees enough promising signs in how his new teammates are performing to give him hope for the coming weeks and months. “We have to see the positive things that we are here as a team and riding as a team, and we can prepare finals,” he said. “Even if it didn’t bring out individually, it brings out a lot of confidence that we can perform in the highest level in the sprints.” Greipel came close with a number of top-six finishes at Tour Down Under but failed to make the podium. Photo: Tim de Waele/Getty Images Greipel, who left Lotto-Soudal after 2018 to race with Arkéa-Samsic last season, is back in the WorldTour on a one-year deal with the Israeli project. That one-year demotion of sorts was hard for Greipel to swallow. For the better part of a decade, he was one of the most consistent and prolific sprinters in the bunch. Things started to change in 2017, when Greipel fell short of winning a stage at the Tour de France. By 2018, Lotto-Soudal was quietly started searching for a new sprinter, eventually settling on Caleb Ewan to join in 2019. The team let Greipel go rather unceremoniously, and he landed at Arkea-Samsic. Last season didn’t go as well as hoped for both parties, and Arkea-Samsic is changing directions by signing Colombian star Nairo Quintana and his cadre, with hopes of hitting some success in the 2020 Tour de France. Greipel didn’t feel like he was done, and was looking for a team in need of a proven winner. The Israeli team was searching for an established sprinter to help guide the team through its inaugural WorldTour season, and Greipel fit the bill. “It’s a new challenge,” Greipel said. “I still want to win some races and I can help this team. So far, things are working well.” That’s good enough for Greipel right now, who looks as buff and fit as ever. His speed is the big question mark. Last year, he only won once, in a race in Africa. In 2018, he won eight times, but no grand tour stages and no WorldTour races in Europe. How much Greipel might be slowing down is hard to tell. At the Tour Down Under, Greipel was a bike length or so behind the likes of Ewan or Sam Bennett, but both of those riders had expert lead-out trains towing them to the line. When Ewan signed to Lotto-Soudal, Greipel headed to Arkea-Samsic. Photo: Daniel Kalisz/Getty Images The German put on a poker face when he was asked about Ewan, who left the Tour Down Under with two stage wins. “There is just one rider who can turn first,” Greipel said. “It’s obvious how strong [Ewan] is at the moment. That’s why he wins races and that’s why he has the team to support him.” Ewan, of course, was tapped by Lotto-Soudal to take over as its marquee sprinter in 2019. That marginalized Greipel, who rode with Lotto-Soudal from 2011 to 2018, and won 11 stages at the Tour de France, including at least one per Tour from 2011 to 2016. When he just missed out on a win in 2017 and struggled to match the speeds in the sprints in 2018, Lotto-Soudal team brass recruited Ewan to take over as the team’s top sprinter. Ewan delivered last year, winning 10 times across the season, including three stages at the Tour. After his Australian swing, Greipel returns to Europe this week, and will race next at the Volta ao Algarve and Paris-Nice before ramping up for the northern classics. Whether he goes back to the Tour remains to be seen. “We are working as a team and racing as a team,” Greipel said. “That’s the most important thing at the moment. The results will come.” Greipel has nothing to prove, but he still wants to win a few more races. At Israel Start-Up Nation, he’ll get more than a few chances for that. Can we use your data to tailor ads for you? By closing this box or using our site, you agree that we and our partners can collect your data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement. To refuse, you may browse this site in privacy mode or change cookie settings on your browser. For more info, see our privacy policy
UKMA has prepared a briefing note for those who might find themselves putting the case for completing the metric changeover or speaking on behalf of the Association. Many of those who have read the note have suggested that it deserves the widest possible circulation. It has therefore been posted on this web site. Who knows – one day it could be you in front of the TV camera! Briefing note for UKMA representatives The purpose of this note is to set out the key points that UKMA representatives should try to get across in any contact with the media (radio or television interviews, letters to newspapers or online comments). It comprises two parts: - Need for a single system that everybody uses - Reasons why the metric system is better than alternatives - It’s in the UK’s national interest – not a European issue. (b) Suggested responses to hostile questions and arguments. Key points to get across - Every country needs a system of weights and measures that everybody understands and uses for all purposes. What we don’t need are two systems, with some people using one system, others using a different system, with resulting incomprehension, mistakes, conversion errors, accidents1 and increased costs. Therefore we should standardise on one single system. - The metric system is preferable to imperial units because - It is mainly decimal2 – hence, easy to work with (counting in tens), e.g. there are 1000 litres in a cubic metre, 100 hectares in a square kilometre. - It is the world system – used by countries inhabited by 95% of the world’s population (the main exception is the USA – but see C below) - Most of our imported manufactured goods are made to metric dimensions. Similarly, our exports have to be metric to satisfy foreign customers. Hence it would not be possible to do without metric, whereas we are the only3 country that uses imperial. - Metrication is in the British national interest and is not a European issue. UK started to go metric in 1965 before entry to EEC (in 1973). Contrary to the widely-believed myths promoted by Eurosceptic media, the EU has never tried to impose metrication and has always agreed any request for delays, derogations, etc, culminating in 2009 decision to authorise imperial units indefinitely for various purposes in the UK. 1 e.g. Mars Climate Orbiter, Gimli Glider 2 but see N below 3 see C below Suggested responses to hostile questions and arguments A. Imperial units are natural whereas metric units are arbitrary. - Imperial units are only “natural” in the sense that it is “natural” to speak English. In other words, it is just what you are brought up with. People in countries that use the metric system think metric units are “natural.” - Units based roughly on body parts may have been adequate in medieval times, but are not appropriate for modern manufacturing or commerce. They have to be precisely defined and hence cease to be “natural” and are just as arbitrary as metric units. - [Actually, metric units are natural in the sense that they are defined by constants of nature, e.g. speed of light. (Care with this argument – only use with an interviewer or audience that is likely to understand the issue)] B. Metric system results in absurdly large numbers, e.g. 910 mm bust size. - This is the fault of the user. The metric system is flexible, so this could have been expressed as 91 centimetres. Anyway, imperial also uses large numbers, e.g. aircraft height of 20 000 feet (which could be expressed as 6 km). C. Our biggest trading partner, the USA, uses imperial units (or “English” units/the same units as Britain). - Not true. US Customary units are not all the same as imperial – especially pints, quarts, gallons and fluid ounces are all different. Americans don’t use stones or hundredweights, and their ton is 2000 pounds. In packaging they also usually decimalise pounds rather than use ounces. - Key parts of the USA are metric, e.g. the Federal Government, the Military, NASA, some industries, notably the car industry. Metric units are permitted on road signs, and frequently appear on retail packaging, e.g. groceries. - The USA is not our biggest trading partner (only about 11% of the total). The EU is by far our biggest trading partner (our trade with Germany alone exceeds that with the US). D. Nevertheless, the Americans manage alright with two systems. Why can’t we carry on doing the same? - The American situation is different from ours. Their metrication programme started 10 years after ours, and didn’t get so far before it was aborted. Thus, although there is considerable metric usage in the USA, it is mostly hidden. An average American, unless he/she is in the armed forces, or works for NASA or in the car industry, can therefore manage daily life without using any metric units. - By contrast, in order to function effectively in the UK, you need to know both systems. This is wasteful and confusing. E. OK – if we need to standardise on one system, why not go back to imperial? - It would not be practical to phase out metric units. If we want to engage in international trade, we still have to accept imported goods packaged and manufactured in metric units. Scientific research and education is dependent on metric units. It would also be very expensive to reverse all the progress that has been made in the last 50 years. Conversely, it would be a simple matter to adopt metric units for the few remaining imperial uses (road signs, draught beer, doorstep milk and advertising/product description). F. The Americans put a man on the Moon using imperial units. - The underlying science was developed using metric units. - The Lunar Module’s onboard Apollo Guidance Computer used metric units for the computer-controlled phases of the spacecraft’s descent to the surface of the Moon. - The Russians put the first satellite in space (Sputnik 1) and the first person in space (Yuri Gagarin). The systems that competed in the space race were economic not measurement. - NASA has now gone metric for future space projects where these are not based on existing designs. G. It would be more trouble than it is worth to complete conversion. - The primary remaining tasks for the Government are the conversion of road signs and making changes to Regulations to require metric units to be used in advertising and product description. Neither would be particularly difficult or troublesome. - It would be very worthwhile since British people would then not need to be familiar with two different and incompatible sets of measurement units. H. Europe has given up trying to force Britain to go metric, and therefore we are free to use our own weights and measures. - The EU (formerly EEC) has never tried to force the UK to adopt the metric system for internal matters, and has always agreed that we can keep imperial units alongside metric for as long as we like. - For cross-border trade there has to be a common system, and all member states have to follow the EU rules on labelling. I. People should be free to use whatever units they like. What’s wrong with having two systems? - People have never been allowed (since 1824) to use any units they like. It is essential to commerce and industry that there is a robust system guaranteed by the state. It is also essential for consumer protection. Allowing two (or more) systems is a recipe for misunderstanding, mistakes and fraud. - Magna Carta – England’s first Bill of Rights – sought to protect consumers by limiting choice of measurement units. J. Many countries have more than one language (e.g. Switzerland, Belgium), but nobody argues for one standard language. Isn’t the same true of measurement units? - These countries have a single measurement system – metric. - When people in these countries talk to each other, they only use one language at a time, e.g. in the Flanders region of Belgium, all official business is in Flemish exclusively. K. Duodecimal system is superior to decimal, since there are more factors (2, 3, 4, 6) whereas decimal has only two (2 and 5). - Our numeral system is decimal, and it is logical that the measuring system should be aligned with the numeral system. - The duodecimal system does not permit division by 5 or 10. - Most imperial ratios are not duodecimal – viz. 14 pounds in a stone, 3 feet in a yard, 1760 yards in a mile, 16 ounces in a pound, etc. L. Counting in tens ‘dumbs down’ people’s arithmetic abilities, and leads to poorer maths skills. - The evidence4 is that students in metric countries have better maths skills – whereas both the UK and the USA lag behind. This could be because students in metric countries do not have to waste time memorising and practising conversions. - Also evidence from pre-1970 that doing “sums” (e.g. converting pounds to ounces, or square inches to square feet) puts kids off essential STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and maths). M. The decimal system is error-prone because of misplaced decimal points. - Imperial units can be subject to the same errors. Non-decimal ratios make calculation more difficult and introduce an additional source of error. N. What about time? You can’t metricate that! - The metric unit of time is the second (which is subdivided into milliseconds etc). The minute, hour, day and year are not metric units but are non-decimal units accepted for use with the metric system. This is obviously because the length of the day and the year are determined by the laws of physics and do not lend themselves to decimalisation. O. Imperial units are traditional and part of British culture – why should we throw away our culture and adopt foreign measurements? - The mile (mille passus) and the pound (libra = lb) are of Roman origin, the ounce (oz) Italian or French (avoirdupois), the acre Saxon (cf. Acker – the German for field). - Imperial units were only standardised in 1824 (more recently than some metric units). - British scientists and engineers helped to develop the metric system – which is why 6 units are named after them (watt, newton, joule, farad, kelvin, gray) - Countries that use the metric system still retain their individual cultures. The Brazilians are no less Brazilian, the Japanese no less Japanese for using metric units. - Going fully metric will not affect cricket, Beefeaters, kilts and haggis or the eisteddfod, and Shylock will still demand his “pound of flesh.” P. The laws of many sports use imperial units e.g. the “18 yard box” in football. - The controlling bodies for sports that are played internationally (e.g. IOC, RFU, FIFA, R&A) use either metric units only or metric units alongside imperial units, e.g. in football the penalty area is defined as 16.5 metres or 18 yards. The only sports that do not use metric units are those that are played primarily in the USA, e.g. baseball and American football. Q. International aviation is not metric – feet are used for altitude and knots for speed. - International agreements for aviation include a mixture of metric and non-metric units. For example, metric units are replacing ‘inches of mercury’ for the measurement of pressure, which is used for calibrating barometric altimeters. - The international nautical mile is defined as 1852 metres exactly. The UK Hydrographic Office adopted this definition and dropped the UK definition of 6080 feet in 1970. - Many countries use metres for altitude and km/h for speed. In particular, China, which runs the second largest aviation transport system in the world, Mongolia, Russia and ten other states that were created when the Soviet Union was dissolved. - The importance of vertical separation for safety in air transport, and the difficulties resulting from the use of two units of measurement for altitude show the importance of universal standards. Moving towards a single unit for altitude is a long term objective of the International Air Transport Organisation (IATO). R. Metric units are all very well for science and industry but are not user-friendly for everyday life. - The flexibility of the metric system means that metric units can be used for everyday purposes, e.g. grams, kilograms, litres, millilitres, centimetres are all appropriate for the kitchen; watts and kilowatts are suitable for light bulbs, electric motors, car engines and central heating systems; hospitals weigh babies in kilograms. S. British people don’t understand metric units. - Most British people will have been taught the principles of the metric system at school. These principles are very easy to learn. - Familiarity with metric units comes from using them. Thus if people have to use metric units, they will quickly adapt. - When British people drive in continental Europe, they very soon adjust to dimensions in metres, distances in kilometres, and speed limits in kilometres per hour. - British people ARE familiar with many metric units, e.g. W and kW for electrical goods, kWh for energy, litres for fuel and soft drinks, kg for airline luggage weight limits, g and mg for drug prescriptions. - British people were well able to understand the all-metric Olympic Games. T. Metrication is so unpopular that no politician will risk losing votes by supporting it. - There is no evidence that metrication is an important factor in people’s voting decisions. It has not figured in any general election campaign. - It is politicians, newspapers and commentators with their own agenda who talk about it. Most people are indifferent to the issue, and many would welcome its resolution. U. Metrication is too expensive and not value for money. - Most of the costs of metrication have already been incurred, e.g. in retooling factories, rewriting school textbooks and exam syllabuses, re-calculating prices. The main remaining cost is for road signs, most of which could be phased in with natural replacement at nil or low cost (distance signs). The cost of amending speed limit signs is estimated at £20 million – a tiny amount compared with the UK Department for Transport (DfT) budget. - The benefit of completing metrication is that the UK would no longer have to muddle through with two incompatible systems of measurement. V. Converting road signs would divert scarce resources from high priority transport projects. - Transport priorities are very controversial (e.g. airport runways, high speed rail, widening motorways) and cost billions of pounds. The cost of converting road signs is tiny by comparison with the enormous sums that the DfT routinely wastes, e.g. £80 million plus on the West Coast Main Line rail franchising fiasco. - Completing metrication is really a weights and measures project – not a transport project, and should not be compared with normal transport infrastructure projects. However, it should still be funded from the transport budget since all other sectors have had to absorb their own metrication costs, and it would be unfair on them to make Transport a special case. W. Even metric countries still use some imperial units, e.g. plumbing, car tyres, TV screens. - In these examples, the imperial units are not being used for measurement. They are simply descriptions or standard sizes – similar to a size 12 dress or a size 9 shoe. You can’t order a TV screen by the inch. X. Does metrication mean we have to drive on the right and adopt the Euro? - These are completely separate issues, and UKMA takes no view on them. - Changing to driving on the right would be expensive and is unnecessary. - One third of the world’s population drives on the left, including Japan, India and South Africa. - In 1970, Burma, also known as Myanmar, switched from driving on the left to driving on the right. However, it is one of the few countries that retains imperial measurements for most purposes. - Sweden switched from driving on the left to driving on the right in 1967, but did not join the EU until 1995, and is not in the Eurozone. - Cyprus, Malta and the Republic of Ireland use the Euro and have metric road traffic signs, but drive on the left. - Over a third of EU states have opted out of the Euro. Y. Metrication is undemocratic. It was imposed without consultation and has never been debated in Parliament or included in any election manifesto. - Metrication was announced to Parliament in 1965 in response to a request by British industry. - Every stage of metrication has been approved as either primary or secondary legislation and laid before both Houses of Parliament for approval. There have been several debates in both Houses, e.g. on 18 October 1976 when the Weights and Measures Act5 was given a second reading in the House of Commons. The most recent was on 14 March 2001 when the Weights and Measures (Metrication Amendments) Regulations6 were approved by 263 votes to 182. Z. The metric system is itself a muddle. Supporters of metric argue about whether to use millimetres or centimetres (and millilitres or centilitres). - There is no muddle. All these units are valid metric units. There is a choice of multiples and subdivisions, depending on the convenient size of numbers resulting. - However, millimetres are recommended for exclusive use in technical drawings and specifications. This is to remove any possible confusion and also to avoid or reduce the need for decimal points.	https://ukma.org.uk/what-you-can-do/briefing-notes/
The course "Special functions of mathematical physics" is a restored course, created by prof. A.F. Nikiforov. In this course a unified approach to constructing particular solutions to generalized hypergeometric equation is proposed. The generalized hypergeometric equation is an often used equation of mathematical and theoretical physics. The particular solutions are constructed using the generalized Rodrigue’s formula. The approach proposed is illustrated for several classical problems of mathematical and theoretical physics. 1. The generalized equation of hypergeometric type and the algorithm of its simplification. Popynomials of hypergeometric type. An integrak form of the hypergeometric type functions. 2. Classical orthogonal polynomials. The Jacobi, Laguerre and Hermite polynomials. Behavior of the second solution of the differential equation for classical orthogonal polynomials. Sturm-Liouville problem. Completeness and closure of classical orthogonal polynomial system. 3. The examples of application of classical orthogonal polynomials in physics: energy levels and eigen functions of a linear harmonic oscillator; solution to the Schrodinger equation for a particle in a centrally symmetric field. 4. Classical orthogonal polynomials of discrete variable. A difference analogue to an equation of hypergeometric type. Difference Rodrigue's formula. Hahn, Chebyshev, Meixner, Kravchuk and Charlier polynomials. 5. The equation of hypergeometric type. Building of its particular solutions and functional relations for them. 6. The general properties of hypergeometric functions: recurrent relations, decomposition into power series. The choice of linearly independent solutions to an equation of hypergeometric type in case of different values of its parameters. 7. Solution of certain problems of mathematical physics and quantum mechanics.	http://math.phys.msu.ru/Education/Special_courses/Special_functions_of_mathematical_physics/do_lng_set_eng
In June 2014 I decided to undertake The WOT challenge. In June 2015 I finished The WOT challenge. Here is my interview about it with . . . err . . . me. Q. What’s The WOT challenge? A. Reading all The Wheel Of Time books back to back. Q. Is that a trilogy? A. 5 trilogies. Q. ??????????????? A. Exactly, 15 books (including prologue). It’s a series of high fantasy novels by the late Robert Jordan (pen name of Oliver Rigney Jr.). Completed by Brandon Sanderson after Mr Jordan’s passing, it weighs in at a total of around 4.4 million words. Q. 12 months reading 1 series of books? Was it worth it? A. Yes. Q. Will you do it again? A. At some point – once I can look at someone with a braid in their hair and not think of the Two Rivers’ Womens’ Circle or see a skirt and not think of ‘smoothing it’ or ‘plucking at it’. Q. Any regrets? A. – There was a moment in the middle of the series where I wondered whether I had made the right decision. There were other (non swords & sorcery) books that I wanted to read, I was running out of space on my shelves and there are some passages that drag in places (Valan Luca, I’m looking at you…) But . . . Those other books weren’t going to go stale. And for every braid pulling, muttonheaded moment in The WOT there were passages that were gripping. For each dip in the middle of the central books, there was a rise towards the end that carried them over to the next. For every man that would never understand a woman and vice versa (Nynaeve, I’m looking at you…) there were moments of ‘how did he (they) come up with that?’ For every ‘good’ character that we lost, there was an equally satisfying comeuppance for the ‘bad’. And some of the sense of humour (Talmanes, I’m looking at you!) and creativity (e.g. the use of ‘Gateways’ in the Last Battle) towards the end is fantastic. Q. “It’s all been done before/ it’s a rip off of LOTR/ what’s with the bible references/ it’s a black and white cliche/ just look at sentence X as an example of him being a bad writer…” A. Blah blah woof woof. Yes. Many of the themes have been done before. Most stories have been ‘done before’, most songs have been sung before. Many stories, regardless of the setting, explore similar themes: loss, alienation, hate, revenge, jealousy and so on. In other words, love – feeling, ‘owning’, the lack of, search for or resentment of love. (And possibly also death and the fear of dying and failure, these fears are arguably very similar). Life and living comes down to one thing – love. All these essential elements of any type of story telling through words, sound or picture are present in The WOT. And for those of you who are pulling out one sentence as an example of Mr Jordan being a ‘bad author’. Count the number of words in that sentence and then work that out as a percentage of the total number of words in the series. Q. – Enough teenage cod psychology, back to the challenge! Why did you do it? A. First reason – I hadn’t found time to read the last book (The Memory of Light) after it was published. When I started reading it I had forgotten some of the details. Logical solution: read everything again. Second reason – I had given up on fantasy novels, I thought I was too old for them. Then George R.R. Martin became an ‘overnight success’. (1) All of a sudden, fantasy was acceptable again. I gave into peer pressure and read Game of Thrones and really enjoyed it. Yes, GOT is more graphic and realistic than many fantasy novels and has so been deemed by some as more ‘grown up’ (2) and so is ok to read. But for me, it was a logical step to read WOT again. Going back to my formative days as a reader (Druss, Belgarion, Sam Vimes and, yes even you, Frodo Baggins, I may be looking at all of you again at some point). Third reason – why not? (3) Fourth reason – a friend of mine had just started the challenge and inspired me to do the same. Q. As a reader what did you get out of it? A. A lot of enjoyment. Q. As a rookie author what did you get out of it? A. The imagination put into the world building (‘Randland’) and the histories are both inspiring and daunting. As for how the authors managed keep track of the various plots and characters, I have no idea. I have a lot to learn. A lot. Really. Lots… Q. What was your thought on finishing the series? A. Is there going to be a sequel? – X – 1 – I’m being ‘ironical’. 2 – ‘Adult fantasy novels’ sound very different to ‘grown up fantasy novels.’ 3 – This post is turning out a little more gushing that I planned. WOT is a fantasy series. It’s not everyone’s thing. I get it.	http://andygrahamauthor.com/the-wot-challenge/
My teaching method is intuitive and very personalized. I had all levels of competency present in my classroom and I was able and willing to give personal attention to all of my students. We would usually start out with an icebreaker activity and then we would delve into an iconic bit of fiction or a non fiction piece. Rousing discussions and innovative projects and writing assignments would follow. I have taught in a private High School for years. I taught both native speakers and English Language learners. My students achieved competency in the English Language and went on to attend Universities. I specialized in integrating practical English lessons in grammar and writing with literature and non fiction reading. Skills Various word processing programs including MS Word, MS Works, MS Office, Powerpoint, MS excel, Google Docs, Power Point, Google slide, Google spreadsheet, Google Classroom, Rediker Plus portals, Zoom Experience November 2016 - June 2020 Evangel Christian School- High school Teacher Taught ESL English to 10th, 11th, and 12th Grade international students. This consisted of increasing oral and written communication skills, as well as aiding the students in reading comprehension skills using both literature and nonfiction articles. Students wrote fiction, poetry, essays and research papers to ready them for college writing assignments. Students ranged widely in ability so it was necessary to customize the curriculum for each student. Taught Government/Economics to 12th Grade students following New York State Standards. I emphasized a practical approach, giving students life skills that they could put to use in their daily lives. Students attended lectures, had rousing discussions, completed projects learning both theory and application. Instructed Regents Living Environment Lab for 9th grade students. I was responsible for the hands on portion of the Regents class giving instruction, supervising experimentation and grading labs Led electives/clubs such as: International Friendship Club, Movies as Literature, SAT prep for International students (language arts), and College Writing. I was able to mentor and assist students in working towards college goals Acted as an academic fair adviser to a group of students each year. This entailed assisting them with research on an extended project as well as advising them on oral presentation skills and creative presentation of their work to parents, educators, and other students. Used Google Classroom and Google Meets to instruct all classes from March 2020-June 2020. I met virtually with all classes DAILY and for the FULL class period . All assignments and materials were available to students via google classroom and I had a Youtube channel for some of my lectures. September 2016 - November 2016 Evangel Christian School- Substitute Teacher Worked one on one as a resource room teacher for middle though high school students. My responsibilities included providing extra testing time, teaching study skills, assisting in home work and other assignments, customizing learning strategies, and working with teachers to provide support and assistance. Acted as a substitute teacher for grades K-12 in all subject areas. Flexibility, ability to adjust to all situations and students was key here. 2012-2016 Home Classroom Enrichment Teacher Coordinated, taught and mentored middle school students Taught literature (including Shakespeare), poetry appreciation, writing (all types), current events, logic, debate, Latin, art history. Coordinated a poetry recital and Latin Christmas Carol Performance 1990-2016 Home School Teacher Taught 5 students through 8th grade. All have won scholarships. Responsible for teaching, designing individual lesson plans, testing, reviewing and evaluation all coursework. Plan yearly curriculum and coursework Provide for enrichment activities and field trips Designed and customized curriculum 1994-2014 Leah Co op Teacher Taught a wide variety of age groups from preschool to high school Classes included but were not limited to: Arts and Crafts, Bible, Government, Life Skills, Art, Latin, Essay Writing, Creative Writing, and Literature Tracked and monitored groups of students, providing feedback and encouragement to both the students and the parents 2006-present (on an as needed basis) Tutor Taught middle school students writing skills-both creative and nonfiction. Students progressed from single paragraphs to 5 paragraph researched essays Simple algebra skills such as understanding and skillfully performing multi step algebraic equations, Worked one on one with high school students on improving skills for the verbal and written portion of the SAT 2002-Present Peer Evaluation Coordinator Evaluated home-educated children as an alternative to formal testing. This includes testing reading and math ability Examined and evaluated curriculum, monitored progress, made recommendations based on the needs of the child and the efficacy of the curriculum. 2014-2016 Awana Bible Club Coordinator Managed schedules, trained staff (both adult and teen), ordered material Prepared for special events and activities Coordinated mission and outreach efforts Liaison for parents Coordinator of the opening and closing portion of the program including a short lesson Filled in during teacher absences 2008-2014 Awana Preschool Teacher and VBS Teacher Taught Bible Lessons Supervised play time 2012-2019 Church Council - St. John’s Lutheran Church Sat on the Church Board to assist in the decision making process for all church activities including relationship with charter school, maintenance of church properties, the hiring of staff and the overseeing of various ministries. Education The Wood School, New York New York - Associates Degree Currently: Suny Empire State College, New York New York - Pursuing a Bachelors of Arts Degree. Qualifications Summary Over twenty five years of working with children and teens in diverse settings such as tutoring, homeschooling, church programs, co op groups and both small and large classrooms . This includes working with international and English Language Learners, as well as children with IEPs. Excellent interpersonal skills. An outstanding communicator both verbally and in writing. Self starter. Have written and designed my own curriculum as well as customized an already existing curriculum. Organized with great attention to detail. Flexible and a good team player. vocabulary - english lessons close by? Here's a selection of teacher ads that you can check out. Superprof can also suggest ESL lessons to help you. Learning isn't a problem, oral expression - english lessons for all! Taking writing comprehension - english lessons has never been easier: you're going to learn new skills.	https://www.superprof.com/high-school-english-teacher-with-years-experience-love-sharing-literature-and-language-with-students-live-new-york-city.html
GUAM 11.05.2020 Team Andersen conducted an antiterrorism/force protection exercise dubbed Sling Stone 21-1 on November 5, 2020, on Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, with its Joint Region Marianas partners to strengthen the base’s ability to respond to security threats. The purpose of the exercise is to ensure members of the 36th Wing are prepared to respond to real-world disturbances and actively use preventative measures to deter any potential security threats. “Sling Stone gives Team Andersen, Naval Base Guam, and other JRM installations a valuable opportunity to all work together when faced with a common threat scenario,” said Lt. Col. Richard Marby, Inspector General, 36th Wing. “In order to be successful, the various JRM installations must communicate to share intelligence and threat assessments, and must coordinate a unified response.” Members of the installation’s Wing Inspection Team held a series of simulated events throughout the day with the objective of seeing how first responders and individual units identify and respond to spontaneous high-risk scenarios. Among the simulated events are scenarios testing the base’s response times to security breaches, internal and external attacks, and managing high-traffic areas in times of emergency. During the event, Airmen of 36th Security Forces Squadron played integral roles testing their ability to properly prevent hostile individuals from breaching security. “Training and evaluating these skills are extremely valuable to make sure we are ready for anything, anytime, anywhere,” said Maj Thomas Kellams, commander of the 36th SFS. “Security Forces train year round and we validate that training by conducting exercises at the squadron through wing-level exercises.” Simulated events like these are not only intended to evaluate our capabilities, but to also identify effective practices which extend beyond written instructions and could be shared and implemented across the installation. In addition to testing first responders, WIT members test Team Andersen’s responses to security threats in their workplaces. “Units constantly train on their particular niche, but large exercises like Sling Stone are great opportunities to practice and evaluate teamwork between units,” said Marby. “Security forces, civil engineering fire department, emergency management, and medical group personnel all work together to protect the base, while the crisis action team, emergency operations center, and command post serve vital command and control functions that ensure a swift, coordinated, and effective response.” Installation health protection conditions are enforced during the exercise, ensuring scenarios and responses are developed around condition guidance. “As changes occur,” said Kellams, “we incorporate different procedures to overcome those changes and conduct exercises as a way to validate and assess our capabilities.” “The American people rely on us to perform our mission,” said Marby. “This exercise proves to our allies and adversaries that Team Andersen remains ready to defend the base and perform our mission, even in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic.” At the conclusion of the exercise, members of the WIT team and inspector general office gathered together as part of the threat working group to make recommendations to the 36th Wing commander on actions to take in order to improve the base’s response processes in the future.
topographic survey provides Ideal for identifying and mapping topographic surface features within a given area… One of the most common reasons for completing a topographic survey is when a piece of land is being assessed for construction or to build a new structure. Why do you need topographic surveys? Designed to conduct topographic surveys Helps you visualize the building or land area you intend to develop. . . Learn more about the topography of the land. Knowing the topography of the land under and around any building structure is essential to inform design efforts and accurately calculate earthwork volumes. Do I need a topology survey? Topographic surveys are essential for projects so that you can better understand the land you are working on, and all its natural and man-made features. Why is topographic surveying necessary in this day and age? Before starting any type of construction activity, it is important to take a topographic survey in the area in order to accurately record the existing condition of the land.The purpose of the topographic survey is to Collect survey data about the natural and man-made features of the land and elevation. What should a topographic survey include? topographic survey collection Data about the natural and man-made features of the land and topography. Permanent features such as buildings, fences, trees and streams accurately define the ground and its boundaries. Land contours and point levels show the height of the terrain. How to read a topographic map 31 related questions found How long does it take to do a topographic survey? This process may require One day or up to two weeks or more, depending on property size and access to necessary information. More time-consuming research affects the overall cost of land surveying. How much is a topographic survey? Terrain Surveying – Terrain surveying involves collecting data by looking at vertices on a parcel of land and presenting them in contour lines on a parcel of land.The cost is $400 to $1,500 for lots less than 10,000 square feet. What is the main purpose of surveying and mapping? The purpose of the investigation is to Prepare a map to show the relative positions of objects on the Earth’s surface. Collect field data. Prepare a floor plan or map of the survey area. Analyze and calculate on-site parameters and set out for actual engineering operations. What are the first principles of surveying and mapping? What are the first principles of surveying and mapping?Explanation: The first principle of measurement is Work from whole to part. Before starting the actual survey, the survey is started from the surrounding area to determine the best location for the survey line and station. What are the main principles of surveying and mapping? The two basic principles of measurement are: • Always work from whole to part, and • Locate the new site by at least two measurements (linear or angular) from a fixed reference point. This area is first surrounded by the master station (i.e. the control station) and the main measurement line. What are the different types of surveys? Here are the top seven survey methods in use today. - interview. This used to be one of the most popular types of surveys and involved conducting in-person surveys with individuals. … - specialized group. … - Panel sampling. … - Telephone survey. … - 5. Mail the survey. … - Kiosk survey. … - online survey. What is a plot plan investigation? Story Planning Show batch size, the builder plans to make improvements on the lot, setbacks and easements. … The investigation will reveal whether any of these items are encroaching on adjacent parcels, or whether items from adjacent parcels are encroaching on and touching the underlying property. What are the types of topographic surveys? Types of Topographic Surveys - 4.1 Mortgage Survey. - 4.2 Construction investigation. - 4.3 Hydrological measurements. - 4.4 Geodetic Survey. - 4.5 Wetland delineation. What are the disadvantages of topographic maps? Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of using topographic maps is that Information can be dated. Each map gives the date of the survey, but map readers should be aware that the views and locations on the map change over time. These changes can be man-made, such as new roads or buildings. What are topographic maps for? Topographic maps, also known as generic maps, are drawn on a relatively large scale.These maps show Important natural and cultural features Such as topography, vegetation, water bodies, cultivated land, settlements, transportation networks, etc. How important is terrain? Environment – data from Terrain helps protect the environment…weather – The terrain of the land has an effect on weather patterns. Meteorologists use information on mountains, valleys, oceans and lakes to help predict the weather. Military – Terrain is also important to the military. What are the three basic principles of measurement? Fundamentals of Measurement - Basic principles of measurement. - The principle of working from whole to part. - The importance of scientific integrity. - Check the measured value. - Accuracy and Precision. - Horizontal distance measurement. What are the basic principles of surveying and mapping? 5 principles Measurement \| Measurement target \| Purpose of measurement. What is the purpose of an on-site investigation? Determine the relative position of any object or point on Earth. Determine distances and angles between different objects. Prepare a map or floor plan to represent an area on a horizontal floor plan. What are the benefits of surveys? Survey Advantages - high representation. Surveys provide a high level of general ability to represent large populations. … - low cost. … - Convenient data collection. … - good statistical significance. … - Little or no observer subjectivity. … - precise results. … - Inflexible design. … - Not suitable for controversial issues. What is a survey and why is it important? investigation can Help measure the representativeness of personal views and experiences. Done well, surveys can provide hard data about people’s opinions and behaviors that can be used to make important decisions. What is a site survey and why is it important? On-site investigation is Inspection of areas proposed for work, gathering design or estimation information to complete the initial tasks required for outdoor activities. It can determine the precise location of the field, access, best orientation, and the location of obstacles. How much should the survey cost? What is the average land survey cost? Land survey prices vary on average across the Australian states as follows: Queensland – $95 per hour. New South Wales– $140 per hour. How much does a complete survey cost? How much does a full structural survey in London cost? The cost of your full structure survey will depend on many factors, including the size, type and location of the property.You can usually expect to pay anything Between £500 and £1500 for investigation. How much does the survey cost? How much does a land survey cost?Homeowners report average land survey costs is $504. This includes the cost of hiring a land surveyor, which ranges from $338 to $670. The total depends on the history, size, location, etc. of the property, with some properties costing $1,000 or more.	https://dontjudgejustfeed.com/do-i-need-to-do-a-topographic-survey-1200artists/
Butter prices received for 25 kilogram and 68 pound boxes meeting United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Grade AA standards averaged $1.80 per pound for the week ending May 2, 2015. The United States (US) price per pound increased 4.7 cents from the previous week. Cheddar Cheese prices received for US 40 pound blocks averaged $1.61 per pound for the week ending May 2, 2015. The price per pound increased 1.3 cents from the previous week. The price for US 500 pound barrels adjusted to 38 percent moisture averaged $1.67 per pound, increased 0.8 cents from the previous week. Dry Whey prices received for bag, tote, and tanker sales meeting USDA Extra Grade standards averaged 46.5 cents per pound for the week ending May 2, 2015. The US price per pound increased 0.8 cents from the previous week. Nonfat Dry Milk prices received for bag, tote, and tanker sales meeting USDA Extra Grade or United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Grade A standards averaged 95.1 cents per pound for the week ending May 2, 2015. The US price per pound decreased 0.1 cents from the previous week.	http://www.thedairysite.com/reports/?id=5248
As of 2015, setting up a formal migration path to a beta site was not something SE was willing to do. (Questions can still be migrated manually by moderators from anywhere to anywhere, though.) But the meaning and significance of the "beta" label on a site, as well as the criteria for a site to be decommissioned or graduated, has changed a lot over the years. Is SE now (2020) willing to set up formal migration paths to beta sites, if requested?	https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/354124/as-of-2020-is-it-possible-to-set-up-migration-paths-to-beta-sites
Colored Convention Project Principles At the core of CCP, we endeavor to incorporate these principles in all facets of our work. Principle 1 CCP seeks to enact collective organizing principles and values that were modeled by the Colored Conventions Movement. Principle 2 The Colored Conventions Project affirms Black women’s centrality to nineteenth-century Black organizing even as official records erase and anonymize the very contributions, labor and infrastructure that made the Colored Conventions movement possible. We pledge to account for Black women’s labor and leadership in our own historical work and in our own project practices. Principle 3 Like the Colored Conventions Movement, our project aims to highlight and center Black lives. By this we mean Black communities, Black intellectual production, including Black scholars/hip and Black collections. Principle 4 Mirroring the Colored Conventions’s focus on labor rights and Black economic health, our project seeks structures and support that honor the work members bring to the project through equitable compensation, acknowledgement, and attribution. Principle 5 We affirm the role of Black people as data creators and elevate the ways in which Black conventions generated data and statistics to advance, affirm and advocate for Black economic and organizational success and access. We also recognize that data has long served in the processes and recording of the destruction and devaluation of Black lives and communities. We seek to avoid exploiting Black subjects as data and to account for the contexts out of which Black subjects as data arise. We seek to name Black people and communities as an affirmation of the Black humanity inherent in Black data/curation. We remind ourselves that all data and datasets are shaped by decisions about whose histories are recorded, remembered, and valued. Genealogies and Incubation The Colored Conventions Project principles were inspired by the Jemez Principles for Democratic Organizing created on December 8, 1996 and named after the Jemez pueblo in New Mexico where the meeting was held. We honor and thank these environmental justice activists and the many organizers of color who led this effort for their example and for their work. https://www.ejnet.org/ej/jemez.pdf. The Colored Conventions Project appreciates the support of: The Colored Conventions Project was launched and cultivated at the University of Delaware from 2012-2020.	https://coloredconventions.org/about/principles/
With the rise of the internet, texting and social media and a sense of impersonality has overwhelmed communication. Even most cellphone users are more keen on texting than answering calls, which most often hit voicemail rather than being answered by a person. Tony Shaff’s documentary “Hotline” looks at this shift in communication through the still prevalent and important tool of help hotlines, where a personal, intimate touch is everything. The film screened at DOC NYC recently and is now available on iTunes and VOD, Shaff and his composer Jess Stroup (“Camp X-Ray”) got together for The Playlist to talk about the doc and their approach to music as such. Their conversation is below. The Inspiration Tony Shaff: After years of production on “Hotline,” being immersed in the relationships that people have with talking with strangers on the telephone, I knew that the score would be so important because of the emphasis on the power of the voice —and sound in general— we explore in the film. The jumping off point for working on the score for “Hotline” came after I listened to a Radiolab piece about phone phreaking that featured a blind boy with a difficult school and home life who said that he found comfort in the sound of a telephone dial tone. In his recorded diary entries he said “the soft hum of a dial tone, it was always there. What a wonderful thing the telephone is…especially during those long nights.” There was something very beautiful, simple and melancholic about the image that was painted by the podcast, and I took the idea right away to Jess. Jess Stroup: Having used only a cellphone for the last ten years or so, I hadn’t given much thought to an analog dial tone in a while. After Tony mentioned the Radiolab episode, I found a few samples of dial tones and checked them out. I immediately found that there is indeed something comforting about the sound of the traditional dial tone. It’s made up of the notes F and A, a major third interval, and the root of a major F chord. I thought maybe I could do something with it musically, with a chord progression made up of all major thirds. I found something simple, just three chords made out of dial tone samples. It was pretty, a little sweet and a little sad, but overall positive, much like humans in crisis connecting with each other. From there, I added guitar, piano, bass, drums, and ran them through audio plug-ins that made them sound distant and crackly, as if they might be coming over a telephone. Deciding on the Style TS: I knew that Jess was a very talented composer, and his background in electronic music composition as well as his skills as a multi-instrumentalist gave him the ability to bring a real human touch of analog to a minimal electronic score. When he brought “Dialtones” back to us after just a few days of work, I knew that we really had something great —he captured the tone perfectly and avoided gimmicks. We exchanged more ideas about where the score could go, and while he went off to work his magic, the editor Charlie Dugan and I began laying in Jess’s music as temp tracks to our cut scenes. We would play scenes for Jess as we were cutting and have discussions about what the score was doing emotionally and where to scale back or build more. It always felt like Christmas morning when Jess would bring more tracks that he was working on —especially with music wrapped beneath titles like “Switchboards,” “Late Night Glitch,” “Through The Wires,” or “Call Me Now!”— an homage to one of our featured subjects in the film, the famed spokesperson for a psychic hotline, Ms. Cleo. JS: Early on, Tony mentioned that he liked what’s called “found sounds,” sounds that can be found in everyday life, maybe the sound of a drill press or a tape measure being closed, even telephone sounds. I loved the idea right away. Not only was I given a chance to think outside the box and do something different, I was also presented with a challenge: how could I use these sounds in a way that made sense musically and still served the film? I found that what ended up working the best was to use them unobtrusively, especially the telephone sounds. I would make a lot of my rhythms out of found sounds: a rotary telephone dialing in time to provide the backbeat for a cue, or the dot matrix printer that plays a percussion part in “Dialtones,” or the pitch that comes from pressing in a phone number used to play a small melody. I wanted just enough to where it might catch someone’s ear, but not too much to where it was distracting or on-the-nose. Themes Emerge JS: “Hotline” is about human connection through telephones, a technology that has been around for a while but is still relevant and still evolving. Tony had a pretty clear vision for the score: he had found that electronic-based music was working well as temp score, but didn’t want the film’s music to sound digital and polished, like a lot of electronic music can. Humans aren’t perfect and the score shouldn’t be either. In addition to found sounds, he suggested incorporating digital glitches, noise, and distortion. I loved this idea —once again, I was given a chance to think outside the box and do something I’m not usually asked to do. I started creating electronic music as I usually would, with synths, electric pianos, and drum machines. But instead of relying solely on these elements, I began using live instruments such as cello, guitar, and piano, and recording them badly or through distortion pedals. The goal was that the listener wouldn’t know what was a synth and what was a live instrument, that everything would sound like it had passed through human hands. Once I had everything recorded, I put it through the digital process Pro Tools, making edits and loops to make things even more imperfect. I also used a lot of audio processors that would make them sound distant, like an analog telephone would, or mangled by bad digital technology, like an early cellphone would. The result is a score that I hope reflects the characters and themes of the film: musical and non-musical elements that are imperfect and a little broken, working together to create moments of sadness, beauty, hope, and inspiration. For more of Jess’ music check out the Camp X-Ray soundtrack album on iTunes or visit fiveoceansmusic.com “Hotline” is now available on VOD and iTunes nationwide. Sign Up: Stay on top of the latest breaking film and TV news! Sign up for our Email Newsletters here.	https://www.indiewire.com/2014/11/doc-nyc-tony-shaff-composer-jess-stroup-talk-about-the-importance-of-human-connection-in-hotline-269850/
Antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine in HIV-exposed infants in Malawi and correlation with HBV infection acquisition. The aim of this study was to assess the immune response to HBV vaccine in HIV-exposed infants and to correlate it to HBV infection acquisition. Protective anti-HBs levels (>10 mIU/mL) were found in 54/58 (93.2%) infants at 6 months, 126/144 (87.5%) at 12 months and 141/176 (80.1%) children at 24 months. HBV infection (seven children were HBsAg + at Month 24) occurred also in the presence of levels above 10 mIU/mL. Our findings indicate limited impact of HIV exposure on anti-HBV immune response, but suggest that levels >10 mIU/mL may be required to confer protection in this context.
Shawnee Beauty College follows a simple application and admission process that includes a total of 4 steps, which are as follows: Step 1 in the application and admission process: Submitting the application The first step in SBC's admission procedure is applying to the university. Interested candidates can apply to the university by either calling the college at (405) 275-3182 or through online mode. They can also follow an alternate way to take admission to the college by visiting its admissions office at 2024 N Harrison, Shawnee, Oklahoma 74801. They can contact the Shawnee Beauty College admissions office by phone as well. Step 2: Acceptance by SBC After submission of the form and deposition of the enrollment fee, an applicant has to submit certain documents, to receive an admission decision. In the case of Shawnee Beauty College, an applicant has to submit the following documents: Essay: This is also known as the personal statement, it offers applicants to list their achievements and personality. Applicants are advised to include personal experiences and anecdotes as well. Transcripts: As a part of the evaluation process, candidates have to submit necessary high-school and college transcripts. An applicant can submit the transcripts through Parchment (or similar platforms). Official Test Scores: By submitting the official scores, students can make a stronger claim for a seat at Shawnee Beauty College. However, it is not a mandatory requirement and not all students submit their scores. Once the college finishes looking into applications, additional documents or information might be requested. Step 3: Confirm Your Attendance As part of the Step 3 in the admission process, the candidates must confirm their attendance to Shawnee Beauty College. Additionally, they will be required to complete their Financial Check-In process and select their housing as well. Review and verification of Summary of Accounts and Financial Aid (scholarships, fees, and tuition costs), choosing a lodging option, selecting a payment plan, and making the first payment are some of the processes included in the admission at the varsity. Before proceeding to register for classes, candidates also have to complete the Math and English assessments. In Step 4, candidates need to register for classes Once all the processes mentioned above are completed, the candidates will be required to register for courses. SAT Scores you need to get in SAT scores have always been considered a good way to calibrate a student's grades. They are also believed to make a candidate a strong applicant for securing admission to any college or college. However, the SAT score of an applicant is not one of the mandatory requirements to get admission to Shawnee Beauty College. As a result, there is no data about the average SAT score or similar requirements to get admission here. ACT Scores you need to get in ACT scores weigh a lot of importance and make a candidate a strong applicant for securing admission to any college or a college of their choice. However, Shawnee Beauty College does not put much emphasis on the ACT scores of an applicant. But candidates can submit their ACT scores for securing admission to the university. There is no official data about the minimum requirements concerning the ACT scores that has been made publically available. Estimated GPA Requirements & Average GPA Grade Points Average (GPA) FALSE The GPA of a candidate can help universities/colleges assess their overall academic performance. A good GPA also helps an applicant stand out from the crowd, improving their chances to secure admission. However, it should be noted that Shawnee Beauty College does not consider high GPAs mandatory for admission. Having a solid idea of the requirements for admission to Shawnee Beauty College, including the necessary documents to be submitted, can be very helpful for the applicants. They should also know what information the college considers for making admission decisions. Admission Requirements What Really Matters When Applying High School GPA NA High School Rank NA High School Transcript NA College Prep Courses NA SAT/ACT FALSE Recommendations NA Admission Deadlines Application Deadline FALSE Application Fee $100 Early Decision Deadline NA Early Action Deadline NA Offer Action Deadline FALSE Offers Early Decision FALSE Application Website NA Accepts Common App FALSE Accepts Coalition App NA Apart from submitting the documents and other required information, the candidates should also deposit an application fee of $100. Every college and college has its own application deadlines, but they fall around the same time. Early applicants (early action, early decision, or single-choice early action) generally need to get their applications in November which varies for different universities. In the due course of scrutinizing applications, the varsity also considers various factors to make error-less decisions. Fall applications, which are rather preferred by the students, start in September and usually go on till April. Though the final deadline is in April, a deadline has been set in September as well. As the varsity also provides scholarships, those students who wish to be considered for such grants must apply by September, i.e., before the April-deadline, so that the scrutinizing processes can be carried out properly. These scholarships will help the students fund their education and also help them be a part of other initiatives hosted by the sponsoring team. Credits Accepted AP Credit Implied no Dual Credit Implied no Credit for Life Experiences Implied no Many universities in the US incentivize students by helping them out to earn college credits by taking certain courses, which are available for them in high school. Here are the names of some of such popular programs: AP Credit, CLEP (Credit for Life Experiences), and Dual Enrollment (also known as Dual Credit). As far as policy for these credits is concerned, each college has a different one. The advantages of such programs include a shorter time to get a degree, increased chances of completing a degree, and a higher GPA. Students who want to avail CLEP and AP credits can visit the website collegeboard.org and request to submit the scores to the college of their choice.	https://www.thecollegemonk.com/colleges/shawnee-beauty-college/admissions
The foregoing principles discussed in Part I of our analysis vitiate any allegation of criminal conduct by Edward Snowden resting on his alleged contractual duties to the NSA. His disclosures of NSA documents were certainly “unauthorized disclosures” as has been charged, but there is no reason that any government authorization should be required. Indeed, it is quite absurd to suggest that government permission should be required to disclose evidence of government criminality. But what of the remaining property-based claim that Snowden’s actions involve the “theft” of government property? This question can be dealt with in a similar manner, by consideration of the ordinary rules pertaining to the use of property in criminal dealings. When a private firm commits a crime using its own property as an instrument of wrongdoing it loses the right to claim ownership as a safeguard against investigation. If an investigator confiscates digging equipment and barrels of toxic waste from a private firm accused of dumping these on the property of others it is no bar to this action if the firm presents a receipt showing that the equipment belongs to them. (Indeed, this would be taken as further evidence linking them to the alleged crime.) The same applies to documentary evidence of a crime — it may legitimately be taken by an investigator as a means of proving criminal wrongdoing, notwithstanding the normal ownership claim that would apply to the item.1 Government claims to ownership have no special status in this regard, and do not override these ordinary principles of property rights. In fact, the situation for government claims of ownership is even weaker than for a private enterprise, since the latter will generally have acquired the tools of its criminal dealings with its own money. If a private firm unlawfully dumps toxic waste on the property of others, it is likely that it has at least legitimately purchased its own barrels and digging equipment without having also stolen these. On the contrary, government agencies are built on a system of coercion, where the resources for their operations are extracted through forcible payment from the public, i.e., through taxation. Unlike in a private firm, this gives rise to a situation in which the “shareholders” of government are forced to contribute the instruments of further criminal activity, whether they wish to participate or not. Government claims to ownership of the property in its possession are extremely dubious, and this is made more so when the claim to ownership is made in order to shield knowledge of its own operations from those very shareholders. When the claim to ownership is made to prevent the disclosure of documents detailing further criminal actions by the government, the appeal to property rights is thrice-damned! In the case of private crimes it would be unusual that the accused wrongdoer would present a claim to ownership of documents linking himself to a serious crime. Most would want to do everything possible to avoid corroborating ownership of items proving their criminal guilt, and even if this were to be a fruitless endeavor, it would be regarded as the height of chutzpah to claim the protection of property rights to evidence of criminal wrongdoing! But government is altogether unashamed of such absurdities. Faced with clear publicized documentary evidence of extensive lawbreaking by its own agencies, the government screams across the news media “Those are our secret documents! How dare they be stolen from us!” The necessity to operate outside the institution of government Notwithstanding the legitimacy of Snowden’s disclosures of classified NSA material, one objection that has been raised against his actions is the fact that he went outside the official government-sanctioned channels for oversight of its agencies. According to this view, the reporting of government misconduct and criminality must be reported within the rules calculated by that same institution, by reporting to government oversight agencies or Congressional committees. If agencies of the US government engage in secret acts of despotism, an aspiring whistleblower must meekly turn to other agents of the government and ask, “Please Sir, tell me which forms to fill out. How might I go about filing a complaint that suits your requirements?” Writing in the New Yorker, Jeffrey Toobin naïvely argues that “... our system offers legal options to disgruntled government employees and contractors. They can take advantage of federal whistle-blower laws; they can bring their complaints to Congress; they can try to protest within the institutions where they work. But Snowden did none of this. Instead, in an act that speaks more to his ego than his conscience, he threw the secrets he knew up in the air — and trusted, somehow, that good would come of it.” Ah yes. All of those wonderful “legal options” offered to whistleblowers against the NSA. Let’s ask some former NSA whistleblowers about those wonderful options. In 2000 mathematician William Binney and senior NSA analyst J. Kirk Weibe raised concerns about the illegality and waste involved in a surveillance program at the NSA. After repeatedly raising internal concerns within the NSA they reported their concerns to a Congressional committee. As a result of this action both men were accused of having betrayed the agency by the Director of the NSA, General Michael Hayden. Hayden sent an internal memo to staff at the NSA saying that “Actions contrary to our decisions will have a serious adverse effect on our efforts to transform NSA and I cannot tolerate them.”2 Both men suffered retaliatory action in their careers as part of their efforts to report wrongdoing, and both ultimately left the agency. Binney left the NSA in 2001 after voicing complaints that the agency was “purposefully violating the constitution.”3 In 2005 he was investigated by the FBI over suspicions of providing information to the New York Times. Despite being cleared of any wrongdoing the FBI later raided his home and confiscated his personal and business records, keeping a gun on him while he stood naked, towelling off from a shower. As a result of his whistleblowing he lost his security clearance and had to close his business. As Binney put it, “After a raid like that, you’re always sitting here wondering if they’re coming back. This did not feel like the America we grew up in.”4 Thomas Drake, another NSA whistleblower, raised internal complaints within the NSA about illegality and waste of public money in a data project known as “Trailblazer.” After approximately five years of efforts to draw attention to the problem through government-mandated channels Drake finally went to the media to report NSA wrongdoing. According to media reports on his actions, “He first tried the sanctioned methods — going to his superiors, inspectors general, Congress. Finally, in frustration, he turned to the ‘nuclear option’: leaking to the media.”5 Notwithstanding any federal whistle-blower laws, Drake was prosecuted on a large number of charges relating to “unauthorized retention” of NSA data, and these charges were used as leverage to try to extort his assistance with the prosecution of other whistleblowers. He held out against this and eventually the government prosecution collapsed. As Drake put it, “I will never plea-bargain with the truth.”6 If one expects government oversight mechanisms to exist for the purposes of actual oversight, then this all seems perverse. But if one understands the actual purpose of these mechanisms, it all makes perfect sense. The actual purpose of Congressional oversight committees and other government bodies of this kind is to create a channel to divert would-be whistleblowers, so as to trap them in a system designed to identify them for retaliation and neutralize their dissent. Moreover, in a case in which the agency under scrutiny operates an extensive surveillance network, there is a pervasive danger that this very system can be used as a weapon against its alleged overseers. Indeed, previous allegations from NSA whistleblowers suggest that the agency has surveilled the very people that sit on oversight committees and courts prescribed with overseeing its operations. Some of the most vocal and zealous defenders of the surveillance system are the same people who have been alleged to have been previously surveilled by the NSA, leading to concerns that they now defend the agency under the threat of blackmail.7 In light of these considerations, it is perverse to imagine that reporting of government crimes must be done through a system mandated by the very same government that commits these crimes. It never occurs to critics of government whistleblowers that the institution of government is itself coercive and corrupting in nature, and its agents do not have the requisite incentives to offer an effective mechanism for the public exposure of its own wrongdoing. This is why Snowden must flee the United States in fear of his freedom, and perhaps even his life, while the head of the NSA can lie blatantly to the Congress, and then go straight back to collecting his government paycheck. Snowden is the fifth major whistleblower to give information about the surveillance operations of the NSA. Unlike his predecessors he did not use the government-mandated channels of “oversight” to make complaints. Instead he systematically gathered documentary evidence of the NSA surveillance system and leaked this directly to the media, so as to give information to the public. This is precisely the reason that he has succeeded where previous whistleblowers failed. The claims of Russ Tice are still uncorroborated, but the claims from Binney, Weibe, and Drake have now clearly been vindicated by documentary evidence leaked by Snowden. Despite the previous alerts to the public, it has only been the release of clear documentary evidence from Snowden that has allowed the public to confirm the details of the NSA’s surveillance activities through its own documentation. All three of these previous whistleblowers have been interviewed about the Snowden leaks and all agree that he was correct to take his information directly to the public — that he had succeeded where they had failed.8 Investigating the crimes of government: is this a crime? We have already noted that the doctrine of unlawful agreements operates to give a philosophical basis for the legal protection of whistleblowers. Similar considerations apply with respect to property claims over documents and other items that incriminate a person in criminal wrongdoing. In fact, the general principles of unlawful agreements also operates beyond this, to a range of activities pertaining to the investigation of unlawful activities. The same philosophical principle is at work when government agents investigate the actions of private criminal organizations, such as when an undercover police officer infiltrates an unlawful criminal syndicate. In such cases, it is perfectly sensible that the investigator would give assurances of secrecy to his target, and it is entirely sensible that this also be viewed as legally and ethically non-binding. When FBI agent Joseph Pistone (a.k.a. Donnie Brasco) infiltrated the Bonnano crime family in New York, he spent six years as a low-level associate to members of the mafia, no doubt giving various assurances of secrecy under the mafia code-of-silence.9 Obviously this was no bar to the legitimacy of his revelations about the actions of this criminal organization — any assurance of secrecy he had made to his mafia associates was legally and ethically non-binding. So here we have a rather hypocritical situation. The US government claims the prerogative to have its agents infiltrate any private criminal syndicate and make phony assurances of confidentiality to their members, in order to gather evidence of criminal wrongdoing. They rightly regard the code-of-silence of the mafia as being legally unenforceable, even when their own undercover agents give assurances of silence. But faced with the same action being taken against its own agencies the US government asserts that the person gathering evidence of wrongdoing is the criminal! Here it is the code-of-silence of the US government that must prevail, in the face of documented confirmation of its own wrongdoing. If one takes a principled approach to questions of law, as opposed to slavish adherence to the commands of government legislation, it is appropriate to regard all such instances of confidentiality as being non-binding. Whistleblowers like Snowden operate in essentially the same way as other criminal investigators, using subterfuge to gather evidence of wrongdoing and exposing this to the scrutiny of the public eye. If this freedom of speech is a problem for the operations of the NSA, and makes it difficult for the agency to operate in the way it would like, then perhaps it is the operations of the NSA that are the real problem. Here it is worth reminding ourselves of the rationale for judicial non-enforcement of unlawful agreements: To refuse to grant either party to an illegal contract judicial aid ... tends strongly towards reducing the number of such transactions to a minimum. The more plainly parties understand that when they enter into contracts of this nature they place themselves outside the protection of the law, so far as that protection consists in aiding them to enforce such contracts, the less inclined will they be to enter into them. In that way the public secures the benefit of a rigid adherence to the law.10 Concluding remarks I hasten to remind the reader that the legal principles we have been discussing are of the normative jurisprudential variety, and so you should not expect to see such an argument run in any US court on the present matter. These institutions have long since abandoned any pretense of holding the US government to the rule of law. Nevertheless, for those who remain interested in speaking about “theft” and other similar concepts in respect to what is actually validly owned, the correct principles of contract and property will be of interest. For Snowden, the matter is still up in the air. He has exposed the wrongdoing of men and agencies that are not subject to the rule of law, and are adept at monitoring and destroying the lives of those that displease them. While Snowden is on the run from the agencies of the US government, men like NSA Director James Clapper will remain in the circles of power, collecting their government paychecks and having their hands on the levers of the most massive apparatus of surveillance and coercion in human history. In the face of revelations of the present magnitude it is important to keep focus on the actions of government, and not to become too consumed with contemplation of the actions of a solitary whistleblower. But there is good reason why the fate of the latter is important. If Snowden survives the onslaught of smears and legal action against him it will serve as a message to other would-be whistleblowers that could serve the public. If he is imprisoned and destroyed it will also serve as a message. This is a matter that is important to anyone who wishes to hold government to account: In a democratic free enterprise system, a commitment to whistleblowing represents a fundamental confidence in the ability of individuals to make a difference. Society can never eradicate wrongdoing, but it can shield from retaliation those citizens who, urged on by their integrity and social responsibility, speak out to protect its well-being.11 - 1. Of course, if the crime is not proven then the property must be returned. It may also be the case that the firm would then have a legitimate legal action against the investigator for having confiscated their property without good cause. In such a case the legitimacy of the original confiscation rests on whether or not the firm really is engaged in criminal action. - 2. See NSA whistleblowers William (Bill) Binney and J Kirk Wiebe at the Government Accountability Project. - 3. Binney later made a sworn declaration to the court in the case of Jewel v. NSA. At the time of publication of this article, the case is still ongoing. - 4. E. Bronner, C. Savage, and S. Shane (2013) Leak inquiries show how wide a net US cast. The New York Times, 25 May 2013. - 5. E. Nakashima (2010) Former NSA executive Thomas A. Drake may pay high price for media leak. . The Washington Post, 14 July 2010. - 6. Ibid. - 7. For example, Tice alleges that the NSA has previously targeted Senator Dianne Feinstein, the head of the Senate Intelligence Committee, and Senator John McCain, former presidential candidate. Feinstein and McCain are now two of the most important defenders of the program, giving respective support to the program from both major political parties in the US; see, e.g., E. Heil. (2013) Feinstein, NSA’s top Congressional defender, has built respect over decades of service. The Washington Post, 26 June 2013; G. J. Cosker (2013) John McCain defends the National Security Agency’s surveillance programs. Examiner.com, 10 June 2013. In both cases there have been concerns expressed by some commentators as to whether the defense of the NSA has been motivated by blackmail pertaining to past intelligence gathered on these public figures. - 8. P. Eisler and S. Page. (2013) 3 NSA veterans speak out on whistle-blower: we told you so. USA Today, 16 June 2013. - 9. S. Lovgren. (2005) FBI agent “Donnie Brasco” recalls life in the mafia. National Geographic News, 10 June 2005. - 10. McMullen v. Hoffman (1899) 174 US 639, per Peckham J at 670. - 11. Winters v. Houston Chronicle Publishing Co. (1990) 795 S.W.2d 723, per Doggett J at 730.	https://mises.org/library/ethics-state-secrecy
Just a bit of fun here! Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics Innsbruck (IMGI) PhD student Stephan Galos and colleagues installed an automatic weather station (AWS) in the accumulation area of Langenferner over a couple of years ago and they made a time-lapse of the process. The weather station is one of two stations on Langenferner that IMGI (actually Stephan!) maintains to continually monitor conditions in the glacier area and together these are used to drive surface energy balance models of glacier ablation and also form the basis of more detailed studies of atmospheric dynamics in the region. - Search this website - Recent Posts - Habilitation Thesis - Imposter syndrome and nurturing work envionments - Book about glacier research on Vernagtferner - #shareEGU20 - Records of loss and the left behind - The practice of my science - Glaciers on Mt Kenya - Glaciers of the Arid Andes - System change not climate change - JIRP presence at the AGU meeting - Timelapse images of Lewis glacier - Extending the 2-mile time machine*: where is the oldest ice? - Sub-debris melt model intercomparison - Class infographics on components of the cryosphere - Mapping supraglacial debris cover - How do you feel about climate change? - Girls on Ice Austria - European Geosciences Union 2019 - Turbulence measurements over debris-covered ice - Alpine Glaciology Meeting 2019 report - Greta Thunberg - MSc literature seminar - January 2019 snowfalls on the north side of the Alps - Continental geodetic glacier mass balances with the NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline - Kreutzspitz Ötztal glacier comparison - Peoples voices at UN Climate Change Conference - PhD and Post Doc glaciology jobs at Innsbruck - Snowline tells a story on Suldenferner?	http://lindseynicholson.org/2015/03/langenferner-aws-installation-time-lapse/
