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HOW do you crash a supercomputer? Try crunching the numbers from 150 terabytes of data water simulation models, reading inputs and writing outputs simultaneously.
The recently-completed Bioregional Assessments Programme is a prime example of the value of big data. It explored the risks to water resources, and the assets that rely on them, posed by an estimated $2.6 billion of proposed coal mines and coal seam gas developments.
Six-years and 200 experts in the making, it covered regions across 860,000 km² in central and eastern Australia.
It included running complex simulation models – frequently too much input/output for even the world’s most powerful supercomputers.
One of the challenges of the program was how to make supercomputers more flexible to cope with the motherlode of data being processed.
The Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy commissioned CSIRO, the Bureau of Meteorology and Geoscience Australia, to undertake the BA program in 2012 to provide the best science available to inform decisions around major coal and coal seam gas (CSG) developments, and provide a common, objective information base for governments, landowners, communities, businesses and investors.
Six years on, the invention and implementation of new scientific methods through the $62 million BA technical program has led to the world’s most comprehensive biophysical assessment of the cumulative impacts of resource extraction, and the communication of findings in forms that regulators, communities and industry can easily understand and use.
It has changed the way we do collaborative science.
From day one it involved consultation across communities and governments to establish an understanding of the water-dependent assets most valued in each region. Assets identified included surface and groundwater management areas including bores and water rights providing economic benefits; environmental assets, such as wetlands and springs, and the landscapes reliant upon them; and sociocultural assets such as important cultural and social sites and habitats of species with cultural significance.
“What the community thought was important was a key part of the establishment of the BA program,” says Mr Baker.
The issue of water resources in relation to CSG and large coal mining developments was elevated to a matter of national environmental significance in 2013 through the introduction of ‘water trigger’ provisions under the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).
This means that CSG and large coal mining developments that are likely to have a significant impact on water resources now require Federal assessment and approval. Historically, state regulators assessed individual proposals independent of other existing or proposed mines, creating an environmental risk if cumulative impacts are not properly accounted for.
The BA program developed an impact assessment framework and comprehensive regional information base which can be used to inform and evaluate site-specific development proposals.
CSIRO’s BA project leader Dr David Post says the complex assessment process included regional context setting, building development pathways, undertaking hazard analyses, and modelling the movement of water through the landscape. To understand the potential impacts on the ecology, it meant creating landscape classes to categorise different parts of the environment, determining key water-dependent assets, and understanding causal pathways of connectivity within those environments.
This involved developing geological models to understand the barriers and conduits for water movement under the earth’s surface, and incorporating groundwater and surface water models to investigate changes in surface and groundwater, and then investigating how the ecology might respond in the face of changes to water regimes.
This meant lots and lots of data. “We repeatedly broke some of the world’s biggest computers,” says groundwater modeller Dr Russell Crosbie, about the challenge of making super computers more flexible for the BA’s big data needs.
“The biggest problem we had was that we could only use about 200 nodes on machines that have 10,000s nodes due to our requirements for reading and writing of input and output files.
Patience sometimes meant waiting for three months for model runs to be available, Dr Crosbie says.
information accessible to broader audiences through an online explorer tool. The BA Explorer is a spatial mapping and data visualisation web-based tool that allows the user to access information from regions of interest to better understand potential impacts on parts of the environment of particular interest to the end user.
the registration and ongoing ability to identify and trace data sets from the program, when combined with their open publication, which not only allows complete transparency on the data driving the analyses within the program, but also allows their reuse, and future impacts to be tracked over time, helping to quantify the legacy of the research.
The results of the BA program are being used by the Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development, the statutory committee of leading scientists that independently advises government regulators on the impacts that CSG and coal mining may have on Australia’s water resources.
Results are also being used by a range of Commonwealth and State regulators, industry and communities. As a science-based regulator, the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy relies on science such as this for decision making.
A 2017 Jacobs Group (Australia) independent evaluation described the BA program as “the most inter-locked and connected program (the collaborators) been involved in”.
The program was awarded the CSIRO’s Chairman’s Medal for Science Excellence, recognising teams that have made significant scientific or technical advances that create value through innovation that delivers positive impact for Australia.
CSIRO Land and Water Director Jane Coram says the program’s inception was a courageous step on part of government.
“It was a precedent-setting step that challenged us all scientifically, and incorporated high-level communications, project management and stakeholder engagement,” she says.
Former BA Technical Programme Director Bronwyn Ray, from the Bureau of Meteorology, says the program was “a fantastic example of what happens when you build trust between disciplines. The gaps in between is where the innovation happens, and how we solve problems”.
A key achievement was the program’s delivery of open access to data, models, workflows and reports, through a curated information platform and a map-based interface to query the scientific results, she said.
As well as creating new benchmarks in transparency, the lasting legacy of science, data and systems developed through the program helped change the way we think about doing science in the Commonwealth, according to Geoscience Australia’s Dr Stuart Minchin.
“That’s enormous credit to the collaboration that happened across the team,” Dr Minchin says.
The Australian Government has commissioned a follow-up four year, $30m Geological and Bioregional Assessment (GBA) program. This builds on the BA approach to examine the potential impacts of shale and tight gas extraction, informing future development decisions. | https://ecos.csiro.au/bioregional-assessments/ |
Summary: Go deep, stay weird and get bent with Gaia, your guide to a conscious life.
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Podcasts:
Has the US Government been working with Nazi scientists? Are ET encounters really just man-made technologies? We'll take a deeper look into Episode 4 of Deep Space with producer Jay Weidner, who answers questions regarding Nazi involvement in America's Secret Space Program. Watch Episode 4: http://www.gaia.com/show/deep-space View the article: http://www.gaia.com/article/deeper-space
During World War Two, German engineers created the world’s first flying saucers using information gleaned from scientists and ancient technology. Deepen your exploration of the German Flying Saucers with author and adventurer David H. Childress who specializes in ancient and unexplained mysteries, including anti-gravity and UFOs. View the full article: http://www.gaia.com/article/deeper-space Deep Space Episode 3: http://www.gaia.com/video/german-flying-saucers
What recent discoveries in space exploration challenge our perspectives of existence, humanity, and significance in the universe? Dive deep into the anomalies on earth and in space with our new series Deep Space, and our postgame podcast Deeper Space, featuring journalist and x-file hunter Linda Moulton Howe. Learn more about Deep Space: www.gaia.com/seeking-truth/lp-deep-space.
Ancient civilizations inspire wonder, curiosity and questions about the origins of humanity. Many ancient sites have mysterious and advanced architecture and technology that archaeology cannot explain. Rewrite the story of human evolution and find clues to an alternative history in the mysteries of ancient civilizations on Deep Space: http://www.gaia.com/seeking-truth/lp-deep-space. | http://www.digitalpodcast.com/feeds/72657-deeper-space |
Having low self esteem is not only detrimental to your psychological well being, but also to your romantic relationships. In fact, confidence is a crucial part of building healthier relationships. If you struggle with deep insecurities, you are very likely to express them in front of your partner, one way or another.
Of course, it is entirely natural to have a fluctuating self esteem, especially when life presents its challenges. However, if your confidence is consistently low, you risk damaging your relationships as well as stunting your personal growth. Luckily, there are several ways you can overcome your low self esteem, including attending a relationship coaching retreat for individuals and learning to be honest with yourself.
Keep reading to learn how having a low-self esteem can affect your romantic relationships and what you can do to boost your self confidence.
How Does Self Esteem Affect Your Relationships?
Knowing your own worth is crucial for creating strong attachments. A significant lack of confidence can lead to the following relationship issues:
- Poor relationship choices: having a low self esteem can cause you to settle for less in terms of relationships. You may feel like you don’t deserve a partner who treats you well, and end up in relationships with individuals who are not right for you.
- Not being yourself: if you are constantly afraid of rejection and feelings of inadequacy, you may try to present yourself differently to your partner, acting in a way that goes against your principles or attitudes.
- Jealous and insecure behaviors: your low confidence can result in negative expectations in your relationships. For instance, you may feel like you don’t deserve your partner or that they may cheat on you or leave because you are not good enough.
- You need constant validation: you may constantly seek validation or reassurance from your partner, trying to prove yourself that you are worthy and lovable. Unfortunately, such attempts are often fruitless, and may even cause your partner to back away.
- You struggle with asserting yourself: if you believe you’re not good or worthy enough, you probably believe that your needs don’t matter. You may ignore your own wishes and desires in the relationship, which often results in resentment and bitterness.
Can Low Self Esteem Ruin A Relationship?
Low self esteem can have an immense impact on the success of your relationship. If you feel like you are worthless or unlovable, it can be hard for everyone else to see your true worth and love you for who you are. And, then at times, people in relationship with you will feel like they are doing something wrong.
For instance, you may be overly needy in your relationships, constantly smothering your partner trying to get their validation and attention. Unfortunately, such behaviors are more likely to distance your partner from the relationship and cause them to doubt their feelings for you. Similarly, if you ignore your own needs for too long, you might become passive aggressive or bitter towards your partner.
What Are The 4 Signs Of Low Self Esteem?
Wondering if you or someone close to you is struggling with low confidence and self esteem? Here are some behaviors to look out for:
Individuals with low self esteem are particularly sensitive to perceived criticism. They often take everything to heart and start feeling inadequate or incompetent at the slightest sign of disaproval from others. This can be a problem in both romantic and professional relationships.
If you struggle with confidence, you may have a hard time controlling your inner critic, but have a tendency to see other people in a highly idealized light. You might feel like everyone else is ahead of you, possessing more desirable traits and being far more successful than you, even if that is not necessarily true.
Due to your feelings of inadequacy, you may start to withdraw from your social circle in order to avoid hurt and shame. When you are alone, you don’t have to worry about other people’s opinion of you. You can feel competent only when you are free from their expectations.
Your fear of failure and lacking confidence can cause you to stay inside your bubble of safety, never peering out. You may take a slow approach to life, avoiding opportunities that may bring you immense benefit and joy, whether it’s in your emotional or professional life.
How Do You Deal With Low Self Esteem In A Relationship?
If your self esteem has caused a great deal of pain and discomfort in your relationship, don’t worry. Your confidence is not set in stone. Here’s what you can do to boost your self esteem:
Shut Down The Inner Critic
Catch your negative thoughts and try to counter them with thoughts that are more realistic and rational. You need to learn to be less harsh on yourself and practice self-care.
Find A Hobby
Focus on yourself instead of seeking constant validation from your partner. Picking up a hobby that works on your strengths will help boost your confidence and improve the relationship with your partner.
Get Professional Help
If your low self esteem keeps causing harm to your relationships, it may be time to seek out support from relationship coaches. They will help you understand the sources of your low self esteem and help you on your path towards reaching your potential.
Find Your Confidence At Our Private Couple Retreats For Reconnection
Are you tired of feeling like you’re not good enough? It may be time to take that first step towards learning to love yourself and improving your emotional relationships. At PIVOT, we offer highly insightful and transformative coaching sessions as well as a range of helpful retreats and workshops for couples that can help you break your bubble and leave the comfort zone.
Our PIVOT Advocates can help you reach within and find your worth without relying on external factors. We’ll help you overcome your core emotional wounds and uncover the unhealthy patterns you’ve been harboring. Reach out to PIVOT today. | https://www.lovetopivot.com/how-self-esteem-ruin-relationship-4-signs-deal-coaching-retreat/ |
You write a blog post, and it contains a number of unique elements, including a series of definitions from other web sites, quotes personal definitions from other bloggers, your own definition, and introduction to a video, and the video itself.
A few weeks later, you come across a blog post on another site which looks very familiar, though it’s postdated a couple of weeks later than your post.
It shares most of a title with your post, the same definitions from different web sites in the same order, your own definition, modified very slightly, an introduction to a video, and then the same video. It doesn’t include the quotes from the other bloggers, but otherwise the post is very similar.
The language of the post isn’t the same, but as I noted, it’s very similar, and the elements contained in both posts are in the same order.
When the writer of the newer post is contacted, he states that he never heard of you until you blogged about his post and he followed a reference from a link back to your site.
He also claims to have never heard of the site that your post is from, and that he came up with the post himself, even though there’s proof that he has interacted with you in the past a number of times.
Copyright is simply a protection authorized by law to the creators of artistic works to exclude others from earning money or recognition or other benefits from those authors’ works for a certain period of time.
Congress has acted to protect the rights of creators with copyright laws that have changed somewhat over time, but which offer those creators rights to exclude others from copying their works.
The US Copyright Office provides a number of resources that define copyright in the United States, and what it covers, and a good starting point on their site is Circular 1 – Copyright Basics (pdf).
Copyright does apply to content found on web sites, and the US Copyright Office has another circular that describes Copyright Registration for Online Works (pdf).
Copyright doesn’t protect ideas or information, but rather the expression of those ideas or information – however, it would be a mistake to assume that something has to be copied exactly to be an infringement of copyright.
So, to pursue a claim of copyright infringement doesn’t necessarily mean that an infringing work has to be identical to the original, but rather that the person responsible for infringing the work had access to the original work, and that the newer work is substantially similar to the original.
The similarity between the two works need not be literal (i.e., phrases, sentences or paragraphs need not be copied verbatim); substantial similarity may be found even if none of the words or brush strokes or musical notes are identical.
Various tests have been developed to determine whether there has been sufficient non-literal copying to constitute substantial similarity between a copyrighted work and an allegedly infringing work.
I’ve written about copyright protection in terms of US law, but copyright laws cover artistic works across the globe.
If you find that someone has copied the content of your page or pages, you may have the right to exclude their use of your content. It’s not a bad idea to contact an attorney who has some experience with pursuing a claim of copyright infringement to help you with your claim.
The use of infringing content doesn’t necessarily have to use exactly the same words as yours, and an attorney can help you get a sense of how a court might rule on a claim of infringement.
Future parts of this series will detail some of the defenses to copyright infringement, such as fair use and parody, information on how to collect evidence in the case of infringement, and how sites such as search engines and social bookmarking and voting sites can be informed of links on their sites that point to pages that infringe copyright.
Added: I’m adding a disclaimer to this post – While I have a law degree, I am not a practicing attorney, and these posts on copyright (more to come) are written to inform rather than as a definitive set of steps to take if confronted by copyright infringement. If you have a copyright dispute, and need legal guidance, you should contact an attorney who can take the specific facts of your case into account and advise you on the best course of action.
Copyright © 2005-2009, SEO by the SEA. All rights reserved.
Does this protect you ?
Good to see you. That’s a really good question. You can now have a copyright in a work even if you don’t include a notice, but there are some good reasons to include one.
The Copyrights Basics (pdf) document I linked to explains that, for works published in the US on or after March 1, 1989, you no longer need to include a notice to have copyright protection. Copyright laws that were adopted pursuant to the Bern Convention became effective on that date in the United States, and they didn’t require a copyright notice like the previous US copyright law had.
3) It shows the year of first publication.
Also, if a work is infringed, and a there is a proper notice of copyright on the the published copy (or on a copy that the defendant in a copyright infringement suit had access to), then the defendant can’t try to use a defense that their infringement was an innocent one, and that they didn’t know that the work was protected by copyright. That defense, in some instances might be used to significantly lessen the amount of monetary damages in an infringement law suit.
If you want to protect your copyright in a work, it’s not a bad idea to include a notice of copyright.
Is there a reason you DON’T want to disclose your educational background?
I don’t think it would change your disclaimer a bit, but I think it might be relevant to the readers.
I included the disclaimer because, if someone is considering taking legal action against someone else, I would definitely urge them to seek the advice of an attorney who could take the specifics of their particular case into consideration in telling them the best steps to take.
While I do have a Juris Doctor Degree, I’m not a practicing attorney. I may amend that disclaimer slightly.
What I’d like to know is what happens in the grey area of copyright infringement. If I create an image using a pencil tool and I colour in each pixel one at a time until I get an image which resembles an image on another site, this image is technically mine – how can someone attempt legal action?
Also, if I copyright data on a website to the company I’m designing for, does this mean that all images and text on this site are copyrighted with the company, not where they were originally sourced from? Are you free to use images and text on a site without any copyright notification?
If you are working on a web site as an employee of the company, then they may be the owners of the copyright. If you are contracting out to a company, then ideally your contract should define who the holder of the copyright is for the look and feel of the site, or its design, to avoid any confusion at all. It might not be a bad idea to also include a statement in that contract as to which law applies if your clients are located in a different legal jurisdiction than yours as well.
You might want to look at the Intellectual Property Office for issues involving the copyright law in the UK, or talk to an attorney or organization in the UK that specifically helps with copyright issues. They might be able to help you come up with something to include in your contracts that help define your rights in copyright on sites that you work upon.
In the US, a creator of a web page isn’t required to include copyright notices on their pages to gain copyright protection, and that’s true in the UK as well, according to the Copyright Basic Facts (pdf) publised by the Intellectual Property Office, but it’s not always true in other countries. Including a copyright notice isn’t a bad idea, because it makes it more clear to others who visit a page that the work on that page is copyrighted.
How is one to know if the copyright is legitimate. I see many amateur webmasters placing these notices on their sites and the haven’t got a clue what it really means, just ask my friend. If two sites are similar, whats stopping the person who copies from putting their copyright date before the other persons?
The intent behind a copyright notice is to give other people notice that the content on a page has been copyrighted, rather than to act as proof of the date of publication. The copyright notice itself doesn’t give “legitimacy,” to one person or another, and an author can have a copyright in something regardless of whether or not they even have a copyright notice these days. If someone infringes another’s copyright, the act of predating notice on the copyright will not stop the copyright holder from taking legal action if they are so inclined.
While I am a little late coming in on this one I think that this might be useful for anyone who might come across this post in the future and be wondering about adding the “copyright” tag to a webpage or any other work they have done.
For people who are not in the know within this area they may not realise something they are looking at is actually protected and might feel that they are allowed to copy the work but having this kind of notice will put them off. Legally adding it or not may or may not give an additional layer of protection but I think that having it there is better than not if you are wanting to protect your work.
Putting myself on the other side of the fence in the shoes of someone who is looking to steal someones work, I would be more more inclined to steal the work of someone who has not included a notice on their work than someone who has. This is just because really it makes me think that the person who has the notice would be more serious about pursuing me should the infringement come to light.
It used to be that you had to include a copyright notice under copyright law, but that changed a number of years ago. The notice isn’t required for copyright to still take effect, but I’ll agree that it’s helpful to include it for people who might not know any better.
Sorry but I am more than mildly amused that I’m reading this blog post while viewing a pirated version of The Blind Side that threatened me with federal imprisonment – the line between legality and best practices often seems a rather arbitrary one at times!:) Thank’s for the analysis though – certainly better to be clued up on these issues before the fact.
Those FBI warnings threatening everyone with prosecution under federal criminal copyright statutes are very misleading. But it does help to know something about the laws surrounding copyright – especially if you write regularly on the Web, or are a site owner.
The article states that fair use will be covered in a later article but this concept is integral to getting a handle on the concept of copyright infringement in the USA so I thought a link to some info appropriate. The American Library Association has a nice summary of the topic.
There is no bright line for fair use. It’s a quagmire so be careful when relying upon this as a defense.
Pardon for jumping in a bit late in the conversation. It’s true that it has become super easy to copy and reprint original works in the digital age. As an artist, I’m split on sites such as Pinterest that haphazardly pin “borrowed” art/etc., without necessarily crediting the authors. Yes, there’s exposure, but who’s benefiting?
Litigation for most people is not an option, unless you’re like Shepard Fairey and who’s “derived” art has become a national fair use debate of who owns what.