. The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell (Volume 1) online . (page 14 of 50) Online Library → James Clerk Maxwell → The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell (Volume 1) → online text (page 14 of 50) - Font size + of mixino- colours by rotation, which might serve as an extension of Mr Swan's experiments on instantaneous impressions on the eye. These, together with the explanation of some phenomena which seem to be at variance with the theory of vision here adopted, must be deferred for the present. On some future occasion, I hope to be able to connect these simple experiments on the colours of pigments with others in which the pure hues of the spectrum are used. I have already constructed a model of apparatus for this purpose, and the results obtained are sufficiently remarkable to encourage perseverance. Note I. On different Methods of Exhibiting the Mixtures of Colours. (1) Mechanical Mixture of Coloured Powders. By grinding coloured powders together, the differently- coloured particles may be so intermingled that the eye cannot distinguish the colours of the separate powders, but receives the impression of a uniform tint, depending on the nature and proportions of the pigments used. In this way, Newton mixed the powders of orpiment, purple, bise, and viride ceris, so as to form a gray, which, in sun- light, resembled white paper in the shade. (Newton's Opticks, Book i. Part n., Exp. XV.) This method of mixture, besides being adopted by all painters, has been employed by optical writers as a means of obtaining numerical results. The specimens of such mixtures given by B. R. Hay in his works on Colour, and the experiments of Professor J. D. Forbes on the same subject, shew the importance of the method as a means of classifying colours. There are two objections, however, to this method of exhibiting colours to the eye. When two powders of unequal fineness are mixed, the particles of the finer powder cover over those of the coarser, so as to produce more than their due effect in influencing the resultant tint. For instance, a small quantity of lamp-black. EXPERIMENTS ON COLOUR, AS PERCEIVED BY THE EYE. 143 mixed with a large quantity of chalk, will produce a mixture which is nearly black. Although the powders generally used are not so different in this respect as lamp-black and chalk, the results of mixing given weights of any coloured powders must be greatly modified by the mode in which these powders have been prepared. Again, the light which reaches the eye from the surface of the mixed pow- ders consists partly of light which has fallen on one of the substances mixed without being modified by the other, and partly of light which, by repeated reflection or transmission, has been acted on by both substances. The colour of these rays will not be a mixture of those of the substances, but will be the result of the absorption due to both substances successively. Thus, a mixture of yellow and blue produces a neutral tint tending towards red, but the remainder of white light, after passing through both, is green; and this green is generally sufficiently powerful to overpower the reddish gray due to the separate colours of the substances mixed. This curious result has been ably investigated by Professor Helmholtz of Konigsberg, in his Memoir on the Theory of Compound Colours, a translation of which may be found in the Annals of Philosophy for 1852, Part 2. (2) Mixture of differently-coloured Beams of Light by Superposition on an Opaque Screen. When we can obtain light of sufficient intensity, this method produces the most beautiful results. The best series of experiments of this kind are to be found in Newton's Opticks, Book i. Part ii. The different arrangements for mixing the rays of the spectrum on a screen, as described by Newton, form a very complete system of combinations of lenses and prisms, by which almost every possible modification of coloured light may be produced. The principal objections to the use of this method are— (1) The difficulty of obtaining a con- stant supply of uniformly intense light; (2) The uncertainty of the effect of the position of the screen with respect to the incident beams and the eye of the observer; (3) The possible change in the colour of the incident light due to the fluorescence of the substance of the screen. Professor Stokes haa found that many substances, when illuminated by homogeneous light of one refrangi- bility, become themselves luminous, so as to emit light of lower refrangibility. This phenomenon must be carefully attended to when screens are used to exhibit light. 144 EXPERIMENTS ON COLOUK, AS PERCEIVED BY THE EYE. (3) Union of Coloured Beams hy a Piism so as to form one Beam. The mode of viewing the beam of light directly, without first throwing it on a screen, was not much used by the older experimenters, but it possesses the advantage of saving much light, and admits of examining the rays before they have been stopped in any way. In Newton's 11th proposition of the 2nd Book, an experiment is described, in which a beam is analysed by a prism, concentrated by a lens, and recombined by another prism, so as to form a beam of white light similar to the incident beam. By stopping the coloured rays at the lens, any proposed combination may be made to pass into the emergent beam, where it may be received directly by the eye, or on a screen, at pleasure. The experiments of Helmholtz on the colours of the spectrum were made with the ordinary apparatus for directly viewing the pure spectrum, two oblique slits crossing one another being employed to admit the light instead of one vertical sht. Two pure spectra were then seen crossing each other, and so exhibiting at once a large number of combinations. The proportions of these combinations were altered by varying the inclination of the slits to the plane of lefraction, and in this way a number of very remarkable results were obtained, — for which see his Memoir, before referred to. In experiments of the same kind made by myself in August 1852 (inde- pendently of M. Helmholtz), I used a combination of three moveable vertical slits to admit the light, instead of two cross shts, and observed the compound ray through a slit made in a screen on which the pure spectrum is formed. In this way a considerable field of view was filled with the mixed light, and might be compared with another part of the field illuminated by light proceeding from a second system of slits, placed below the first set. The general character of the results agreed with those of M. Helmholtz. The chief difficulties seemed to arise from the defects of the optical apparatus of my own eye, which ren- dered apparent the compound nature of the light, by analysing it as a prism or an ordinary lens would do, whenever the lights mixed differed much in refrangibility. EXPERIMENTS ON COLOUR, AS PERCEIVED BY THE EYE. 145 (4) Union of two beams by means of a transparent surface, which reflects the first and transmits the second. The simplest experiment of this kind is described by M. Helmholtz. He places two coloured wafers on a table, and then, taking a piece of transparent glass, he places it between them, so that the reflected image of one apparently coincides with the other as seen through the glaas. The colours are thus mixed, and, by varying the angle of reflection, the relative intensities of the reflected and transmitted beams may be varied at pleasure. In an instrument constructed by myself for photometrical purposes two re- flecting plates were used. They were placed in a square tube, so as to polarize the incident light, which entered through holes in the sides of the tubes, and was reflected in the direction of the axis. In this way two beams oppositely polarized were mixed, either of which could be coloured in any way by coloured glasses placed over the holes in the tube. By means of a Nicol's prism placed at the end of the tube, the relative intensities of the two colours as they entered the eye could be altered at pleasure. (5) Union of two coloured beams by means of a doubly -refracting Prism. I am not aware that this method has been tried, although the opposite polarization of the emergent rays is favourable to the variation of the experiment. (6) Successive presentation of the different Colours to the Retina. It has long been known, that light does not produce its full effect on the eye at once, and that the effect, when produced, remains visible for some time after the light has ceased to act. In the case of the rotating disc, the various colours become indistinguishable, and the disc appears of a imiform tint, which is in some sense the resultant of the colours so blended. This method of com- bining colours has been used since the time of Newton, to exhibit the results of theory. The experiments of Professor J. D. Forbes, which I witnessed in 1849, first encouraged me to think that the laws of this kind of mixture might be discovered by special experiments. After repeating the well-known experiment in which a series of colours representing those of the spectrum are combined VOL. I. ^^ 146 EXPERIMENTS ON COLOUB, AS PERCEIVED BY THE EYE. to form gray, Professor Forbes endeavoured to form a neutral tint, by the combination of three colours only. For this purpose, he combined the three so-called primary colours, red, blue, and yellow, but the resulting tint could not be rendered neutral by any combination of these colours ; and the reason was found to be, that blue and yellow do not make green, but a pinkish tint, when neither prevails in the combination. It was plain, that no addition of red to this, could produce a neutral tint. This result of mixing blue and yellow was, I beUeve, not previously known. It directly contradicted the received theory of colours, and seemed to be at variance with the fact, that the same blue and yellow paint, when ground together, do make green. Several experiments were proposed by Professor Forbes, in order to eliminate the effect of motion, but he was not then able to under- take them. One of these consisted in viewing alternate stripes of blue and yellow, with a telescope out of focus. I have tried this, and find the resultant tint pink as before. I also found that the beams of light coloured by trans- mission through blue and yellow glasses appeared pink, when mixed on a screen, while a beam of light, after passing through both glasses, appeared green. By the help of the theory of absorption, given by Herschelf, I made out the complete explanation of this phenomenon. Those of pigments were, I think, first explained by Helmholtz in the manner above referred to J. It may still be asked, whether the effect of successive presentation to the eye is identical with that of simultaneous presentation, for if there is any action of the one kind of light on the other, it can take place only in the case of vsimultaneous presentation. An experiment tending to settle this point is recorded by Newton (Book i. Part ii., Exp. 10). He used a comb with large teeth to intercept various rays of the spectrum. When it was moved slowly, the various colours could be perceived, but when the speed was increased the result was perfect whiteness. For another form of this experiment, see Newton's Sixth Letter to Oldenburg (Horsley's Edition, Vol. iv., page 335). In order more fully to satisfy myself on this subject, I took a disc in which were cut a number of sUts, so as to divide it into spokes. In a plane, net-rly passing through the axis of this disc, I placed a blue glass, so that one See however Encyc. Metropolitana, Art. "Light," section 502. t lb. sect. 516. X I have lately seen a passage in Moigno's Cosmos, stating that M. Plateau, in 1819, had obtained jjray by whirling together gamboge and Prussian blue. Correspondance Math, et Phys. de M. Quet«let, Vol. v., p. 221. EXPERIMENTS ON COLOUR, AS PERCEIVED BY THE EYE. 147 half of the disc might be seen by transmitted light — blue, and the other by reflected light — white. In the course of the reflected light I placed a yellow glass, and in this way I had two nearly coincident images of the slits, one yellow and one blue. By turning the disc slowly, I observed that in some parts the yellow slits and the blue slits appeared to pass over the field alter- nately, while in others they appeared superimposed, so as to produce alternately their mixture, which was pale pink, and complete darkness. As long as the disc moved slowly I could perceive this, but when the speed became great, the whole field appeared uniformly coloured pink, so that those parts in which the colours were seen successively were indistinguishable from those in which they were presented together to the eye. Another form in which the experiment may be tried requires only the colour-top above described. The disc should be covered with alternate sectors of any two colours, say red and green, disposed alternately in four quadrants. By placing a piece of glass above the top, in the plane of the axis, we make the image of one half seen by reflection coincide with that of the other seen by transmission. It wiU then be seen that, in the diameters of the top which are parallel and perpendicular to the plane of reflection, the transmitted green coincides with the reflected green, and the transmitted red with the reflected red, so that the result is always either pure red or pure green. But in the diameters intermediate to these, the transmitted red coincides with the reflected green, and vice versa, so that the pure colours are never seen, but only their mixtures. As long as the top is spun slowly, these parts of the disc will appear more steady in colour than those in which the greatest alternations take place ; but when the speed is sufficiently increased, the disc appears per- fectly uniform in colour. From these experiments it appears, that the apparent mixture of colours is not due to a mechanical superposition of vibrations, or to any mutual action of the mixed rays, but to some cause residing in the constitution of the apparatus of vision. (7) Presentation of the Colours to he mixed one to each Eye. This method is said not to succeed with some people ; but I have always found that the mixture of colours was perfect, although it was difficult to con- ceive the objects seen by the two eyes as identical. In using the spectacles, 19—2 148 EXPERIMENTS ON COLOUR, AS PERCEIVED BY THE EYE. of which one eye is green and the other red, I have found, when looking at an arrangement of green and red papers, that some looked metallic and others transparent. This arises from the very different relations of brightness of the two colours as seen by each eye through the spectacles, which suggests the false conclusion, that these differences are the result of reflection from a polished surface, or of light transmitted through a clear one. Note IT. Results of Experiments with Mr Hay's Papers at Cambridge, November, 1854. The mean of ten observations made by six observers gave •449 E+-299 G + -252 B=-224 W+776 Bk (l). ■696 R+-304 G = '181 B + -327 Y + '492 Bk (2). These two equations served to determine the positions of white and yellow in diagram No. 2. The coeflScient of W is 4447, and that of yellow 2'506. From these data we may deduce three other equations, either by calcu- lation, or by measurement on the diagram (No. 2). Eliminating green from the equations, we find •565 B + -435 Y = -307 E. + -304 W + -389 Bk (3). The mean of three observations by three different observers gives •573 B-f477 Y = ^313 E + ^297 W + -390Bk. Errors of calculation - '008 B + ^008 Y - '006 K + ^007 W - •OOl Bk. The point on the diagram to which this equation corresponds is the intersec- tion of the lines BY and RW, and the resultant tint is a pinkish-gray. Eliminating red from the equations, we obtain Calculation "533 B-fl50 G-f317 Y = ^337 W-f -663 Bk" By 10 observations -537 B-l- '146 G-h ^317 Y= -337 W-f '663 Bk ■ (4). Errors -'004 -f- -004 — — — Eliminating blue •660 R-f340 G = -218 Y + -108 W-f '682 Bkl By 5 observations ^672 R-f '328 G = "224 Y+ '094 W-f672 Bk i (5). Errors -'012 -f012 -•006 -f014 -f008 I EXPERIMENTS ON COLOUR, AS PERCEIVED BY THE EYE. 149 Note III. On the Tlicory of Compound Colours. Newton's theorem on the mixture of colours is to be found in his Opticks, Book I., Part ii., Prop. vi. In a mixtiu'e of primary colours^ the quantity and quality of each being gicen, to know the colour of the compound. He divides the circumference of a circle into parts proportional to the seven musical intervals, in accordance with his opinion of the divisions of the spectrum. He then conceives the colours of the spectrum arranged round the circle, and at the centre of gravity of each of the seven arcs he places a little circle, the area of which represents the number of rays of the corresponding colour which enter into the given mixture. He takes the centre of gravity of all these circles to represent the colour formed by the mixture. The hue is determined by drawing a line through the centre of the circle and this point to the circum- ference. The position of this line points out the colour of the spectrum which the mixture most resembles, and the distance of the resultant tint from the centre determines the fulness of its colour. Newton, by this construction (for which he gives no reasons), plainly shews that he considered it possible to find a place within his circle for every possible colour, and that the entire nature of any compound colour may be known from its place in the circle. It will be seen that the same colour may be compounded from the colours of the spectrum in an infinite variety of ways. The apparent identity of all these mixtures, which are optically different, as may be shewn by the prism, implies some law of vision not explicitly stated by Newton. This law, if Newton's method be true, must be that which I have endeavoured to establish, namely, the threefold nature of sensible colour. With respect to Newton's construction, we now know that the proportions of the colours of the spectrum vary with the nature of the refracting medium. The only absolute index of the kind of light is the time of its vibration. The length of its vibration depends on the medium in which it is ; and if any pro- portions are to be sought among the wave-lengths of the colours, they must be determined for those tissues of the eye in which their physical effects are 150 EXPERIMENTS ON COLOUR, AS PERCEIVED BY THE EYE. supposed to terminate. It may be remarked, that the apparent colour of the spectrum changes most rapidly at three points, which lie respectively in the yellow, between blue and green, and between violet and blue. The wave-lengths of the corresponding rays in 'water are in the proportions of three geometric means between 1 and 2 very nearly. This result, however, is not to be con- sidered established, unless confirmed by better observations than mine. The only safe method of completing Newton's construction is by an exami- nation of the colours of the spectrum and their mixtures, and subsequent calculation by the method used in the experiments with coloured papers. In this way I hope to determine the relative positions in the colour-diagram of every ray of the spectrum, and its relative intensity in the solar light. The spectrum will then form a curve not necessarily circular or even re-entrant, and its peculiarities so ascertained may form the foundation of a more complete theory of the colour-sensation. On the relation of the pure rays of the Spectrum to the three assumed Elementary Sensations. If we place the three elementary colour-sensations (which we may call, after Young, red, green, and violet) at the angles of a triangle, all colours which the eye can possibly perceive (whether by the action of light, or by pressure, disease, or imagination) must be somewhere within this triangle, those which lie farthest from the centre being the fullest and purest colours. Hence the colours which lie at the middle of the sides are the purest of their kind which the eye can see, although not so pure as the elementary sensations. It is natural to suppose that the pure red, green, and violet rays of the spectrum produce the sensations which bear their names in the highest purity. But from this supposition it would follow that the yellow, composed of the red and green of the spectrum, would be the most intense yellow possible, while it is the result of experiment, that the yellow of the spectrum itself is much more full in colour. Hence the sensations produced by the pure red and green rays of the spectrum are not the pure sensations of our theory. Newton has remarked, that no two colours of the spectrum produce, when mixed, a colour equal in fulness to the intermediate colour. The colours of the spectrum are all more intense than any compound ones. Purple is the only colour which EXrERIMENTS ON COLOUR, AS PERCEIVED BY TUE EYE. 151 must be produced by combination. The experiments of Helmholtz lead to the same conclusion ; and hence it would appear that we can find no part of the spectrum which produces a pure sensation. An additional, though less satisfactory evidence of this, is supplied by the observation of the colours of the spectrum when excessively bright. They then appear to lose their peculiar colour, and to merge into pure whiteness. This is probably due to the want of capacity of the organ to take in so strong an impression ; one sensation becomes first saturated, and the other two speedily follow it, the final efiect being simple brightness. From these facte I would conclude, that every ray of the spectrum is capable of producing all three pure sensations, though in different degrees. The curve, therefore, which we have supposed to represent the spectrum will be quite within the triangle of colour. All natural or artificial colours, being compounded of the colours of the spectrum, must lie within this curve, and, therefore, the colours corresponding to those parts of the triangle beyond this curve must be for ever unknown to us. The determination of the exact nature of the pure sensations, or of their relation to ordinary colours, is therefore impossible, unless we can prevent them from interfering with each other as they do. It may be possible to experience sensations more pure than those directly produced by the spec- trum, by first exhausting the sensibility to one colour by protracted gazing, and then suddenly turning to its opposite. But if, as I suspect, colour-blindness be due to the absence of one of these sensations, then the point D in diagram (2), which indicates their absent sensation, indicates also our pure sensation, which we may call red, but which we can never experience, because all kinds of light excite the other sensations. Newton has stated one objection to his theory, as follows: — "Also, if only two of the pnmanj colours, which in tJw circle are opposite to one another, be mixed in an equal proportion, the point Z" (the resultant tint) "shall fall upon the centre " (neutral tint) ; " and yet the colour compounded of these two shcdl not he p>erfectly white, hut some faint anonymous colour. For I could never yet, by mixing only two primary colours, produce a perfect ivhite" This is confirmed by the experiments of Helmholtz ; who, however, has succeeded better with some pairs of colours than with others. In. my experiments on the spectrum, I came to the same result ; but It appeared to me that the very peculiar appearance of the neutral tints produced 152 EXPERIMENTS ON COLOUR, AS PERCEIVED BY THE EYE. was owing to some opticjal effect taking place in the transparent part of the eye on the mixture of two rays of very different refrangibility. Most eyes are by no means achromatic, so that the images of objects illuminated with mixed light of this kind appear divided into two different colours; and even when there is no distinct object, the mixtures become in some degree analysed, so as to present a very strange, and certainly "anonymous" appearance. Additional Note on the more recent experiments of M. Helmholtz*. In his former memoir on the Theory of Compound Colours f, M. Helmholtz arrived at the conclusion that only one pair of homogeneous colours, orange- yellow and indigo-blue, were strictly complementary. This result was shewn by Professor Grassmann\| to be at variance with Newton's theory of compound colours ; and although the reasoning was founded on intuitive rather than experimental truths, it pointed out the tests by which Newton's theory must be verified or overthrown. In applying these tests, M. Helmholtz made use of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Online Library → James Clerk Maxwell → The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell (Volume 1) → online text (page 14 of 50) Using the text of ebook The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell (Volume 1) by James Clerk Maxwell active link like:	http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/james-clerk-maxwell/the-scientific-papers-of-james-clerk-maxwell-volume-1-wxa/page-14-the-scientific-papers-of-james-clerk-maxwell-volume-1-wxa.shtml
Pestle analysis of Myanmar. The Republic of the Union of Myanmar or Burma is a Southeast Asian country. It shares the border with the Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, Thailand, Laos, China, India, and Bangladesh. Naypyidaw is the capital of Myanmar. Myanmar has a total area of 261,228 square miles, and it’s the 39th world’s largest country. It’s the 10th largest country in Asia. However, approximately 54,658,316 people are populating the country, and it’s the 26 world’s most populated country. Rangoon is the country’s largest city. Burmese people laid the foundation of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, and it promoted culture and language. Mongols invasion disrupted and divided the region. Taungoo dynasty reunified the country and became the Southeast Asian largest empire for a while in the 16th century. The colonial British East India Company conquered the region after 60 years of Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century. The country finally achieved its independence on January 04, 1948. Today, we’ll discuss the pestle analysis of Myanmar. It’s going to focus on the maco-environmental factors impacting Asian growing country. Here’s the pestle analysis of Myanmar as follows; Political factors affecting Myanmar Diplomatic Relation Myanmar has a membership of BIMSTEC, ASEAN, Non-Aligned Movement, and East Asia Summit. The neighboring giant countries like China and India have conflicted relations over the commonly shared border, and Myanmar is in the middle of the conflict. However, the main priority of the Burmese government is to develop the Economic Corridor with China. She’s also working on establishing relations with Korea, Japan, and Australia to lower the reliance and influence of China. Challenges Myanmar is facing a serious challenge of increasing corruption and the crime rate. According to the ranking of Transparency International, Myanmar falls at 137 positions of the corruption level with a transparency score of 28. The government has to introduce constitutional reforms in order to safeguard the rights of ethnic minorities. She should also work on reducing the tension with the Rakhine state. Conflict The conflicts among various ethnic groups are the order of the day in Myanmar, and they sometimes result in the form of violent clash and bloodshed. Even the military dictator couldn’t stop the conflict. Every group wants to prove its dominance over the other. Some political critics say that the military ignites conflicts in order to destabilize the political government. Dictatorial Regime Myanmar has had a fierce long dictatorial regime from 1962-2011. The military has recently seized political power from the NLD (National League for Democracy) on February 01, 2021. In other words, the country is still under a dictatorial regime and it has nationalized every big industry and major project. Economical factors affecting Myanmar GDP & Impact of Pandemic According to an estimate, the annual nominal GDP of Myanmar in 2020 was 70.89 billion dollars. Out of which, the per capita income of the country was 1608.50 dollars. The Burmese government and people strictly followed the virus prevention protocol and guidelines. It’s because the country was aware of her limitations and testing facilities. However, the economic impact of the pandemic of covid-19 was very strong, and it has very badly affected the remittance, tourism, and gas export industry. Economic Growth The post-pandemic period for Myanmar would be difficult and hard because the Burmese economy had already been suffering. The pandemic of covid-19 limited the country’s economic growth and exports. However, economists suggest that the country’s economy would grow by 5.9% in the upcoming years. But it’s now difficult to say because of the military dictatorial regime and global economic crisis. Industries Fishing and agriculture are the main sources of the country’s revenue. They provide employment opportunities to two-third of the country’s population. People cultivate rice crops across the country. It’s worth mentioning it here that fishing and agriculture are the only two private sectors, every other business is under government control. Employment According to an estimate, Myanmar has an unemployment rate of 1.71% in 2020, it’s highly impressive. Approximately 37 million people are doing the hard labor work. However, the country has an employment rate of 99% during 2010-2018. Social factors impacting Myanmar Culture Myanmar has a remarkable architecture of its temples. It has a highly religious socio-cultural environment. People dress modestly to show humbleness. Monks collect donations in the form of rice, food, and fruits for the monasteries and temples. Puppet shows, dance, costumes, and theatrical performances are some of the cultural festivities. Religion & Ethnicity Myanmar is a highly religious country. Buddhism is the majority religion comprising 87.9%. Other religions are Christianity (6.2%), Islam (4.3%), and others (1.6%). Demography Myanmar is a highly diverse country comprising approximately 135 ethnic groups. Some of the main ethnic groups are Bamar (68%), Chinese (3%), Rakhine (4), Kayin (7%), and Shan (10%). Burmese is the official language of Myanmar. However, different ethnic groups speak different languages. The average age of men and women in the country is 66 years. She has a majority young population of the average age of 29 years old. Technological factors affecting Myanmar Tech Growth The pandemic of covid-19 has pushed Myanmar to adapt to the online work culture, even though it’s difficult to work online straight 9 hours. Various businesses and companies are learning cloud computing to handle the current circumstances. The trend of e-commerce and online shopping is also increasing. The government is promoting the usage of the internet and digital technology. E-commerce & ICT Sector Myanmar is investing a lot of resources in the e-commerce industry. The country is also facing some challenges like tech education, ICT skill, and converting smartphone users into e-consumers. Telecom The tech industry isn’t growing at the same rate as the other Asian countries. Myanmar has introduced economical internet packages to attract users. She is facing a serious issue of an energy shortage, especially in rural areas. Legal factors impacting Myanmar Welcoming Investors Myanmar government has been introducing various regulations, consistent, and reliable policies for foreign businesses. Now, the government has allowed foreign businesses to own equity of up 35%. It has opened the door for many opportunities for local businesses. FDI Myanmar is finally accepting the significance of international relations with other countries and the world’s organizations. Many foreign nations have taken interest in the country because of her modern policies. However, the country has a specific geographical position and a lot of natural resources. It could serve of great importance to many foreign investors. Environmental factors impacting Myanmar Natural Disasters Myanmar has faced the world’s worst environmental disasters for the past two decades. People still call the flood of 2008 the worst natural disaster in the country’s history. According to an estimate, the temperature would increase approximately 3 degrees centigrade by 2040, and the sea level would rise 40 centimeters by 2050. Deforestation The growing agriculture industry is causing deforestation in Myanmar. The country has already lost approximately 3,459,475 are of forest to deforestation. Pollution Myanmar is facing a severe issue of air pollution. The construction, energy, mining, and manufacturing industries are causing air pollution. Climate Myanmar is a tropical country with a monsoon rainy season from Jun to October. November to February is cold and dry, and March to May is very hot. However, the weather remains hot and humid throughout the year. Conclusion: Myanmar Pestle Analysis After an in-depth study of the pestle analysis of Myanmar, we’ve concluded that Myanmar is one of the growing Asian countries. Environmental disasters, climate change, lower-tech growth, and dictatorial regimes are some of the main issues. Myanmar should address these issues and learn from the neighboring developed countries. Ahsan Ali Shaw is an accomplished Business Writer, Analyst, and Public Speaker. Other than that, he’s a fun loving person.	https://swotandpestleanalysis.com/pestle-analysis-of-myanmar/
Queen Elizabeth National Park (Queen NP) is Uganda’s most visited park because of its diversity in wildlife. Its vast fields of sprawling savannah are a natural habitat for over 95 mammal species and an estimated 612 species of birds, making it one top game viewing destinations in East Africa. The big attractions in this park are wildlife expeditions in Mweya Peninsula where herds of buffalo and elephant are commonly sighted grazing with antelope, kob, and dozens of other grass-eaters. The best way to view game in this park is to take a boat cruise on Kazinga Channel, a popular watering spot for many animals in the park. You will find hundred of hippo luxuriating in its waters as elephants bathe on the shores. If you’re lucky, you might catch the unusual sight of lions watering alongside gazelles and leopard. But the most astounding item in this park is the famous tree-climbing lions of Ishasha. Tree climbing lions are an extreme rarity in Africa. There only three places where they can still be spotted, and nowhere else are they more commonly sighted than in Queen NP. Besides here, tree climbing lions can also be seen in Tanzania, close to Lake Manyara, and in South Africa. The difference between these places and Queen is that they you have higher chances of seeing them at Ishasha. The park’s vegetation consists largely of bushy grassland, acacia woodland, lakeshore vegetation, swamp vegetation and forest grassland which support a large variety of animal and bird life. Its long list of wildlife includes Lion, Leopard, Elephant, Hippo, Crocodile Cape Buffalo, Uganda Kob, Waterbuck, Warthog, Hyena, Giant Forest Hog, Topi, Antelope, among others. With an astonishing 5000 hippos, 2500 elephants and over 10,000 buffalo thriving within park boundaries, QENP guarantees sightings of some of Africa’s most iconic species. Her most illustrious and elusive inhabitants are its felines: the lion, leopard, civet, genal and serval cats. Lions are found throughout the park, but the most renowned live in the southern sector of Ishasha. Solitary leopards are nocturnal experts in camourflage, merely catching a glimpse of them is a feat. Many of the smaller cats are nocturnal too and best spotted on night game drives. There are over ten species in the park, the chimpanzee being the most popular. Vervet and black-and-white colobus monkeys are commonly spotted in the trees, but the boldest of all are the baboons; don’t be shocked when sneak into your car and steal food right out of your hands. When it comes to birding, Queen NP’s bird list is a birder’s paradise. The park’s diverse variety of habitats, ranging from savannah to wetland and lowland forest, are home to over 600 species, the biggest bird list of any protected area in East Africa. It is classified as an Important Birding Area (IBA) and is one of few places in Africa where birders can spot both East and Central Africa species, and the several species of European and American birds that migrate south when its winter in the north. Majority of Queen NP’s long list of birds are a must-see for real birders. Key species include the Martial Eagle, Black-Rumped Buttonquail, African Skimmer, Chapin’s Flycatcher, Pink-Backed Pelican, African Broadbill, Verreaux’s Eagle Owl, Black Bee-Eater, White-Tailed Lark, White-Winged Warbler, Papyrus Gonolek, Papyrus Canary, Corncrake, Lesser and Greater Flamingo, Shoebill Stork, Bar-Tailed Godwit, Malachite Kingfisher as well as the Great Flamingo. QENP is renowned for birding, boat safaris and wildlife expeditions. But besides these are several other things you can do, especially if you are here for a long stay. Wildlife Safaris: The best time for wildlife expeditions is early in the morning. For a classic safari experience, the tracks through Kasenyi, the North Kazinga Plains, and the Ishasha Sector guarantee sightings of buffalo, antelope and elephant sightings, along with warthogs and baboons. Taking an experienced guide in the early morning or at dusk is the most successful way to track down a pride of lions, and maybe even the odd leopard. Guides are available from 6:30am onwards. Boat Safaris: Queen NP operates launch drives along the Kazinga Channel two or four times a day with an excellent view of wildlife and birds waters at the channel’s shores and guaranteed sightings of hippos. Birding Expeditions: The best birding hot spots in the park around Kazinga Channel, Kasenyi Area, Mweya Peninsula, Maramagambo Forest, Ishasha Sector, Lake Kikorongo, Katunguru Bridge area and Katwe Area. Tucked beneath the shady canopy of the Maramagambo Forest is the “Bat Cave”. The cave has a viewing room in which visitors can observe the bats as well as the pythons that live alongside them. Chimp Tracking: An ideal activity for primate lovers is chimp tracking in Kyamabura Gorge, an atmospheric rainforest with a large population of chimps and monkeys. The rich vegetation of the gorge makes it ideal for spotting birds as well, and though chimp sighting are not guaranteed, you won’t miss the sound of these jungle misfits following you around and teasing your ears with primate calls. Nature Trekking: Hiking in tropical forest and open grassland is one of the most rewarding experiences you can get. Mweya Peninsula offers savannah and woodland with beautiful views and bold warthogs. At the southern end, visitors can enjoy an easy stroll along the Ishasha River, where they can spot a variety of forest and savannah bird and mammal species as well as the unique experience of getting close to hippos on foot. Culture Experience: What’s an African safari without a taste of traditional village life as lived before modernity made contact with Africa. As part of its conservation program, the park works with communities living near QENP to provide tours of various aspects of traditional village life, including traditional huts, dances, cuisine, and opportunities to participate in community development programs and activities. Fees for these tours go towards supporting community empowerment and conservation initiatives. Whether you're looking for a place to spend your honeymoon, you want to teach your children about our culture or you're just looking to escape for the weekend, we have just the adventure for you. +256 772 450 272 Andrew Apartments, Kulambiro,	http://trekkingtimmy.com/destination/queenelizabeth/
Tomorrow, I am speaking at the Ethnographic and Qualitative Research Conference in Las Vegas. I am excited about the opportunity as I get to share my research with peers in the field of education as well as researchers in other fields. The results of this research is intended to inform educational leaders and policymakers regarding what is needed to help educational leaders like principals, assistant principals, superintendents, district coordinator, teacher leaders, and teachers to provide insight to how they can become more data literate. Ultimately, data literacy is needed in order to utilize various data practices (i.e., collecting, compiling/cleaning, and transforming data using statistics) to make data-driven decisions for instructional improvement. I am excited to share a quick summary of the research as well as the slideshow I am presenting at the conference tomorrow morning. For this study, we looked at the perceptions of these educational leaders regarding their perceptions to utilize data practices in their educational setting as well as to establish and participate in data cultures at their school site/district. The methodology was a qualitative methodology, which employed grounded theory. Qualitative data was collected via a survey open-ended response in order to collect as much data as possible from our sampling population. Conclusions derived from this study include how educational leaders need to mandate and model data-driven cultures in their schools. Additionally, perceptions regarding data practices from participants mostly involved how data-driven decision-making was employed instructional and school/district improvement. Participants felt like this was not happening because there was a lack of training to facilitate the use of data. Finally, participants noted that time was a major constraint because many felt within a school day not enough time was set aside for data disaggregation. On top of the lack of time, participants perceived Much of this research has helped me craft the book I am working on regarding data practices, which is intended to help build the data literacy skills of teachers and administrators. I am hoping I will be able to lecture on this research more in the coming months. Lastly, I have my fingers crossed about submitting the journal article I have written on this research to the Journal of Ethnographic and Qualitative Research. Hopefully, the feedback I receive tomorrow will help refine the draft before submitting it. Take a look here at the presentation on the research. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me.	https://matthewrhoads.com/2020/02/23/eqrc-conference-presentation-major-themes-found-in-california-regarding-how-data-practices-and-cultures-are-utilized-and-established-in-k-12-schools-and-districts/
Energy efficient retrofits of existing commercial buildings are essential to achieve the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies Office’s (BTO’s) goal of 50% reduction in overall building energy use by 2030. Masonry buildings constitute a significant portion of the existing building stock built prior to the 1980s in the north-east region of U.S. These buildings often have uninsulated or under-insulated walls (not up to code) which offer a good potential to achieve energy efficiency through improved wall retrofit strategies. Factors such as historic preservation, space requirements, zoning issues, etc. often require these existing buildings to be retrofitted on the inside of the wall assembly.	https://www.brikbase.org/content/best-practice-recommendations-interior-wall-retrofit-masonry-construction
Climate shift may have spurred migration across now submerged land bridge St Paul Island in the Bering Sea. Credit Matthew Wooller A new study by Canadian, UK and US researchers has found that climate conditions shifted to become wetter and warmer around 15,000 years ago and contributed to the first human migration between Asia and North America. A stretch of land known as the Bering Land Bridge once connected what is today Russia and Alaska, when sea levels were much lower during the last glaciation. This was an important bridge because it provided an opening for the dispersal of people and animals from Asia into the Americas. Led by University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF), working with geographers at the University of Southampton (UK), the research team was able to gauge climate conditions by studying a 12-metre-long sediment core collected from a lake on St. Paul Island in the Bering Sea. By analysing organisms in the core, scientists constructed a climate record of the Bering Land Bridge during the past 18,500 years. Almost all of the bridge and evidence of its past conditions is now submerged due to sea level rise. The study, which also involves the universities of Arizona, Pennsylvania State, Wisconsin-Madison, Mount Allison, New Brunswick, York (Canada) and Plymouth (UK), is published in the journal Royal Society Open Science.
For the crystallised dark chocolate, put 75 ml cold tap water and the sugar into a saucepan and place the pan over a high heat. Bring to the boil and continue to heat until the temperature of the liquid reaches 135ºC or until the syrup at the side of the pan begins to colour. Remove from the heat and immediately add the chopped chocolate. Whisk to incorporate the chocolate and continue to whisk until the liquid has completely crystallised. Pour the chocolate crystals onto a baking tray lined with baking paper and allow to cool. This can be kept in an airtight container in the freezer for up to 1 month. To caramelise the Grape Nuts, place the cereal in a frying pan over a high heat and allow to toast for approximately 4 minutes, shaking the pan from time to time. Add the salt and continue to toast for an additional minute. Sprinkle the sugar over the surface of the Grape Nuts and stir with a spatula until the surface of the Grape Nuts is well caramelised. Pour the caramelised Grape Nuts on to a baking tray lined with baking paper and allow to cool at room temperature. Roughly chop and set aside. To caramelize the white chocolate, preheat the oven to 190ºC/gas mark 5. Place the white chocolate on a baking tray lined with baking paper and place in the oven for 15 minutes. After the first 5 minutes, begin to stir the chocolate every couple of minutes until fully caramelised. Mix the crystallised dark chocolate and caramelised white chocolate with the cocoa powder and chopped caramelised Grape Nuts, then add the salt and the hazelnut oil. To make the dark chocolate layers, break the chocolate into pieces and melt in a bowl over a saucepan of simmering water. Pour the melted chocolate over a sheet of acetate. Place another sheet of acetate on top and then place a heavy chopping board on top to create a thin, even layer. Place in the freezer for 10 minutes. Using a pastry cutter roughly the size of the inside of the flower pots, cut out four discs of chocolate. Store in an airtight container in between sheets of parchment in the fridge. To start the Marsala cream, whisk the eggs with the sugar until light and fluffy. In a separate bowl, whisk the mascarpone, whipping cream and Marsala until soft peaks form. Fold the cream mixture into the egg mixture in three batches. Place 5 tablespoons of the cream mixture in a small saucepan. Squeeze the excess water out of the gelatine leaf, add it to the pan and warm up the mixture just enough to melt the gelatine. Whisk the mixture into the bulk of the Marsala cream. To soak the sponge fingers, place them in a flat tray. Mix the coffee with the Marsala, and drizzle some of this over the top. Allow to soak for approximately 1 minute, then turn the sponge fingers over and drizzle with the remaining coffee mixture. To assemble the tiramisù, place a chocolate disc on the bottom of each pot, then add some sponge fingers soaked in coffee and Marsala. Next add some Marsala cream. Place another chocolate disc on top then some more Marsala cream, one more disc and a final layer of cream. Place in the fridge for at least 2 hours. Sprinkle the soil on top of each tiramisu flower pot to cover the surface. To finish the tiramisù, brush some melted chocolate underneath mint and basil leaves and, when dry, ‘plant’ them in the edible soil.	https://dessertsmagazine.com/tag/heston-blumenthal/
The aim of this subgroup analysis was to identify the risk factors associated with the development of various movement disorder phenotypes. Methods Eighty-three non-Wilsonian cirrhotic patients with abnormal movements were allocated into the following groups: intention tremor, bradykinesia, Parkinsonism, and abnormal ocular movements. These movement types were considered the primary outcomes as there was a sufficient sample size. Researchers took into consideration the gender, etiologies of cirrhosis, cirrhosis-related complications, hepatic encephalopathy, medical illness, and some neurological deficits as potential factors associated with these movement disorders. Results The male gender (p = 0.002) and alcoholic cirrhosis (p = 0.005) were significant factors for the prevalence of intention tremors. In bradykinesia, hepatic encephalopathy was highly statistically significant (p < 0.001), and females more commonly developed bradykinesia (p = 0.04). The Parkinsonism features in this study were confounded by hyperlipidemia (p = 0.04) and motor or sensory deficits (p = 0.02). Jerky pursuits and a horizontal nystagmus were detected. Jerky pursuits were significantly related to hepatic encephalopathy (p = 0.003) and bradykinesia, but there were no factors associated with the prevalence of nystagmus other than an intention tremor. Conclusions The association of alcoholic cirrhosis with the development of intention tremor indicates that the persistent cerebellar malfunction in cirrhotic patients is due to alcohol toxicity. The slowness of finger tapping and jerky pursuit eye movements are significantly associated with hepatic encephalopathy. Thus, further studies are needed to evaluate the diagnostic value of these two signs for an early detection of mild hepatic encephalopathy. Since the clinical and pathological studies of Victor, Adams, and Cole in 1965, movement disorders in acquired hepatic cirrhotic patients have been acknowledged. The term “chronic acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (CAHD)” refers to neurological deficits that include various abnormalities such as ataxia, dysarthria, and cognitive deterioration . Although the asterixis or negative myoclonus resulting from hyperammonemia is episodic and reversible in hepatic encephalopathy, Parkinsonism and other movement disorders in CAHD are permanent. The pathogenesis of CAHD is still unknown. Although some researchers have proposed that CAHD might be associated with an extensive portosystemic shunt, there are some reports of patients presenting with neurological deficits who do not have hepatic signs . A pathological case reported in 1970 revealed degenerative processes that involved the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, white matter, brainstem, and cerebellum . This finding explains various neurological manifestations and movement disorders found in patients with CAHD. Other abnormal movements related to CAHD include hemiballism , extraocular muscle dystonia , orofacial dyskinesia , and tremors that can be intentional, postural, or rest tremors.1 However, tremors, ataxia and other movement disorders in chronic liver disease are also influenced by many factors such as alcohol , medications , and metabolic imbalances . Furthermore, there is one case report of recurrent neurological deficits and Parkinsonism in a cirrhotic patient following liver transplantation . All these factors bring into question other etiologies that may contribute to the prevalence of various movement disorder phenotypes. If these etiologies are reversible, patients can benefit from early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This event is especially true for some conditions that are associated with hepatic encephalopathy. This report aims to reveal the details of each of the movement disorder phenotypes and to determine the possible related factors. MATERIALS & METHODS Study population The Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University approved the research proposal, the data recording, consent forms, and the patients’ information. This study included 143 volunteers (99 men, 44 women) who were diagnosed with non-Wilsonian hepatic cirrhosis using the inclusion criteria as classified in the first report. Two gastroenterologists collected personal data, the patients’ medical histories, the etiologies of cirrhosis, and the information on medical comorbidities. Upper abdominal ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT) scans of the abdomen were used to confirm hepatic cirrhosis. Liver biopsies were investigated in cases with suspicious hepatic malignancies. A neurologist performed the neurological and movement disorder examinations. All subjects had normal consciousness and did not have lifethreatening conditions. Eighty-three volunteers presenting with various movement disorders were categorized and preselected for a subgroup analysis as illustrated in Figure 1. Outcomes Movement disorders and neurological deficits Asterixis, postural tremor, intention tremor, Parkinsonism, bradykinesia, dystonia, abnormal ocular movements, and an unsteady gait were all movement disorder phenotypes detected in this study. Only the group of patients with intention tremor, bradykinesia, Parkinsonism, and abnormal ocular movements had a sample size large enough (n > 10) to be included in the subgroup analysis. The intention tremor was characterized as a mild action tremor. It presented while performing the finger-to-nose test. The tremor was evident when the index finger approached the target without pointing beyond the target. Patients with bradykinesia in the subgroup analysis were determined to be those with a certain degree of sluggish manual dexterity (finger tapping, hand closing and opening, and rapid alternation) and/or leg agility without the presence of cogwheel rigidity. The slowness of finger tapping had a delayed onset without a decrease in the tapping width. Due to the lack of a measuring instrument to identify the rate or frequency of hand movements, the researcher assessed the slowness of finger tapping in the patients by comparing them with the finger tapping in healthy subjects. To diagnose Parkinsonism, patients were required to present with at least two of the following signs: resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. We also used the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), part three, to estimate the severity of Parkinsonism. Abnormal ocular movements were divided into a group with nystagmus and a group with jerky pursuit. Hyposmia is the neurological deficit that theoretically yields a significant association with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. To screen for hyposmia in this study, we used two tubes containing coffee and soap as objects for the smelling test. The nostrils of the volunteers were examined, and patients were asked to close their eyes and describe the odor. There were some cases with impaired smelling function, and the researchers analyzed its relationship to Parkinsonism. Independent variables and confounders General data, cirrhosis, and other medical illnesses Gender was one of the independent variables. The age range of the subjects was 37–70 years of age. Researchers divided the subjects into three groups of 37–49, 50–59, and 60–70 years of age. Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, alcoholism, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cryptogenic, and combined causes of cirrhosis were considered to be potentially independent variables. Patients who had at least two risk factors for the development of cirrhosis were considered to have combined causes of cirrhosis. For example, one patient had hepatitis B and hepatitis C, and another patient had hepatitis C and alcoholic cirrhosis. Non-neurological complications such as portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma were considered as variables that could be associated with the prevalence of movement disorders. The Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score of each patient was accessed and recorded. Other medical illnesses that may play a role in the presence of neurological deficits and/or movement disorders such as diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, a prior history of cerebrovascular disease, impairment of renal function, and coronary artery disease were regarded as confounding factors. The history of alcohol consumption was one of the confounders that could result in some movement disorders. This variable was used to describe volunteers who continued to drink a different volume of alcohol and those who had stopped drinking. Neurological and neuropsychiatric examinations There were three clinical manifestations that were considered potential factors for the prevalence of movement disorders: motor and sensory deficits, motor or sensory deficits, and hepatic encephalopathy. Decreased motor strength, impairments of pain sensation and/or proprioception may be relevant to bradykinesia and Parkinsonism. Thus, investigators classified these variables as confounders. The neurological deficits were divided into two groups: cases with both motor and sensory deficits and cases with either motor or sensory deficits. Cirrhotic patients in the motor and sensory deficits group presented clinically with both motor weakness and impaired sensory modalities. Patients in the motor or sensory deficits group included volunteers who had a motor weakness, decreased pain sensation or impaired proprioception. The definition of hepatic encephalopathy was described in the Working Party at the 11th World Congress of Gastroenterology . Hepatic encephalopathy in this study was classified as a type C encephalopathy associated with cirrhosis, portal hypertension and/or portal-systemic shunting. Researchers classified the severity of the encephalopathy using the West Haven criteria for semi-quantitative grading of the patients’ mental status. There were no standard mental state tests or questionnaires to evaluate hepatic encephalopathy that had been validated in Thai. A history of suspicious cognitive problems was screened in all the volunteers before initiating neurological examinations to rule out undiagnosed dementia. We did not use electroencephalography (EEG) to confirm encephalopathy due to limitations in our funding. Additionally, serum ammonia assays were not available in our hospital’s laboratory. Neuroradiological assessment Neuroradiological studies were not conducted on every patient due to limited funding. Patients whose physical examinations revealed apparent neurological deficits or patients with a prior history of cerebrovascular disease were sent for CT scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Previous MRIs or CT scans of the brain that were conducted no more than one year before the initiation of this study were reviewed. Statistical analysis We used SPSS for Windows, standard version 11.5.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, 1989–2002) for statistical analysis. To determine the correlation between the outcomes and the independent variables for the movement disorder phenotypes, we used the chi-square or Fisher-exact test, with a p-value of less than 0.05 deemed to be statistically significant. Logistic regression was used to determine the significant risk factors associated with each movement and gait disorder phenotype. The analysis of the p-value, odds ratio (OR), and a 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed individually for all independent variables. Independent variables with a p-value of less than 0.10 were integrated for re-analysis with logistic regression to determine the final results for statistically significant risk factors that were related to movement disorder phenotype. RESULTS Intention tremor Of the 53 cirrhotic patients with intention tremors, four patients developed the tremor in their right hand, 30 patients developed the tremor in the left, and 19 patients developed the tremor in both hands. Male gender was a dominant trait among 48 subjects (48.5% within a gender), whereas the number of females was 5 (11.4% within a gender). The number of patients in each CTP score was 32 in CTP A, 17 in CTP B, and 4 in CTP C. The chi-square and Fisher-exact tests for the prevalence of intention tremors and all independent variables indicated the significance of the male gender (p < 0.001), alcoholic cirrhosis (p < 0.001), NASH (p = 0.01), and a history of alcohol consumption (p < 0.001). The univariate analysis of the different etiologies of hepatic cirrhosis and other independent variables are shown in Table 1. The multivariate analysis with age-range adjustments confirmed the significance of the male gender and alcoholic cirrhosis to the prevalence of intention tremors at p = 0.002, OR = 5.70 of 95% CI 1.89–17.16, and p = 0.005, OR = 10.07 of 95% CI 2.02–50.14, respectively. Bradykinesia Bradykinesia was rated as 1 to 2 as referenced by the UPDRS part three criteria. There were 28 cases (15 males, 13 females). Most of the cases were in CTP B (15 patients), followed by 8 in CTP A and 5 in CTP C. Females were dominant, with a higher percentage than men (males 15.2%, females 29.5%). This gender difference yielded a significant effect (p = 0.04). The Chi-square and Fisher-exact tests for the prevalence of bradykinesia, and the different etiologies of hepatic cirrhosis revealed no significance. Portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma also showed no significance. On the contrary, hepatic encephalopathy was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Analysis of all the confounding effects was inconsequential. The univariate analysis of factors associated with the prevalence of bradykinesia is illustrated in Table 2. Finally, the factors associated with bradykinesia included the female gender (p = 0.04, OR = 3.48, 95% CI 1.05–11.49) and hepatic encephalopathy (p < 0.001, OR = 43.32, 95% CI 9.30–201.51). Parkinsonism Fifteen cirrhotic patients who presented with Parkinsonism scored between 4 and 22 on the UPDRS motor scale (11 males, 4 females). Bradykinesia and cogwheel rigidity were rated as grade 1. Two patients showed mild postural instability, and two patients had resting tremors. Fourteen patients developed rigidity and bradykinesia bilaterally except for one patient who presented with right hemi-Parkinsonism. Ten patients were in CTP A, whereas 3 and 2 patients were in CTP B and CTP C, respectively. Statistical outcomes of the univariate analysis are shown in Table 3. From the multivariate analysis with age-range adjustment, the presence of hyperlipidemia (p = 0.04, OR = 0.11, 95% CI 0.01–0.95) and motor or sensory deficits (p = 0.02, OR = 5.05, 95% CI 1.28–19.79) were statistically significant. Hyposmia was well established to be a premotor symptom of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Although hyposmia was not a movement disorder phenotype, it was included in the statistical analysis, especially in investigating its relationship to Parkinsonism. From the results of the assessment of the neurological deficits found in cirrhotic patients, there were 35 patients with hyposmia (29 male, 6 female). Male gender yielded an effect on the prevalence of an impaired sense of smell (p = 0.05, OR = 2.62, 95% CI 1.00–6.87). The univariate analysis did not show any significant relationship between hyposmia and other etiologies of cirrhosis or confounders. On the other hand, hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic encephalopathy had a significant effect (p = 0.03, OR = 2.95, 95% CI 1.10–7.89, and p = 0.01, OR = 2.66, 95% CI 1.21–5.83). The association between hyposmia and Parkinsonism was analyzed. The initial results showed significant effects of p = 0.04, OR = 3.12, and 95% CI 1.04–9.36. However, the multivariate analysis with age-range adjustments confirmed that the hepatic encephalopathy and male gender were factors associated with hyposmia (p = 0.01, OR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.24–6.73, and p = 0.02, OR = 3.36, 95% CI 1.13–9.97). Abnormal ocular movements Twenty-nine patients presented with abnormal ocular movements (26 male, 3 female). Nystagmus and jerky pursuits were detected. The univariate analysis of these two characteristics is shown in Table 4. Nystagmus Fourteen patients (12 male, 2 female) had developed nystagmus. Horizontal nystagmus was the most common type. Three patients showed an upbeat-torsional nystagmus without evidence of impaired hearing function or abnormal cerebellar signs. Half of the patients with nystagmus were in CTP B. Although there was no association with nystagmus, this abnormal ocular movement was statistically significant with intention tremors at p = 0.03, OR = 3.47, 95% CI 1.09–11.00. Jerky pursuits The clinical feature of the disruption of smooth pursuit was observed in the conjugate eye movement of the horizontal axis. The saccade was preserved. There were 15 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and a history of alcohol consumption. Seven patients were in CTP B, 6 patients were in CTP A, and 2 patients were in CTP C. Hepatic encephalopathy yielded an effect on the prevalence of jerky pursuits (p = 0.003, OR = 7.89, 95% CI 2.03–30.58) on multivariate analysis with age-range adjustments. This type of eye movement also was significantly related to bradykinesia (p = 0.04, OR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.03–9.94). DISCUSSION The subgroup analyses of each movement disorder phenotype have disclosed some interesting outcomes. The intention tremor was the most common movement disorder found in our study. The significant association between the prevalence of intention tremors and alcoholic cirrhosis shows that heavy alcohol consumption causes adverse effects on the cerebellum. Structural changes can be noticed not only in the cerebellum but also in the prefrontal cortex, pons, and thalamus of the brain of a chronic alcoholic. Neuronal cells of the cerebellar hemispheres, Purkinje cells and other cells of the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellar cortex and the cerebellar white matter are affected in patients with alcoholism . It is proposed that the intention tremor appears when alcohol-induced neuronal degeneration occurs. As seen from the observations in our study, this kinetic tremor persists even in patients who no longer consume alcohol. This phenomenon probably reflects the irreversible neuronal damage in the cerebellar circuit. With the decompensation of hepatic function, the brains of cirrhotic patients may be more exposed to toxins than those of healthy people. From this point of view, we may be able to use the results from our study to campaign for alcohol cessation in Thailand as alcohol abuse continues to be a significant problem. Another finding related to chronic alcohol abuse is in the swaying and truncal tremors associated with atrophy of the anterior cerebellar vermis . However, an ataxic gait in this study was seen in an insufficient number of cases for the subgroup analysis, so there is uncertainty about the factors associated with this gait impairment and its relation to other signs of cerebellar malfunction. Another finding that can possibly be caused by cerebellar dysfunction is nystagmus. Statistical analysis has shown a strong relationship between this eye sign to an intention tremor. We propose that both abnormal movements are common in alcoholic cirrhotic patients. One interesting result is the strong relationship between bradykinesia and hepatic encephalopathy. The slowness of hand movements is visible and easily detected by assessing repetitive finger tapping. According to a previous report, this phenotype is defined as a fine motor impairment or as the slowing of finger movements. The pilot study by Butz et al. showed that a decreased frequency of finger movements without a significant reduction of movement amplitude was found in cirrhotic patients who were at an early stage of hepatic encephalopathy. The Critical Flicker Frequency tool (CFF) was used for quantitative evaluation. CFF measurements focus on alternating between flexion and extension of the index finger while resting the other fingers. From a neurophysiological perspective, simple repetitive finger tapping is a process that requires the cooperation of the sensorimotor cortex and tactile-kinesthetic feedback. A decline in cortical function in conjunction with the stages of hepatic encephalopathy results in weak performance in finger movements . Two experimental studies conducted in cirrhotic patients showed good reliability and accuracy of the CFF as a diagnostic tool for patients with mild hepatic encephalopathy [15,16]. Taking all previous results and the outcomes of our study into consideration, the slowness of finger tapping can be visually and sensitively detected in the mild or early stages of hepatic encephalopathy. Thus, we suggest finger tapping as a physical sign that coincides with the West-Haven criteria rather than as a negative myoclonus. It would be beneficial to assess this abnormal movement in an outpatient setting because physicians have limited time for physical examinations due to the high volume of patients. However, future research should be conducted with a larger sample size and a control group to confirm the sensitivity and specificity of the finger tapping impairment seen in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. A jerky pursuit is another physical sign that has a strong association with hepatic encephalopathy. It can easily be detected on visual inspection. A typical eye pursuit movement in a healthy person occurs when the patient can see and carefully follow moving objects smoothly. With impairment, the eye movement distributes with a corrective saccade. Structural defects of the pursuit pathway can happen anywhere in the cerebral cortex, pons, and/or cerebellum. In hepatic encephalopathy, cerebral neurotransmission function is interrupted, and this results in a jerky pursuit . An outcome of our study is in agreement with the results of a previous study that assessed the disruption of smooth pursuit eye movements in hepatic encephalopathy patients as a quantifiable value . We also discovered a strong association between bradykinesia and jerky pursuits. These two signs are important indicators of cerebral malfunction. Therefore, fine motor impairment and the disrupted smooth pursuits should be considered useful and coordinated clinical signs for the detection of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy. However, due to the small numbers of volunteers in this subgroup, alcoholic cirrhosis and the history of alcohol consumption that may present in all cases with jerky pursuits cannot be interpreted using statistics. The subgroup analysis of Parkinsonism shows the effects of the confounders that contribute to the feature. Some of these factors include hyperlipidemia, a previous history of cerebrovascular disease, and motor or sensory deficits. We summarize that Parkinsonism in this study is a consequence of peripheral neuropathy and lacunar infarctions. These two conditions are frequent incidences of metabolic diseases, especially DM. This outcome contrasts with previous studies that indicated Parkinsonism in nonWilsonian cirrhotic patients to be caused by CAHD and excessive manganese accumulation [1,8]. This inconsistent finding is possibly due to criteria that excluded severe cirrhotic cases with a high CTP score. The difference between the Parkinsonism seen in our study and some cases in previous reports is a low UPDRS motor score. Reports on CAHD have stated that Parkinsonism in non-Wilsonian cirrhotic patients was severe and carried a high UPDRS motor score (more than 30) with associative akinesia, rigidity, and a prominent postural instability. Their CTP scores were B or C, and neuroimages always revealed changes in the globus pallidus in T1-weighted images, supporting the hypothesis of manganese intoxication . Various articles were published on Parkinsonism in patients who were awaiting liver transplantation [7,19]. All these reports represent findings from end-stage hepatic cirrhosis patients. However, no documentation during the initial state of hepatocerebral degeneration was provided. Hyposmia is one of the premotor symptoms seen in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Thus, we analyzed its relationship to Parkinsonism. Although the outcome was negative in the multivariate analysis, we have discovered other possible clinical presentations of impaired cerebral function as seen in hepatic encephalopathy. In addition to the finger tapping and jerky pursuits, it is interesting to create a research methodology to approve the diagnostic value of hyposmia in hepatic encephalopathy. We also anticipate the progression of clinical symptoms in cirrhotic patients with hyposmia and Parkinsonism. Moreover, a multicenter study should be initiated to obtain more information on the clinical symptoms, investigations, and the pathology of Parkinsonism found in cirrhotic patients. The limitations of our study are that there was a personal bias from one neurologist and no blinded control group. The lack of a laboratory testing, particularly in serum ammonia assays and EEGs, can be argued as leading to an overestimation of hepatic encephalopathy. The research team plans to conduct further studies to validate the psychomotor tests for hepatic encephalopathy for use in Thai patients. Additionally, the gender difference yields a significant effect on the prevalence of some movement disorder phenotypes. However, the researchers have not been able to explain this outcome. This finding may reflect the fact that the majority of non-Wilsonian hepatic cirrhosis in Thailand is seen in males because men are heavier drinkers than women. If alcoholic cirrhosis is included in the research, the number of men may always be higher than women for this population. This situation should explain the prevalence of intention tremors in males. In contrast, bradykinesia is dominant in females, and hyposmia has not shown to be associated with alcoholic cirrhosis; therefore, gender dominance continues to be an unknown factor. Conclusion Patients with hepatic encephalopathy show a pure, fine motor sluggishness and a disruption of ocular pursuit that presents with a horizontal nystagmus. Alcoholic cirrhosis has been closely associated with the development of an intention tremor. Notes Conflicts of Interest The authors have no financial conflicts of interest. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University (grant number 433/2556).	https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?viewtype=pubreader&number=158
Sarah Zaknich (nee Timmel) Sarah has been working as a speech pathologist since 2009 and has been working at Sensory Connections since 2013. She has experience in literacy and phonological awareness, classroom based management and funding applications, bilingualism, language and speech sound disorders, and her main passion - autism spectrum disorders. She is qualified to complete diagnostic assessments for Autism Spectrum Disorder as part of the diagnostic team. Sarah is driven to apply her skills in speech pathology within a developmental relationship-based model in her work with families and children. She has a keen interest is supporting children in peer interactions. Throughout her career Sarah has closely worked with OT's and is experienced in supporting children with sensory and emotional regulation and attentional challenges. Sarah has passed through the interdisciplinary training levels with Profectum and has been specially selected to undertake the trainers certificate program. She brings many different tools in her therapy sessions from her participation in many trainings in addition to Floortime included Hanen, Social Thinking, Prompt, Infant Mental Health, and SOS Mealtimes. Naomi Liel Naomi joined our Sensory Connections team in early 2015. She has worked in both Australia and Israel in multidisciplinary team settings, in child development centres, day care's and schools as well in a private therapy practice. In addition to obtaining her Degree in Speech Therapy and Audiology ( 2012) Naomi has completed her Master's Degree ( 2017) specialising in bilingual language development and impairment. She enjoys complimenting her clinical work with teaching and involvement in research. Naomi is able to work with children with autism, global developmental delays, language delays and impairments, speech-sound disorders and dysfluency( stuttering). She is able to provide the following services: - Speech and language screening - Comprehensive speech, language and fluency assessments - Individual Speech and Language Pathology intervention sessions - Peer sessions. Naomi has a broad range of skills and experiences that she brings into her work with children and families to strengthen language, communication and social emotional skills. She has been trained and mentored in DIR/Floortime, is a trained Hanen ‘It Takes Two to Talk’ program certified provider, PROMPT therapist, and Lidcombe program clinician ( for stuttering . Naomi has worked with children using augmentative and alternative communication devices and helped integrate their use into home and school programs. Naomi works with Sensory Connections on Monday , Wednesday and Saturday Libby Danckert Libby is an experienced speech pathologist and primary school teacher. In the past 10 years as a speech pathologist she has worked with children and their families at a Language Development Centre, and with children with a range of disabilities. She spent her early teaching days working up north in Western Australia and in country NSW. Libby has helped families and educators support children to develop early language and communication skills, give targeted literacy support, promote rewarding social interactions, provide voice therapy and implement safe swallowing strategies. She has worked with children using augmentative and alternative communication devices and helped integrate their use into home routines and literacy programs. She is a trained Hanen and PROMPT therapist. and has undertaken training in the DIR/Floortime approach. Libby has a passion for helping children to develop literacy through rich oral language experiences. She works closely with parents and her past relationship with schools gives her a special interest in liaising and supporting children in the classroom. Laura Vickery ( nee Harding ) Laura graduated from Curtin University in 2009 and has been with us at Sensory Connections since 2017. She has a passion for working with children with developmental delays and disabilities, with a special interest in those on the Autism Spectrum. Her experience as a speech pathologist spans across many settings and communities, including rural and remote areas of Australia. She is particularly interested in strengthening early communication and social skills as the foundation for strong language development, thinking and meaningful relationships. Laura is dedicated to working with families from a developmental and relationship based approach to support their child’s development. She especially enjoys building skills and confidence through natural social interactions, play and functional routines. Laura draws upon a wide range of approaches and therapy techniques in her therapy. She has undertaken training and mentoring in the DIR/Floortime and Social Thinking approaches and is a certified provider of the Hanen ‘It Takes Two to Talk’ program and PROMPT trained therapist (Introductory Level). Laura also has training in and experience helping families to use Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) such as Key Word Sign, visual supports, picture-based communication and communication devices. She also has experience advocating for people with disability to enhance access and inclusion in their local community through working with local government. Recently Laura has co-facilitated our SELF parent program as well as our peer programs and as such has great experience in using a multidisciplinary approach in her work. Laura will be on maternity leave from June 2020 and is expected to return to work mid 2021.	https://sensoryconnections.com.au/team/speech-and-language-pathology/
The Higgs boson helps explain how particles obtain mass, so it seems fitting that it may offer the key to understanding dark matter, the dominant form of matter that—along with dark energy—makes up 95% of everything in the Universe. So-called Higgs-portal models assume that dark matter particles interact with normal particles through the exchange of a Higgs boson. If correct, then researchers would expect a dark matter signature in Higgs decays at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva. A new theoretical study removes some of the uncertainty in these models, improving the limits set by the LHC on dark matter candidates. If dark matter does interact through Higgs intermediaries, then this should affect—in a reverse sense—how Higgs bosons decay. Specifically, some fraction of Higgs bosons created in the LHC should decay into dark matter particles, which would escape detection. The fact that none of these “invisible decays” have been observed allows researchers to set a lower limit on the likelihood, or cross section, for dark matter particles interacting with a nucleon. Unfortunately, the current cross-section limits on Higgs-portal dark matter have big error bars, in large part because these models depend on the coupling between the Higgs boson and nucleons, which is uncertain. Martin Hoferichter of the University of Washington, Seattle, and his colleagues reevaluate this Higgs-nucleon coupling. They incorporate recent progress in phenomenological and lattice-QCD calculations, as well as a first-ever derivation of the contribution from the Higgs boson coupling to two nucleons. Their resulting cross-section limits provide a sharper boundary for ruling out possible dark matter particle candidates, in particular for the mass range of 1 to 10 GeV, where direct detection experiments are less sensitive.	https://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.181803
What Do Ramadan TV Productions Tell Us About the MENA Entertainment Industry in 2021? The month of Ramadan is the MENA's annual season for TV productions. (Shutterstock: dotshock) In our part of the world, and besides its religious and spiritual significance, the month of Ramadan is also considered the annual season for regional TV productions. The number of works aired on TVs across the region in addition to the reviews that follow all throughout the month are usually taken into consideration when examining how the entertainment industry is doing in the Arabic-speaking world. Arabs gather with their families to watch televised drama at Ramadan known as “musalsalat.” The shows run for 30 episodes, and an episode airs each day of the holy month. Before 2011, Syria’s productions led the Arab TV networks. #arabamerica#soapoperashttps://t.co/yZqFljkfQp During the pandemic, it is really hard to trace any normality when it comes to the entertainment industry anywhere in the world. Over the last year, entertainment activities have been reduced to the minimum, including movie theaters, festivals, and even the production of new projects. On a global level, Netflix has recently reported less than hoped for profit, as only about 4 million new users have subscribed to its services during Q1 of 2021, compared to over 15 million during the same period of last year. This sharp drop in the subscription rate has been attributed to the falling number of new productions offered by the video streaming platform. Even in terms of widely popular film and music festivals and award shows, viewers seem to be losing interest in watching virtual events. CNBC has recently reported that "the 2021 Oscars ceremony was watched by the smallest audience the award show has ever received", which only about 10 million viewers compared to 2020's 23 million. Similarly, the Emmy Awards September event had a 14% drop in viewership compared to the 2019 event, while the Grammy's saw a 51% drop. These numbers show how deep of an impact the COVID-19 restrictions have left on the entertainment world. But is it the same in our part of the world? This Ramadan, while numbers on viewership rates have not yet be released, it is important to note that major Arab production companies have continued to produce more works than ever. In 2019, Ramadan drama shows approached 59, compared to 56 shows in 2020, despite closures and curfews during that year. However, numbers of shows in 2021 have witnessed major growth with shows across the region reaching 83. Moreover, the Middle East-based most popular streaming service known as Shahid has reported a total of 27 million subscriptions by October 2020, showing a growing interest amongst Arab viewers watching TV productions. Analysts explain that while the 2020-2021 filming season has seen fewer curfews and movement restrictions when compared with the previous season, producers have realized that people spending more time at homes than ever will be keen on watching new shows during the holy month. Do you think TV productions will continue to grow in number and popularity in the region? Will this popularity change in countries with better control of the pandemic and easier movement restrictions?
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION BACKGROUND SUMMARY DETAILED DESCRIPTION This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/104,571, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,388,110, filed Dec. 12, 2013, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Field The present specification generally relates to systems and methods for producing aromatic carboxylic acids and, more specifically, to systems and methods for producing aromatic carboxylic acids from aromatic feedstocks by a liquid-phase oxidation in the presence of a potassium manganate oxidizing agent that is regenerated and recycled by the systems and during the methods. Technical Background Aromatic carboxylic acids are large-scale commodity chemicals often produced by oxidizing aromatic compounds that have been derived from petroleum fractions. Terephthalic acid, also known as 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, for example, is widely produced in various degrees of purity by oxidation of p-xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene). Billions of tons of terephthalic acid are produced in this manner annually for principal end use as a precursor to polyethylene terephthalate, a material used for clothing and plastic bottles. 4 2 7 2 − 2− On the bench scale, oxidation of aromatic compounds such as p-xylene is readily carried out by exposing the aromatic compounds to strong oxidizing agents such as permanganate (MnO; Mn(VII)) compounds or dichromate (CrO; Cr(VI)) compounds. The bench-scale process proves unworkable in medium-scale or large-scale industrial processes, however, because solid byproducts such as MnOor various chromates are formed in sizable amounts. Such solid byproducts are detrimental to the environment and, therefore, require high disposal costs if they are merely discarded as waste on the industrial scale. Current commercial manufacturing of aromatic carboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid, for example, may involve one or more of complex catalyst systems, acidic media, or bromine sources. These chemistries tend to be corrosive, so as to necessitate the use of expensive reactors made of metals such as titanium. There remain ongoing needs for oxidation technologies for aromatic compounds that may avoid corrosive media that necessitate expensive reactors, that may exhibit high conversions to usable product, and that may avoid environmental concerns by limiting or eliminating solid waste byproducts. According to various embodiments, systems are provided for liquid-phase oxidation of an aromatic feedstock containing at least one oxidizable aromatic compound. The systems may include an oxidation reactor, a separation apparatus in fluidic communication with the oxidation reactor, a solids treatment unit in fluidic communication with the separation apparatus and the oxidation reactor, an alkali stream in fluidic communication with the solids treatment unit, and a product recovery unit in fluidic communication with the separation apparatus. The oxidation reactor may be adapted to conduct liquid-phase oxidation of the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound in the aromatic feedstock to a carboxylate in the presence of a manganate salt in an alkaline medium to form a slurry comprising a liquid component containing the carboxylate and a solid component containing manganese dioxide. The separation apparatus may accept the slurry from the oxidation reactor and may separate the liquid component from the solid component. The product recovery unit may accept the liquid component from the separation apparatus. The solids treatment unit may accept the solid component from the separation apparatus, may treat the solid component with a basic liquid from the alkali stream to oxidize the manganese dioxide in the solid component and form a regenerated manganate salt, and may send at least a portion of the regenerated manganate salt back to the oxidation reactor. According to further embodiments, methods are provided for oxidizing an aromatic feedstock containing at least one oxidizable aromatic compound. The methods may include oxidizing the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound of the aromatic feedstock in an oxidation reactor in an oxidation medium comprising a manganate salt in an alkaline medium to form a slurry comprising a liquid component containing a carboxylate and a solid component containing manganese dioxide. The methods may further include separating the slurry in a separation apparatus that is in fluidic communication with a solids treatment unit and a product recovery unit. The liquid component may be transferred to the product recovery unit, and the solid component may be transferred to the solids treatment unit. The methods may further include contacting the solid component in the solids treatment unit with a basic liquid to oxidize the manganese dioxide in the solid component and form a regenerated manganate salt. The methods may further include recycling at least a portion of the regenerated manganate salt from the solids treatment unit back to the oxidation reactor. Additional features and advantages of the embodiments described herein will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawing. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description describe various embodiments and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the various embodiments, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate the various embodiments described herein, and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operations of the claimed subject matter. Definitions of various chemical compounds and moieties, as applicable to systems and methods described in embodiments herein, will now be provided. Various embodiments of systems for liquid-phase oxidation of an aromatic feedstock containing at least one oxidizable aromatic compound, and also various embodiments of methods for oxidizing an aromatic feedstock containing at least one oxidizable aromatic compound, will be discussed in detail below. As used herein, the term “aromatic compound” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic, unsaturated compound having preferably from 3 to 25 carbon atoms, preferably from 5 to 16 carbon atoms, more preferably from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted. Aromatic compounds may include compounds that contain at least one planar ring having p-orbitals perpendicular to the plane of the ring at each ring atom and satisfying the Hückel rule where the number of pi electrons in the ring is (4n+2), where n is an integer. Aromatic compounds may contain a single aromatic ring or may comprise two or more aromatic rings, for instance two or more fused aromatic rings. Single-ring aromatic compounds typically may have 6 or 10 ring atoms. For aromatic compounds with two or more fused rings, each ring typically has 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring atoms. An example of such an aromatic compound is bicyclo[6,2,0]decapentane, which is an 8-membered ring fused to a 4-membered ring and has 10 delocalized electrons in conformance with the Hückel rule, where n=2. In some embodiments, the aromatic compound is monocyclic. The aromatic compound may include one or more carbocyclic rings, one or more heterocyclic aromatic rings, or a combination of one or more carbocyclic rings and one or more heterocyclic aromatic rings. Non-limiting examples of heterocyclic aromatic rings are rings containing 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Non-limiting examples of aromatic compounds include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzopyrene, and ring-substituted derivatives of these. As used herein, the term “alkyl group” refers to a saturated, straight chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon that is optionally substituted with one or more functional groups. As used herein, unless defined otherwise according to context, the term “oxidizable group” refers to a chemical moiety that, when substituted onto a ring carbon atom of an aromatic compound, is capable of being oxidized in one or more steps to form at least one group that includes a carboxylate, a carboxylic acid, or a direct precursor to a carboxylate or carboxylic acid such as a formyl group, for example. 1 6 1 3 Further non-limiting examples of oxidizable groups include alkyl groups, specifically Cto Calkyl groups or Cto Calkyl groups, aldehydes, ketones, alcohol groups, ester-protected alcohol groups, amines, thioketones, thioaldehydes, and thiols. Further non-limiting examples of oxidizable groups include alkanediyl groups that attach to two ring carbon atoms, such that the alkanediyl forms a ring. Such a ring may be oxidized to form two carboxylic acid groups. Typically, to be capable of being oxidized in one or more steps to form at least one group that includes a carboxylate, a carboxylic acid, or a direct precursor to a carboxylate or carboxylic acid, alkyl-type oxidizable groups will possess at least one alpha hydrogen atom (for example, a benzylic hydrogen if the aromatic compound contains a benzene ring) bonded to a carbon atom of the oxidizable group that is itself directly bonded to the ring carbon atom of the aromatic compound. Thus, while methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, or 2-methylethyl groups are oxidizable group attached to benzene due to the presence at least one benzylic hydrogen, a 1,1-dimethylethyl (tert-butyl) group is not an oxidizable group when attached to benzene, because it lacks a benzylic hydrogen. As used herein, the term “oxidizable aromatic compound” refers specifically to an aromatic compound, as defined above, in which at least one ring carbon is substituted with an oxidizable group, as defined above. In some embodiments herein, oxidizable aromatic compounds may include one, two, three, or more than three ring carbons that are substituted with an oxidizable group. Oxidation of oxidizable aromatic compounds to form carboxylate groups or carboxylic acids from the oxidizable group or groups may occur in one step or in multiple mechanistic steps, such that any intermediate compounds formed in multi-step processes are also encompassed by the foregoing definition of oxidizable aromatic compound. In some embodiments, oxidizable aromatic compounds may have generic formula (I) or (II), which both depict exemplary oxidizable groups bonded to aromatic moieties of aromatic compounds according to the definition above herein: 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 In generic formula (I), the group A is an aromatic moiety of the aromatic compound that is bonded to an oxidizable group —CRRH. In generic formula (II), the group A is an aromatic moiety that is bonded to an oxidizable group —C(═R)H. In both generic formulas (I) and (II), groups Rand Rmay be the same or different and may be chosen in non-limiting embodiments from alkyl groups, O, S, —OH, H, —SH, ester groups —ORwhere Ris alkyl, and amines. It should be understood that the generic formulas (I) and (II) are provided to illustrate only a single oxidizable group and that one or more additional oxidizable groups, such as one, two, three, four, or more than four additional oxidizable groups may be attached to the aromatic moiety A. For example, p-xylene (1,4-dimethyl benzene) is an example of a molecule according to formula (I), in which benzene is the aromatic moiety A and two methyl groups (i.e., —CH, formula (I) with R═R═—H) are oxidizable groups attached to the aromatic moiety. When oxidized, the oxidizable groups according to generic formulas (I) or (II) both form a carboxylate of formula (III): The carboxylate of formula (III) may be in solution with an available counteranion such as sodium or potassium, for example, or may be worked up with an acid such as sulfuric acid, for example, to form a carboxylic acid. Non-limiting examples of oxidizable aromatic compounds include alkyl-substituted, aldehyde-substituted, ketone-substituted, alcohol-substituted, ester-protected alcohol-substituted, amine-substituted, thioketone-substituted, thioaldehyde-substituted, and thiol-substituted aromatic compounds such as benzenes, naphthalenes, anthracenes, phenanthrenes, pyrenes, or benzopyrenes. Non-limiting examples of alkyl-substituted benzenes may include monoalkylbenzenes such as toluene (methylbenzene) or ethylbenzene; dialkylbenzenes such as xylenes (dimethylbenzene isomers), diethylbenzene isomers, and ethylmethylbenzene isomers; and trialkylbenzenes such as trimethylbenzene isomers, triethylbenzene isomers, ethyldimethylbenzene isomers, or diethylmethylbenzene isomers. It should be understood that oxidizable aromatic compounds according to the above definition may be further substituted by additional groups that are not oxidizable groups, provided that at least one ring carbon is substituted with an oxidizable group. Thus, a compound such as a chloromethylbenzene isomer is an “oxidizable aromatic compound” because the methyl group is an oxidizable group, even though the chloro substitution is not. Likewise, a dichlorobenzene is not an oxidizable aromatic compound according to the above definition, because its only substitutions are two chloro groups, neither of which is an oxidizable group. As used herein, the term “aromatic carboxylic acid” refers to an aromatic compound in which at least one carboxylic acid group (—COOH) is attached directly to a ring carbon of the aromatic compound. The aromatic carboxylic acid may contain one or more carboxylic acid groups attached directly to an aromatic group. In some embodiments, aromatic carboxylic acids may contain one, two, or three carboxylic acid groups. In other embodiments, aromatic carboxylic acids may contain at least two carboxylic acid groups. In other embodiments, aromatic carboxylic acids may contain exactly one carboxylic acid group, exactly two carboxylic acid groups, or exactly three carboxylic acid groups. Non-limiting examples of aromatic carboxylic acids according to embodiments herein may include benzoic acid (from toluene, for example), terephthalic acid (from p-xylene, for example), isophthalic acid (from m-xylene, for example), phthalic acid (from o-xylene, for example), trimellitic acid (from pseudocumene, i.e., 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, for example), and naphthalene dicarboxylic acids (from various isomers of dimethylnaphthalene, for example). 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 3 2− − The terms “manganate” and “permanganate” refer to manganese-containing anions and are used according to their customarily understood definition. The term manganate may be used interchangeably with its chemical notation MnO, which describes a species containing manganese atom in a 6+ oxidation state. The term permanganate may be used interchangeably with its chemical notation MnO, which describes a species containing manganese atom in a 7+ oxidation state. Thus, the compound potassium manganate (KMnO), which is a potassium salt of the manganate anion, is to be clearly distinguished from potassium permanganate (KMnO), which is a potassium salt of the permanganate anion. Potassium manganate may be formed by reacting manganese dioxide (MnO) with potassium hydroxide (KOH) in the presence of oxygen or air. Potassium permanganate (KMnO) may be prepared from potassium manganate (KMnO) by an energy intensive process such as electrolytic oxidation in alkaline media, boiling in the presence of oxygen, or treating with oxidants stronger than the KMnOsuch as lead dioxide (PbO) or sodium bismuthate (NaBiO), for example. FIG. 1 100 120 130 120 150 130 120 152 150 140 130 120 110 130 120 140 130 150 130 152 120 110 100 Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of systems for liquid-phase oxidation of an aromatic feedstock containing at least one oxidizable aromatic compound. Referring to , the system according to some embodiments may include an oxidation reactor , a separation apparatus in fluidic communication with the oxidation reactor , a solids treatment unit in fluidic communication with the separation apparatus and the oxidation reactor , an alkali stream in fluidic communication with the solids treatment unit , and a product recovery unit in fluidic communication with the separation apparatus . The oxidation reactor may be adapted to conduct liquid-phase oxidation of the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound in the aromatic feedstock to a carboxylate in the presence of a manganate salt in an alkaline medium to form a slurry comprising a liquid component containing the carboxylate and a solid component containing manganese dioxide. The separation apparatus may accept the slurry from the oxidation reactor and may separate the liquid component from the solid component. The product recovery unit may accept the liquid component from the separation apparatus . The solids treatment unit may accept the solid component from the separation apparatus , may treat the solid component with a basic liquid from the alkali stream to oxidize the manganese dioxide in the solid component and form a regenerated manganate salt, and may send at least a portion of the regenerated manganate salt back to the oxidation reactor . Various embodiments of methods for oxidizing an aromatic feedstock containing at least one oxidizable aromatic compound will be discussed in detail below. In some embodiments, the methods may be performed using a system according to embodiments described herein. 100 110 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 The system for liquid-phase oxidation in general converts an aromatic feedstock containing at least one oxidizable aromatic compound, shown by way of illustration and not by way of limitation in as p-xylene, into a carboxylate or carboxylic acid, shown in as terephthalic acid to be consistent with the p-xylene oxidizable aromatic compound and not by way of limitation. 120 110 110 110 110 100 120 FIG. 1 FIG. 1 2 2 4 The oxidation reactor may be any vessel of any size and material suitable for conducting a liquid-phase oxidation of the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound in a basic oxidation medium at a desired output. The basic oxidation medium may contain the oxidizable aromatic compound, water, a base, and a manganate salt as the oxidizing agent. The base may be any basic compound that furthers the oxidation of the oxidizable aromatic compound in the potassium manganate. Preferred bases include metal hydroxides, particularly alkali-metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, and as shown in , the base may be potassium hydroxide. Though in potassium manganate is shown in an exemplary embodiment, the manganate salt may be any metal manganate and preferably is an alkali-metal manganate such as sodium manganate or potassium manganate. The aromatic feedstock , and particularly the oxidizable aromatic compound contained in the aromatic feedstock , may be derived from any practical source such as a petroleum fraction. In some embodiments, the aromatic feedstock contains only one oxidizable aromatic compound in a substantially purified form. In other embodiments, the aromatic feedstock may contain more than one oxidizable aromatic compound, any or all of which may be oxidized by the system . The aromatic feedstock may reside in the oxidation reactor at a suitable oxidation temperature for a suitable reaction time to produce a slurry. The slurry may contain a liquid component and a solid component. The liquid component may contain an oxidized product formed from the oxidizable aromatic compound, such as a carboxylate, for example. The solid component may contain manganese dioxide (MnO), which forms as a result of the reduction of the manganate salt, for example, potassium manganate (KMnO), when the oxidizable aromatic compound is oxidized. 130 120 120 130 130 The separation apparatus is in fluidic communication with the oxidation reactor and may accept the slurry from the oxidation reactor and separate the liquid component of the slurry from the solid component of the slurry. The separation apparatus may be any type of device used in industrial processes for separating solid components and liquid components in a process stream. For example, the separation apparatus may be a filtration apparatus that operates gravimetrically, or with the aid of sonication, vibration, agitation, centrifugation, or any combination thereof. The separation apparatus may contain internal components such as filters that allow the liquid component to pass through which the solid component is left behind. 140 130 140 130 140 140 140 140 160 160 100 FIG. 1 The product recovery unit is in fluidic communication with the separation apparatus . Therefore, the product recovery unit may accept the liquid component from the separation apparatus . The liquid component contains the oxidized product that has been formed from the oxidizable aromatic compound. The oxidized product may be a carboxylate, typically in combination with a counterion such as potassium, which has been derived from the base, the manganate salt (particularly when potassium manganate is used), or both. The product recovery unit may be any type of vessel of suitable size, shape, and material, in which an acid workup can be performed on the liquid component formed from the oxidizable aromatic compound. The product recovery unit may be connected to an acid stream that delivers acid to the product recovery unit or may be at least partially filled with an acid. Thereby, when the liquid component is received in the product recovery unit , the oxidized product such as the carboxylate may be protonated and, thereby, fully converted to the desired product , a carboxylic acid, shown in an illustrative manner as terephthalic acid in . The desired product may then be removed from or pumped out of the system for any further processing that may be necessary such as separation, purification, distillation, for example. 150 130 120 150 130 130 150 150 152 150 152 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 The solids treatment unit is in fluidic communication with the separation apparatus and the oxidation reactor . The solids treatment unit may accept the solid component from the separation apparatus . The solid component may be transferred from the separation apparatus to the solids treatment unit by any industrially feasible method such as by simply conveying the solid component or by suspending the solid component in a rinsing liquid and pumping the solid component and the rinsing liquid together. The solid component contains the manganese dioxide (MnO), which represents depleted manganate salt. In the solids treatment unit the solid component, specifically the MnO, may be treated with a basic liquid from an alkali stream . In some embodiments, the basic liquid may contain or consist of potassium hydroxide (KOH). Additionally, oxygen (O) or air may be introduced into the solids treatment unit through the alkali stream or otherwise. Oxidation of MnOto form a regenerated manganate salt such as potassium manganate (KMnO), for example, readily occurs in potassium hydroxide in the presence of oxygen, particularly at temperatures above 406° C. It should be understood, however, that other basic liquids and oxidation conditions for converting the MnOmay be possible, and that the combination of KOH and Oor air is provided as exemplary only. 150 120 100 154 150 120 100 156 100 150 120 156 120 120 156 120 120 120 2 4 2 At least a portion of the regenerated manganate salt formed in the solids treatment unit may be sent back to the oxidation reactor for further participation in oxidizing the oxidizable aromatic compound. In some embodiments, the system may include a supplemental manganese dioxide source to add additional manganese dioxide to the MnOalready in the solids treatment unit , thereby ensuring a sufficient amount of manganate salt is available for recycling back to the oxidation reactor . In other embodiments, the system may include a supplemental oxidant source fluidically coupled to the system between the solids treatment unit and the oxidation reactor . The supplemental oxidant source may add additional manganate salt to the portion of regenerated potassium manganate flowing back to the oxidation reactor , also ensuring a sufficient amount of manganate salt is available in the oxidation reactor . The supplemental oxidant source may also add some permanganate salt, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO), for example, to the portion of regenerated manganate salt flowing back to the oxidation reactor , which increases the oxidation strength of the liquid flowing back to the oxidation reactor . In such embodiments, after performing as an oxidizing agent in the oxidation reactor , the permanganate salt, along with the manganate salt, is reduced to MnO, which subsequently can be recycled back to manganate salt. 100 160 140 The system according to embodiments described above may be used to oxidize a variety of oxidizable aromatic compounds to form a variety of desired products such as carboxylic acids, for example. In some embodiments, the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may be chosen from monomethylbenzenes, dimethylbenzenes, trimethylbenzenes, monomethylnaphthalenes, and dimethylnaphthalenes. In other embodiments, the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may be chosen from p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene, pseudocumene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene, or 2,7-dimethylnaphthalene. In other embodiments, the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may be chosen from p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene, p-toluic acid, m-toluic acid, o-toluic acid, and combinations thereof. In still other embodiments, the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may include p-xylene, which forms as a carboxylic acid product, terephthalic acid, after acid workup on a carboxylate species such as benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate in the product recovery unit . 100 100 120 2 4 2 2 Thus, the system according to the embodiments described above, an economically and environmentally benign manganate salt such as potassium manganate (KMnO), for example, may be used as an oxidizing agent for oxidizable aromatic compounds in a basic medium with fewer technical concerns than comparable processes requiring corrosive, acidic media. Moreover, the system addresses and surmounts the significant difficulty with regard to handling or disposal of precipitated MnOfrom the oxidation reaction by regenerating the MnOto easily form manganate salt that is recycled back to the oxidation reactor . Having described above several embodiments of systems for liquid-phase oxidation of an aromatic feedstock containing at least one oxidizable aromatic compound, various embodiments of methods for oxidizing an aromatic feedstock containing at least one oxidizable aromatic compound will now be described. In some embodiments, the methods may be performed using a system according to embodiments described above. FIG. 1 100 110 120 130 150 140 140 150 150 120 Referring to with regard to components of the system that may be applicable to methods for oxidizing an aromatic feedstock, the methods for oxidizing an aromatic feedstock containing at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may include oxidizing the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound of the aromatic feedstock in an oxidation reactor in an oxidation medium comprising a manganate salt in an alkaline medium to form a slurry comprising a liquid component containing a carboxylate and a solid component containing manganese dioxide. The methods may further include separating the slurry in a separation apparatus that is in fluidic communication with a solids treatment unit and a product recovery unit . The liquid component may be transferred to the product recovery unit , and the solid component may be transferred to the solids treatment unit . The methods may further include contacting the solid component in the solids treatment unit with a basic liquid to oxidize the manganese dioxide in the solid component and form a regenerated manganate salt. The methods may further include recycling at least a portion of the regenerated manganate salt from the solids treatment unit back to the oxidation reactor . 110 120 110 120 110 120 110 120 2 4 2 2 2 The aromatic feedstock may contain at least one oxidizable aromatic compound, water, and a base such as potassium hydroxide or other suitable alkali. The aromatic feedstock may be introduced into the oxidation reactor as a multiphasic mixture, or the components of the aromatic feedstock may be introduced into the oxidation reactor separately. The aromatic feedstock may then be combined with a manganate salt such as potassium manganate (KMnO), for example, as the oxidizing agent in the oxidation reactor to begin the oxidation process. In alternative embodiments, the feedstock may be combined with a mixture of the manganate salt and a permanganate salt as the oxidizing agent. In such embodiments, the weight ratio of the manganate salt to the permanganate salt may range from about 1:1 to about 1000:1, or from about 10:1 to about 1000:1, or from about 100:1 to about 1000:1. In some embodiments, pure or substantially pure oxidizable aromatic compound may be introduced first into the oxidation reactor , and subsequently aqueous base (such as aqueous KOH, for example) may be added slowly to the oxidizable aromatic compound in combination with a stoichiometric amount of the manganate salt. The oxidation may be conducted at atmospheric pressure at a suitable temperature range such as from about 60° C. to about 80° C. for a suitable reaction time such as from about 4 hours to about 6 hours. During the oxidation reaction, the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound is oxidized to a carboxylate, and the manganate salt is reduced to solid manganese dioxide (MnO). The combination of the carboxylate and the MnOmay be in the form of a slurry having the carboxylate in a liquid component of the slurry and the MnOin a solid component of the slurry. FIG. 2 4 4 G=−nFE Without intent to be bound by theory, it is believed that the oxidation reaction of the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound occurs readily and spontaneously in the presence of the manganate salt and the base such as KOH. In , calculations are provided for electrochemical potential in the oxidation of p-xylene to terephthalic acid using potassium permanganate (KMnO), a reaction commonly performed in bench-scale oxidations p-xylene and used here as a basis for comparison only. In particular, with an oxidation using the very strong oxidizing agent KMnO, alkyl groups attached to aromatic molecules such as benzene and having at least one benzyl hydrogen are easily oxidized to carboxylic acids at mild temperatures and atmospheric pressure. The feasibility of this reaction can be elucidated using Equation (I). Δ (I) FIG. 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 In Equation (I), ΔG is the change in Gibbs free energy, n is the number of electrons transferred, F is the Faraday constant, and E is the electrochemical potential available from the redox reactions considered. Typically, it is understood that a redox reaction having known values for n, F, and E will be spontaneous (an exergonic reaction) if ΔG is negative or E is positive and will not be spontaneous (an endergonic reaction) if ΔG is positive or E is negative. Thus, the positive value of E=+5.25 V from the calculation in indicates the oxidation reaction for p-xylene to terephthalic acid in KMnOis spontaneous and readily occurs. Even so, this reaction also produces manganese dioxide, which is expensive to dispose and raises environmental concerns. Though it is possible to reprocess the MnObyproduct all the way to potassium permanganate (KMnO) for reuse, such a reprocessing would require two steps: first, by contacting the MnOto KOH and oxygen to form potassium manganate (KMnO), then by electrochemically processing the KMnOto form KMnO. The electrochemical processing of KMnOto KMnOtypically involves a sacrificial electrode, which itself is additional waste to be disposed of. As such, embodiments of the method for oxidizing the aromatic feedstock include recycling the MnOas KMnO, without further oxidation of KMnOto KMnOwhich has been demonstrated above to be a feasible. 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 FIG. 3 Even though in theory KMnOcould be reprocessed and recycled, a recycling of KMnOused as the oxidizing agent is far less energy intensive. Moreover, in an oxidation reaction, it is believed that the milder KMnOmay lead to fewer potential reaction impurities than a similar process involving KMnO. The electrochemical calculations for oxidation of p-xylene to terephthalic acid in the presence of potassium manganate (KMnO) are provided in . It can be readily ascertained that the positive value for E=+6.43 V with KMnOis in fact higher than the value of +5.25 V with KMnO. As such, it is believed that the higher electrochemical potential of the KMnOreaction indicates that KMnOis a more efficient oxidation reagent than KMnOfor oxidizing oxidizable aromatic compounds, such as the exemplary p-xylene. 120 130 150 140 130 130 140 150 2 In the methods for oxidizing the aromatic feedstock containing the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound, the slurry formed in the oxidation reactor may be separated in a separation apparatus that is in fluidic communication with a solids treatment unit and a product recovery unit . The slurry may be transferred to the separation apparatus by any practicable method. In the separation apparatus , the solid component of the slurry, which contains MnO, is separated from the liquid component of the slurry, which contains oxidized aromatic compound, typically in the form of a carboxylate or carboxylate salt. The liquid component may then be transferred to the product recovery unit , and the solid component may be transferred to the solids treatment unit . 150 150 2 2 4 The methods for oxidizing the aromatic feedstock containing the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may further include contacting the solid component in the solids treatment unit with an amount of a basic liquid sufficient to oxidize the manganese dioxide (MnO) in the solid component and form a regenerated manganate salt such as potassium manganate (KMnO), for example. The contacting of the solid component with the basic liquid may be conducted in the presence of oxygen or air, either of which may be introduced into the solids treatment unit through a suitable conduit or introduction mechanism. 150 120 120 120 120 120 150 120 130 150 120 150 4 The methods for oxidizing the aromatic feedstock containing the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may further include recycling at least a portion of the regenerated manganate salt from the solids treatment unit back to the oxidation reactor . Optionally, the amount of manganate salt being sent back to the oxidation reactor may be adjusted to ensure an adequate supply of the manganate salt. In one embodiment, the methods may further include adding supplemental manganate salt to the portion of the regenerated potassium manganate being sent back to the oxidation reactor . Optionally, the addition of supplemental manganate salt to the portion of the regenerated potassium manganate being sent back to the oxidation reactor may further include adding an amount of permanganate salt such as potassium permanganate (KMnO), for example, to the supplemental manganate salt, so as to increase the oxidizing power of the oxidizing agent in the oxidation reactor . The supplemental manganate salt may be added to the stream of regenerated manganate salt being sent from the solids treatment unit to the oxidation reactor . In other embodiments, the methods may further include adding supplemental manganese dioxide to the manganese dioxide received from the separation apparatus and being oxidized in the solids treatment unit , so as to increase the amount of manganate salt to be sent back to the oxidation reactor from the solids treatment unit . 160 140 160 160 160 The methods for oxidizing the aromatic feedstock containing the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may further include recovering the desired product from the product recovery unit . Optionally, before the desired product is recovered, the methods may further include performing an acid workup on the carboxylate in the product recovery unit to form a carboxylic acid. In illustrative embodiments, the acid workup may be performed by treating the carboxylate with an acid such as sulfuric acid, which protonates the carboxylate groups to form carboxylic acids. Once the carboxylates are protonated, the desired product may precipitate from solution and be separated from any remaining liquids to be recovered. In some embodiments, the methods may include post-treatments to the desired product that has been recovered including, for example, purification, recrystallization, distillation, or separation. 110 120 160 140 The methods described in the embodiments above may be used to oxidize a variety of oxidizable aromatic compounds contained in the aromatic feedstock introduced into the oxidation reactor , to form a variety of desired products such as carboxylic acids, for example. In some embodiments, the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may be chosen from monomethylbenzenes, dimethylbenzenes, trimethylbenzenes, monomethylnaphthalenes, and dimethylnaphthalenes. In other embodiments, the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may be chosen from p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene, pseudocumene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene, or 2,7-dimethylnaphthalene. In other embodiments, the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may be chosen from p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene, p-toluic acid, m-toluic acid, o-toluic acid, and combinations thereof. In still other embodiments, the at least one oxidizable aromatic compound may include p-xylene, which forms as a carboxylic acid product, terephthalic acid, after acid workup on a carboxylate species such as benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate in the product recovery unit . 100 120 FIG. 1 2 4 2 2 2 4 Thus, the methods according to the embodiments described above, particularly the methods employing a system according to embodiments described herein, such as the system of , allow for an economically and environmentally benign manganate salts such as potassium manganate (KMnO), for example, to be used as an oxidizing agent for oxidizable aromatic compounds in a basic medium with fewer technical concerns than comparable processes requiring corrosive, acidic media, complex catalyst systems that are difficult to regenerate, and further corrosive bromine radical initiators. Moreover, the methods described herein address and surmount the significant difficulties with regard to handling or disposal of precipitated MnOfrom the oxidation reaction by regenerating the MnOto easily re-form manganate salt (KMnO, for example) that is recycled back to the oxidation reactor . It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. Thus it is intended that the specification cover the modifications and variations of the various embodiments described herein provided such modification and variations come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an exemplary system for liquid-phase oxidation of an aromatic feedstock containing at least one oxidizable aromatic compound according to embodiments described herein; FIG. 2 4 − shows calculations for predicting electrochemical potential values for p-xylene oxidation to terephthalic acid using permanganate (MnO; and FIG. 3 4 2− shows calculations for predicting electrochemical potential values for p-xylene oxidation to terephthalic acid using manganate (MnO).
Why is the C chord so hard? Yes, this is a tough chord for beginner guitarists to play because it’s spread over three frets, so it requires three fingers to be ‘split’. This is hard in the early days of learning guitar as you don’t have the necessary amount of dexterity, flexibility or strength in your fingers yet. What is C chord? The C Major chord is one of the most common chords in Western music. Comprised of only 3 notes — C, E, and G — it is one of the first chords most guitarists learn. Once you master the basics of this chord, you can start to learn variants to make your own music! What are the 3 basic guitar chords? The Three Essential Guitar Chords According to my bud, Andy B, the three most common guitar chords every man should know are G Major, C Major and D Major. Is it OK to strum with your thumb? Strumming with your thumb will give you a much rounder sound, as compared to the brighter sound you can expect with a pick. With the down strums, you’re using the fleshier part of your thumb, but on the up strums, your nail might catch the string, resulting in a brighter and more accented up strum. What is the hardest chord to play on guitar? The standard “this is hard” chord is usually “F.” But with a good guitar and a practiced (strengthened) finger, “F” is easy. The hardest standard chord, in my view is Eb. Which string is C on guitar? A Guitarist can play the middle C on five of their six guitar strings. The middle C is located on the twentieth fret of the 6th string, the fifteenth fret of the 5th string, the tenth fret of the 4th string, the fifth fret of the 3rd string, and the second fret of the 2nd string. Why is C the first note? Because when they decided to name the notes with letters, they took a minor scale and named the notes “naturally”: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. This is what we know as the A minor scale. … Now if we want to use the same “natural” notes in a major scale, then we need to start with C. Why is C the major scale? Each piece of Western music can be transposed into 12 different keys, so it makes sense to learn each key centre thoroughly. C major is the simplest as it contains no sharps or flats. In relation to the piano, this scale is played on white keys only, which makes the scale visually more approachable. What chord is C G? C chord inversions C/E and C/G are the first and second inversions of the C major. This means that the bass tone is shifting from C to E or G. Both these chords are also referred to as slash chords. Are power chords and barre chords the same? A power chord refers to a chord that contains only the root and the perfect fifth. The term barre chord is only a reference to the left hand technique of holding more than one string down with one finger. … So, “barre chord” refers to a method of playing chords while power chord refers to a type of harmony. How many guitar power chords are there? In this video, Gear Gods’ Trey Xavier shows 12 different types of power chords, including root-fifth with various drop tunings and one that’s employed on a seven-string guitar. “If you play the guitar and you play any kind of heavy music—rock, punk, metal—then you are very familiar with the power chord,” Trey says.	https://www.soundwavemusiccompetition.com/guitar/how-to-play-the-c-chord-on-guitar.html
What is BIM? The easy answer is BIM is an acronym that stands for Building Information Modelling – simple. But how is this translated to the real world of building and construction? What does this actually mean? Here, in the UK, the body responsible for providing guidance on the best practice for construction production information (CPIC) has taken steps to develop a standardised definition for BIM. The definition proposed as the starting point for discussion between UK industry parties is as follows: “Building Information Modelling is digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility creating a shared knowledge resource for information about it forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life cycle, from earliest conception to demolition.” Simple? But again, how is this relevant to the everyday construction contractor engaged in projects that are, or may soon become borne out of the BIM process? Some key phrases from the above definition “Digital representation” This comes as no surprise, living in a world of high-performance technology, wi-fi, 3DHDTV, smartphones and ipads. Digital representation almost goes without saying. Already, most contractors are operating in a digital environment, from estimating and programming projects through to the site-based functions of survey and setting out. We are capable of handling and processing previously incomprehensible volumes of data in a routine manner. Digital representation would be expected and necessary to allow us to execute the required levels of detail and performance in today’s construction environments. “Physical and functional characteristics” The concept and practice of representing buildings and components in a tangible 3-dimensional form has been around for some time, with 3D design programs arriving some twenty or so years ago in the construction industry. These have obviously progressed and improved with time, incorporating the latest and best parts of visualisation technologies available. What becomes suddenly interesting, is the merging of design and function in BIM. Now we are talking about a platform to consider the whole life of a built project – function. Maintenance, health and safety, monitoring, energy processes, efficiency, and ultimately analysis of effective usefulness can all be incorporated or extracted from the BIM approach. Now we’re getting somewhere! “Shared knowledge resource” The evolution of projects from initial concept and brief to physical construction involves a wide range of stakeholders and parties. Often, difficulties observed in the manufacture and construction phases of a project can be traced to breakdowns or inefficiencies in the accurate and timely communication of detailed information between parties. Imagine a seemingly inconsequential modification being requested to alter an aesthetic element of a large build resulting in a major physical clash or conflict between components already positioned because of an oversight in communication. Build programmes are affected and budgets thrown out – would never really happen… would it? The focus on the BIM process being a shared knowledge resource could aim to address similar issues throughout the construction stages of a build. Collaborative working between all parties, working in a common and shared environment would provide the platform to consider and address all future obstacles that may otherwise have been faced. Clash detection processes allow all contributors to cross-check intended designs and installations, meaning that a wiring conduit does not need to conflict with a proposed steel cross brace, because they have been visualised against each other in the design office and the problem designed out before any manufacturing has begun. All parties involved in the build can input and work on the same set of information in real-time, together. Ultimately, this can speed up the manufacturing process as well as reducing down-time or re-work on the building site by addressing problems before they exist. The sharing of information is multi-directional, meaning that designers, manufacturers, contractors and so on, all relate to each other in the same way focussing on the central models. As the construction progresses, progress can be tracked accurately, allowing for improved programming and supply chain management just for starters. Future maintenance requirements can be planned according to the manufacturing and installation progress, and as-built information can be precise and relevant as data is collected and assigned to the model as it is generated. “Reliable basis for decisions” The amount of intelligent data that can be incorporated into a BIM scenario allows for up-to-date and accurate information reporting at any given stage of a projects lifetime. With the powerful level of design and detailing possible, projects can be visualised and produced to consider and include minute levels of detail. From precise areas of wall cladding to the exact number of a particular specification of bolt can all be instantly determined from a completed model. Knowing the financial cost and manufacturing or installation timescales associated with each element can easily be assessed and considered. The model would be able to update the budget and timescale estimates for the build after each proposed change scenario was considered – without needing to affect anything physically in existence. Environmental impacts could be taken into consideration by associating the data from manufacture or transportation phases with each element, allowing decisions to be made based on all the facts. Any changes or alterations, inclusions or exclusions could communicate the real impact on cost, time, environment and future maintenance for the build… all executed at the design stage, with no risk to the actual construction. “From earliest conception to demolition.” BIM does not begin and end in the design office. The process should be considered a live model, active throughout the lifetime of the project. The data initially incorporated into the design stage can be used in the working life of the building and ultimately at it’s decommissioning. As routine maintenance is carried out on the building, this can be updated and fed back into the model, meaning that at any given time, an accurate model exists. Improvements, upgrades or modifications can all have an impact on future users, and the ability to accurately record and communicate all of this data is invaluable. So, why aren’t we doing all of this now? There is little doubt that the uptake and adoption of this methodology and concept is happening. To fully accept the benefits that can be realised, a wide scale and sometimes radical change in mindset and existing processes will be required. Collaborative working platforms have been in existence for the construction industry for the past decade, in the form of cloud-based software environments, yet they remain largely untouched. Whether this is due to a general resistance to change or a lack of trust between parties is unknown to the author. Openness to such concepts and a more transparent approach to construction processes will be essential to allow BIM to become a reality common in UK projects. With so many benefits, each of which has direct impact on financial efficiency of every stage of a build, maybe now is the right time to consider a new approach within the difficult economic environment we operate. Previous analysis of BIM uptake in the US, as well as available data from Europe suggests that one of the main factors that affects the adoption of BIM is the demand for communication and reporting in a common platform by the project’s client. It fits that the client is likely to be the party that immediately recognises the potential economic gain possible by utilising a new approach, and they want to maximise this through the whole process. Where they lead, the rest must follow. In October 2010, the government’s chief construction adviser (Paul Morrell) identified BIM as a key part of the government’s future procurement process for public buildings. With this kind of initiative being driven from the top down, it is possible that BIM can become a reality for stakeholders at a variety of levels. Wider scale uptake is likely to then follow. Deploying and establishing BIM can be a time consuming and financially expensive initially. Positive returns on investment are widely reported by adopters (74% of Western European users), meaning that the uptake can be seen to be economically sound. Interoperability and compatibility between different software and hardware platforms is an essential issue that needs to be taken into full consideration for the future update of BIM. BuildingSMART is an international organisation whose goals include the development and maintenance of open international standards for BIM. They have developed a common data schema that makes it possible to hold and exchange relevant data between different applications thereby allowing multiple users operating in different environments to collaborate effectively across their individual software platforms. This interoperability, combined with improved data communication pathways available and the ongoing development of aforementioned cloud bases collaborative platforms, means that increasingly large numbers of users can all work together to develop and use BIM. Already, economic pressures have caused some localised shifts within organisations to seek external specialists and employ more outsourcing for more specialist tasks. This could provide access to BIM for some companies who are not able to realise their own in-house investment, and have the dual effect of promoting and developing specialist BIM providers. What about the contractor on the ground? Many traditional ideas for complex design and detailing only go so far. Once the building has been designed, approved and outsourced to specialists and manufacturers, the construction contractor is often re-issued hard copy 2d plans to execute and develop into a physical representation of the original design. Technology has advanced considerably for the contractor over the years. More and more, contractors employ technical teams to support the site operatives, interpreting and providing technical information in a format that can be related to the site conditions. Often two dimensional plans are translated to three dimensional data sets for transfer to high-performance site instruments for setting out. Robotic total stations are now commonplace, allowing technical engineers to work independently using state-of-the-art field controllers and computers for the management and development of construction data. One of the difficulties and weaker areas that can be further developed is the in-field stage of the data handling for construction. Most building information is already being produced digitally, and the increase in BIM will add to the amount of digital data that needs to be taken into the field. A number of options could be considered in thinking about how to best handle digital data on site. Most sites have office setups that include desktop of laptop computers, capable of transferring and managing CAD drawings and 3D models. However, the people that often most need this information during the construction phase are engineers and surveyors working outside on the sites, often in difficult terrain or environments. Laptops, netbooks, ipads, smartphones, etc. Each of these has a potential further application in the holding and communication of data from the design stage to the engineer on site and vice versa. Typically, none of these devices are physically built for tough use on a site environment. Laptops can be unwieldy and susceptible to damage from the environment. Netbooks often suffer limitations in processing ability or power consumption. Apple’s ipad or rival Samsung’s Galaxy tablet PC are just not designed for the site environment, and smartphones generally aren’t up to the task of handling larger files such as CAD drawings. The latest generation of building construction instruments from Trimble, have been developed with BIM in mind. A new software platform is available which runs on a “ruggedised” handheld field controller capable of managing CAD data, information from BIM models, user entered data and formats transferred from a wide range of sources. With powerful and fast calculation of relevant data and concise communication of the same to the user, the emergence of such tools signifies a new readiness for the taking of BIM all the way through the build process from the design into the field and back to the design. Moving forward. In 2010, the adoption of BIM by construction professionals surveyed in the UK is only 35%, with contractor uptake measured at 23%. The trends are expected to follow those of the US, where there is the indication that BIM use is likely to surge among UK contractors and result in an increase to over 50% adoption by 2012. As this latest emerging technological development sweeps across the UK construction industry, it is combined with a more progressive workforce, focussing on the need to maximise capital returns and develop working efficiencies through the embracing of new technologies and techniques. In the toughest market of my generation, the construction world now finds itself ideally primed for a re-emergence as a technology centred industrial force. Communication and collaboration, enabled by technology and harnessed by BIM could make the ideal of the fully integrated work process a reality over the coming decade.	http://blog.mccafferty.org.uk/2010/10/my-thoughts-on-bim-by-stevie-mccafferty.html
We expect that all students will follow the following code of conduct. Failure to do so may result in dismissal: - All students demonstrate courtesy for all others in regard to choice of language. Foul and abusive language does not help to build community, but tends to intimidate and alienate others. Our goal is that students encourage others. - All students respect others by demonstrating love in confronting others. Each student has the right to confront those who they may have an issue with, but in so doing each student should do so in manner that helps to build community and not cause division. - All students consider others when choosing their actions. City Vision University students are expected to obey University policies as a matter of respect for others in the community. - Standards of conduct violations that may constitute grounds for termination include, but are not limited to, both the items above and the following: - Firearms/weapons violations - Use of profanity or foul language - Immoral conduct - Stealing - Dishonesty - Insubordination - Possession or use of non-prescribed controlled substances - Consumption of alcoholic beverages while engaged in school activities - Destruction of private or school property - Willfully engaging in conduct that is detrimental to the best interest of students and the educational system. Students may also receive penalties up to and including dismissal for violating our standards of academic integrity. Copyright Infringement Policies and Sanctions - Unauthorized distribution of copyrighted materials (Copyright Infringement) which includes, but is not limited to, unauthorized peer-to-peer file sharing may also constitute grounds for termination. Furthermore, students who violate copyright will be subject to civil and criminal liabilities. Copyright infringement is the act of exercising, without permission or legal authority, one or more of the exclusive rights granted to the copyright owner under section 106 of the Copyright Act (Title 17 of the United States Code). These rights include the right to reproduce or distribute a copyrighted work. Computer Use and File Sharing - In the file-sharing context, downloading or uploading substantial parts of a copyrighted work without authority constitutes an infringement. - Since City Vision University is a fully online institution, it does not have its own information technology system for student use. However, students should be advised that any copyright violations, including peer-to-peer file sharing, that come to the knowledge of the administration may constitute grounds for termination. Due Process of Student Rights In all cases involving student grievances, including academic dishonesty and breaches of the City Vision University Code of Conduct, the student charged or suspected shall, at a minimum, be accorded the following rights: - A prompt investigation of all charges conducted, insofar as possible, in a manner that prevents disclosure of the student’s identity to persons not involved in the offense or the grievance process. - Investigations may include informal review and discussion with an official of the school prior to bringing a charge, provided that such review does not compromise the rights of the student in the formal process. - Reasonable written notice of the facts and evidence underlying the rule violation. - Reasonable written notice of the procedure by which the accuracy of the charge will be determined. - Reasonable time within which to prepare a response to the charge prior to the implementation of any sanctions.	https://www.cityvision.edu/university-code-conduct/
Recently, the abbreviation "ISS" has been gaining popularity in the media. Countries are launching their missions to the International Space Station, and Earthlings are reading news from other planets with growing interest. In general terms, everyone understands what the ISS has been built for, but questions are in details. Let's try to answer them. The International Space Station began to "assemble" (almost like a Lego toy) in 1998, with the launch of the Russian Zarya module. Its size is 13x4 meters. In fact, the module is a large cylindrical barrel, though very technological and technically difficult. At the moment, the station consists of 15 such modules divided into 2 segments: Russian and American. The Russian segment of the ISS consists of 5 modules, and the American segment consists of 10. Interestingly, the American segment also includes modules from the European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), as well as the BEAM expandable activity module manufactured in Canada. The dimensions of the orbital station are striking: it is comparable to a football field (110x60 meters), and its weight is about 450 thousand kilograms. By space standards, the station is located not far from us: only 400 kilometers above sea level, but the official border separating the Earth and space is at an altitude of 100 kilometers (the so-called Kármán line). The station is floating at a speed of about 28 thousand km/h. Such a speed is also called earth orbital - in simple words, this is the minimum speed at which an object launched into space can rotate around the Earth without falling on it. An interesting fact - contrary to a popular belief, there is gravity on the ISS, and its value does not differ much from Earth's (g = 9.8 on Earth versus g = 9.5 on the ISS), and the well-known zero-gravity environment is formed due to the fact that the astronaut and all objects are in free-fall state - a state of constant falling. An average expedition to the ISS lasts 200 days, so it has everything to ensure the life of the astronauts. Oxygen at the station can be processed from carbon dioxide exhaled by cosmonauts. There is also a special installation for obtaining oxygen, you only have to insert a special oxygen cartridge in it. Of course, there are also spare oxygen cylinders in case of an emergency. As for water, it is a little more challenging. Water is one of the most important resources for the human body, so it is used very carefully on the ISS. With the help of special filters, water can be processed, even from human biological waste. In addition, water tanks are periodically delivered by special transport ships. There is no shower on the ISS - all hygiene is carried out using wet wipes. The toilet works on the principle of a vacuum cleaner, which either removes waste products into the fluid recovery system, or places them in a special container, which is then simply thrown away. Not into space, of course! Dumping garbage means putting it in a cargo ship, which will then completely burn up on entering the atmosphere. Probably the most interesting and misleading topic about life in space is food. There are no tubes in astronauts’ diet - except for tomato and apple-cranberry sauces. The main part of the astronaut diet is freeze-dried food - food in the form of a powder, which turns into a ready-made dish when mixed with warm water, as well as stew-like canned food. Astronaut menu is designed for 16 days, that is, same meals are repeated every 16 days, so the astronauts often change food with their international colleagues in order to somehow vary their diet. Astronautic science communicator Denis Prudnik.	https://tvbrics.com/en/bloggers-team/How-Do-Astronauts-Live-and-Eat-on-the-ISS/
Many geologic tasks include complex two- and three-dimensional reasoning. This type of reasoning is often influenced by an individuals’ spatial ability. Visual representations are also pervasive in the earth sciences and may influence how students as well as scientists problem solve. Therefore, this is an important area of focus for understanding communication and assessment in the geosciences. The present study explores the relationship between spatial ability, visual representations, and earth science achievement. The study included 145 high school students and their performance on the New York State Earth Science Regents Exam. A multiple linear regression showed that in addition to prior knowledge and reading comprehension, spatial ability was a significant predictor of exam performance. For further analyses, the test questions were grouped based on three categories: text-only, novel visuals, and trained visuals. The text-only category included questions that did not contain any external visual representation (although mental representation may or may not have been involved in the actual problem solving process). The novel visual category included questions that contained a visual that appeared on the test and was inferred to be new for the students. The trained visual category included questions that required the Earth Science Reference Tables (ESRT) to solve the question. The ESRT is a set of tables, graphs, and maps that students are permitted to use for the Regents exam and throughout the Earth Science Regents curriculum. We found that spatial ability was a significant predictor of performance on questions that contain novel visuals, but not a predictor of questions with trained visuals. These findings support the hypothesis that spatial ability influences student performance on earth science questions that contain visual representations. Future studies will include qualitative studies of students’ problem solving strategies to triangulate a possible causal relationship between spatial ability and earth science achievement and to evaluate the benefit of spatial training to improve performance on geoscience assessments. Effective communication and assessment in the geosciences should consider how individual differences enhance or impede students’ understanding and performance.	https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2013AM/webprogram/Paper230089.html
A living will in Halifax, Massachusetts, occasionally referred to as a "healthcare directive" is a legal document instructing those concerned (family, doctors, etc.) on how you want to be viewed if you become unable to make your wishes known due to physical or mental incapacity. This can be very valuable in avoiding disagreements between family members who otherwise might not know what your wishes on this subject are. For instance, some people wish to be taken off of life support if they are in a permanent vegetative state, and their doctors believe that they have little to no chance of a meaningful recovery. Nonetheless, if this wish is not expressed in advance, it may be impossible to implement in the unfortunate event that it becomes relevant. Additionally, if family members have different opinions of what the patient would want, this can give rise to infighting. Disagreements on such a painful subject can tear families apart. If the patient's wishes are made clear in advance, such arguments and disagreements are far less likely. How to Create A Living Will in Halifax, Massachusetts Before taking any steps to formulate a living will, you should make your wishes known to your family. While it's ultimately your decision (and your family will probably recognize that), they will likely appreciate having their opinions heard. Furthermore, implementing a living will can be much easier if the family already knows what it says, with the document simply making it legally-binding. You should then go about drafting the will. This should almost always be done with the guidance of a Halifax, Massachusetts attorney who specializes in these matters. Living wills typically have to follow the same formalities as regular wills (the ones that distribute a person's property after their death). While these procedures are not identical between individual states, there are some common similarities. For instance, both testamentary and living wills normally need to be witnessed and signed by 2 people who have no direct interest in your will. Do I Need A Halifax, Massachusetts Living Will Attorney? While not completely necessary, a seasoned estates attorney in Halifax, Massachusetts can be very helpful in drafting a living will. A lawyer will understand the intricacies of state and local law, and can craft a document around those laws, to ensure that your wishes are followed, to the extent permitted.	https://wills-trusts-attorneys.legalmatch.com/MA/Halifax/living-will-attorney.html
This Body. . . In the Buddhist perspective, the unique body of each of us, both in appearance and structure, is the result of our past kamma. The human body is at the same time the means by which we contact the world and the physical manifestation of our mind. Being such an important instrument, the body must be duly attended to – that is, one must not abuse it through food, alcohol, drugs or by taxing it with over-indulgence and deprivation. Even enlightenment, the highest goal of Buddhism, cannot be attained through the mortification of the body, as witnessed in the personal experience of the Buddha. This is because of the interdependency of the mind and the body. Intellectual illumination can be attained only when the body is not deprived of anything necessary for the healthy and efficient functioning of all bodily organs. According to Buddhism, any life lived solely for self-seeking or self-indulgence is a life not worth living. Buddhism therefore encourages us to make use of the body for higher purposes, particularly for attaining the highest goal, nibbana, liberation from the endless cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara).The constant practice of morality and meditation will enable us to have self-control over the appetites, sensations, and egoistic drives. Physical health is viewed by Buddhism as constituted by the normal functioning of the body and its interrelated organs. When one of them fails to function, debility and disease set in. The normal function of the bodily organs is the result of the harmony and equilibrium of the four primary elements (dhatu) in the body: earth (pathavi), water (apo), wind (vayo), and fire (tejo). If the balance is disturbed, the normal function is disrupted and a state of disease appears. Curing is the restoration of this balance, that is, the putting of the entire physical being, and not just the pathologically afflicted part, into good condition. Since each part of the human body is organically related to all other parts, for good health the entire body must be in good condition. In view of the fact that the body, like all phenomena, is always in a state of change, decline, and decay, physical health is not everlasting yet we can do our best and extend our inner and outer health. It is impossible for the body to be perfectly healthy and free from all diseases at all times. Human life is vulnerable to disease at every stage. Disease is a reminder of human fragility. Human wholeness or well-being, therefore, does not mean the absence of all pain and suffering in life but entails learning how to deal with pain and suffering and discovering how to use it and transcend it for the sake of personal growth and the sympathetic understanding of others. We are each personally responsible for our health and illness through the choices we make each day. Health is to be gained by continuing personal efforts in this life. Good deeds (e.g., regular exercise, proper nutrition, etc.) lead to good health, whereas bad deeds (e.g., poor living habits, abusing the body and the mind) in this life brings illness. This sense of personal responsibility is much needed in health care. At present, with the invention of “miracle drugs” and the development of new technologies, many people tend to have the illusion that all pain and suffering in life can be eliminated and that all suffering is bad, whether physical, mental, emotional, moral, or spiritual. And by blaming it on external forces, people seek external means (e.g., pills, injections, therapies, etc.) of alleviating suffering rather than examining themselves and their own lives and seeking to change what it is within themselves that has resulted in illness. The Buddhist view of health and disease, on the contrary, recognizes the reality of self-inflicted disease that can be traced to an individual’s own lifestyle and habits and encourages one to seek also the cause of one’s disease, pain, and suffering within oneself, that is, in relation to one’s own lifestyle, decisions, attitudes, and relationships that must be changed. It also recognizes the positive role of disease and suffering in refining our spirit and in strengthening our moral character, courage, self-understanding, and sympathy toward others.	https://www.thedailybuddha.com/meditation-or-contemplation-3/
Coronavirus COVID-19 Updates: uc.edu/publichealth Search By: While clinical data have great potential to support decision making as well as clinical and translational research, the current methods for capturing such data have been suboptimal. Clinical data are often captured in an inefficient and inaccurate manner due to poor computer system design, such as unsatisfactory usability of computer user interfaces and failure to consider clinical workflow. In this research area, we aim to address these issues by designing and deploying innovative solutions derived from scientific methods in the field of human-computer interaction, computer-supported cooperative work, data mining, and visual analytics. For example, in an Electronic Health Record (EHR) system, we study users’ system use behaviors and working patterns based on system logs to generate insights of working performance and find potential bottlenecks, which can bring beneficial impact on healthcare efficiency, cost, and patient experience. Although structured clinical data are generally more preferred as they are standardized and easy to compute, unstructured data are still pervasively used because of their flexibility and expressivity. Unfortunately, unstructured clinical data such as progress notes and discharge summaries are frequently unsearchable in data repositories and cannot be readily utilized in research. A medical IR (Information Retrieval) system, called Electronic Medical Search Engine (EMERSE), can serve as a core tool to support cohort discovery, direct clinical work as well as secondary use of free-text data. Therefore, we design research studies to explore and evaluate its usefulness and effectiveness, and further implement new features derived from these insights in laboratory settings and in the. There has been evidence that patients can benefit from having direct, electronic access to their medical records including clinical notes. For example, patients can review their medical history, engage in effective self-management, and make decisions jointly with their providers. Unfortunately, a majority of patients have insufficient knowledge to read and understand clinical notes written by healthcare professionals. This issue not only diminishes the expected benefits, but may also cause unintended adverse consequences, i.e. misunderstanding of acronyms such as “OBS” and even unnecessary lawsuits. In this area of research, our goals are enhancements of the readability and comprehensibility of clinical notes shared to patients and provide some transformation tools that allow clinicians to semi-automatically translate clinical notes to a version suitable for laypeople.	https://med.uc.edu/depart/bmi/labs/icdcu/research-focus
Put more simply, you can't lift fast what you can't lift at all... Interesting last remark, though. Are you saying maximum power is achieved with EITHER 30% (or in this ballpark -- I hear 40% as well) max weight, or 30% max speed (which would mean 70% weight)? I know folks like Westside like their DE work somewhere around 70% 1RM or so (60? 80?), which would jibe with this. By the way, could one of you go through and define the specific muscle fiber terminology? I think most of us are stuck on basic fast- or slow-twitch. \|05-07-2008, 01:11 PM\|\|#22\| \| \| Member \| \| Re: Leg Power - Increased performance Quote: Power = work / time Work = force x distance So: Power = (force x distance) / time Force being strength, d/t being speed So that means that power is the product of both strength and speed. Given that speed diminishes with an increased load, the most power would be achieved if you produce one-third of the maximum force at one-third the maximum velocity (to answer the question). Of course you can do power (i.e. Olympic lifts and such) movements at higher loads, but speed will be reduced in such a case. Research shows that a load of 30 to 50% is ideal for developing power. Edit: This doesn't mean you couldn't increase the load higher than the 30 to 50% range in a training program to ultimately increase power. However, if in a single bout of lifting you wanted to maximize your power, and you knew what your maximum force and speed of the movement were, then you would use one-third of that max force and one-third of that max speed. For the sake of splitting my post up, I'll define the muscle fiber terminology in the next post. \| \| Last edited by Justin Lascek : 05-07-2008 at 01:37 PM. Reason: Additional information \|05-07-2008, 01:35 PM\|\|#23\| \| \| Member \| \| Re: Leg Power - Increased performance Quote: Type I fibers are the "slow-twitch fibers". They have a high level of aerobic endurance. These fibers are efficient at producing ATP (the energy that the muscle fibers use for muscle contraction) from the oxidation of carbohydrate and fat. So you can probably discern that these are the fibers involved with muscular endurance. Type II fibers are the "fast-twitch fibers". They have relatively poor aerobic endurance in comparison to the Type I fibers. They perform anaerobically, or without oxygen. So, the ATP is formed through anaerobic pathways (a la the ATP-PCr (phosphocreatine) system). The Type II fibers are broken up into Type IIa and IIb (or IIx depending on the text/researcher), and even more depending on how technical you want it. There are slight differences, but you can look at them both as the "fast-twitch fibers" for simplicity since they pretty much do the same thing, which is produce short durations of strength and speed. So, concerning muscle fibers: A muscle fiber is made up of hundreds to thousands of myofibrils. The sub-unit of a myofibril is a sarcomere, which is the basic contractile unit of muscle. Myofibrils are made of sarcomeres that are joined end to end. Here's a pic (safe): http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_...s/anm5s5_1.jpg The whole structure is the muscle fiber. Those sections within it are myofibrils. Then the myofibrils consist of the longitudinal links of sarcomeres. Anyway, within the sarcomeres are the myosin and actin. To put it easily and briefly, these contract the sarcomere, which contracts the myofibril, which contracts the muscle fiber. Here is a video of that contraction at the smallest level (safe): http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/movies/actin_myosin_gif.html There's kind of a lot going on in it, but you can see the myosin binding to the actin and ratcheting the head to pull the actin filament down, thus creating a contraction. So, in that post where I referenced hypertrophy, the research shows that it's most likely due to the increase in these components of the muscle fiber to increase the size of that fiber. Did that help at all? \|05-07-2008, 02:27 PM\|\|#24\| \| \| Member \| \| Re: Leg Power - Increased performance Thanks -- this is great stuff. For sure it's going to get linked to in the future. What's your background btw, Justin? Now, how eager are you to talk about what happens to the muscle fibers when we do various sorts of resistance training? (high/low rep, heavy/light weight, fast/slow, etc.). \|05-07-2008, 06:18 PM\|\|#25\| \| \| Member \| \| Re: Leg Power - Increased performance Quote: Quote: Type I - slow twitch - low force production, high endurance capabilities as they contain many mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation Type IIa - fast twitch - moderate-high force production, reliance on glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation for energy Type IIb - fast twitch - high force production, total reliance on phosphocreatine and glycolysis for energy, fatigue quickly Muscle -> fascicles -> muscle fibers -> myofibrils -> sarcomere Sarcomere are the units that actually contract. When myofibrillar hypertrophy occurs (normal hypertrophy from 'strength' training generally speaking) there is an increase in the amount of myofibrils (made up of actin & myosin) which increases the cross sectional area of the muscle. Here's a bit of stuff from the new and improved v1.1 of "how to construct a workout routine".. haven't elaborated much more on it but... wfs http://www.powerathletesmag.com/wfor...php?f=1&t=1037 Quote: With high weight low reps at about 85-90% 1 RM or >3RM you have FULL recruitment of all muscle fibers due to the nature of the heavy weight being a high threshold load. Well, not all muscle fibers in your muscles but the amount you can actually activate due to CNS inhibiting actual full contraction of all muscle fibers you have literally. Thus, strongmen and powerlifters tend to have heavier hypertrophy of type II fibers namely because their force production is greater and they bear a greater brunt of the force. So heavy lifting is a bit biased towards type II fiber hypertrophy. With POWER work (lifting fast), the tendency is for high threshold motor units to be recruited. This is why Oly lifters and sprinters have the tendency to have their type IIb fibers hypertrophied the most and poor endurance capabilities. Slow lifting depending on the intensity of the repetition will probably preferentially recruit slow twitch because the high force production is not needed unless it's like a max effort lift where the weight moves slow anyway. So.. depends on what kind of repetition it is. Uhm, if you want any extra explanations beyond this... sure. \| \| __________________ Posts are NOT medical, training, nutrition info Bodyweight Article, Overcoming Gravity Book Last edited by Steven Low : 05-07-2008 at 06:23 PM. \|05-07-2008, 08:36 PM\|\|#26\| \| \| Member \| \| Re: Leg Power - Increased performance I wanted to clarify that the first quote wasn't indicating anything about hyperplasia. There's all kind of quasi-boring studies done on animals, and even very few studies on humans, but I am with you on the fact that it's unattainable in humans. And the satellite cell involvement in rhabdomyolysis would make sense since, according to where I've seen the research at, there is satellite involvement in "muscle injury", of which rhabdo is the most severe kind (if I'm ever urinating myoglobin, I'm not gonna be happy). You mentioned how the satellite cells increase the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers. While this may be possible or believed by some folks, the researchers and exercise physiologists that I've been around for the past couple years attribute hypertrophy (AKA increase in cross-sectional area) to the increases in (to simplify my reference) the contents of the muscle fiber. What I mean by that is you attribute one thing, I another. Since there is a discrepancy in research, I don't think one or the other can solely be the cause for hypertrophy. For the time being, you and I cannot ignore the other's point until research clarifies the mechanism. Also the fact that DOMS is still debated was my point exactly. Some of the causes of mechanisms that go on in our bodies when we exercise aren't completely solidified, and I was using DOMS as one of those examples of something that has differing opinions. Good stuff, but I'll get to the rest tomorrow. \|05-07-2008, 09:50 PM\|\|#27\| \| \| Member \| \| Re: Leg Power - Increased performance For myofib it's definitely mainly increase in actin-myosin chains.. although satellite cell donation is involved too b/c of muscle repair (well, hypertrophy is caused more or less by mechanical stress so it fits). Peh, it's really both that increase CSA but really only myofib does stuff for strength. Per wiki (if you trust that source... ) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_cell Quote: I wonder.. if sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is involvement of increased sarcoplasm due to or related to satellite cell donation (because of the sarcoplasmic donation of satellite cells...). Would be interesting to see if there's any studies on bodybuilders having a greater proportion of multinucleated muscle cells than say a regular human or other sports that don't damage muscle fibers as much. \| \| __________________ Posts are NOT medical, training, nutrition info Bodyweight Article, Overcoming Gravity Book Last edited by Steven Low : 05-07-2008 at 09:52 PM. \|06-08-2008, 09:54 AM\|\|#28\| \| \| Member \| \| Re: Leg Power - Increased performance Hey folks. I don't know if anyone is still interested in this thread, but I said I would reply (even though it's more than a month later). Apologies on that -- over that time I've had to graduate, start an internship, continue working as a personal trainer, and start working as a strength coach (as well as getting my CF in!). Quote: _________________________________ Quote: _________________________________ Quote: I also will continue to finish responding to the rest of this thread, but will go ahead and post this so it isn't an unnecessarily lengthy post! \|06-08-2008, 10:03 AM\|\|#29\| \| \| Member \| \| Re: Leg Power - Increased performance Quote: Would you say bodybuilders are damaging their muscle fibers more than, say, a CrossFitter? Or an olympic lifter? A power lifter? I'm biased in my distaste for bodybuilders because of their their lack of functional compound movements that have a neuroendocrine hit (among plenty of other reasons that are irrelevant to the discussion). Most of them squat, deadlift, and press, but not much other than that. But I see your point when you say "a regular human", since they don't have a regular body chemistry because of the supplementation they go through. \|06-08-2008, 10:51 AM\|\|#30\| \| \| Member \| \| Re: Leg Power - Increased performance Quote:	https://board.crossfit.com/showthread.php?s=d654c64690ab0f4ef35325095051fc89&t=31190&page=3
This book investigates gender equality and women’s empowerment in Sierra Leone, focusing in particular on women’s interactions with the state and its development partners. In particular, it highlights women’s increasing agency in acquiring knowledge, diffusing power, engaging in grassroots politics, and compelling the government to adopt more gender-responsive policies. Drawing on extensive fieldwork and original multidisciplinary research methods (including econometric and statistical models), the book first sets out the history and impact of inequality in Sierra Leone. It then goes on to shed light on the constructive and collaborative engagement of women and the state on a variety of local and external strategies for promoting gender equality. Drawing throughout on insights from across gender studies, sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science, the book highlights how women are succeeding in transforming marginality into agency in order to build a platform for influencing change. By qualifying and quantifying the challenges of gender inequality in Sierra Leone, and the progress that is being made, this book provides important insights that will be relevant to other fragile, post-conflict states within Africa. The book will be of interest to students and researchers studying women and gender studies, African studies, economics, international development, sociology, and political science and international relations. The book will also deepen policymakers’ and practitioners’ understanding of women’s diverse trajectories and experiences, and how the typology of government affects the patterns of inequality and equality. Table of Contents Part 1: Theories, Concepts and Issues 1. Theorizing Gender-responsive Governance, Women’s Agency and Empowerment, and the Logic of (In)quality and Transitions to Equality Part 2: The Logic of Inequality in The Bounded Spaces of Sexuality, Violence, and Discrimination 2. The Histories and Boundaries of State-Capture: Sexuality, Power, and Belonging 3. Locating Inequality in the Formal and Informal Economic Sector 4. How Society created an Education Sector that Propagated Inequality 5. Politics, Electoral Violence and Gender Inequality 6. Then Came the Era of A Civil War and its Aftermath: Women’s Lives in War and Peace Part 3: The Logic and Transitions to Gender-responsive Governance, Equality and Empowerment 7. Feminizing the Quasi-Institutional Interventions to end Sexual Violence 8. Women, The State and The Rise of a Gender-Responsive Knowledge-Economy 9. ‘Let’s Quantify the Contributions of Women:’ Costing of Equality via Gender-Responsive Budgeting 10. Creating the ‘Local State’ and Expanding the Decentralised Space for Women’s Grassroots Political Participation View More Author(s) Biography John Idriss Lahai is a scholar in applied international development, gender and women studies, transitional justice and human rights, multi-level governance in fragile states, refugee and migration studies, and peace and conflict studies. He is the author of over a dozen books published by Routledge, and Palgrave Macmillan, among other internationally recognised academic publishing houses. He is currently an affiliate of the School of Geography and Sustainable Communities and The Australian Centre for Culture, Environment, Society and Space (ACCESS) of the University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. Dr. Lahai sits on the advisory board of Rowman and Littlefield’s newly constituted book series "Migration, Displacement, and Development." He has consulted/worked for several governments and international agencies (working on mitigating state fragility in the Global South).	https://www.routledge.com/Gender-Responsive-Governance-in-Sierra-Leone-The-Transitions-and-Logic/Lahai/p/book/9781032469850