Next Next post: Are Two Queries Better Than One in Targeting Search Advertisements (or Search Results)? | http://www.seobythesea.com/2009/01/copyrights-and-copy-wrongs-what-is-copyright-and-copyright-infringement/ |
Tail Recursion in Scala
Recursion is a method which breaks the problem into smaller subproblems and calls itself for each of the problems. That is, it simply means function calling itself. The tail recursive functions better than non tail recursive functions because tail-recursion can be optimized by compiler. A recursive function is said to be tail recursive if the recursive call is the last thing done by the function. There is no need to keep record of the previous state.
For tail recursion function a package
import scala.annotation.tailrec will be used in the program.
Syntax:
@tailrec def FuntionName(Parameter1, Parameter2, ...): type = …
Let us understand tail recursion by examples.
Example :
Output:
6
As we can see in above example
@tailrec is used for gcd function that is tail recursion function. By using tail recursion no need to keep record of the previous state of gcd function.
Example :
Output:
120
In the above code, we can use the
@tailrec annotation to confirm that our algorithm is tail recursive.
If we use this annotation and our algorithm isn’t tail recursive, the compiler will complain. For instance, if we attempt to use this annotation on the above example of the factorial method, we will get the following compile-time error.
Example :
Output:
Could not optimize @tailrec annotated method factorial: it contains a recursive call not in tail position. | https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tail-recursion-in-scala/?ref=leftbar-rightbar |
Given descriptions, diagrams, scenarios, or chemical symbols, students will model covalent bonds using electron dot formula (Lewis structures).
Forms of Energy
Given diagrams, illustrations, or descriptions, students will identify the types of energy.
Law of Conservation of Energy: Heat Transfer
Given illustrations, scenarios, descriptions, and/or diagrams, students will demonstrate understanding of heat transfer.
Thermochemical Equations
Given descriptions, diagrams, scenarios, or chemical symbols, students will calculate the energy changes and identify exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Calorimetry
Given scenarios, illustrations, or descriptions, students will identify the process of calorimetry and calculate the heat of a chemical process.
Water
Given scenarios, descriptions, or illustrations, the student will determine the properties of water that affect chemical and biological systems.
Types of Motion
Students will distinguish between and/or interpret the types of motion.
Gravity
Using interactives, students will demonstrate that gravity is the force that governs the motion of our solar system.
Types of Science Investigations
Students will distinguish between descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations.
Experimental Design
Given investigation scenarios and lab procedures, students will identify independent variables, dependent variables, constants, and control groups.
Question and Purpose
Given laboratory investigation scenarios, students will determine the question or purpose of the procedure.
Hypothesis
Given a series of statements, students will determine if statements are testable hypotheses and determine the hypothesis that best fits a given procedure.
Data Organization
Given field and laboratory scenarios and laboratory data, students will construct data tables and graphs, using repeated trials and means to organize data.
Data Analysis
Given laboratory investigation data in the form of tables, charts, and graphs, students will analyze and predict trends from the data.
Conclusions and Scientific Explanations
Given laboratory investigation data, students will determine the best conclusion based upon that data.
Measurement
Given investigation quantitative data, students will determine its degree of precision and/or accuracy and causes for uncertainties in measured data.
Scientific Models
Given a description or illustration of various models, students will describe how these models represent the natural world and evaluate the advantages and limitations of the models.
Origins and Meanings of Foreign Words and Phrases (English II Reading)
You will become acquainted with the origins and meanings of foreign words and phrases frequently used in English texts.
Reference Materials (e.g., dictionaries, thesauri, glossaries) Printed and Electronic (English II Reading)
You will learn how to use dictionaries, glossaries, and thesauri in order to determine meanings of words and phrases, including their denotations, connotations, and etymologies.
Meter and Rhyme (English II Reading)
You will learn to analyze the meter, rhyme scheme, line length, punctuation, and word position in poetry. | https://www.texasgateway.org/resource-index?f%5B0%5D=%3A1&f%5B1%5D=%3A4&f%5B2%5D=audience%3AStudents&f%5B3%5D=grade_range%3A2&f%5B4%5D=grade_range%3A5&f%5B5%5D=grade_range%3A7&f%5B6%5D=grade_range%3A10&f%5B7%5D=resource_type%3AStudent%20activity&f%5B8%5D=subject%3AELA%20%26%20Reading&f%5B9%5D=subject%3AELL%20Support&f%5B10%5D=subject%3AScience&%3Bf%5B1%5D=sm_field_resource_grade_range%3A4&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B1%5D=im_field_resource_subject%3A27256&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B2%5D=im_field_resource_subject%3A4&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B3%5D=sm_field_resource_grade_range%3A0&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B4%5D=sm_field_resource_type%3Apro_dev&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B5%5D=sm_field_resource_grade_range%3A12 |
Debate regarding how to conduct digital anthropology is currently contested, with two primary methodologies emerging: researchers who conduct projects wholly in cyber- space, and those who look at the use of digital technologies by their informants, contextualised in the offline world. This paper suggests a third way, arguing that immer- sive cohabitation is possible where online and offline fieldsites are viewed as part of a larger blended field. This paper builds on two years’ ethnographic fieldwork with Instagram to call for immersive cohabitation as a new method to be considered by digital anthropologists and ethnographers. Further to this blended approach, this paper argues for a move beyond participant observation to working as observing participants in the virtual. This dual approach restructures current anthropological methods for digital working to enhance the quality and depth of data collection whilst ensuring the continued currency of the anthropologist in a rapidly modernising and increasingly digitised world. | https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/legitimising-digital-anthropology-through-immersive-cohabitation(0b989b78-e2b6-4c91-aa9f-bdfff16cf417).html |
Stage entertainment got participants ready for their walk.
Hundreds of people turned out to walk under the bright lights of the Illuminations in memory of cancer victims.
More than 800 people took in the world famous lights as part of Trinity Hospice’s Neon Memory Walk, which for the first time in its 11-year history welcomed men for its five or eight-mile walk on Saturday night.
Everyone was encouraged to accessorise for the popular Neon Walk event.
Over the years the event, formerly known as Illumathon, has raised £829,000 for the Bispham-based hospice, and this year the fundraising team say more than £40,000 was raised, with sponsorship still to come in.
A spokesman for the charity said: “The Illumathon was always a very popular event, and this year the Neon Memory Walk has been no different.
“We knew men had wanted to take part in the past, so we decided it was time to open up this event for everyone.
“It was very moving hearing the stories of everyone taking part, but wonderful to see everyone come together under the Illuminations to remember those they had lost.
Walkers got dressed up for the occasion.
“We are extremely grateful to everyone who took part and helped to support our work for everyone who needs our services on the Fylde coast.
Taking a well deserved rest.
Some of the walkers who completed the walk.
Men were welcome on the walk for the first time this year.
There was a medal and a goodie bag for everyone who took part. | https://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/news/walk-under-the-lights-raises-40k-for-trinity-1-9344105 |
Achieve Your Life Goals Wisely with These Goal Setting Tips
Overview Paragraph: To accomplish something, you first need to have a plan in mind, and that means setting goals and meeting objectives. These tips and strategies will help you define your goals and take steps toward achieving them. As you examine and refine your goals and measure your progress, you'll become a better person and a happier one. There's nothing more rewarding than seeing the future you envision for your life come true before your eyes.
If you really want to achieve something, you're going to have to take concrete steps to get there. That means visualizing what you want to accomplish and determining exactly what it will take to achieve your goals. It also means setting deadlines and creating milestones along the way. As you visualize your goals and accomplish them with realistic and measurable steps, these tips will help.
Define Your Goals
Goal setting could be described as making a plan, then creating the circumstances that will allow it to work. It's basically imagining a detailed vision of what you want your future to look like and creating actionable steps to make that vision come true. This will involve setting long term goals to improve your happiness, quality of life and sense of achievement. You'll also include short-term goals along the way to serve as milestones that tell you you're on the right track.
As you work to define your goals, you'll want to write down all of your ideas. It's impossible to remember every part of your plan, and making a detailed record of your goals and how you're going to achieve them will help you stay focused. It also provides a way to measure how far you've come and where you're going.
If you ever feel confused or wonder if you're following the plan as you originally intended, it will help to go back and look over what you decided in the beginning. Also, the act of writing something down makes it seem more real and gives you motivation to keep moving forward. Invest in a goal planner and keep it nearby – you won't regret it.
Examine Your Goals
Creating a plan for your life and defining the goals you want to achieve involves a lot of self-reflection. Why do you want to achieve these goals? Is your motivation to please others, or is it to be the best you can be for your own estimation of who you are? Make sure you're defining your life according to the values that matter to you. Be clear about why you want to get where you're going and how it will benefit your life.
It's best to be realistic and set goals that you know are achievable. For example, you might decide that a fitness goal is to hit the gym three times a week, rather than losing 10 pounds a month. As long as you're fulfilling the steps you've set for yourself, you're moving forward and you'll start to see results.
Decide whether your goals work together well. For instance, a goal of finding a life partner and starting a family won't mesh with making it into top management within a year. That's why you have short-term and long-term goals. While you're figuring out where you want to be ten years from now, you can also take realistic short-term steps to achieve the kind of future you're trying to create.
Formulate Your Goals
First, look at your goals according to where they fit into your life. This includes defining professional or career aspirations separately from personal goals like spiritual and physical ones. Generally, career and financial goals tend to fit well in a five or ten-year plan while personal achievement goals are more suited to short-term planning. However, there are elements of both in every goal you set.
When you first start writing down your goals, remember that this is just a rough draft. Write as many goals as you can come up with, and include specifics when possible. After you create the big picture of what you want to achieve, you can refine this into your top several goals and make sure they fit together well.
In order to make realistic goals and achieve them, you'll have to make room in your life for them. Your goal planner will help with this. Make sure that you keep a record of important dates on your calendar because these dates will act as landmarks for how far you've come and how much you still need to achieve. They'll also be a record of how much time you're actually giving to making your goals into realities.
Identify Milestones
What is the goal, how do you want to accomplish it, and how long will that take? These are the questions to ask yourself when goal setting. Part of figuring out how to get there it is setting concrete milestones that show the progress you're making. Break each goal down into steps to be accomplished in a logical order. This is where it helps to coordinate your goals and figure out which ones complement each other.
You'll use your time to best effect by working on more than one goal at a time. For example, if you have the goal of walking more and the goal of being more sociable, you can walk in your own neighborhood and take a few minutes to stop and chat with the neighbors. That gives you a chance to get to know them better at the same time that you're getting some exercise.
Decide on a timeline for each goal and include markers in your planner that give you a sense of how much you've accomplished in a particular amount of time. Trips, special events, birthdays and holidays are all milestones that give you the opportunity to look back and see how much you've accomplished.
Educate Yourself
Life is all about learning, and as you take this journey you'll learn the best ways to use positive energy to reach your goals. Make to-do lists as a regular way to reach short-term goals. Just make sure that they're things you can reasonably accomplish in a short amount of time, and don't make the lists too long.
In order to achieve what you want in life, you also have to learn to take good care of yourself. Arrange your life so that you get enough sleep at night, regular exercise that you enjoy, and access to healthy food. Time for yourself, quietly reading, playing video games or just watching the sun set with a beer in your hand, is a necessity.
Reaching your life goals, and even the milestones along the way, involves personal growth on your part. Take a look at others who are staying on track and working toward their goals to see what you can learn from them. Start your day with some quiet time to visualize your goals and the accomplishments you've made so far. Be thankful for what you've already achieved.
Refine Your Goals
Achieving your goals is an ongoing process, and they won't be immutable. The task of refining your goals involves deciding which ones are the most vital and whether they mesh with your other goals. You may have to do some shifting around to make sure that the high-priority goals get the attention they need. Using your time well and wisely will help you give attention to the goals that matter the most.
One way to prioritize your goals is to work on having 'SMART' goals. This acronym stands for:
- Specific – a clear and well-defined objective
- Measurable – milestones that will show progress
- Attainable – a realistic goal that takes into account your resources
- Relevant – a goal that fits in with the overall plan for your life
- Time-based – an objective that has a starting and ending point
The SMART system of examining your goals will help you determine how well they mesh with each other and whether they're logically achievable. Once you've laid out your goals, use your energy to make sure that you're meeting them. Don't waste time on things that don't give you pleasure or help you move forward in life. Think hard about how you spend your time and which parts of your life can be cut down to make room for what's important to you.
Enlist the Help of Others
Don't be reluctant to share your journey with supportive friends and family. Let them know about the goals you're striving to reach. Life's a lot easier when you have encouragement for your successes and understanding when you don't quite get there. This also adds a dimension of accountability to others, and that gives you even more motivation to make it.
Spend time with friends that are also trying to improve themselves so that you can support each other. This is an opportunity for all of you to bounce ideas off each other and get some help in clarifying goals. You'll also be able to learn from each other's mistakes and successes.
Measure Your Goals
Having a written record of your goals is one of the most useful tools for measuring them. A planner/journal helps you track where you're at in the process. For goals with specific progress markers, it's a great feeling to cross off accomplishments. Reading your goal tracker is also a reminder of how to achieve your goals as you go along.
For example, if one of your goals is to spend less money eating out, make sure that you keep track of how many times you do it and how much it costs. Seeing the amount of money you've saved each month might encourage you to eat at home even more often. Keeping track of the success you've achieved is the fuel that fires your continued motivation to keep going.
As you read and write in your journal/planner, make notes about the good things you've accomplished. When you feel proud of yourself, write it down so you'll remember. This positive encouragement will still be there when your goals are off the rails and life's not as rewarding. Going back and seeing the progress you've made and the good things you accomplished is an uplifting exercise to help you get through those times.
Reward Yourself
When you achieve a goal, even completing a to-do list, it's time for a reward. It doesn't have to cost a lot or be a big thing. Give yourself an hour of surfing the net for pure pleasure, buy a double-shot caramel latte, or get that wallet you've been needing. Along with paying attention to the good things about yourself, you need to give yourself a pat on the back for your accomplishments.
As much as achieving goals is important to you, the focus should be on how far you've come more than the end result. The journey toward getting to where you want to be is the most vital part of goal-setting because that's living your life. Rewards are important because it's not healthy or productive to always deprive yourself in expectation of future accomplishments.
So, go ahead and buy the golf clubs when you get the promotion you've been waiting for. Take your date out to a fancy restaurant and a play, and don't forget to enjoy it yourself. Every time you reach a milestone toward your eventual goal, it's time to celebrate your progress.
Reevaluate Your Goals
Nothing is static in life, and that includes your goals. Over time, you might need to tweak some of them and abandon others altogether, and that's okay. Living life is a dynamic process, and nothing stays the same forever. Having a plan makes the desired outcome much more likely, but it has to be a flexible plan that evolves along with you.
Start by examining the goals and desires you initially came up with. Are your aspirations in life still basically the same or have they shifted? Importantly, evaluate whether the things you've achieved so far have made you happy. Look over your notes and track what worked for you and what didn't.
Once you've done this, you're ready to begin again with your new set of objectives and goals. They may be substantially the same as before, or they may have evolved along with the rest of your life. In the meantime, you've made progress toward your vision of the future.
Goals Lead to a Better Life
The life that is examined is far more likely to be one that makes you happy. Everyone has an idea of what they want to achieve, but sometimes they don't have a clear picture of how to get there. Remember that, even if you don't achieve the goals you initially set, you've still been living a life that's mindful of what's important to you. Chances are, you're doing much better overall than you would have been without any kind of plan. | https://mensgrowth.com/goal-setting-set-achieve-measurable-goals-life/ |
NEW YORK — The Interstellar Probe, an ambitious concept to journey toward the edge of the solar system, is inching closer to becoming a reality. During a panel event held at The Explorers Club here on Oct. 17, scientists discussed the idea of sending a spacecraft 90 billion miles (145 billion kilometers) away from the sun.
Earth and its sibling planets bob around our solar system like goldfish in a bowl, which, in this case, is a boundary produced by the sun. Now, imagine if a fish could send a probe outside the bowl to learn about its place in your living room. This funny thought is a bit like the idea behind the Interstellar Probe.
Sending scientific instruments to the edge of the heliosphere, or the sun's region of influence, is like going to the edge of a fish bowl. Getting outside the heliosphere and looking back at the solar system — beyond the bowl — could inform a whole new scientific perspective about our place in the cosmos.
Related: A Wild 'Interstellar Probe' Mission Idea Is Gaining Momentum
Space technology has evolved to enable new science missions. Groundbreaking investigations have been supported by tech ranging from orbiting space telescopes to the cameras onboard up-close-and-personal missions like Cassini, Juno and New Horizons, which have taken incredibly sharp images of Saturn, Jupiter and Pluto, respectively.
"What we've never done is take a spacecraft and put it outside of our entire solar system," Jason Kalirai, an astrophysicist at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab in Maryland, said during the panel.
The sun influences a region around itself where Earth, comets and other planets move about. This "bubble" acts like a barrier to keep out dangerous cosmic radiation and keep in the charged particles released by the sun, which are essential for plants and humans. By sending a probe into interstellar space, scientists could better understand how this bubble formed and what the bubbles surrounding other stars might be like.
The kinds of questions that we can ask about the heliosphere while we are still inside of it are subject to a number of different biases, according to Princeton University heliophysicist Jamey Szalay, who was also part of the panel. As he put it, an interstellar mission is "the next order of magnitude step" after Voyager.
NASA's Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft, which launched in 1977, became the first probes to exit the solar system. In August 2012, Voyager 1 reached interstellar space as it observed that it was surrounded by a 9% increase in galactic cosmic rays coming from outside the solar system. Voyager 2 entered interstellar space six years later, in November 2018. The incredible duo continues to send back data to Earth, and is a testament to multigenerational scientific exploration.
While it is still in its early stages, NASA hopes that its Space Launch System (SLS) rocket will take the Interstellar Probe to the edge of our "fishbowl" in less time than Voyager 1's 35-year journey. According to a panel comment from Rob Stough, the utilization manager for the SLS, the rocket's next-generation heavy-lift launch capability could support the Interstellar Probe and its potential legacy.
Researchers are still deciding which spot on the heliosphere fish bowl to aim the probe toward. "We're not exactly sure which direction [to take] out into the interstellar medium," Michael Paul, Interstellar Probe Study Lead at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, told Space.com before the panel discussion. "Do we go in a direction that follows the Voyagers, do we go in a direction that is indicated by new science that [will] come in from missions like IMAP, that IBEX has shown us, [or] do we take a new direction altogether?"
"We don't know which direction we're going to leave in yet … [and] we are open-minded about where we are going to visit on the way out," Paul added.
There's still plenty to sort out, but enthusiasm is already in place and growing for the Interstellar Probe.
- Hubble Space Telescope Spots Interstellar Comet Borisov (Video)
- Is Interstellar Travel Really Possible? | https://www.space.com/interstellar-probe-explorers-club-nyc.html |
presurgical preparation.
The researchers propose to pursue three interrelated specific aims:
- (Aim 1): Determine the acute effects of self-hypnotic relaxation on pain and anxiety.
Strictly defined methods of self-hypnotic relaxation (Group I), will be tested against
empathic attention (Group II) and the routine standard of care (Group III) in a
prospective randomized study with 240 patients undergoing large core breast biopsy. The
impact of the treatment will be validated by comparing during the procedure among
groups subjective measures of pain and anxiety as well as objective physiologic
indicators of pain and anxiety (frequency of significant increases in heart rate and
blood pressure).
- (Aim 2): Determine the delayed effects of self-hypnotic relaxation. Patients' levels
of pain, anxiety, and stress will be recorded through days 1-5 after the biopsy and
compared among groups. Stress levels measurements will be based on an objective test
(the amount of the stress hormone cortisol in the patient's saliva).
- (Aim 3): Determine the effect of the initial self-hypnotic relaxation on distress with
upcoming subsequent surgery in women with proven breast cancer. When patients have to
return for surgery because their biopsy revealed malignant cells, they will be given
questionnaires assessing their degree of perceived stress , anxiety, and preoccupation
with their upcoming surgery. Comparison among groups will show the durability of the
initial hypnotic intervention.
The researchers hypothesize that:
- Self-hypnotic relaxation reduces pain and anxiety during large core breast biopsy
- Self-hypnotic relaxation at the time of biopsy reduces post-biopsy stress
- Teaching patients coping skills at the critical time of the breast biopsy reduces the
patients' distress with upcoming breast surgery.
Upon completion, a short periprocedural self-hypnotic intervention will be validated by
rigorous and practical assessment in 240 patients. The relative performance of
self-hypnotic relaxation will be known compared to standard care and empathic controls in a
well-characterized population of patients with a standardized biopsy wound. The durability
of an intervention given at the earliest possible moment of breast cancer diagnosis will be
established. This opens the way to future study designs addressing long-term effects on
health behavior and psycho-physiologic phenomena.
Interventional
Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Open Label
Anxiety Ratings at Specified Time Point During the Procedure
Self-reported anxiety on a scale of 0-10 with 0=no anxiety to 10=worst possible anxiety. Patients self-reported anxiety at the beginning (time 0), every 10 minutes, and at the end of their biopsy procedure on a 0-10 numeric verbal anxiety scale (0=no anxiety at all, 10=worst possible anxiety). Participants were followed for the duration of the biopsy procedure, an average of 43 min. | http://www.knowcancer.com/cancer-trials/NCT00122369/ |
Lope National Park Gabon is one of the only parks in Africa where you can see the Mandrills. No other park in Central Africa is considered more vital for primates than Lopé National Park, the oldest and one of the most astounding biospheres on the African continent. Lope National Park Gabon is home to over 1400 endangered mandrills as well as 420 bird species, the national park is equally a stronghold for western gorillas, sun-tailed guenon, black colobus, chimpanzee and forest elephants who thrive in the forest gallery and fingers of lush, misty savannah interacting landscapes that were created at the end of the last Ice Age almost 12,000 years ago. The parks vast wilderness covers 5,360km2 of virgin forest and intersects pockets of misty savannahs in its northern boundary. The first protected area in Gabon which was established in 1946, this UNESCO World Heritage-listed park nurtures one of Africa’s most important prehistoric sites and ecologically significant reserves for primates.
Animals to see in Lope National Park Gabon
Keeping company with large herds of forest elephants, forest buffalo and a variety of smaller mammals are leopard, golden cat, red river hog, sitatunga, yellow backed duiker and various species of monkeys and apes 4000 western lowland gorillas, chimpanzee and sun-tailed guenon. An endemic species to Gabon, this long tailed monkey was only discovered just over three decades ago and lives within the hidden forests of the northern end of the park.
Bordered by two tributaries of the Ogooué— one of Africa’s legendary African rivers, Lopé also served as an ancient trade and migration corridor along the Congo Basin for pygmy tribes. Today, the Ogooué River Valley’s deep ridges and forest gallery is a veritable hotspot for prehistoric antiquities and rich, tribal culture. So much, the recent discovery of over 1800 Iron-Age petroglyphs and scant traces of Stone-Age and Iron-Age settlements and artefacts revealed just how significant the region was to Africa’s human evolution over the past 400,000 years. Now an inscribed UNESCO World Heritage Site, you can visit the park’s eco-museum and delve into the heritage of the Bantu tribes, and the park’s profusion of flora and wildlife of every ilk.
Where to stay in Lope National Park Gabon
Hotels where to stay include Moabi Tented Camp is located in the midst of rolling savannah at the northern end of the park, just 40-minutes from Lopé National Park Station. An exclusive location that allows you to move with the wildlife and get close to the action.
Creating the sensation of a grand mobile safari, each of the camp’s six guest tents have been kitted out with classic safari-style furnishings. Private quarters lit by the luminous glow of parrafin lamps and an extended sitting area where the views are infinite. You also dine beneath the stars on grilled campfire meats, salads and wine at an elegant dining table; a setting where forest elephants, red river hogs or buffalos may also cross your path. For a rested sleep, comfortable beds draped with billowing mosquito netting are ready made for blissful slumber. Only you and a chorus of seranading insects of the savannah.
How to get to Lope National Park
If you’re travelling directly to Lopé from Libreville, The Trans Gabon Railway offers the most comfortable experience. Overnighting in the capital upon arrival to Gabon, the air-conditioned train departs at 16.00PM, to Owendo Station [40 minutes from downtown] where you board the express train in first class to the national park, arriving in Lopé at 01.00AM. Though the service comes with meals, we recommend that you bring additional snacks, drinks and something to drape around your shoulders when the air conditioning ramps up. It is also important to note that PGWC will only book your passage on this express train.
The safari includes several walking treks when tracking mandrills and other wildlife. To enjoy the trip you should be physically fit and capable of walking a minimum of 5 km on hikes over rough terrain. Excursions also include treks to Mt Brazza and other forest trails. You will have an expert Gabonese tracker who will guide you on the trip.
Why book your Safari to Lope National Park Gabon with Eco Adventure Safaris
Eco Adventure Safaris offers unrivalled and professional tour and travel services in Gabon. Eco Adventure Safaris boosts of a professional office and field team that takes care of all your requests and inquiries. We are highly recommended on trip advisor as well as Trust pilot. Our website is one of the best and reliable point to help you start preparing for your Gabon safari as we have the best and update information that you can rely on. Please feel free to contact us here about safari trip to Lope National Park Gabon. | https://ecoadventuresafaris.com/lope-national-park-gabon/ |
Stroop performance in focal lesion patients: dissociation of processes and frontal lobe lesion location.
There were three primary objectives: to examine the usefulness of the Stroop interference effect as a measure of frontal lobe function; to investigate the possibility of distinct lesion effects for word reading or color naming; and to specifically determine the brain regions necessary for the performance of the incongruent condition. Fifty-one patients with single focal brain lesions in frontal and non-frontal regions and 26 normal control subjects (CTL) were administered the word reading, color naming and incongruent conditions of the Stroop task. Only frontal lesions produced significant impairment. Patients with posterior lesions were not significantly deficient in any condition. Damage to the left dorsolateral frontal lobe resulted in increased errors and slowness in response speed for color naming. Contrary to Perret (Neuropsychology, 1974; 12: 323-330), lesions of the left frontal lobe did not result in a selective interference deficit on the Stroop incongruent condition. Rather, bilateral superior medial frontal damage was associated with increased errors and slowness in response time for the incongruent condition. This result is interpreted as failure of maintenance of consistent activation of the intended response in the incongruent Stroop condition. The results and conclusion are compatible with the prevalent theories of both the Stroop effect and the role of the superior medial frontal regions. The role of the anterior cingulate cortex on performance of the Stroop task is likely related to task and patient context.
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The idea that everyone is a unique individual operating only as an individual is too simplistic a notion. The reality is everyone works within groups where interactions often affect a person’s behavior. At work, an individual is either an owner with employees or part of the staff. Companies are successful when everyone works together to make the company profitable.
In sports, everyone plays on a team, in a league or participates in a tournament. Again, success or failure is usually determined by people operating for the common good of the others within the team or group of teams. The point is most people interact within groups.
At home, everyone is part of some kind of family structure. It might include a spouse and kids, parents and kids or perhaps close friends living together as roommates or partners. Even if someone’s relationships are difficult, they still exist. When people live within close proximity of each other, they have the ability to profoundly affect how each other feels and behaves. They may not even be aware of the effect they are having.
How Addiction Affects the Family
When an individual is suffering from addiction, the consequences are not limited to the person themselves. The entire family unit is impacted by the individual’s behavior. Many times, family members feel a sense of guilt thinking they could do more for their loved one or place the blame on themselves. Addiction puts family members under a significant amount of stress as it disrupts normal routines and causes frightening experiences. As a result of this stress, family members develop unhealthy coping methods to try and maintain balance in the household. Some of the consequences of addiction within the family include:
- Safety concerns: In some cases, severe addiction puts the safety of other family members at risk. Addiction causes behavioral changes that could potentially put family members, including children, in harm’s way.
- Negative emotions: In families dealing with substance addiction, negative emotions such as guilt, shame, resentment, anger, and anxiety usually arise frequently.
- Communication: Addiction usually causes an individual to withdraw and isolate themselves from those around them. This creates a lack of positive communication in the family unit with family needs being overlooked.
- Denial. In many cases, an individual will deny that their addiction is causing any negative impact. In some situations, family members will also deny their loved one’s addiction either due to embarrassment or they simply cannot understand it.
- Responsibilities. When a person’s life revolves around their addiction, they cannot keep up with their responsibilities within the family. This results in other members of the family having to take on those responsibilities. This could be a person taking on too many responsibilities or even responsibilities that are not age-appropriate, such as a young child caring for their even younger siblings when their parent doesn’t.
- Relationships. Substance abuse and addiction can damage severely damage family relationships. This could impact family dynamics for generations to come. In order to repair family relationships, Family Systems Therapy is needed.
When it comes to addiction treatment, there’s a form of treatment that focuses on the family unit. There might be some individual therapy used to identify problems and try to develop solutions, but Family Systems Therapy is mostly focused on the family unit and how that unit might be affecting the individual’s addiction.
What is Family Systems Therapy
Advocates for the use of Family Systems Therapy in treating addictions believe that behaviors are created because of interactions within the family unit. Family therapists believe in two very important things. First, they believe they can identify the basis for certain behaviors by observing family members and how they interact with the family. They can identify pecking order, where friction and resentment might exist and where the emotional support within the family lies. Translation. They believe they can identify each family member’s role within the family and how it creates family dynamics.
When they identify issues within the family that could be promoting the drug user’s desire to abuse substances, they further believe they can help the client by helping to resolve family issues and mend relationships. That really is the essence of family therapy. The therapist sets out to find out what’s not working properly within the family unit and subsequently offers solutions to resolve issues.
How Family Therapy Works
A family unit is described as a group of persons with some level of mental, emotional or physical dependence upon each other. That could potentially include very close friendships if the individuals have reliance upon each other for care and camaraderie.
In order for Family Systems Therapy to be effective, there has to be as much family participation as possible. Hopefully, loved ones will be willing to come together for the benefit of the individual who is suffering from addiction. If and when they do participate, open and honest communication is absolutely essential to the treatment process.
During family therapy sessions, the therapist initially takes on the role of an observer. While prompting family members to interact and discuss issues, the clinician bides their time by taking notes and deciphering the dynamics within the family. While the focus is generally on viewing the family dynamics in terms of how they might be creating the drug user’s desire to self-medicate and escape problems, there could certainly be benefits from family therapy for the other participants. In a perfect world, everyone involved in the process will experience some level of healing.
Family Systems Therapy Techniques
There are a variety of treatment techniques from which a family therapist can choose. They will determine the most suitable technique based on their initial perceptions of where the real issues may lie. Remember, the emphasis of treatment is communication between family members. The goal of treatment is to find the root causes of the client’s problems so solutions can be instituted.
A favorite technique among family therapists is a restatement of content. During this process, family members will take turns making statements while the other family members listen. The other family members then get an opportunity to repeat or rephrase what they heard. Therapists use this exercise to strengthen the ability of family members to deliver a message that is clear while the receivers are able to improve their ability to understand where the speaker is coming from. The underlying goal of this approach is picking up clues about previous family events, successes, and failures, that may be influencing the client’s behavior.
Another interesting activity is “the empty chair” conversation. The process starts with an empty chair. The therapist will ask one family member to speak to the chair as though it’s a key family member. The goal of this technique is to give family members the opportunity to address one another without having to incur confrontations. Chairs don’t talk back.
Finally, there’s another popular family therapy technique experts call “sculpting.” During this process, the client is asked to physically arrange the participating family members based on their alliances. This technique gives the therapist a clear idea about family hierarchy and where fractured relationships might be evident.
Finding Solutions
At the end of the day, Family Systems Therapy is supposed to help resolve family issues. This is a critical component of treatment because family members need to be willing to accept the role of support as their addicted loved one goes into recovery. A lot of people get sober. The ones who stay sober are the ones who seem to have a solid set of relapse prevention resources.
If you feel family issues are driving your need to abuse substances, there’s a high likelihood Family Systems Therapy would be useful in your treatment. It’s a wonderful thing when the sources of your problems become the solutions to your problems. For more information about family therapy and how it works, please give us a call. | https://310recovery.com/services/family-systems-therapy/ |
The story of fireman Guy Montag first appeared in "The Fireman", a short story by Ray Bradbury published in Galaxy Science Fiction in 1951. Montag's story was expanded two years later, in 1953, and was published as Fahrenheit 451. While the novel is most often classified as a work of science fiction, it is first and foremost a social criticism warning against the danger of censorship. Fahrenheit 451 uses the genre of science fiction, which enjoyed immense popularity at the time of the book's publication, as a vehicle for his message that unchecked oppressive government irreparably damages society by limiting the creativity and freedom of its people. In particular, the "dystopia" motif popular in science fiction - a futuristic technocratic and totalitarian society that demands order and harmony at the expense of individual rights - serves the novel well.
Developed in the years following World War II, Fahrenheit 451 condemns not only the anti-intellectualism of the defeated Nazi party in Germany, but more immediately the intellectually oppressive political climate of the early 1950's - the heyday of McCarthyism. That such influential fictional social criticisms such as Orwell's Animal Farm 1984 and Skinner's Walden Two were published just a few short years prior to Fahrenheit 451 is not coincidental. These works reveal a very real apprehension of the danger of the US evolving into an oppressive, authoritarian society in the post-WWII period.
On a more personal level, Bradbury used Fahrenheit 451 as a vehicle through which to protest what he believed to be the invasiveness of editors who, through their strict control of the books they printed, impair writers' originality and creativity. Ironically, Fahrenheit 45I, itself a vehicle of protest against censorship, has often been edited for foul language.
Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury's most popular novel, has been reprinted scores of times since initially published in 1953. The lessons of this American classic, the dangers of censorship and government control, have become increasingly important and the novel is as relevant today as it was when first written.
Mackey, Erin. Shelby, C. ed. "Fahrenheit 451 Study Guide". GradeSaver, 16 October 2005 Web. | https://www.gradesaver.com/fahrenheit-451 |
Other Ingredients: Olive oil, gelatin, glycerin, beeswax, water, annatto extract (color), and zinc oxide (color).
Directions: Take one softgel daily or as directed by your healthcare practitioner. Do not exceed recommended dosage unless directed by your healthcare practitioner.
This product is non-GMO and gluten-free.
Warning: If pregnant or nursing, taking other nutritional supplements or medications, or if taking anticoagulants, consult your healthcare provider before use. Keep out of the reach of children.
Notice: This product contains vitamin D at a level that exceeds the adult tolerable upper intake level. It is highly recommended that serum 25(OH)- and 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D be monitored every 60-90 days while consuming this product to ensure that levels remain in an acceptable range.
Storage: Keep tightly closed in a cool, dry place.
*Daily Value not established.
This product is manufactured in a facility that produces products containing wheat, soy, milk, egg, tree nuts, fish, and crustacean shellfish.
Understanding vitamin D
In the past, vitamin D was thought to function primarily in bone mineralization. Today we know that “vitamin” D is actually a hormone that plays a role in numerous pathways and aspects of human health.1,2 Supplemental vitamin D can help.
Metagenics D3 5000 + K features 5,000 IU of vitamin D3—the most bioactive form of supplemental vitamin D. This high-potency formula also includes bioavailable forms of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) to complement vitamin D.
1. Kuchuk NO et al. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(4):693-701.
2. Demer LL et al. Circulation Research. 2018;122:1576–1585.
Healthy bones
Vitamin D is important for maintaining healthy bone structure and is an important nutritional factor in the proper mineralization of bones. In addition, Vitamin K is an important nutritional factor in the metabolism of bone proteins crucial to bone integrity.*
Immune system support
Vitamin D is important for maintaining healthy immune function.*
Healthy cardiovascular function
Some research suggests that vitamin D sufficiency may contribute to cardiovascular health and function. Additionally, adequate intake of menaquinone-7, or MK-7, may help contribute to healthy cardiovascular function.*3,4
3. U Gröber et al. Dermatoendocrinol. 2014;6(1):e968490.
4. Maresz K. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2015;14(1):34–39. | https://www.welltopiarx.com/product/brands/metagenics/d3-5000-k/ |
Objectives. Patient centered care is recognized as central to a high-quality healthcare system. Satisfaction with healthcare services may be differentially experienced among young adults suffering from heart disease. The current study examined the association between patient satisfaction with healthcare services, utilization, and clinical outcomes in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
Methods and Results. We used data from 1033 patients (≤ 55 years) hospitalized for ACS and enrolled into the prospective cohort study, GENESIS-PRAXY (GENdEr and Sex determInantS of cardiovascular disease: from bench to beyond PRemature Acute Coronary SYndrome). Participants were recruited between January 2009-April 2013, from 24 centers across Canada, 1 in the US, and 1 in Switzerland. Patient satisfaction with treatment and subsequent healthcare service utilization/clinical outcomes were assessed within 12 months post-index ACS through questionnaire and medical chart review. The median age of our cohort was 48 years and 30% were female. Ninety two percent of males and females reported high satisfaction with healthcare services; however, among patients with low satisfaction we observed lower social support (48% vs. 24%; p<.0001) and higher rates of depression (46% vs. 22%; p<.0001) at baseline. Multivariable Cox regressions adjusted for patient characteristics and clinical risk factors indicated lower risk of cardiac ER visits (HR=0.56; 95%CI, 0.34-0.93; P=0.01) and cardiac rehospitalization (HR=0.55; 95%CI, 0.28-1.07; P=0.08) among patients with higher satisfaction. There was no association between patient satisfaction level and risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (HR=0.61; 95% CI, 0.32-1.19 P=0.15).
Conclusions. Patients with lower satisfaction with healthcare services at index ACS were more likely to visit the ER and to be rehospitalized for cardiac reasons. Patient satisfaction level was not associated with risk of adverse clinical outcomes. Our results suggest that the younger ACS population may be a tangible target for reducing healthcare utilization through increased patient satisfaction.
Author Disclosures: M. Okano: None. R. Pelletier: None. H. Behlouli: None. L. Pilote: None.
- © 2016 by American Heart Association, Inc. | http://circoutcomes.ahajournals.org/content/9/Suppl_2/A3 |
Delisting Wolves: Are the Western Great Lake States Ready?
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Whistle-blower Edward Snowden has some strong opinions on communications — even when those communications are coming from aliens.
The former intelligence-agency contractor turned fugitive was an unexpected guest on famous astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson’s StarTalk podcast on September 18. And, inevitably, the two got to talking about extraterrestrials.
Snowden became an infamous household name in 2013 when he leaked classified documents divulging the government’s top-secret mass-surveillance program, which involved collecting personal information on Americans via phone records without their knowledge.
When the news broke, the US charged him with theft and espionage, and he’s now living in Russia where he has asylum.
But Tyson scored an interview with him in New York City. How? Snowden rigged a robot that he can control from Russia, and rolled right into Tyson’s office at the Hayden Planetarium in New York with his face displayed on the screen.
The conversation turned to encryption and cybersecurity, but here’s where an astrophysicist differs from a journalist: Tyson’s line of questioning quickly turned to how encryption relates to communication with … aliens.
Tyson asked Snowden if a highly intelligent alien civilization might be communicating with encrypted messages. And Snowden had an unsettling answer.
First, Snowden said, let’s assume that most advanced societies eventually realize that they need to encrypt their communication in order to protect it. This could also be the reason why we’ve never heard from other civilizations — their messages may have just been melding into the background static of the universe.
So if you have an alien civilization trying to listen for other civilizations, or our civilization trying to listen for aliens, there’s only one small period in the development of their society when all of their communication will be sent via the most primitive and most unprotected means.