Merged citations. This "Cited by" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. Add co-authors Co-authors. Upload PDF. Follow this author. New articles by this author. New citations to this author. New articles related to this author's research. Email address for updates. My profile My library Metrics Alerts. Sign in. Get my own profile Cited by View all All Since Citations h-index 78 35 iindex Professor, University of Minnesota. Articles Cited by. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 37 , , Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Slugs of sediment derived from an episodic landslide may take many years to move down the river corridor, influencing riparian areas to different extents as they pass through specific segments. Large tree boles eroded from riparian areas substantially increase the variation in sediment transport and deposition, and thus also the variety of habitat types available for biota Naiman et al. Seasonal high flows continually disturb new areas. Newly deposited sediments on floodplains undergo biogeochemical changes i. The overall result is the creation of a complex patchwork of riparian areas, each with a slightly different microenvironment of sediment grain size and nutrient and water availability, and each at a different stage of development since the last disturbance Amoros et al. Because of the dynamic flow and sediment transport regimes often associated with riparian areas, their soils reflect a high degree of unevenness in particle sizes, soil depth, and the amount of associated compounds such as organic matter. However, in instances where floodplains have been slowly built up via the incremental deposition of fine silt layers over many centuries, soil characteristics across extensive areas may be relatively uniform. Floodplain soils have been some of the most productive areas in the nation for agricultural production due to their high levels of nutrients and organic matter. Although the energy from water moving down a channel can be used to do work e. Thus, streamside riparian areas are responsible for the dissipation of energy associated with flowing water. Cowan identified several major channel conditions that affect roughness: bed material, degree of surface irregularity, variations in channel cross section, relative effects of obstructions, degree of meandering, and effects of vegetation. Rivers Handbook by Calow Petts - AbeBooks Importantly, vegetation can directly or indirectly affect all these conditions, with the possible exception of bed material, thus indicating it often has a major influence on channel roughness and on how channels dissipate stream energy during periods of high flow. Herbaceous riparian vegetation increases local friction on streambanks by creating flexible and three-dimensional barriers to flow. Riparian graminoids grasses, sedges, rushes and shrubs are particularly effective at trapping sediments during high flows and helping to maintain stable streambanks. For forest floodplains, roughness increases directly with the density and size of trees Li and Shen, ; Petryk and Bosmajian, Large wood provided to streams and rivers from riparian forests can also have a significant effect on. At high flow, streambanks, floodplains, and their associated vegetation provide resistance to flowing water, thus locally altering patterns of scour, sediment transport, and deposition Sedell and Beschta, For example, low velocity zones have been observed to develop when floods pass through riparian forests, creating sites for the retention of sediment and organic matter and refuges for aquatic organisms Swanson et al. Floodplain vegetation is especially effective at providing protection from scour, which is why well-vegetated floodplains typically are areas of long-term sediment accumulation. During periods of low flow, woody species have a much less significant effect on flow roughness because of the smaller surface area exposed to surface flow, such that flow resistance tends to be controlled more by the morphology of the channel. In contrast, aquatic macrophytes and graminoids can greatly influence the resistance provided during low-flow periods Kauffman and Krueger, Finally, the uptake and transpiration of water by riparian and upslope vegetation during low-flow periods can alter discharge, thereby influencing aquatic habitat Rothacher, ; Troendle, ; Cheng, ; Keppeler and Ziemer, ; Hicks et al. Unlike the riparian areas of stream and river lotic environments, riparian areas bordering lakes differ significantly in the energy sources that drive physical mixing Wetzel, In the shallow littoral environments of lakeshores, mixing is generally driven by temperature gradients and storm-generated waves. An important contrast with lotic environments is the type and frequency of waterlevel changes at lakeshores. Seiches, for example, can cause substantial changes in water level over periods of days to weeks at the shores of large lakes without the kinds of erosive forces of floods that affect channel floodplains. Duplicate citations Lakeshores also tend to have much larger water-level changes over longer-term interannual cycles, as determined by interannual variation in climate and the regional water balance. Large reservoirs and other river impoundments used for water storage may exhibit nonseasonal fluctuations in water level, with hydrographs varying erratically under the control of hydropower production or irrigation supply. Consequently, riparian areas around reservoirs are highly variable and often are composed of non-native, invasive species because they have little long-term continuity in water supply and occur in areas of the landscape that have no legacy of native plant colonization e. Despite major differences in flow velocities and extent of water-level changes, the shallow littoral environment and riparian areas adjacent to lakeshores have much in common with riparian areas bordering streams. As in streams, a. - Services on Demand! - Common Sense and Other Writings; - The Secret of Everything: A Novel. - Digital Discourse: Language in the New Media? - Fuzzy Evolutionary Computation. - The Winter Ghosts. In the case of large lakes with inlets from rivers, alluvial deltas may develop by sediment deposition in the river—lacustrine confluence. Often, river deltas in lakes and reservoirs facilitate robust riparian areas in a manner similar to the islands and low terraces that occur in alluvial rivers. Deltaic riparian areas can be large landforms up to many square miles in size. Few studies have been done in such environments e. In summary, riparian areas are characterized by a spatial and temporal mosaic of conditions reflecting variability in sediment type and particle size distribution, timing of water sources and water quality, and time since disturbance by floods. Seasonal dynamics in flow and sediment transport constitute the foundation of riparian structure and thus influence the resulting colonization by riparian species and the many functions performed by these areas. Moisture availability and anoxia in riparian soil are additional factors that closely follow the distribution of grain sizes determined by fluvial processes. In many channels, the natural variability of flow has been regulated and sediment inputs have been curtailed downstream of dams and water diversions. As discussed in Chapter 3 , the influence of humans in regulating river flow has had overwhelming effects on ecological processes in rivers and riparian areas, because of the disruption of flow seasonality, sediment dynamics, and moisture availability. Riparian areas receive water from three main sources: 1 groundwater discharge, 2 overland and shallow subsurface flow from adjacent uplands with additional input from direct precipitation, and 3 flow from the adjacent surface water body.diamecasne.cf The Rivers handbook: hydrological and ecological principles. Vol.2 The major losses of water from riparian areas include groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration. Plate illustrates these major water flow paths for a streamside riparian area. Both the quality in terms of dissolved and particulate constituents and the timing of water from these sources vary considerably. For example, the discharge of deep groundwater is on the order of centuries, while overbank flows and intense rainstorms can change flows within minutes. Book Description Winter et al. Streams whose downstream flows increase as a result of groundwater discharge are referred to as gaining streams. In contrast, flow in the channel decreases in the downstream direction in losing streams that recharge the groundwater system. Because of variability in water sources and hydrogeologic properties of aquifers, it is typical for streams to simultaneously experience discharge in one reach while experiencing recharge in others. For example, steep mountain streams gain water by groundwater discharge in their upper reaches and then lose water as they flow out of constricted mountain valleys onto alluvial fans. Lakes and wetlands share some of the same relationships with groundwater as do streams. Lakes and wetlands commonly discharge and recharge simultaneously in different parts of the system and experience flow reversals seasonally Figure As in streams and rivers, movement of water between groundwater and surface water is influenced by the nature of the substrata and the water elevation in the lake compared with water levels and gradients in groundwater of the adjacent aquifer Sebestyen and Schneider, Water moves from areas of high elevation to areas of low elevation, sometimes involving streams or rivers at inlets or outlets to the lake. The rivers handbook: Hydrological and ecological principles Because the majority of riparian areas are associated with stream and river channels, this discussion focuses on interactions between groundwater and river channels rather than lakes. From a relatively large-scale perspective miles or greater , the direction of groundwater flow in the vicinity of rivers is typically associated with patterns of floodplain and channel topography. As a result, flow pathways are seldom entirely parallel or entirely perpendicular to the main channel but instead occur diagonally toward the channel in a downstream direction. The major controls on orientation of groundwater flow paths are hydraulic properties of aquifer materials, regional gradient, and sinuosity of channel Larkin and Sharp, Groundwater that tends to flow parallel to a channel is referred to as underflow Larkin and Sharp, ; in contrast, groundwater flow perpendicular to and toward the channel is referred to as baseflow Hall, see Figure At much smaller spatial scales, i. - Rotational Properties of Neutron Drip-Line Nuclei [short article]; - The rivers handbook: Hydrological and ecological principles. - Seraphs: A Rogue Mage Novel. - Essentials of Human Memory. In some settings, baseflow passes directly through riparian sediments, while in others, baseflow may bypass riparian sediments by flowing through coarse material underneath and discharging vertically from directly beneath the stream bed Phillips et al. This short-circuiting of the root zone can have important implications for the extent of certain transformation processes that occur in riparian areas. As discussed later, the variation in the specific flow paths characteristic of riparian areas may explain why some buffers are not as effective as others. An often-overlooked aspect of groundwater—riparian—channel interactions is that groundwater discharge is not equivalent along all parts of a channel. Instead, certain channel subreaches tend to collect a significant proportion of all ground-. Groundwater discharge points tend to occur at the upstream ends of pools, the upstream side of meanders, anywhere along the channel thalweg deepest area of central channel , and within side channels or alcoves in streams and rivers Harvey and Bencala, An un-. The importance of groundwater discharge points along channels is twofold. First, areas along channels that collect groundwater discharge tend to favor establishment of rich riparian vegetation, especially in dry climates where water avail-. FIGURE Examples of A underflow-dominated groundwater movement parallel to the channel and B baseflow-dominated groundwater movement perpendicular to the channel. Groundwater moves in the direction of decreasing water table contours. B Winter et al. Second, groundwater discharge points tend to have cooler water locally in the channel during summer and warmer water in winter compared with other channel areas.	https://idemovlen.cf/the-rivers-handbook-hydrological-and-ecological-principles-volume.php
The previous season had not provided much excitement. After watching the first few games, a de facto Final Four had been decided, leaving only the order to be determined. However, this year will be different. UAAP Men’s Volleyball this year will be as exciting as the women’s. It’s good that the collegiate teams finally had an off-season tournament, and providing a picture of the upcoming UAAP season. We were able to see new players from different teams and see them improve after every game. As exciting as the upcoming UAAP wars may sound, there are still four teams that I think will stand out this year: Ateneo, Adamson, NU and La Salle. Speaking of depth, this team has it. The team has a very good setter, a very good libero, and a good set of hitters. The team also has the national team coach, Oliver Almadro, and has able bench players. They also have no lack of experience, having won a handful of titles in 2015. The advantage of this Ateneo team is that it not only has very good floor defense, it also has very good blocking. And it’s not just a Marck Espejo show anymore; everyone’s contributing. Marasigan has done well as an opposite; Intal and Villanueva have improved their hitting and blocking; and other wingers, Rivera, Baysa, and Medalla, have provided very good contributions. The roadblock I can see for this team is their own selves. If they underestimate opponents, that could cause the team to falter, but if they play their usual game, they can have one of the best seasons in UAAP history. Sure Adamson had a rough off-season, but the UAAP is still a different animal/league. Adamson also have a deep roster, boasting very good hitters, two very good liberos, and a decent setter. They do not lack experience, having featured in the Final Four several times, and the team should remain intact. The team has very good floor defense, and they have key leaders like Sudaria, Sarmiento, Melgar, and Saraza. So in terms of offense and defense, they won’t have a problem. The true hurdle will be their mentality. That Ateneo versus Adamson game will be something to look forward to. It will be a test of the Falcons’ title credentials. With seven of their players having graduated, people expected the NU team to struggle. But no; they made the Finals of Spikers’ Turf and Intercollegiate competitions, and managed to challenge two strong teams. They lost both, but have learned from the tournaments. Their fear factor is the fact that many of their players are still young, still in their first or second years. Aside from veteran setter Mangulabnan, new key players Bagunas, Malabunga, and Gampong will be the players to watch out for. Experience will not be one of their strengths, but based on the last off-season, these boys are ready to fight. They’re back. We witnessed last summer just how much this team has improved. Although they did not make it to the playoffs, they were able to show a lot of promise. And that is enough. These past two seasons, the team have lacked character and a leader. This time, with the help of players like Woo and Onia, the team can perhaps go all the way. Since the team is young, inexperience could hold them back. Fortunately for them, other teams are rebuilding too; they might just be able to squeeze through. They will be an exciting team to watch, that’s for sure. [/nextpage] [nextpage title = “Women’s”] The upcoming UAAP Women’s Volleyball season has been predicted as one of the most anticipated and exciting seasons ever. I have to agree. A lot of teams this year are loaded and have very good recruits. Some teams went to other countries to train, and some teams beefed up by joining hardcore leagues. The quality of the games will definitely have levelled up, and players will learn even more from each other. Amidst all the preparation and the anticipation, I still think that there are a couple of teams who will dominate this season: Ateneo, NU, La Salle and FEU. And since the competition is exciting, as a treat, I added two other teams who I think will be challenging the other four teams for Final Four spots. With recent developments and rotation changes, it looks like it will be another interesting season for Ateneo. Expect better blocking this year because they have gone for a taller line-up, with all hitters except one having a height of 5’9 and above. Power hitting and serving will always be in Tai Bundit’s system, so expect them to capitalize on this. Morado, Madayag, Maraguinot, and De Leon have shown commendable improvement in the Thailand training and off-season leagues. Of course, the team’s anchors Valdez and Ahomiro remain, not only great scorers but also great leaders. Their bench this year is also deep, especially with a couple of blue-chip rookies and seasoned players. Although the team might look perfect, floor defense will definitely be an issue for the team this year, especially as their top three floor defenders have already graduated. But Ateneo have converted Tan to a libero from a setter; although she had won best setter in the V-League, people had been impressed with her saves and digs. There’s just so much to like about NU’s line-up this year. With the improvements of Santiago, Pablo, General, and Singh; the comeback of a healthy Urdas; and the acquisition of a talented setter in Diolan, NU will be a team to watch out for in the UAAP. One area in which NU have also developed is game maturity, something they showed when they defeated Ateneo in the V-League Collegiate Conference. They now know how to handle big crowds and high-pressure games. With tall and powerful players, they won’t have a problem with hitting as well as blocking. Floor defense will still be an issue, but since Roger Gorayeb’s system is focused on floor defense, expect them to improve on this once the tournament starts. The ladies from Taft are hard-pressed to win it all this year, particularly with several of their players set to graduate afterwards. If Galang is healthy and has the same form, La Salle will definitely be a big threat. Fortunately, Soyud and Baron are slowly becoming La Salle’s anchors. Likewise, other veterans like Reyes, Demecillo, and Fajardo will surely be out there to contribute for La Salle. Blocking will always be in Ramil De Jesus’ system, so expect them utilize this skill to its fullest. One player they will miss is top server Cheng, who will sit out the season due to an ACL injury; her floor defense and serves had been crucial. But nevertheless, La Salle have a very competitive roster, so expect someone else to step up in her place. They have a loaded line-up. They can easily challenge strong teams such as Ateneo, La Salle, and NU. The main challenge for this squad will be experience. But with a veteran setter like Sy, FEU can go all the way. Fortunately for FEU, they have found a good libero in Duremdes. Likewise, they maintained a group of good wingers in Pons, Guino-o, and Basas. They also have competitive middles in Palma and Malabanan. Leadership was an issue for the team last season, as the team seemed to shut down when faced with high pressure or difficult hurdles. Sy’s presence should improve and unify the team, changing the way they play this season. Wild Cards With the recent developments, like Lastimosa’s injury and Sy’s inclusion in the FEU roster, UST will again face a tough road to the Final Four. The biggest blow to UST is Pam Lastimosa’s injury. Lastimosa, who not only provided consistent offence for the Tigresses, has also provided very good floor defense and blocking. Aside from these, her leadership and motivation are big factors. Luckily, Laure, Rondina, Meneses, Tunay, and many other good players remain. At the same time, their new coach appears defensively-oriented, so expect some surprises from this UST squad. UP, as a team, are loaded with talent, but the main problem for them is the lack of big game exposure and experience. Talent is always there but good players don’t get used to big crowds and grave pressure right away. It takes time. If UP can overcome these hurdles, they could potentially go all the way. But overall, during the off-season, their new players were really impressive. It will be exciting to see them improve even more in the coming years.	https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap-78-volleyball-final-four-prediction/47229
Policymakers on the federal, state, and local levels have important roles in designing livable communities where residents of all ages can participate fully. AARP Consumer Rights and Protection Principles Principles These principles provide a flexible framework that applies to all consumer products and services: AARP Savings and Retirement Security Principles Principles Pursue multiple strategies—a variety of strategies are needed to assure financial security in retirement. AARP Employment Principles Principles Protect people from discrimination—freedom from discrimination is a fundamental right.	https://policybook.aarp.org/search?f%5B0%5D=chapter_facet%3A1526&f%5B1%5D=chapter_facet%3A1531&f%5B2%5D=chapter_facet%3A1546&f%5B3%5D=chapter_facet%3A6496&f%5B4%5D=chapter_facet%3A6516&f%5B5%5D=content_type_facet%3Aprinciples
What does it take to be a successful candidate? A college degree? Won’t hurt. Prior job-related experience? Still a big talent pool to beat there. Not too long ago, hiring managers placed a precedent on soft skills when hiring talent. In fact, a 2019 study found that 92% of talent professionals and hiring managers agree that candidates with strong soft skills are increasingly important. Before this, employers focused primarily on a candidate’s ability to contribute hard skills such as how well they can write, code, use Microsoft Suite, etc. Now employers and hiring managers are looking for well-rounded candidates. Not only do they want the candidate to be an excellent accountant, but they also want that individual to demonstrate solid communications skills. Furthermore, after surviving a pandemic, employers are eager to hear about a candidate’s life and career skills, among other transferable skills. What are transferable skills? Technically they’re the skills that can be “transported” from one job or one company to another that can be useful in your next role. They’re life skills like problem solving and self-awareness that intersect with career skills like leadership and critical thinking. In the tech industry, for example, someone who sits in the corner buried in code might not be as valuable as the person who can listen, absorb, and execute with the rest of the team. How to think about your skills in a transferable way Life skills: The pandemic impacted the way we work. Those who balanced the hybrid work environments’ demand for intuition and depth required a conscious effort to be considerate and patient with colleagues and customers. Others, who may have balanced their job while stay-at-home parents, can highlight newly developed skills such as having your home in order, project management, working under high pressure, and organizational skills all of which are transferable to the workforce. Personal priorities and relationships with others have changed with the pandemic and the life skills we’ve acquired can be appealing to recruiters. Career skills: Have you considered breaking into a new industry or transitioning roles entirely? You’re not alone. 49% of American workers said they’ve made a dramatic career shift since the start of the pandemic. Today, we’re seeing candidates with ten to 30 years of experience specializing in one skill pivoting to build something brand new. Look at your existing career skills and identify how they can support your new role, directly or indirectly. Perhaps it gives you a different perspective on how to approach solutions. If you are an individual looking to get out of a traditional 9 am to 5 pm role and transition to flexible hours, note that to your recruiter or prospective employer, willingness to adapt is a major plus. Soft skills: Soft skills can be essential in a working environment. Are you a candidate who can demonstrate effective communication, teamwork, problem-solving, and time management skills in addition to being able to perform your administrative duties? When it comes time to interview, note examples of past experiences. Hard skills: These are the essential skills required to perform your role. Examples include technical, computer, analytical, marketing, presentation, and management skills depending on your field of work. Know thyself, transferably Unfortunately, job seekers are having trouble identifying their individual sets of transferable skills. LiveCareer surveyed more than 1,500 people who have been unemployed within the last two years and found that a majority of them (57%) cannot identify their own transferable skills and don’t know how to apply them if they did find a new job. Fortunately, there are some tools to help solve both problems: - Take an online assessment. A simple Google search will turn up literally dozens of transferable skill assessments. Most job search sites have one. The one I found to be the most complete and helpful comes from Princeton University. - Review your life skills. Make a list of challenges, recent or long ago. Better still, make a list of crises you’ve gone through. You will usually find unique skills that enabled you to overcome those challenges, and this can become a good list to start with. Make sure you err on the side of relevance. For example, parenting skills or travel experiences are great; but patience and organization are the life skills. - Draw the skill to the job. If you don’t make the connection to work, your transferable skills will read like a dating profile. Connecting them to the work environment is essential, and not limited to job seekers. The entry-level sales representative may find that he or she has above average close rates from cold calling. That turns “good communicator” or “works well under pressure” into a viable reason for a raise or a promotion. - Prove it. Nothing like a volunteer job or extracurricular activity in your personal life or at work to back up the presentation of your transferable skills. If you’re the aforementioned coder who can’t relate to people, maybe volunteering for a high school STEM program will be the bridge to a more diverse skill set. Transferable skills come from life and career experiences, but they can become part of your personal brand with a little bit of framing. The company you will work for—or work for currently—will be thankful you did. Jeanniey Walden is the chief innovation and marketing officer at DailyPay. The post Exactly how to think about every skill you’ve ever built and showcase it in a job search appeared first on Fast Company.	https://dnyuz.com/2022/05/17/exactly-how-to-think-about-every-skill-youve-ever-built-and-showcase-it-in-a-job-search/
The Admission Committee of the College is headed by Rev. Dr. J. Angelo, SDB, Principal. It is comprised of Coordinator and other four faculty members. The function of this committee is to facilitate and supervise the process of admissions. The Committee efficiently and effectively identifies and enrols a rural and diverse student body prepared to meet the academic challenges and opportunities of the nation. OBJECTIVES Don Bosco College will establish programme admission requirements of an academic nature that will optimize students' access and success. The Admission Committee meets thrice a year: (i) The first meeting of the committee is held before the process of admission starts during the month of March, (ii) the second meeting is held before the publication of HSC results, and (iii) the third meeting is held before the process of admission starts at the level of College. COURSES \| \| S.NO. \| \| UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES \| \| POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES \| \| RESEARCH PROGRAMMES \| \| 1 \| \| B.A. English \| \| M.A. English \| \| M. Phil. Computer Science \| \| 2 \| \| B.A. Tamil \| \| M.A. Tamil \| \| M. Phil. Commerce \| \| 3 \| \| B.B.A. \| \| M.Com. \| \| M. Phil. English \| \| 4 \| \| B.C.A. \| \| M.Sc. Chemistry \| \| M. Phil. Mathematics \| \| 5 \| \| B.Com. \| \| M.Sc. Computer Science \| \| Ph.D. Commerce \| \| 6 \| \| B.Com. (CA) \| \| M.Sc. Mathematics \| \| \| \| 7 \| \| B.Sc. Computer Science \| \| M.Sc. Physics \| \| \| \| 8 \| \| B.Sc. Chemistry \| \| M.S.W. (Master of Social Work) \| \| \| \| 9 \| \| B.A. JMC. (Digital Print Media) \| \| \| \| \| \| 10 \| \| B.Sc. Mathematics \| \| \| \| \| \| 11 \| \| B.Sc. Physics \| \| \| \| ADMISSION POLICIES Application for admission should be made in the prescribed form which can be obtained from the College office. The form duly filled and completed should be submitted to the Principal, Don Bosco College, Dharmapuri – 636 809. The application form also can be down loaded from our website: www.dbcdharmapuri.edu.in 1. Admission Policy for UG Programmes 2. Admission Policy for PG Programmes 3. Fraud and Plagiarism The College will not admit applicants on the strength of information considered to be either fraudulent or plagiarised. Where an applicant is suspected of having provided a fraudulent or plagiarised application the application will be assessed in the first instance on the basis of standard academic selection criteria. If it is recommended that an offer be made, an investigation of the fraud or plagiarism will be carried-out before the final decision is made. The College reserves the right to reject or cancel an application under these circumstances. The College may terminate a student’s registration if he/she is found at a later stage to have submitted a fraudulent or plagiarised application to the College. 4. Disclosure of Criminal Convictions The College has a duty to ensure the safety of its student and staff community. The application process requires applicants to disclosure relevant unspent convictions. For certain programmes involving interaction with children and/or vulnerable adults, applicants must disclose all convictions, including cautions, reprimands, final warnings, bind-over orders and spent convictions. Applications from applicants with declared criminal convictions will be assessed in the first instance on the basis of standard academic selection criteria. If it is recommended that an offer be made, further investigation of the relevance of the criminal conviction(s) will be carried-out before the final decision is made. 5. Differently Abled Applicants Applications from differently abled students will be assessed against the College’s entry requirements on the same basis as any other application, and will be subject to the same selection process. Any support needs or adjustments which are required will be considered separately, after the admissions decision has been taken. If there are overriding health and safety concerns or barriers relating to fitness to practice requirements, the applicant will be involved in discussions to explore options and, if necessary, to find a suitable alternative programme. 6. Interaction between the College and the Applicant The College is committed to ensuring that any interaction with an applicant is conducted in a professional, courteous and respectful manner and it expects that any communication from an applicant is conducted in the same way. Applicants should note that the College will not tolerate inappropriate behaviour or language towards its employees or members of the wider College community during the admissions process. Hostile, aggressive or otherwise inappropriate behaviour or language, whether expressed verbally or in writing, and excessive levels of contact, will be viewed seriously and may adversely affect the consideration of an application, appeal or complaint. The College will normally warn an applicant that his or her behaviour or language is inappropriate and that action is being considered, but where the behaviour or language is particularly inappropriate no warning need be given before action is taken. Such action may include the withdrawal of an offer or the rejection of an application. Conduct which constitutes a criminal offence will be referred to the relevant authorities. GUIDELINES FOR ADMISSION PROCEDURES This document describes the way in which the admissions policies of the College should be formulated and implemented. It prescribes neither particular policies nor the details of the admissions process. The purpose of these guidelines is to protect the integrity of the admissions process. The admissions function may be divided into three parts. First, the management function establishes the substantive provisions of an admissions policy, i.e., standards and goals describing the qualities of the students sought that can be applied to the applicant pool. Second, the administrative function translates admissions standards and goals into procedures for attracting a suitable body of qualified applicants, for differentiating among them and for persuading those who best fit the admission criteria to attend the College. Third, the monitoring function involves regular evaluation both of the validity of the norms set in admissions policies and the efficacy of administrative practices in fulfilling the normative standards and goals. Accordingly, the responsibility for this function rests mainly with the several faculties. The Management Function is essentially a determination of educational policy. Accordingly, the guidelines place responsibility for this function on the several faculties after appropriate consultation with administrators and student groups. Each faculty’s policy is subject to any overriding College policy. The Administrative Function is a responsibility of academic administrators. For graduate and professional programmes, the Principal, Vice-Principal, Additional Vice-Principal and the members of the admission committee are the officers charged with executing the admissions policy. The Monitoring Function is, in major part, a responsibility of each faculty. Regular review of prior experience provides a basis for possible amendment of the admissions policy and assures that the prevailing policy’s standards are being carried out faithfully. To assure that the various admissions functions are carried out with integrity, the College relies upon two familiar safeguards. The first is a required formality of action. In adopting an admissions policy, a faculty should endorse by formal resolution a written statement of its policy that can be publicly disseminated. Administrative staff members, in developing and evaluating the files of applicants, should preserve a written record that includes the source of any item of relevant information. Though confidentiality is an important element of any application, the preservation of a written record enables consideration, either in the decision-making process or during a monitoring review, of all actions taken by others. The second safeguard of the integrity of the process is collective action. The relevant members of the admission committee should participate in final adoption of any admissions policy statement. A final decision to accept or reject an applicant should be made by the Principal of the College. Educational values are primary in the establishment of any admissions policy. Matters of institutional concern may also be reflected in any admissions policy. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES The admission committee’s main responsibilities include student recruitment and admission processing for prospective students and new student orientation. The work of the entire committee is to assist prospective students and their families in making an educated decision when choosing a College. It is also the intent of the admission committee to promote diversity within the office and in all recruiting efforts, to represent the College in a positive and responsible manner, and to follow the policies and ideals of the College. The primary current goal of the departments is to increase new student enrollment. The department will continue to establish target markets likely to produce the largest number of students. The office will continue building relationships with higher secondary school officials by conducting consistent recruitment within the schools; assigning one Coordinator to each higher secondary school in a specific recruitment territory; updating higher secondary school Coordinators on new admission requirements through newsletters and informational programming; and providing appropriate College brochure for an onsite use. Reaching greater numbers of potential students and establishing individual territories for Coordinators will require adding staff so that recruitment in specific territories continues year-round, not just during the academic year. Other means of contact such as calling individual students will also increase, and student volunteers will continue to play an important role in recruitment. The process of applying for admission to Don Bosco College will be improved by streamlining admission procedures to provide a more timely response to applicants; evaluating and analyzing on-campus programmes for effectiveness; creating a Website to put the view-book and a tour online and making it possible to apply for admission; and continuing to analyze special admissions processing to serve applicants better. Recruitment efforts encourage applications from a diverse population traditional and non-traditional student, students of varying ethnic and racial backgrounds. In accordance with the goals and objectives of the College, the admissions committee strives to address the many different needs of prospective students by: providing an informational setting through on-campus programming, individual visits, and specific recruitment materials; providing appropriate information about admission criteria and policies through personalized counseling; and informing prospective students about services and accommodations available on the College campus. Each Coordinator is assigned from 3 to 5 higher secondary schools inside and outside Dharmapuri district. Each week, enrollment reports are collected and presented to the Coordinator of the admission committee. This report includes data on the number of student applications received and the number of admitted, registered, denied, and pending students. The admissions files of enrolled students are registered with the Periyar University, Salem one-term and become part of the students’ permanent records. Student records may be held in the College office pending receipt of documents necessary to complete the file. If students do not complete their files in admissions, a hold is placed on their record in the automated information system, and they are not permitted to enroll for a subsequent term until all of the required information is received.	https://www.dbcdharmapuri.edu.in/admission
Lady Susan (1871) is a novel by English author Jane Austen. Originally written in 1794—making it one of Austen’s earliest complete works—Lady Susan was published posthumously and has since been of interest to readers and scholars alike. It is notable for its epistolary form, a popular style of prose fiction writing in the late-eighteenth century in which the narrative is told in the form of letters between characters embedded in the story itself. The epistolary novel mimics letter writing in order to distance the author from their work, as well as to simulate the secrecy and intimacy of private communication for its reader. Austen’s novel, narrated by letters between its cast of characters, follows Lady Johnson’s visit to Churchill, the country estate of her brother- and sister-in-law Charles and Catherine Vernon. At Churchill, Lady Susan seduces and denies Catherine’s brother Reginald De Courcy, a handsome but gullible man. When Frederica, Lady Susan’s teenage daughter, arrives, she begins to fall in love with Reginald. This disrupts not just her mother’s control of the young man, but her plan for Frederica to marry Sir James Martin, a wealthy suitor who soon arrives at Churchill himself. As the plot unfolds, and as the bonds of familial and romantic affection are tested, a drama of chaos and comedy ensues which bears the hallmark clarity of Austen’s moral vision. Lady Susan is an early masterpiece from renowned novelist Jane Austen, a text which not only clears the path for her more famous novels to come, but carves a space for itself in a truly legendary body of work. With a beautifully designed cover and professionally typeset manuscript, this edition of Jane Austen’s Lady Susan is a classic of English literature reimagined for modern readers. Product Details BIC Categories:	https://uk.bookshop.org/books/lady-susan/9781513277325
SoLuXima – Led tube 120cm cold white with transparent coverPosted by Marcel van der Steen in Led lights, Light measurements Add comments presents a a led tube of 120 cm length and a transparent cover. It has an aluminum heatsink at the back. The lamp emits a cold white light. This article shows the measurement results. Many parameters are also found in the Eulumdat file. See this overview for a comparison with other light bulbs. Summary measurement data \|parameter\|\|meas. result\|\|remark\| \|Color temperature\|\|6112 K\|\|Cold white\| \|Luminous intensity Iv\|\|539 Cd\|\|Measured straight underneath the lamp.\| \|Illuminance modulation index\|\|2 %\|\|Measured straight underneath the lamp. Is a measure for the amount of flickering.\| \|Beam angle\|\|118 deg\|\|118º for all the C0-C180-plane (perpendicular to the length of the lamp) and 117º for the C90-C270 plane (cutting the lamp in two along its length).\| \|Power P\|\|16.8 W\| \|Power Factor\|\|0.94\|\|For every 1 kWh net power consumed, there has been 0.4 kVAhr for reactive power.\| \|THD\|\|28 %\|\|Total Harmonic Distortion\| \|Luminous flux\|\|1678 Lm\| \|Luminous efficacy\|\|100 Lm/W\| \|EU-label classification\|\|A\|\|The energy class, from A (more efficient) to G (least efficient).\| \|CRI_Ra\|\|64\|\|Color Rendering Index.\| \|Coordinates chromaticity diagram\|\|x=0.3197 and y=0.3341\| \|Fitting\|\|FL-tube\|\|This lamp is connected directly to the 230 V grid voltage.\| \|PAR-value\|\|4.6 μMol/s/m2\|\|The number of photons seen by an average plant when it is lit by the light of this light bulb. Value valid at 1 m distance from light bulb.\| \|PAR-photon efficacy\|\|0.8 μMol/s/We\|\|The toal emitted number of photons by this light, divided by its consumption in W. It indicates a kind of efficacy in generating photons.\| \|S/P ratio\|\|1.9\|\|This factor indicates the amount of times more efficient the light of this light bulb is perceived under scotopic circumstances (low environmental light level).\| \|L x D external dimensions\|\|1196 x 26 mm\|\|External dimensions of the lamp, length is without pins.\| \|L x W x H luminous area\|\|1150 x 16 x 1 mm\|\|Dimensions of the luminous area (used in Eulumdat file). This is the surface of the plate on which the leds are mounted. In the C90-C270 plane the height of the ellumination area is not existent as the tube ends block light directed sideways coming from the (small) height of the leds.\| \|General remarks\|\|The ambient temperature during the whole set of measurements was 23.3-25.7 deg C. \| The temperature of the housing gets about 18 degrees hotter than ambient temperature. Warm up effect: during the warm up time the illuminance decreased about 7 % and the consumed power with about 5 %. Voltage dependency: the power consumption and illuminance vary insignificantly, when the power voltage varies between 200-250 V. At the end of the article an additional photo. \|Measurement report (PDF)\| \|Eulumdat file\|\|Right click on icon and save the file.\| Overview table The overview table is explained on the OliNo website. Please note that this overview table makes use of calculations, use this data with care as explained on the OliNo site. E (lux) values are not accurate, when within 5 x 1150 mm ≈ 6000 mm. Within this distance from the lamp, the measured lux values willl be less than the computed values in this overview as the measurements are then within the near field of the lamp. EU Energy label classfication With the measurement results of the luminous flux and the consumed power the classification on energy of this lamp is calculated. This information is requested in the EU for certain household lamps, see also the OliNo site that explains for which lamps it is requested, how the label looks like and what information it needs to contain. Herewith the labels for this lamp in color and black and white. EU energy label of this lamp Label in black and white. The lamp’s performance in the lumen-Watt field, with the energy efficacy fields indicated. Eulumdat light diagram This light diagram below comes from the program Qlumedit, that extracts these diagrams from an Eulumdat file. It is explained on the OliNo site. The light diagram giving the radiation pattern. It indicates the luminous intensity around the light bulb. The C0-C180 plane is along the width direction of the lamp) and is as wide of that of the C90-C270 plane (along the length direction of the lamp). Illuminance Ev at 1 m distance, or luminous intensity Iv Herewith the plot of the averaged luminous intensity Iv as a function of the inclination angle with the light bulb. The radiation pattern of the light bulb. This radiation pattern is the average of the light output of the light diagram given earlier. Also, in this graph the luminous intensity is given in Cd. These averaged values are used (later) to compute the lumen output. Intensity data of every measured turn angle at each inclination angle. This plot shows per inclination angle the intensity measurement results for each turn angle at that inclination angle. There normally are differences in illuminance values for different turn angles. However for further calculations the averaged values will be used. When using the average values per inclination angle, the beam angle can be computed, being 118º for the C0-C180 and 117º for the C90-C270 plane. Luminous flux With the averaged illuminance data at 1 m distance, taken from the graph showing the averaged radiation pattern, it is possible to compute the luminous flux. The result of this computation for this light spot is a luminous flux of 1678 Lm. Luminous efficacy The luminous flux being 1678 Lm, and the power of the light bulb being 16.8 W, yields a luminous efficacy of 100 Lm/W. Electrical properties A power factor of 0.94 means that for every 1 kWh net power consumed, a reactive component of 0.4 kVAr was needed. \|Lamp voltage\|\|230 VAC\| \|Lamp current\|\|77 mA\| \|Power P\|\|16.8 W\| \|Apparent power S\|\|17.8 VA\| \|Power factor\|\|0.94\| Of this light bulb the voltage across ad the resulting current through it are measured and graphed. See the OliNo site how this is obtained. Voltage across and current through the lightbulb This waveforms have been checked on requirements posed by the norm IEC 61000-3-2:2006 (including up to A2:2009). See also the explanation on the OliNo website. Harmonics in in the current waveform and checked against IEC61000-3-2:2006 and A2:2009 There are no limits for the harmonics for lighting equipment <= 25 W. The Total Harmonic Distortion of the current is computed as 28 %. Temperature measurements lamp When a piece of masking tape is stuck on the aluminum side of the tube and the temperature measured, then the measurement directly on the aluminum is the same as that on the masking tape. This indicates that the emissivity of both is the same, here taken as 0.95. The metal part measured over its length. The tube has different temperatures over its length, the difference is about 8 degrees between the hottest and coldest point. \|status lamp\|\|> 2 hours on\| \|ambient temperature\|\|22.5 deg C\| \|reflected background temperature\|\|22.5 deg C\| \|camera\|\|Flir T335\| \|emissivity\|\|0.95(1)\| \|measurement distance\|\|1 m\| \|IFOVgeometric\|\|0.136 mm per 0.1 m distance\| \|NETD (thermal sensitivity)\|\|50 mK\| (1) See the text for explanation. Color temperature and Spectral power distribution The spectral power distribution of this light bulb, energies on y-axis valid at 1 m distance. The measured color temperature is about 6100 K which is cold white. This color temperature is measured straight underneath the light bulb. Below a graph showing the color temperature for different inclination angles. Color temperature as a function of inclination angle. The measurement of CCT is measured for inclination angles up to 75º. Beyond this angle the illuminance is very low (< 5 lux). The beam angle is 118º, meaning a 59º inclination angle. In this area most of the light is present. The variation in correlated color temperature in this area is about 4 %. PAR value and PAR spectrum To make a statement how well the light of this light bulb is for growing plants, the PAR-area needs to be determined. See the OliNo website how this all is determined and the explanation of the graph. The photon spectrum, then the sensitivity curve and as result the final PAR spectrum of the light of this light bulb \|parameter\|\|value\|\|unit\| \|PAR-number\|\|4.6\|\|μMol/s/m²\| \|PAR-photon current\|\|14.2\|\|μMol/s\| \|PAR-photon efficacy\|\|0.8\|\|μMol/s/W\| The PAR efficiency is 65 % (valid for the PAR wave length range of 400 – 700 nm). So maximally 65 % of the total of photons in the light is effectively used by the average plant (since the plant might not take 100 % of the photons at the frequency where its relative sensitivity is 100 %). S/P ratio The S/P ratio and measurement is explained on the OliNo website. Here the results are given. The power spectrum, sensitivity curves and resulting scotopic and photopic spectra (spectra energy content defined at 1 m distance). The S/P ratio is 1.9. More info on S/P ratio can be found on the OliNo website. Chromaticity diagram The chromaticity space and the position of the lamp’s color coordinates in it. The light coming from this lamp is inside the area of class A. This is an area defined for signal lamps, see also the OliNo website. Its coordinates are x=0.3197 and y=0.3341. Color Rendering Index (CRI) or also Ra Herewith the image showing the CRI as well as how well different colors are represented (rendered). The higher the number, the better the resemblance with the color when a black body radiator would have been used (the sun, or an incandescent lamp). Practical information and also some critics about the CRI can be found on the OliNo website. Each color has an index Rx, and the first 8 indexes (R1 .. R8) are averaged to compute the Ra which is equivalent to the CRI. CRI of the light of this lightbulb. The value of 64 is lower than to the value 80 which is considered a minimum value for indoor usage. Note: the chromaticity difference is 0.0008 indicates the distance to the Planckian Locus. There is no norm yet that states what the max deviation from white light is allowed to be. A reference with signal lights as a reference is given in the chromaticity diagram. Voltage dependency The dependency of a number of lamp parameters on the lamp voltage is determined. For this, the lamp voltage has been varied and its effect on the following light bulb parameters measured: illuminance E_v [lx], the lamppower P [W] and the luminous efficacy [Lm/W]. Lamp voltage dependencies of certain light bulb parameters, where the value at 230 V is taken as 100 %. The illuminance and consumed power vary insignificantly when the voltage is varied. When the voltage at 230 V varies with + and – 5 V, then the illuminance varies < 0.1 %, so when abrupt voltage changes occur this effect is not visible in the illuminance output. Warm up effects After switch on of a cold lamp, the effect of heating up of the lamp is measured on illuminance E_v [lx], the lamppower P [W] and the luminous efficacy [lm/W]. Effect of warming up on different light bulb parameters. At top the 100 % level is put at begin, and at bottom at the end. The warm up time is 25 minutes and during that time the illuminance decreases with 7 % and the consumed power with 5 %. Measure of flickering An analysis is done on the measure of flickering of the light output by this light bulb. See the OliNo site for more information. The measure of fast illuminance variation of the light of the light bulb \|parameter\|\|value\|\|unit\| \|Flicker frequency\|\|4357\|\|Hz\| \|Illuminance modulation index\|\|2\|\|%\| The illuminance modulation index is computed as: (max_Ev – min_Ev) / (max_Ev + min_Ev).	http://www.olino.org/blog/us/articles/2010/11/22/soluxima-led-tube-120cm-cold-white-with-transparent-cover
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a plant disease control agent. More particularly, the present invention relates to a plant disease control agent, a novel compound, and a method for controlling plant disease. The present invention claims priority on the basis of Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-052072 filed in Japan on Mar. 17, 2017, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-216236 filed in Japan on Nov. 9, 2017, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. DOCUMENTS OF RELATED ART Patent Documents Nonpatent Documents Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. Sho 63-93766 Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. Hei 1-283270 Patent Document 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. Hei 9-165374 Patent Document 4: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. Hei 10-95772 Patent Document 5: International Patent Application, Publication No. 2005-68430 Patent Document 6: International Patent Application, Publication No. 2008-098928 Patent Document 7: International Patent Application, Publication No. 96-03047 Patent Document 8: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. Hei 1-272569 Patent Document 9: International Patent Application, Publication No. 2009-11305 Patent Document 10: International Patent Application, Publication No. 2014-124988 Nonpatent Document 1: R. F. White, Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) induces resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco, Virology, 99, 410 (1979) BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Plants have evolved and acquired physical and chemical resistance mechanisms against external pathogens. The physical resistance mechanism is, for example, coating, such as a wax layer or cuticle, or a cell wall, which serves as a penetration barrier against pathogens. On the other hand, the chemical resistance mechanism is a system which inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as a resistance factor inherently in a plant, or a resistance factor inductively biosynthesized and accumulated therein. Recently, in order to protect plants from disease, an external agent has been administered to activate a chemical resistance mechanism to improve the tolerance of the plant. Such an agent may be referred to as a resistance inducer, and various inducers have been examined so far. It is known that resistance against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is induced by treating tobacco with salicylic acid or acetylsalicylic acid, (see Non-Patent Document 1). Thus, in terms of cultivating healthy plants and ensuring food, it is very useful that the resistance of plants is induced to protect the plants from infection of plant pathogens or plant pathogenic bacteria. It has been disclosed that chlorine-substituted isonicotinic acid derivatives have plant disease controlling effects (Patent Documents 1 to 5). However, it is known that such compounds can cause damage or the plant disease control effects thereof are weak. In addition, regarding fluorine-substituted isonicotinic acid derivatives, similar plant disease control agents have been disclosed (Patent Documents 6 to 10), but there is no specific description relating to a plant disease control agent according to the present invention. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention Means to Solve the Problems Effects of the Invention The present invention aims to provide a plant disease control agent, a novel compound that reduce plant damage, and a method for controlling plant disease. As a result of intensive studies relating to a fluoro-substituted pyridine compound, the present inventors found that there are compounds which exhibit high resistance-inducing activities while reducing damage without exhibiting direct antimicrobial activities against plant pathogens, and thereby completing the present invention. The present invention includes the following aspects. [1] A plant disease control agent containing a compound of formula (1) as an active ingredient. 1 4 1 4 2 3 1 2 4 [In the formula (1), Xand Xare identical to or different from each other, represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, at least one of Xand Xrepresents a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, Xand Xare identical to or different from each other, and represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a methyl group, and, when one of X, Xand Xrepresents a fluorine atom, any one of the remaining two thereof does not represent a hydrogen atom, a Xrepresents a group of formula (2), (3), (4) or (5), in the formula (2), J represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, a C1-12 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of groups belonging to Group C, a thiol group, a methoxycarbonyl group, and a N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino group, A represents: a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, a C1-4 alkyloxy group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, a C1-8 alkylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, a phenylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the group consisting of groups belonging to Group D, a benzyl group, a phenyl group, and a phenoxy group, a phenylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D, a phenyl group which may be substituted with one to five groups selected from the group consisting of the groups belonging to Group D, a phenoxy group, and a benzyl group, a 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydronaphthyl group, a naphthyl group, a hetero ring group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D (the hetero ring group being a group selected from Group E mentioned below), or 1 2 3 4 a group of formula (2A) [in the formula (2A), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)], 2 n 2 n 2 n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 wherein, when A represents the group of the formula (2A), Q represents a divalent group of formula: —O—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—NH—, a divalent group of formula: —O—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—NH—, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldioxy group, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldiamino group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)-O—, a 1,3-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenedioxy group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(1,4-phenylene)-O—, or a divalent group of formula (2B) [in the formula (2B), G represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a divalent group of formula: —SO-] (in which n represents an integer of 2 to 8), and 3 when A does not represent the group of the formula (2A), Q represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH—, or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—, in the formula (3), Aa represents a piperidin-1-yl group, a 1-methyl-1-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group, a morpholin-4-yl group, an indolin-1-yl group, a benzoisothiazo-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide-2-yl group, a piperazin-1-yl group, an azetidin-1-yl group, a 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl group, a 3-oxoisothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a benzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 1,1-dioxo-3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl group, a 1H-pyrrol-2-yl group or an isoindolin-2-yl group, 3 in the formula (4), Qb represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH— or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—, Ab represents: a C1-10 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of the groups belonging to Group C, a hydrogen atom, a methoxycarbonyl group, and a N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino group; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, a phenylcarbonyl group, or a hetero ring group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D (the hetero ring group being a group selected from Group E mentioned below), in the formula (5), m represents an integer of 1 to 3, Z represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a methyl group, Group C consists of halogen atoms, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a 5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one-4-yl group, a phenylcarbonyl group, pyridyl groups which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D, and phenyl groups which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D, Group D consists of halogen atoms, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a methylthio group, C1-4 alkyl groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyloxy groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, C1-4 alkylcarbonyl groups, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a benzylaminocarbonyl group, an acetoxy group, a nitro group, and a cyano group, and Group E consists of a pyridyl group, a thiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a thienyl group, a furanyl group, a benzoxanyl group, a 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl group, a dihydrothiazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzisothiazole-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxidyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an isothiazolyl group, and a triazolyl group.] 1 2 3 4 1 4 2 3 1 4 2 3 [2] The plant disease control agent according to [1], wherein X, X, Xand Xin the formula (1) are hydrogen atoms or fluorine atoms. [3] The plant disease control agent according to [1] or [2], wherein, in the formula (1), Xand Xrepresent fluorine atoms, and Xor Xrepresents a hydrogen atom. [4] The plant disease control agent according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein, in the formula (1), Xand Xrepresent fluorine atoms, and Xand Xrepresent hydrogen atoms. [5] The plant disease control agent according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein J in the formula (2) represents an oxygen atom. [6] The plant disease control agent according to any one of [1] to [5], wherein Q in the formula (2) represents a divalent group of formula: —NH—. [7] The plant disease control agent according to any one of [1] to [5], wherein Q in the formula (2) represents an oxygen atom. [8] The plant disease control agent according to any one of [1] to [7], wherein A in the formula (2) represents: a C1-12 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-4 alkyloxy group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a phenylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the group consisting of the groups belonging to Group D, a benzyl group, a phenyl group, and a phenoxy group; a phenylsulfony group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D; a phenyl group which may be substituted with one to five groups selected from the group consisting of the groups belonging to Group D, a phenoxy group and a benzyl group; or a hetero ring group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D (the hetero ring group being a group selected from Group E). [9] A compound of formula (1) (excluding a compound of formula (2) wherein J and Q represent oxygen atoms, A represents a methyl group, an ethyl group or a cyclohexyl group, or a compound of the formula (2) wherein J represents an oxygen atom, Q represents a divalent group of formula: —NH—, and A represents a 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl group), 1 4 1 4 2 3 1 2 4 [in the formula (1), Xand Xare identical to or different from each other, represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, at least one of Xand Xrepresents a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, Xand Xare identical to or different from each other, and represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a methyl group, and, when one of X, Xand Xrepresents a fluorine atom, any one of the remaining two thereof does not represent a hydrogen atom, a Xrepresents a group of formula (2), (3), (4) or (5), in the formula (2), J represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, A represents: a C1-12 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of groups belonging to Group C, a thiol group, a methoxycarbonyl group, and a N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino group; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, a C1-4 alkyloxy group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, a C1-8 alkylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, a phenylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the group consisting of the groups belonging to Group D, a benzyl group, a phenyl group, and a phenoxy group, a phenylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D, a phenyl group which may be substituted with one to five groups selected from the group consisting of the groups belonging to Group D, a phenoxy group, and a benzyl group, a 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydronaphthyl group, a naphthyl group, a hetero ring group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D (the hetero ring group being a group selected from Group E mentioned below), or 1 2 3 4 a group of formula (2A) [in the formula (2A), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)], 2 n 2 n 2 n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 wherein, when A represents the group of the formula (2A), Q represents a divalent group of formula: —O—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—NH—, a divalent group of formula: —O—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—NH—, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldioxy group, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldiamino group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)-O—, a 1,3-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenedioxy group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(1,4-phenylene)-O—, or a divalent group of formula (2B) [in the formula (2B), G represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a divalent group of formula: —SO-] (in which n represents an integer of 2 to 8), 3 when A does not represent the group of the formula (2A), Q represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH—, or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—, in the formula (3), Aa represents a piperidin-1-yl group, a morpholin-4-yl group, a piperazin-1-yl group, an azetidin-1-yl group, a 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl group, a 3-oxoisothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a benzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 1,1-dioxo-3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl group, a 1H-pyrrol-2-yl group or an isoindolin-2-yl group, 3 in the formula (4), Qb represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH— or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—, Ab represents: a C1-10 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of groups belonging to Group C, a methoxycarbonyl group, and a N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino group; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, or a hetero ring group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D (the hetero ring group being a group selected from Group E mentioned below), in the formula (5), m represents an integer of 1 to 3, Z represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a methyl group, Group C consists of halogen atoms, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a 5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one-4-yl group, a phenylcarbonyl group, pyridyl groups which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D, and phenyl groups which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D, Group D consists of halogen atoms, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a methylthio group, C1-4 alkyl groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyloxy groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, C1-4 alkylcarbonyl groups, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a benzylaminocarbonyl group, an acetoxy group, a nitro group, and a cyano group, and Group E consists of a pyridyl group, a thiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a thienyl group, a furanyl group, a benzoxanyl group, a 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl group, a dihydrothiazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzisothiazole-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxidyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an isothiazolyl group, and a triazolyl group.] 1 2 3 4 1 4 2 3 1 4 2 3 [10] The compound according to [9], wherein X, X, Xand Xin the formula (1) are hydrogen atoms or fluorine atoms. [11] The compound according to [9] or [10], wherein, in the formula (1), Xand Xrepresent fluorine atoms, and Xor Xrepresents a hydrogen atom. [12] The compound according to any one of [9] to [11], wherein, in the formula (1), Xand Xrepresent fluorine atoms, and Xand Xrepresent hydrogen atoms. [13] The compound according to any one of [9] to [12], wherein J in the formula (2) represents an oxygen atom. [14] The compound according to any one of [9] to [13], wherein Q in the formula (2) represents a divalent group of formula: —NH—. [15] The compound according to any one of [9] to [13], wherein Q in the formula (2) represents an oxygen atom. [16] The compound according to any one of [9] to [15], wherein A in the formula (2) represents: a C1-12 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-4 alkyloxy group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a phenylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the group consisting of the groups belonging to Group D, a benzyl group, a phenyl group, and a phenoxy group; a phenylsulfony group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D; a phenyl group which may be substituted with one to five groups selected from the group consisting of the groups belonging to Group D, a phenoxy group and a benzyl group; or a hetero ring group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D (the hetero ring group being a group selected from Group E). [17] A method for controlling plant disease containing: contacting the plant disease control agent of any one of [1] to [8] or the compound of any one of [9] to [16] with a plant body or a seed, or formulating the plant disease control agent or the compound in a cultivation bed. The present invention also includes the following embodiments. [P1] A plant disease control agent containing, as an active ingredient, a fluoro-substituted pyridine compound of formula (P1): [in the formula (P1), A represents: a C1-10 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of “a thiol group, a methoxycarbonyl group, a N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino group, and groups belonging to Group C”; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-4 alkyloxy group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a phenylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the group consisting of “groups belonging to Group D, a benzyl group, a phenyl group, and a phenoxy group”; a C1-8 alkylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a phenylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D; a phenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of “the groups belonging to Group D, a phenoxy group, and a benzyl group”; a 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydronaphthyl group; a hetero ring group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D (the hetero ring group being a group belonging to Group E), or a group of formula (P2): Group C consists of halogen atoms, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a 5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one-4-yl group, and phenyl groups which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D, Group D consists of halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyl groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyloxy groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a benzylaminocarbonyl group, a nitro group, and a cyano group, Group E consists of a pyridyl group, a thiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a thienyl group, a furanyl group, a benzoxanyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzisothiazole-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxidyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a triazolyl group, B represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, 3 Q represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH—, or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—, when A represents a group of formula (P2), 2 n 2 n 2 n 2 2 2 2 2 2 Q represents a divalent group of formula: —O—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—NH—, a divalent group of formula: —O—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—NH—, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldioxy group, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldiamino group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)-O—, a 1,4-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenedioxy group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(1,4-phenylene)-O—, or a divalent group of formula (P3): 2 wherein G represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a divalent group of formula: —SO—, n represents an integer of 2 to 8, 1 4 Xand Xmay be the same as or different from each other, and represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, provided that any one thereof represents a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, 2 3 1 2 4 Xand Xmay be the same as or different from each other, and represents a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom or a methyl group, provided that, when any one of X, Xand Xrepresents a fluorine atom, any one of the remaining two thereof does not represents a hydrogen atom], formula (P4): [in the formula (P4), Aa represents a piperidin-1-yl group, a morpholin-4-yl group, a piperazin-1-yl group, an azetidin-1-yl group, a 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl group, a 3-oxoisothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a benzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 1,1-dioxo-3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl group, a 1H-pyrrol-2-yl group or an isoindolin-2-yl group, 1a 4a Xand Xrepresents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, provided that any one thereof represents a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, 2a 3a Xand Xrepresents a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom or a methyl group], formula (P5): 3 [in the formula (P5), Qb represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH— or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—, Ab represents: a hydrogen atom, a C1-10 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of “a methoxycarbonyl group, a N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino group, and the groups belonging to Group C”; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a phenylcarbonyl group; or a hetero ring group selected from Group E, which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D, Group D and Group E are as defined above, 1 4 Xb and Xb represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or a chlorine atom, provided that any one thereof represents a fluorine atom, and 2 3 Xb and Xb represent a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom or a methyl group], or, formula (P6): 1 2 3 4 [in the formula (P6), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined above, m represents an integer of 1 to 3, and Y represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a methyl group]. 1 2 3 4 1 4 2 3 1 4 2 3 [P2] The plant disease control agent according to [P], wherein X, X, Xand Xin the formula (P1) are hydrogen atoms or fluorine atoms. [P3] The plant disease control agent according to [P1], wherein, in the formula (P1), Xand Xare fluorine atoms, and one of Xand Xis a hydrogen atom. [P4] The plant disease control agent according to [P1], wherein, in the formula (P1), Xand Xrepresent fluorine atoms, and Xand Xrepresent hydrogen atoms. [P5] The plant disease control agent according to any one of [P1] to [P4], wherein B in the formula (P1) described in [P1] represents an oxygen atom. [P6] The plant disease control agent according to any one of [P1] to [P5], wherein Q in the formula (P1) described in [P1] represents a divalent group of formula: —NH—. [P7] A plant disease control agent according to any one of [P1] to [P6], wherein A in the formula (P1) described in [P1] represents: a C1-10 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-4 alkyloxy group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a phenylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the group consisting of “the groups belonging to Group D, a benzyl group, a phenyl group, and a phenoxy group”; a phenylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D; a phenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of “the groups belonging to Group D, a phenoxy group, and a benzyl group”; or a hetero ring selected from Group E, which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D; Group D consists of halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyl groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyloxy groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a nitro group, and a cyano group, and Group E consists of a pyridyl group, a thiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a thienyl group, a furanyl group, a benzoxanyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoisothiazole-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxidyl group. [P8] A fluoro-substituted pyridine compound represented by formula (P1): [in the formula (P1), A represents: a C1-10 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of “a thiol group, a methoxycarbonyl group, a N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino group, and groups belonging to Group C”; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-4 alkyloxy group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a phenylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the group consisting of “the groups belonging to Group D, a benzyl group, a phenyl group, and a phenoxy group”; a C1-8 alkylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a phenylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D; a phenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of “the groups belonging to Group D, a phenoxy group, and a benzyl group”; a 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydronaphthyl group; a hetero ring group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D (the hetero ring group being a group belonging to Group E), or a group of formula (P2): Group C consists of halogen atoms, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a 5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one-4-yl group, and phenyl groups which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D, Group D consists of halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyl groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyloxy groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a benzylaminocarbonyl group, a nitro group, and a cyano group, Group E consists of a pyridyl group, a thiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a thienyl group, a furanyl group, a benzoxanyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzisothiazole-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxidyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a triazolyl group, B represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, 3 2 n 2 n 2 n 2 2 2 2 2 2 Q represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH—, or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—, provided that, when A represents a group of the formula (P2), Q represents a divalent group of formula: —O—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—NH—, a divalent group of formula: —O—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—NH—, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldioxy group, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldiamino group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)-O—, a 1,4-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenedioxy group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(1,4-phenylene)-O—, or a divalent group of formula (P3): 2 wherein G represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a divalent group of formula: —SO—, n represents an integer of 2 to 8, 1 4 Xand Xmay be the same as or different from each other, and represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, provided that any one thereof represents a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, 2 3 1 2 4 Xand Xmay be the same as or different from each other, and represent a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom or a methyl group, provided that, when any one of X, Xand Xrepresents a fluorine atom, any one of the remaining two thereof does not represents a hydrogen atom], formula (P4): [in the formula (P4), Aa represents a piperidin-1-yl group, a morpholin-4-yl group, a piperazin-1-yl group, an azetidin-1-yl group, a 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl group, a 3-oxoisothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a benzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 1,1-dioxo-3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl group, a 1H-pyrrol-2-yl group or an isoindolin-2-yl group, 1a 4a Xand Xrepresent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, provided that any one thereof represents a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, 2a 3a Xand Xrepresents a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom or a methyl group], formula (P5): 3 [in the formula (P5), Qb represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH— or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—, Ab represents: a C1-10 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of “a methoxycarbonyl group, a N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino group, and the groups belonging to Group C”; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a phenylcarbonyl group; or a hetero ring group selected from Group E, which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D, Group D and Group E are the same as defined above, 1 4 Xb and Xb represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or a chlorine atom, provided that any one thereof represents a fluorine atom, and 2 3 Xb and Xb represents a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom or a methyl group], or formula (P6): 1 2 3 4 [in the formula (P6), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined above, m represents an integer of 1 to 3, and Y represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a methyl group]. 1 2 3 4 1 4 2 3 1 4 2 3 [P9] The fluoro-substituted pyridine compound according to [P8], wherein X, X, Xand Xin the formula (P1) are hydrogen atoms or fluorine atoms. [P10] The fluoro-substituted pyridine compound according to [P8], wherein, in the formula (P1), Xand Xare fluorine atoms and one of Xand Xis a hydrogen atom. [P11] The fluoro-substituted pyridine compound according to [P8], wherein, in the formula (P1), Xand Xare fluorine atoms and Xand Xare hydrogen atoms. [P12] The fluoro-substituted pyridine compound according to any one of [P8] to [P11], wherein B in the formula (P1) described in [P8] is an oxygen atom. [P13] The fluoro-substituted pyridine compound according to any one of [P8] to [P12], wherein Q in the formula (P1) described in [P8] represents a divalent group of formula: —NH—. [P14] The fluoro-substituted pyridine compound according to any one of [P8] to [P13], wherein A in the formula (P1) described in [P8] represents: a C1-10 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a C1-4 alkyloxy group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from Group C; a phenylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the group consisting of “the groups belonging to Group D, a benzyl group, a phenyl group, and a phenoxy group”; a phenylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D; a phenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of “the groups belonging to Group D, a phenoxy group, and a benzyl group”; or a hetero ring selected from Group E, which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from Group D; Group D consists of halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyl groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyloxy groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a nitro group, and a cyano group, Group E consists of a pyridyl group, a thiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a thienyl group, a furanyl group, a benzoxanyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, and a benzoisothiazole-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxidyl group. [P15] A method for controlling plant disease, containing applying the plant disease control agent of any one of [P1] to [P7] or a fluoro-substituted pyridine compound of [P8] to [P14] to leaves and stems of plants, soils, the water surface of a rice filed in which rice is to be grown, carriers on which plants are to be grown, water of hydroponic culture (which may contain nutrients), roots of plants, rootstocks thereof, tuberosities thereof, bulbs thereof, germinated plants or seeds. According to the present invention, a plant disease control agent and a novel compound that can reduce plant damage, and a method for controlling plant disease are provided. The plant disease control agent and the novel compound according to the present invention have excellent resistance-inducing activities and are useful to control plant diseases. EMBODIMENTS FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION [Specific Examples of a Compound of Formula (2″)] [Specific Examples of a Compound of Formula (3′)] [Specific Examples of a Compound of Formula (5′)] EXAMPLES Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 Example 9 <Activity Against Rice Blast Disease> Example 10 <Activity Against Rice Blast Disease> Example 11 <Activity Against Rice Bacterial Leaf Blight> Example 12 <Activity Against Barley Powdery Mildew> Example 13 <Activity Against Wheat Powdery Mildew> Example 14 <Activity Against Wheat Brown Rust> Example 15 <Activity Against Cucumber Downy Mildew> Example 16 <Activity Against Cucumber Downy Mildew> Example 17 <Activity Against Cucumber Bacterial Spot Disease> Example 18 <Barrier to Growth of Rice> Preparation Example 1 In an embodiment, the present invention provides a plant disease control agent containing a compound of formula (1) as an active ingredient. In addition, in an embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula (1). 1 4 1 4 2 3 1 2 4 In the formula (1), Xand Xmay be identical to or different from each other, and represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group, provided that any one of Xand Xrepresents a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group. Xand Xmay be identical to or different from each other, and represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a methyl group, provided that, in the formula (1), when any one of X, Xand Xrepresents a fluorine atom, any one of the remaining two thereof does not represent a hydrogen atom. 1 4 2 3 It is preferable in the formula (1) that Xand Xbe fluorine atoms, and Xand Xbe hydrogen atoms or fluorine atoms. a In the formula (1), Xrepresents a group of formula (2), (3), (4) or (5). 1 2 3 4 In the formula (2), J represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom. In addition, in the formula (2), A represents: a C1-12 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of groups belonging to Group C mentioned below, a thiol group, a methoxycarbonyl group, and a N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino group, a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C1-4 alkyloxy group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C1-8 alkylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a phenylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the group consisting of the groups belonging to Group D, a benzyl group, a phenyl group, and a phenoxy group; a phenylsulfonyl group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D; a phenyl group which may be substituted with one to five groups selected from the group consisting of the groups belonging to Group D, a phenoxy group, and a benzyl group; a 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydronaphthyl group; a naphthyl group; a hetero ring group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D (the hetero ring group being a group selected from Group E mentioned below); or a group of formula (2A) [in the formula (2A), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)]. 2 n 2 n 2 n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 in the formula (2), when A represents the group of the formula (2A), Q represents a divalent group of formula: —O—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—NH—, a divalent group of formula: —O—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—NH—, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldioxy group, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldiamino group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)-O—, a 1,3-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenedioxy group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(1,4-phenylene)-O—, or a divalent group of formula (2B) [in the formula (2B), G represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a divalent group of formula: —SO—] (in which n represents an integer of 2 to 8). 3 In the formula (2), when A does not represent the group of the formula (2A), Q represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH—, or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—. In the formula (3), Aa represents a piperidin-1-yl group, a 1-methyl-1-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group, a morpholin-4-yl group, an indolin-1-yl group, a benzoisothiazol-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide-2-yl group, a piperazin-1-yl group, an azetidin-1-yl group, a 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl group, a 3-oxoisothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a benzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 1,1-dioxo-3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl group, a 1H-pyrrol-2-yl group or an isoindolin-2-yl group. In an embodiment, Aa in the formula (3) may be a group excepting, from Aa mentioned above, a 1-methyl-1-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group, an indolin-1-yl group, and a benzoisothiazol-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide-2-yl group. 3 In the formula (4), Qb represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH— or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—. In the formula (4), Ab represents: a C1-10 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the group consisting of the groups belonging to Group C, a hydrogen atom, a methoxycarbonyl group, and a N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino group; a C2-8 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C2-8 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a phenylcarbonyl group; or a hetero ring group which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D (the hetero ring group being a group selected from Group E mentioned below). In an embodiment, Ab in the formula (4) may be any of groups formed by removing a hydrogen atom from Ab mentioned above. In the formula (5), m represents an integer of 1 to 3, and Z represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a methyl group. Group C consists of halogen atoms, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a 5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one-4-yl group, a phenylcarbonyl group, pyridyl groups which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D, and phenyl groups which may be substituted with one to four groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D. Group D consists of halogen atoms, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a methylthio group, C1-4 alkyl groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyloxy groups which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms, C1-4 alkylcarbonyl groups, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a benzylaminocarbonyl group, an acetoxy group, a nitro group, and a cyano group. Group E consists of a pyridyl group, a thiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a thienyl group, a furanyl group, a benzoxanyl group, a 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl group, a dihydrothiazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzisothiazole-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxidyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an isothiazolyl group, and a triazolyl group. In an embodiment, the compound may be a compound excepting, from the compounds of formula (1), compounds in which J and Q are oxygen atoms, A is a methyl group, an ethyl group or a cyclohexyl group and compounds in which J is an oxygen atom, Q is a group represented by the formula: —NH—, and A is a 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl group. In the present embodiment, the term “C1-12 alkyl group” means a C1-12 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group. Examples of the C1-12 alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, a n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a n-octyl group, a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, and a cyclohexyl group, and preferable examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a cyclopropyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a n-octyl group. The term “C2-8 alkenyl group” means a linear, branched, or cyclic alkenyl group having at least one double bond at an arbitrary position of a C2-8 alkyl group. Examples of the C2-8 alkenyl group include an ethenyl group, a 1-propenyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 2-butenyl group, an isopropenyl group, a 3-butenyl group, a 4-pentenyl group, a 5-hexenyl group, and a 1-cyclohexenyl group, and the C2-8 alkenyl group is preferably a 2-propenyl group. The term “C2-8 alkynyl group” means a linear, branched, or cyclic alkynyl group having at least one triple bond at an arbitrary position of a C2-8 alkyl group. Examples of the C2-8 alkynyl group include an ethynyl group, a 1-propynyl group, a 2-propynyl group, a 3-butynyl group, and a cyclopropylethynyl group, and the C2-8 alkynyl group is preferably a 2-propynyl group. The term “C1-4 alkyloxy group” means an oxygen atom substituted with a C1-4 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group. Examples of the C1-4 alkyloxy group include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a n-propoxy group, an iso-propyloxy group, a n-butoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, an isobutoxy group, a tert-butoxy group, a cyclopropyloxy group, and a cyclobutyloxy group, and the C1-4 alkyloxy group is preferably a methoxy group. The term “C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group” means a carbonyl group substituted with a C1-8 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group. Examples of the C1-8 alkylcarbonyl group include an ethylcarbonyl group, a n-propylcarbonyl group, an iso-propylcarbonyl group, a n-butylcarbonyl group, a sec-butylcarbonyl group, an isobutylcarbonyl group, a tert-butylcarbonyl group, a n-octylcarbonyl group, a cyclopropylcarbonyl group, a cyclobutylcarbonyl group, a cyclopentylcarbonyl group, and a cyclohexylcarbonyl group. The term “C1-8 alkylsulfonyl group” means a sulfonyl group substituted with a C1-8 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group. Examples of the C1-8 alkylsulfonyl group include a methylsulfonyl group, an ethylsulfonyl group, a n-propylsulfonyl group, an iso-propylsulfonyl group, a n-butylsulfonyl group, a sec-butylsulfonyl group, an isobutylsulfonyl group, a tert-butylsulfonyl group, a n-octylsulfonyl group, a cyclopropylsulfonyl group, a cyclobutylsulfonyl group, a cyclopentylsulfonyl group, and a cyclohexylsulfonyl group. Examples of the 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydronaphthyl group include a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl group, and a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl group. Examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom. The divalent group of formula: —NH-(cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)-O— is a divalent group in which a group represented by formula: —NH— and an oxygen atom are bonded at the first position and the fourth position of a cyclohexane ring, respectively. The divalent group of formula: —NH-(1,4-phenylene)-O— is a divalent group in which a group represented by formula: —NH— and an oxygen atom are bonded at the first position and the fourth position of a benzene ring, respectively. 2 n 2 n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 In the present specification, the symbol “-” which bonds atoms and/or groups in the formulae represents a single bond, and the symbol “=” represents a double bond, unless otherwise indicated. For example, in the formula (1), the symbol “-” represents a single bond, and the symbol “=” represents a double bond. For example, in the case where Q in the formula (2) represents a divalent group of formula: —O—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—NH—, a divalent group of formula: —O—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—NH—, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldioxy group, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldiamino group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)-O—, a 1,3-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenedioxy group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(1,4-phenylene)-O—, or a divalent group of formula (2B), the symbol “-” in these groups represents a single bond, and the symbol “=” represents a double bond. In Group D, examples of the C1-4 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, a n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a chloromethyl group, a methoxy group, and an ethoxy group. In Group D, examples of the C1-4 alkyloxy group which may be substituted with one to three halogen atoms include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a n-propyloxy group, an iso-propyloxy group, a n-butyloxy group, a sec-butyloxy group, an isobutyloxy group, a tert-butyloxy group, a trifluoromethyloxy group, and a chloromethyloxy group. A in the formula (2) preferably represents: a C1-4 alkyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C2-3 alkenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C; a C2-3 alkynyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group C, or a phenyl group which may be substituted with one to three groups selected from the groups belonging to Group D. In the formula (2), J more preferably represents an oxygen atom. In the formula (2), Q more preferably represents an oxygen atom or a divalent group of formula: —NH—. There is a case where the compound of formula (1) exists as a hydrate or an arbitrary solvate, and the hydrate or the solvate is encompassed in the present embodiment. In addition, there is a case where the compound of formula (1) has an asymmetric carbon, the asymmetric carbon may be in an arbitrary configuration. Stereoisomers such as optical isomers in pure form based on the asymmetric carbon or diastereoisomers, mixtures of any stereoisomers, racemates, and the like are included in the present embodiment. The compound of the formula (1) may have at least one double bond, and geometric isomers derived from the double bond or a ring structure may present. Mixtures of any of the geometric isomers or any geometrical isomers in pure form are also encompassed by the present embodiment. Next, the methods for preparing the compound according to the present embodiment will be explained. Although the compound according to the present embodiment may be prepared by the below-mentioned methods A to K, for example, the preparation method of the compound according to the present embodiment is not intended to be limited to these. 1 2 3 4 3 Among the compounds of the formula (1), a compound of formula (2′) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (51) (in the formula (51), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) and a compound of formula (52) (in the formula (52), A is the same as defined in the formula (2), Q′ is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH—, or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—) in the presence or absence of a base and in the presence of a condensing agent. As the compound of the formula (51), which is a starting material, a commercially available reagent may be used or a synthesize compound may be used. The compound of the formula (51) may be synthesized by the method described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. Sho 63-93766, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. Hei 1-283270, R. E. Banks, et al., Heterocyclic polyfluoro-compounds. Part XII. Synthesis and some reactions of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-iodopyridine, J. Chem. Soc. (C), 2091-2095 (1967), or the like. Examples of a solvent to be used in the reaction include dichloromethane, chloroform, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone and dimethyl sulfoxide. Examples of the condensing agent to be used in the reaction include 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride and 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Examples of the base to be used in the reaction include 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The amount of the base to be used is within a range of 0.01 equivalents to 1.2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The amount of the condensing agent to be used is within a range of 1.0 equivalent to 1.2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The amount of the compound of the formula (52) to be used is within a range of 1.0 equivalent to 1.2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The reaction temperature is selected within a range of 0° C. to 60° C., and preferably 10° C. to 40° C. The reaction time is, for example, within a range of 10 minutes to 24 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 4 hours. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 4 Among the compounds of formula (1), the compound of the formula (2′) may also be prepared by the below-mentioned method in which the compound of the formula (2′) is prepared from the compound of the formula (51) (in the formula (51), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) via a compound of formula (53) (in the formula (53), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)). In the first step, the compound of the formula (53) is prepared by chlorinating the compound of the formula (51). Although tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, chloroform, or acetonitrile may be used in the reaction as a solvent, the reaction may be conducted in the absence of any solvents. Examples of a chlorinating agent to be used in the reaction include thionyl chloride and oxalyl chloride. The amount of the chlorinating agent to be used is within a range of 1 equivalent to 5 equivalents based on the compound of the formula (51). The reaction temperature is, for example, −20° C. to 100° C., and more preferably 10° C. to 80° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 6 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 2 hours. Next, in the second step, the compound of the formula (2′) may be prepared by reacting the compound of the formula (53) and the compound of the formula (52) in the presence of a base. Examples of a solvent to be used in the reaction include tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide and mixtures thereof. Examples of the base to be used in the reaction include triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate. The amount of the base to be used is 1 equivalent to 10 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid chloride (53). The amount of the compound of the formula (52) to be used is within a range of 1 equivalent to 2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid chloride (53). The reaction temperature is, for example, within a range of −20° C. to 100° C., and preferably 10° C. to 50° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 6 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 3 hours. The compound of the formula (2′) may also be prepared by adding a solvent, a chlorinating agent, the compound of the formula (52), and a base to the compound of the formula (51) to allow the reaction to proceed in the same container without isolating the compound of the formula (53). 1 2 3 4 5 Among the compounds of the formula (1), a compound of formula (55) may be prepared by reacting the compound of the formula (51) (in the formula (51), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) and a compound of formula (54) (in the formula (54), A is the same as defined in the formula (2), and Xis a halogen atom) in the presence of a base. Examples of a solvent to be used in the reaction include tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Examples of the base to be used in the reaction include sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide. The amount of the base to be used is within a range of 1.0 equivalent to 1.5 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The amount of the compound of the formula (54) to be used is within a range of 1 equivalent to 2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The reaction temperature is, for example, −20° C. to 120° C., and preferably 10° C. to 80° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 8 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 6 hours. 1 2 3 4 Among the compounds of formula (1), the compound of the formula (55) may also be prepared by reacting the compound of the formula (51) (in the formula (51), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) and a compound of formula (56) (in the formula (56), A is the same as defined in the formula (2)) in the presence of an acid. Although tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, or dimethyl sulfoxide may be used as a solvent in the reaction, the reaction may be conducted in the absence of any solvents. The amount of the compound of the formula (56) to be used is within a range of 1 equivalent to 10 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). Examples of the acid to be used in the reaction include sulfuric acid and hydrogen chloride. The amount of the acid to be used is within a range of 0.01 equivalents to 3 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The reaction temperature is, for example, −20° C. to 120° C., and preferably 10° C. to 90° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 8 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 6 hours. 1 2 3 4 3 2 n 2 2 2 Among the compounds of formula (1), a compound of formula (71) may be prepared by reacting the compound of the formula (51) (in the formula (51), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) and a compound of formula (57) (in the formula (57), Q′ is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a divalent group of formula: —NH— or a divalent group of formula: —N(CH)—, E is a divalent group of formula: —(CH)— (wherein n represents an integer of 2 to 4), a divalent group of formula: —CH—CH═CH—CH—, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyl group, a 1,4-phenylene group, or a divalent group of the below-mentioned formula (2B′) (in the formula (2B′), G is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a divalent group of formula: —SO—)) in the presence or absence of a base, and in the presence of a condensing agent. Examples of a solvent to be used in the reaction include dichloromethane, chloroform, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Examples of the condensing agent to be used in the reaction include 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride and 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Examples of the base to be used in the reaction include 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The amount of the base to be used is within a range of 0.01 equivalents to 1.2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The amount of the condensing agent to be used is within a range of 1.0 equivalent to 1.2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The amount of the compound of the formula (57) to be used is within a range of 0.5 equivalents to 0.6 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The reaction temperature is, for example, 0° C. to 60° C., and preferably 10° C. to 40° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 24 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 18 hours. 1 2 3 4 Among the compounds of the formula (1), the compound of the formula (71) may also be prepared by reacting the compound of the formula (53) (in the formula (53), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) and the compound of the formula (57) (in the formula, Q′ and E are the same as defined in the formula (57) described in the method E) in the presence of a base. Examples of the solvent to be used in the reaction include tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide and mixtures thereof. Examples of the base to be used in the reaction include triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate. The amount of the base to be used is within a range of 1 equivalent to 10 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid chloride (53). The amount of the compound of the formula (57) to be used is within a range of 0.5 equivalents to 0.6 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid chloride (53). The reaction temperature is, for example, within a range of −20° C. to 100° C., and preferably 10° C. to 50° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 6 hours, and preferably 30 minus to 4 hours. 1 2 3 4 5 Among the compounds of formula (1), a compound of formula (59) may be prepared by reacting the compound of the formula (51) (in the formula (51), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) and a compound of formula (58) (in the formula (58), Xis a halogen atom, and E is the same as defined in the formula (57) as described in the method E) in the presence of a base. Examples of a solvent to be used in the reaction include tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Examples of the base to be used in the reaction include sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide. The amount of the base to be used is within a range of 1.0 equivalent to 1.1 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The amount of the compound of the formula (58) to be used is within a range of 0.5 equivalents to 0.6 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The reaction temperature is within a range of −20° C. to 120° C., and preferably 10° C. to 80° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 8 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 6 hours. 1 2 3 4 Among the compounds of formula (1), a compound of formula (3′) may be prepared by reacting the compound of the formula (51) (in the formula (51), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) and a compound of formula (60) (in the formula (60), Aa is the same as defined in the formula (3)) in the presence or absence of a base, and in the presence of a condensing agent. Examples of a solvent to be used in the reaction include dichloromethane, chloroform, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Examples of the condensing agent to be used in the reaction include 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, and 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Examples of the base to be used in the reaction include 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The amount of the base to be used is within a range of 0.01 equivalents to 1.2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The amount of the condensing agent to be used is within a range of 1.0 equivalent to 1.2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The amount of the compound of the formula (60) to be used is within a range of 1.0 equivalent to 1.2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid (51). The reaction temperature is within a range of 0° C. to 60° C., and preferably 10° C. to 40° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 6 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 3 hours. 1 2 3 4 Among the compounds of formula (1), the compound of the formula (3′) may also be prepared by reacting the compound of the formula (53) (in the formula (53), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) and the compound of the formula (60) (in the formula (60), Aa is the same as defined in the formula (3)) in the presence of a base. Examples of a solvent to be used in the reaction include tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide and mixtures thereof. Examples of the base to be used in the reaction include triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate. The amount of the base to be used is within a range of 1 equivalent to 10 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid chloride (53). The amount of the compound of the formula (60) to be used is within a range of 1 equivalent to 2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid chloride (53). The reaction temperature is within a range of −20° C. to 100° C., and preferably 10° C. to 50° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 6 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 4 hours. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Among the compounds of formula (1), a compound of formula (4′) may be prepared by the below-mentioned method from the compound of the formula (51) (in the formula (51), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) via a compound of formula (61) (in the formula (61), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)). In the first step, the compound of the formula (61) may be prepared by reducing the compound of the formula (51). Examples of a solvent to be used in the reaction include tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, dichloromethane, chloroform, and toluene. Examples of a reducing agent to be used in the reaction include a borane-tetrahydrofuran complex, and a borane-dimethyl sulfide complex. The amount of the reducing agent to be used is within a range of 3 equivalents to 6 equivalents based on the compound of the formula (51). The reaction temperature is within a range of −20° C. to 80° C., and preferably 0° C. to 40° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 8 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 6 hours. 5 Next, in the second step, the compound of the formula (61) and the compound of the formula (54) (in the formula (54), Ab is the same as defined in the formula (4), and Xis a halogen atom) are reacted in the presence of a base to obtain the compound of the formula (4′). Examples of a solvent to be used in the reaction include tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide and mixtures thereof. Examples of the base to be used in the reaction include triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate. The amount of the base to be used is within a range of 1 equivalent to 10 equivalents based on the compound of the formula (61). The amount of the compound of the formula (54) to be used is within a range of 1 equivalent to 2 equivalents based on the compound of the formula (61). The reaction temperature is within a range of −20° C. to 100° C., and preferably 10° C. to 60° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 6 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 3 hours. 1 2 3 4 5 Among the compounds of formula (1), a compound of formula (5′) may be prepared by reacting the compound of the formula (53) (in the formula (53), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) and a compound of formula (62) (in the formula (62), Xis a halogen atom, and L is a hydrogen atom or a C1-4 alkyl group) in the presence of a base. Examples of a solvent to be used in the reaction include tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide and mixtures thereof. Examples of the base to be used in the reaction include triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate. The amount of the base to be used is within a range of 1 equivalent to 10 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid chloride (53). The amount of the compound of the formula (62) to be used is within a range of 1 equivalent to 2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid chloride (53). The reaction temperature is within a range of −20° C. to 100° C., and preferably 10° C. to 90° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 10 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 8 hours. 1 2 3 4 Among the compounds of formula (1), the compound of the formula (3′) may also be prepared by reacting the compound of the formula (53) (in the formula (53), X, X, Xand Xare the same as defined in the formula (1)) and the compound of the formula (60) (in the formula (60), Aa is the same as defined in the formula (3)) in the presence or absence of an acid. Although toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, dichloroethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, nitromethane, nitrobenzene or a mixture thereof may be used as a solvent in the reaction, the reaction may be conducted in the absence of any solvents, Examples of the acid to be used in the reaction include aluminum trichloride, aluminum tribromide, lanthanoid triflate, zeolite, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, ferric chloride, zinc dichloride, polyphosphoric acid, titanium tetrachloride, titanium tetrabromide, tin chloride, and zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate. The amount of the acid to be used is within a range of 0.01 equivalents to 10 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid chloride (53). The amount of the compound of the formula (60) to be used is within a range of 0.5 equivalents to 2 equivalents based on the carboxylic acid chloride (53). The reaction temperature is within a range of −20° C. to 250° C., and preferably 10° C. to 100° C. The reaction time is within a range of 10 minutes to 48 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 16 hours. Among the compounds of formula (1), specific examples of a compound of formula (2″) are shown in the below-mentioned Tables 1 to 8. 1 2 3 4 In the specific compounds represented by the formula (2″), X, X, Xand Xrepresent the combination of substituents shown in the below-mentioned Table 1, and Q and A represent the combination of substituents shown in Table 2 to Table 8. J represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom. In the present specification, the below-mentioned abbreviated words may be used. n: normal sec: secondary tert: tertiary TABLE 1 X<sup>1</sup> X<sup>2</sup> X<sup>3</sup> X<sup>4</sup> Q, A F H H F Combinations shown in Tables 2 to 8. F F H F Combinations shown in Tables 2 to 8. F H H Cl Combinations shown in Tables 2 to 8. F F H Cl Combinations shown in Tables 2 to 8. F F F F Combinations shown in Tables 2 to 8. F Cl F F Combinations shown in Tables 2 to 8. TABLE 2 Q A O H O methyl O ethyl O 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl O n-propyl O 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl O n-octyl O isobutyl O 1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl O isopropyl O propargyl O 3,3-dichloroallyl O ethoxycarbonylmethyl NH tert-butyl NH 2-aminoethyl NH methyl NH cyanomethyl NH ethyl NH isopropyl NH 2-bromoethyl NH n-propyl NH allyl NH cyclohexyl NH cyclopropyl NH n-octyl NH 2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)aminoethyl O allyl NH 2-methoxyethyl NH 2-hydroxyethyl NH 2-mercaptoethyl NH methoxycarbonylmethyl NH methoxy O benzyl TABLE 3 Q A O 2-chlorobenzyl O 3-chlorobenzyl O 4-chlorobenzyl O 4-methoxybenzyl O 4-methylbenzyl O 2-(methoxycarbonyl)benzyl NH benzyl NH benzoyl O 3,4-dichloroisothiazol-5-yl O (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl NH 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl NH 2-benzimidazolyl NH 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl NH 4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl NH 2-methoxycarbonylthiophen-3-yl NH 2-pyrazinyl NH 2-pyridyl NH 2-pyrimidinyl NH 2-thiazolyl NH 3-cyano-4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl NH 3-cyanothiophen-2-yl NH 3-methoxycarbonylthiofen-2-yl NH dibenzo[b,d]furan-3-yl NH 3-pyridazinyl NH 3-pyridyl NH 3-triazolyl NH 4-methoxypyridin-2-yl NH 4-pyridyl NH 5-methylisoxazol-3-yl NH 5-methylthiazol-2-yl O 2-cyanophenyl O 2-methoxyphenyl O 4-chlorophenyl TABLE 4 Q A O 4-cyanophenyl O 4-methylphenyl O 4-nitrophenyl O cinnamyl O phenyl NH phenyl NCH3 3-isopropyloxyphenyl NCH3 phenyl NH 2-fluorophenyl NH 3-fluorophenyl NH 4-fluorophenyl NH 2-bromophenyl NH 3-bromophenyl NH 4-bromophenyl NH 2-iodophenyl NH 3-iodophenyl NH 4-iodophenyl NH 2-ethylphenyl NH 3-ethylphenyl NH 4-ethylphenyl NH 2-n-propylphenyl NH 3-n-propylphenyl NH 4-n-propylphenyl NH 2-n-butylphenyl NH 3-n-butylphenyl NH 4-n-butylphenyl NH 2-sec-butylphenyl NH 3-sec-butylphenyl NH 4-sec-butylphenyl NH 2-isobutylphenyl NH 3-isobutylphenyl NH 4-isobutylphenyl NH 2,3,5,6-tetrofluoro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl TABLE 5 Q A NH 2,3-dichlorophenyl NH 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl NH 2,6-dimethylphenyl NH 2-chlorophenyl NH 2-cyano-4-nitrophenyl NH 2-methylphenyl NH 3,4,5-trichlorophenyl NH 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl NH 3,4-difluorophenyl NH 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl NH 3,4-dimethylphenyl NH 3,5-dichlorophenyl NH 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl NH 3,5-dimethylphenyl NH 3-benzylphenyl NH 3-bromo-4-methylphenyl NH 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl NH 3-chloro-4-methlphenyl NH 3-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl NH 3-chlorophenyl NH 3-cyanophenyl NH 3-ethoxycarbonylphenyl NH 2-ethoxyphenyl NH 3-ethoxyphenyl NH 3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl NH 3-iodo-4-methylphenyl NH 2-n-propyloxyphenyl NH 3-n-propyloxyphenyl NH 4-n-propyloxyphenyl NH 2-n-butyloxyphenyl NH 3-n-butyloxyphenyl NH 4-n-butyloxyphenyl NH 2-sec-butyloxyphenyl TABLE 6 Q A NH 3-sec-butyloxyphenyl NH 4-sec-butyloxyphenyl NH 2-isobutyloxyphenyl NH 3-isobutyloxyphenyl NH 4-isobutyloxyphenyl NH 2-tert-butyloxyphenyl NH 3-tert-butyloxyphenyl NH 4-tert-butyloxyphenyl NH 2-trifluoromethoxyphenyl NH 2-cyanophenyl NH 4-chloro-3-benzylaminocarbonylphenyl NH 2-trichloromethyloxyphenyl NH 3-trichloromethyloxyphenyl NH 4-trichloromethyloxyphenyl NH 2-isopropyloxyphenyl NH 3-isopropyloxyphenyl NH 3-isopropylphenyl NH 2-methoxyphenyl NH 3-methoxyphenyl NH 3-methylphenyl NH 3-phenoxyphenyl NH 3-tert-butoxyphenyl NH 3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl NH 3-trifluoromethylphenyl NH 4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl NH 4-chlorophenyl NH 4-cyanophenyl NH 4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl NH 4-ethoxyphenyl NH 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl NH 4-isopropyloxyphenyl NH 2-isopropylphenyl NH 3-isopropylphenyl TABLE 7 Q A NH 4-isopropylphenyl NH 4-methoxyphenyl NH 4-methyl-3-methoxyphenyl NH 4-methyl-3-nitrophenyl NH 4-methyl-3-trifluoromethylphenyl NH 4-methylphenyl NH 4-nitrophenyl NH 4-phenoxyphenyl NH 4-tert-butoxyphenyl NH 2-tert-butylphenyl NH 3-tert-butylphenyl NH 4-tert-butylphenyl NH 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl NH 2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl NH 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl NH 1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl NH 1-phenylethyl NH phenylsulfonyl NH H O 4-ethylphenyl O 3-methoxyphenyl O 2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl NH 4-trifluoromethylphenyl NH 2-phenylethyl NH 3,4-dichlorophenyl NH 4-tert-butyl-2-fluorophenyl NH propargyl NH phenylcarbonylmethyl NH 2-nitrophenyl NH (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl NH 3-nitrophenyl NH 4-n-hexylphenyl O propargyl TABLE 8 Q A NH 3-acetylphenyl NH 3-(methylthio)phenyl NH 3-hydroxyphenyl NH benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl NH (3-(2,6-difluoropyridin-4-ylcarbonylamino)phenyl)amino NH 3-aminophenyl NH 4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl O 4-methoxyphenyl O 4-fluorophenyl O naphthalen-1-yl O cyclohexyl O 3-methylphenyl O 3-fluorophenyl O 2-methylphenyl O 2-chlorolphenyl O 2-fluorophenyl O 3-chlorophenyl O n-hexyl O n-dodecyl O phenethyl O 4-isopropylphenyl 1 2 3 4 2 n 2 n 2 2 2 2 2 2 Among the compounds of the formula (2″), in specific examples of a compound in which A is a group of formula (2A), X, X, Xand Xrepresent the combination of substituents shown in the below-mentioned Table 9, Q represents a divalent group of formula: —O—(CH)n-O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH(CH)—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—(CH)—NH—, a divalent group of formula: —O—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—O—, a divalent group of formula: —NH—CH—CH═CH—CH—NH—, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldioxy group, a cyclohexane-1,4-diyldiamino group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)-O—, a 1,3-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenediamino group, a 1,4-phenylenedioxy group, a divalent group of formula: —NH-(1,4-phenylene)-O—, or a divalent group of formula (2B). TABLE 9 X<sup>1</sup> X<sup>2</sup> X<sup>3</sup> X<sup>4</sup> F F H F F H H Cl F Cl H F F F H Cl F F F F F Cl F F Among the compounds of formula (1), specific examples of a compound of formula (3′) are shown in the below-mentioned Table 10. 1 2 3 4 In the specific compounds represented by the formula (3′), X, X, Xand Xrepresent the combination of substituents shown in the below-mentioned Table 10, and Aa represents a piperidin-1-yl group, a 1-methyl-1-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group, a morpholin-4-yl group, an indolin-1-yl group, a benzoisothiazol-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide-2-yl group, a piperazin-1-yl group, an azetidin-1-yl group, a 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl group, a 3-oxoisothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a benzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 1,1-dioxo-3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl group, a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazin-2-yl group, a 1H-pyrrol-2-yl group or an isoindolin-2-yl group. TABLE 10 X<sup>1</sup> X<sup>2</sup> X<sup>3</sup> X<sup>4</sup> F H H Cl F Cl H F F F H Cl F F F F F Cl F F Among the compounds of formula (1), specific examples of a compound of formula (5′) are shown in the below-mentioned Tables 11 and 12. 1 2 3 4 In the specific compounds represented by the formula (5′), X, X, Xand Xrepresent the combination of substituents shown in the below-mentioned Table 11, and the combinations of substituents as Z, substitution positions thereof, and m are shown in the below-mentioned Table 12. TABLE 11 X<sup>1</sup> X<sup>2</sup> X<sup>3</sup> X<sup>4</sup> Z, m F F H F Combinations shown in Table 12. F H H Cl Combinations shown in Table 12. F Cl H F Combinations shown in Table 12. F F H Cl Combinations shown in Table 12. F F F F Combinations shown in Table 12. F Cl F F Combinations shown in Table 12. TABLE 12 Z m 4-methyl 1 5-methyl 1 4-chloro 1 5-chloro 1 4-fluoro 1 5-fluoro 1 4-methyl 2 5-methyl 2 4-chloro 2 5-chloro 2 4-fluoro 2 5-fluoro 2 4-methyl 3 5-methyl 3 6-methyl 3 4-chloro 3 5-chloro 3 6-chloro 3 4-fluoro 3 5-fluoro 3 6-fluoro 3 [Plant pathogen] Although the plant pathogen to be controlled by the plant disease control agent according to the present embodiment is not particularly limited, examples there ofinclude fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Alternaria alternata, Alternaria kikutiana, Botrytis cinerea, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Colletotrichum atramentarium, Colletotrichum lagenarium, Fusarium oxysporum cucumerium, Fusarium oxysporum lycopersici, Gibberella fujikuroi, Glomerella cingulata, Pyricularia oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia minor, Verticillium albo atrum, Puccinia recondita, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Alternaria solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Venturia inaequalis, Monilinia fructicola, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Cercospora kikuchii, Cercospora beticola, Leptosphaeria nodorum Blumeria graminis Pyricularia oryzae, Blumeria graminis, Puccinia recondita Erysiphe graminis. Examples of the plant pathogenic fungi include f. sp. f. sp. -, and . Preferable examples of the plant pathogenic fungi include , and Pseudomonas Erwinia Pectobacterium Xanthomonas Burkholderia Streptomyces Ralstonia Clavibacter Rhizomonas Agrobacterium Bacillus Clostridium Curtobacterium Pantoea Acidovorax Arthrobacter Rhodococcus Xanthomonas Xanthomonas oryzae Orizae Xanthomonas Examples of the plant pathogenic bacteria include sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., sp., and sp. Preferable examples of the plant pathogenic bacteria include sp., and pv. is preferable among the sp. Examples of the plant pathogenic viruses include Soil-borne wheatmosaic virus, Soybean mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Potato leaf roll virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, and Tobacco mosaic virus. The plant disease control agent according to the present embodiment contains the compound of formula (1), as an active ingredient thereof. In the present specification, the phrase “contains the compound of formula (1), as an active ingredient thereof” means that the compound of formula (1) is contained in an approximate amount such that plant disease controlling effects are exhibited, and the amount thereof is not particularly limited, provided that the compound of formula (1) is contained as an active ingredient in the form of free body, hydrate, arbitrary solvate, or salt. In the case where the plant disease control agent according to the present embodiment is used as an active ingredient of an agricultural and horticultural disease control agent, the above-mentioned compound may be used directly, or may be used in the form of a plant disease controlling composition (preparation) having an arbitrary dosage form, such as emulsion, solution, suspension, wettable powder, powder, granule, tablet, oil solution, aerosol, or flowable agent, prepared by conventionally mixing the compound with an agriculturally and horticulturally acceptable carrier, such as a solid carrier, a liquid carrier, a gaseous carrier, a surfactant, or a dispersing agent. The plant disease controlling composition may further contain additional formulation auxiliaries. Examples of the available carrier include liquid carriers, solid carriers, gaseous carriers, surfactants, and dispersing agents. Examples of the formulation auxiliaries include ones conventionally formulated in plant disease controlling compositions. Examples of the solid carriers include: fine powders or granules of clays (such as kaolin clay, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, and acid clay), synthetic hydrated silicon oxide, tale, ceramic, or additional inorganic minerals (such as selenite, quartz, sulfur, active carbon, calcium carbonate, and hydrated silica); starch; lactose; and synthesized polymers such as vinyl chloride polymers, and polyurethane. Examples of the liquid carriers include: alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and glycerin); ketones (such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone); aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzyl alcohol, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, and methylnaphthalen); aliphatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffin, n-hexane, cyclohexane, kerosene, and lamp oil); ethers (such as diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, diethyl ether, dioxane, and tetrahydrofuran); esters (such as propylene carbonate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, isopropyl myristate, and fatty acid esters of propylene glycol); nitriles (such as acetonitrile and isobutyronitrile); amides (such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and N-methylpyrrolidone); halogenated hydrocarbons (such as dichloromethane, trichloroethane, and carbon tetrachloride); animal or vegetable oils such as soybean oil, and cottonseed oil; dimethyl sulfoxide, silicone oil, higher fatty acid, glycerol formal, and water. Examples of the gaseous carriers include LPG, air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and dimethyl ether. Examples of the surfactant or the dispersing agent, which is used to conduct emulsification, dispersion, or spreading, include alkylsulfuates, alkyl (aryl) sulfonic acid salts, polyoxyalkylene alkyl (aryl) ethers, polyhydric alcohol esters, and lignin sulfonate. Examples of the auxiliaries used to improve the properties of preparations include carboxymethyl cellulose, gum arabic, polyethylene glycol, and calcium stearate. The above-mentioned carriers, surfactants, dispersing agents, and auxiliaries may each be used alone, or in combination thereof, as needed. The amount of the plant disease control agent (the compound of formula (1)) in the plant disease controlling composition is not particularly limited, and the amount is usually, for example, 1% by mass to 50% by mass in the case of an emulsion, 1% by mass to 50% by mass in the case of a wettable powder, 0.1% by mass to 30% by mass in the case of a powder formulation, 0.1% by mass to 15% by mass in the case of a granule, 0.1% by mass to 10% by mass in the case of an oil solution, and 0.1% by mass to 10% by mass in the case of an aerosol. The plant disease control agent or the plant disease controlling composition according to the present embodiment may be used directly, or may be diluted to be used, as needed. The plant disease control agent or the plant disease controlling composition may be used with other pest control agents, and, for example, may be mixed with a resistance inducer or other pest control agents to be sprayed, or may be sprayed therewith separately at different times or simultaneously. th th Examples of other pest control agents include pesticides, fungicides, miticides, herbicides, plant growth regulators, and fertilizers, and specific examples thereof include ones described in Pesticide Manual (The Pesticide Manual, the 13edition, issued by The British Crop Protection Council) or SHIBUYA INDEX (SHIBUYA INDEX, the 13edition, 2008, issued by SHIBUYA INDEX RESEARCH GROUP). Examples of the pesticide include acephate, dichlorvos, EPN, fenitrothion, fenamifos, prothiofos, profenofos, pyraclofos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, demeton, ethion, malathion, coumaphos, isoxathion, fenthion, diazinon, thiodicarb, aldicarb, oxamyl, propoxur, carbaryl, fenobucarb, ethiofencarb, fenothiocarb, pirimicarb, carbofuran, carbosulfan, furathiocarb, hyquincarb, alanycarb, methomyl, benfurcarb, cartap, thiocyclam, bensultap, dicofol, tetradifon, acrinathrin, bifenthrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, dimefluthrin, empenthrin, fenfluthrin, fenpropathrin, imiprothrin, metofluthrin, permethrin, phenothrin, resmethrin, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, fluvalinate, ethofenprox, flufenprox, halfenprox, silafluofen, cyromazine, diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, penfluron, triflumuron, chlorfluazuron, diafenthiuron, methoprene, fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen, halofenozide, tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, chromafenozide, dicyclanil, buprofezin, hexythiazox, amitraz, chlordimeform, pyridaben, fenpyroxymate, flufenerim, pyrimidifen, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, fluacrypyrim, acequinocyl, cyflumetofen, flubendiamide, ethiprole, fipronil, ethoxazole, imidacloprid, nitempyram, chlothinidin, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, pymetrozine, bifenazate, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, flonicamid, chlorfenapyr, pyriproxyfene, indoxacarb, pyridalyl, spinosad, avermectin, milbemycin, azadirachtin, nicotine, rotenone, BT agents, insect pathogenic viral agents, emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, pyrifluquinazon, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, cyenopyrafen, spirotetramat, lepimectin, metaflumizone, pyrafluprole, pyriprole, dimefluthrin, fenazaflor, hydramethylnon, triazamate, afidopyropen, and flupyrimin. Examples of the fungicide include: strobilurin-based compounds, such as azoxystrobin, kresoxym-methyl, trifloxystrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, and fluoxastrobin; anilino pyrimidine-based compounds such as mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil, and cyprodinil; azole-based compounds such as triadimefon, bitertanol, triflumizole, etaconazole, propiconazole, penconazole, flusilazole, myclobutanil, cyproconazole, tebuconazole, hexaconazole, prochloraz, and simeconazole; quinoxaline-based compounds such as quinomethionate; dithiocarbamate-bsed compounds such as maneb, zineb, mancozeb, polycarbamate, and propineb; phenylcarbamate-based compounds such as diethofencarb; organic chlorine-based compounds such as chlorothalonil and quintozene; benzimidazole-based compounds such as benomyl, thiophanate-methyl, and carbendazim; phenylamide-based compounds such as metalaxyl, oxadixyl, ofurase, benalaxyl, furalaxyl, and cyprofuram; sulfenic acid-based compounds such as dichlofluanid; copper-based compounds such as copper hydroxide and oxine-copper; isoxazole-based compounds such as hydroxyisoxazole; organic phosphorus-based compounds such as fosetyl-aluminium and tolclofos-methyl; N-halogenothioalkyl-based compounds such as captan, captafol, and folpet; dicarboximide-based compounds such as procymidone, iprodione, and vinchlozolin; benzanilide-based compounds such as flutolanil and mepronil; morpholine-based compounds such as fenpropimorph and dimethomorph; organic tin-based compounds such as fentin hydroxide and fentin acetate; cyanopyrrole-based compounds such as fludioxonil and fenpiclonil; others such as fthalide, probenazole, acibenzolar-S-methyl, tiadinil, isotianil, carpropamid, diclocymet, fenoxanil, tricyclazole, pyroquilon, ferimzone, fluazinam, cymoxanil, triforine, pyrifenox, fenarimol, fenpropidin, pencycuron, cyazofamid, cyflufenamid, boscalid, penthiopyrad, proquinazid, quinoxyfen, famoxadone, fenamidone, iprovalicarb, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl, fluopicolide, pyribencarb, flutianil, isopyrazam, fenpicoxamid, kasugamycin, and validamycin. Examples of the miticide include bromopropylate, tetradifon, propargite, amitraz, fenothiocarb, hexythiazox, fenbutatin oxide, dienochlor, fenpyroximate, tebufenpyrad, pyridaben, pyrimidifen, clofentezine, etoxazole, halfenprox, milbemectin, acequinocyl, bifenazate, fluacryprim, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, chlorfenapyr, avermectin, cyenopyrafen, and cyflumetofen. Examples of the herbicide include: phenoxy acid-based compounds such as cyhalofop-butyl, and 2,4-D; carbamate-based compounds such as esprocarb and desmedipham; acid amide-based compounds such as alachlor and metolachlor; urea-based compounds such as diuron and tebuthiuron; sulfonylurea-based compounds such as halosulfuron-methyl and flazasulfuron; pyrimidyloxy benzoic acid-based compounds such as pyriminobac-methyl; and amino acid-based compounds such as glyphosate, bialafos, and glufosinate (glufosinate-ammonium). Examples of the plant growth regulator include: ethylene preparations such as ethephon; auxins such as indolebutyric acid and ethychlozate; cytokinins; gibberellins; auxin antagonists; plant growth suppressors; and transpiration suppressors. Examples of the fertilizer include: nitrogen fertilizers such as urea, ammonium nitrate, magnesium ammonium nitrate, and ammonium chloride; phosphoric acid fertilizers such as calcium superphosphate, ammonium phosphate, magnesium superphosphate, and magnesium phosphate; potassium fertilizers such as potassium chloride, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium-potassium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and potassium sodium nitrate; manganese fertilizers such as manganese sulfate and magnesium manganese nitrate; and boron fertilizers such as boric acid and salts of boric acid. In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling plant disease in which the plant disease control agent or the compound is brought into contact with a plant body or a seed, or is contained in a cultivation bed. The plant disease control agent or the compound may be used in the form of a plant disease controlling composition. In the case where the plant disease control agent or the compound are brought into contact with plant bodies, the plant disease control agent or the compound may be brought into contact with leaves, stems, roots, rootstocks, tuberosities, or bulbs, of plants, germinated buds, or the like. Alternatively, the plant disease control agent or the compound may be brought into contact with plant seeds. Examples of the cultivation bed include soils, water surfaces of rice fields where rice is grown, carriers on which plants are grown, and water of hydroponic culture. The water of hydroponic culture may contain nutrients. The method for bringing the above-mentioned plant disease control agent or the above-mentioned compound into contact with plant bodies or seeds, or the method for making the above-mentioned plant disease control agent or the above-mentioned compound to be contained in cultivation beds is not particularly limited, provided that the method is usually used in agriculture and horticulture, and examples thereof include foliar application, submerged application, soil treatment, nursery box application, seed treatment, immersion treatment, fertilizer mix, and irrigation water mixing. The application amount of the plant disease control agent according to the present embodiment may be determined depending on the type of target disease, the infection degree, the kind of target crop, and the target site, while taking into account the application mode, such as aerial application or ultramicro inspersion, in addition to the application method. For example, in the case of spraying the plant disease control agent to leaves and stems of plants, 1 to 1000 g of the plant disease control agent may be diluted with 50 to 1000 L of water per 10 ares to be used in the form of emulsion, wettable powder or flowable formulation, or 1 to 10 kg of the plant disease control agent may be used per 10 ares in the powder form. In the case where the plant disease control agent is applied in the soil, approximately 1 to 10 kg of the plant disease control agent may be used per 10 ares in the granule form, for example. Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained further specifically by illustrating examples; however, the scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples. Hereinafter, the below-mentioned abbreviated words may be used in the examples. ESI: Electrospray ionization MS: Mass spectrum IR: Infrared absorption spectrum n: normal tert: tertiary 2,3,6-trifluoroisonicotinic acid (1.76 g) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL), followed by adding bromoethane (1.08 g) and potassium carbonate (1.38 g) to the solution, and then conducting stirring at 80° C. for 2 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added thereto, the mixture was subjected to extraction with water, an organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was distilled off. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain a compound of Example 1-117 (yield 1.44 g). 2,3,6-trifluoroisonicotinic acid (5.28 g) was dissolved in thionyl chloride (30 mL), followed by heating the mixture to reflux for 1 hour. The resultant was concentrated, the concentrate was dissolved in acetonitrile (30 mL), and then 3-chloro-4-methylaniline (5.64 g) and pyridine (3.20 g) was added to the solution, followed by heating the mixture to reflux for 1 hour. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added thereto, the mixture was washed sequentially with 1N hydrochloric acid and 1N sodium hydroxide, an organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then the solvent was distilled off. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain a compound of Example 1-30 (yield 7.70 g). 2,3,6-trifluoro-4-pyridinemethanol (106 mg) was dissolved in dichloromethane (8 mL), acetyl chloride (65 mg) was added to the solution, the mixture was cooled to 0° C., N,N-diisopropylethylamine (130 mg) was added thereto, and then the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then, the solvent was distilled off, the resultant was dissolved in diethyl ether, the solution was washed sequentially with saturated sodium carbonate, 2% hydrochloric acid, and saturated brine, and the resultant organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off using an evaporator, and then the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain a compound of Example 3-1 (yield 63.2 mg). 2,6-difluoroisonicotinic acid (50 mg) was dissolved in chloroform (3.1 mL), and then aniline (29 μL), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (65 mg), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (catalytic amount) were added to the solution, followed by stirring the mixture at room temperature for 3 hours. Then, water was added to the reaction mixture, and then the mixture was subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate, followed by conducting washing sequentially with saturated ammonium chloride and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate. The resultant organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then the solvent was distilled off. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain a compound of Example 1-143 (yield 66.3 mg). 2,3,6-trifluoroisonicotinic acid (30 mg) was dissolved in chloroform (3.1 mL), and then ethylene diamine (6.0 μL), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (38 mg), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (27 mg), and triethylamine (30 μL) were added to the solution, followed by stirring the mixture at room temperature overnight. 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (38 mg) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (27 mg) were added to the resultant again, and then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Then, water was added to the reaction mixture, and then the resultant was subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate, followed by conducting washing sequentially with saturated ammonium chloride and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate. The resultant organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then the solvent was distilled off. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain a compound of Example 1-150 (yield 20.1 mg). 2,3,6-trifluoroisonicotinic acid (100 mg) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (5.6 mL), and then 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride (79 mg), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (128 mg), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (92 mg), and triethylamine (101 L) were added to the solution, followed by stirring the mixture at room temperature for 3 hours. Then, water was added to the reaction mixture, and the resultant was subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate, followed by conducting washing sequentially with saturated ammonium chloride and saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate. The resultant organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was distilled off, and then the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,3,6-trifluoroisonicotinamide (yield 100 mg). The obtained N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,3,6-trifluoroisonicotinamide (20 mg) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (8.4 mL), and then 55% sodium hydride (3.8 mg) was added to the solution under ice-cooling, followed by stirring the mixture for 3 hours. Then, water was added to the reaction mixture, subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate, the resultant organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then the solvent was distilled off. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to obtain a compound of Example 4-2 (yield 16 mg). 2,6-difluoroisonicotinic acid (80 mg) was dissolved in acetonitrile (1 mL), and then cyclohexyl alcohol (50 mg), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (96 mg), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (61 mg) were added to the solution, followed by stirring the mixture at room temperature for 24 hours. Then, water was added to the reaction mixture, and then the resultant was subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate, followed by conducting washing sequentially with saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution and saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution. The resultant organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then the solvent was distilled off. The residue was purified by preparative TLC to obtain a compound of Example 1-205 (yield 42 mg). 2,3,6-trifluoroisonicotinic acid (177 mg, 1.0 mmol) was dissolved in dichloroethane, and then thionyl chloride (1 mL) was added to the solution, followed by heating the mixture to reflux for 2 hours while conducting stirring. The solvent was distilled off using an evaporator, and then nitromethane (3 mL), 1-methylpyrrole (54 mg, 0.67 mmol), and zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate (II) (24 mg, 0.066 mmol) were added to the resultant, followed by stirring the mixture at room temperature overnight. Sodium hydrogen carbonate was added to the reaction mixture, and then water was added to the mixture to conduct extraction with chloroform. The resultant organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off using an evaporator, followed by purifying the residue by silica gel chromatography (mobile phase:hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1 (volume ratio)), and then conducting washing with hexane to obtain compound 2-2 (yield 44 mg, 0.18 mmol, 27% yield). In accordance with the method of Examples 1 to 8, compounds of Examples 1-1 to 1-218, represented by formula (2″) and shown in the below-mentioned Tables 13 to 34, were prepared. In addition, compounds of Examples 2-1 to 2-5, represented by formula (3′) and shown in the below-mentioned Table 35, were prepared. In addition, compounds of Examples 3-1 and 3-2, represented by formula (4′) and shown in the below-mentioned Table 36, were prepared. In addition, compounds of Examples 4-1 to 4-4, represented by formula (5′) and shown in the below-mentioned Table 37, were prepared. 1 1 Data of MS, IR, and H-NMR of each compounds of formula (2″), (3′), (4′) or (5′), as well as those of the compounds obtained in Examples 1 to 8, are shown in Tables 13 to 37. Deuterated acetone was used as a solvent to conduct H-NMR measurement (400 MHz, 500 MHz or 600 MHz) of compounds of Examples 1-8, 1-69, 1-175, 1-176 and 4-2, a mixture of deuterated chloroform and deuterated methanol at a ratio of 1:1 was used as a solvent to conduct H-NMR measurement of a compound of Example 1-93, and deuterated chloroform was used as a solvent to conduct H-NMR measurement of compounds of other examples. MS was measured by ESI-MS method. IR was measured by the KBr method. The compounds of Examples 1-1 to 1-218, represented by the formula (2″), are shown in Tables 13 to 34. TABLE 13 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-1 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00044" num="00044"><img id="EMI-C00044" he="26.42mm" wi="54.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00044.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.27 (d, 6H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 4.41-4.47 (m, 1H), 6.63-6.65 (m, 2H), 6.68-6.69 (m, 1H), 6.76-6.79 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.15 (m, 1H) m/z = 325 (M + H) 1-2 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00045" num="00045"><img id="EMI-C00045" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00045.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.50 (3H, s), 6.70 (1H, m), 7.11 (2H, m), 7.30 (3H, m) IR 1653, 1471, 1440, 1395, 1025, 701 1-3 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00046" num="00046"><img id="EMI-C00046" he="26.42mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00046.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.80 (4H, m), 2.76 (4H, m), 7.07 (1H, d), 7.28 (1H, d), 7.33 (1H, m), 7.45 (1H, m), 8.17 (1H, br) 1-4 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00047" num="00047"><img id="EMI-C00047" he="32.77mm" wi="47.84mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00047.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.60 (1H, br), 7.79 (1H, s) m/z = 393 (M + H) 1-5 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00048" num="00048"><img id="EMI-C00048" he="26.42mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00048.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.36 (2H, m), 7.56 (1H, m), 8.49 (1H, dd) m/z = 321 (M + H) 1-6 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00049" num="00049"><img id="EMI-C00049" he="26.42mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00049.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.24 (6H, s), 2.31 (3H, s), 6.97 (2H, s), 7.49 (1H, m), 7.72 (1H, br) IR 1655, 1541, 1471, 1432, 1377, 1032 1-7 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00050" num="00050"><img id="EMI-C00050" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00050.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.28 (6H, s), 7.17 (3H, m), 7.46 (1H, m), 7.80 (1H, br) IR 1659, 1541, 1473, 1380, 1033 1-8 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00051" num="00051"><img id="EMI-C00051" he="29.63mm" wi="47.58mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00051.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.20 (2H, m), 7.32 (1H, m), 7.47 (2H, m) m/z = 293 (M + H) 1-9 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00052" num="00052"><img id="EMI-C00052" he="27.18mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00052.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.29 (4H, m), 6.88 (1H, d), 7.01 (1H, dd), 7.28 (1H, d), 7.51 (1H, m), 8.10 (1H, br) m/z = 311 (M + H) 1-10 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00053" num="00053"><img id="EMI-C00053" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00053.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.17 (1H, dt), 7.37 (1H, t), 7.47 (1H, dd), 7.55 (1H, m), 8.51 (1H, d), 8.99 (1H, br) m/z = 224 (M + H) TABLE 14 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-11 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00054" num="00054"><img id="EMI-C00054" he="27.18mm" wi="48.43mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00054.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.55 (1H, m), 8.55 (2H, m), 8.89 (1H, d), 9.19 (1H, br) m/z = 323 (M + H) 1-12 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00055" num="00055"><img id="EMI-C00055" he="24.72mm" wi="39.12mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00055.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.94 (2H, t), 3.40 (2H, t), 7.32 (1H, m) m/z = 262 (M + H) 1-13 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00056" num="00056"><img id="EMI-C00056" he="24.72mm" wi="46.06mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00056.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.95 (3H, s), 7.49 (1H, m), 7.57 (1H, d), 8.23 (1H, d), 11.37 (1H, br) m/z = 317 (M + H) 1-14 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00057" num="00057"><img id="EMI-C00057" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00057.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.36 (3H, s), 7.19 (1H, t), 7.30 (2H, m), 7.56 (1H, m), 8.01 (1H, d) IR 1655, 1546, 1459, 1370, 1033 1-15 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00058" num="00058"><img id="EMI-C00058" he="27.09mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00058.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.53 (1H, m), 8.36 (1H, t), 8.49 (1H, d), 8.02 (1H, br), 9.65 (1H, d) m/z = 255 (M + H) 1-16 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00059" num="00059"><img id="EMI-C00059" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00059.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.17 (1H, dd), 7.49 (1H, m), 7.81 (1H, dt), 8.30 (1H, d), 8.37 (1H, d) m/z = 254 (M + H) 1-17 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00060" num="00060"><img id="EMI-C00060" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00060.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.15 (1H, t), 7.42 (1H, m), 8.68 (1H, d), 8.85 (1H, br) m/z = 255 (M + H) 1-18 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00061" num="00061"><img id="EMI-C00061" he="24.72mm" wi="39.12mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00061.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.14 (1H, d), 7.50 (1H, d), 7.53 (1H, m) m/z = 260 (M + H) 1-19 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00062" num="00062"><img id="EMI-C00062" he="32.85mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00062.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.50 (1H, m), 7.78 (2H, s), 8.21 (1H, br) m/z = 355 (M + H) 1-20 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00063" num="00063"><img id="EMI-C00063" he="34.88mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00063.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 6.93 (s, 2H), 7.49-7.50 (m, 1H), 8.19-8.22 (m, 1H) m/z = 343 (M + H) TABLE 15 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-21 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00064" num="00064"><img id="EMI-C00064" he="27.09mm" wi="45.47mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00064.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.21 (2H, m), 7.50 (1H, m), 7.74 (1H, m) m/z = 289 (M + H) 1-22 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00065" num="00065"><img id="EMI-C00065" he="27.18mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00065.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.91 (3H, s), 3.93 (3H, s), 6.88 (1H, d), 7.05 (1H, dd), 7.39 (1H, d), 7.51 (1H, m), 8.19 (1H, br) m/z = 313 (M + H) 1-23 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00066" num="00066"><img id="EMI-C00066" he="26.42mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00066.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.27 (3H, s), 2.29 (3H, s), 7.16 (1H, d), 7.36 (1H, dd), 7.40 (1H, d), 7.51 (1H, m), 8.13 (1H, br) m/z = 281 (M + H) 1-24 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00067" num="00067"><img id="EMI-C00067" he="32.85mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00067.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.23 (1H, s), 7.49 (1H, m), 7.60 (1H, s), 8.20 (1H, br) m/z = 321 (M + H) 1-25 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00068" num="00068"><img id="EMI-C00068" he="34.88mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00068.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.82 (6H, s), 6.35 (1H, t), 6.85 (2H, d), 7.49 (1H, m), 8.16 (1H, br) m/z = 313 (M + H) 1-26 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00069" num="00069"><img id="EMI-C00069" he="31.92mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00069.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.35 (6H, s), 6.89 (1H, s), 7.26 (2H, s), 7.51 (1H, m), 8.13 (1H, br) m/z = 281 (M + H) 1-27 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00070" num="00070"><img id="EMI-C00070" he="26.42mm" wi="59.52mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00070.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.01 (2H, s), 7.08 (1H, d), 7.20 (2H, d), 7.24-7.35 (4H, m), 7.43 (1H, s), 7.51 (2H, m) m/z = 343 (M + H) 1-28 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00071" num="00071"><img id="EMI-C00071" he="26.42mm" wi="46.48mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00071.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.41 (3H, s), 7.26 (1H, m), 7.46 (1H, dd), 7.51 (1H, m), 7.91 (1H, d), 8.17 (1H, br) m/z = 345 (M + H) 1-29 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00072" num="00072"><img id="EMI-C00072" he="27.09mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00072.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.19 (1H, t), 7.45 (1H, m), 7.51 (1H, m), 7.85 (1H, dd), 8.21 (1H, br) m/z = 305 (M + H) 1-30 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00073" num="00073"><img id="EMI-C00073" he="26.42mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00073.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.40 (3H, s), 7.27 (1H, d), 7.40 (1H, dd), 7.53 (1H, m), 7.77 (1H, d) m/z = 301 (M + H) TABLE 16 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-31 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00074" num="00074"><img id="EMI-C00074" he="27.18mm" wi="47.84mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00074.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.51 (1H, m), 7.61 (1H, d), 7.73 (1H, d), 7.95 (1H, s), 8.34 (1H, br) m/z = 355 (M + H) 1-32 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00075" num="00075"><img id="EMI-C00075" he="26.42mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00075.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.24 (1H, dt), 7.34 (1H, t), 7.46 (1H, dd), 7.51 (1H, m), 7.78 (1H, dd), 8.21 (1H, br) m/z = 287 (M + H) 1-33 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00076" num="00076"><img id="EMI-C00076" he="24.72mm" wi="44.62mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00076.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.36 (3H, s), 6.67 (1H, s), 7.54 (1H, m), 9.46 (1H, br) m/z = 284 (M + H) 1-34 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00077" num="00077"><img id="EMI-C00077" he="26.42mm" wi="47.33mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00077.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.53 (3H, m), 7.79 (1H, m), 8.10 (1H, s), 8.29 (1H, br) m/z = 278 (M + H) 1-35 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00078" num="00078"><img id="EMI-C00078" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00078.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.33 (1H, t), 7.47 (1H, m), 7.71 (2H, m), 8.51 (1H, d), 8.86 (1H, br) m/z = 278 (M + H) 1-36 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00079" num="00079"><img id="EMI-C00079" he="24.72mm" wi="39.12mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00079.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.06 (1H, d), 7.10 (1H, d), 7.54 (1H, m), 9.54 (1H, br) m/z = 283 (M + H) 1-37 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00080" num="00080"><img id="EMI-C00080" he="26.42mm" wi="59.44mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00080.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.42 (3H, t), 4.41 (2H, q), 7.51 (2H, m), 7.92 (1H, d), 8.01 (1H, d), 8.14 (1H, s), 8.31 (1H, br) m/z = 325 (M + H) 1-38 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00081" num="00081"><img id="EMI-C00081" he="26.42mm" wi="54.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00081.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.44 (3H, t), 4.07 (2H, q), 6.77 (1H, dd), 7.10 (1H, dd), 7.30 (1H, t), 7.36 (1H, t), 7.51 (1H, m), 8.20 (1H, br) m/z = 297 (M + H) 1-39 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00082" num="00082"><img id="EMI-C00082" he="26.42mm" wi="45.47mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00082.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.28 (3H, s), 7.17 (1H, dd), 7.20 (1H, t), 7.51 (1H, m), 7.55 (1H, dd), 8.20 (1H, br) m/z = 285 (M + H) 1-40 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00083" num="00083"><img id="EMI-C00083" he="26.42mm" wi="45.21mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00083.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.44 (3H, s), 7.26 (1H, m), 7.50 (1H, m), 7.53 (1H, dd), 8.11 (1H, d), 8.14 (1H, br) m/z = 393 (M + H) TABLE 17 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-41 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00084" num="00084"><img id="EMI-C00084" he="26.42mm" wi="54.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00084.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.37 (6H, d), 4.59 (1H, sep), 6.76 (1H, dd), 7.08 (1H, dd), 7.28 (1H, t), 7.34 (1H, dd), 7.50 (1H, m), 8.19 (1H, br) m/z = 311 (M + H) 1-42 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00085" num="00085"><img id="EMI-C00085" he="26.42mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00085.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.28 (6H, d), 2.95 (1H, sep), 7.12 (1H, d), 7.34 (1H, t), 7.48 (2H, m), 7.51 (1H, m) m/z = 295 (M + H) 1-43 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00086" num="00086"><img id="EMI-C00086" he="24.72mm" wi="46.06mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00086.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.96 (3H, s), 6.92 (1H, d), 7.32 (1H, d), 7.56 (1H, m) m/z = 317 (M + H) 1-44 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00087" num="00087"><img id="EMI-C00087" he="26.42mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00087.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.85 (3H, s), 6.79 (1H, m), 7.11 (1H, d), 7.29 (1H, t), 7.38 (1H, m), 7.51 (1H, m) m/z = 283 (M + H) 1-45 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00088" num="00088"><img id="EMI-C00088" he="31.07mm" wi="56.56mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00088.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.35 (1H, t), 7.39 (1H, dd), 7.46 (1H, t), 7.54 (1H, m), 7.58 (1H, d), 7.93 (2H, m), 8.20 (1H, d), 8.50 (1H, br) m/z = 313 (M + H) 1-46 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00089" num="00089"><img id="EMI-C00089" he="26.33mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00089.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.40 (3H, s), 7.06 (1H, d), 7.30 (1H, t), 7.42 (1H, d), 7.47 (1H, m), 7.51 (1H, s) m/z = 267 (M + H) 1-47 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00090" num="00090"><img id="EMI-C00090" he="26.33mm" wi="59.52mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00090.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 6.88 (1H, m), 7.05 (2H, m), 7.15 (1H, m), 7.36 (5H, m), 7.49 (1H, m), 8.20 (1H, br) m/z = 345 (M + H) 1-48 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00091" num="00091"><img id="EMI-C00091" he="26.33mm" wi="40.81mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00091.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.47 (1H, m), 7.61 (1H, dd), 8.58 (1H, d), 9.04 (1H, d) m/z = 255 (M + H) 1-49 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00092" num="00092"><img id="EMI-C00092" he="26.33mm" wi="40.81mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00092.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.43 (1H, dd), 7.52 (1H, m), 8.28 (1H, dd), 8.35 (1H, br), 8.50 (1H, m), 8.78 (1H, m) m/z = 254 (M + H) 1-50 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00093" num="00093"><img id="EMI-C00093" he="26.33mm" wi="54.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00093.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.39 (9H, s), 6.89 (1H, m), 7.30 (2H, m), 7.39 (1H, m), 7.52 (1H, m) m/z = 325 (M + H) TABLE 18 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-51 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00094" num="00094"><img id="EMI-C00094" he="24.72mm" wi="41.74mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00094.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.25-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.84 (m, 1H) m/z = 244 (M + H) 1-52 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00095" num="00095"><img id="EMI-C00095" he="26.33mm" wi="53.09mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00095.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.11 (1H, d), 7.41-7.51 (3H, m), 7.71 (1H, s), 8.34 (1H br) m/z = 337 (M + H) 1-53 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00096" num="00096"><img id="EMI-C00096" he="27.09mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00096.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.23 (1H, m), 7.42 (1H, m), 7.50 (1H, m), 7.75 (1H, m), 8.27 (1H, br) m/z = 305 (M + H) 1-54 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00097" num="00097"><img id="EMI-C00097" he="27.09mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00097.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.38 (2H, d), 7.50 (1H, m), 7.60 (1H, d), 8.21 (1H, br) m/z = 287 (M + H) 1-55 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00098" num="00098"><img id="EMI-C00098" he="27.09mm" wi="47.33mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00098.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.52 (1H, m), 7.72 (2H, d), 7.80 (2H, d), 8.37 (1H, br) m/z = 278 (M + H) 1-56 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00099" num="00099"><img id="EMI-C00099" he="32.77mm" wi="59.44mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00099.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.41 (3H, t), 4.40 (2H, q), 7.52 (1H, m), 7.73 (2H, d), 8.10 (2H, d), 8.35 (1H, br) m/z = 325 (M + H) 1-57 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00100" num="00100"><img id="EMI-C00100" he="27.09mm" wi="54.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00100.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.43 (3H, t), 4.05 (2H, q), 6.92 (2H, m), 7.52 (3H, m) m/z = 297 (M + H) 1-58 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00101" num="00101"><img id="EMI-C00101" he="27.09mm" wi="45.47mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00101.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.31 (3H, s), 7.04 (1H, m), 7.39 (1H, m), 7.49 (2H, m), 8.16 (1H, br) m/z = 285 (M + H) 1-59 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00102" num="00102"><img id="EMI-C00102" he="27.09mm" wi="54.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00102.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.34 (6H, d), 4.55 (1H, sep), 6.92 (2H, d), 7.53 (3H, m), 8.14 (1H, br) m/z = 311 (M + H) 1-60 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00103" num="00103"><img id="EMI-C00103" he="31.92mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00103.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.26 (6H, d), 2.93 (1H, sep), 7.28 (2H, d), 7.54 (3H, m) m/z = 295 (M + H) TABLE 19 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-61 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00104" num="00104"><img id="EMI-C00104" he="27.09mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00104.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.83 (3H, s), 6.94 (2H, d), 7.51 (1H, m), 7.54 (2H, d) m/z = 283 (M + H) 1-62 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00105" num="00105"><img id="EMI-C00105" he="26.33mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00105.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.93 (3H, s), 6.70 (1H, m), 7.45 (1H, m), 7.91 (1H, s), 8.14 (1H, d), 8.86 (1H, br) m/z = 284 (M + H) 1-63 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00106" num="00106"><img id="EMI-C00106" he="26.33mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00106.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.21 (1H, s), 3.88 (1H, s), 6.93 (1H, d), 7.13 (1H, d), 7.38 (1H, s), 7.51 (1H, m), 8.19 (1H, br) m/z = 297 (M + H) 1-64 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00107" num="00107"><img id="EMI-C00107" he="26.33mm" wi="48.43mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00107.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.62 (3H, s), 7.40 (1H, d), 7.52 (1H, m), 7.81 (1H, dd), 8.32 (1H, d), 8.35 (1H, br) m/z = 312 (M + H) 1-65 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00108" num="00108"><img id="EMI-C00108" he="26.33mm" wi="47.84mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00108.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.49 (3H, s), 7.34 (1H, d), 7.52 (1H, m), 7.75 (1H, dd), 7.85 (1H, d), 8.26 (1H, br) m/z = 335 (M + H) 1-66 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00109" num="00109"><img id="EMI-C00109" he="26.33mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00109.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.37 (3H, s), 7.21 (2H, d), 7.51 (3H, m), 8.17 (1H, br) m/z = 267 (M + H) 1-67 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00110" num="00110"><img id="EMI-C00110" he="27.09mm" wi="48.43mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00110.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.53 (1H, m), 7.85 (2H, d), 8.31 (2H, d), 8.48 (1H, br) m/z = 298 (M + H) 1-68 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00111" num="00111"><img id="EMI-C00111" he="27.09mm" wi="59.52mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00111.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.04 (4H, m), 7.13 (1H, m), 7.35 (2H, m), 7.52 (1H, m), 7.60 (2H, m) m/z = 345 (M + H) 1-69 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00112" num="00112"><img id="EMI-C00112" he="26.33mm" wi="40.81mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00112.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.44 (1H, m), 7.70 (2H, d), 8.53 (2H, d), 10.36 (1H, br) m/z = 254 (M + H) 1-70 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00113" num="00113"><img id="EMI-C00113" he="27.09mm" wi="54.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00113.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.36 (9H, s), 7.04 (2H, d), 7.53 (3H, m) m/z = 325 (M + H) TABLE 20 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-71 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00114" num="00114"><img id="EMI-C00114" he="31.92mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00114.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.33 (s, 9H), 7.42-7.56 (m, 5H), 8.15-8.23 (m, 1H) m/z = 309 (M + H) 1-72 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00115" num="00115"><img id="EMI-C00115" he="27.09mm" wi="49.53mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00115.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.27 (2H, m), 7.51 (1H, m), 7.68 (2H, m), 8.26 (1H, br) m/z = 337 (M + H) 1-73 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00116" num="00116"><img id="EMI-C00116" he="29.80mm" wi="39.88mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00116.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.47 (3H, s), 6.79 (1H, s), 7.46 (1H, m) m/z = 258 (M + H) 1-74 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00117" num="00117"><img id="EMI-C00117" he="29.80mm" wi="39.12mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00117.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.46 (3H, s), 7.12 (1H, s), 7.48 (1H, m) m/z = 274 (M + H) 1-75 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00118" num="00118"><img id="EMI-C00118" he="24.30mm" wi="44.87mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00118.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.68 (2H, d), 7.32-7.40 (5H, m), 7.46 (1H, m) m/z = 267 (M + H) 1-76 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00119" num="00119"><img id="EMI-C00119" he="24.30mm" wi="35.05mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00119.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.48 (s, 9H), 6.39 (br s, 1H), 7.37 (t, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H) 1-77 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00120" num="00120"><img id="EMI-C00120" he="24.30mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00120.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.65-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.85-3.86 (m, 2H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 7.01 (t, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (br s, 1H) 1-78 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00121" num="00121"><img id="EMI-C00121" he="24.30mm" wi="42.50mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00121.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.92 (1H, br), 3.69 (2H, m), 3.87 (2H, br), 7.43 (1H, m) m/z = 221 (M + H) 1-79 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00122" num="00122"><img id="EMI-C00122" he="24.30mm" wi="42.33mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00122.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.64 (bs, 1H), 2.79-2.84 (m, 2H), 3.67-3.72 (M, 2H), 7.05 (br s, 1H), 7.42-7.44 (m, 1H) 1-80 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00123" num="00123"><img id="EMI-C00123" he="24.30mm" wi="35.05mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00123.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.68 (2H, d), 7.32-7.40 (5H, m), 7.46 (1H, m) m/z = 267 (M + H) TABLE 21 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-81 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00124" num="00124"><img id="EMI-C00124" he="27.09mm" wi="44.87mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00124.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.00 (2H, m), 5.30 (1H, m), 7.33-7.43 (6H, m) IR 1654, 1542, 1466, 1437, 1383, 1053, 1030, 754 1-82 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00125" num="00125"><img id="EMI-C00125" he="24.30mm" wi="35.05mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00125.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.29 (6H, d), 4.30 (1H, dsep), 6.40 (1H, br), 7.42 (1H, m) 1-83 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00126" num="00126"><img id="EMI-C00126" he="24.30mm" wi="51.14mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00126.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.62 (3H, d), 5.53 (1H, m), 7.02 (1H, br), 7.27 (1H, dd), 7.30 (1H, d), 7.39 (1H, m), 7.42 (1H, d) m/z = 349 (M + H) 1-84 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00127" num="00127"><img id="EMI-C00127" he="24.30mm" wi="51.14mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00127.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.63 (3H, d), 5.30 (1H, m), 6.81 (1H, br), 7.32 (2H, m), 7.37 (2H, m), 7.42 (1H, m) m/z = 315 (M + H) 1-85 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00128" num="00128"><img id="EMI-C00128" he="24.30mm" wi="44.87mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00128.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.65 (3H, d), 5.34 (1H, m), 6.84 (1H, br), 7.31-7.44 (6H, m) m/z = 281 (M + H) 1-86 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00129" num="00129"><img id="EMI-C00129" he="24.30mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00129.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.81 (3H, s), 4.28 (2H, d), 7.42 (1H, m) IR 1747, 1655, 1553, 1466, 1428, 1383, 1218, 1032, 771 1-87 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00130" num="00130"><img id="EMI-C00130" he="24.30mm" wi="41.57mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00130.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.60 (2H, m), 3.92 (2H, m), 7.12 (1H, br), 7.40 (1H, m) IR 3295, 1742, 1663, 1636, 1543, 1470, 1429, 1375, 1359, 1032, 1013 1-88 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00131" num="00131"><img id="EMI-C00131" he="24.30mm" wi="39.88mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00131.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.00 (3H, t), 1.68 (2H, sext), 3.48 (2H, m), 7.43 (1H, m) m/z = 219 (M + H) 1-89 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00132" num="00132"><img id="EMI-C00132" he="24.30mm" wi="46.57mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00132.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.43 (9H, s), 3.41 (2H, dd), 3.60 (2H, dd), 4.91 (1H, br), 7.36 (1H, s), 7.52 (1H, br) m/z = 320 (M + H) 1-90 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00133" num="00133"><img id="EMI-C00133" he="24.30mm" wi="39.88mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00133.