So when we think about everything that we’re hearing through our satellites or everything that they’re hearing from our civilization (if there are indeed aliens out there), all of their communications are encrypted by default.
So what we are hearing, that’s actually an alien television show or, you know, a phone call … is indistinguishable to us from cosmic microwave background radiation.
Of course, that’s assuming an alien civilization has the same security issues that we have here on Earth, and they need to worry about protecting their communication system from their alien governments, Tyson jokes.
Snowden agreed that aliens might be a little more politically sophisticated than us. | https://alien-ufo-sightings.com/2015/09/edward-snowden-tells-neil-tyson-how-aliens-may-use-encryption/ |
This is a long term contract position in Westchase with a global company. The Freight Payment Specialist will work with a team of logistics/finance professionals to manage payment flows for North America Logistics operations. Responsible for the researching, tracking, monitoring, coding, validating and corresponding with carriers regarding their invoice payments and issues.
Requirements:
- Daily research and resolve freight payment questions & issues regarding in-process invoices, rates, aged bills, etc. from carriers
- Monitors invoices on a daily basis (rail focus)
- Prioritize and resolve freight pay issues in a timely manner.
- Provide periodic reports (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly) as needed for your area of responsibility and analysis
- Monitor, manage, & resolve freight payment issues.
- Verbal and written communication with customers, managers, carriers and other interested parties in a professional manner.
- Identify areas to improve processes, resolve service failures without compromising service quality.
- Provide timely information and updates to internal and external customers upon request.
- Provide feedback to carriers and manage any outstanding issues and other problems that may arise within the payment process.
- Read and interpret legal contracts and rail rates.
- Direct concerns and problems that could arise when reconciling shipment charges between Carrier, the company, CTSI and Cass to ensure timely problem resolution.
- Willing to work off hours as needed.
Education/Skills:
- Bachelor’s degree and/or four years equivalent experience in Supply Chain and Finance/Accounting background.
- Fast learner of new systems; able to work in multiple system simultaneously.
- Works well with others, has a desire to cross train with team members in a similar capacity to accomplish common tasks.
- Experienced in Oracle and SAP systems
- Intermediate working knowledge of Microsoft Office Products: | https://www.it-staffing.com/job/freight-payment-specialist/ |
Sensing Our Planet Related Content
Oceanography Findings Make Waves
"No one has ever observed a Rossby wave, but we know they exist," Dudley Chelton's oceanography professor said in 1974. Now, Chelton and other investigators are not only seeing intraseasonal, seasonal and interannual Rossby waves in NASA Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC)-distributed data, they are studying the waves' relationship to our weather and rethinking our theoretical understanding of them.
Rossby waves are a natural result of the Earth's rotation and a key feature of large-scale ocean and atmospheric circulation that were theoretically conceived in the 1930s by C. G. Rossby. Though they can be thousands of kilometers long, they have amplitudes smaller than 10 cm and travel slowly, requiring years to decades to cross the Pacific Ocean. Thus, they do not show up clearly in ocean views provided by conventional measurements.
Oceanic Rossby waves were first detected from upper ocean thermal measurements in the late 1970s. However, because these measurements are sparse over most of the world's oceans, it was not possible to observe Rossby waves globally until the Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon altimeter began providing high quality sea level data in late 1992.
"A great range of currents, eddies, and waves exists in the ocean, and there are no roads or traffic lights to keep them separated. At any one time, all these different and interacting ocean events add together to form a very complex system which is difficult to interpret from sporadic and sparse in situ measurements," oceanographer Gregg Jacobs says. "If however, you have well-distributed altimeter data that you can view over a longer time, you are able to separate some of the phenomena."
Working from the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) at NASA's Stennis Space Center, Jacobs surprised the oceanography community when he spotted an interannual Rossby wave using TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data in late 1994. In TOPEX/Poseidon data combined with data from two earlier altimeters (ERS-1 and Geosat), Jacobs saw evidence of a single Rossby wave lingering in the Pacific Ocean 10 years after its origin.
Identifying a wave with Rossby characteristics was only the first step for Jacobs. To trace the origins of the wave, he performed a series of numerical model experiments using the NRL layered global ocean model. The model simulations corroborated his data observations and only reproduced the wave under the expected conditions.
Since Jacobs first reported evidence of the lingering wave (Nature, August 1994), his findings have generated widespread debate. "It's definitely not a settled issue. This is a large change in how we view ocean dynamics, and there are many aspects about this wave which remain to be studied. At times I still think that it's pretty incredible that such a feature would remain coherent in the middle of the ocean for so long," he says.
Perhaps more important than Jacobs' pioneering observation of an interannual Rossby wave is his explanation of its origin. When he altered the wind stresses forcing the model, Jacobs found that the 1982-83 El Niño event generated the Rossby wave he observed in 1992-93 data. Moreover, he argues from an analysis of sea surface temperature data that the wave could have influenced weather patterns in the North Pacific a decade later.
"Ten years after its origin, the Rossby wave appears to have moved through the Kuroshio Extension and shifted it northward," he says. The Kuroshio is the Pacific equivalent of the Atlantic's Gulf Stream.
By shifting currents and their corresponding sea surface temperatures, the waves could influence the way the oceans release heat to the atmosphere and thus be able to affect weather patterns. "Significant correlations exist between Pacific Ocean temperatures and weather patterns across North America," Jacobs says. "Because sea surface temperatures drive atmospheric circulation, shifts in one small area can conceivably affect weather on the other side of the globe."
The potential of an interannual Rossby wave to affect weather patterns a decade after its origin presents interesting possibilities. With a better understanding of the relationship between Rossby waves and weather patterns, improved forecasts could result from our new ability to track the waves through the years.
"However, in order to forecast their effects, we still need to know how fast the waves propagate," Dudley Chelton says.
Chelton is an Oregon State University oceanographer and a co-investigator on an Interdisciplinary Science (IDS) Team investigating physical and biogeochemical processes in the Southern Ocean. A few years ago, the team was trying to characterize the variability of circulation in the South Indian Ocean when Chelton first saw evidence of Rossby waves.
"I was a little shocked to see it initially because I really didn't believe Rossby waves were going to show up clearly in Geosat altimeter data," Chelton says. After seeing evidence of Rossby waves in the Southern Ocean, he began looking for them in other oceans.
In recently published work (Science, April 12, 1996), Chelton reports his findings about intraseasonal Rossby waves. He first saw the waves in animations of the altimeter data as alternating positive and negative sea level features traveling west across the Pacific. By mapping them in time-longitude sections of the entire world ocean, he was able to identify the features unmistakably as Rossby waves. Chelton then objectively estimated the speed of each wave that traveled 30 degrees of longitude in a section.
Analyzing three years of TOPEX/Poseidon data this way, Chelton found a surprising discrepancy between observed Rossby wave speeds and those predicted by theory. The standard theory about Rossby waves holds that their speed decreases with latitude. When Chelton compared his estimates with the latitudinal variation of the propagation speed of the Rossby waves predicted by the standard theory it became clear that the theory underestimated Rossby wave speeds by as much as a factor of two at midlatitudes.
Because Rossby waves play a role in the way the oceans adjust to changes in the atmosphere, Chelton's wave-speed finding is important. "If our notions about the wave speeds are incorrect," he says, "then the waves get from one side of the ocean to the other twice as fast, which means that the ocean evidently adjusts more rapidly that we previously thought."
With Chelton's wave speed finding, oceanographers can now more accurately predict the position of an El Niño-generated Rossby wave. More accurate predictions of Rossby wave locations will facilitate the long-term forecast of large scale ocean circulation that Jacobs' work suggests is now possible. Though more quantitative conclusions are presently limited by the three-year duration of TOPEX/Poseidon data, the statistical reliability of these interannual variability studies will improve as the data record grows.
| |
The labor force participation rate in Smyrna is 71.2%, with an unemployment rate of 5.4%. For many into the labor force, the typical commute time is 30.1 minutes. 5.4% of Smyrna’s community have a graduate degree, and 20.5% have a bachelors degree. For many without a college degree, 30.6% attended at least some college, 36.9% have a high school diploma, and just 6.7% possess an education lower than senior school. 7.7% are not included in medical insurance.
The average household size in Smyrna, DE is 3.15 family members, with 65.4% owning their own houses. The average home cost is $205137. For those renting, they spend an average of $1110 monthly. 60.3% of households have dual incomes, and a typical household income of $67277. Average income is $34174. 10% of town residents exist at or beneath the poverty line, and 13.6% are handicapped. 6.4% of residents are ex-members of this armed forces.
There are 3 main types of irrigation: Sprinkler systems and Basic Irrigation Types. Gravity flow is familiar with water the soil. Water is delivered to the fundamentals and furrows via siphons, gates, or other methods. It works on both steep or mild slopes in addition to with fine and soil that is medium. It can make watering the plants and yards much more convenient although they are not used outside of their homes. Subsurface irrigation can be utilized in many approaches to supply water below the soil's area. Your water dining table shall determine the type of irrigation you use. A drip or trickle emission unit, that will be hidden near to the root zone of this plants are essential if water table is too low. Sprinkler system A sprinkler system will provide the best way to water your outdoor area. Most of these systems are located above ground, but there are also subsurface sprinklers. All of our options can be found. For those who have questions or require assistance with placing orders, please contact us. Rotating sprinklers: These sprinklers rotate mechanically and spray water throughout the grass. These sprinklers are precise in their angles and circles. The scale of the drops can sometimes be altered. Fixed spray - Sprinklers that do not move but have a pattern that is fixed. You can adjust the angle and spread them in various shapes and circles. This is an option if you have to quickly cover large areas. * Oscillating sprinklers - This type of sprinkler has a straight line with numerous holes through it, allowing water to flow. To create an water that is entire, they move in and out of one another. These can also be used in small-sized outdoor spaces. Your area will receive water regardless of whether it is grass or flowers. Pop-up sprinklers - This is an sprinkler that is outdoor stays in the ground. They've been preferred because they may be concealed until needed. These are of help for considerable maintenance. | https://www.morrisbookshop.com/basin-water-fountains-smyrna-delaware.html |
The global Solid Wood Table market was valued at xx million US$ in 2018 and will reach xx million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% during 2019-2025.
This report focuses on Solid Wood Table volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Solid Wood Table market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect.
Regionally, this report categorizes the production, apparent consumption, export and import of Solid Wood Table in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.
For each manufacturer covered, this report analyzes their Solid Wood Table manufacturing sites, capacity, production, ex-factory price, revenue and market share in global market.
The following manufacturers are covered:
Bernhardt
Dyrlund
HOO'S
Leggett & Platt
IPE-Cavalli
Flexsteel Industries
Driade
Tropitone Furniture
Skram Furniture
Zhufeng Furniture
Huafeng Furniture
Knoll
Huahe
LANDBOND International
Flou
Butlerwoodcrafters
Anrei
Shuangye
Minotti
Misura Emme
NATUZZI
Segment by Regions
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Southeast Asia
India
Segment by Type
Dining Table
Office Table
Others
Segment by Application
Household
Commercial
Frequently Asked Questions
This market study covers the global and regional market with an in-depth analysis of the overall growth prospects in the market. Furthermore, it sheds light on the comprehensive competitive landscape of the global market. The report further offers a dashboard overview of leading companies encompassing their successful marketing strategies, market contribution, recent developments in both historic and present contexts.
- By product type
- By End User/Applications
- By Technology
- By Region
The report provides a detailed evaluation of the market by highlighting information on different aspects which include drivers, restraints, opportunities, and threats. This information can help stakeholders to make appropriate decisions before investing. | https://www.industryresearch.co/global-solid-wood-table-market-14635281 |
They have a magnificent team. These people are always kind and willing to listen to your concerns or issues. Better yet, your assignment is always ready before the time, they usually send you a draft to double-check before they finalize your paper.
Answer questions 1 through 5. about the film, Barefoot Farmer.
Link: Barefoot Farmer
Write at least one concise, well-organized paragraph to answer each question. Some questions may require more than one paragraph.
Be sure to write the number of the question that you answer.
Questions
1. What main ideas and/or themes do you think the director of the film is trying to communicate to the audience? Give evidence to support your claims.
2. Do the music and photographic shots help the audience understand and/or appreciate the ideas and emotions in the film? Give evidence from the film to support your answer.
3. Evaluate the structure of the film and the techniques the director uses to express/explain the themes in the film. For example, one technique the director uses is personal interviews. Are the structure and/or techniques effective in explaining these themes? Is there anything you could suggest that the director do differently?
3. Much of the film consists of interviews with the farmer, Paul Tomazin. How would you describe his character and values based on what he says and what you learn about him in the film? Provide evidence to support your answers.
4. What information from this film is new or surprising to you, if any?
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe. | https://darkessays.com/2022/05/19/writing-assignment-3-literature-homework-help/ |
Steppingstone LLC’s Ami Neiberger-Miller played a key role in creating Peace Through People: 50 Years of Global Citizenship, a 250-page book that was published in 2006 by Butler Books. This book was created to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the sister city movement in 2006 and debuted in July 2006 at the annual conference … [more]
With the heyday of self-publishing and on-demand printing in full swing, anyone can become a book author for minimal cost. Nonprofit organizations are among those who are starting to publish their own books. Writing a book can help your nonprofit organization in several ways: | http://steppingstonellc.com/tag/book-writing/ |
This report on cybersecurity found that out of all smart homes across the globe, more than 40% have at least one vulnerable connected device which is a threat to the whole smart home network.
Out of these vulnerable devices, over 30% are at risk as a consequence of unpatched software vulnerabilities, while the rest are not enough protected due to the use of weak security credentials.
According to this study's conclusions, one of the more frequent types of cyberattacks is when cybercriminals attack thousands of IoT devices and create networks of infected devices - these are known as botnets and perform cyber attacks on other devices.
Regarding the approach to securing IoT devices, it is expected that users take the necessary measures to avoid cyberattacks. However, this approach is insufficient and generates a security gap and a great opportunity for cybercriminals. The paper suggests that smart home security should be addressed form a network-level perspective as it very hard to protect at the device level.
The research also explains that the majority of IoT devices depend on network security - everyone on the same network can have access to them. Users can change their router password and keep their firmware updated, for instance. These basic measures can help and make their smart home devices in a safer place right away.
Key facts
Executive summary
Connected homes in 2019
Most used smart home devices worldwide
Security risks for smart homes
Conclusion
|Researchfinder Rating
|
4 out of 5 stars
|Title
|
Smart Home Security Report 2019
|Region
|
Global
|Published
|
Feb. 25, 2019
|Publisher
|
Avast
|Price
|
FREE
|Language
|
ENGLISH
|Number of Pages
|
17
|Number of Tables
|
20
|Number of Exhibits
|
0
|Topics
|
hardware, security
|Tags
|
authentification, cyber security, iot, malware, mobile, security, smart home, smart phone
|Companies mentioned
|
Google, Amazon
|Methodology
|
The data in this report was obtained from scans run by Avast users from their computers using the Avast WiFi Inspector feature. 16 million home networks worldwide are included in this research from countries all around the world. 56 million devices were scanned.
An interesting report about the cybersecurity of smart home devices.
Positives: | https://itresearchfinder.com/catalog/report/smart-home-security-report-2019 |
This article discusses influencing factors and measurement parameters for burner and boiler systems and their importance for optimising efficiency and emissions. Boiler systems provide the necessary thermal energy for power generation, the heating of buildings, cement and glass manufacture and many other industrial applications.
With fuels such as coal, oil or gas, boilers are capable of generating large quantities of energy with good overall efficiency. Because large quantities of fuel are used for heat generation and large amounts of flue gases arise from the combustion, setting boiler systems involves achieving a high level of efficiency along with the lowest possible pollutant emissions – especially as the statutory emission limit levels for pollutants are becoming ever stricter.
For this reason, the emission values are determined during the commissioning and maintenance of boilers and burners, as well as for official measurements. The cost-effectiveness of the system and the setting of the burner can be comprehensively assessed using this data.
It is important to know the basic principles of the combustion process and to understand the influence of the individual measurement and control parameters on performance and pollutant emissions to optimise the efficiency of the boiler system and to be able to adjust the emissions to the legal requirements.
The combustion process: burners and boilers
Carbon or hydrocarbon compounds are burned with the oxygen in the air to generate heat in boiler systems. Combustion takes place in a sealed combustion chamber. The thermal energy created is transferred to a heat transfer medium by means of a heat exchanger and taken to its destination point. Solid fuels are burned either in a fixed bed, a fluidised bed or in an entrained dust cloud. Liquid fuels are sprayed via a burner into the combustion chamber as a mist and gaseous fuels are already mixed with the combustion air in the burner.
The other system components ensure the supply and distribution of the fuel, the transfer and dissipation of the heat and the discharge of combustion gases and combustion residues such as ash and slag.
Combustion gives rise to numerous substances discharged from the combustion chamber as flue gas. Water vapour and carbon dioxide (CO2) constitute the largest proportion of the flue or exhaust gas. These arise as reaction products from fuel and combustion air. Depending on the air supply, the flue gas also contains nitrogen oxides (NOX) or carbon monoxide (CO) and incompletely combusted fuel components. Impurities in the fuels may also mean the flue gas contains hydrogen sulphide, sulphur oxides, hydrofluoric acid (HF) and hydrochloric acid (HCI) and, in addition soot, heavy metals and particulate matter are often to be found.
Chemical reactions during the combustion process
The combustion air itself is made up of several substances. Above all, it contains nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2), a variable proportion of water vapour and traces of carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2) and noble gases. With the exception of the oxygen and small amounts of nitrogen, these components are also to be found again in the flue gas.
It is possible to calculate precisely the amount of oxygen required to burn a specific energy carrier according to the algorithms of stoichiometry. For example, two oxygen molecules are required for complete reaction with a methane molecule (CH2). These give rise to two water molecules and a carbon dioxide molecule.
However, in practice, this ideal and, at the same time, minimum amount of oxygen is not sufficient for complete combustion. Because fuels are always impure to some extent and fuel and oxygen can only be mixed incompletely, the combustion process in industrial plants has to be supplied with more oxygen and therefore more fuel than would seem to be required, based on stoichiometry. This additional quantity of air is called the excess air.
|Fuel||CO2max|
|Fuel oil||15,4|
|Natural gas||11,9|
|LPG||13,9|
|Coke and wood||20,0|
|Briquettes||19,3|
|Lignite||19,2|
|Hard coal||18,5|
|Town gas||11,6|
|Test gas||13,0|
|Peat||15 – 30|
The air or the fuel-air ratio, λ, is particularly important to the evaluation of combustion processes. It describes the ratio of the quantity of air actually needed to the quantity calculated stoichiometrically. The fuel-air ratio for a specific combustion process can be determined by means of the flue gas components of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen, using the formula in Eqn. 2.
Eqn: 2Because it is normal to operate with excess air in modern combustion plants, clear calculation of the fuel-air ratio via the O2 content is usually preferred.
The determination of λ by means of a CO2 measurement has the advantage that the amounts of carbon dioxide in the flue gas can be established under all combustion conditions. However, the CO2 content is not conclusive and does not suffice on its own to establish whether the combustion process is running with insufficient air or excess air.
For this, it is also necessary to measure whether the flue gas contains CO or O2. The CO2 max value to be employed in the formula depends on the fuel being used (see Eqn. 3).
The influence of the fuel-air ratio on the combustion process
Experienced service engineers know that optimum air supply is crucial for a wide adjustment range, stable combustion, optimum fuel utilisation and the lowest possible emissions values. Fig. 4 shows why this is the case.
If the system is operated with insufficient air, there is not enough oxygen available to burn the fuel completely. This means that the flue gas contains carbon monoxide, soot and fuel residues which get into the environment via the flue. In addition, the energy usage is reduced because not all the energy stored in the fuel is released by combustion.
On the other hand, if the boiler runs with excess air, the fuel is burned completely. However, excess air also leads to increased formation of nitrogen oxides and efficiency is reduced as well because the combustion temperature is lowered by dilution with cool outside air. As a rule of thumb, a 10% increase in the quantity of air results in a 1% rise in fuel consumption.
There is therefore an optimum fuel-to-air supply ratio for every combustion process. The combustion plant operates with a stable flame, optimum efficiency and lowest emissions in this range. The challenge for service engineers lies in determining the optimum air ratio and setting the system on that basis.
Challenges when setting boiler systems
Starting up the boiler system
Boiler systems in industrial applications normally run in continuous operation and, as a result, the critical start-up phase rarely arises. The start-up procedure is difficult to regulate because the ignition of the air-fuel mixture leads to a sudden increase in the gas volume and therefore to an abrupt pressure increase in the combustion chamber. This not only causes shifts in volume in the heating gas and exhaust air ducts but also leads to a reduction of the blower pressure and so of the quantity of air supplied. This means that the flue gas contains more carbon monoxide, soot and unburned fuels during start-up.
The start-up process becomes particularly critical when the start-up pressure exceeds the maximum blower pressure that can be achieved. When the fall in airflow rate increases, there is a reduction in fuel combustion and in the pressure in the combustion chamber as well. When the full air supply resumes, the fuel combustion and pressure rise again in the boiler – the burner pulsates. In most cases, changes on the burner are required to achieve satisfactory start-up behaviour. These range from replacing the nozzle, through reduction of the burner output to changing the impeller.
However, if the start-up behaviour is properly adjusted, the excessive pollutant emissions usually subside quickly when the combustion plant changes from start-up to normal mode.
Optimising the combustion process
The measurement and regulation tasks for the service engineer are directly derived from the considerations of the combustion process in general and of the fuel-air ratio in particular:
The details of how the fuel-air mixture can be best set vary according to the boiler manufacturer, type of fuel and control plan. Some burners control the quantity of air which is taken into the boiler, others the quantity of fuel and still more allow the setting of both parameters. In any case, it is important to know the exact oxygen content in the process to ensure reliable and cost-effective operation.
Efficient setting of burner and boiler systems
Flue gas analysis
Using their gas sensors, the testo 340 and testo 350 flue gas analysers record all the components of the flue gas which are required for a comprehensive analysis of the combustion process and optimum setting of the system.
Integrated pressure sensors also enable additional measuring values to be recorded, such as the airflow rate, flue draught or differential pressure between boiler and room.
Real NOX measurements
Nitrogen oxide emissions are essential for correct burner setting and are also strictly regulated by legislators. The testo 350 flue gas analysis system can be equipped with sensors for NO, NOlow and NO2 and, in addition the integrated Peltier element for drying, the automatic condensate pump and the teflon-lined gas sampling hose ensure optimum gas preparation and a high level of measuring accuracy.
NDIR CO2 measurements
When manufacturing concrete, lime, steel or glass, the CO2 content not only provides information about the combustion process of the boiler system, but also about the production process and the product quality associated with this.
The testo 350’s CO2 sensor determines the carbon dioxide content using non-dispersive infrared sensor technology (NDIR) and therefore fulfills the strict requirements which measuring instruments have to meet for the manufacture of these materials.
The high level of measuring accuracy means the testo 350, configured with an O2 and a CO2 measuring cell, can be used as an NDIR reference measuring instrument.
Heated or unheated measurement gas lines and probes?
There are measurement gas lines and probes available in unheated and a heated versions for both flue gas analysers: The unheated measurement gas lines and probes are particularly suitable when short-term measurements must be carried out at many different measuring points, thanks to their compact design, low weight and operation without external power supply. The low dead volume also enables the flue gas analysers to respond very quickly to changes in terms of the parameters.
The heated versions are always the resource of choice when particularly high levels of accuracy are required or when long-term measurements with a measurement period of between one day and several months must be done. Because the measurement gas line and probe are taken up to a temperature above the flue gas dew point, there is considerably less accumulation of dust particles and condensate in the gas paths. This means that high levels of measuring accuracy are achieved for NO2 and SO2, even with long-term measurements.
Conclusion
When it comes to combustion processes in boiler systems, the right air-fuel ratio is crucial for cost-effective and standard-compliant operation.
To achieve the greatest possible efficiency of the system and to comply with the legal emissions values for nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, the service engineer has must the optimum air ratio using the setting options on the air supply, burner and flue. | https://www.ee.co.za/article/measurement-parameters-for-burner-and-boiler-systems.html |
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abstract: 'Given an edge colouring of a graph with a set of $m$ colours, we say that the graph is $m$-*coloured* if each of the $m$ colours is used. For an $m$-colouring $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$, the complete graph on $\mathbb{N}$, we denote by $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$ the set all values $\gamma$ for which there exists an infinite subset $X\subset \mathbb{N}$ such that $X^{(2)}$ is $\gamma$-coloured. Properties of this set were first studied by Erickson in $1994$. Here, we are interested in estimating the minimum size of $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$ over all $m$-colourings $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$. Indeed, we shall prove the following result. There exists an absolute constant $\alpha > 0$ such that for any positive integer $m \neq \left\{ {n \choose 2}+1, {n \choose 2}+2: n\geq 2\right\}$, $|\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}| \geq (1+\alpha)\sqrt{2m}$, for any $m$-colouring $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$. This proves a conjecture of Narayanan. We remark the result is tight up to the value of $\alpha$.'
address: 'School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.'
author:
- António Girão
bibliography:
- 'manysizecolours.bib'
title: 'A large number of $m$-coloured complete infinite subgraphs'
---
Introduction
============
Frank Ramsey [@Ramsey] proved in the $30$’s that whenever the edges of a complete infinite countable graph are finitely coloured there exists a monochromatic infinite complete subgraph. Since then, numerous generalizations of this result have been proved and we shall refer the reader to the book of Graham, Rothschild and Spencer [@GraRothSpen] for an overview of more recent results.
In Ramsey theory one is concerned with finding large *monochromatic* substructures in any finite colouring of a ‘rich’ enough structure. Perhaps the most fundamental problem in the area is concerned with finding good estimates for the well known diagonal ramsey numbers. Unfortunately, the current best lower and upper bounds are still quite far apart (see [@Thomason; @Conlon; @Erdos; @Spencer]).
In $1975$, Erdős, Simonovits and Sós [@ErdosSosSimon], started a new line of research, commonly known as *Anti-Ramsey* theory. The problems in this area lie at the opposite end of Ramsey theory; here one is interested in finding large totally multicoloured (*rainbow*) substructures. In particular, the authors studied the following problem. Given a graph $H$ and a positive integer $n\geq |H|$ what is the largest number $m(H,n)$ for which there exists a colouring of the edges of $K_n$ using at least $m$ distinct colours and which does not contain a rainbow copy of $H$. They found the correct order of growth of the function $m(H,n)$, for any fixed graph $H$.
It is then natural to investigate what happens in between these two extremes and this is the line of enquiry we shall pursue in this note. We remark that Canonical Ramsey theory, which originates in a paper of Erdős and Rado [@CanonRamsey] helps understanding this dichotomy by studying colourings of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$ that use infinitely many colours. Erdős and Rado theorem states that any colouring $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$ must contain an infinite complete subgraph which is either monochromatic, rainbow or it induces one of two other possible very structured colourings.
We say $\Delta$ is an $m$-colouring of the edges of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$ if $\Delta$ uses *exactly* $m$ colours, or in other words $\Delta\colon \mathbb{N}^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow [m]$ is a surjective map. (As usual, we write $X^{(r)}$ for the set of $r$-subsets of a set $X$, and identify $X^{(2)}$ with the complete graph with vertex set $X$.)
Let $\Delta\colon \mathbb{N}^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow \mathcal{C}$ be an edge colouring of the complete graph on $\mathbb{N}$. For a subset $X\subset \mathbb{N}$, we define $\gamma_{\Delta}(X)$ or $\gamma(X)$ to be the size of the set $\Delta(X^{(2)})$. Moreover, we let $$\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}= \left \{ \gamma(X): X\subset \mathbb{N} \text{ such that } X \text{ is infinite}\right \}.$$ Our main goal in this paper is to study the size of $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$, given a finite colouring $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$. This line of research has been pursued first by Erickson, later by Stacey and Weidl and recently by Kittipassorn and Narayanan.
In $1996$, Erickson [@Erickson] noted that for any $m$-colouring $\Delta$ ($m\geq 2$) of the complete graph on $\mathbb{N}$, the set $\{1,2, m\}$ is always contained in $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$. Note that it follows by Ramsey theorem that $1$ is always contained in $ \mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$, and by the assumption on $\Delta$, one trivially has that $m\in \mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$. In the same paper, Erickson conjectured that the only values which are guaranteed to be in $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$, for any $m$-colouring $\Delta$ are precisely $1,2$ and $m$.
Let $m>k>2$ be positive integers. Then there exists an $m$-colouring $\Delta\colon \mathbb{N}^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow [m]$ such that $k \notin \mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$.
This conjecture was partially settled by Stacey and Weidl [@StaceyWeidl]. They showed that for every $k$, there exists a constant $C_k$ such that for any $m\geq C_k$, there is an $m$-colouring $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$ for which $k \notin \mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$. This shows it is a hopeless task to try to find particular values which must necessarily belong to $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$, for every finite colouring $\Delta$. Therefore, one may turn to the question of estimating how small the set $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$ can be, for an arbitrary $m$-colouring $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$. To do so, let us define a function $\psi$ on the naturals where $$\psi(m)= \underset{\Delta\colon \mathbb{N}^{(2)}\twoheadrightarrow [m]}{\min} |\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}|.$$ This function $\psi$ was first studied by Narayanan [@Bhargav] and he proved a general lower bound for $\psi(m)$ which is tight for specific values of $m$.
\[Bhargav\] Let $n \geq 2$ be the largest natural number such that $m \geq {n \choose 2}+1$. Then, $ \psi(m)\geq n$.
Note that this result implies $\psi(m)\geq \left \lfloor \sqrt{2m} \right \rfloor$. Moreover, it is not difficult to see that this theorem is tight for every integer $m$ of the form $ {n \choose 2} +1$, for some $n \geq 2$. This can been seen by taking a *rainbow* complete graph on the first $n$ integers and colouring the remaining edges of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$ with a colour that has not appeared before. It is also easy to check that for this colouring of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$, $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}=\left \{ {t \choose 2} +1: t\leq n \large \right \}$. Turning now to upper bounds of $\psi$, Narayanan proved that there is a subset $A\subset \mathbb{N}$ of ‘density’ $1$, where $\psi(m)=o(m)$, for every $m\in A$ as $m\rightarrow \infty$. Unfortunately, it still an open question whether $\psi(m)=o(m)$ as $m\rightarrow \infty$.
Indeed, the behaviour of $\psi$ within intervals of the form $\left [{n \choose 2}+2, {{n+1} \choose 2} \right]$ is far from being understood. However, it follows by a slightly stronger version of Theorem \[Bhargav\] appearing in [@Bhargav], that for any number $m\in \left [{n \choose 2}+2, {{n+1} \choose 2} \right]$, $\psi(m)\geq n+1$. Moreover, it is not hard to show that this is tight when $m={n \choose 2}+2$. To see this, take as before, a rainbow colouring on the first $n$ positive integers and colour the edges between any two integers in $\left [n+1,\infty \right]$ with a new colour, finally colour every edge between an integer in $\{1,2,\ldots, n\}$ and the remaining integers with another distinct colour from those used before. It is clear this colouring uses ${ n\choose 2}+2$ colours and it is easy to check that in this case $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}=\{1\}\cup \left \{{t \choose 2}+2 : t\leq n \right \}$.
Observe that both colourings described above are quite unstable with respect to the size of $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$; if one tries to locally change any of these colourings by recolouring some edges with a new colour then the size of $\mathcal{F}$, increases by at least a factor greater than $1$. We will make use of this unstable behaviour of these *extremal* colourings to prove our main theorem.
The above observation supports Narayanan’s conjecture that $\psi$ is far from being monotone and that it actually ‘suffers’ huge jumps. In [@Bhargav], he stated the following beautiful conjecture.
There is an absolute constant $c > 0$ such that $\psi\left ({n \choose 2} +3\right) > (1+c)n$, for all natural numbers $n \geq 2$.
Our main aim in this paper is to prove this conjecture in the following slightly more general form.
\[main\] There exists a constant $\alpha>0$ such that $\psi(m)\geq (1+\alpha)\sqrt{2m}$, for every integer $m \notin \left \{ {n \choose 2} +1, {n \choose 2} +2 : n\geq 2 \right \}$.
Observe that the theorem implies that $\psi$ is not a monotone function since $\psi \left ({n \choose 2}+3 \right)$ is much bigger than $\psi \left ({n+1 \choose 2}\right )$.
To see that our result is tight up to the value of $\alpha$, note that by making a small variation on the colourings described above, it is possible to construct $\left ({n \choose 2}+3\right )$-colourings $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$ (for all $n\geq 4$) for which $\left |\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}\right|\leq \left (1+\frac{1}{2}\right)n=\frac{3}{2}\sqrt{2m}+O(1)$. To this end, take a rainbow colouring on the first $n$ integers and colour every edge between any two integers greater than $n$ with a colour not used before, say colour $1$. Finally, colour the remaining edges with an endpoint in $\left \{1,2,\ldots,\lfloor\frac{n}{2}\rfloor \right \}$ with a distinct colour, say colour $2$ and colour the rest of edges (those incident with an integer in $\left \{\lceil\frac{n}{2}\rceil,\lceil\frac{n}{2}\rceil+1, \ldots, n\right \}$) with yet a new colour, distinct from all colours we have used before. We did not try to optimize the value of $\alpha$ in Theorem \[main\].
Notation, structure of the paper and an outline of the proof
============================================================
Our notation is standard. As usual, we write $[n]$ for $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$, the set of the first $n$ natural numbers. We denote a surjective map $f$ from a set $X$ to another set $Y$ by $f:X\twoheadrightarrow Y$. In this paper, by a *colouring* of a graph we mean a colouring of the edges of the graph, unless stated otherwise. Moreover, as expressed above, by an $m$-*colouring* of a graph, we mean a colouring which uses *exactly* $m$ colours. Indeed, given a colouring $\Delta\colon \mathbb{N}^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow \mathcal{C}$ of the complete graph on $\mathbb{N}$, a subset $X$ of $\mathbb{N}$ is $m$-coloured if $\Delta\left (X^{(2)}\right )$, the set of values attained by $\Delta$ on the edges with both endpoints in $X$ has size exactly $m$ colours. With a slight abuse of notation we shall denote by $\Delta(X)$ the set $\Delta\left (X^{(2)}\right)$. A colouring $\Delta$ is said to be a *finite* colouring if $\mathcal{C}$ has finite order and an *infinite* colouring, otherwise. As usual, given a colouring of $X^{(2)}$, we say $X$ is *monochromatic* if all edges of $X^{(2)}$ have the same colour and $X$ is *rainbow* if every edge has a *distinct* colour. We shall denote by $(A,B)$ the complete bipartite graph between the sets $A$ and $B$ and denote by $\Delta\left (\left (A,B \right )\right ) $ the set of colours appearing on the edges of $(A,B)$.
We shall now describe roughly what is the strategy of the proof of our main theorem. The first step consists of reducing the problem to a finite setting. More precisely, we construct an $m$-colouring $\Delta'$ of a finite complete graph $G$ (together with one coloured $\textit{special}$ vertex $\{x\}$) from an $m$-colouring $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$. Additionally, we show there is a $\textit{natural}$ correspondence between $\gamma$-coloured sets $X'\subset V(G)\cup \{x\}$ and $\gamma$-coloured infinite subsets $X\subset \mathbb{N}$. This reduction will allow us to apply an inductive argument on the number of colours $m$. Then, we show that a colouring of $K_n$ which is *far* from being rainbow must necessarily induce many subgraphs spanning distinct number of colours. It turns out that the function $\rho: V(G) \rightarrow [m]$, where $\rho(v)$ is number of distinct colours appearing only on the edges incident with $v$, will be a very useful tool to carry out this analysis. Finally, after having gathered enough structural information on the colouring $\Delta'$, we perform a careful stability analysis to show $\Delta'$ must indeed span many colour sizes.
Framework and a preliminary lemma {#sec:preliminary}
=================================
In this section, we show how we can pass from an $m$-colouring of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$ to a colouring of a finite complete graph using exactly $m$ colours and establish a correspondence between $\gamma$-coloured subgraphs of the complete graph and $\gamma$-coloured infinite subsets of $\mathbb{N}$. We shall also prove Lemma \[lemma: finitecomplete\] which will be useful later in the proof of our main theorem. Finally, at the end of the section, we show how our methods may be used to give alternative proofs of Theorem \[Bhargav\] and a theorem of Kittipassorn and Narayanan which appeared in [@BhargavKittipassorn].
Suppose $\Delta\colon \mathbb{N}^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow [m]$ is an $m$-colouring of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$. By Ramsey’s Theorem, there exists an infinite set $X_1\subset \mathbb{N}$ all of whose edges are coloured with the same colour. Now, we claim we can find an infinite subset $X'\subset X_1$ together with a finite set $X\subset \mathbb{N}\setminus X'$ such that all $m$ colours appear in $\Delta((X\cup X')^{(2)})$ and more importantly, for every vertex $x\in X$, every edge between $x$ and $X'$ has the same colour.
\[lem: correspond\] Let $m\ge 2$ be a positive integer and let $\Delta\colon \mathbb{N}^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow [m]$ be a $m$-colouring of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$. Then, we can find an infinite set $X'\subset \mathbb{N}$ and a finite set $X \subset (\mathbb{N}\setminus X')$ satisfying the following three properties.
- $X'$ is a monochromatic infinite complete graph;
- For every vertex $x\in X$, every edge from $x$ to $X'$ has the same colour;
- $\Delta((X\cup X')^{(2)})=[m]$.
To prove this lemma we shall consider the following iterative procedure. We start by setting $X'=X_1$ and $X=\emptyset$. If $\Delta((X'\cup X)^{(2)})$ spans all $m$ colours, we shall stop. Otherwise, there must exist some edge $e=(a,b)$ of colour $m' \notin \Delta((X'\cup X)^{(2)})$. First, suppose neither $a$ nor $b$ belongs to $X'\cup X$. In this case, we add both $a$ and $b$ to $X$ and we pass to an infinite subset $X''\subset X'$ in which every edge from $a$ to $X''$ has the same colour and similarly every edge from $b$ to $X''$ has the same colour and we set $X=X\cup \{a,b\}$ and $X'=X''$. Note that we have added the new colour $m'$ to $\Delta((X\cup X')^{(2)})$ without affecting the presence of any colour that appeared before.
Suppose now exactly one of the two vertices, say $a$, belongs to $X\cup X'$. If $a\in X$, we add $b$ to $X$ and, as before, we pass to an infinite subset $X''\subset X'$ where every edge from $b$ to $X''$ has the same colour. If $a\in X'$, then we remove $a$ from $X'$ and add both $a$ and $b$ to $X$ and as before, we pass to an infinite subset of $X''\subset X'$ in which every edge from $b$ to $X''$ has the same colour. Observe that by assumption on $X_1$, $a$ sends colour $1$ to every vertex in $X''$. Hence, by setting $X=X\cup \{a,b\}$ and $X'=X''$, we add the colour $m'$ to the set $\Delta((X \cup X')^{(2)})$. As the total number of colours is finite, this process must stop and we must have found our desired sets $X$ and $X'$.