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.14 (2H, m), 5.25-5.32 (2H, m), 5.93 (1H, m), 6.67 (1H, br), 7.44 (1H, m) m/z = 217 (M + H) TABLE 22 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-91 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00134" num="00134"><img id="EMI-C00134" he="24.30mm" wi="37.59mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00134.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.43 (2H, d), 6.99 (1H, br), 7.48 (1H, s) 1-92 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00135" num="00135"><img id="EMI-C00135" he="24.30mm" wi="30.14mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00135.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.08 (3H, d), 6.65 (1H, br), 7.45 (1H, m) m/z = 191 (M + H) 1-93 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00136" num="00136"><img id="EMI-C00136" he="43.26mm" wi="30.99mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00136.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.06 (1H, m), 7.61 (2H, m), 7.70 (1H, m), 8.10 (2H, m) IR 1712, 1634, 1465, 1453, 1375, 1197, 1167, 851, 541 1-94 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00137" num="00137"><img id="EMI-C00137" he="26.33mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00137.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.26 (3H, m), 1.43 (2H, m), 1.65 (1H, m), 1.77 (2H, m), 2.02 (2H, m), 4.00 (1H, m), 6.44 (1H, br), 7.42 (1H, m) m/z = 259 (M + H) 1-95 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00138" num="00138"><img id="EMI-C00138" he="24.30mm" wi="35.90mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00138.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 0.68 (2H, m), 0.95 (2H, m), 2.95 (1H, m), 6.69 (1H, br), 7.44 (1H, m) m/z = 217 (M + H) 1-96 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00139" num="00139"><img id="EMI-C00139" he="24.30mm" wi="64.35mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00139.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 0.88 (3H, t), 1.27-1.38 (10H, m), 1.64 (2H, m), 3.48 (2H, m), 6.95 (1H, br), 7.43 (1H, m) m/z = 289 (M + H) 1-97 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00140" num="00140"><img id="EMI-C00140" he="24.30mm" wi="35.05mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00140.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.87 (3H, s), 7.40 (1H, m), 9.12 (1H, br) m/z = 207 (M + H) 1-98 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00141" num="00141"><img id="EMI-C00141" he="26.33mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00141.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.25 (1H, m), 7.42 (2H, m), 7.52 (1H, m), 7.64 (2H, d), 8.23 (1H br) m/z = 253 (M + H) 1-99 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00142" num="00142"><img id="EMI-C00142" he="43.35mm" wi="59.52mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00142.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.57 (2H, s), 7.31 (4H, m), 7.39 (1H, s), 7.41 (1H, s), 7.48 (1H, d), 7.76 (1H, m), 7.85 (1H, s) m/z = 420 (M + H) 1-100 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00143" num="00143"><img id="EMI-C00143" he="24.30mm" wi="44.87mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00143.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 5.53 (2H, s), 7.33 (3H, m), 7.44 (1H, d), 7.51 (1H, d) m/z = 302 (M + H) TABLE 23 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-101 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00144" num="00144"><img id="EMI-C00144" he="26.33mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00144.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.47-7.51 (3H, m), 7.74 (1H, dt), 7.77 (1H, dd) m/z = 279 (M + H) 1-102 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00145" num="00145"><img id="EMI-C00145" he="32.77mm" wi="44.87mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00145.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.34 (s, 3H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.25- 7.26 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.53- 7.54 (m, 1H) 1-103 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00146" num="00146"><img id="EMI-C00146" he="26.33mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00146.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.85 (3H, s), 7.02 (2H, m), 7.16 (1H, dd), 7.29 (1H, m), 7.45 (1H, m) m/z = 283 (M + H) 1-104 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00147" num="00147"><img id="EMI-C00147" he="24.30mm" wi="44.87mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00147.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 5.61 (2H, s), 7.32 (1H, m) m/z = 341 (M + H) 1-105 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00148" num="00148"><img id="EMI-C00148" he="24.30mm" wi="51.14mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00148.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 5.39 (2H, s), 7.29-7.37 (4H, m), 7.43 (1H, s) m/z = 302 (M + H) 1-106 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00149" num="00149"><img id="EMI-C00149" he="24.30mm" wi="51.14mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00149.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 5.39 (2H, s), 7.28 (1H, m), 7.39 (4H, m) m/z = 302 (M + H) 1-107 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00150" num="00150"><img id="EMI-C00150" he="27.09mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00150.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.19 (2H, m), 7.44 (3H, m) m/z = 288 (M + H) 1-108 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00151" num="00151"><img id="EMI-C00151" he="27.09mm" wi="47.33mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00151.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.43 (3H, m), 7.79 (2H, dd) m/z = 279 (M + H) 1-109 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00152" num="00152"><img id="EMI-C00152" he="24.30mm" wi="54.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00152.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.82 (3H, s), 5.36 (2H, s), 6.93 (2H, d), 7.26 (1H, m), 7.38 (2H, d) m/z = 298 (M + H) 1-110 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00153" num="00153"><img id="EMI-C00153" he="24.30mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00153.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.36 (3H, s), 5.38 (2H, s), 7.21 (2H, d), 7.26 (1H, m), 7.33 (2H, d) m/z = 282 (M + H) TABLE 24 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-111 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00154" num="00154"><img id="EMI-C00154" he="26.33mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00154.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.39 (3H, s), 7.11 (2H, dd), 7.25 (2H, dd), 7.42 (1H, m) m/z = 268 (M + H) 1-112 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00155" num="00155"><img id="EMI-C00155" he="27.09mm" wi="48.43mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00155.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.46 (3H, m), 8.37 (2H, m) m/z = 299 (M + H) 1-113 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00156" num="00156"><img id="EMI-C00156" he="24.30mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00156.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.24 (3H, s), 5.14 (2H, s), 7.29 (1H, m) IR 1825, 1746, 1634, 1474, 1365, 1230, 1031, 770 1-114 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00157" num="00157"><img id="EMI-C00157" he="24.30mm" wi="44.87mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00157.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 5.41 (2H, s), 7.28 (1H, m), 7.37-7.46 (5H, m) m/z = 268 (M + H) 1-115 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00158" num="00158"><img id="EMI-C00158" he="24.30mm" wi="38.10mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00158.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.57 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 5.53- 5.58 (m, 1H), 7.29-7.30 (m, 1H) 1-116 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00159" num="00159"><img id="EMI-C00159" he="24.30mm" wi="43.01mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00159.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.60-2.68 (m, 2H), 4.63 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (t, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) 1-117 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00160" num="00160"><img id="EMI-C00160" he="24.30mm" wi="35.05mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00160.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.43 (3H, t), 4.47 (2H, q), 7.27 (1H, m) m/z = 206 (M + H) 1-118 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00161" num="00161"><img id="EMI-C00161" he="24.30mm" wi="35.05mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00161.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.40 (6H, d), 5.30 (1H, sep), 7.25 (1H, m) m/z = 220 (M + H) 1-119 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00162" num="00162"><img id="EMI-C00162" he="24.30mm" wi="40.22mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00162.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.59 (1H, t), 4.99 (2H, d), 7.33 (1H, m) m/z = 216 (M + H) 1-120 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00163" num="00163"><img id="EMI-C00163" he="24.30mm" wi="38.10mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00163.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.76-4.79 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.32 (m, 1H) TABLE 25 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-121 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00164" num="00164"><img id="EMI-C00164" he="24.30mm" wi="39.88mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00164.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.03 (6H, d), 2.09 (1H, m), 4.19 (2H, d), 7.28 (1H, m) IR 1732, 1472, 1439, 1384, 1366, 1276, 1256, 1034, 992, 758 1-122 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00165" num="00165"><img id="EMI-C00165" he="24.30mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00165.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.99 (2H, d), 6.18 (1H, t), 7.29 (1H, m) IR 1740, 1437, 1439, 1387, 1361, 1250, 1207, 1035, 878 1-123 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00166" num="00166"><img id="EMI-C00166" he="24.30mm" wi="39.88mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00166.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.03 (3H, t), 1.81 (2H, sext), 4.37 (2H, t), 7.28 (1H, m) m/z = 220 (M + H) 1-124 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00167" num="00167"><img id="EMI-C00167" he="24.30mm" wi="54.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00167.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 5.06 (2H, d), 6.36 (1H, dt), 6.79 (1H, d), 7.29-7.34 (4H, m), 7.42 (2H, m) m/z = 294 (M + H) 1-125 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00168" num="00168"><img id="EMI-C00168" he="24.30mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00168.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.32 (3H, t), 4.28 (2H, q), 4.91 (2H, s), 7.35 (1H, m) m/z = 264 (M + H) 1-126 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00169" num="00169"><img id="EMI-C00169" he="24.30mm" wi="30.14mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00169.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.01 (3H, s), 7.29 (1H, m), m/z = 192 (M + H) 1-127 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00170" num="00170"><img id="EMI-C00170" he="24.30mm" wi="64.35mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00170.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 0.88 (3H, m), 1.27-1.39 (8H, m), 1.66 (2H, m), 1.77 (2H, m), 4.39 (2H, t), 7.28 (1H, m) m/z = 290 (M + H) 1-128 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00171" num="00171"><img id="EMI-C00171" he="24.30mm" wi="39.88mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00171.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.90 (2H, d), 5.37 (1H, dd), 5.43 (1H, dd), 6.01 (1H, m), 7.30 (1H, m) m/z = 218 (M + H) 1-129 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00172" num="00172"><img id="EMI-C00172" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00172.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.24 (2H, d), 7.34 (1H, t), 7.43-7.48 (3H, m) m/z = 254 (M + H) 1-130 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00173" num="00173"><img id="EMI-C00173" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00173.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.22 (1H, m), 7.52 (5H, m) m/z = 270 (M + H) TABLE 26 <sup>1</sup>H -NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-131 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00174" num="00174"><img id="EMI-C00174" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00174.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.96 (3H, s), 6.95 (1H, dd), 7.04 (1H, td), 7.15 (1H, td), 8.46 (2H, m) m/z = 265 (M + H) 1-132 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00175" num="00175"><img id="EMI-C00175" he="34.88mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00175.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.81 (6H, S), 6.34 (1H, t), 6.84 (2H, s), 7.24 (2H, s), 7.67 (1H, br) m/z = 295 (M + H) 1-133 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00176" num="00176"><img id="EMI-C00176" he="26.42mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00176.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.37 (3H, s), 7.24 (2H, s), 7.37 (1H, m), 7.71 (2H, m) m/z = 283 (M + H) 1-134 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00177" num="00177"><img id="EMI-C00177" he="26.42mm" wi="54.53mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00177.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.36 (6H, d), 4.58 (1H, tt), 6.76 (1H, m), 7.05 (1H, m), 7.27 (3H, m), 7.33 (1H, s), 7.74 (1H, br) m/z = 293 (M + H) 1-135 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00178" num="00178"><img id="EMI-C00178" he="26.42mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00178.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.84 (3H, s), 6.77 (1H, m), 7.10 (1H, m), 7.25 (2H, s), 7.30 (1H, t), 7.35 (1H, br), 7.77 (1H, br) m/z = 265 (M + H) 1-136 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00179" num="00179"><img id="EMI-C00179" he="26.42mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00179.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.25 (3H, t), 2.66 (2H, q), 7.22 (2H, s), 7.25 (2H, s), 7.51 (2H, d), 7.69 (1H, br) m/z = 263 (M + H) 1-137 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00180" num="00180"><img id="EMI-C00180" he="27.18mm" wi="54.53mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00180.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.34 (6H, d), 4.54 (1H, m), 6.91 (2H, m), 7.24 (2H, s), 7.49 (2H, d), 7.66 (1H, s) m/z = 293 (M + H) 1-138 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00181" num="00181"><img id="EMI-C00181" he="27.18mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00181.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.83 (3H, s), 6.93 (2H, m), 7.25 (2H, d), 7.51 (2H, d), 7.69 (1H, br) m/z = 265 (M + H) 1-139 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00182" num="00182"><img id="EMI-C00182" he="27.18mm" wi="47.84mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00182.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.27 (2H, s), 7.53 (2H, m), 7.85 (1H, d), 7.93 (2H, m) m/z = 303 (M + H) 1-140 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00183" num="00183"><img id="EMI-C00183" he="24.30mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00183.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.64 (2H, d), 6.36 (1H, br), 7.16 (2H, s), 7.28 (5H, m) m/z = 249 (M + H) TABLE 27 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-141 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00184" num="00184"><img id="EMI-C00184" he="24.30mm" wi="51.14mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00184.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.61 (3H, d), 5.27 (1H, m), 6.26 (1H, br) 7.13 (2H, s), 7.33 (4H, m) m/z = 297 (M + H) 1-142 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00185" num="00185"><img id="EMI-C00185" he="24.30mm" wi="39.88mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00185.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.00 (3H, t), 1.67 (2H, td), 3.44 (2H, q), 6.11 (1H, br), 7.14 (2H, s) m/z = 201 (M + H) 1-143 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00186" num="00186"><img id="EMI-C00186" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00186.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.21 (3H, m), 7.41 (2H, m), 7.61 (2H, d) m/z = 234 (M + H) 1-144 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00187" num="00187"><img id="EMI-C00187" he="26.42mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00187.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.95 (2H, t), 3.74 (2H, dd), 6.07 (1H, br), 7.03 (2H, s), 7.26 (3H, m), 7.37 (2H, m) m/z = 263 (M + H) 1-145 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00188" num="00188"><img id="EMI-C00188" he="31.92mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00188.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.32 (s, 3H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.26- 7.37 (m, 3H), 7.44 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H) 1-146 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00189" num="00189"><img id="EMI-C00189" he="20.07mm" wi="42.33mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00189.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.21-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.62-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.91-7.95 (m, 2H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 8.90-8.92 (m, 1H) 1-147 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00190" num="00190"><img id="EMI-C00190" he="17.95mm" wi="37.42mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00190.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.44 (t, 3H), 4.47 (q, 2H), 8.06-8.07 (m, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.90 (m, 1H) 1-148 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00191" num="00191"><img id="EMI-C00191" he="32.77mm" wi="65.02mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00191.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.92-3.96 (m, 2H), 4.61-4.64 (m, 2H), 7.00 (br s, 1H), 7.30- 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H) 1-149 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00192" num="00192"><img id="EMI-C00192" he="41.23mm" wi="69.85mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00192.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.52 (2H, m), 7.72 (4H, s) m/z = 427 (M + H) 1-150 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00193" num="00193"><img id="EMI-C00193" he="27.18mm" wi="55.20mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00193.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.83 (2H, m), 3.69 (2H, m), 7.30 (2H, m), 8.06 (1H, br) m/z = 379 (M + H) TABLE 28 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-151 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00194" num="00194"><img id="EMI-C00194" he="41.23mm" wi="69.85mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00194.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 5.10 (4H, d), 6.00 (2H, t), 7.31 (2H, m) m/z = 407 (M + H) 1-152 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00195" num="00195"><img id="EMI-C00195" he="32.77mm" wi="74.76mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00195.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.97 (4H, d), 6.11 (2H, t), 7.32 (2H, m) m/z = 407 (M + H) 1-153 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00196" num="00196"><img id="EMI-C00196" he="27.18mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00196.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.25 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.57-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.72 (br s, 1H) m/z = 267 (M − H) 1-154 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00197" num="00197"><img id="EMI-C00197" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00197.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.16-7.27 (m, 5H), 7.97 (br s, 1H), 8.38 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) m/z = 251 (M − H) 1-155 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00198" num="00198"><img id="EMI-C00198" he="32.77mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00198.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.24 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.72 (br s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H) m/z = 301 (M − H) 1-156 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00199" num="00199"><img id="EMI-C00199" he="31.75mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00199.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.33 (s, 9H), 7.25 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.69 (br s, 1H) m/z = 291 (M + H) 1-157 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00200" num="00200"><img id="EMI-C00200" he="31.75mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00200.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.31 (s, 9H), 7.17-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.89 (br s, 1H), 8.24 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) m/z = 309 (M + H) 1-158 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00201" num="00201"><img id="EMI-C00201" he="24.30mm" wi="34.97mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00201.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.29 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H), 4.23- 4.32 (m, 1H), 5.88 (br s, 1H), 7.13 (s, 2H) m/z = 201 (M + H) 1-159 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00202" num="00202"><img id="EMI-C00202" he="24.30mm" wi="39.88mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00202.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.08-4.12 (m, 2H), 5.24-5.32 (m, 2H), 5.87-5.97 (m, 1H), 6.16 (br s, 1H), 7.16 (s, 2H) m/z = 199 (M + H) 1-160 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00203" num="00203"><img id="EMI-C00203" he="24.30mm" wi="40.22mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00203.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.34 (t, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.26- 4.28 (m, 2H), 6.29 (br s, 1H), 7.17 (s, 2H) m/z = 197 (M + H) TABLE 29 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-161 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00204" num="00204"><img id="EMI-C00204" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00204.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.14-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.83 (m, 1H), 8.31- 8.34 (m, 2H), 8.54 (br s, 1H) m/z = 236 (M + H) 1-162 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00205" num="00205"><img id="EMI-C00205" he="26.42mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00205.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 5.64 (s, 2H), 7.50 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.69 (m, 1H), 7.94-7.97 (m, 2H) m/z = 278 (M + H) 1-163 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00206" num="00206"><img id="EMI-C00206" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00206.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.31-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.68-7.73 (m, 2H), 8.25 (br s, 1H), 8.50 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H) m/z = 258 (M + H) 1-164 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00207" num="00207"><img id="EMI-C00207" he="24.30mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00207.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.13-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.53-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.66-7.68 (m, 1H), 7.87-7.89 (m, 2H), 9.33 (br s, 1H) 1-165 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00208" num="00208"><img id="EMI-C00208" he="26.42mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00208.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.41 (s, 3H), 7.31-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.83- 7.84 (m, 1H), 9.04 (br s, 1H) m/z = 315.01 (M − H) 1-166 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00209" num="00209"><img id="EMI-C00209" he="26.42mm" wi="54.53mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00209.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.37 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 6H), 4.55- 4.60 (m, 1H), 6.87-6.89 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.32- 7.36 (m, 2H), 7.57-7.58 (m, 1H), 9.06 (br s, 1H) m/z = 325.07 (M − H) 1-167 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00210" num="00210"><img id="EMI-C00210" he="26.42mm" wi="47.84mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00210.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.50 (m, 3H), 7.82-7.84 (m, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 8.31-8.33 (m, 1H) 1-168 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00211" num="00211"><img id="EMI-C00211" he="34.80mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00211.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.26 (3H, t), 2.68 (2H, q), 7.06- 7.08 (1H, m), 7.25-7.34 (3H, m), 7.42-7.46 (2H, m), 7.70 (1H, br s) m/z = 263 (M + H) 1-169 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00212" num="00212"><img id="EMI-C00212" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00212.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.29 (3H, t), 2.67 (2H, q), 7.22- 7.31 (5H, m), 7.83 (1H, br s), 7.83-7.84 (1H, m) m/z = 263 (M + H) 1-170 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00213" num="00213"><img id="EMI-C00213" he="26.42mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00213.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.36 (3H, s), 7.20-7.26 (4H, m), 7.48-7.52 (2H, m), 7.68 (1H, br s) m/z = 247 (M − H) TABLE 30 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-171 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00214" num="00214"><img id="EMI-C00214" he="27.09mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00214.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.26-7.28 (2H, m), 7.37-7.40 (1H, m), 7.91 (1H, br s), 8.24- 8.26 (1H, m), 8.47-8.48 (1H, m), 8.70-8.71 (1H, m) m/z = 234 (M − H) 1-172 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00215" num="00215"><img id="EMI-C00215" he="26.42mm" wi="40.81mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00215.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.27 (2H, m), 7.59-7.61 (2H, m), 7.97 (1H, brs), 8.61-8.62 (2H, m) m/z = 234 (M − H) 1-173 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00216" num="00216"><img id="EMI-C00216" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00216.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.32-7.36 (3H, m), 7.76-7.80 (1H, m), 8.32-8.35 (1H, m), 8.91- 8.94 (1H, m), 11.43 (1H, br s) m/z = 278 (M − H) 1-174 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00217" num="00217"><img id="EMI-C00217" he="24.30mm" wi="51.14mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00217.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 5.40 (2H, s), 7.26-7.41 (4H, m), 7.74-7.77 (1H, m), 8.50 (1H, m) m/z = 285 (M + H) 1-175 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00218" num="00218"><img id="EMI-C00218" he="26.42mm" wi="48.34mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00218.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.65 (2H, m), 7.71-7.76 (1H, m), 8.07-8.10 (1H, m), 8.24-8.27 (1H, m), 8.83-8.85 (1H, m), 10.25 (1H, brs) m/z = 278 (M − H) 1-176 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00219" num="00219"><img id="EMI-C00219" he="27.09mm" wi="48.34mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00219.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.64 (2H, s), 8.10-8.14 (2H, m), 8.31-8.35 (2H, m), 10.33 (1H, br s) m/z = 278 (M − H) 1-177 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00220" num="00220"><img id="EMI-C00220" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00220.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.29 (6H, d, J = 6.85 Hz), 3.01- 3.08 (1H, m), 7.26-7.32 (4H, m), 7.36-7.38 (1H, m), 7.68-7.70 (2H, m) m/z = 277 (M + H) 1-178 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00221" num="00221"><img id="EMI-C00221" he="34.80mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00221.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.27 (6H, d, J = 6.85 Hz), 2.90- 2.97 (1H, m), 7.09-7.11 (1H, d), 7.25-7.35 (3H, m), 7.45-7.46 (2H, m), 7.74 (1H, br s) m/z = 277 (M + H) 1-179 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00222" num="00222"><img id="EMI-C00222" he="31.92mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00222.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.26 (6H, d, J = 6.85 Hz), 2.89- 2.96 (1H, m), 7.24-7.27 (4H, m), 7.51-7.53 (2H, m), 7.74 (1H, br s) m/z = 277 (M + H) 1-180 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00223" num="00223"><img id="EMI-C00223" he="26.42mm" wi="59.44mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00223.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 0.93 (3H, t, J = 7.34 Hz), 1.31-1.40 (2H, m), 1.56-1.64 (2H, m), 2.59- 2.64 (2H, m), 7.20-7.26 (4H, m), 7.50 (2H, d, J = 8.31 Hz), 7.74 (1H, br s) m/z = 291 (M + H) TABLE 31 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-181 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00224" num="00224"><img id="EMI-C00224" he="26.42mm" wi="69.17mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00224.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 0.87-0.90 (3H, m), 1.26-1.37 (6H, m), 1.56-1.64 (2H, m), 2.59- 2.63 (2H, m), 7.20-7.26 (4H, m), 7.49-7.51 (2H, m), 7.73 (1H, br s) m/z = 319 (M + H) 1-182 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00225" num="00225"><img id="EMI-C00225" he="24.30mm" wi="40.22mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00225.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.58 (1H, t), 4.98 (2H, d), 7.42- 7.43 (2H, m) m/z = 197 (M+) 1-183 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00226" num="00226"><img id="EMI-C00226" he="24.30mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00226.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 5.40 (2H, s), 7.38-7.44 (7H, m) m/z = 249 (M+) 1-184 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00227" num="00227"><img id="EMI-C00227" he="24.30mm" wi="39.88mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00227.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.04 (3H, t), 1.77-1.86 (2H, m), 4.33-4.36 (2H, m), 7.38-7.39 (2H, m) m/z = 201 (M +) 1-185 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00228" num="00228"><img id="EMI-C00228" he="24.30mm" wi="34.97mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00228.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.42 (3H, t), 4.44 (2H, q), 7.39 (2H, t) m/z = 187 (M+) 1-186 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00229" num="00229"><img id="EMI-C00229" he="26.42mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00229.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.27 (3H, t), 2.69 (2H, q), 7.10- 7.14 (2H, m), 7.26-7.29 (2H, m), 7.55 (2H, t) m/z = 263 (M+) 1-187 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00230" num="00230"><img id="EMI-C00230" he="26.42mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00230.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.83 (3H, s), 6.76-6.89 (3H, m), 7.34-7.38 (1H, m), 7.55 (2H, t) m/z = 265 (M+) 1-188 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00231" num="00231"><img id="EMI-C00231" he="24.30mm" wi="39.88mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00231.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.86-4.88 (2H, m), 5.35-5.47 (2H, m), 5.97-6.07 (1H, m), 7.41 (2H, t) m/z = 199 (M+) 1-189 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00232" num="00232"><img id="EMI-C00232" he="24.30mm" wi="30.14mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00232.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.99 (3H, s), 7.39 (2H, t) m/z = 173 (M+) 1-190 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00233" num="00233"><img id="EMI-C00233" he="26.42mm" wi="50.55mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00233.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.51 (s, 3H), 7.08-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.32 (s, 2H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.74 (br. S., 1H) m/z = 277 (M + H) TABLE 32 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-191 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00234" num="00234"><img id="EMI-C00234" he="26.42mm" wi="48.18mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00234.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.26-7.27 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.83-7.85 (d, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H) m/z = 303 (M + H) 1-192 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00235" num="00235"><img id="EMI-C00235" he="26.42mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00235.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 6.59-6.60 (m, 3H), 11.47- 11.49 (m, 3H), 11.79 (m, 1H), 11.95 (m, 1H), 12.33 (m, 1H) m/z = 281 (M + H) 1-193 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00236" num="00236"><img id="EMI-C00236" he="28.53mm" wi="46.74mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00236.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 6.65-6.73 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.12 (d, 1H), 7.20 (s, 2H), 7.31 (s, 1H) 7.36 (s, 2H), 8.88 (br. S., 1H), 9.52 (br. S, 1H) m/z = 251 (M + H) 1-194 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00237" num="00237"><img id="EMI-C00237" he="29.55mm" wi="47.58mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00237.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> m/z = 292 (M + H) 1-195 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00238" num="00238"><img id="EMI-C00238" he="34.88mm" wi="65.02mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00238.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.38-7.40 (t, 1H), 7.47 (s, 4H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 7.52 (d, 1H), 8.26-8.27 (t, 1H) m/z = 391 (M + H) 1-196 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00239" num="00239"><img id="EMI-C00239" he="26.42mm" wi="48.68mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00239.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 6.54-6.57 (m, 1H), 6.94-6.96 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.10 (t, 1H), 7.15-7.16 (t, 1H), 7.44 (s, 2H) m/z = 258 (M + H) 1-197 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00240" num="00240"><img id="EMI-C00240" he="35.56mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00240.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.50 (s, 2H), 7.65-7.67 (d, 1H), 7.93-7.96 (dd, 1H), 8.47- 8.48 (d, 1H) m/z = 312 (M − H) 1-198 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00241" num="00241"><img id="EMI-C00241" he="26.42mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00241.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.39 (3H, s), 7.08-7.11 (2H, m), 7.24-7.26 (2H, m), 7.55 (2H, t) m/z = 250 (M + H) 1-199 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00242" num="00242"><img id="EMI-C00242" he="27.18mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00242.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.16-7.20 (2H, m), 7.41-7.45 (2H, m), 7.54 (2H, t) m/z = 270 (M + H) 1-200 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00243" num="00243"><img id="EMI-C00243" he="27.09mm" wi="49.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00243.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.84 (3H, s), 6.94-6.98 (2H, m), 7.13-7.16 (2H, m), 7.54 (2H, t) m/z = 265 (M+) TABLE 33 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-201 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00244" num="00244"><img id="EMI-C00244" he="27.09mm" wi="45.47mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00244.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.12-7.22 (4H, m), 7.54 (2H, t) m/z = 253 (M+) 1-202 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00245" num="00245"><img id="EMI-C00245" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00245.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.38-7.40 (1H, m), 7.52-7.59 (3H, m), 7.68 (2H, m), 7.82- 7.95 (3H, m) m/z = 285 (M+) 1-203 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00246" num="00246"><img id="EMI-C00246" he="27.09mm" wi="48.68mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00246.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 6.89-6.93 (1H, m), 7.48-7.57 (3H, m), 8.18-8.20 (1H, m), 8.35-8.39 (1H, m) m/z = 280 (M+) 1-204 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00247" num="00247"><img id="EMI-C00247" he="27.09mm" wi="47.33mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00247.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.38-7.41 (2H, m), 7.54-7.57 (2H, m), 7.77-7.81 (2H, m) m/z = 260 (M+) 1-205 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00248" num="00248"><img id="EMI-C00248" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00248.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.37-1.64 (6H, m), 1.78-1.81 (2H, m), 1.94-1.99 (2H, m), 5.03-5.09 (1H, m), 7.38 (2H, m) m/z = 241 (M+) 1-206 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00249" num="00249"><img id="EMI-C00249" he="26.42mm" wi="44.79mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00249.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.41 (3H, s), 7.00-7.08 (2H, m), 7.13-7.15 (1H, m), 7.32-7.36 (1H, m), 7.55 (2H, t) m/z = 249 (M+) 1-207 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00250" num="00250"><img id="EMI-C00250" he="26.42mm" wi="45.47mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00250.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 6.99-7.09 (3H, m), 7.40-7.46 (1H, m), 7.54 (2H, t) m/z = 253 (M+) 1-208 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00251" num="00251"><img id="EMI-C00251" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00251.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.23 (3H, s), 7.12-7.14 (1H, m), 7.22-7.32 (3H, m), 7.57 (2H, t) m/z = 249 (M+) 1-209 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00252" num="00252"><img id="EMI-C00252" he="27.18mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00252.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.28-7.7.40 (3H, m), 7.51-7.54 (1H, m), 7.59 (2H, t) m/z = 269 (M+) 1-210 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00253" num="00253"><img id="EMI-C00253" he="31.92mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00253.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.83 (3H, s), 6.99-7.05 (2H, m), 7.14-7.16 (1H, m), 7.27-7.32 (1H, m), 7.56 (2H, m) m/z = 265 (M+) TABLE 34 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 1-211 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00254" num="00254"><img id="EMI-C00254" he="27.09mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00254.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.20-7.35 (4H, m), 7.57 (2H, m) m/z = 253 (M+) 1-212 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00255" num="00255"><img id="EMI-C00255" he="26.42mm" wi="46.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00255.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.13-7.16 (1H, m), 7.26-7.42 (3H, m), 7.54 (2H, t) m/z = 269 (M+) 1-213 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00256" num="00256"><img id="EMI-C00256" he="24.30mm" wi="54.53mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00256.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 0.89-0.93 (3H, m), 1.26-1.47 (6H, m), 1.74-1.81 (2H, m), 4.37 (2H, t), 7.38 (2H, s) m/z = 243 (M+) 1-214 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00257" num="00257"><img id="EMI-C00257" he="24.38mm" wi="83.82mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00257.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 0.88 (3H, t), 1.26-1.46 (18H, m), 1.74-1.81 (2H, m), 4.37 (2H, t), 7.38 (2H, m) m/z = 327 (M+) 1-215 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00258" num="00258"><img id="EMI-C00258" he="26.42mm" wi="49.70mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00258.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.09 (2H, t), 4.59 (2H, t), 7.25- 7.34 (6H, m), 7.36 (2H, m), m/z = 244 (M − F) 1-216 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00259" num="00259"><img id="EMI-C00259" he="24.30mm" wi="54.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00259.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 5.02-5.04 (2H, m), 6.33-6.41 (1H, m), 6.77 (1H, d), 7.27-7.44 (7H, m) m/z = 275 (M+) 1-217 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00260" num="00260"><img id="EMI-C00260" he="27.09mm" wi="54.53mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00260.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.29-1.36 (6H, m), 4.51-4.57 (1H, m), 6.91-6.95 (2H, m), 7.09-7.13 (2H, m), 7.54 (2H, t) m/z = 293 (M+) 1-218 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00261" num="00261"><img id="EMI-C00261" he="26.42mm" wi="39.96mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00261.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.21-7.24 (2H, m), 7.31-7.36 (1H, m), 7.44-7.49 (2H, m), 7.56 (2H, m) m/z = 234 (M − H) The compounds of Examples 2-1 to 2-5, represented by formula (3′), are shown in Table 35. TABLE 35 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 2-1 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00263" num="00263"><img id="EMI-C00263" he="24.30mm" wi="35.05mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00263.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.70 (6H, m), 3.26 (2H, m), 3.73 (2H, m), 6.82 (1H, m) m/z = 245 (M + H) 2-2 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00264" num="00264"><img id="EMI-C00264" he="24.30mm" wi="33.95mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00264.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.07 (3H, s), 6.21 (1H, dd), 6.65 (1H, dd), 6.91 (1H, m), 7.04 (1H, m) IR 1638, 1630, 1467, 1155, 1023, 803, 7.53 2-3 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00265" num="00265"><img id="EMI-C00265" he="24.30mm" wi="35.81mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00265.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.35 (2H, m), 3.70 (2H, m), 3.81 (4H, m), 6.86 (1H, m) m/z = 247 (M + H) 2-4 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00266" num="00266"><img id="EMI-C00266" he="24.30mm" wi="41.83mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00266.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 3.22 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.91-6.93 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.30 (m, 2H), 8.25 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) 2-5 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00267" num="00267"><img id="EMI-C00267" he="24.30mm" wi="42.67mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00267.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 7.84-7.95 (m, 4H), 8.05- 8.07 (m, 1H) The compounds of Examples 3-1 and 3-2, represented by formula (4′), are shown in Table 36. TABLE 36 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 3-1 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00269" num="00269"><img id="EMI-C00269" he="24.30mm" wi="34.97mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00269.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.23 (3H, s), 5.24 (2H, s), 6.85 (1H, m) 3-2 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00270" num="00270"><img id="EMI-C00270" he="24.30mm" wi="27.86mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00270.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.89 (2H, s), 7.05 (1H, m) IR 1641, 1480, 1455, 1430, 1364, 1268, 1206, 1154, 1088, 1023, 972, 878, 805 The compounds of Examples 4-1 to 4-4, represented by formula (5′), are shown in Table 37. TABLE 37 <sup>1</sup>H-NMR (measured at 400 MHz, 500 MHz, ESI MS (m/z) or Example Formula or 600 MHz) δ ppm IR (KBr) cm<sup>−1</sup> 4-1 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00272" num="00272"><img id="EMI-C00272" he="30.14mm" wi="29.04mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00272.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 1.29 (3H, s), 3.35 (1H, m), 3.74 (1H, m), 4.07 (1H, m), 7.42 (1H, m) m/z = 217 (M + H) 4-2 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00273" num="00273"><img id="EMI-C00273" he="25.32mm" wi="29.04mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00273.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.12 (2H, t), 4.53 (2H, t), 7.41 (1H, m) IR 1665, 1636, 1472, 1436, 1274, 1030, 996 4-3 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00274" num="00274"><img id="EMI-C00274" he="26.42mm" wi="30.14mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00274.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 2.02 (2H, m), 3.65 (2H, m), 4.38 (2H, m), 7.24 (1H, m) IR 1654, 1635, 1472, 1431, 1374, 1248, 1133, 1078, 1027, 957, 761 4-4 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00275" num="00275"><img id="EMI-C00275" he="25.32mm" wi="29.04mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00275.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 4.13 (2H, t), 4.50 (2H, t), 7.33 (2H, s) m/z = 185 (M + H) Pyricularia oryzae 5 5 The acetone solution of each compound of each example was prepared such that the content thereof became 0.1 mg/mL, and then diluted to 10-fold with water to be subjected to conduct test. 0.25 mL of the diluted solution per 1 mL of the soil was made to be absorbed in the soil. Rice seeds (cultivar: Jikkoku) subjected to forcing to germination were seeded in the soil to be cultivated in plant cultivation chambers. To the rice cultivated to the second leaf stage, the conidia suspension of prepared such that the content thereof became 1.5×10conidia spores/mL to 5×10conidia spores/mL was inoculated by conducting spraying, and then left still for 24 hours in a moist chamber (in which the temperature was 25° C. and the humidity was 100%). Then, the rice was continued to be cultivated in the plant cultivation chambers, and the number of lesions at the second leaf was counted. The control value was calculated based on the counted number of the lesions in accordance with the below-mentioned mathematical formula. Control value=((the number of lesions at untreated plants−the number of lesions at treated plants)/the number of lesions at untreated plants)×100 The control values of the compounds of the below-mentioned examples were 80 or more, and control effects against the rice blast disease were confirmed. 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-7, 1-9, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-17, 1-18, 1-19, 1-20, 1-21, 1-22, 1-24, 1-25, 1-26, 1-27, 1-28, 1-29, 1-30, 1-32, 1-33, 1-35, 1-36, 1-37, 1-39, 1-40, 1-44, 1-46, 1-47, 1-48, 1-50, 1-51, 1-52, 1-54, 1-55, 1-56, 1-57, 1-58, 1-59, 1-61, 1-63, 1-64, 1-65, 1-66, 1-67, 1-68, 1-70, 1-71, 1-73, 1-74, 1-78, 1-79, 1-80, 1-81, 1-84, 1-85, 1-86, 1-87, 1-88, 1-91, 1-92, 1-93, 1-96, 1-98, 1-99, 1-100, 1-102, 1-103, 1-104, 1-105, 1-107, 1-108, 1-109, 1-110, 1-111, 1-112, 1-114, 1-115, 1-117, 1-118, 1-119, 1-120, 1-122, 1-123, 1-124, 1-125, 1-127, 1-130, 1-132, 1-133, 1-134, 1-135, 1-137, 1-138, 1-139, 1-140, 1-141, 1-143, 1-145, 1-146, 1-147, 1-151, 1-152, 1-153, 1-155, 1-159, 1-168, 1-169, 1-170, 1-173, 1-174, 1-175, 1-176, 1-178, 1-179, 1-180, 1-181, 1-182, 1-183, 1-184, 1-185, 1-186, 1-187, 1-188, 1-189, 1-190, 1-191, 1-192, 1-193, 1-194, 1-196, 1-197, 1-198, 1-199, 1-200, 1-201, 1-202, 1-203, 1-204, 1-205, 1-206, 1-207, 1-208, 1-209, 1-210, 1-211, 1-213, 1-214, 1-218, 2-2, 2-4, 2-5, 3-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4 Pyricularia oryzae 5 5 The acetone solution of each compound of each example was prepared at an approximate concentration, and then diluted to 10-fold with water, followed by adding 1/1000-fold by volume of NEOESTERIN to the diluted solution to be subjected to conducting test. Each of the compounds was sprayed onto rice cultivated in pots to the second leaf stage or the third leaf stage, and then, one day after conducting spraying, the conidia suspension of prepared such that the content thereof became 1.5×10conidia spores/mL to 5×10conidia spores/mL was inoculated by conducting spraying, followed by leaving the rice still for 24 hours in a moist chamber (in which the temperature was 25° C. and the humidity was 100%). Then, the rice was cultivated in plant cultivation chambers, and the number of lesions at the second leaf was counted. The control value was calculated based on the counted number of the lesions in accordance with the below-mentioned mathematical formula. Control value=((the number of lesions at untreated plants−the number of lesions at treated plants)/the number of lesions at untreated plants)×100 The control values of the compounds of the below-mentioned examples were 80 or more at the concentration of 25 ppm, and control effects against the rice blast disease were confirmed. 1-19, 1-30, 1-38, 1-41, 1-44, 1-59, 1-134, 1-135, 1-139, 1-168, 1-172, 1-174 The control values of the compounds of the below-mentioned examples were 80 or more at the concentration of 200 ppm, and control effects against the rice blast disease were confirmed. 1-3, 1-18, 1-32, 1-33, 1-86, 1-93, 1-98, 1-102, 1-103, 1-105, 1-129, 1-131, 1-132, 1-133, 1-134, 1-135, 1-137, 1-138, 1-139, 1-168, 1-169, 1-170, 1-172, 1-173, 1-174, 1-175, 1-176, 1-177, 1-178, 1-179, 1-180, 1-183, 1-187, 1-190, 1-191, 1-193, 1-200, 1-202, 1-204, 1-210, 4-4 Xanthomonas oryzae oryzae The acetone solution of each compound of each example was prepared such that the content thereof became 2 mg/mL, and then diluted to 10-fold with water, followed by adding 1/1000-fold by volume of NEOESTERIN to the diluted solution to be subjected to conducting test. Each of the compounds was sprayed onto rice cultivated in pots to the tillering stage, and then, three days after conducting spraying, pv.was inoculated by leaving a scratch using needle tweezers. The rice was left still overnight in a moist chamber (in which the temperature was 21° C. and the humidity was 100%), and then cultivated in a greenhouse to measure the length of lesions (lesion length), 11 days after the inoculation. The control value was calculated based on an average of the measured lesion length in accordance with the below-mentioned mathematical formula. Control value=((the lesion length at untreated plant−the lesion length at treated plant)/the lesion length at untreated plant)×100 The control values of the below-mentioned compounds were 50 or more at the concentration of 200 ppm, and control effects against the rice bacterial leaf blight were confirmed. 1-134, 1-135, 1-136, 1-161 Erysiphe graminis The acetone solution of each compound of each example was prepared such that the content thereof became 2 mg/mL, and then diluted to 10-fold with water, followed by adding 1/1000-fold by volume of NEOESTERIN to the diluted solution to be subjected to conducting test. Each of the compounds was sprayed onto two-row barley cultivated in small bats (30 cm×20 cm) for approximately one month after seeding, and then, 7 days after conducting spraying, the two-row barley was left in a greenhouse under conditions in which natural infection of was allowed, followed by cultivating the two-row barley for approximately 1 month under the conditions in which continuous infection thereof was allowed. The number of lesions at the flag leaf on the main stem was counted, and the control value was calculated based on the counted number of lesions in accordance with the below-mentioned mathematical formula. Control value=((the number of lesions at untreated plants−the number of lesions at treated plants)/the number of lesions at untreated plants)×100 The control values of the below-mentioned compounds were 50 or more at the concentration of 200 ppm, and control effects against the barley powdery mildew were confirmed. 1-41, 1-134, 1-135 2 Wettable powders of example compounds 1-134 and 1-135 were prepared in accordance with the below-mentioned Preparation Example 1, respectively, followed by diluting the wettable powders to 1000-fold with water to prepare spraying liquids. The prepared spraying liquids were sprayed onto wheat twice at the blooming stage and 10 days prior to the blooming stage at a liquid volume of 1 L/m, respectively. The lesions on the flag leaf were examined in accordance with the below-mentioned indexes approximately 4 weeks after the second spraying application. The severity was calculated based on the indexes, and the control value was calculated from the obtained severity in accordance with the below-mentioned mathematical formula. Indexes (0 to 5) 0: No lesions were observed. 1: 1 to 3 lesions were observed. 2: 4 to 10 lesions were observed. 3: 11 to 20 lesions were observed. 4: 21 or more lesions were observed, and the area of lesions was less than half of the leaf surface. 5: 21 or more lesions were observed, and the area of lesions was half or more of the leaf surface. Control value=((the severity at untreated plants−the severity at treated plants)/the severity at untreated plants)×100 The control values of the example compounds 1-134 and 1-135 were 50 or more, and control effects were confirmed. 2 Wettable powders of the example compound 1-135 were prepared in accordance with the below-mentioned Preparation Example 1, followed by diluting the wettable powders to 1000-fold with water to prepare spraying liquids. The prepared spraying liquid was sprayed onto wheat twice at the blooming stage and 10 days prior to the blooming stage at a liquid volume of 1 L/m. The lesions on the flag leaf were examined in accordance with the below-mentioned indexes approximately 4 weeks after the second spraying application. The severity was calculated based on the indexes, and the control value was calculated from the obtained severity in accordance with the below-mentioned mathematical formula. Indexes (0 to 5) 0: No lesions were observed. 1: 1 to 3 lesions were observed. 2: 4 to 10 lesions were observed. 3: 11 to 20 lesions were observed. 4: 21 or more lesions were observed, and the area of lesions was less than half of the leaf surface. 5: 21 or more lesions were confirmed, and the area of lesions was half or more of the leaf surface. Control value=((the severity at untreated plants−the severity at treated plants)/the severity at untreated plants)×100 The control value of the example compound 1-135 was 50 or more, and control effects against the wheat brown rust were confirmed. Pseudoperonospora cubensis 4 The acetone solution of each example compound was prepared such that the content thereof became 0.4 mg/mL, and then diluted to 10-fold with water to be subjected to conducting test. 5 mL of the diluted solution was made to be absorbed in the soil per pot at the root of cucumber (cultivar: Suyo) cultivated to the first-leaf stage in the pot. 7 days after the treatment, the spore suspension of prepared such that the content thereof became 5×10spores/mL was inoculated to the cucumber by conducting spraying, followed by leaving the cucumber still for 24 hours in a moist chamber (in which the temperature was 25° C. and the humidity was 100%). Then, the cucumber was cultivated in a greenhouse, and, 7 days after the inoculation, the lesions at the second leaf were examined in accordance with the below-mentioned indexes. The severity was calculated based on the indexes, and the control value was calculated from the obtained severity in accordance with the below-mentioned mathematical formula. Indexes (0 to 5) 0: No lesions were observed. 1: The area of lesions was less than 5% of the leaf surface. 2: The area of lesions was 5% or more but less than 25% of the leaf surface. 3: The area of lesions was 25% or more but less than 50% of the leaf surface. 4: The area of lesions was 50% or more but less than 80% of the leaf surface. 5: The area of lesions was 80% or more of the leaf surface. Control value=((the severity at untreated plants−the severity at treated plants)/the severity at untreated plants)×100 The control values of the below-mentioned compounds were 70 or more, and control effects against the cucumber downy mildew were confirmed. 1-117, 1-134, 1-135, 1-143, 1-218, 4-2 Pseudoperonospora cubensis 4 The acetone solution of each example compound was prepared such that the content thereof became 1 mg/mL, and then diluted to 10-fold with water to be subjected to conducting test. 1 mL of the diluted solution per pot was sprayed onto cucumber (cultivar: Suyo) cultivated to the first-leaf stage in pots. 7 days after the spraying application, the spore suspension of prepared such that the content thereof became 5×10spores/mL was inoculated to the cucumber by conducting spraying, followed by leaving the cucumber still for 24 hours in a moist chamber (in which the temperature was 25° C. and the humidity was 100%). Then, the cucumber was cultivated in a greenhouse, and, 7 days after the inoculation, the area ratio of lesions at the second leaf was examined in accordance with the below-mentioned indexes. The severity was calculated based on the indexes, and the control value was calculated from the obtained severity in accordance with the below-mentioned mathematical formula. Indexes (0 to 5) 0: No lesions were observed. 1: The area of lesions was less than 5% of the leaf surface. 2: The area of lesions was 5% or more but less than 25% of the leaf surface. 3: The area of lesions was 25% or more but less than 50% of the leaf surface. 4: The area of lesions was 50% or more but less than 80% of the leaf surface. 5: The area of lesions was 80% or more of the leaf surface. Control value=((the severity at untreated plans−the severity at treated plants)/the severity at untreated plants)×100 The control values of the below-mentioned compounds were 70 or more, and control effects against the cucumber downy mildew were confirmed. 1-143, 1-218 11t th Wettable powders of the example compound 1-134 were prepared in accordance with the below-mentioned Preparation Example 1. The wettable powders were diluted to 6666-fold with water, and then 20 mL of the diluted solution per pot was applied to cucumber (cultivar: Natsusuzumi) cultivated to the third leaf stage in pots by making the diluted solution to be absorbed in the soil, and then the cucumber was subjected to settled planting. 28 days after the settled planting, the number of lesions formed at theh true leaves to the 20true leaves were counted. The control value was calculated from the obtained number of lesions in accordance with the below-mentioned mathematical formula. Control value=((the number of lesions at untreated plants−the number of lesions at treated plants)/the number of lesions at untreated plants)×100 The control value of the example compound 1-134 was 60 or more, and control effects thereof were confirmed. The acetone solutions of each example compound and compounds described in the prior art documents shown in the below-mentioned Table 38 (hereinafter, referred to as compounds of Comparative Examples 1 to 5, respectively) were prepared such that the content thereof became 0.2 mg/mL, and then diluted to 10-fold with water to be subjected to conducting test. 0.25 mL of the diluted solution per 1 mL of the soil was made to be absorbed in the soil. Then, rice seeds (cultivar: Jikkoku) subjected to forcing to germination were seeded in the soil to be cultivated in plant cultivation chambers. The plant length of the rice grown to the first leaf stage was measured, and the ratio of the plant length, relative to the untreated plant length set as 100, (hereinafter, referred to as “the ratio of plant length relative to untreated plant length”) was calculated. The presence or absence of the barrier to growth was determined from the calculated ratio. 1 2 3 4 The ratios of plant length relative to untreated plant length of the below-mentioned example compounds were 80 or more, and it was confirmed that phytotoxicity caused thereby was reduced in comparison with the compounds of Comparative Examples 1 to 5. The results indicated that the damage caused by the below-mentioned example compounds was reduced in comparison with the compounds of formula (1) in which X, X, Xor Xcontains a chlorine atom. 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-13, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-17, 1-18, 1-19, 1-20, 1-21, 1-22, 1-23, 1-24, 1-25, 1-26, 1-27, 1-28, 1-29, 1-30, 1-31, 1-32, 1-33, 1-34, 1-35, 1-36, 1-37, 1-38, 1-39, 1-40, 1-41, 1-42, 1-43, 1-44, 1-45, 1-46, 1-47, 1-48, 1-49, 1-51, 1-52, 1-53, 1-54, 1-55, 1-56, 1-57, 1-58, 1-59, 1-60, 1-61, 1-62, 1-63, 1-64, 1-65, 1-66, 1-67, 1-68, 1-69, 1-70, 1-71, 1-72, 1-73, 1-74, 1-75, 1-76, 1-77, 1-78, 1-79, 1-80, 1-81, 1-82, 1-83, 1-84, 1-85, 1-86, 1-87, 1-88, 1-89, 1-90, 1-91, 1-92, 1-93, 1-95, 1-96, 1-97, 1-98, 1-99, 1-100, 1-101, 1-102, 1-103, 1-104, 1-105, 1-106, 1-107, 1-108, 1-109, 1-110, 1-111, 1-112, 1-113, 1-116, 1-117, 1-118, 1-120, 1-121, 1-122, 1-123, 1-124, 1-125, 1-126, 1-127, 1-128, 1-130, 1-131, 1-132, 1-133, 1-134, 1-135, 1-136, 1-137, 1-138, 1-139, 1-141, 1-142, 1-143, 1-148, 1-149, 1-150, 1-151, 1-152, 1-155, 1-156, 1-158, 1-160, 1-161, 1-164, 1-165, 1-166, 1-167, 1-168, 1-169, 1-170, 1-171, 1-172, 1-173, 1-174, 1-175, 1-176, 1-177, 1-178, 1-179, 1-180, 1-181, 1-182, 1-183, 1-184, 1-185, 1-186, 1-187, 1-188, 1-189, 1-190, 1-191, 1-192, 1-193, 1-194, 1-195, 1-196, 1-197, 1-198, 1-199, 1-200, 1-201, 1-202, 1-203, 1-204, 1-205, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 3-1, 3-2, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5 TABLE 38 Ratio of plant length relative to untreated Patent Compound plant Document Number Formula length Comparative Example 1 Japancese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. Sho 63-93766 4.2 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00276" num="00276"><img id="EMI-C00276" he="23.79mm" wi="33.61mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00276.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 49 Comparative Example 2 Japancese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. Sho 63-93766 1.29 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00277" num="00277"><img id="EMI-C00277" he="21.59mm" wi="31.07mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00277.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 52 Comparative Example 3 Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. Hei 9-165374 1 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00278" num="00278"><img id="EMI-C00278" he="23.45mm" wi="41.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00278.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 45 Comparative Example 4 Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. Hei 10-95772 1 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00279" num="00279"><img id="EMI-C00279" he="27.18mm" wi="41.23mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00279.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 64 Comparative Example 5 International Patent Application, Publication No. 2005-68430 I-1 <chemistry id="CHEM-US-00280" num="00280"><img id="EMI-C00280" he="30.06mm" wi="42.67mm" file="US20210120817A1-20210429-C00280.TIF" alt="embedded image" img-content="table" img-format="tif" /></chemistry> 66 10 parts by mass of each example compound, 2 parts by mass of lauryl sulfate, 2 parts by mass of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, 3 parts by mass of lignin sulfonate, 4 parts by mass of white carbon, and 79 parts by mass of clay were mixed and pulverized to obtain each wettable powder. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, a plant disease control agent and a novel compound that can reduce plant damage, and a method for controlling plant disease are provided. The plant disease control agent and the novel compound according to the present invention have excellent resistance-inducing activity and are useful to control plant diseases.
Directions: On this worksheet you will examine properties of a simple pendulum, vibration graphs, and graphs of Period 2 vs Length. omit Question 1 During an experiment, data is collected on the vibrations of a simple pendulum. A graph of Period 2 vs Length is plotted and forms a linear graph with a slope of 3.97 and a y-axis intercept of 0.13 . Use the fact that the numerical value of the slope represents 4π 2 /g to determine the value of gravity in the lab room. 39.78 m/sec 2 10.02 m/sec 2 9.94 m/sec 2 3.17 m/sec 2 omit Question 2 If the accepted value for gravity at sea level is 9.8 m/sec 2 , what was the percent error for this group's experiment? 30.168% 1.45% 1.471% 6.908% omit Question 3 According to the data summarized by the group's regression line in Question #1 , determine the frequency of a pendulum that was 75 cm long? 0.0882 hz 0.322 hz 0.567 hz 0.0580 hz omit Question 4 How would the period of a 31 cm pendulum compare to the period of the pendulum in Question #3 ? It would be the same. It would be smaller. It would be greater. omit Question 5 What is meant by the term pendulum bob? It represents the angle from which a pendulum is released. It represents a synonym for a pendulum's frequency. The mass attached to the end of a simple pendulum. It represents the pivot point from which a pendulum vibrates. none of the four other statements listed is a correct answer. omit Question 6 What would be the correct units to measure the slope of the regression line described in Question #1 ? m/sec 2 L/T 2 T 2 /L sec 2 /m omit Question 7 What is the frequency of a pendulum whose vibration graph is shown below if its 1st trough occured at 9.15 seconds and its last trough occured at 50.15 seconds . 5.857 x 10 0 hz 0.160 hz 0.171 hz 0.195 hz 5.125 x 10 0 hz omit Question 8 Using the equation T = 2 p SQRT(L/g) what would be the length of the pendulum in Question #7 ? 6.52 meter 2.92 meter 5.86 meter 8.52 meters PhysicsLAB Copyright © 1997-2021 Catharine H. Colwell All rights reserved.	http://dev.physicslab.org/PracticeProblems/Worksheets/Phy1Hon/pendulum/FrequencyPeriod.aspx
Saving... Fife has one of the largest networks of recycling facilities in Scotland to help you to recycle as much waste as possible. You can find your nearest recycling facility using the map linked below. There are over 300 Recycling Points in Fife to make it easy to recycle small packaging items such as glass bottles, cans and textiles. Use the map linked above to locate your nearest recycling point. What is a Recycling Point? Recycling Points are a collection of large recycling bins. These are often located at supermarkets, car parks and libraries to make it easy to recycle smaller packaging items such as glass bottles, cans and textiles. How do I find my nearest Point? Use the map linked above to locate your nearest Recycling Point. Where are they sited? We have around 300 Recycling Points across Fife. You’ll find them in your local supermarket, library or community centre car parks. What can I recycle at a Recycling Point? Recycling Points have coloured recycling containers (called banks) for each material. You can recycle some, if not all the following: - Food and drinks cans - Glass bottles and jars - Paper and cardboard - Plastic packaging - Textiles including clothes, towels, curtains, sheets, shoes etc. When are they open? Most sites are in open car parks and available 24 hours a day, although a small number of sites may not be open overnight. Plastic & cans and paper & cardboard bins The orange plastic & can recycling bins and blue paper & cardboard recycling bins at Recycling Points are collected by a different vehicle to your household bins. You may notice that these bins are collected by the same vehicle at Recycling Points. Please continue to separate into plastics & can and paper & cardboard recycling bins as these bins may not always be collected together in the same vehicle. The material from these bins is bulked and collected by a reprocessor who separate the material into plastic, can, paper and cardboard for recycling. Glenrothes Recycling Centre will be closed on Monday 24 and Tuesday 25 February for planned maintenance. See below for your most convenient Recycling Centre. Fife Council operates 11 Recycling Centres to collect and recycle bulky household items such as rubble, electrical equipment and televisions. Click on the Recycling Centre to find out what you can recycle at each site. Opening times Most Recycling Centres are closed 1 or 2 days a week and will close for lunch. Opening times including lunch breaks are on the attached publication and shown below. \|Recycling Centre\|\|Days closed\|\|Lunch break\|\|Opening times\| \|October to March\|\|April to September\| \|Cowdenbeath\|\|Monday\|\|Thursday\|\|12:45-13:30\| 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 9:00 a.m.-5:45 p.m. \|Cupar\|\|Monday\|\|Thursday\|\|12:00-12:45\| \|Dalgety Bay\|\|Wednesday\|\|Friday\|\|12:00-12:45\| \|Dunfermline\|\|Open 7 days\|\|No lunch closure\| \|Glenrothes\|\|Wednesday\|\|12:00-12:45\| \|Kirkcaldy\|\|Tuesday\|\|12:45-13:30\| \|Ladybank\|\|Open 7 days\|\|No lunch closure\| \|Lochgelly\|\|Tuesday\|\|Friday\|\|12:00-12:45\| \|Methil\|\|Thursday\|\|12:00-12:45\| \|Pittenweem\|\|Monday\|\|Wednesday\|\|12:00-12:45\| \|St Andrews\|\|Tuesday\|\|Friday\|\|12:45-13:30\| Access Policy Fife Council operates an Access Policy to control misuse of its Recycling Centres. Please refer to the access policy at the foot of this page before visiting one of our sites. Proof of address We require all users to provide proof of address, if asked. Fife is bordered by numerous other Local Authorities and this measure is to reduce disposal of waste from other Local Authority areas. Accepted proof of address includes a valid driving license, recent utility bill, council tax bill etc. Failure to provide proof of address may result in refusal to dispose of waste or recycling. Commercial type vehicles (vans / trailers) Any commercial type vehicle will be asked to complete a Household Waste Declaration Form. This is to identify illegal commercial waste disposal. Failure to complete the declaration form or provide proof of address will result in refusal to dispose of waste. If you are disposing of commercial waste, you must have a Commercial Waste Card. Pedestrian access No pedestrian access will be allowed at any of Fife Council’s Recycling Centres from 1 January 2019. Pedestrians will not be permitted to walk in through the entrance or exit gates. Both light commercial vehicles and heavy goods vehicles use these facilities, as well as a high volume of cars at any given time. Safe pedestrian access to Recycling Centres is available via booking through [email protected] with your name, address, and materials being brought. Residents will then be given a day and time to access the Recycling Centre. Access is via the entrance gate, 15 minutes prior to closure for lunch. The gate will only be open if a booking is made. Ladybank and Dunfermline cannot be accessed by pedestrians at any time. Trailers All trailers disposing of household waste must complete a declaration form and provide proof of address prior to disposing of any waste. There is no limit on the number of trailer visits, but data provided will be monitored to prevent waste crime and establish fair use. Please be aware that attendants can refuse or delay entry if it would cause/exacerbate traffic management issues at the time. This includes horseboxes. Where is my nearest Recycling Centre? Use the map below to locate your nearest Recycling Centre. What can you recycle? The materials available for collection can differ at each Recycling Centre. Most Recycling Centres accept: \|Batteries\|\|Cans\|\|Electrical Equipment\| \|Gas Cylinders\|\|Glass Bottles and Jars\|\|Green Garden Waste\| \|Metal\|\|Paper and Cardboard\|\|Plastics\| \|Soil and Rubble\|\|Textiles\|\|Vehicle Oil\| \|Wood\|\|Excess landfill waste\| Before you come Each site has containers for various types of waste. Before you come, please separate your waste into different types. But don’t worry if you’re not sure. We can give you advice on site about what goes where. Why separate the materials? In Fife, we now recycle up to 70% of the materials you bring to our recycling centres but you can help us get even better. Separating your waste into recyclable and non recyclable waste helps us to recycle even more and reduce the waste we send to landfill. Tay Bridgehead area From Monday March 2019, Tay Bridgehead residents are no longer able to access the two Dundee City Council Household Waste Recycling Centres. Tay Bridgehead residents can: - Visit one of Fifes Household Waste Recycling Centres. Find your nearest on the map linked above. - Take materials to local Recycling points - Arrange a bulky uplift - Donate your waste to charities or passing on items through online swap or selling sites. Find out more. Kincardine residents Residents in Kincardine can access the Forthbank Recycling Centre on Bowhouse Road, Alloa. Residents using this site must carry proof of address to allow them access to the Forthbank site. Visit the Clackmannanshire Council website to find the location and what you can recycle at this site (takes you to an external site).	https://www.fife.gov.uk/kb/docs/articles/bins-and-recycling/recycling-points-and-centres
Understanding cognitive processes involves breaking them down into more fundamental computational subparts. In this course we will take an interdisciplinary look at studies investigating the behavior of non-human animals as well as computational cognitive modelling, that can teach us about cognition. To what extent can we find parallels for complex human behavior in non-human species? What can we learn about human cognition and behavior from the comparative approach? To what extent can complex human behaviors be operationalized and implemented in machines? And how can we use technology to study animal behavior? Issues such as the emergence of culture, social imitation, language, art, song, domestication and consciousness will be addressed using data on various species including birds, primates and dolphins. We will read and discuss literature on animal and computational cognition and gain hands-on practice with the design and presentation of a scientific poster, which will be displayed at a poster festival in the last weeks of the course. We will also discover how animal cognition research is conducted in practice during two class field trips.Brief introductory description of the course. Please include course subject and teaching materials used. Course objectives Concise description of the course objectives formulated in terms of knowledge, insight and skills students will have acquired at the end of the course. The relationship between these objectives and achievement levels for the programme should be evident.After successful completion of this course, the learner will be able to: Explain why the comparative approach is important for learning about human and non-human cognition and evolution Recall various methods for studying cognitive skills in non-human animals Interpret findings from experiments and field work in animal cognition Compare cognitive skills of various different species and in different cognitive domains Judge interpretations of animal behavior in the light of the tension between human-centeredness and anthropomorphism Recognize and explain how technology and computational modelling can be used in the study of human and non-human cognition Timetable Check MyTimetable (manual) and use your ULCN account to login. Please note that (last-minute) changes in the schedule are communicated in the course's Brightspace. Mode of instruction Lecture, Research, Excursion Assessment method essay, assignments (50%) poster presentation (50%) Reading list The reading consists of papers which need to be read before each class. Links to the reading are provided through Blackboard. Registration You have to enrol for classes and exams (including retakes) in uSis. Elective, external and exchange students (other than Media Technology students) need to contact the programme's coordinator due to limited capacity. Contact Contact the lecturer(s) for course specific questions and the programme's coordinator Barbara Visscher-van Grinsven for questions regarding the programme, admission and/or registration.	https://studiegids.universiteitleiden.nl/courses/108353/non-human-cognition
Resilience–the ability to bounce back after trauma or crisis–is an ideal that is increasingly central to our culture. “Bouncing back” can mean breaking even, but generally people think resilience is the ability to come out ahead of where you started, the ability to, as Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel put it, never let a crisis go to waste. Resilience is thought to be the most valuable capacity individuals, populations, and states can possess. For example, British education policy leaders think resilience ought to be taught in schools because it is key to social mobility. Resilience is also a commonly-used term and oft-cited ideal in ecological thought and environmental science, as well as both clinical and popular psychology. The American Psychological Association website features a guide to cultivating personal resilience, and there are countless stories about disabled people who overcome their supposed limitations and achieve above-average feats. The overcoming narrative doesn’t replace the original narrative, but builds on it. So, the original source of harm isn’t eliminated, but becomes a prerequisite. If the ability to overcome trauma and crisis is something everyone is required to demonstrate, then this means everyone ought to undergo some trauma or crisis: you can overcome only if you’ve first been set back. Instead of preventing trauma and crisis, resilience discourse makes it a prerequisite that everyone must experience in order to demonstrate that they are healthy and normal. Resilience discourse treats trauma and crisis as compulsory experiences. In turn, this lets society off the hook for systematic problems like poverty, climate change, and sexism. Resilience discourse outsources the work of addressing, surviving, and coping with the harms of systemic, institutionalized inequality to private individuals. If you still feel the negative effects of, say, sexism, it’s your fault because you’re just not resilient enough. Society doesn’t have to spend any resources solving or alleviating harm, nor does it have to put any more effort into reproducing the relations of inequity that cause these harms. If everyone has to experience some loss and damage, the people who began with more resources and more access to privilege will always have an easier route to recovery–and often a more successful outcome–than those without. The main thing that distinguishes resilience from other forms of coping is that resilience ultimately benefits hegemonic institutions more than it benefits you. Just as wage labor generates profits for employers, resilience is a type of laboring on the self that generates literal and/or ideological profits for someone else, often at your expense. This isn’t just coping–it’s a very specific form of coping designed to get individuals to perform the superficial trappings of recovery from deep, systemic and institutional issues, all the while reinforcing and intensifying the very systemic issues it claims to solve. Next month I’ll talk more about resilience, gender, and women. Robin James is an associate professor of philosophy at The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. She is the author of Resilience & Melancholy: Pop Music, Feminism, Neoliberalism. She blogs at it's her factory. Follow her on Twitter: @doctaj.	http://www.prindlepost.org/2015/10/resilience-an-ideal-that-hurts-more-than-it-helps/
Sunday, July 11. Along with the local deer, who stroll nonchalantly through our yard, there is a family of alarmingly large hawks living nearby, sometimes also venturing onto our turf. I encountered the one shown above–some 15 inches tall at least–along with his mate and one offspring during my morning walk. He didn’t seem very concerned. Maybe he thought it would entail too much work to eat me. He was munching on something as I approached, and I don’t think it was a bagel. Probably some innocent little rodent or fellow bird. Too bad the hawks don’t eat deer. The primary predator helping to winnow the deer herd is the automobile, as a local newspaper once pointed out. The victim’s carcasses can frequently be seen along the sides of roads. There are human victims, too: In a freak accident some years back, an auto hit a deer and sent it flying through the air, whereupon it struck and killed a bicyclist. I wonder if the deer was wearing a helmet. Seems like we need not only bike lanes but also deer lanes. Meanwhile, there’s a move afoot to shut down the East Hampton airport. Middle class folks complain that the constant jet-aircraft and helicopter traffic disturbs their peace–and that the aircraft serve only the 1%. There have been heated, standing-room-only political hearings on the matter, and no doubt the local pols, recipients of the 1%’s largesse, just wish the issue would go away. Lee Zeldin, the mossback GOP congressman who represents the area, had a spokesman present who said the town should not pursue “needlessly harsh measures.” Hmmm. If there are only a very few people flying into the airport, why then is there a noise problem? Turn-of-the-20th-century sociologist Thorstein Veblen would likely have an answer. Veblen, author of The Theory of the Leisure Class, coined numerous witty and on-point observations about the behavior of the 1%. Why did the ancient Chinese Emperors insist that their wives and concubines sport very, very long fingernails? Well, it was a display of what Veblen termed “conspicuous waste.” It showed that the Emperor had sufficient wealth to surround himself with women who were unable to perform any useful labor. Their morbidly long fingernails wouldn’t allow them to peel a lychee nut, much less clean the bathroom or prepare bird’s nest soup. Similarly, the retinues of various kings and pashas included hugely muscled servants who did little more than stand around and scowl. With their biceps, these bruisers could have been moving mountains. Why not? More conspicuous waste, Veblen opined. So, today, I suspect, the 1% favor aircraft that make as much noise as possible: It’s a manly display of their pecuniary strength and ability to shake the heavens. Did you think Donald Trump alone craved public attention? Dinner: barbecued pork chops, potato salad, and a lettuce salad. Entertainment: Eric Rohmer’s romance caper Rendez-vous in Paris.	https://hardygreen.com/tag/thorstein-veblen/
Bu dersin amacı koruyucu giysilerin genel özellikleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak, koruyucu giysi tasarlayabilme yeteneğini geliştirmek, üretim teknolojilerini ve tekstil alanında uygulamalarını incelemek ve bu konuda bilgi vermektir. Name of Lecturer(s) Doç.Dr. Esra DİRGAR Learning Outcomes 1 Having a general knowledge of protective clothing systems and materials 2 Having knowledge about the design of protective clothing systems 3 Having knowledge about the protective clothing and application used in various fields 4 To have an idea about current protective clothing practices. Mode of Delivery Face to Face Prerequisites and co-requisities Yok Recommended Optional Programme Components Yok Course Contents • Koruyucu giysi pazarı • Teknik tekstillerin koruyucu giysi tasarımında kullanımı • Farklı ortam koşullarında kullanılan giysilerin model özellikleri • Koruyucu giysilerdeki yenilikler Weekly Detailed Course Contents Week Theoretical Practice Laboratory 1 An overview of protective clothing and protective clothing market 2 Fibers and fabrics used in the design of protective clothing 3 Methods of evaluation of protective clothing systems 4 Characteristics and production of military clothing 5 Properties and production of clothing used against heat and fire 6 Properties and production of clothing used against cold 7 Properties and production of chemical and biological protective clothing 8 Properties and production of sportswear 9 Clothes and properties used against radiation and current protective clothing applications 10 Midterm 11 Presentations 12 Presentations 13 Presentations 14 Presentations Recommended or Required Reading Rheel, M. (1994). Protective Clothing Systems and Materials. CRC Press. Richard A. S. (2005). Textiles for Protection. Woodhead Publishing in Textiles. Chapman R. A. (2012).Smart Textiles and Protection. Woodhead Publishing in Textiles. Planned Learning Activities and Teaching Methods Assessment Methods and Criteria Term (or Year) Learning Activities Quantity Weight SUM 0 End Of Term (or Year) Learning Activities Quantity Weight SUM 0 SUM 0 Language of Instruction Turkish Work Placement(s) Yok Workload Calculation Activities Number Time (hours) Total Work Load (hours) Midterm Examination 1 30 30 Final Examination 1 40 40 Attending Lectures 12 2 24 TOTAL WORKLOAD (hours) 94 Contribution of Learning Outcomes to Programme Outcomes PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12 PO 13 LO1 3 3 3 3 LO2 3 3 3 3 LO3 3 3 3 3 LO4 * Contribution Level : 1 Very low 2 Low 3 Medium 4 High 5 Very High Ege University, Bornova - İzmir / TURKEY • Phone: +90 232 311 10 10 • e-mail:	http://ebys.ege.edu.tr/ogrenci/ebp/course.aspx?zs=2&mod=1&kultur=en-US&program=2627&did=265200&mid=652953&pmid=15773
George Pompidou Center BPI (Bibliothèque Publique d’Information, Public Information Library). At the end of the nineties, the restructuring and refurbishing of the Centre Pompidou in Paris,designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers in 1977, saw the participation of architect Jean-François Bodin who designed the new Bibliothèque Publique d’Information, one of the world's largest libraries specialising in visual arts. Tecno was selected to provide the reading tables, custom-designed by Bodin himself, along with the padded seating for the waiting areas and the reception points in the communal areas, working alongside the architect to resolve the technical issues and create a light, refined image, with respect for the architecture of Piano and Rogers.	https://www.tecnospa.com/ko-kr/projects/george-pompidou-center
Using publicly available data from NASA's Kepler space telescope, astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) have found that six percent of red dwarf stars have habitable, Earth-sized planets. Since red dwarfs are the most common stars in our galaxy, the closest Earth-like planet could be just 13 light-years away. "We thought we would have to search vast distances to find an Earth-like planet. Now we realize another Earth is probably in our own backyard, waiting to be spotted," said Harvard astronomer and lead author Courtney Dressing (CfA). Dressing presented her findings today in a press conference at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass. Red dwarf stars are smaller, cooler, and fainter than our Sun. An average red dwarf is only one-third as large and one-thousandth as bright as the Sun. From Earth, no red dwarf is visible to the naked eye. Despite their dimness, these stars are good places to look for Earth-like planets. Red dwarfs make up three out of every four stars in our galaxy for a total of at least 75 billion. The signal of a transiting planet is larger since the star itself is smaller, so an Earth-sized world blocks more of the star's disk. And since a planet has to orbit a cool star closer in order to be in the habitable zone, it's more likely to transit from our point of view. Dressing culled the Kepler catalog of 158,000 target stars to identify all the red dwarfs. She then reanalyzed those stars to calculate more accurate sizes and temperatures. She found that almost all of those stars were smaller and cooler than previously thought. Since the size of a transiting planet is determined relative to the star size, based on how much of the star's disk the planet covers, shrinking the star shrinks the planet. And a cooler star will have a tighter habitable zone. Dressing identified 95 planetary candidates orbiting red dwarf stars. This implied that at least 60 percent of such stars have planets smaller than Neptune. However, most weren't quite the right size or temperature to be considered truly Earth-like. Three planetary candidates were both warm and approximately Earth-sized. Statistically, this means that six percent of all red dwarf stars should have an Earth-like planet. "We now know the rate of occurrence of habitable planets around the most common stars in our galaxy," said co-author David Charbonneau (CfA). "That rate implies that it will be significantly easier to search for life beyond the solar system than we previously thought." Our Sun is surrounded by a swarm of red dwarf stars. About 75 percent of the closest stars are red dwarfs. Since 6 percent of those should host habitable planets, the closest Earth-like world is likely to be just 13 light-years away. Locating nearby, Earth-like worlds may require a dedicated small space telescope, or a large network of ground-based telescopes. Follow-up studies with instruments like the Giant Magellan Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope could tell us whether any warm, transiting planets have an atmosphere and further probe its chemistry. Such a world would be different from our own. Orbiting so close to its star, the planet would probably be tidally locked. However, that doesn't prohibit life since a reasonably thick atmosphere or deep ocean could transport heat around the planet. And while young red dwarf stars emit strong flares of ultraviolet light, an atmosphere could protect life on the planet's surface. In fact, such stresses could help life to evolve. "You don't need an Earth clone to have life," said Dressing. Since red dwarf stars live much longer than Sun-like stars, this discovery raises the interesting possibility that life on such a planet would be much older and more evolved than life on Earth. "We might find an Earth that's 10 billion years old," speculated Charbonneau. The three habitable-zone planetary candidates identified in this study are Kepler Object of Interest (KOI) 1422.02, which is 90 percent the size of Earth in a 20-day orbit; KOI 2626.01, 1.4 times the size of Earth in a 38-day orbit; and KOI 854.01, 1.7 times the size of Earth in a 56-day orbit. All three are located about 300 to 600 light-years away and orbit stars with temperatures between 5,700 and 5,900 degrees Fahrenheit. (For comparison, our Sun's surface is 10,000 degrees F.) These results will be published in The Astrophysical Journal (a pdf version of the paper is available here.).