Suppose we have found two sets $X$ and $X'$, as in Lemma \[lem: correspond\]. We shall now describe how to construct a colouring $\Delta'$ of the complete graph $G(X',X)=G$ on a vertex set of order $|X|+1$. Set $V(G)=X \cup \{x'\}$, where $x'$ will be called the *special* vertex of $G$. The vertex $x'$ is obtained by identifying all vertices of $X'$, moreover, the colouring $\Delta'$ is obtained from the colouring $\Delta$ induced on $X\cup X'$. Finally, we colour the special vertex $x'$ with the *unique* colour of the edges in $X'^{(2)}$.
We shall call $\Delta'$ a *special* colouring of the complete graph $G(X,X')$ if it consists of a colouring of the edges of $G$ together with a colouring of the special vertex $x'$.
Given a complete graph $G$ with a special vertex $x'$ and a special colouring $\Delta'$, we say with a slight abuse of notation that $\Delta'$ is an $m$-colouring of $G$ if the total number of colours used by $\Delta'$ is $m$ (including the colour of the special vertex). For a subset $S\subseteq V(G)$ with $x'\in S$, we let $\gamma(S)$ or $\gamma_{\Delta'}(S)=\left|\{\Delta'(S^{(2)})\cup \{\Delta'(x')\}\} \right|$. Finally, we define $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)=\{\gamma(S): S\subset V(G) \text{ and } x'\in S\}$.
To conclude our reduction we establish the following correspondence between coloured complete subgraphs of $G$ and coloured infinite subgraphs of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$.
\[prop:correspond\] Let $m\geq 2$ be a positive integer and $\Delta\colon \mathbb{N}^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow [m]$ an $m$-colouring of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$. Let $X,X'\subset \mathbb{N}$ be two subsets of $\mathbb{N}$, as in Lemma \[lem: correspond\]. Finally, let $G=G(X,X')$ be a coloured complete graph as constructed above with a special colouring $\Delta'$. Then, $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\subseteq \mathcal{F}_{\Delta}$.
The proof of this proposition follows from the definition of $G(X,X')$.
This reduction will allow us to restrict our attention to finite coloured complete graphs with a colouring of a *special* vertex.
We observe that given a special $m$-colouring $\Delta'$ of a finite complete graph $G=K_{n+1}$ with a special vertex $x'$, we may easily construct a colouring $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$ where $\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}\subseteq \mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}$. To see this, take a copy of the coloured complete graph $G\setminus\{x'\}$ and view it lying within the first $n$ natural numbers and colour every edge between any two naturals in $[n+1,\infty]$ with colour $\Delta'(x')$. For every $i\in [n]$, we colour every edge between $i$ and any natural in $[n+1,\infty]$ with the colour of the edge between the vertex corresponding to $i$ in $G\setminus\{x'\}$ and the special vertex $x'$. This observation together with Proposition \[prop:correspond\] imply that $$\label{infintofin}
\psi(m)=\underset{G, m\text{-colouring }\Delta'}{\min} |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)|,$$ where the minimum is taken over every finite complete graph $G$ with a special $m$-colouring $\Delta'$. It is clear that this minimum can actually be taken over bounded size complete graphs, where the bound depends only on $m$.
From now on, we shall only be considering complete graphs $G$ with a special $m$-colouring $\Delta'$. Our aim is to obtain a bound on the size of $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$. To do so we shall need the following technical lemma.
\[lemma: finitecomplete\] Let $m,n\geq 2$ be positive integers. Let $G=K_{n+1}$ be a complete graph on $n$ vertices with a special vertex $x'$ and let $\Delta'$ be a special $m$-colouring of $G$. Then, we can find a sequence of pairwise disjoint subsets $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_{\ell} \subset V(G)$, for some $\ell \in [n]$, satisfying the following properties.
1. $A_1=\{x'\}$;
2. For every $i\in [\ell]$, $|A_i|=1$ or $|A_i|=2$;
3. $\left \{\gamma_{\Delta'}\left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{j} A_i\right ) \right \}_{j\in [\ell]}$ forms a *strictly* increasing sequence and $\gamma_{\Delta'}\left (\bigcup_{j=1}^{\ell} A_j\right )=m$;
4. Whenever $|A_j|=2$, the set of colours appearing on the edges of the bipartite graph $\left (A_{t}, \bigcup_{i=1}^{j-1} A_i \right)$ is contained in the set $\Delta'\left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{j-1} A_i\right )$, for every $t \geq j$;
5. For every $i<j$ and for any two vertices $v \in A_i$, $w\in A_j$, $$\left |\Delta'\left (\left (v, \bigcup_{t=1}^{i-1} A_t \right)\right )\setminus \Delta'\left (\bigcup_{t=1}^{i-1} A_t \right) \right| \geq \left |\Delta'\left (\left (w, \bigcup_{t=1}^{i-1} A_t \right)\right )\setminus \Delta' \left (\bigcup_{t=1}^{i-1} A_t \right) \right|.$$
Our proof of this theorem is similar in spirit to the proof of Lemma \[lem: correspond\]. We shall proceed iteratively, finding at step $i$ a new set $A_i$. The key idea is that we want to avoid as much as possible the choice of sets of order $2$, more precisely, if we can find a single element set $A_i$, for which the sequence $A_1,\ldots, A_i$ satisfies all properties $(1)-(5)$, then we shall choose such set.
To begin this procedure, we set $A_1=\{x'\}$. Suppose we have already found the first $t$ sets $A_1,\ldots, A_t$, if $\Delta' \left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i \right )$ contains all the $m$ colours, we stop. Otherwise, there must exist an edge $e=(a,b)$ whose colour does not appear in $\Delta'\left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_t \right)$.
Suppose there is such an edge $e=(a,b)$ with exactly one endpoint, say $a$, belonging to the set $\bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i$. Then, we shall choose a vertex $x \in \left (V(G)\setminus \bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i \right )$, which maximizes the size of $\left ( \Delta'\left (\left (x, \bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i \right) \right )\setminus \Delta'\left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i \right) \right)$. Set $A_{t+1}=\{x\}$.
Note that $A_{t+1}$ has order $1$ and the set $\Delta'\left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{t+1} A_i \right)$ strictly contains $\Delta'\left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i \right)$. Hence, the properties $(1)-(3)$ hold for the sequence $A_1,A_2,\ldots, A_{t+1}$. Finally, we need to check the sequence $A_1,A_2,\ldots,A_{t+1}$ also satisfies properties $(4)$ and $(5)$. Property $(5)$ holds trivially since all sets $A_i$ were chosen so they maximize the number of extra colours that appear by adding $A_i$ to the previously constructed sets, $A_1,\ldots, A_{i-1}$. To see that property $(4)$ also holds, suppose $A_i$ has two elements, for some $i\leq t$. Then, the set of colours that appear on the edges of the bipartite graph $\left (x,\bigcup_{j=1}^{i-1} A_j \right)$ must be contained in set of colours that appear on the edges of $\left (\bigcup_{j=1}^{i-1} A_j \right)$, since otherwise we would have chosen $A_i$ to be a single element set.
Suppose now that for every edge $e=(a,b)$ for which $\Delta(e) \notin \Delta'(\bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i)$, neither of the endpoints of $e$ belong to $\bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i$. Then, we set $A_{t+1}=\{a,b\}$. As before, properties $(1)-(3)$ follow easily. Moreover, $(4)$ holds since by assumption $\Delta'\left(A_{t+1}, \bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i \right) \subset \Delta'\left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i \right)$. Finally, $(5)$ holds exactly by the same reason as before, namely because we always chose $A_t$ so to maximize the number of extra colours appearing on $\bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i$. Observe that since the number of colours is finite our sequence $A_1,\ldots, A_t$ must terminate after at most $m$ steps and at the end we must have $\gamma_{\Delta'}\left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{t} A_i \right)=m$.
A consequence of Lemma \[lemma: finitecomplete\]
------------------------------------------------
We shall now deduce the following result originally proved by Kittipassorn and Narayanan [@BhargavKittipassorn] and which answered a question of Narayanan from [@Bhargav].
\[thm: KittiNaraya\] Let $m\geq 2$ be a positive integer and let $\Delta\colon \mathbb{N}^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow [m]$ be an $m$-colouring of the complete graph on $\mathbb{N}$ and suppose $n$ is a natural number such that $m > {n \choose 2}+1$. Then, $$\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}\cap \left({n \choose 2}+1,{n+1 \choose 2}+1\right]\neq \emptyset.$$
Let $ m > {n \choose 2} +1$ and let $\Delta\colon \mathbb{N}^{(2)}\twoheadrightarrow [m]$ be an $m$-colouring of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$. First, we construct a coloured complete graph $G$ with a special colouring $\Delta'$ obtained from the colouring $\Delta$, as we have seen at the beginning of this section. Secondly, let $A_1,\ldots, A_{\ell}$ be the ordered sequence obtained by Lemma \[lemma: finitecomplete\] from $G$. Set $c(j)=\left |\Delta'\left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{j}A_i\right )\setminus \Delta'\left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{j-1} A_i \right) \right|$, for every $j\in [\ell]$. Observe $c(j)$ counts the number of new colours that appear when we add the set $A_j$ to the previously constructed sets. As we shall see, a simple inductive argument shows that for every $j\in[\ell]$, the following inequality holds. $$\label{eq}
\sum_{i=1}^{j} c(i) \leq {j \choose 2} +1.$$ Indeed, $c(1)=1= {1 \choose 2}+1$. We may assume by the inductive hypothesis that $\sum_{i=1}^{j} c(j) \leq { j \choose 2} +1$. Suppose first that $A_{j+1}$ has order two. From property $(3)$ and $(4)$ of Lemma \[lemma: finitecomplete\], we have that $c(j+1)=c(j)+1\leq {j \choose 2} +1 +1\leq {j+1 \choose 2} +1$. Suppose now $A_{j+1}=\{w\}$. Let $2\leq t\leq j$ be the largest index for which $A_t$ has order two (assuming such $t\geq 2$ exists). Then, by property $(5)$ in Lemma \[lemma: finitecomplete\], the set of colours appearing in the bipartite graph $\left (w,\bigcup_{i=1}^{t-1} A_i \right)$ is contained in $\Delta'\left (\bigcup_{i=1}^{t-1} A_i\right)$. This implies $c(j+1)\leq c(j)+ 2+ (j-t)\leq c(j)+j\leq {j+1 \choose 2}+1$. On the other hand, if no set has order $2$, then clearly $c(j+1)\leq c(j)+ j \leq {j+1 \choose 2}+1$, as we wanted to show.
Let $\gamma_{i}=\gamma_{\Delta'}(\bigcup_{j=1}^{i} A_j)$, for every $i\in [\ell]$, and let $t\in [\ell]$ be the largest index for which $\gamma_t \leq {n+1 \choose 2}+1$. If $\gamma_{t}\in \left({n \choose 2}+1,{n+1 \choose 2}+1\right]$, we are done. So we may assume $\gamma_{t}\leq {n \choose 2}+1$.
We need the following claim.
\[claim:gamma\] $\gamma_{t+1}\leq \gamma_{t}+n$.
If $A_{t+1}$ has two elements then by property $(4)$, $\gamma_{t+1}=\gamma_{t}+1\leq \gamma_{t}+n$. So we shall assume $A_{t+1}=\{x\}$. As before, let $2\leq k\leq t$ be the largest index for which $A_k$ has order two (assuming such index $k$ exists, if not let $k=1$).
Suppose, for contradiction that $\gamma_{t+1}\geq \gamma_{t}+n+1$. Property $(5)$, allow us to construct an increasing sequence of $n$ indices $i_1<\ldots<i_{n}$ in $\{k+1,\ldots, t\}$ or ($n-1$ indices if $ \left | \Delta'\left (\left(x,A_k\right)\right) \right|=2$), where $c(i_q)\geq q$ (or $c(i_{q})\geq q+1$), for every $q\in [n]$ (or $q\in [n-1]$). Therefore, $\gamma_{t}\geq 1+ \sum_{q=1}^{n} c(i_q) \geq 1+ {n+1 \choose 2 }$, which contradicts the assumption $\gamma_{t}\leq {n \choose 2}+1$ and the claim follows.
Finally, note that by the Claim \[claim:gamma\], $\gamma_{t+1}\leq \gamma_{t}+n\leq { n+1 \choose 2} +1$, which is a contradiction on the maximality of $t$.
We remark that trivially Theorem \[thm: KittiNaraya\] implies Theorem \[Bhargav\].
Proof of the main theorem
=========================
The aim of this section is to prove Theorem \[main\]. As we saw in Section \[sec:preliminary\], in order to prove Theorem \[main\], it suffices to show that for every $m\notin\{ {n \choose 2}+1,{n \choose 2}+2: n\geq 2\}$ and every special $m$-colouring $\Delta'$ of a complete graph $G$ with a special vertex $x'$, $$|\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)| \geq (1+\alpha)\sqrt{2m}.$$
To prove this, we shall need to introduce few more definitions. We will assume from now on that the special vertex $x'$ has colour $1$.
Given a vertex $v\in G\setminus \{x'\}$, we let $\rho_{G}(v)$ (or $\rho(v)$, whenever it is clear from the context what is the ground graph) to be the number of distinct colours which appear only on the edges incident with $v$, in other words, $\rho(v)$ counts the number of colours which cease to exist when the vertex $v$ is deleted. In particular, the colour $1$ never contributes to $\rho(v)$. Note that $\rho$ is not defined for the special vertex $x'$.
We denote by $G^{\geq 1}\subseteq G$ the complete subgraph induced on the set of vertices $\{v \in G': \rho(v)\geq 1\}\cup \{x'\}$ and we let $G'=G\setminus\{x'\}$. We shall call an edge $e\in G^{(2)}$ *uniquely* coloured if $\Delta'(e)\neq \{1\}$ and no other edge shares the same colour as $e$. Moreover, we say that $\Delta'$ is a *bad* (special) colouring of a complete graph $G=K_{n+1}$ (for some $n\geq 1$), if satisfies one of the following two types.
1. $G$ is a rainbow complete graph and none of the edges in $G$ has colour $1$;
2. $G\setminus \{x'\}=G'$ forms a rainbow complete graph where every edge has a colour distinct from $1$. Moreover, every edge incident with $x'$ has either colour $1$ or colour $2$ and colour $2$ does not appear in $G'^{(2)}$.
Observe that if $m\notin \{ {n \choose 2}+1,{n \choose 2}+2: n\geq 2\}$ then no $m$-colouring can be *bad*.
Finally, let $\Delta'$ be a colouring of $K_{n+1}\cup\{v\}$ with special vertex $x'$ and suppose $\Delta'$ induces a bad colouring on $K_{n+1}$ (with special vertex $x'$) then we say $v$ is a *copycat* vertex if there exists $z\in K_{n+1}\setminus\{x'\}$ such that the following holds.
1. If $\Delta'$ induces a bad colouring of type $(i)$ on $K_{n+1}$, then for every vertex $w\in (K_{n+1}\setminus \{z,v\})$ (including the special vertex $x'$), $\Delta'((v,w))=\Delta'((z,w))$ and $\Delta'((v,z))=1$;
2. If $\Delta'$ induces a bad colouring of type $(ii)$ on $K_{n+1}$, then for every vertex $w\in (K_{n+1}\setminus\{x',z\})$, $\Delta'((v,w))=\Delta'((z,w))$. Furthermore, $\Delta'((z,x')),\Delta'((z,v))\in \{1,2\}$ if colour $2$ already appears in $K_{n+1}$ or $\Delta'((z,x'))=\Delta((z,v))=1$, otherwise.
We shall deduce Theorem \[main\] from the following stronger result.
\[thm:main2\] There exists an absolute constant $\alpha'>0$ such that if $G=K_{n+1}$ is a complete graph with a special $m$-colouring ($m\geq 3)$ $\Delta'$ and $G=G^{\geq 1}$, then at least one of the following holds.
- $\Delta'$ is a *bad* colouring;
- $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right|\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$.
Let $\Delta$ be an $m$-colouring of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$. Construct a coloured complete graph $G$ with a special vertex $x'$ with a special $m$-colouring $\Delta'$, as seen in Section \[sec:preliminary\]. We shall now construct a sequence of decreasing subgraphs $G=G_0\supset G_1 \supset \ldots \supset G_k$ where $G_i$ is obtained from $G_{i-1}$ by deleting exactly one vertex $x_{i-1}\in (V(G_{i-1})\setminus\{x'\})$ with the property that $\rho_{G_{i-1}}(v)=0$. Since $G$ is finite this process must stop and $G_k=G_{k}^{\geq 1}$. Moreover, by construction notice that $ \gamma_{\Delta'}(G_k)=m$. Finally, observe that the colouring induced on $G_{k}$ can not bad. The conclusion of the theorem now follows from Proposition \[prop:correspond\] and Theorem \[thm:main2\].
The rest of this section will be devoted to proving Theorem \[thm:main2\].
For technical reasons, we shall need to prove our main theorem for small values of $m\geq 2$. Observe first that whenever $m\notin \left \{ {n \choose 2}+1 : n\geq 2 \right \}$, we have that $\psi(m)>\sqrt{2m}$. This follows trivially from Theorem \[thm: KittiNaraya\]. Now, let $\Delta'\colon G^{(2)}\twoheadrightarrow [m]$ be a special colouring of a finite graph $G$ with special vertex $x'$ where the colour of the vertex $x'$ is $1$. Suppose as well that $m={n\choose 2}+1$, for some $n\geq 2$ and $\Delta'$ is not a *bad* colouring. Then, $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right|\geq n+1 >\sqrt{2m}$. This follows from Lemma \[lemma: finitecomplete\]. Indeed, let $A_1,A_2,\ldots, A_t$ be the sets obtained from Lemma \[lemma: finitecomplete\], then if $t>n$, we are done. Suppose now $t=n$. Clearly, no $A_i$ can have order $2$ for $i\geq 3$ since in that case the contribution of new colours when adding a new set $A_j$ (for $j\geq i$) is strictly less than $j-1$ (by property $(4)$) which would force $t>n$, a contradiction. Therefore, either every $A_i$ has size $1$, in which case $\Delta'$ is a bad colouring of type $(i)$, or $A_2=2$ in which case every edge incident with $x'$ has colour $1$ (by property $(4)$) and $\Delta'$ is a bad colouring of type $(ii)$, a contradiction. These couple of observations imply the following proposition.
\[prop:basecase\] There exists a constant $\alpha>0$ such that for any $2\leq m\leq 200$ the following holds. Let $\Delta'\colon G^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow [m]$ be a special colouring of a complete graph with special vertex $x'$ of colour $1$ and suppose $\Delta'$ is not a bad colouring. Then, $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right| \geq (1+\alpha)\sqrt{2m}$.
We shall use this fact as the base case for the induction argument employed in the proof of our main theorem.
We move on by proving three lemmas which will be useful later in the proof of our main theorem. They assert that Theorem \[thm:main2\] holds whenever the special colouring of $G$ is close to being a bad colouring but it is not bad.
\[lem:uniquelycolour\] Let $m\geq n\geq 15$ be positive integers and let $\rho \geq 6$. Let $\Delta': G^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow [m]$ be a special $m$-colouring of a complete graph $G=K_{n+1}$ with special vertex $x'$ of colour $1$. Suppose $\Delta'$ is not a bad colouring and every edge in $G'^{(2)}=(G\setminus\{x'\})^{(2)}$ is uniquely coloured. Moreover, suppose $\rho(v)=\rho$, for every $v\in V(G')$. Then, $$|\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)|\geq \frac{5}{4}n.$$
Observe that $\rho\geq n-1$, since every edge in $G'^{(2)}$ is uniquely coloured. If $\rho=n$, then the colouring $\Delta'$ would have to be a bad colouring of type $(i)$, which is not possible. Therefore, we must have $\rho=n-1$. Let $A=\{a_1,a_2,\ldots, a_k\}$ be the set of distinct colours (including perhaps colour $1$) appearing on the edges incident with $x'$. As $\Delta'$ is not a bad colouring, $k\geq 2$, whenever $1\notin A$ or $k\geq 3$, otherwise.