author=Harold E. Monser, ed. publisher=Logos International] The Logos Bible is based on the 1901 American Standard Version(ASV) translation of the Bible, which has been called "The Rock of Biblical Honesty" by Bible scholars. [cite web url=http://ebible.org/asv/ title=The American Standard Version of the Holy Bible publisher=eBible.org accessdate=2006-09-24] This study Bible is unusual in many regards: * "Breadth of intended audience" - the Logos Bible has been recommended for beginners, teachers, Bible scholars and students. * "Cross-references" - the over 100,000 cross-references are significantly more than many study Bibles * "Topical analyses" - the Logos Bible includes a large number of topical articles, spread throughout the text * " Variorumreadings" by over 150 world-recognized scholars The editors displayed an unusual amount of care to avoid any bias or appearance of bias in their choice of readings, explicitly including the commentaries of recognized experts from streams of Biblical scholarship with which the editors personally disagreed. Although the Logos Bible has consistently been highly regarded among Bible students and scholars, no further editions were published. The company itself failed not many years after publication. [cite web url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/columns/oddball/index.cgi?date=2005-09-30 title=Run Baby Run accessdate=2006-09-24 Comments by Rob Allen, the son of Edward W. Allen, who was the managing editor of Logos during the early to mid 1970s.] Comparison to "The Cross-Reference Bible" The Scripture text, variant renderings and readings, topical analyses, most of the Preface, and Index of the Logos International Study Bible are identical (including the typesetting) to those of The Cross-Reference Bible - Variorum Edition - American Standard Version, edited by Monser, and copyright by him in 1910. [cite book title=The Cross-Reference Bible - Variorum Edition - American Standard Version year=1910 author=Harold E. Monser, ed. publisher=The Cross-Reference Bible Company] That edition was published by The Cross-Reference Bible Company with original editions published prior to 1929. The Logos edition excluded the following from the Cross-Reference Bible: * Several paragraphs of the Cross-Reference Bible Preface, * An entire page pertaining to abbrievations indentifying New Testament manuscripts (such as part of the description of Codex Alexandrinus, as well as the entire description of Codex Vaticanus, and numerous other Codices), * A two page section called "Analysis of the Pentateuch", * Extracts from the "Preface to the American Standard Version", * Index to "Nelson's Bible Atlas", * Index to "Littlefield Maps", * Color maps associated with the two map indexes. The Logos edition added: * "The Layman's Commentary on the Holy Spirit", * A concordancedrawn from the King James Versioninstead of the American Standard Version, * A different set of color maps. In-text features The following example is part of the first column of page 1756, which includes parts of Matthew 2:23 and 3:1:23 - City, Gen. 4:17 - Prophecies concerning Jesus, Gen. 3:15 - See “Inspira- ation of Proph- ets." II Ki. 17:13. - Q. Is. 11:1 in the Heb. 7 1 - See Mk. 1:24. - P. Vs. 1-12; Mk. 1:3-8; Lu. 3:2-17; comp. John 1:6-8, 10-28. - Day, Lev. 25:8 dwelt in a city"a" called Nǎz’-ǎ- rěth; that it might be fulfilled "b" which was spoken "c"through the prophets, 1that he should be called a "d" Nǎz-ǎ-rẽne’. 3 And "e"in those "f"days cometh † John the Bǎp’- Var. Rend.— V. 23 that ... Nazarene —because he would be called a Nazarene, LUTHER; despised like a Nazarene, OL. LAN. W. BROAD. Nazerene—"i.e. a 'netzer' or" Branch "with reference to" Is. 11:1, "Fri. DeW. Me. Wa. Delilzsh.; a" Nazarite "(i.e. separate with some reference to the order of Nazirites," Num. 6:1–20), Text. Jer., Mcl. ERASMUS, BEZA, HO, WET- STEIN, GROTTUS; the man of Nazareth, ME. BRU. Chap. J. — V. 1, cometh— comes forward. "Al." steps forth, HO.; NAZARETH: A City of Galilee.—Mt. 2:23; 21:11; Mk. 1:9; Lu. 1:26. Build on a Hill—Lu. 4:29. Wicked and Despised City.—John 1:46. Their Unbelief— Mt. 13:54-58. Home of Joseph and Mary.—Lu. 1:26-30; 2:51 Home of Christ.—Mt. 2:23; 4:13; 13:54; 21:11; 26:71; Mk. 1:9, 24; 6:1; 10:47; 14:67; 16:6; Lu. 2:51; 4:34; 18:37; 24:19; John 1:45, 46; 19:19; Acts 2:22; 3:6; 4:10; 6:14; 10:38; 22:8; 26:9. Christ rejected at—Mk. 6:1-6; Lu. 4:29. † JOHN THE BAPTIST: Career.—Announcement of Birth —Lu. 1:5-25; Time in days of Herod the Great B.C. 6— Lu 1:5. Piety and old age of Zacharias and Elizabeth— Lu. 1:5 "f". Barrenness of Elizabeth—Lu. 1:7. Zacharias a Priest in service when the angel Gabriel apperas to him.—Lu 1:8-13. The name of the child (John) given by the angel— ... Margin notes The letter "a" that appears before the word " city" in the first line corresponds to the "a" in the left margin, where there is an entry containing "Gen. 4:17". In the text of Genesis chapter 4, verse 17, the word "city" also appears, where it has the symbol "‡" next to it. At the bottom of that page, there is an article entitled CITY, next to the symbol "‡", which has nearly all of the references in the Bible to the word or idea of "city". In the fourth line, there is a superscript "1" next to the word "that". The corresponding margin entry has the letter "Q", followed by a reference to Isaiah, chapter 11, verse 1. This indicates that the passage that follows the letter, in the text, is a quotation from the Old Testament. Similarly, parallel passages are indicated with a P. Footnote articles At the bottom of the page are two more examples of in-text articles. The article for Nazarethis referenced from verse 23 with the symbol "*", and the article for John the Baptist, with the symbol "†". The latter article continues for two more columns in the text. Pronunciation In the first and fifth lines, the words Nazarene and Nazareth are rendered Nǎz’ǎrẽth and Nǎz-ǎ-rẽne’, respectively. These are indications of the pronunciation, and are given for most words translated or adapted from Biblical languages, particularly including place and personal names. Variorum readings Translation always involves a certain amount of subjective judgment. The Logos Bible endeavors to make all such judgments explicit and available to the reader. These are given immediately under the text, in the section labeled "Var. rend.". A comprehensive list of sources at the beginning of the Logos Bible identifies the scholarly sources from which these are drawn, and are indicated in the text. Other features Following a comprehensive index, which lists all of the in-text articles and references, the Logos Bible includes "The Layman's Commentary on the Holy Spirit" edited by John Rea. The Layman's Commentary includes in-depth treatment of most New Testament passages that deal with the Holy Spirit, beginning with Matthew 3:11-17 (the baptism of Jesus). The commentary comprises over 100 pages, and draws from a number of English translations, Bible commentaries and dictionaries. The Layman's Commentary was also published separately by Logos International, also in 1972, as ISBN 0-912106-22-0 and ISBN 0-912106-38-7. Finally, the Logos Bible also includes a concordance, coordinated with the index, and a number of maps. References Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.	https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/3682726
The critical literature on the theme of “madness” in African diaspora literature continues to expand. Researching and writing a paper for a master’s degree will benefit from first narrowing down the topic. African diaspora literature includes a range of literary genres, including personal narrative, fiction, and poetry. Writers of African heritage have been recording their experiences away from the continent for centuries. One factor to consider is whether you plan to consider only literature in English or also that in other languages and published in translation. The concept of “diaspora” generally applies to any location beyond the continent, so it might be useful to narrow down the geographic scope of the authors or their subject matter. Will you include works written only by African writers living in other places? Or will your scope encompass their descendants born in diaspora? For example, a paper that considers “mad” female characters in twentieth-century Afro-Caribbean fiction would probably raise different questions than one that addresses madness among enslaved women in English colonies. For thematic concerns, salient issues include the early establishment and continuing association of madness with religion, which may be labeled—especially for women—as “witchcraft” or “voodoo.” In more recent works that address the subject as a medical and mental health issue, you could address how the consequences are depicted, such as tragic death or criminal conduct. Recent explorations of the topic that you might find helpful are Disturbers of the Peace: Representations of Madness in Anglophone Caribbean Literature by Kelly Baker Josephs (University of Virginia Press, 2013) and Black Madness :: Mad Blackness by Therí A. Pickens (Duke University Press, 2019). We’ll help your grades soar Start your 48-hour free trial and unlock all the summaries, Q&A, and analyses you need to get better grades now. - 30,000+ book summaries - 20% study tools discount - Ad-free content - PDF downloads - 300,000+ answers - 5-star customer support Already a member? Log in here.	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/i-intend-to-do-my-ma-research-paper-on-the-2685617
Differentiations in reproductive traits along climatic gradients can be substantial for a species to spread along a wide spatial range. We compared the reproductive effort allocated to first egg sacs of five species of the genus Pardosa: P. palustris (Linnaeus 1758), P. amentata (Clerck 1757), P. lugubris (Walckenaer 1802), P. hyperborea (Thorell 1872), and P. riparia (C. L. Koch 1833) along three elevation transects in central Norway. We tested whether population differences are consistent among the three transects, respectively along the elevational gradient. We assumed that the harsh environments of alpine areas would lead to adaptations in reproductive traits resulting in larger eggs but smaller clutches at higher elevations. The results show that female size and egg number were positively correlated among all species. However, no clear elevation-related trend was found. Other traits did not change consistently between species and along the elevational gradient. We assume that local microclimatic impacts on spider fitness are a crucial but poorly understood factor. Without further knowledge about adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in ectotherms, modeling of possible future reproduction biology might remain flawed. Many ectotherm species that are widely distributed along elevation and latitudinal gradients have to cope with extreme differences in environmental conditions, in particular at the upper and lower boundaries of their distribution (e.g., Hodkinson, 2005). Species adaptation (e.g., in reproductive traits) along elevation gradients provide help in understanding how species or populations may react to environmental changes (Hodkinson, 2005). Reproductive traits can vary between species, between populations of a certain species, and between individuals of a population (e.g., Fox and Czesak, 2000; Fischer et al., 2002; Moya-Laraño, 2002; Høye and Hammel, 2010). Variations in reproductive traits are controlled by a number of factors that include maternal fitness and environmental conditions (Simpson, 1995; Hendrickx and Maelfait, 2003). However, environmental factors such as temperature and food supply can also interact with intrinsic factors like maternal size (Azevedo et al., 1996; Bauerfeind and Fischer, 2008). The influence of these factors on traits such as egg size is not completely understood so far (Bernardo, 1996; Fox and Czesak, 2000). One of the primary challenges for ecologists today is to assess the ecological impact of global environmental changes on physiological traits in different geographic areas (Bozinovic et al., 2011). Comparative studies of species ecology along different elevational and latitudinal gradients may provide important information on the response of populations or communities to climatic change at any point in time (Hodkinson, 2005). In particular, research along elevational gradient and the related environmental changes might deliver important findings in how species react to changing climatic conditions. Körner (2007) identified four main climatic factors that change along an elevational gradient and that are relevant for organisms: (a) decrease in atmospheric pressure, (b) reduction of atmospheric temperature, (c) increasing radiation under a cloudless sky, and (d) a higher fraction of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Other climatic factors are not considered relevant for unidirectional trends with elevation. Evolutionary theory suggests that harsher environments (e.g., alpine areas) can lead to a trade-off between separate life history traits (Hendrickx et al., 2003; Norry et al., 2006). For several invertebrates, it has been shown that fitness-related traits, including characteristics of life cycle and reproduction, can vary along latitudinal and along elevation climatic gradients (David and Bocquet, 1975; Berven and Gill, 1983; Dingle et al., 1990; Ayres and Scriber, 1994; Tatar et al., 1997; Telfer and Hassall, 1999; Lencioni, 2004; Hodkinson, 2005; Samietz et al., 2005). Lycosid spiders (i.e., wolf spiders) are well-suited model organisms for various aspects of (spider) ecology, including the influence of environmental conditions on spiders (see, e.g., Hendrickx and Maelfait, 2003; Löffler and Finch, 2005; Høye et al., 2009; Høye and Hammel, 2010), because they colonize a huge variety of terrestrial habitats from sea level to high alpine areas. Thus, wolf spiders have become the most intensively studied spider family to date (Wise, 1993, 2006). For studies on reproductive traits, wolf spiders are exceptionally suitable model organisms, as females carry their eggs in a sac attached to the spinnerets. This makes it possible to relate reproductive traits (e.g., egg number, egg size) to each individual female. In this study we analyzed traits of lycosid spiders of the genus Pardosa as well as the influence of elevation on these traits. Since lycosid spiders are one of the main predators in alpine environments (Wise, 1993) we aimed to test whether climatic gradients related to elevation are driving forces for adaptation in these species. During a single reproductive period, at lower altitudes, each female spider produces up to three egg sacs, which differ in clutch and egg size. In alpine areas usually only two egg sacs are produced (e.g., Edgar, 1971a; Kessler, 1971; Steigen, 1975; Bayram, 2000; Hendrickx and Maelfait, 2003). On a micro-spatial scale, Frick et al. (2007a) found no differences in temperature preference between females with and without egg sacs. This at least indicates that females do not actively search for higher local temperatures to increase the speed of egg development. However, the duration of egg sac carrying varies with temperature (Schmoller, 1970; Steigen, 1975), and the detailed characteristics of reproductive clines in wolf spiders along a thermal gradient remain unclear. We expected elevation-dependent differences and adaptations in the reproduction traits of wolf spiders: bigger eggs but smaller clutches may occur at higher elevations, forced by the harsher environmental conditions at higher altitudes. This assumption is in line with the life history theory (Sibly and Calow, 1986; Simpson, 1995; Tanaka, 1995; Tamate and Maekawa, 2000). Three transects along elevational gradients on three different mountains (Blåhø, Svarthovda, and Gråsida) were studied in the research regions Vågå and Dovre (Oppland). The study areas were located in the central southern and most continental part of Norway (Moen, 1998) at about 62°N and 9°E (Fig. 1). For a detailed description of the study areas, see, for example, Löffler (2002). The alpine environment begins above the tree line, which is situated at around 1000–1050 m a.s.l., with a transition zone between the low alpine and middle alpine belt at about 1350 m a.s.l. The vegetation in the low-alpine belt is dominated by shrub and heath communities, whereas the middle-alpine belt is dominated by graminoids (Dahl, 1986). At Mount Blåhø, the elevation transect reached from 360 m to 1610 m a.s.l. and included nine sampling sites below and eight above the tree line. At Gråsida, the elevation transect covers a range from 470 m to 1440 m a.s.l., with eight sampling sites falling below and eight sites above the tree line. The transect at Svarthovda ranged from 610 m to 1390 m a.s.l. Here, the tree line was situated at around 900 m a.s.l. Six sites were established below and six above the tree line. Sampling sites were chosen for their elevation range and typical aspects of lycosid preferred habitats (Lomnicki, 1963; Otto and Svensson, 1982; Frick et al., 2007b). Pre-examinations were implemented to assess if lycosid spiders were present. The elevation distance between the sampling sites was around 60–70 m. Each sampling site was representative in its floristic composition and vegetation structure. The size of each sampling site was approximately 100 m2. Map of the research area in southern central Norway with focus on three mountain tops: Blåhø, Gråsida, and Svarthovda. In this study, we focused on the traits prosoma width, egg number, and egg size. Prosoma width is a powerful trait for determining the different development stages and the fitness of lycosid females (Hagstrum, 1971; Edgar, 1971a, 1971b; Marshall and Gittleman, 1994; Pickavance, 2001; Hendrickx and Maelfait, 2003). Egg number is commonly closely related to female size, since a bigger female profits by the augmented egg production (Vertainen et al., 2000). Egg size is a good proxy for reproduction effort, because bigger eggs result in bigger, healthier offspring with, for example, a higher starvation resistance (Edgar, 1971a; Tanaka, 1995; Fox and Czesak, 2000). The sampled data on prosoma width, egg size, and egg number were subjected to a Principal Component Analysis (PCA, Hotelling, 1933). Prior to this analysis, the data were tested for Gaussian distribution and transformed, if necessary. PCA allows us to reduce the dimensionality of the trait space and to identify, quantify, and illustrate collinearities between the traits. The principal components (PCs), that is, the axes of the PCA space, represent the original variation of the data in hierarchically decreasing order. The percentage of the original variation that is represented by each axis is described as explained variance (ExV). A separate PCA was used for each site and species to analyze interspecific and intersite differences in the relation of the traits and elevation. For interpretation purposes and in order to analyze the relation between the three traits, we projected the traits as vectors into the PCA space. The direction of the vectors with respect to the PCs indicates the correlation with the respective axes; the length of the vector illustrates the strength of this correlation. For the trait data, these vectors thus correspond to their loadings on the axes. More important, however, is the similarity of the direction of two trait-vectors that describes the degree of intercorrelation between these traits. Further, covariables such as elevation in this study can be projected and analyzed in the PCA space. This allows us to draw conclusions on possible relations between trait distributions and environmental parameters. We used permutation tests with 999 permutations of the variables to evaluate the significance of the relations between the PCs, traits, and elevation. In the present study, we use the PCA mainly as a visualization method to analyze the intercorrelation of traits and their relation to the elevation gradient. A thorough analysis of the loadings or interpretation of the principal components is not required to answer the research question. Although the traits were analyzed for all occurring species, the PCA was only used to analyze species-specific data with an appropriate sample size of individuals with first egg sacs containing eggs. Morphometric and reproductive traits for the 5 lycosid species sampled at the 44 sampling sites (EN = egg number, PW = prosoma width in mm, EV = egg volume in mm3, ER = elevation range, *only first egg sacs). A total of 1558 female lycosids with egg sacs of 13 species were sampled along the three transects (44 sampling sites). An overview of the sample and the variation of the measured traits for the five Pardosa species in focus is given in Table 1. Individuals of P. amentata, P. lugubris, and P. riparia were only found up to the transition zone between the tree line and the alpine area. Individuals of P. hyperborea were only found at alpine sites and in the transition zone, while individuals of P. palustris were collected almost along the entire elevation gradient at sites below and above the tree line (Fig. 2). The PCA for the five Pardosa species show a strong correlation between prosoma width and egg number (Fig. 3). This correlation is, however, the only feature that is generally applicable for the five species at the three locations. Moreover, we found partially diverging and even contradictory species-specific trends for some of the traits that were analyzed. On the one hand, P. amentata at Blåhø showed an increased prosoma width and thus a greater number of eggs at higher elevations, on the other hand the results at Gråsida indicated a decrease in prosoma width at higher elevations; egg number remained unaffected here. For P. hyperborea, P. lugubris, and P. riparia no clear elevation-related trend in egg number or prosoma width emerged. Pardosa palustris, the species with the widest elevational range in our study, displayed a strong decrease in prosoma width at Gråsida and Svarthovda at higher elevations, while at Blåhø this effect was not observed at all. Elevation-dependent constraints on egg size were only visible along some of the gradients. For P. amentata at Svarthovda, egg size decreased at higher elevations. For P. hyperborea, egg size increased with increasing elevation at Blåhø, while at Svarthovda the opposite effect was visible. For P. lugubris, a decrease in egg size at higher elevations was observed at Svarthovda. For P. palustris, egg size increased at higher elevation at Blåhø. Along the other gradients we could not find any relationship between egg size and elevation. Along none of the transects could relations between decreasing egg number and increasing egg size or vice versa be observed. Elevation ranges of the five Pardosa species sampled along the three gradients. Pardosa amentata, P. lugubris, and P. riparia are found up to the tree line at the three transects, while P. hyperborea was found only above and in the transition zone between tree line and the alpine. The only species occurring along almost the entire elevation gradients was P. palustris. Reproductive traits in lycosid wolf spiders along elevation gradients, with a focus on Pardosa, differed between the different species of Pardosa. Our assumption, that under harsh environmental conditions at higher elevation species of the genus Pardosa would tend to produce bigger eggs but smaller egg number, was not confirmed. However, egg numbers were positively correlated with female size, both inter- and intra-specifically along the three elevation gradients. This relationship is in line with general rules of invertebrate ecology, including wolf spiders, other spider families (Leather, 1988; Roff, 1992; Stearns, 1992; Kessler, 1971; Brown et al., 2003), and some holometabolous insects such as butterflies (Tammaru et al., 1996, 2002; Bauerfeind and Fischer, 2008), emphasizing that a bigger size in female spiders is beneficial due to the augmented egg production (Vertainen et al., 2000). In general, alpine environments are associated with hazard-prone environments regarding the severity of environmental conditions, strong seasonality, snow cover, fine-scale spatio-temporal variability and problems modeling or predicting these conditions (e.g., Franz, 1979; Otto and Svensson, 1982; Lencioni, 2004; Nagy and Grabherr, 2009; Wundram et al., 2010; Hein et al., 2014a). In accordance with life history theory, several studies showed that under extreme environmental conditions smaller clutches with bigger eggs should be produced (Sibly and Calow, 1986; Simpson, 1995; Tanaka, 1995; Tamate and Maekawa, 2000; Hendrickx and Maelfait, 2003). Both traits have been assumed to compete for limited maternal resources, resulting in the phenotypic trade-off of “bigger but less” (Smith and Fretwell, 1974; Bauerfeind and Fischer, 2008). Bigger offspring develop faster and thus mature earlier, which is assumed to be favorable in harsh environments (Fox and Czesak, 2000). However, our results did not show a general coherence between high elevations and an adaptation in reproduction traits of the five Pardosa species in focus. Thus female size seems to explain most of the variation in reproduction in the different species. Theoretically, interrelationships between offspring size and female size are expected to influence both offspring and parental fitness (Clutton-Brock, 1991; Marshall and Gittleman, 1994; Bernardo, 1996). However, earlier studies concerning wolf spiders had not found correlations between female size and egg or offspring size (Kessler, 1971; Brown et al., 2003; Hendrickx and Maelfait, 2003). This has been assumed to be a result of the strong food limitation in many species. Females are unable to produce normal or larger sized eggs or offspring because of this limitation (Wise, 1993, 2006; Brown et al., 2003). Other selective pressures such as feeding patterns, parent-offspring conflict, and environmental conditions, may be important constraints on egg size as well (Parker and Begon, 1986; Klingenberg and Spence, 1997). To gain further information on the essence of elevation-related effects, additional, comparable studies should be provided (Körner, 2007). In this context, the focus should also be on factors that are not closely related to elevation, like habitat type, competition, and prey availability (e.g., Buddle, 2000; Hendrickx and Maelfait, 2003; Høye et al., 2009; Öberg, 2009). Høye et al. (2009) and Høye and Hammel (2010) showed that wolf spiders in a harsh arctic environment profit from longer seasons, resulting in a larger body size, with unpredictable impacts on future community structure. Our results show that general conclusions on elevation-dependent effects on prosoma width and reproductive traits are difficult to state. Even though we found a decrease in prosoma width in P. palustris at Gråsida and Svarthovda, for Blåhø we did not. Blåhø seems to be somehow different compared to the two other transects; unfortunately, we cannot provide a sufficient explanation for that, yet. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the five Pardosa species along the three elevation gradients. The axes of the PCA space represent the original variation of the data in hierarchically decreasing order; their information content is expressed as explained variance (ExV). The direction of the vectors with respect to the PCs indicates the correlation with the respective axes; the length of the vector illustrates the strength of this correlation. The significance of the correlations is indicated by asterisks. Elev = elevation a.s.l.; Egg # = egg number; ES = egg size; PW = prosoma width. Findings on spatial patterns of spider size obviously cannot be generalized without caution, since elevation-related effects may be overlain by microclimatic site conditions. Legault and Weis (2013) found an increased body mass due to artificially increased snow cover in Pardosa lapponica in a subarctic tundra heath landscape, within a single year period. Scherrer and Körner (2011) showed that microclimatic site conditions might buffer the effects of increasing temperatures in alpine environments. Pape et al. (2009) showed the difficulties of modeling climatic conditions at specific alpine sites, where microclimatic conditions are inadequately known. As we found no consistent trends along elevational gradients, we suggest future research to set stronger focus on the influence of microclimate, behavioral adaptation, and competition on physiological traits of alpine wolf spiders. This will be necessary to fill the gap in understanding reproductive traits of lycosid wolf spiders, and supply findings on the relation between a species physiology and its distribution. Consequently, these results raise new questions about adaptation strategies in female spiders to alpine environments. A more widespread species like P. palustris obviously copes with the alpine environmental conditions in a more sufficient way and has a higher phenotypic plasticity than other spiders of the genus Pardosa. An extensive phenotypic plasticity is assumed to be the reason why a certain species will persist in changing environments (Scharf et al., 2010). The knowledge of phenotypic plasticity in a certain species is imperative to gain information about the structure and assemblages of future ecosystems (e.g., Hein et al., 2014b). We showed that adaptation strategies in closely related species can be varied even at local scales. Special thanks to Professor Ole Kristian Berg (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim) for technical and material support in Norway. Thanks to Matthias Mühlen (Münster) for his extremely useful technical solutions. The study received financial support from Color Line AS, Oslo.	https://bioone.org/journals/arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research/volume-47/issue-3/AAAR0013-111/Elevational-Variation-of-Reproductive-Traits-in-Five-Pardosa-Lycosidae-Species/10.1657/AAAR0013-111.full
To move the skeleton, the tension created by the contraction of the fibers in most skeletal muscles is transferred to the tendons. The tendons are strong bands of dense, regular connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. The bone connection is why this muscle tissue is called skeletal muscle.Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body To pull on a bone, that is, to change the angle at its synovial joint, which essentially moves the skeleton, a skeletal muscle must also be attached to a fixed part of the skeleton. The moveable end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the muscle’s insertion, and the end of the muscle attached to a fixed (stabilized) bone is called the origin. During forearm flexion—bending the elbow—the brachioradialis assists the brachialis. Although a number of muscles may be involved in an action, the principal muscle involved is called the prime mover, or agonist. To lift a cup, a muscle called the biceps brachii is actually the prime mover; however, because it can be assisted by the brachialis, the brachialis is called a synergist in this action (Figure 1). A synergist can also be a fixator that stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover’s origin. A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. Antagonists play two important roles in muscle function: - They maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect - They control rapid movement, as in shadow boxing without landing a punch or the ability to check the motion of a limb For example, to extend the knee, a group of four muscles called the quadriceps femoris in the anterior compartment of the thigh are activated (and would be called the agonists of knee extension). However, to flex the knee joint, an opposite or antagonistic set of muscles called the hamstrings is activated. As you can see, these terms would also be reversed for the opposing action. If you consider the first action as the knee bending, the hamstrings would be called the agonists and the quadriceps femoris would then be called the antagonists. See Table 1 for a list of some agonists and antagonists. There are also skeletal muscles that do not pull against the skeleton for movements. For example, there are the muscles that produce facial expressions. The insertions and origins of facial muscles are in the skin, so that certain individual muscles contract to form a smile or frown, form sounds or words, and raise the eyebrows. There also are skeletal muscles in the tongue, and the external urinary and anal sphincters that allow for voluntary regulation of urination and defecation, respectively. In addition, the diaphragm contracts and relaxes to change the volume of the pleural cavities but it does not move the skeleton to do this. Table 1: Major Muscles of the Human Body and their Actions. \| \| Muscles \| \| Actions \| \| Major Muscles of Upper Limb \|Deltoid\|\|shoulder abduction, flexion and extension\| \|Biceps brachii\|\|flexes elbow\| \|Triceps brachii\|\|extends forearm\| \| \| Major Muscles of Lower Limb \|Gluteus maximus\|\|external rotation and extension of the hip joint,\| \|Sartorius\|\|lateral rotation and abduction of thigh; flexion and medial rotation of leg\| \|Quadriceps group \| (4 muscles together) \|knee extension; hip flexion\| \|Hamstrings group \| (3 muscles together) \|flexes knee, extends hip joint, medially rotates leg at knee \| \|Tibialis anterior\|\|dorsiflex and invert the foot\| \|Gastrocnemius\|\|plantar flexes foot – extension or flexion of the foot at the ankle, flexes knee\| \| \| Major Muscles of Trunk – Anterior \|Pectoralis\|\|control the movement of the arm, create lateral, vertical, or rotational motion.\| \|Rectus abdominus\|\|pulls the ribs and the pelvis in and curves the back. (doing crunches )\| \|External oblique\|\|rotate the trunk\| \| \| Major Muscles of Trunk – Posterior \|Trapezius (upper back)\|\|tilt and turn the head and neck, shrug, steady the shoulders, and twist the arms. Elevates, depresses, rotates, and retracts the scapula, or shoulder blade\| \|Latissimus dorsi (lower back)\|\|When flexed, the muscle works at extending, adducting and rotating the arm.\| \|Table 2. Agonist and Antagonist Skeletal Muscle Pairs\| \|Agonist\|\|Antagonist\|\|Movement\| \|Biceps brachii: in the anterior compartment of the arm\|\|Triceps brachii: in the posterior compartment of the arm\|\|The biceps brachii flexes the forearm, whereas the triceps brachii extends it.\| \|Hamstrings: group of three muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh\|\|Quadriceps femoris: group of four muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh\|\|The hamstrings flex the leg, whereas the quadriceps femoris extend it.\| Everyday Connections: Exercise and Stretching When exercising, it is important to first warm up the muscles. Stretching pulls on the muscle fibers and it also results in an increased blood flow to the muscles being worked. Without a proper warm-up, it is possible that you may either damage some of the muscle fibers or pull a tendon. A pulled tendon, regardless of location, results in pain, swelling, and diminished function; if it is moderate to severe, the injury could immobilize you for an extended period. Recall the discussion about muscles crossing joints to create movement. Most of the joints you use during exercise are synovial joints, which have synovial fluid in the joint space between two bones. Exercise and stretching may also have a beneficial effect on synovial joints. Synovial fluid is a thin, but viscous film with the consistency of egg whites. When you first get up and start moving, your joints feel stiff for a number of reasons. After proper stretching and warm-up, the synovial fluid may become less viscous, allowing for better joint function.	https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-dutchess-ap1/chapter/the-muscular-system/
Are you worried about your 130/80 blood pressure? There are a lot of things that can contribute to high blood pressure. Eating healthy, working out, and other lifestyle changes are all factors in reducing 130/80 blood pressure naturally. Letting hypertension go unchecked can lead to some severe cardiovascular diseases. This article will give you some great advice on how to get 130/80 or below! Blood Pressure Levels Your blood pressure level consists of two measurements, systolic and diastolic pressure. The top number is systolic pressure. This is when your heart contracts to push blood through your body and exert force on your artery walls. The bottom number is the diastolic pressure and shows how much stress there is on those arteries once they are open again after the contraction of your heartbeat. High blood pressure can lead to heart attack, heart failure, stroke, kidney disease, and a lot more. Make sure to follow the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association as they are the most trusted resource for blood pressure guidelines. You'll also want to stay updated in case any new guidelines come out. Low Blood Pressure Levels While having low blood pressure is ideal, it can become too low. A blood pressure reading below 90/60 mm Hg is considered low blood pressure. At 50/30 mm Hg, a person will faint and become disoriented. Having a blood pressure less than 50/30 mm Hg is dangerous because it does not provide enough oxygen for the brain or body cells in general to function properly. Normal Blood Pressure Levels Healthy blood pressure levels are anything below 120/80 mm Hg. Unlike resting heart rate, healthy blood pressure levels do not change as you age. A healthy lifestyle can help keep you in the healthy range. Elevated Blood Pressure Levels Once you get between 120-129/80-89 mm HG, you are in the elevated blood pressure range between normal and high blood pressure. At this point, you can take lifestyle steps to lower your blood pressure or take medication. Do not be frightened if you get a reading at this range for the first time, as it may be a temporary jump. Relax and take a new blood pressure reading at a later time. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) - Stage 1 The blood pressure 130/80 mm Hg or higher is stage 1 hypertension. When you multiple readings at this level, you are considered to have high blood pressure, you should visit your doctor or health care professional to discuss other options. Lifestyle changes may help get you out of the danger zone before medication is required. Once systolic blood pressure reaches 130-139 or higher, You are at risk for complications like cardiac arrest, stroke, congestive heart disease, kidney disease, and more. At stage 1, high blood pressure, your doctor will prescribe hypertension medications to try and get your systolic blood pressure under 120 and diastolic blood pressure under 80. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) - Stage 2 Stage 2 hypertension starts at systolic blood pressure readings of 140 or higher and diastolic blood pressure readings of 90 or higher. At stage 2, high blood pressure, some symptoms your chances of severe heart disease are increased. However, this is still treatable with medication and cutting out bad habits. The American Heart Association suggests people in the stage 2 range make lifestyle changes in addition to medication to get their systolic blood pressure under 130 and a diastolic reading under 80. Hypertensive Crisis Hypertensive crisis is the most severe stage of high blood pressure. It occurs when there are extremely high readings and can be caused by an acute event such as drugs, alcohol, or stress. A hypertensive emergency happens when a severely elevated blood pressure causes symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and nausea, which signals other health problems. Hypertensive crisis is at a blood pressure reading of 180/120 or higher. If you are experiencing high blood pressure readings in the hypertensive crisis stage, call 911 immediately because it is a medical emergency. Medical treatment is dire as your risk of cardiac arrest and stroke is extremely high. Hypertensive crisis has no symptoms in the early stages but may develop into a hypertensive emergency if not treated with medication or lifestyle changes. Causes of High Blood Pressure The leading causes of hypertension are a poor diet, lack of physical activity, and smoking. Other attributed factors include things like kidney disease, obesity/ being overweight, and diabetes. Most cases of hypertension are not the cause of one bad habit but a combination of bad habits. Ways to lower blood pressure There are many ways to lower blood pressure but doing just one thing is not likely to bring you back to normal blood pressure. It takes a lifestyle change to get serious results. Medications The first thing a doctor will want to address your high blood pressure (hypertension) is to put you on medication. They will prescribe high blood pressure medication to reduce your hypertension to normal blood pressure. Medication can be a short or long term fix but keep in mind blood pressure medication can have side effects like : - fatigue - dizziness or lightheadedness when getting up too quickly from a seated position. - erectile dysfunction is also possible with blood pressure medication and some other rare side effects like an irregular heartbeat, pain in the chest and neck, swelling of feet or ankles due to fluid retention (edema). Natural Ways To Lower Blood Pressure If you want to avoid taking medication long term, there are lifestyle changes you can make like diet, exercise, and relaxation to bring blood pressure into the normal range. These changes will happen quicker if you only suffer from stage 1 hypertension. Diet A diet high in processed food and sodium can raise your blood pressure a lot. You need to focus on controlling your sodium and sugar intake. Salt is a common culprit in high blood pressure, so try to cut down on salt consumption by seasoning with herbs or other healthy alternatives like lemon juice instead of adding more table salt. Sugar too should be reduced as much as possible, especially the added sugars found in processed food. Sugar damages the heart by increasing triglyceride levels in the blood. To make up for these changes, you need to increase your intake of healthy foods like fruits and vegetables as they help regulate sugar metabolism naturally. The American Heart Association recommends keeping your sugar intake below 27 grams per day. They also recommend keeping your fat intake below 25 percent of your daily calorie intake. Some studies show that saturated fats are bad for health, but the truth is monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats have a lot of benefits to offer, including reducing blood pressure levels. These types of fat naturally lower LDL cholesterol, reducing the risk of heart diseases like stroke or heart attack. Foods with these healthy fats are avocados, olives, nuts, and seeds. Exercise Exercise is also crucial because it helps control weight, which can significantly increase high blood pressure. Exercising will not only lower your weight but give you more energy. Exercise lowers blood pressure by reducing weight and increasing the body's good cholesterol level. Things like walking, running, or even dancing can be a great way to get your exercise in. If you have been inactive for a while, start slow by doing something as simple as walking each morning before work. A little bit of activity every day will help build up strength and endurance. The American Heart Association recommends at least 30 minutes of exercise per day. Weight loss A result of a good diet and exercise is weight loss. Weight loss helps reduce blood pressure by reducing the stress that is put on your heart. Low weight causes less pressure to be placed on veins, arteries, and vessels, lowering blood pressure. According to the American Heart Association, a BMI over 25 has a moderate risk of cardiovascular disease. At a BMI over 30, there is a high risk for heart disease. Cut Alcohol, Caffeine, and Smoking These three things are all addictive and lead to high blood pressure. Cutting them out of your life can help reduce blood pressure, which will improve the health of your heart over time. Alcohol raises blood pressure by causing dehydration and having a dehydrating effect on the body. Nicotine causes your arteries to constrict, which increases blood pressure. Caffeine increases blood pressure by causing the body to have a higher basal metabolic rate and constricting blood vessels. Reduce Stress People with stage 1 hypertension tend to have a lot of stress. Your blood pressure is increased by stress by causing a fight or flight response. This causes vessels to constrict, and the heart rate increases, which both raise blood pressure. Some simple ways to reduce stress are getting more sleep, spending time outside, meditating, and doing breathing exercises. While hard to control, it's one of the best ways to get your blood pressure under 120/80 mm Hg. CBD An upcoming way that may be able to reduce blood pressure is CBD. Studies are ongoing, and no conclusions have been made about whether CBD can be effective in mitigating high blood pressure. It is widely available and may be worth trying. If you are on any medication, make sure you talk to your doctor about any possible interactions with taking CBD. Health Benefits of lowering blood pressure In addition to lowering your health risks, lowering your systolic and diastolic blood pressure can have other benefits. Living a healthy lifestyle can help you live longer. You will also save money on medical bills because your risk of other diseases and conditions will be lower. You may be able to come off medications based on recommendations from your doctor too! In conclusion With your blood pressure, the top number is ideally below 120 and the bottom number 80 or 120/80. It's essential to keep your blood pressure under control with either medications or a healthy lifestyle. If you continue to have problems with high blood pressure, make sure to see a doctor. With a healthy lifestyle, you can fight high blood pressure and help stay away from the doctor. We wish you the best of luck in maximizing your health. Check out the American College of Cardiology and The American Heart Association for further reading on heart health.	https://cbdlion.com/natural-ways-to-reduce-blood-pressure-below-130-80
Phoenix, AZ– In honor of National Nurses Week and National Hospital Week starting May 6, the Arizona Nurses Association, Arizona Hospital and Healthcare Association and the Health System Alliance of Arizona are recognizing Arizona’s healthcare heroes for their continued dedication and service in caring for Arizona patients. “For the past few years, nurses at the state, national and international levels were battle tested like never before,” said Dawna L. Cato, Chief Executive Officer of the Arizona Nurses Association. “Facing a situation that many only read about in textbooks, nurses with multiple experiences and educational levels have shown up to work each day to give 100% of themselves, while carrying the emotional, mental, and physical toll of the pandemic. We thank our nurses and healthcare workers for their service and look forward to working with state leaders on programs to help strengthen our healthcare system.” Arizona currently ranks in the top 5 states experiencing the most severe healthcare staffing shortage, due to a combination of employee burnout, a large number of nurses retiring, and a lack of trained nurses to replace those leaving the workplace. There are numerous proposals at the Arizona Legislature to provide more resources to Arizona healthcare workers. “Each day, our healthcare employees continue to provide world class care and put the needs of Arizona patients first,” said Brittney Kaufmann, Chief Executive Officer of the Health System Alliance of Arizona. “Our healthcare delivery system is critical infrastructure, and we need a well-trained and robust workforce to meet the growing healthcare demands in our community. As we show our appreciation for healthcare workers this month, let’s remember there is still much we can do to support them.” Arizona’s dedicated hospital and healthcare workers have witnessed firsthand the impact of COVID-19 in their communities and within the workplace. These important weeks of national designation give us the opportunity to highlight the important work our hospitals, and those working within them, provide to our communities 24 hours a day, seven days a week. “In a time when we have watched our healthcare workforce be challenged like no other time, our commitment to their safety and resilience remains strong,” said Ann-Marie Alameddin, President and CEO of Arizona Hospital and Healthcare Association. “The overwhelming workload that was brought on by a global pandemic and a divisive community response has created the need for us to find solutions to build Arizona’s healthcare workforce and protect those who continue to selflessly care for the patients within their communities. We are grateful first and foremost to nurses, and also to our legislators and the Governor for supporting policy to support front line healthcare staff.” House Bill 2691 sponsored by Representative Joanne Osborne will help address the immediate needs of the industry and establish short-term programs to get more nurses into the workforce, including expanding nurse preceptorships and providing support to nurses who are new to practice. In addition to the healthcare workforce programs, the Arizona Legislature has taken action on important bills to provide more support and resources for healthcare workers: - Senate Bill 1311 (healthcare workers; assault; prevention): Directs healthcare employers to develop, implement and maintain a written workplace violence prevention plan. - House Bill 2434 (surgical smoke evacuation; requirements): Requires outpatient surgical centers or hospitals to adopt and implement policies preventing exposure to surgical smoke by using a smoke evacuation system for each procedure generating surgical smoke. - House Bill 2429 (health professional wellness programs; confidentiality): Allows statewide associations that represent healthcare professionals to establish a wellness program. Requires records of a person’s participation in the wellness program to be confidential.	https://hsaaz.com/arizona-healthcare-leaders-honor-frontline-staff-during-national-holiday%EF%BF%BC/
What is Mentoring? Aspects of the Mentor/Student Relationship Level of Commitment Goal Setting Expectations: Students – Being an Effective Mentee Best Practices: Mentoring Manners Winding Down Expectations: Mentors Networking About being a mentor Appendix Alumni Student Mentoring Program Timeline Reference Documents Preface Dear ISE mentors and students, Welcome to our NC State ISE Alumni-Student Mentoring Program. This program allows our students to learn from our experienced alumni while also giving our alumni a way to give back to the department. Please review this handbook in its entirety to understand how it works and what you can expect. We hope that this program will help both the students and their mentors learn and grow together throughout the academic year. If you have any questions, please contact academic advisor Wendy Blue \| [email protected] \| 919.515.5413. Students, make sure that you take full advantage of this chance to ask questions and get advice as you make your way through the program. Mentors want to help you achieve your goals and prepare you for your professional future by guiding you in developing skills, methods and work habits. Mentors, I hope you will take this opportunity to build long-lasting relationships with the next generation of ISE alumni. This program is a great way to meet potential employees and increase your connectivity with our department. Through mentoring, you’ll guide your student’s future and train them to be successful professionally. I hope that you will enjoy shaping the next generation of ISE alumni and continue to make your mark on our department! Learn together, Wolfpack! Julie L. Swann Department Head A.Doug Allison Distinguished Professor Section 1 \| Program Introduction and Overview Introduction The Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering (ISE) Alumni-Student Mentoring Program (ASMP) allows ISE alumni to help develop current ISE students by sharing their talents, knowledge, experiences and skills. By participating in the mentoring program, both mentors and students agree to work together to promote mutual personal and professional growth and expand skillsets by exchanging knowledge and ideas. Success outcomes of the program are: - Increased skill sets - Increased network - Forward movement of the student towards their career goals Purpose of This Handbook This handbook provides an overview of the mission and conduct of the ISE ASMP. It is a resource for helping mentors and students get started in the program, conduct their interactions within the program, and, if desired, conclude their participation in the program. Program Description The mission of the ISE ASMP is to help the professional development of ISE students by providing them with an alumni mentor. This mentor shall provide guidance, counsel and networking opportunities. The program centers on the dual goals of strengthening alumni connections with the ISE Department and placing students on the path to success. Program Management The program provides students with opportunities to interact with ISE alumni on a one-on‐one basis and receive advice and recommendations related to their academic and professional development. The mentoring program’s administrator is Wendy Blue, Academic Advisor, [email protected]. Participation and Eligibility Students All full-time enrolled ISE students are eligible to participate in the program voluntarily. If mentors are limited, sophomores and juniors get priority in matching before other underclass students. Students must make a one-year commitment to participate in the program. Mentors Alumni mentors are graduates of the NCSU ISE department and serve voluntarily. The solicitation of mentors occurs annually, with the expectation that once a mentor volunteers, they will mentor the student through a minimum of the current school year. Roles and Responsibilities Overview - Once mentors and students receive their email confirming their match, the student is responsible for initiating contact with the mentor. (Please read Expectations: Mentors section of this handbook for more details on timing and suggestions on contacting the student) - Students and mentors need to determine a method and frequency of communication that fits their needs and schedule. They are encouraged to communicate every month, particularly at the beginning of the relationship. Establishing a meeting schedule for the entire school year at the beginning of the relationship ensures that not too much time passes between interactions. - The pair should also establish goals to work together toward achieving. An example template is provided in the appendix of this document to help that work. If either the mentor or the student finds the match to be less than ideal, it is his or her responsibility to contact Wendy Blue, [email protected]. - All pairs are required to participate in one checkpoint survey and a final summary report to inform the ISE department chair on their relationship status. Section 2 \| Mentoring Program Details What is Mentoring? Mentoring is a cooperative and nurturing relationship between a more experienced business person, the mentor, and a less experienced person, the ISE student, also known as a mentee. Students benefit from mentors to assist them in navigating the complexities of higher education, and the uncertainty and anticipation of what post-college life has in store. The main purpose of the mentor relationship is to develop the student in his/her chosen major to successfully navigate the remainder of their college experience and help prepare them for a successful career. The mentor can provide a broad-based view, tempered with real-life experiences gained from years of working in one or more industries. Mentoring can quicken the path to career success as it provides a safe, protected environment in which the student can learn and grow professionally. Steven Spielberg once said that “the delicate balance of mentoring someone is not creating them in your own image, but giving them the opportunity to create themselves.” The student benefits from the mentor’s business experience and the valuable lessons learned over the years. - The mentor can guide the mentee in developing skills, methods, and work habits. Such skills as writing an effective letter, maintaining useful documentation, navigating professional politics, teamwork issues, situational awareness, communicating ideas and managing complex projects may be addressed and encouraged in a non-threatening environment. - When major decisions or choices arise, the mentor can be a useful source of advice and encouragement, sharing seasoned judgment on the various options available in a given situation. A mentor can evaluate the student’s skills, attributes and natural talents and help guide them on their career path. - Mentoring spans all professions and industries. Although the relationship focuses on helping the mentee succeed in his/her career through goal setting, business enrichment and network development, the ongoing, professional interaction often benefits both parties. It is essential for the mentor and the student to have a clear understanding of what each party feels will work best for one another. It is crucial to observe, listen and ask questions to understand the goals of the mentoring relationship. The pair must maintain unconditional, positive regard for the mentor relationship at all times. Mentors and mentees should be supportive and non-judgmental of each other’s views, lifestyle and aspirations. This support is paramount to the ultimate success of the relationship. Aspects of the Mentor/Student Relationship Level of Commitment Frequency of contact is essential in the mentor/student relationship to keep the learning process moving forward. Each new discussion with the mentor should include updates from the mentee on items the mentor recommended in a previous conversation. Some may want to meet in person, while for others, phone calls, emails or video chatting can serve the purpose. Whichever way the pair jointly decides to operate, both people should be comfortable with the meeting mode and time commitment. Goal Setting Working together to set goals can be pivotal. - Talk about current issues, but also focus on short term and long term goals. - Discuss creating action steps to accomplish the goals and tasks that will require additional attention. - Your strengths, weaknesses, and skills can be part of the discussion while working together to help both sides of the relationship develop professionally. - Make your goals “SMART” – Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic and Timely. - If assistance is needed, a template for development and tracking, a link is provided in the appendix. Questions to ask before beginnings to set goals include: - What exactly does the student want to change? - How will the mentee’s success be measured? - When are the results expected? The pair will need to focus on precisely what requires changing. This change could be anything from improving the student’s resume writing skills, interviewing skills, listening skills to making better course selections, pros/cons of pursuing an advanced degree, expanding his/her network or leveraging an advisor better. The student’s goals might change as the mentoring relationship progresses, so the mentor should build in flexibility. It is vital to balance achievability against reality. Mentoring relationships need a high degree of informality to function well. The pair will need to build a depth of trust and overall rapport to explore issues profoundly and energetically. Expectations: Students – Being an Effective Mentee Mentees have as much responsibility for making the arrangement work as the mentor. So, students should ask themselves: - What am I prepared to put into the relationship? - Can I step outside of my comfort zone for greater potential and growth? - Do I know where to go if I have an issue with my mentor? (contact Wendy Blue, Academic Advisor, [email protected]). The relationship is primarily about the student’s progress. The following is a list of pointers for a successful mentoring relationship: - Open communication is the foundation of a productive mentee-mentor relationship. - Students should be enthusiastic and assertive in communicating their interests and needs. - One of the most significant ways a mentor may be an asset is by sharing real-world work experiences. Mentees should take advantage of this asset by asking questions about the workplace and how best to prepare for specific work environments. - Students may discuss a range of topics with mentors, from schoolwork and career goals to extracurricular activities and relationships with other students, faculty and staff. However, remember that while mentors play many different roles throughout the relationship, they are not a parent or counselor. - Most importantly, students must keep their commitments and remember that mentors have volunteered this time to be of service. Making mentoring work is not just about finding a mentor with a particular position or status. There must be synergy and compatibility. Students should look for similarities with their mentors. Mentees should be able to make a list of answers to the following questions: - What do I enjoy doing? - What are my strengths? Weaknesses? - Where would I like to see myself in the future? What does success look like for me? - Who are my heroes or people I would like to emulate and why? (what sort of person would I find it most comfortable to build a relationship with)? - What kind of skills would my ideal mentor have? - What do I want from this relationship? - How do I feel about a mentoring relationship with someone who is significantly different from me? Students should also write down a skill or two that they would like to improve. Wanting to enhance skills is within a mentee’s power — building on preexisting skills such as public speaking, research or leadership skills. Gaining new skillsets is also an excellent choice. How to improve is entirely up to each mentee. Students who expect their mentors to commit to assisting them must commit to being active in the relationship. Mentees who are engaged in the relationship have mentors that follow suit. Mentors volunteer their time from an already busy schedule to help students achieve their goals. So, students should take it seriously and know the expectations: - Be open to feedback - Demonstrate a willingness to learn and grow - Ask for advice, suggestions and opinions - Listen, apply the information and commit to results - Set a routine to meet with the mentor, but make every effort to honor the mentor’s gift of time and experience by being flexible around their available meeting times. Mentees must try to avoid rescheduling this valuable time with them. - Please notify the mentor in advance and try to reschedule any missed meetings as soon as possible. Best Practices: Mentoring Manners Mentors should come prepared for each meeting with an idea of what needs to get accomplished. They should begin each session by reviewing recent accomplishments, discussing any challenges, and identifying the focus of today’s meeting. Students should ask for what they need so that the mentor can focus on those issues. Students should fill out the Personal Development Plan before each session. Students should: - Do their homework. If they have agreed to take a specific action based on your mentor’s recommendations, they need to follow through. It is frustrating for a mentor to talk without action. - Defer to the mentor’s busy schedule. Most mentors will try to coordinate schedules so that they are agreeable to both parties. However, when in doubt, accommodate the mentor’s schedule as much as possible. - Ask about email/phone interactions outside of mentoring meetings. If the mentor doesn’t specifically address whether they are open to emails and phone calls between scheduled mentoring appointments, the student should ask what they can and cannot accommodate. - Keep scheduled appointments. Meeting with the mentor should occur approximately once a month. Unless there is an emergency, students should avoid rescheduling appointments. - Not expect the mentor to hire them or find them an internship or job elsewhere. Mentoring can lead to great contacts, but a job should not be the expectation. Students who spend sufficient time with their mentors can request a letter of recommendation. - Maintain confidentiality. What the pair work on and talk about is confidential. Growth and progress happen best when both parties feel free to speak openly, make mistakes and experiment. Even after a year together, students should respect this. - Keep a journal. It’s a good idea to keep a journal of mentoring meetings. It helps keep students focused on their goals, remember what they discussed and worked on, see how far they have come in a year and prepare for monthly meetings. Winding Down It might appear strange to be discussing the “winding down” of a mentoring relationship. Does it end when mentees reach their goals? Handling this stage of the relationship requires as much if not more care than any other stage of the mentoring process. The mentor and student should: - Set goals at the start. If and when they achieve those outcomes, the pair has a measure for the mentoring relationship’s success. - Realize that the mentor’s time is valuable. The mentee should expect that the relationship will scale down over time, gradually reducing contact. Students should be open to a limited relationship after the mentoring period is over, regardless of how it may appear. - Have a conversation before the last meeting about plans for ongoing development and setting goals. Mentees should offer to check in with the mentor from time to time on progress. The mentor should clarify that this is the last meeting to provide closure and ensure that neither party is confused about the future. In preparation for wrapping up the mentoring relationship, the mentor and student should: - Prepare for moving on a few months before the transition - Review frequently what goals the relationship has reached - Emphasize the mutual learning gained - Be open about each other’s feelings - Talk about how the student will continue learning and career planning without this mentoring relationship - Talk about the student becoming a mentor, leveraging what he/she has learned in the process. It is good for mentees to give back part of what they have received. - Celebrate the successes of the relationship. Agree on how and when they may want to keep in touch. Many mentors and mentees continue on an informal basis and build friendships that can last a lifetime! Expectations: Mentors The five main tasks of a mentor are to: - Establish a personal relationship - Help the student to develop career interest areas and skills - Assist the student in obtaining resources - Increase the student’s abilities to interact with other social and cultural groups - Encourage development in new field-related competencies Most importantly, the mentor must foster an environment of open communication. Regular face-to-face or video-chat contact is best for developing the kind of relationship favorable to such conversation. However, frequent contact by telephone or email will help to forge the necessary personal connections if that is not always possible. Mentors must keep in mind that students have different learning styles and personalities. As a result, they may need different kinds of support from their mentors. To develop a positive working relationship, the mentor should understand the mentee’s learning style and adjust accordingly. Mentors should read the “Expectations: Students – Being an Effective Mentee“ to see how the students enter into this relationship. Remember that this may be their first formal mentoring relationship, and often, they are unsure how to act. Mentors should follow these tips to get the mentoring relationship off to a good start: - The student is to initiate contact with the mentor within two weeks of receiving the matching email and should schedule the first discussion within two weeks. Mentors should introduce themselves and be sure to: - Establish a communication place, format, time and schedule. - Confirm phone and email addresses - Set boundaries, if needed, regarding times they are not available for phone calls - At the first meeting/discussion, mentors should : - Ask the students to tell a little about themselves like, where they are from, what year are they in school, what made them choose NC State or what made them pick industrial engineering - Tell the student similar things about their work. This discussion may include a brief career description and the companies for which they have worked - Ask the student if they thought about specific goals for the relationship - If they respond, “yes,” discuss them. - If they respond, “no,” give them the assignment to present some goals for the next discussion. Offer suggestions like whether they need help with their resume, course selection, interviewing skills, speaking skills, leadership skills, finding an internship, etc. Make them aware of the ISE Department Alumni Engagement sessions for resume reviews, interview prep, NC State Career Development Center tools, etc. - Questions to ask when setting goals include: - What exactly does the mentee want to change? - How will success be measured? - Does the mentee have ideas on how they might achieve their goals, and are they setting their sights too high or too low? - When are the results expected? - What is the mentee’s level of commitment to the goals? - Do they have a method to develop their goals and track progress? If not, suggest the Personal Development Plan. - Mentors should focus on precisely what they are trying to change or achieve when setting practical objectives. These goals might change as the mentoring relationship progresses, so flexibility should be part of the plan. - It is essential to balance achievability against reality. The needs of the mentee can dictate the level of formality. All mentoring relationships need a high degree of informality to function well and to achieve the depth of trust and overall rapport that gives the student opportunities to explore issues profoundly and energetically. Networking An equally important aspect of mentoring is teaching the mentee how to network and who to add to their network. In effect, the mentor becomes the gateway to the business experts and resources his/her student will need. Frequently, the mentor provides the introduction, and in doing so, provides an endorsement and acceptance by other business people that the mentee would otherwise take years to achieve on his/her own. About being a Mentor Being a mentor is a valuable experience. Mentors will be able to share their industry knowledge and life experiences to truly help people grow and progress through their college education and potentially their careers. Steven Spielberg once said, “The delicate balance of mentoring someone is not creating them in your own image, but giving them the opportunity to create themselves.” Mentors will have a fantastic feeling of contributing first hand to helping someone develop professionally and gaining skills themselves. Especially for young mentors, a relationship with a mentee will allow them to practice their managerial skills and build professional networks in the business community. Mentoring will enable mentors to practice in various business activities, from goal setting to crisis management. Mentors give back to the community and truly touch someone in an essential aspect of his/her life and their career. Guidance will be influential in helping that person succeed and grow while establishing a relationship of mutual respect and trust that encourages the mentee to grow. Mentors offer encouragement to achieve goals and possibly reveal areas for further development. Although mentors may need to probe and help students define objectives, the students must be the drivers of desired outcomes. The best relationships usually involve a proactive mentee and a passive yet reactive mentor. As a mentor wanting to provide the student with an appropriate sense of direction, consider asking the following questions to the mentee: - What do you want to become? - What do you want to be different in your circumstances in 12 months? - How do you want to feel about your school, work or yourself at that time? - How will you know you have made progress? - What will you do when you have made this transition? What else will it enable you to do? - What specific help from me would be most useful? - What’s the next step for you? - What are you willing to do? - What do you most want for you? Four practical steps the mentor should take to manage the relationship include: - Manage the plan. Take primary responsibility to decide the content, timing and direction of the discussion. Point the mentee towards specific goals and give reliable advice or suggestions. Push the mentee to think about what they want to discuss before each meeting. - Meet routinely. It does not have to be a rigid when and where the mentoring occurs, but it’s essential to set time aside to establish a routine. - Encourage mutual appreciation. Let the mentee know you’re getting as much from the session as he/she is; it will maintain and encourage further open-ended discussion. - Encourage the student to use available campus resources when questions or issues arise. - Remind each student to consult with a faculty adviser for all academic-related matters. - Mentors should contact Wendy Blue, Academic Advisor, [email protected] right away if any immediate concerns about the health and safety of a particular student. - NC State’s Department of Academic and Student Affairs offers a guide to anyone who interacts with the student body in identifying students in distress: Recognizing Students in Distress. Appendix Alumni Student Mentoring Program Timeline The following is a list of the key activities and milestones for students and mentors in the ISE ASMP. Reference Documents The following documents are posted online to assist potential mentors and students. Guidelines for Students A guide designed to assist students in developing and effectively utilizing the mentoring relationship. Includes sample questions students may ask in the early stages of the student‐mentor relationship Guidelines for Mentors Describes the role of a mentor and summarizes best practices employed in developing an effective student‐mentor relationship. Alumni‐Student Mentoring Program Personal Development Plan An (optional) form that can be used by students and mentors to identify specific goals of the mentoring relationship, and detail an action plan to achieve those goals. This handbook is an adaptation of the PSIEMS Industrial Engineering Mentoring Program Handbook developed by The Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering at Penn State University.	https://www.ise.ncsu.edu/engagement/asmp-handbook/
In this strange situation, when you have to choose between continuing a friendship with your friend or starting a dating a friends ex girlfriend, you need to determine what is more important in this situation. You may have to give up a relationship and be quite determined in this case. You need to understand that if your friend’s past and present are important to his ex-girlfriend, then you should not develop any relationship with her. This could ruin your trusting relationship with your friend. There’s even a risk that you could cause him serious psychological trauma. In this case, after the first passionate interest in love has settled, there may be an unpleasant precipitate in the new relationship. Especially if the breakup in the relationship between the friend and his ex was her fault because of her bad character or there was a place of bullying on her part towards him. In this case, it will not be able to negatively affect the future relationship in all directions. It can also be dangerous for you, because you don’t know how the relationship will develop between you and this girl. If she tends to behave disrespectfully, there is a danger that the situation will happen again and you will find yourself in the place of your friend. When you have to go to a break-up and make sure that the consequences of the stressful situation will not affect your mental and physical health. But there may be another development in history. When you and your friend are close enough and can talk about anything. In this case, you can tell him how you feel about his ex-girlfriend and he will easily answer you that his heart is completely calm and he is happy in other relationships. Well, then you can be happy with your friend. Perhaps this relationship with her will be long in life and will bring you happiness. Situations are different and completely inexplicable manifestations of feelings are inherent in every person. It is not always possible to explain why people broke up, just like they did when they decided to be together. But you must always remember that you cannot hurt the feelings of another person. It doesn’t matter if you’re a close friend or a stranger. There is a saying that taking advantage of the situation in someone else’s misfortune, it is impossible to build your own well-being. Sooner or later, an accident may occur that will put you in the same position. And you will want to be treated humanely.	https://modamix.net/shoose-between-a-friendship-with-your-friend-or-a-dating-a-friends-ex-girlfriend/
Project summaryThe Project aim. The goal of the present project is the development, optimization and preliminary (entry-level) testing on mice of novel, high-efficient and minimally invasive nano-sized high capability heat mediators of thermal energy transfer, for magnetic hyperthermia treatment of cancer at the cellular level. The required power of the alternating magnetic field (AMF) and toxicity of used nano-materials is aimed to be as low as possible. Current status. Magnetic nanoparticles in an alternating magnetic field show significant heating effects due to hysteresis losses during the magnetization reversal process. Magnetic nanoparticle-based (MNP) hyperthermia uses a similar principle, because magnetic nanoparticles are introduced into the tumor tissue producing local heat when subjected to an alternating magnetic field (AMF). In a number of recent appropriate scientific papers different types of MNPs with various shape anisotropy, morphology and magnetic properties have been examined and proposed for magnetic hyperthermia applications. Their performance depends on a wide range of parameters, such as concentration, average size and size distribution (dispersivity), type of magnetic hysteresis, saturation magnetization, as well as on amplitude and frequency of the applied AMF [1-3]. The magnetic moment of iron oxide nanoparticles may be increased due to doping of magnetite with metal ions, such as manganese, cobalt and nickel . In addition, r2 relaxivity increases proportionally to the diameter of the magnetic core . These factors have recently been used to create magnetic nanoparticles with significantly higher relaxivity for applications of MR diagnostics . It is generally accepted that the temperature of exposure to the agent should be within 42−44ºC (in some papers, 41-43ºC), as lower temperatures do not provide the desired therapeutic effect, whereas higher temperature causes irreparable damage to healthy tissues [7-12]. Obviously, maintaining of temperature in this range is a nontrivial task and requires precise control of the field parameters, accurate measurement of the temperature of exposure and tissue at the point of impact, as well as other parameters of the whole process (mass transfer, heat supply, etc.). That is why the search and exploration of new magnetic materials, methods of control of the applied AMF and temperature of heating agents and exposed areas, as well as precise setting of the basic parameters of the process and their visualization, becomes so important. Thus, magnetic nanoparticles with temperature of ferromagnetic–paramagnetic phase transition (Curie temperature TC) in the range of about 42−44 o C are of particular interest, because they can be used as media for self-regulated (“negative feedback”) magnetic hyperthermia . Such particles can provide a local self-regulated heating of cancer cells by AMF, without damaging the healthy (not diseased) tissues, since at temperature above TC magnetic nanoparticles become paramagnetic and are not heated by the external electromagnetic field. At temperature below TC as a result of paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transition nanoparticles are again heated by AMF and thereby, the affecting temperature is kept in the relatively narrow range, contributing to the aimed therapeutic effect and avoiding any significant damaging of the healthy tissues. Obviously, for biomedical applications, these nanoparticles should be nas low-toxic as possible) materials and/or they must be sufficiently coated with any inert substances harmless to healthy cells . The project’ influence on progress in this area. The main aim is to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles having high specific absorption rates (SAR) and provide the needed surface functionalization, which can be effectively used to measure the thermal effects along with varying the magnetic field strength and frequency. Using solid-phase pyrolysis of metalorganic precursors, we propose to synthesis carbon encapsulated nanoparticles of iron, magnetite and their nanoalloys with different concentration of compounds. Synthesis of iron and iron oxide nanoparticle in iron-phthalocyanine matrix is also proposed. Advantages of these methods are simplicity, high efficiency and purity of the obtained product, environmental safety of the process. Carbon coated Ni-Cu nanoalloys with TC = 42-44 o C will be synthesized and tested as a material for self-regulating magnetic hyperthermia. Recently, the nanostructured La1-xAgxMnO3 has attracted great attention for magnetic hyperthermia applications. The recently obtained nanomaterial with very specific properties is also proposed as a basis for magnetic hyperthermia with precisely regulated and controlled Tc (in a wide temperature range. Comparison of toxicity of Ni-Cu and La1-xAgxMnO3, as well as decrease of producing time, increasing the yield of synthesis and accuracy of reproducibility of materials with given parameters will be also important for the progress in this area of research. As is known, doping of ferrites with manganese increases the magnetic features which can also be significant target for research. The microwave enhanced synthesis will be also applied for producing iron, magnetite and their nano-alloys with different concentration, and carbon coated Ni-Cu nanoalloys. At the same time, the optimal methods of synthesis of La1-xAgxMnO3 will be identified and applied. All materials will be studied and compared and conclusion on the advantages (or disadvantages) of applied methods will be made. Preliminary testing of developed materials on mice will provide the required data for determining and comparison of therapeutic efficiency and toxicity of developed materials. The participants’ expertise. All experimental works will be carried out by highly qualified specialists, having more than 30-year experience in materials science, physics and chemistry of micro- and nano-dispersive media, high-power microwave systems, spectroscopy, microscopy, materials science, application of hi-tech equipment for synthesis and investigation of nanocomposites. The microwave enhanced processes will be studied using appropriate advanced and specially designed microwave resonators and reactors. Preliminary (entry-level) testing of developed materials on mice will be carried out by highly qualified and experienced researchers working in the appropriate fields of medicine, toxicology and physiology. All main participants of the project have long-term experience in the field of synthesis and complex structural and magnetic investigations of magnetic nanoparticles and nanoalloys in different biocompatible organic matrix. Competence and qualification of the key participants in the specified areas are confirmed by the list of references given in the detailed project information. Expected results and their application. It is expected to prepare novel magnetic materials in different biocompatible organic matrix for magnetic hyperthermia treatment of cancer cells. The International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) is an intergovernmental organization connecting scientists from Kazakhstan, Armenia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Georgia with their peers and research organizations in the EU, Japan, Republic of Korea, Norway and the United States. ISTC facilitates international science projects and assists the global scientific and business community to source and engage with CIS and Georgian institutes that develop or possess an excellence of scientific know-how.	https://www.istc.int/en/project/901AA1F6596C92CC46257F5500388002
May 27, 2014, marked the fiftieth anniversary of the death of India’s first prime minister, and global statesman, Jawaharlal Nehru. Along with the celebration of his exemplary legacy for independent India’s domestic and international profile, the occasion also served as a barely needed reminder of what can be considered as the abiding challenge to, and puzzle of, Nehru’s tenure: his failure to help find a satisfactory resolution to the Kashmir dispute with Pakistan and the territorial conflict with China.1 Several decades after his departure from the scene and with much ink having been spilled on the study of the two disputes, a complete picture and systematic understanding of the drivers of Nehruvian policy on territorial issues still largely eludes the scholarship. This gap is particularly glaring considering the nuanced and complex reality of India’s approach to these conflicts in their formative years, involving instances of unexpected conciliation as well as puzzling intransigence; a willingness to compromise on clearly salient territory but also to provoke losing wars over seemingly worthless ones. It is with such puzzles in Indian policymaking that this book is primarily engaged. In explaining the Indian government’s conduct in territorial disputes in the first two decades after independence, much of the conventional wisdom emphasizes two considerations whose importance is both intuitively appealing and well established in the theoretical literature on international relations: security and nationalism. Security-driven explanations make two kinds of assertions. First, a view that has held sway for a long time contends that Nehru’s approach to international politics was singularly naive and idealist and therefore put too little stock in ensuring security, a tendency that manifested in the country’s lackadaisical approach to territorial issues. One scholar, for instance, has termed Nehru’s China policy as “based more on what is called wishful thinking than on objective conditions.”2 A second view argues that elements of realpolitik, aimed at furthering the country’s security and strategic interests within the material constraints the country faced, are basic to understanding Indian policy.3 Maxwell offers the more extreme manifestation of this argument in contending that Nehru’s government precipitated conflict in the Sino-Indian case by seeking to unilaterally impose a boundary on Beijing.4 Raghavan provides a more nuanced recent expression of this perspective in suggesting that Nehruvian strategy was based on a blend of liberal and realist ideas that he terms “liberal realism,” which “abhorred war” but “also held that conflict was an endemic feature of politics; for all national and social groups were inevitably motivated by self-interest.”5 Another set of arguments contends, in contrast, that one cannot satisfactorily explain Indian policy during this period without factoring in nationalism and domestic politics. By this account, Indian attitudes on territorial issues with Pakistan and China were determined primarily by how much symbolic-nationalist significance the leaders attached to the disputed territories. Hoffman encapsulates this thinking when he suggests in the Sino-Indian context that Indian nationalism—defined as “beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions brought forth by India’s struggle for independence . . . and shaped by the long history and culture of the Indian subcontinent”—played a “subtle and pervasive” role in shaping Nehru’s attitudes on territorial issues.6 This logic also postulates that decision making at crucial junctures was largely hostage to the pressures and constraints imposed on the prime minister by domestic public opinion, the political opposition, and from within Nehru’s Congress Party itself. Domestic political imperatives, in other words, reign supreme in this telling of the story. That both of these claims have found traction in accounts of Indian policy is not surprising. On Kashmir, a strong case can be made that the land holds great value for both contestants from security and nationalist standpoints. In security terms, the vital geostrategic position of state was always apparent, located as it is at the apex of the Indian subcontinent, historically buffering India from threats emanating from Russia, China, and Afghanistan.7 Add to this the presence within the territory of the headwaters of three major rivers that constitute the lifeline of particularly Pakistan’s agricultural economy, and it is clear why possession of the territory has seemed immensely advantageous to both sides. It is the symbolic-nationalist value of the state, however, that many argue is even more salient to understanding the conflict. Kashmir, in this view, embodies the clash of contested nationalisms that led to the partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan in the first place, with secular India pitted against Pakistan, the self-anointed home of the Muslims of the region.8 As one scholar has put it, it is this ideational and ideological conflict that has been the “underlying issue” in the dispute because each state has been “keenly aware of the ideological significance of Kashmir and most unwilling to concede it to the other as this would undermine its own ideological legitimacy.”9 Another observer has neatly characterized Kashmir in the same vein as a “zero-sum test for each state’s legitimizing ideology.”10 In the Sino-Indian case, similarly, security and nationalism have seemed ready and persuasive explanations for India’s conduct. While critics attribute the eventual outcome—India’s ignominious defeat in the 1962 war—to Nehru’s lack of strategic nous throughout the entire period, others see security motives as driving New Delhi’s intransigent posture in the lead-up to war. Most accounts specifically attribute, for instance, India’s interest in maintaining the McMahon Line frontier in the eastern sector to the crucial importance of holding the territory below that line to preserving the security of the entire Indian northeast from a potential Chinese threat. Other influential accounts have given privilege of place to nationalism and domestic politics in explaining Nehru’s major decisions. These latter works have contended that a strong sense of nationalism, either in the form of the Indian leaders’ own ideas and beliefs—for Hoffman about India’s historical borders; for Miller the sense of postcolonial victimhood—or as a result of domestic political pressures due to an aggravated body politic, primarily determined Nehru’s intransigence on the territorial issue.11 Similar issues confront any explanation relying on salience to account for India’s actions in the Sino-Indian dispute. In that case, it is amply apparent from internal documents that Nehru and his officials were very clear from early on that the disputed territory in the western sector was of little importance to India in strategic, economic, or nationalist terms. What is more, Indian officials were also persuaded for much of this period that even on legal grounds, the government’s claims to territory in the region lacked any strong standing. It was the territory in the east that they viewed as crucial to the security of the entire Indian northeast and where India’s legal claims were understood to be more ironclad.12 Given these facts, it would be reasonable to expect the Indian government to have been open to making concessions in the western sector in exchange for the Chinese giving up their claims in the far more valuable eastern sector. Yet it was precisely such a solution that Nehru rejected in talks with Zhou Enlai in New Delhi in April 1960. In each of these cases, then (as well as in the Chinese approach to the Sino-Indian dispute discussed as an extension to this work in chapter 7), not only are the conventional security and nationalist perspectives inadequate as an explanation, but we also see another theoretically puzzling phenomenon: of strong states being more conciliatory than necessary and weaker states adopting more intransigent positions than seems wise. This work seeks to fill these theoretical and empirical gaps in our understanding of the nuances of Indian policy in the country’s major territorial disputes under its first prime minister. Important as these insights are to understanding Indian behavior during this period, they leave some crucial empirical puzzles underexplained. For example, if the salience or value of the territory was so central to the Nehru government’s positions, it is not clear why, on the highly salient territory of Kashmir, leaders were willing to make significant concessions to Pakistan from even before partition and until late in 1953. Indeed, soon after the tribal invasion from Pakistan in 1947, the Indian government acquiesced to holding a plebiscite in the state, and it maintained that commitment even when it had become clear to Nehru himself that India was certain to lose such a vote. Only in 1954 did the Indian prime minister renege from that position to asserting that Kashmir’s accession to India was complete and nonnegotiable with either Pakistan or the Kashmiri populace. A focus on salience alone misses out on these crucial nuances in the empirics of the case and provides little explanation for why Nehru was open to a plebiscite in the first place, why a plebiscite was then never held, and, finally, why New Delhi withdrew that offer in 1954. This book makes a novel theoretical argument to account for the puzzling aspects of decisions such as those made by India under Nehru. It suggests that New Delhi’s approach to territorial disputes during this period can be explained best by a reputational logic, termed the reputational imperative. This framework broadly suggests that when leaders are faced with the costs of territorial disputes, their decisions to compromise or be intransigent on their claims are in many cases driven by reputational considerations, that is, decision makers’ assessments of what kind of reputations particular actions are likely to engender from immediate adversaries and interested third-party audiences. In essence, compromise or intransigence becomes less or more likely depending on the perceived reputational costs or benefits of either option. That reputation matters is itself not a particularly new insight. The idea has a rich pedigree in both the scholarship on international relations14 and recent work on territorial conflict.15 It is, after all, as Schelling famously observed “one of the few things worth fighting over,”16 a feeling seemingly shared by policymakers who have often resorted to just this logic to support monumental decisions. This book, however, offers what I suggest is a distinct and more nuanced take on reputation and how it matters to state conduct in territorial disputes. It assumes a more complex portfolio of reputations—reputations of not just resolve and weakness but also those of generosity and being a bully—that states seek to pursue and avoid and identifies a mechanism, the bargaining context, to help specify the reputational calculus driving state behavior. Briefly, I argue that the reputational calculus of decision makers is shaped essentially by the bargaining context, which in turn is constituted of a leader’s perceptions about the contestants’ relative bargaining strength and the history of an adversary’s bargaining tactics. The theoretical framework suggests, counterintuitively, that where bargaining context is favorable, state leaders are likely to find it easier to make concessions on their claims in the belief that compromise from a position of strength is more likely to carry reputational benefits (of appearing generous) rather than costs (of appearing weak), whereas intransigence, by conveying a tendency to bully and coerce, might generate unnecessary reputational costs. Similarly, the more unfavorable the bargaining context is, the more likely state leaders are to remain firm in the fear that compromise in the face of an adversary’s strength or coercion (or both) will convey weakness rather than generosity, encouraging further challenges and threats, whereas intransigence in the same situation will serve to establish resolve and hence aid deterrence and compellence. Using this theoretical framework, developed in the next chapter, the book demonstrates that Indian decision making on territorial disputes during the Nehru era was influenced to a significant degree by precisely such considerations. Where compromise was viewed as carrying reputational costs—of India appearing weak—and intransigence to convey the positive impression of resolve, Indian decision makers chose to remain firm regardless of the salience of the territory. This was most clearly the case in the Sino-Indian dispute where despite the low value attached to a significant portion of the disputed lands, but owing to weaker bargaining power, Nehru decided to stand firm for fear that any concessions would convey weakness and invite greater challenges from Beijing. By contrast, to the extent that the Indian prime minister believed making concessions would not signal weakness but instead perhaps convey Indian generosity, and at the least preserve any reputation his government had for cooperation at the international level, New Delhi was willing to make concessions on even clearly salient territory. This was the case with Kashmir and the offer of the plebiscite. Only on the issue of the conditions under which the plebiscite could be conducted did Nehru’s government adopt a firm stance, and that again was driven in major part by a fear that not imposing such conditions risked conveying weakness in the face of the fact that Pakistan’s initial aggression had not been punished and reversed. By 1954, the entire bargaining context surrounding the dispute was perceived to have been radically transformed for India due to the signing of the US-Pakistan security pact, changing the reputational calculus in New Delhi, and leading Nehru to deepen Indian intransigence over Kashmir by withdrawing the plebiscite offer altogether. None of this is to say that other considerations were unimportant in these cases. In Kashmir for instance, as the case study acknowledges, military-strategic considerations were equally central to the sorts of preconditions Nehru attached to the conduct of a plebiscite, conditions that proved unacceptable to Pakistan. Nevertheless, what this book does demonstrate is that reputational considerations are independently significant in understanding the Indian government’s decisions at crucial junctures of these disputes, decisions that in some instances make little sense otherwise. Other security- and power-based logics are similarly unsatisfactory. If it is true, on the one hand, that Nehru’s idealism precluded strategic thought and made India unnecessarily accommodative, it is difficult to explain the many instances in these cases where the Indian government assumed uncharacteristically tough stances. On the other hand, to the extent that it has been argued that strategic thinking did indeed shape New Delhi’s conduct, including its intransigence, it is unclear why the Nehru government, counterintuitive to standard bargaining expectations, seemed most open to concessions on clearly salient territory in Kashmir during times of its greatest relative military strength in relation to Pakistan. The realpolitik logic is arguably even more problematic when it comes to the Sino-Indian conflict. There, it bumps up against the puzzle of why India chose the path of intransigence in a context where it was amply clear to both military and political leaders in the country well before the war itself that the Indian army was woefully unprepared for any military confrontation with China.13 That New Delhi chose to reject Zhou’s offer of compromise and instead pursued a risky political path despite such obvious military debilities seems unfathomable from a security-seeking standpoint. Because this book is driven primarily by empirical puzzles, the cases do pick themselves. Nevertheless, there are a few more reasons why this “small-n” research design focused on Indian decision making in the Kashmir and Sino-Indian dispute in the Nehru period recommends itself from a methodological perspective. First, it fills a significant lacuna in the literature on India’s territorial disputes in that, barring the rare notable exception,17 most works focus either on only one or the other dispute or address singular developments within them. This work, in contrast, offers a systematic explanation for variations in Indian policy over the most formative years of both disputes. In doing so, it offers a more general story and explanation for Indian conduct than almost any other previous work has done. Second, the cases can be considered as hard ones for the theory I offer in this work. To the extent that there is a claim to be made that the territories in contention in both disputes held some undoubted importance for the postindependence Indian leadership, and considering the recurrent crises and wars that characterized the period, we can reasonably expect to see salience and military-strategic considerations dominating any explanation of Indian policy and thereby crowding out the reputational logic offered in this book. If, however, we see reputational concerns playing a significant and independent role in Indian decision making despite the presence of these other factors, and sometimes even outexplain the alternatives, that would suggest that the theory has passed a particularly demanding test. Finally, a brief exploratory study towards the end of the book of Chinese behavior in its territorial dispute with India (and others) during the same period allows for a plausibility probe of the generalizability of the argument beyond just Nehru’s India. In the following chapters, I test the theoretical argument and explain the empirical puzzles through in-depth case studies based on extensive use of primary sources gathered from both previously published work and till recently untapped archival material in India. The analysis of the Sino-Indian dispute, for instance, has benefited from access to the papers of Subimal Dutt and P. N. Haksar, both of which provide some new insight into Indian thinking leading to the war of 1962. In addition, this book exploits various other sources, including oral histories, memoirs of senior functionaries and participants in Indian decision making, and some excellent recent scholarship on Nehru era foreign policy. Chapter 2 begins by detailing the reputational framework that undergirds this study. It makes a case for why such a logic should be considered independently important in thinking about state behavior, identifies gaps in the international relations literature on reputation, and offers a modified reputational imperative framework. The following two chapters investigate Indian policymaking in the Kashmir dispute. Chapter 3 begins by providing background to the Kashmir dispute and then goes on to identify the prominent puzzles from this case. Empirically, it focuses on establishing the fact that Nehru was indeed willing to make significant concessions on Kashmir from very early on despite the high salience of the territory and was, contrary to the claims of critics, sincere about the plebiscite offer until 1954. This chapter details how while ideological and material-strategic factors do matter in accounting for India’s early conciliatory policy, reputational considerations seemed to assume increasing importance in New Delhi’s thinking with the passage of time, even as the other explanations become less persuasive. Chapter 4 then uses the theoretical argument to explain two further puzzles. The first is why, having offered a plebiscite, Nehru insisted on strict preconditions regarding the military and administrative situation in the state prior to holding such a vote, preconditions that ultimately proved unacceptable to Pakistan. The second is why, in 1954, having been open to a plebiscite for so long, Nehru eventually withdrew the offer and adopted a significantly more intransigent position on Kashmir by asserting that the dispute could now be settled only in accordance with the status quo. As this chapter suggests again, military-strategic considerations were certainly not negligible in Nehru’s calculus, yet reputational factors played an equally significant and independent role in Indian policy. Chapters 5 and 6 turn to the Nehru government’s policies in the territorial dispute with China. Chapter 5 provides an introduction and background to the dispute and a discussion of the early bases (from 1947 to around 1955) of Indian policymaking in this arena. It shows how, despite the dormancy of the dispute during this period, the underpinnings of India’s later intransigence were present all along. While pursuing quintessentially accommodative policies with Beijing overall, Nehru made a conscious decision on the territorial issue from very early on to adopt a posture of firmness. He did this partly for strategic reasons but more clearly for fear of the reputational costs of making concessions to an already stronger China. These reputational dynamics became even more pronounced after 1957 and, as chapter 6 elucidates, played out more crucially in two momentous decisions. This chapter therefore seeks to answer two major questions. First, why did the Nehru government reject Zhou Enlai’s offer in 1960, which would have settled the border in a manner that would have left both sides with territory of greatest salience to them and involved India’s giving up territory of ostensibly little value? The second is that having surprisingly rejected the package offer, why did the Indian government pursue a militarily risky policy in late 1961, despite being well aware that its army was little match for Chinese forces in the frontier regions? Chapter 7 extends the logic of this book’s argument beyond India by looking at Chinese decision making in its territorial dispute with India. The focus is on demonstrating the utility of the reputational argument offered here to explain, first, the surprisingly large concessions Beijing was willing to make as part of the 1960 offer by Zhou; and, second, having decided to be conciliatory, Beijing’s equally surprising decision to then initiate war in 1962, only to unilaterally withdraw from most of the occupied territory after a brief and devastating offensive. In accounting for these decisions, this chapter also more briefly connects the Sino-Indian case to China’s other compromises to its smaller neighbors in the region. The conclusion in chapter 8 derives implications from this work for the study of the role of reputation in international relations, including the question that this work has been less concerned about: whether reputations actually form in the manner that states expect. It also assesses the importance of the findings for the broader literature on territorial disputes, as well as enduring rivalries. Finally, the chapter considers the lessons to be drawn for the contemporary state and future prospects of the Kashmir and Sino-Indian disputes, as well as in understanding India’s conduct on other contentious security issues, including its internal territorial challenges of separatism and secessionism. It suggests that there may be great value in giving more attention to the reputational imperative in analyses of the foreign and security policies of countries such as India and China, especially as they develop greater prominence and interests on the global stage with their impending rise toward the role and status of global powers. 1. As one scholar encapsulates this thinking, “Nehru has been blamed for leaving behind a legacy of conflict with Pakistan (as well as China). On that last count alone, some examiners might want to mark him with a failing grade in his chosen vocation of making a foreign policy of peace for India!” Surjit Mansingh, “Nehru and Pakistan,” in Legacy of Nehru: A Centennial Celebration, ed. D. R. SarDesai and Anand Mohan (Springfield, VA: Nataraj Books, 1992), 310. 2. Prithwis Chandra Chakravarti, India’s China Policy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1962). Jaswant Singh speaks of Nehru’s “idealistic romanticism” in his Defending India (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), 34; Shashi Tharoor has similarly characterized Nehru’s policy as a “messianic utopianism” in his Reasons of State: Political Development and India’s Foreign Policy Under Indira Gandhi, 1966–1977 (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1982), 26. See also David Malone, Does the Elephant Dance? Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy (London: Oxford University Press, 2011), 154–156. 3. The finest recent exposition of such an argument can be found in Srinath Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). Another work that points to elements of realpolitik in Indian foreign and security policy under Nehru is Bharat Karnad, Nuclear Weapons and Indian Security: The Realist Foundations of Strategy (New Delhi: Macmillan, 2002). 4. Neville Maxwell, India’s China War (London: Cape, 1972). In the context of Pakistan, Burke similarly described Nehru as unreasonable, “making it difficult to negotiate any concrete dispute with him on a give and take basis.” S. M. Burke, Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1974), 81. 5. Raghavan, War and Peace, 14. 6. Steven A. Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 7. For Hoffman’s discussion of the roots of Indian nationalism with regard to the border dispute, see pp. 25–28. 7. Victoria Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unfinished War (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2000), 10. 8. Sumit Ganguly, The Origins of War in South Asia: The Indo-Pakistani Conflicts Since 1947 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994); Ashutosh Varshney, “India, Pakistan, and Kashmir: Antinomies of Nationalism,” Asian Survey 31, no. 11 (1991): 997–1007. 9. Ganguly, The Origins of War, 19. 10. Devin T. Hagerty, The Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation: Lessons from South Asia (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 67. 11. Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis; Manjari Chatterjee Miller, Wronged by Empire: Post-Imperial Ideology and Foreign Policy in India and China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013) 12. John W. Garver, Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001), 91–100. 13. Report by Lt. Gen. T. B. Henderson Brooks and Brigadier Premindra Singh Bhagat (Brooks-Bhagat Report), part I, accessed August 1, 2017, at http://www.indiandefencereview.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/TopSecretdocuments2.pdf. 14. The list of publications dealing with reputation in international relations is long, and indeed the concept can be traced as far back as Thucydides’ treatment of the Peloponnesian War: Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner and M. I. Finley (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972). A few of the more prominent contemporary books include Robert Jervis, Richard Ned Lebow, and Janice Gross Stein, Psychology and Deterrence (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985); Robert Powell, Nuclear Deterrence Theory: The Search for Credibility (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Robert Jervis, The Logic of Images in International Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); Jonathan Mercer, Reputation and International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996); Daryl G. Press, Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005); Joshua D. Kertzer, Resolve in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016); Frank P. Harvey and John Mitton, Fighting for Credibility: US Reputation and International Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017). Prominent journal articles engaged with the issue have been even more numerous. 15. Barbara F. Walter, Reputation and Civil War: Why Separatist Conflicts Are So Violent (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), “Building Reputation: Why Governments Fight Some Separatists But Not Others,” American Journal of Political Science 50, no. 2 (2006): 313–330, and “Explaining the Intractability of Territorial Conflict,” International Studies Review 4, no. 4 (2003): 137–153; Monica Duffy Toft, The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), and “Indivisible Territory, Geographic Concentration, and Ethnic War,” Security Studies 12, no. 2 (2002): 82–119. 16. Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), 124. 17. Raghavan’s War and Peace is the most recent one.	https://sup.org/books/extra/?id=27455&i=Introduction.html
You guys – I just read the best book! It’s called Ready Player One, and it’s written by Ernest Cline. The main character, Wade Watts, is in the middle of a crazy scavenger hunt. He has to use his wits and his computer skills to decipher clues and read hidden signs. I tried my best to solve the puzzles Wade faced and to predict what would happen next – to solve each mystery as the book presented it. Here’s the thing about me: I love mysteries – in books, in movies, anywhere. I find them so intriguing and exciting. Serial, Making A Murderer, Monk, Encyclopedia Brown – I love them all. Here’s the other thing about me: I would be the worst detective in the history of the world. No contest. Hands down – worst detective ever. I’m not that observant. I have to tell people this, somewhat apologetically, all the time – when I don’t notice their new haircut, or when I can’t give them landmarks when I’m giving directions. I will not notice if you’re wearing a new outfit – if you are limping – if you’re wearing colored contact lenses. If I ever witness a crime, the cops are going to assume I committed it – because why else would I claim to have noticed absolutely nothing about the crime scene? My lack of observational skills is, in part, why I abandoned my original career goal of journalism. Too many of my stories included lines like, “People were there. I don’t know how many or why.” I actually like this weakness of mine – my lack of observational skills. It protects me from annoyance frequently, and it keeps me focused on the things that really matter to me. It keeps me from making judgments based on appearance. It makes me look silly at times – when I can’t explain directions properly or when I notice, for the first time, an aspect of someone’s appearance that is blatantly obvious to others. But, all in all, it makes me happy. And it allows me to relish mystery novels, because I never, ever, ever pick up on the clues enough to solve the mystery before the detective does.	https://playfulpeaceful.com/2016/04/11/i-would-be-a-terrible-detective-mind/
Following a brief review of current efforts to identify the neuronal correlates of conscious processing (NCCP) an attempt is made to bridge the gap between the material neuronal processes and the immaterial dimensions of subjective experience. It is argued that this “hard problem” of consciousness research cannot be solved by only considering the neuronal underpinnings of cognition. The proposal is that the hard problem can be treated within a naturalistic framework if one considers not only the biological but also the socio-cultural dimensions of evolution. The argument is based on the following premises: perceptions are the result of a constructivist process that depends on priors. This applies both for perceptions of the outer world and the perception of oneself. Social interactions between agents endowed with the cognitive abilities of humans generated immaterial realities, addressed as social or cultural realities. This novel class of realities assumed the role of priors for the perception of oneself and the embedding world. A natural consequence of these extended perceptions is a dualist classification of observables into material and immaterial phenomena nurturing the concept of ontological substance dualism. It is argued that perceptions shaped by socio-cultural priors lead to the construction of a self-model that has both a material and an immaterial dimension. As priors are implicit and not amenable to conscious recollection the perceived immaterial dimension is experienced as veridical and not derivable from material processes—which is the hallmark of the hard problem. These considerations let the hard problem appear as the result of cognitive constructs that are amenable to naturalistic explanations in an evolutionary framework. Introduction Attempts to provide naturalistic explanations for the phenomenon of consciousness are confronted with at least three major difficulties. The first arises from the fact that the explanandum is not well defined. The second results from the still rudimentary understanding of neuronal processes underlying higher cognitive functions. And the third is related to the “hard problem” of consciousness research (for review, see Dennett, 2018), the intuition that even if we had a comprehensive account of the neuronal correlates of consciousness (NCCP) we would still be unable to explain how the first-person experiences of the results of conscious processing, the qualia, emerge from the neuronal interactions described from a third-person perspective. In this essay I shall briefly address the first two problems by reviewing recent developments in the search for the NCCP and then propose a strategy to soften the hard problem. The proposal is that the immaterial nature of the qualia can perhaps be accounted for within a naturalistic framework if one considers that not only the perception of the world around us but also the perception of ourselves is the result of a constructivist process that depends on priors. The core assumption is that the priors for our self-model are provided by the socio-cultural environments, the immaterial social realities, that humans have created once cultural and biological dimensions became interactive in evolution. Some of the experimental results pertinent to the NCCP have been reviewed by this author in previous articles and it is, therefore, likely that fragments of formulations are repeated here. An Ill-Defined Explanandum The terms consciousness, conscious and consciously are associated with many different connotations and therefore discussions on neuronal correlates of consciousness are carried out on widely differing levels. In the most straight forward sense, the adjective conscious is used to simply designate brain states enabling subjects to be aware of their actions and their environment. In this case, consciousness is contrasted with sleep or coma. Defined in this way consciousness is a phenomenon that humans share with many different species of widely differing complexity. In another context, consciousness refers to a processing mode that is associated with verbal reportability of perceived stimuli or with storage of perceived items in working and/or declarative memory. The contrasting processing mode is subconscious or non-conscious processing in which stimuli are readily analyzed by the brain and can even control responses without the subject being aware of having been engaged in a cognitive operation. As far as can be assessed from a third-person perspective, all mammals and probably all vertebrates seem to be able to exploit these different processing modes. Although verbal reportability cannot be used as criterion, the brains of these animals possess all the mechanisms qualifying for conscious processing such as the control of attention, the storage of attended contents in working and episodic memory, the evaluation of context, the intentional selection of appropriate behavioral reactions and the ability to purposefully navigate in complex foraging grounds. In yet another reference frame consciousness is equated with a form of meta-awareness and denotes a condition, in which subjects are aware of their body scheme, of having emotions and memories or being in a particular state or having performed an action. This connotation of consciousness requires a form of self-awareness and is often assessed with the mirror test. A test that human babies pass beyond the age of two and certain animals such as craws, monkeys and apes. Yet another connotation of consciousness is the ability to generate a theory of mind, the ability to imagine what is in the mind of the respective other. For long this has been considered as a specific human ability but there is now robust evidence that at least birds, dogs and monkeys have this capacity as well. Finally, there are higher forms of meta-awareness that are thought to exist only in humans and are associated with self-reflection and self-control, leading to the attribution of responsibility, morality and free will. Here the implicit assumption is that only contents that enter consciousness are amenable to rational deliberations and decisions. And last but not least humans are conscious of being conscious, which might be considered the highest form of meta-awareness. Experts in contemplative practices claim in addition, that such states of meta-consciousness can be devoid of content, the conscious state being the only object of the “inner eye.” In view of these very diverse meanings attributed to the term consciousness it is natural that the strategies applied in the search for the NCCP are heterogeneous and address only selected aspects of consciousness. For the sake of brevity, I shall not review work aimed at the identification of mechanisms controlling brain states that permit or prevent the manifestation of conscious behavior. In this field of research, there is broad consensus that a critical level of network excitability is required to enable conscious processing and that these states are characterized by dynamics with specific electrographic signatures. The mechanisms controlling these states are closely related with ascending modulatory systems that regulate the sleep-waking cycle and global levels of excitability. Rather I shall concentrate on the discussion of neuronal processes that distinguish conscious from non-conscious processing in the awake brain. Conscious and Subconscious Processing At any one moment, subjects are only aware of a small fraction of their cognitive and executive operations. Still, signals that subjects are not aware of can be processed in considerable depth and impact behavior (Dehaene et al., 1998). Thus, there must be gating mechanisms that determine which signals are processed consciously, which are processed and control behavior but remain unconscious and which are not processed at all. In animal experiments, one of the methodological problems is to assess from a third-person perspective whether a content had been processed consciously or subconsciously. It is commonly held that conscious processing is distinguished from subconscious processing by the ability of subjects to be aware of the consciously processed content and to report this fact. These contents can be percepts, thoughts, decisions, intentions and actions or, in the case of contemplative practices, the awareness of pure presence. Thus, the experimenter has to rely on reports from the subjects’ first-person perspective. In human subjects, this problem can be mitigated by requesting verbal reports or by instructing subjects to grade their operant responses according to the experienced degree of awareness. This allows one to overcome the ambiguity introduced by the fact that in most forced-choice paradigms subjects give correct responses well above chance even if they have not been aware of having perceived the stimuli. Experiments on blind sight and investigations of split-brain patients impressively document this fact (see below). As in animals only operant responses can be obtained, it is arguable whether distinctions between conscious and unconscious processing can be made in the same way as in experiments with human subjects. The mere difficulty or complexity of an accomplished task is only a weak indicator for the involvement of conscious processes because subconscious computations can also rely on highly sophisticated heuristics, semantic interpretations and logical deductions. In depth exploration of neuronal mechanisms requires assessment of neuronal responses with high temporal and spatial resolution, and this is also the case for the investigation of the NCCP. With the exception of utilizing data from patients implanted with intracranial electrodes for diagnostic reasons, such high resolution data can only be obtained in animal studies. Yet, these approaches are hampered by the ambiguities associated with operant responses. Thus, results from animal studies are usually interpreted on the basis of the assumption that the distinction between conscious and subconscious processing also holds at least for higher vertebrates and mammals. The reason is the remarkable cross species similarity of brain organization. However, as pointed out by the philosopher Nagel (1974) we cannot know whether animals are aware of stimuli and responses in the same way as human subjects. For this very reason, most studies on the NCCP are performed with non-invasive measurements in human subjects. However, because of the limited spatial and/or temporal resolution of these techniques, mechanistic interpretations often have to rely on analogies with neuronal processes supporting cognitive functions in animals that are only indirectly related to consciousness. One important mechanism gating the access of information to conscious processing, most likely shared with other mammals, is attention. As suggested by the phenomena of change blindness (Simons and Chabris, 1999), sensory neglect (Doricchi et al., 2008), attentional blink (Fu and Rutishauser, 2018), and certain masking paradigms, non-attended stimuli usually fail to be processed consciously and escape the subjects’ awareness. Whether these limitations are due to the inability to attend to large numbers of items simultaneously or whether they result from the restricted capacity of working memory or the workspace of consciousness is subject to intense scientific investigation. In any case, capacity constraints limit the number of items simultaneously amenable to conscious processing. Which contents eventually reach the level of conscious awareness depends either on external cues that attract attention or on internal selection processes that direct attention either to external inputs or to material stored in memory. Most of the time subjects are not aware of performing such selections which gives rise to the impression that what surfaces in consciousness is all there is. Interestingly even conscious, intentional search for a content safely stored in declarative memory may fail to move that content into the workspace of consciousness. It is often a persistent non-conscious search process that suddenly lifts the searched items into the workspace of consciousness. This indicates that access to consciousness is only partly under the control of the conscious agent itself. The Classical Experimental Paradigms: Results and Limitations The most frequently applied strategy for the identification of the NCCP consists of creating conditions in which physically identical stimuli are processed consciously only in a fraction of trials and then to subtract neuronal activation patterns associated with non-conscious processing from those generated during conscious processing. The assumption is that the remaining activation patterns are characteristic for conscious processing. However, as discussed by Aru et al. (2012b), this approach is fraught with numerous ambiguities. The subtractive procedure uncovers not only the hypothetical NCCP proper. It reveals also the various processes that gate access to consciousness and the many processes that follow once subjects became aware of a stimulus. Among the latter are the transfer of information into working and episodic memory, the covert preparation of motor responses and in case of human subjects the covert verbalization of perceived contents. Because of dense reciprocal coupling between brain areas and the prevalence of parallel processing, segregation of these confounding factors is notoriously difficult with non-invasive recording techniques. Thus, there is the caveat that data obtained with this method may reflect not only the NCCP proper but also prerequisites for and consequences of conscious processing. Here is an example: patients implanted with subdural electrodes over the visual cortex performed a recognition task in which the visibility of faces was manipulated either by increasing sensory evidence or providing a-priory knowledge (Aru et al., 2012a). The reasoning was that activity patterns specific for the NCCP proper should be the same irrespective of whether stimuli were consciously perceived because of enhanced sensory evidence or because of top-down facilitation. In trials in which conscious perception was caused by increasing sensory evidence there was indeed a category specific enhancement of gamma oscillations in the fusiform face area, suggesting that this increase in synchrony of neuronal responses had to do with conscious perception. However, this increase was lacking when sensory evidence was kept constant and visibility enhanced by prior knowledge. This suggested the conclusion “that the differential activation of specific areas of the visual cortex is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for conscious processing” (Aru et al., 2012a). Other frequently applied paradigms for the identification of the NCCP manipulate the context of stimulus presentation with the aim to abolish conscious perception (reportability) of subsets of identical stimuli. This is achieved by exploiting interocular rivalry, masking paradigms, priming and variations of signal to noise ratios. So far, these approaches have yielded inconclusive results. Exploiting binocular rivalry, Leopold and Logothetis (1996) found that responses to perceived and non-perceived stimuli differ only at higher processing stages of the ventral stream. They concluded that activation of neurons in the inferotemporal cortex, one of the highest levels in the visual processing hierarchy, qualified as NCCP. However, Fries et al. (1997) discovered in the primary visual cortex of cats that responses of cells to perceived stimuli differed from those to non-perceived stimuli because of increased synchronization of oscillatory responses in the gamma frequency band (Fries et al., 1997). This suggests that at this early stage of processing increased synchronization rather than increased discharge rate allows these responses to compete successfully with the conflicting inputs from the suppressed eye in the respective upstream target areas. These results agree with psychophysical and non-invasive tract tracing studies in human subjects, which indicate that interocular rivalry and hence the gating of access to consciousness involves already mechanisms in primary visual cortex (Genç et al., 2011). Finally, combining rivalry experiments with fMRI measurements in human subjects revealed reduced responses to the respective suppressed eye as early as in the lateral geniculate body, the thalamic relay for retinal signals (Haynes et al., 2005). Thus, conscious perception seems to involve also early stages of sensory processing. This view is supported by the evidence that imagery, the visualization of imagined contents, is associated with increased BOLD activity in primary visual cortex and that lesions of primary visual cortex lead to blindsight. Patients with such lesions can still use visual information for orienting responses and avoidance of obstacles but they cannot consciously perceive visual stimuli (for review, see Goebel et al., 2001). These results indicate that appropriate activation of primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex is a necessary prerequisite for the mediation of conscious perception but they do not allow the conclusion that this is a sufficient condition. Another class of experiments makes use of clinical syndromes that go along with disturbances of conscious perception as is the case in patients with blind sight (Weiskrantz, 2004), neglect, agnosia, section of the commissures (split brain) or reduced states of consciousness (for discussion of some of these approaches see the other contributions of this volume). Signals amenable to conscious processing can obviously also originate within the brain itself. Examples are signals associated with the recall of memories, imagery, decision making, planning, deliberating and reasoning. Thus, conscious experience appears to result from very versatile cognitive processes that can recruit neuronal activation patterns from many different sources and bind them together in a unified format. Finally, indications for the substrate of the NCCP are derived from the evidence, that a plethora of signals from specialized receptor systems are excluded from conscious perception even though these signals are processed in great depth by the brain and exert strong control over behavior. Examples are enteroceptive signals that maintain metabolic homeostasis, pheromone signals controlling reproductive behavior and signals for the synchronization of circadian rhythms. Unlike the classical five senses, these signaling systems are not represented by devoted cortical areas, supporting the view that cortical structures are involved in the mediation of conscious experience. Two Non-exclusive Hypotheses: Anatomical Substrate vs. Dynamical State Current theories about the nature of the NCCP can be grouped into two major, non-exclusive clusters. The first assumes that particular brain structures have to be engaged to permit conscious processing. The idea is that these structures subserve what is sometimes addressed as the “inner eye function.” In this case it is assumed that the contents of conscious experience are represented and bound together by a distinct structure onto which the various processing streams would converge. This structure would have to be positioned at the top of the processing hierarchy. The second group of theories assume that conscious and non-conscious processes could involve the same anatomical substrate but differ with respect to dynamic states reflecting the degree of integration of distributed processes. As candidates for such state variables have been proposed temporal coherence, synchrony, correlation length and dimensionality. Binding in the Spatial Domain Identification of brain structures whose activation is crucial for conscious processing is problematic if the distinguishing criterion is reportability. In this case a considerable number of brain structures and networks would qualify: the entire dominant hemisphere in split-brain patients, the parietal cortex in case of neglect, multiple sensory areas in case of agnosia, and ultimately the language system itself or structures required to access the language system. Split-brain experiments illustrate this problem. Stimulus material presented to the sensory space contralateral to the non-dominant hemisphere is often not reportable even though patients readily process the respective information and generate adapted motor responses. Rather than taking this as evidence that conscious processing is tied to the dominant, speech-competent hemisphere one could argue that the disconnection simply prevents the dominant, speech competent hemisphere from reporting. Although this disconnection jeopardizes language-dependent post-processing steps such as rational deliberation it would seem strange to deny the otherwise intact and awake non-dominant hemisphere the ability to sustain consciousness. If one were to reach this conclusion, one would have to deny that animals are conscious which is clearly untenable. The proposal that there is a special work space for conscious processing, promoted by Baars (1997) and later by Dehaene et al. (2006) also makes assumptions on the involvement of specific structures, in this case the ensemble of reciprocally coupled neuronal groups located in the supragranular layers of the cerebral cortex. However, it is difficult to provide causal evidence for this hypothesis because inactivation of supragranular layers would also jeopardize all the other functions of the cerebral cortex. The intuitively plausible hypothesis that the contents of conscious experiences are represented and bound together in a distinct structure at the top of the processing hierarchy is thus not well supported by experimental evidence. As argued by Dennet (1992), a region with such universal “observer functions” would be theoretically implausible. Moreover, behavioral and brain imaging studies have shown that unconscious and conscious processing engage very much the same brain regions, including frontal and prefrontal cortex (Lau and Passingham, 2007; van Gaal et al., 2008). Which of the respective areas get recruited into functional networks depends more on the nature of the task than on the mode of processing. Binding in the Temporal Domain Probably the first to propose that conscious and non-conscious processes could involve the same anatomical substrate but differ with respect to dynamic states reflecting the degree of integration of distributed processes was Sherrington (1906). He proposed that the unity of consciousness could be achieved by binding the contents of conscious experience in the temporal domain. In his book “The Integrative Action of the Nervous System” he stated: “Pure conjunction in time without necessarily cerebral conjunction in space lies at the root of the solution of the problem of the unity of mind.” He proposed that the unity of consciousness does not necessarily require anatomical convergence but could be achieved by convergence in time. The idea that temporal rather than spatial integration is a necessary prerequisite for conscious processing is at the basis of numerous recent theories and experimental evidence in favor of this notion keeps increasing. Baars (1997) proposed that there is a special workspace for conscious processing and that subjects become aware of signals if these are sufficiently salient to ignite coordinated activity within this workspace. As mentioned above, Dehaene et al. (2006) and Gaillard et al. (2009) proposed the neuronal correlate of this workspace to be a widely distributed network of neurons located in the superficial layers of the cortical mantel. This network, so the assumption, would be “ignited” if a sufficient number of nodes were activated together. Others have suggested that this “workspace” should be seen not so much as a sub-compartment of the cerebral cortex but as a special dynamic state of the brain that favors large scale binding of the results of widely distributed cortical computations (e.g., Varela et al., 2001; Melloni et al., 2007; Gaillard et al., 2009; Oizumi et al., 2014). According to the binding by synchrony hypothesis (Singer, 1993, 1999) it has been proposed that the respective dynamic state should be characterized by enhanced coherence of oscillatory activity in the beta or gamma frequency range. Using the subtraction method (see above) experimental evidence could be provided that processing of consciously perceived stimuli was indeed associated with better synchronization of large cortical networks in the beta and gamma frequency range than processing of identical stimuli that had failed to reach the threshold for awareness and remained invisible (Melloni and Rodriguez, 2007; Melloni et al., 2007; Gaillard et al., 2009; Melloni and Singer, 2010). Contents that one is aware of are experienced as simultaneously present and related to each other. Thus, a mechanism is required that permits flexible and fast association of the ever-changing contents of conscious experience into a coherent whole. Dynamic binding by transient synchronization of widely distributed processes could in principle fulfill such a function. More recently a related hypothesis, the “Information Integration Theory” has been formulated by Tononi (2004; see also Oizumi et al., 2014). This theory also posits that conscious processing is associated with particularly effective and global integration of information from different sources. Supportive evidence for this conjecture comes from several independent observations. First, dynamic states that favor conscious processing such as arousal and attention facilitate the propagation of excitatory perturbations over larger cortical distances, which is likely to enhance interactions between distributed processes (Massimini et al., 2005). Second, arousal and attention facilitate synchronous oscillations in the gamma and high beta frequency range (Herculano-Houzel et al., 1999; Fries et al., 2001; Lima et al., 2011). This oscillatory patterning of activity, in turn, facilitates long-range synchronization (Roelfsema et al., 1997; for review, see Singer, 1999) and thereby enhances communication between remote groups of neurons and the formation of large scale functional networks (Roelfsema et al., 1997). A mechanistic account for the “binding” function of synchronization has been formulated in the “communication by coherence” (CTC) hypothesis (Fries, 2005) that has in the meantime received experimental support (Womelsdorf et al., 2007; Bastos et al., 2015). The reportability that is considered as such a critical feature of conscious processing could thus be a natural consequence of a highly integrated processing mode. In human subjects integration of widely distributed processes would automatically involve the language network because of its particularly strong interconnections with both sensory and executive systems. Thus, reportability would simply be a consequence of processing modes characterized by a particularly high degree of integration but not a necessary requirement for conscious processing. This is a further argument for the notion that animals, at least those with highly evolved brains such as vertebrates, can switch between conscious and unconscious processing modes. The circuitry of their brains and the ensuing dynamics can certainly sustain highly integrated processes. The Hard Problem Even if we had a full account of the NCCP, of the neuronal mechanisms whose involvement distinguishes conscious from non- conscious processing, the “hard problem” in consciousness research would persist. We still would have no explanation for the phase transition from material neuronal processes, described from a third-person perspective, to the immaterial mental phenomena, that we experience from our first-person perspective. In the following I shall attempt to narrow this explanatory gap by attempting a naturalistic, evolutionary explanation for the fact that many humans experience themselves as having both a material and an immaterial mental or spiritual dimension. The core of the argument is that the gap can probably not be closed if one considers only the cognitive functions of individual brains but that in addition the phenomena emerging from social interactions have to be taken into account. This extension requires joint consideration of evidence and analyses from philosophy, cognitive neuroscience, cultural anthropology, developmental psychology and social science. The arguments are based on the assumptions that: (i) perceptions are the result of a constructivist process that depends on priors; (ii) social interactions lead to the emergence of a novel class of realities, the immaterial social and cultural realities; (iii) these cultural realities assume the role of priors for perception; and (iv) the construction of the self-model is based on experiences that are shaped by cultural priors. The Constructivist Nature of Perceptions Abundant psychophysical and neuroscientific evidence indicates, that our perceptions are the result of complex computations in which sparse sensory evidence is interpreted on the basis of a huge amount of prior information about the world (for review, see Spratling, 2017). This information is contained in the functional architecture of the brain. Part of this knowledge has been acquired through evolutionary selection and is stored in the genes. This inherited knowledge is then complemented by experience-dependent development and adult learning. The knowledge acquired during evolution and early development is implicit, i.e., the perceiving agent is not aware of its existence although it plays an essential role in determining the agent’s perception. Hence, the validity of the perceptions shaped by these implicit priors cannot be questioned. The perceiving agent cannot but take as real what she/he perceives. By contrast, priors acquired by learning later in life are to some extent amenable to conscious recollection and perceptions shaped by these explicit priors can be challenged by reasoning (conscious deliberations). A core assumption of the present proposal is, that all perceptions, regardless as to whether they result from stimuli in the external world or from introspection depend on priors. The Emergence of Social Realities Biological evolution has brought forth organisms with increasingly refined cognitive functions: the ability to develop a theory of mind by taking the perspective of the respective other, to generate abstract descriptions by recognizing similarities among seemingly different appearances through poly-sensory integration, to represent these abstractions in symbolic form and to eventually communicate the results of these cognitive functions. Recent studies suggest that evolved animals such as birds and mammals possess some of these abilities in various combinations and often in rudimentary forms. Humans excel because they possess all of these functions and in addition have developed language which allows them to communicate the results of their cognitive operations in a highly abstract and symbolic way. Once agents endowed with this unique combination of cognitive abilities began to cooperate and to communicate with each other, they began to create a new class of phenomena that the philosopher John Searle addressed as “social realities.” These are immaterial realities that evolution brought into this world once development of sophisticated cognitive abilities allowed organisms to engage in social interactions. The rules governing the coexistence of social animals can be regarded as rudimentary forms of such social realities. However, in human societies these immaterial realities are no longer just implicit forces that coordinate cooperativity but assumed the status of realities that became consciously perceivable as integral part of the world. Examples of social realities created by human societies are empathy, fairness, greed, love, devotion, shame, norms, vows, commitments, social status, values, belief systems, laws, regulations and moral imperatives. These are realities that cannot emerge from the cognitive abilities of individual brains alone but require for their creation the interaction of at least two cognitive agents. They are immaterial, mental constructs but they are real in the sense that they can readily be perceived and strongly influence behavior. Believes in the reality of these immaterial constructs erect cathedrals and motivate suicidal behavior. How then could such immaterial realities have emerged? Here is a likely scenario. A group of cave dwellers sits around a fireplace and shares food. Sooner or later members of this group will discover that there are certain subjects who are more generous, or greedier than others. If these observations are shared by a sufficient number of group members, generosity and greed will eventually acquire the status of perceivable realities and then can be symbolically represented by a common description. This scenario suggests as necessary prerequisites for the emergence of novel, immaterial realities: the collective experience of intangible, immaterial phenomena, the mutual affirmation of the reality/existence of these phenomena through shared attention and experience, the naming of these phenomena and finally the representation of these immaterial realities in rituals and artistic creations. These artistic activities retranslate the immaterial realities into concrete symbols that are then perceivable with the classical five senses. Social Realities as Priors of Perception The second core assumption is that these immaterial realities assume the function of priors for perception in very much the same way as all the other inherited and acquired a priory assumptions about the world and ourselves. As a consequence of this cognitive embedding in a world in which tangible and immaterial realities coexist humans are bound to perceive reality as consisting of two classes of phenomena, objects perceivable with one of the five senses and immaterial phenomena that cannot be directly perceived. Priors of perception such as e.g., the Gestaltrules are usually implicit, i.e., subjects are not aware of the priors that shape their perceptions. Hence, humans—and animals as well—are bound to take what they perceive as evident and real. This is likely the case also for the perceptions shaped by cultural priors. As a consequence, individuals perceive cultural realities as equally evident and concrete as objects of the material world. What is perceived is taken for granted and experienced as true—and since cultural priors are shared by the members of communities there is usually a broad consensus about the reality of the perceived. A natural consequence of this shared perception of a dichotomous reality is the construction of an ontological substance dualism with its many different, culture-specific flavors. Substance Dualism and the Self-Model The third core assumption of the attempt to soften the hard problem of consciousness research is that the self-perception of the conscious Self with all its immaterial connotations is a consequence of perceptions shaped by priors provided by social realities. Humans experience/perceive themselves as autonomous, cognitive and intentional agents and observations of the actions of the respective other do not contradict but confirm this perception. Humans are aware of being able to perceive, to reason, to decide and to act and they can share through language the contents of this meta-awareness and through comparison and observation of the respective other assure themselves of the reality of these immaterial properties of the conscious Self. However, humans have neither access to the priors that shape the perception of an immaterial Self nor do they have access to the material neuronal processes that underlie their cognitive and executive functions. All that humans can experience are the consequences of their brains’ actions and because they have been familiarized with the existence of immaterial realities they naturally postulate as cause of their actions an invisible, seemingly immaterial agent that is not constrained by the laws of nature and whom they equate with the conscious, intentional and responsible Self. Thus, very much in the same way as proposed above for the construction of social realities, humans have shared their experiences on the existence of an immaterial agent, came to a similar conclusion, invented names for the various manifestations of this agent and assigned it to the realm of the intangible immaterial realities. Once this concept was commonly shared it likely assumed the status of a prior that henceforth shaped not only the perception of others but also the perception of one-self. In that way, it could have become seamlessly integrated in the self-model. This, in turn, could account for the fact that humans perceive themselves as existing both in a material and in an immaterial dimension. As perceptions based on implicit priors cannot be questioned and are experienced as true, human subjects are bound to take their dual nature, their existence in both a material and a spiritual domain for granted. Consequently all the properties of this immaterial agent, its feelings, intentions, beliefs, wishes and the contents of consciousness are attributed to the immaterial domain—in perfect agreement with the traditional view of ontological substance dualism. The perception of a dualist reality is further reinforced by education, religions and shared belief systems. These normative systems emphasize the autonomy and independence of an immaterial agent that is unconstrained by the material, biological domain. They instrumentalize cultural priors in order to establish a self-model that permits to experience freedom and hence responsibility. However, problems arose for this self-model once the natural sciences, in particular the neurosciences, set out to study the biological underpinnings of behavior and mental phenomena. One of these problems is the postulate of mental causation. If one adheres to ontological substance dualism, if one believes in the existence of an immaterial agent, the Self, that is independent of the neuronal processes in the brain and endowed with consciousness, intentions and free will, one needs to assume that this immaterial agent interacts with the brain so that the brain translates intentions and decisions into action. Such a scenario violates the known laws of nature, in particular, the law for the conservation of energy, because interactions with a material substrate require the exchange of energy. Per definition, however, the immaterial domain should be devoid of energy, otherwise it would again be part of the physical, the material domain. The other, closely related problem is the “hard problem”, the explanatory gap between neuronal processes and the qualia of our experiences. The first problem vanishes if one is prepared to accept the overwhelming neurobiological and neuropsychological evidence that mental phenomena are the consequence and not the cause of neuronal interactions. The second problem is at least alleviated if one accepts: (i) that our perceptions are the result of a constructivist process that depends on priors; (ii) that this applies not only for perceptions of the outer world but also for perceptions based on introspection; and (iii) that social realities assume the role of priors for self-perception. The Emergence of New Qualities From Interactions in Complex Systems From an evolutionary perspective, the awareness/experience of a mental or spiritual dimension and its integration in our self-model can be understood as a sequence of evolutionary phase transitions that characterize complex, self-organizing systems. For illustration of this concept see Figure 1. Figure 1. Schematic representation of phase transitions in the evolution of complex systems leading to the emergence (thick green arrows) of new qualities: interactions in neuronal networks (left) lead to cognitive and executive functions of autonomous agents. These agents form again networks (blue arrow) and interactions among these agents lead to the emergence of social realities (right). The new qualities act upon and alter the organization of the respective underlying substrates (green arrows). The first phase transition is the emergence of cognitive functions from complex interactions in neuronal networks. The second phase transition is the emergence of social realities from the complex interactions in networks of cognitive agents. In both cases the emergent phenomena, the cognitive functions generated by neural networks and the social realities generated by social networks, transcend the properties of the components of the respective networks. The emergent phenomena cannot be understood by only considering the properties of the respective network nodes and they cannot be described with the terms used for the description of the nodes. Hence different language systems had to be developed to capture the properties of the emergent phenomena. There is a language for the description of neuronal processes, another one for the characterization of the emergent cognitive and executive functions, yet another for the description of cognitive agents in their role as nodes in social networks and finally there is a language to capture the emergent social realities. These language systems are each represented by different scientific disciplines, the second and third straddling the border between the natural sciences and the humanities and the fourth being entirely a domain of the humanities. Past attempts to relate consciousness to neuronal processes and to narrow the explanatory gap between the material neuronal processes and the qualia of subjective experience have considered only the first phase transition and by and large neglected the second—which is the likely reason why the gap is perceived as too large to be closed. The arguments exposed in this contribution suggest that the attempts to identify the underpinnings of consciousness must not be confined to the analysis of the neuronal functions of individual brains but must include the domain of socio-cultural phenomena that are traditionally dealt with by the humanities. The present approach is partly based on assumptions whose validation is beyond my competence. These concern, in particular, the emergence of social realities, the function of social realities as priors of perception, the influence of these priors on self-perception and the constructivist nature of the processes that lead to the self-model. Some of these assumptions may have been verified already by empirical evidence in studies on cultural evolution, evolutionary anthropology and developmental psychology but in principle, they should all be amenable to empirical testing. Thus, research on the ill-defined explanandum “consciousness” seems ideally suited to bridge the still wide gap between the natural sciences and the humanities. If successful, such a comprehensive research agenda might be able to eventually settle the epistemic disputes on the nature of consciousness, on the problem of mental causation and on the relation between mind and matter. As I have tried to show, this synthesis should be realizable within a naturalistic, evolutionary framework that is based on empirical evidence. However, it requires joint consideration of phenomena that emerged from phase transitions in a continuous evolutionary process that comprises both biological and cultural evolution. Although this approach is incompatible with ontological dualism and qualifies the spiritual dimension as a cognitive construct it leaves sufficient space for the precious immaterial entities that are constitutive for human identity. Author Contributions The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and approved it for publication. Funding This work has been supported by the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft), the Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with the Max Planck Society and a Koselleck Grant from the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), administered by the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies. Conflict of Interest The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Acknowledgments Special thanks go to Dr. Kathinka Evers for critical comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. 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(2010). “Distinct characteristics of conscious experience are met by large-scale neuronal synchronization,” in New Horizons in the Neuroscience of Consciousness, eds E. Perry, D. Collerton, F. LeBeau and H. Ashton (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, B.V.), 17–28. Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? Philosoph. Rev. 83, 435–450. doi: 10.2307/2183914 Oizumi, M., Albantakis, L., and Tononi, G. (2014). From the phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: integrated information theory 3.0. PLoS Comput. Biol. 10:e1003588. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003588 Roelfsema, P. R., Engel, A. K., König, P., and Singer, W. (1997). Visuomotor integration is associated with zero time-lag synchronization among cortical areas. Nature 385, 157–161. doi: 10.1038/385157a0 Sherrington, C. S. (1906). The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Simons, D. J., and Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. 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Neurosci. 2, 229–239. doi: 10.1038/35067550 Weiskrantz, L. (2004). Roots of blindsight. Prog. Brain Res. 144, 229–241. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)14416-0 Womelsdorf, T., Schoffelen, J.-M., Oostenveld, R., Singer, W., Desimone, R., Engel, A. K., et al. (2007). Modulation of neuronal interactions through neuronal synchronization. Science 316, 1609–1612. doi: 10.1126/science.1139597 Keywords: consciousness, dualism, social realities, qualia, emergence, self-model Citation: Singer W (2019) A Naturalistic Approach to the Hard Problem of Consciousness. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 13:58. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00058 Received: 04 June 2019; Accepted: 07 October 2019; Published: 25 October 2019. Edited by:Maurizio Mattia, National Institute of Health (ISS), Italy Reviewed by:Christopher I. Petkov, Newcastle University, United Kingdom José M. Delgado-García, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Spain Copyright © 2019 Singer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2019.00058/full
Since the beginning of time and the story of the Garden of Eden, man has found a way to share knowledge and its power. Modern digital tools have become the everyday way to access knowledge for many across the world, giving quick access to information and sharing power more fairly. In this third part of my thoughts on digital revolution by design, triggered by the #kfdigi15 event on June 16-17, I’ve been considering some of the constructs we have built; those we accept and those that could be changed, given the chance, to build a better digital future. Not only the physical constructions, the often networked infrastructures, but intangible infrastructures of principles and power, co-dependencies around a physical system; the legal and ethical infrastructures of ownership, governance and accountability. Our personal data flow in systems behind the screens, at the end of our fingertips. Controlled in frameworks designed by providers and manufacturers, government and commercial agencies. Increasingly in digital discussions we hear that the data subject, the citizen, will control their own data. But if it is on the terms and conditions set by others, how much control is real and how much is the talk of a consenting citizen only a fig leaf behind which any real control is still held by the developer or organisation providing the service? When data are used, turned into knowledge as business intelligence that adds value to aid informed decision making. By human or machine. How much knowledge is too much knowledge for the Internet of Things to build about its users? As Chris Matyszczyk wrote: “We have all agreed to this. We click on ‘I agree’ with no thought of consequences, only of our convenience.” Is not knowing what we have agreed to our fault, or the responsibility of the provider who’d rather we didn’t know? Citizens’ rights are undermined in unethical interactions if we are exploited by easy one-click access and exchange our wealth of data at unseen cost. Can it be regulated to promote, not stifle innovation? How can we get those rights back and how will ‘doing the right thing’ help shape and control the digital future we all want? The infrastructures we live inside As Andrew Chitty says in this HSJ article: “People live more mobile and transient lives and, as a result, expect more flexible, integrated, informed health services.” To manage that, do we need to know how systems work, how sharing works, and trust the functionality of what we are not being told and don’t see behind the screens? At the personal level, whether we sign up for the social network, use a platform for free email, or connect our home and ourselves in the Internet of things, we each exchange our personal data with varying degrees of willingness. There there is often no alternative if we want to use the tool. As more social and consensual ‘let the user decide’ models are being introduced, we hear it’s all about the user in control, but reality is that users still have to know what they sign up for. In new models of platform identity sign on, and tools that track and mine our personal data to the nth degree that we share with the system, both the paternalistic models of the past and the new models of personal control and social sharing are merging. Take a Fitbit as an example. It requires a named account and data sharing with the central app provider. You can choose whether or not to enable ‘social sharing’ with nominated friends whom you want to share your boasts or failures with. You can opt out of only that part. I fear we are seeing the creation of a Leviathan sized monster that will be impossible to control and just as scary as today’s paternalistic data mis-management. Some data held by the provider and invisibly shared with third parties beyond our control, some we share with friends, and some stored only on our device. While data are shared with third parties without our active knowledge, the same issue threatens to derail consumer products, as well as commercial ventures at national scale, and with them the public interest. Loss of trust in what is done behind the settings. Society has somehow seen privacy lost as the default setting. It has become something to have to demand and defend. “If there is one persistent concern about personal technology that nearly everybody expresses, it is privacy. In eleven of the twelve countries surveyed, with India the only exception, respondents say that technology’s effect on privacy was mostly negative.” [Microsoft survey 2015, of 12,002 internet users] There’s one part of that I disagree with. It’s not the effect of technology itself, but the designer or developers’ decision making that affects privacy. People have a choice how to design and regulate how privacy is affected, not technology. Citizens have vastly differing knowledge bases of how data are used and how to best interact with technology. But if they are told they own it, then all the decision making framework should be theirs too. By giving consumers the impression of control, the shock is going to be all the greater if a breach should ever reveal where fitness wearable users slept and with whom, at what address, and were active for how long. Could a divorce case demand it? Fitbit users have already found their data used by police and in the courtroom – probably not what they expected when they signed up to a better health tool. Others may see benefits that could harm others by default who are excluded from accessing the tool. Some at org level still seem to find this hard to understand but it is simple: No trust = no data = no knowledge for commercial, public or personal use and it will restrict the very innovation you want to drive. Google gmail users have to make 10+ clicks to restrict all ads and information sharing based on their privacy and ad account settings. The default is ad tailoring and data mining. Many don’t even know it is possible to change the settings and it’s not intuitive how to. Firms need to consider their own reputational risk if users feel these policies are not explicit and are exploitation. Those caught ‘cheating’ users can get a very public slap on the wrist. Let the data subjects rule, but on whose terms and conditions? The question every citizen signing up to digital agreements should ask, is what are the small print and how will I know if they change? Fair processing should offer data protection, but isn’t effective. If you don’t have access to information, you make decisions based on a lack of information or misinformation. Decisions which may not be in your own best interest or that of others. Others can exploit that. And realistically and fairly, organisations can’t expect citizens to read pages and pages of Ts&Cs. In addition, we don’t know what we don’t know. Information that is missing can be as vital to understand as that provided. ‘Third parties’ sharing – who exactly does that mean? The concept of an informed citizenry is crucial to informed decision making but it must be within a framework of reasonable expectation. How do we grow the fruits of knowledge in a digital future? Real cash investment is needed now for a well-designed digital future, robust for cybersecurity, supporting enforceable governance and oversight. Collaboration on standards and thorough change plans. I’m sure there is much more, but this is a start. Figurative investment is needed in educating citizens about the technology that should serve us, not imprison us in constructs we do not understand but cannot live without. We must avoid the chaos and harm and wasted opportunity of designing massive state-run programmes in which people do not want to participate or cannot participate due to barriers of access to tools. Avoid a Babel of digital blasphemy in which the only wise solution might be to knock it down and start again. Our legislators and regulators must take up their roles to get data use, and digital contract terms and conditions right for citizens, with simplicity and oversight. In doing so they will enable better protection against risks for commercial and non-profit orgs, while putting data subjects first. To achieve greatness in a digital future we need: ‘people speaking the same language, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them’. Ethics. It’s more than just a county east of London. Let’s challenge decision makers to plant the best of what is human at the heart of the technology revolution: doing the right thing. And from data, we will see the fruits of knowledge flourish.	https://jenpersson.com/hscic/

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