Let us partition $V(G')$ into $k$ sets, namely $V_1, V_2,\ldots, V_k$, such that for every $v\in V_i$, the colour of the edge $(v,x')$ is $a_i$. Note that since $\rho=n-1$, each $V_i$ must have size at least $2$, whenever $a_i\neq 1$. Since $k\geq 2$, we may assume the size of $V_k$ is smaller or equal than $\frac{n}{2}$. Let $x'=v_1<v_2<\ldots<v_{n+1}$ be an ordering of the vertices of $G$ with the property that every vertex of $V_i$ comes before every vertex of $V_j$, for every $i<j\in [k]$. Furthermore, if we denote by $T_i$ the set of the first $i$ vertices in this ordering, we clearly have $\gamma_{\Delta'}(T_i)<\gamma_{\Delta'}(T_j)$, for every $i<j$.
Consider the set $S\subseteq [n+1]$ consisting of every $s \in [n+1]$ such that $v_s\notin \left (V_{k}\cup\{x'\} \right)$ and if $v_s \in V_{\ell}$ then $v_s$ is **not** the first vertex of $V_{\ell}$ in the above ordering.
Let $T^{*}_s=T_s \setminus\{v_s\}\cup\{v_{n+1}\}$, for every $s\in S$. As before, it is easy to see that $\gamma_{\Delta'}(T^{*}_i)<\gamma_{\Delta'}(T^{*}_j)$, for every $i<j\in S$. Finally, note that $\gamma_{\Delta'}(T^{*}_s)\neq \gamma_{\Delta'}(T_p)$, for every $s\in S$ and $p \in [n]$. This holds since by construction $\gamma_{\Delta'}(T^{*}_s)= \gamma_{\Delta'}(T_s)+1$, for every $s\in S$, and the difference between $\gamma_{\Delta'}(T_s)$ and $\gamma_{\Delta'}(T_{s+1})$ is greater than $1$, for every $s\geq 2$. Hence, $$|\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)| \geq n+|S|\geq n+\left(\frac{n-|V_k|}{2}\right)\geq \frac{5}{4}n.$$.
The next two lemmas are slightly technical and its proofs follow a careful analysis of different possible cases.
\[lem:type 1\] Let $m\geq n\geq 10$ be positive integers. Let $\Delta': G^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow [m]$ be a special $m$-colouring of a complete graph $G=K_{n}\cup\{x'\}\cup\{v\}$ with a special vertex $x'$ of colour $1$. Moreover, suppose $\Delta'$ induces a bad colouring of type $(i)$ on $G\setminus\{v\}$ (with special vertex $x'$). Then, one of the following holds.
1. $ \left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G) \right|\geq \frac{5}{4}n$;
2. $\Delta'$ induces a bad colouring of type $(i)$ on the entire $G$;
3. The edge $(v,x')$ has colour $1$ and for every vertex $x \in G\setminus\{x',v\}$, the edge $(v,x)$ has either colour $1$ or colour $\Delta'((x',x))$.
4. $v$ is a *copycat* vertex.
For convenience of notation, we shall denote by $H$ the graph $G\setminus\{v\}$, note that $|H|=n+1$. For the proof, it will be easier to assume $(2),(3)$ and $(4)$ do not hold and we shall deduce $(1)$ must then be satisfied.
Note that by considering any subset $W\subset H$ (containing $x'$) of size $\ell$, we deduce that $$\label{eq:obvious}
\left \{{\ell \choose 2}+1: 1 \leq \ell\leq n+1\right \}\subset \mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G).$$ Let us now write $V(H)=\{x_0=x',x_1,\dots, x_{n}\}$. Since $(3)$ does not hold, there must exist a vertex $u\in H$ such that the colour of $(v,u)$ is not $1$ or $\Delta'((x',u))$. Say the edge $(v,u)$ has colour $i$.
Note that since $H$ is a rainbow clique there is a vertex, say $x_{n}\in (H\setminus \{x',u\})$, such that $H\setminus\{x_n\}$ does not span colour $i$.
First, suppose that the colouring of $(H\setminus\{x_{n}\})\cup \{v\}$ is **not** a bad colouring of type $(i)$. This implies that there exist either an edge $(v,w)$ of colour $1$, for some $w\in H\setminus\{x_{n}\}$, or an edge $e=(v,w)$ of the same colour as some other edge $(a,b)\in (H\setminus \{x_{n}\})\cup \{v\}$. In the former case set $X_0=\{x',v,w,u\}$ and set $X_0=\{x',v,w,a,b,u\}$ for the latter. Note that possibly the set $X_0$ contains repeated vertices. In any case, the idea is that the set $X_0$ does not induce a bad colouring of type $(i)$ but also it contains at least one more colour than $X_0\setminus\{v\}$, namely colour $i$. Consider now the sets $X_{\ell}= W_{\ell} \cup X_0$, for every $\ell\in \{1,\ldots,n-5\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus (X_0\cup \{x_n\})$ is any set of size $\ell$. It is easy to see that $ {|X_{\ell}|-1 \choose 2 } +2 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right| \choose 2}$.
The upper bound holds since $X_{\ell}$ is not rainbow and the lower bound holds because $X_{\ell} \setminus\{v\}$ forms a rainbow clique and the edge $(v,u)$ has colour $i$ which does not appear in $X_{\ell}\setminus\{v\}$. Recalling (\[eq:obvious\]), we have that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-4\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, which is what we wanted show.
Suppose now that the colouring of $(H\setminus\{x_{n}\})\cup \{v\}$ is a bad colouring of type $(i)$. Now, either the set of colours of the bipartite graph $(v, H\setminus\{x_n\})$ is the same as the set of colours in the bipartite graph $(x_n, H\setminus\{x_n\}) $ or not. We split our analysis in each of these two cases.\
**Case $1$. $\Delta'((v, H\setminus\{x_n\}))\neq \Delta'((x_n, H\setminus\{x_n\}$)).**\
By hypothesis, there is $w\in H\setminus\{x_n\}$ such that $\Delta'((v,w))$ has colour $j\neq 1$ and this colour does not appear in $\Delta'((x_n, H\setminus\{x_n\}))$. Observe the only other edge which can have colour $j$ is $(v,x_n)$. If $\Delta'((v,x_n))=j$ then set $X_0=\{x',w,v,x_n\}$, and consider the sets $X_{\ell}= W_{\ell} \cup X_0$, for every $\ell\in \{1,\ldots,n-3\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus X_0$ is any set of size $\ell$. It is easy to see that $ {|X_{\ell}|-1 \choose 2 } +2 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right| \choose 2}$, implying that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-2\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, which is what we wanted show. If $\Delta'((v,x_n))\neq j$ then colour $j$ appears uniquely in the edge $(v,w)$. Since $(2)$ does not hold either $\Delta'((v,x_n)=1$ or there exist two distinct edges $e_1=(a,b),e_2=(a',b')$ in $H\cup\{v\}$ such that $\Delta'(e_1)=\Delta'(e_2)$. In the former case, set $X_0=\{x',w,v,x_n\}$, and consider the sets $X_{\ell}= W_{\ell} \cup X_0$, for every $\ell\in \{1,\ldots,n-3\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus X_0$ is any set of size $\ell$. It is easy to see that $ {|X_{\ell}|-1 \choose 2 } +2 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right| \choose 2}$, implying that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-2\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, which is what we wanted show. In the latter case, set $X_0=\{x',w,v,a,b,a',b'\}$ ($X_0$ may have repeated vertices), and consider the sets $X_{\ell}= W_{\ell} \cup X_0$, for every $\ell\in \{1,\ldots,n-6\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus X_0$ is any set of size $\ell$. It is easy to see that $ {|X_{\ell}|-1 \choose 2 } +2 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell})\right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right| \choose 2}$, implying that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-5\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, which is what we wanted show. This finishes the analysis of **Case $1$**.\
**Case $2$. $\Delta'((v, H\setminus\{x_n\}))=\Delta'((x_n, H\setminus\{x_n\}$)).**\
Let us assume there is a vertex $y\in H\setminus\{x_n\}$ such that $\Delta'((v,y))\neq \Delta'((x_n,y))$. As argued before there is a vertex $w\in H\setminus\{x',x_n\}$ with the property $H\setminus\{w\}$ does not span colour $\Delta'((v,y))$. Also, by hypothesis and the fact $n\geq 10$, there exist $a,b \in H\setminus\{x_n,w\}$ satisfying $\Delta'((v,a))=\Delta'((x_n,b))$ (possibly $a=b$). In which case, we set $X_0=\{x', v,x_n,y,a,b\}$ and as before we consider the sets $X_{\ell}= W_{\ell} \cup X_0$, for every $\ell\in \{1,\ldots,n-5\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus \{X_0\cup \{w\}\}$ is any set of size $\ell$. It is easy to see that $ {|X_{\ell}|-1 \choose 2 } +2 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right| \choose 2}$, implying that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-5\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, which is what we wanted show. We may then assume for every $y\in H\setminus\{x_n\}$, the colour of $(v,y)$ is the same as the colour of $(x_n,y)$. Since $(4)$ does not hold, we may assume $\Delta'((v,x_n)=i\neq 1$. Moreover, there is a vertex $w\in H\setminus\{x_n\}$ with the property that $(H\setminus\{w\})$ does not span colour $i$. In this case, we set $X_0=\{x',v,x_n\}$ and as before we consider the sets $X_{\ell}= W_{\ell} \cup X_0$, for every $\ell\in \{1,\ldots,n-3\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus X_0$ is any set of size $\ell$. It is easy to see that $ {|X_{\ell}|-1 \choose 2 } +2 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right| \choose 2}$, implying that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-4\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, which is what we wanted show. This concludes the proof of Lemma \[lem:type 1\].
We shall need to prove an analogous lemma but now when the entire graph except one vertex induces a bad colouring of type $(ii)$.
\[lem:type 2\] Let $m\geq n\geq 15$ be positive integers. Let $\Delta': G^{(2)} \twoheadrightarrow [m]$ be a special $m$-colouring of a complete graph $G=K_{n}\cup\{x'\}\cup\{v\}$ with a special vertex $x'$ of colour $1$. Moreover, suppose $\Delta'$ induces a bad colouring of type $(ii)$ on $G\setminus\{v\}$ (with special vertex $x'$). Then, one of the following holds.
1. $ \left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G) \right|\geq \frac{5}{4}n$;
2. $\Delta'$ induces a bad colouring of type $(ii)$ on the entire $G$;
3. For every $w\in G$ (including $x'$), the edge $(v,w)$ has either colour $1$ or $2$; moreover, if colour $2$ does not already appear in $\Delta'(G\setminus \{v\})$, then all the edges $(v,w)$ have colour $1$;
4. $v$ is a *copycat* vertex.
The proof of this lemma follows a very similar strategy as the strategy employed in the proof of Lemma \[lem:type 1\]. As before, we shall denote by $H$ the graph $G\setminus\{v\}$ and observe that $|H|=n+1$. We shall assume hereafter that $(2),(3)$ and $(4)$ do not hold and our aim is to prove $(1)$ must happen. Let us write $V(H)=\{x_0=x',x_1,\dots, x_{n}\}$ and let $k\in [n]$ be a positive integer such that every edge $(x',x_i)$ has colour $1$ if $1\leq i\leq k$, and it has colour $2$ otherwise.
Observe that $$\label{eq:obvious1}
\left \{{\ell \choose 2}+1: 1 \leq \ell\leq k\right \} \cup \left \{{\ell \choose 2}+2: 2 \leq \ell\leq n+1\right \} \subset \mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G).$$ Indeed, any subset $W \subset \{x',x_1,\ldots,x_k\}$ (containing $x'$) of size $\ell+1$ spans exactly ${\ell \choose 2}+1$ colours. Moreover, note that any subset $W \subset \{x',x_1,\ldots,x_n\}$ (containing $x'$ and at least one vertex from $\{x_{k+1},\ldots, x_n\}$ of size $\ell +1$ spans exactly ${\ell \choose 2}+2$ colours. Note that we may assume $k\leq n/4$, otherwise we are immediately done. We will have to split our analysis into two main cases.\
**Case $1.$ $k\neq n$ or equivalently colour $2$ appears in $H$.**\
First, we observe that if $\Delta'(v,x')$ has colour $i\notin \{1,2\}$, then condition $(1)$ holds. To see this, denote by $T$ the set $\{x',x_{k+1},\ldots, x_{n}\}$ and let $T'=T\setminus\{x'\}$. Since $T'$ forms a rainbow clique there is at most one vertex, say $x_n\in T$, for which $T\setminus\{x_n\}$ does not span colour $i$. Denote $R=T\setminus\{x_n\}$. There are two possibilities we need to analyze; If $(R\cup\{v\})^{(2)}$ contains $4$ distinct edges $e_1=(a_1,b_1),e_2=(a_2,b_2),e_3=(a_3,b_3)$ and $e_4=(a_4,b_4)$ spanning at most $2$ (without counting colours $\{1,2\}$), then we set $X_0=\{x',v,a_1,b_1,a_2,b_2,a_3,b_3,a_4,b_4\}$ and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0 $, for every $\ell \in \{1,\ldots,\frac{3n}{4}n-8\}$ where $W_{\ell}\subset R\setminus X_0 $ is any set of size $\ell$. We observe that $${|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +3 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell})\right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right|-1 \choose 2} +1.$$ Indeed, $X_{\ell}\setminus\{x',v\}$ spans a rainbow clique not containing colours $\{1,2,i\}$ and $X_{\ell}\setminus\{x'\}$ spans at most ${ |X_{\ell}| \choose 2}-2$ colours. This implies that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $\frac{7n}{4}-8\geq \frac{5n}{4}$. If, on the other hand, there do not exist such $4$ edges, then we can pass to a subset $S \subset R$ of size at least $|R|-4$ for which $S\cup \{v\}\setminus\{x'\}$ forms a rainbow clique not spanning colours $\{1,2,i\}$. In this case, it is easy to check that $$\left \{{\ell \choose 2}+3: 1 \leq \ell\leq |S|\right \} \subset \mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G),$$ which implies that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $\frac{7n}{4}-4\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, as we wanted to show. We may therefore assume from now on that $\Delta'(x',v)\in \{1,2\}$.
Since $(3)$ does not hold, there exists a vertex $u\in H$ such that the edge $(v,u)$ has colour $i\notin \{1,2\}$. As argued before, because $H\setminus\{x'\}$ forms a rainbow clique there exists one vertex, say $x_n \in H\setminus\{x',u\}$ such that $H\setminus\{x_n\}$ does not span colour $i$. Exactly as in the proof of Lemma \[lem:type 1\], let us assume first the colouring of $H\setminus\{x_n\}\cup \{v\}$ is **not** a bad colouring of type $(ii)$. This implies that one of the three possibilities must hold:
1. There is an edge $(v,w)$ of colour $1$ or $2$, where $w\in (H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}$);
2. There exist a pair of edges $e=(v,w),e'=(a,b)$ of the same colour, where $\{w,a,b\} \subset (H\setminus\{x',x_n\})$;
3. The edge $(v,x')$ has colour $j\notin \{1,2\}$.
If case $(a)$ holds, set $X_0=\{x',v,u,w\}$ and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0 $, for every $\ell \in \{1,\ldots,n-4\}$ where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus(\{X_0 \cup x_n\}) $ is any set of size $\ell$ containing at least one vertex $z$ for which $(x',z)$ has colour $2$. Observe that $${|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +3 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell})\right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right|-1 \choose 2} +1,$$ implying that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-4\geq \frac{5n}{4}$. This holds because $X_{\ell}\setminus \{x',v\}$ forms a rainbow clique not spanning colours $\{1,2,i\}$. Moreover, the upper bound follows because $X_{\ell}\setminus \{x'\}$ spans either colour $1$ or colour $2$, by assumption. If case $(b)$ holds, set $X_0=\{x',v,u,a,b,w\}$ ($X_0$ could have repeated vertices) and let $X_{\ell}=X_0\cup W_{\ell}$, for every $\ell \in \{1,\ldots, n-5\}$ where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus (\{X_0 \cup x_n\})$ and every $W_{\ell}$ contains at least one vertex $z$ for which $(x',z)$ has colour $2$. As before, $${|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +3 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right|-1 \choose 2} +1,$$ which implies $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-5\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, as we wanted to show. Finally, suppose case $(c)$ holds and neither $(a)$ nor $(b)$ holds. As before, note that there is a vertex $x_{n-1}\in H$ for which $H\setminus \{x_{n-1}\}$ does not span colour $j$. In this case, let $X_0=\{x',v\}$ and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0 $, for every $\ell \in \{1,\ldots,n-3\}$ where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus(\{X_0 \cup \{x_n,x_{n-1}\}\}) $ is any set of size $\ell$ containing at least one vertex $z$ for which $(x',z)$ has colour $2$. Observe that $$\left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| = {\left|X_{\ell}\right|-1 \choose 2} +3,$$ since $H\setminus\{x',x_n\}$ forms a rainbow clique. Therefore, we have $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-4\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, as we wanted to show.
We may now assume the colouring of $H\setminus\{x_n\}\cup \{v\}$ is a bad colouring of type $(ii)$. We have to split the analysis into two further sub-cases.\
**Case $1.1$. $\Delta'((v, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}))\neq \Delta'((x_n, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}$))**.\
Let $y\in H\setminus\{x',x_n\}$ be a vertex such that the edge $(v,y)$ is *uniquely* coloured with colour $j$. Now, since $(2)$ does not hold, there must exist two vertices $a,b\in H\setminus\{x',y\}$ satisfying $\Delta'((v,a))=\Delta'((x_n,b))$. Set $X_0=\{x',v,x_n,a,b,y\}$ and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0$, for every $\ell \in \{1,2,\ldots, n-5\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus X_0 $ is any set of size $\ell$ containing at least one vertex $z$ for which $(x',z)$ has colour $2$. Note that $${|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +3 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right|-1 \choose 2} +1.$$ The lower bound follows since $X_{\ell}\setminus\{x',v\}$ is a rainbow clique and does not span colours $\{1,2,j\}$ and the upper bound holds because $X_{\ell}\setminus\{x'\}$ has two edges of the same colour. Therefore, $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-6\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, as we wanted to show.\
**Case $1.2$. $\Delta'((v, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}))= \Delta'((x_n, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}$))**.\
By assumption $(4)$ does not hold, hence $v$ is not a *copycat* vertex. Let us assume first there exists $y\in H\setminus\{x',x_n\}$ with $\Delta'((v,y))\neq \Delta'((x_n,y))$ and assume $\Delta'((v,y))=j\notin \{1,2\}$. As seen before, there exists a vertex $x_{n-1}\in H\setminus\{x',x_{n},y\}$ such that $H\setminus\{x_{n-1}\}$ does not span colour $j$. Finally, note that since $\Delta'((v, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}))= \Delta'((x_n, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}$ and $n\geq 15$ there exists two vertices $a,b\in H\setminus\{v,x_n,x_{n-1},y\}$ for which $\Delta'((v,a))=\Delta'((x_n,b))$. Set $X_0=\{x',v,x_n,a,b,y\}$ and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0$, for every $\ell \in \{1,2,\ldots, n-6\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus \{X_0,x_{n-1}\} $ is any set of size $\ell$ containing at least one vertex $z$ for which $(x',z)$ has colour $2$. Observe that $${|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +3 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right|-1 \choose 2} +1.$$ Therefore, $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-6\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, as we wanted to show. We may then assume that for every vertex $y\in H\setminus\{x',x_n\}$, $\Delta'((v,y))= \Delta'((x_n,y))$. Therefore, $\Delta'((v,x_n))=j\notin \{1,2\}$. By the same argument as before, there is possibly at most one vertex, say $x_{n-1} \in H\setminus\{x',x_n\}$ such that the unique edge of colour $j$ in $G\setminus\{x_{n-1}\}$ is $(v,x_n)$. Set $X_0=\{x',v,x_n\}$ and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0$, for every $\ell \in \{1,2,\ldots, n-3\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus \{X_0,x_{n-1}\} $ is any set of size $\ell$ containing at least one vertex $z$ for which $(x',z)$ has colour $2$. Observe that $$\left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| ={|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +3.$$ Therefore, $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-3\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, as we wanted to show. This concludes the analysis of $\textbf{Case 1.}$.\
**Case $2.$ Every edge incident with $x'$ in $H$ has colour $1$.**\
The analysis of this case follows an almost identical argument as the analysis of **Case $1.$**. For completeness, we opted to include a full proof although we will not add as many details.
First, note that $ \left \{{\ell \choose 2}+1: 1 \leq \ell\leq n+1\right \}\subset \mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$.
Exactly as in **Case $1$.**, we observe that if $\Delta'(v,x')$ has colour $i\neq 1$, then condition $(1)$ holds. To see this, note that since $H\setminus\{x'\}$ forms a rainbow clique there is at most one vertex, say $x_n\in H\setminus\{x'\}$, for which $H\setminus\{x_n\}$ does not span colour $i$. Denote by $R=H\setminus\{x_n\}$. There are two possibilities we need to analyze; If $(R\cup\{v\})^{(2)}$ contains $4$ distinct edges $e_1=(a_1,b_1),e_2=(a_2,b_2),e_3=(a_3,b_3)$ and $e_4=(a_4,b_4)$ spanning at most $2$ (without counting colour $1$), then we set $X_0=\{x',v,a_1,b_1,a_2,b_2,a_3,b_3,a_4,b_4\}$ and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0 $, for every $\ell \in \{1,\ldots,n-8\}$ where $W_{\ell}\subset R\setminus X_0 $ is any set of size $\ell$. We observe that $${|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +2 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right|-1 \choose 2}.$$ Indeed, $X_{\ell}\setminus\{x',v\}$ spans a rainbow clique not containing colours $\{1,i\}$ and $X_{\ell}\setminus\{x'\}$ spans at most ${ |X_{\ell}| \choose 2}-2$ colours. This implies that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-9\geq \frac{5n}{4}$. If, on the other hand, there do not exist such $4$ edges, then we can pass to a subset $S \subset R$ of size at least $|R|-4$ for which $S\cup \{v\}\setminus\{x'\}$ forms a rainbow clique not spanning colours $\{1,i\}$. In this case, it is easy to check that $$\left \{{\ell \choose 2}+2: 1 \leq \ell\leq |S|\right \} \subset \mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G),$$ which implies that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-4\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, as we wanted to show. We may therefore assume from now on that $\Delta'(x',v)=1$.
Since condition $(3)$ does not hold, there must exist a vertex $u\in H$, for which the edge $(v,u)$ has colour different from $1$, say colour $i$.
As before, we know there exists possibly at most one vertex $x_n\in H\setminus\{x',u\}$ such that $H\setminus \{x_n\}$ does not span colour $i$. Let us assume first the colouring of $H\setminus\{x_n\}\cup \{v\}$ is **not** a bad colouring of type $(ii)$. This implies that one of the two possibilities must hold:
1. There is an edge $(v,w)$ of colour $1$, where $w\in (H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}$);
2. There exist a pair of edges $e=(v,w),e'=(a,b)$ of the same colour, where $\{w,a,b\} \subset (H\setminus\{x',x_n\})$.
If $(a)$ holds, then set $X_0=\{x',u,w,v\}$ and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0 $, for every $\ell \in \{1,\ldots,n-2\}$ where $W_{\ell}\subset \left(H\setminus\{X_0 \cup x_n\}\right) $ is any set of size $\ell$. Observe that $${|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +2 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right|-1 \choose 2},$$ implying that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-4\geq \frac{5n}{4}$.
If $(b)$ holds, set $X_0=\{x',u,v,w\}$ (perhaps $u=x'$) and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0 $, for every $\ell \in \{1,\ldots,n-2\}$ where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus(\{X_0 \cup x_n\}) $ is any set of size $\ell$. As above, observe that $${|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +2 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right|-1 \choose 2},$$ implying that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-4\geq \frac{5n}{4}$.
Hence, we may assume the colouring of $H\setminus\{x_n\}\cup \{v\}$ is a **bad** colouring of type $(ii)$. Finally, as in **Case $1.$**, we shall split the analysis into two further sub-cases.\
**Case $1.1$. $\Delta'((v, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}))\neq \Delta'((x_n, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}$))**.\
Let $y\in H\setminus\{x',x_n\}$ be a vertex such that the edge $(v,y)$ is *uniquely* coloured with colour $j$. Now, since $(2)$ does not hold, there must exist two vertices $a,b\in H\setminus\{x',y\}$ satisfying $\Delta'((v,a))=\Delta'((x_n,b))$. Set $X_0=\{x',v,x_n,a,b,y\}$ and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0$, for every $\ell \in \{1,2,\ldots, n-5\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus X_0 $ is any set of size $\ell$. Note that $${|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +2 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right|-1 \choose 2}.$$ The lower bound follows since $X_{\ell}\setminus\{x',v\}$ is a rainbow clique and does not span colours $\{1,j\}$ and the upper bound holds because $X_{\ell}\setminus\{x'\}$ has two edges of the same colour. Therefore, $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-6\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, as we wanted to show.\
**Case $1.2$. $\Delta'((v, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}))= \Delta'((x_n, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}$))**.\
By assumption $(4)$ does not hold, hence $v$ is not a *copycat* vertex. Let us assume first there exists $y\in H\setminus\{x',x_n\}$ with $\Delta'((v,y))\neq \Delta'((x_n,y))$. Let $\Delta'((v,y))=j$ and by assumption $j\neq 1$. As seen before, there exists a possibly at most one vertex, say $x_{n-1}\in H\setminus\{x',x_{n},y\}$ such that $H\setminus\{x_{n-1}\}$ does not span colour $j$. Finally, note that since $\Delta'((v, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}))= \Delta'((x_n, H\setminus\{x_n,x'\}$ and $n\geq 15$ there exists two vertices $a,b\in H\setminus\{v,x_n,x_{n-1},y\}$ for which $\Delta'((v,a))=\Delta'((x_n,b))$. Set $X_0=\{x',v,x_n,a,b,y\}$ and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0$, for every $\ell \in \{1,2,\ldots, n-6\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus \{X_0,x_{n-1}\} $ is any set of size $\ell$. Observe that $${|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +2 \leq \left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right| \leq {\left|X_{\ell}\right|-1 \choose 2}.$$ Therefore, $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-4\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, as we wanted to show. We may then assume that for every vertex $y\in H\setminus\{x',x_n\}$, $\Delta'((v,y))= \Delta'((x_n,y))$. Therefore, as $(3)$ does not hold, $\Delta'((v,x_n))=j$, for some $j\neq 1$. By the same argument as before, there is possibly at most one vertex, say $x_{n-1} \in H\setminus\{x',x_n\}$ such that the unique edge of colour $j$ in $G\setminus\{x_{n-1}\}$ is $(v,x_n)$. Set $X_0=\{x',v,x_n\}$ and consider the sets $X_{\ell}=W_{\ell}\cup X_0$, for every $\ell \in \{1,2,\ldots, n-2\}$, where $W_{\ell}\subset H\setminus \{X_0,x_{n-1}\} $ is any set of size $\ell$. Observe that $$\left |\Delta'(X_{\ell}) \right|= {|X_{\ell}|-2 \choose 2 } +2.$$ Therefore, $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ has order at least $2n-2\geq \frac{5n}{4}$, as we wanted to show. This concludes the analysis of $\textbf{Case 2.}$ and the proof of Lemma \[lem:type 1\].
Armed with the previous lemmas we are now ready to prove our main theorem.
Let $\alpha'=\min\{\alpha, 1/100\}$, where $\alpha$ is given by Proposition \[prop:basecase\]. The proof will go by induction on $m$, the number of colours used by $\Delta'$. The base cases follow from Proposition \[prop:basecase\]. We shall assume that the theorem holds for every integer $3\leq m'<m$ and we want to show it also holds for $m\geq 200$. Let $G=K_{n+1}$ be the complete graph with a special $m$-colouring $\Delta'$ and with the special vertex $x'$, and $\Delta'$ is not a bad colouring. Our aim is to prove that $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right|\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$.
\[claim:degreesmall\] For every $v\in V(G')$, $\rho(v)\leq \left \lfloor(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}\right \rfloor$.
Suppose there is some $v$ satisfying $\rho(v)> \left \lfloor(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m} \right \rfloor$. Let $w_1,w_2,\ldots w_{t}$ (where $t=\left \lceil(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m} \right \rceil$) be some neighbours of $v$ for which the colours of the edges $(v,w_i)$ have distinct colours for distinct $i\in [t]$ and these colours only appear on edges incident with $v$. We define the sets $W_i=\left \{v\right \}\cup \left \{\bigcup_{j=1}^{i} w_j \right\} \cup \{x'\}$, for every $i \in \{1,2,\ldots, t\}$. It follows from the definition of $\rho$ that $\gamma_{\Delta'}\left (W_j\right ) > \gamma_{\Delta'}\left (W_i\right)$, for every $j\geq i$, implying $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right|\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$.
\[claim:samedegree\] There exists a positive integer $\rho$ such that $\rho(v)=\rho$, for every $v \in G'$.
Suppose there exist two distinct vertices $v,w\in G'$ with $\rho(v)>\rho(w)$. We shall assume $\rho(v)=\max\left \{\rho(v):v\in G'\right\}=\rho$. Consider the induced coloured complete subgraph $W=G \setminus \{v\}$. There might exist some vertices $z\in W\setminus\{x'\}$ such that $\rho_{W}(z)=0$. In this case, we keep deleting such vertices one by one until the remaining induced subgraph $W_{0}$ satisfies $W_{0}^{\geq 1}=W_{0}$. This procedure never deletes all edges of some colour present on $W$, hence $\gamma=\gamma_{\Delta'}(W)=\gamma_{\Delta'}(W_{0})$. Let us denote by $B$ the set of deleted vertices, namely $W\setminus W_{0}$.
Since by assumption $\rho_{W_0}(v)\geq 1$ and $\gamma_{\Delta'}\left (W_{0}\right )<m$, we may apply the induction hypothesis to $W_{0}$. First, we shall assume the colouring on $W_{0}$ is not a bad colouring. Then, we have that the total number of colours appearing in $W_{0}$ is at least $m-(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$, as by Claim \[claim:degreesmall\], $\rho\leq \left \lfloor(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}\right \rfloor$. Therefore, $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}\left (W_{0}\right)\right |\geq (1~+~\alpha')~\sqrt{{2m-2(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}}}$. Observe, that $\gamma$ is the largest value in $ \mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(W_{0})$. Consider now the subgraph $\left (W\setminus\{w\}\right) \cup\{v\}$ and notice that $\gamma_1=\gamma_{\Delta'}\left (\left (W\setminus\{w\}\right)\cup\{v\}\right)$ is greater than $\gamma$, because $\rho(v)>\rho(w)$.
Finally, by considering the entire graph $G$, we obtain yet another value $\gamma_{\Delta'}(G)=\gamma_2\notin\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}\left (\left (W\setminus \{w\}\right) \cup\{v\}\right)$, because $\rho(w)\geq 1$. We have just proved that $\gamma_2>\gamma_1>\gamma$. Therefore, $$|\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)|\geq 2+ (1+\alpha')\sqrt{{2m-2(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}}}\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{{2m}}.$$ The second inequality holds, by a simple calculation, for every $m\geq 5$, as long as $\alpha'\leq \frac{1}{10}$.
Suppose the colouring induced by $\Delta'$ on $W_{0}$ is a bad colouring. We split our analysis into two cases, depending on the type of the bad colouring.\
**Case $1$. The colouring induced on $W_{0}$ is a bad colouring of type $(i)$.**\
First, let us suppose that $W_{0}=W$. Since $W_{0}$ is a rainbow complete graph we have that for every vertex $v \in W_0$, $\rho_{W}(v)\geq n-1$ and in particular $\rho(w)\geq n-1$. As $\rho=\rho(v)>\rho(w)$ then $\rho$ must be equal to $n$. However, in this case the colouring $\Delta'$ on $G$ would also be of type $(i)$, which is a contradiction.
We may then assume $W_0\neq W$. Recall $B=W\setminus W_{0}=\{z_1,\ldots,z_b\}$. Observe that for every vertex $z\in B$, $\rho_{G}(z)=1$ and the edge $(v,z)$ is *uniquely* coloured. Denote by $n_0$ the size of $W_0$ and note that $n_0=n-b$.
Now, since $m\leq {n_0 \choose 2}+ \rho(v) +1$, we must have $$n_0 \geq \sqrt{2m-2(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}}.$$ Since $m\geq 100$ it follows that $n_0\geq \frac{9\sqrt{2m}}{10}$. Let us write $V(W_{0})=\{x_1=x',x_2,\dots, x_{n_0}\}$. Note that $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ contains every integer of the form $ { \ell \choose 2}+1$, for every $\ell \in \left \{1,2,\ldots,n_0 \right\}$, because $W_0$ is a rainbow complete graph.
We shall now apply Lemma \[lem:type 1\] to $W_0 \cup \{v\}$. Note that if $(1)$ in Lemma \[lem:type 1\] holds then we are done since in that case we would have $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right|\geq \frac{5n_0}{4}\geq (1+\alpha')n$. Therefore, we may assume that either $(2)$ or $(3)$ hold.\
Suppose first that $(2)$ holds. Then, we shall apply again Lemma \[lem:type 1\] to $(W_0\cup\{v\})\cup\{z_1\}$. As before if condition $(1)$ holds we are done. Moreover, $(3)$ can not hold because the edge $(z_1,v)$ is uniquely coloured. Hence, $(2)$ must hold again. By continuing this process for the rest of vertices of $B$ we obtain that either $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right|\geq \frac{5n_0}{4}\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$ or the entire $G$ is a bad colouring of type $(i)$, which is a contradiction.\
Finally, let us suppose $(3)$ holds when we apply Lemma \[lem:type 1\] to $W_0\cup \{v\}$. From Lemma \[lem:type 1\] applied to the graph $W_0\cup \{z_1\}$, we may assume, as before that $(2)$ or $(3)$ hold. If $(3)$ holds then $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ contains every integer in $\left \{ { \ell \choose 2}+2: 1 \leq \ell\leq n_0\right\} $ because any subgraph $S\subset W_0\cup \{v\}$ of size $\ell+2$ and containing $\{x',z_1,v\}$ spans ${ \ell \choose 2}+2$ colours. Hence, $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right|\geq 2n_0\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$. Similarly if $(3)$ holds then $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ contains as well every integer in $\left \{ { \ell \choose 2}+2: 1 \leq \ell\leq n_0\right \} $ because any subset $S\subset W_0\cup\{v\}$ containing $\{x',z_1,v\}$ of size $\ell+1$ spans ${\ell \choose 2}+2$ colours. This concludes the analysis of Case $1$.\
**Case $2$. The colouring induced on $W_{0}$ is a bad colouring of type $(ii)$.**\
The analysis of this case follows an almost identical strategy as the one we took in Case $1$.
First, let us suppose $W_0=W$. Recall that by definition the only colours present on the edges of $W$ incident with the special vertex $x'$ are colours $1$ or $2$ and colour $2$ does not appear in $\Delta'(W')$. As $\rho=\rho(v)=\max\{\rho(z): z\in G\}$, it is easy to see that $\rho$ must be at least $n-1> 3$. We shall now apply Lemma \[lem:type 2\] to $W \cup \{v\}$. Note that if $(1)$ holds then we are done. Moreover, by assumption on $\rho$, $(3)$ can not hold. Hence, $(2)$ must hold and the colouring $\Delta'$ would have to be a bad colouring of type $(ii)$ on the entire $G$, which is a contradiction.
We may then assume $W_0$ is strictly contained in $W$. Denote by $n_0$ the size of $W_0$ and as before, let $B=W\setminus W_0=\{z_1,z_2,\ldots,z_b\}\neq \emptyset$, where $n_0=n-b$.
Since $m\leq {n_0 \choose 2}+ \rho(v) +2$, we must have $$n_0 \geq \sqrt{2m-2(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}-2}.$$ Since $m\geq 100$ it follows that $n_0\geq \frac{9\sqrt{2m}}{10}$. Let $V(W_0)=\{x_1=x',x_2,\dots, x_{n_0}\}$ and denote by $k\in [n_0]$ the positive integer such that every edge $(x',x_i)$ has colour $1$ if $i\leq k$, and $(x',x_i)$ has colour $2$ if $i>k$. Observe that $$\label{eq:obvious2}
\left \{{\ell \choose 2}+1: 1 \leq \ell\leq k\right \} \cup \left \{{\ell \choose 2}+2: 2 \leq \ell\leq n_0+1\right \} \subset \mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G).$$ Indeed, any subset $W \subset \{x',x_1,\ldots,x_k\}$ of size $\ell+1$ (containing $x'$) spans exactly ${\ell \choose 2}+1$ colours. Furthermore, any subset $W \subset \{x',x_2,\ldots,x_{n_0}\}$ of size $\ell +1$ (containing $x'$ and at least one vertex from $\{x_{k+1},\ldots, x_{n_0}\}$) spans exactly ${\ell \choose 2}+2$ colours. This shows that we may assume either $k=n_0$ or $k \leq \frac{n_0}{8}$ otherwise $\left | \mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right | \geq \frac{9n_0}{8}\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$.
Now, we shall apply Lemma \[lem:type 2\] to $W_0 \cup \{v\}$. Note that if $(1)$ in Lemma \[lem:type 2\] holds then we are done since in that case we would have $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right|\geq \frac{5n_0}{4}\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$. Therefore, we may assume that either $(2)$ or $(3)$ must hold.
Suppose first that $(2)$ holds. Then, we shall apply again Lemma \[lem:type 2\] to $(W_0\cup\{v\})\cup\{z_1\}$. As argued before, if condition $(1)$ holds we are done. Moreover, $(3)$ can not hold because the edge $(z_1,v)$ is *uniquely* coloured. Hence, $(2)$ must hold again. By continuing this way for the remaining vertices of $B$, we obtain that either $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right|\geq \frac{5n_0}{4}\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$ or the entire $G$ is a bad colouring of type $(ii)$, which is a contradiction.
We shall then assume $(3)$ holds when we apply Lemma \[lem:type 2\] to $W_0\cup \{v\}$. From Lemma \[lem:type 2\] applied to the graph $W_0\cup \{z_1\}$, we may assume assume that $(2)$ or $(3)$ hold, by the exact same argument as before. If $(3)$ holds then $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ contains every integer in $\left \{ { \ell \choose 2}+2: 1 \leq \ell\leq n_0\right\} $ because any subgraph $S\subset W_0\cup \{v\}$ of size $\ell+2$ and containing $\{x',z_1,v\}$ spans ${ \ell \choose 2}+2$ colours. Hence, $\left |\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)\right|\geq 2n_0\geq (1+\alpha')n$. Similarly if $(3)$ holds then $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ contains as well every integer in $\left \{ { \ell \choose 2}+2: 1 \leq \ell\leq n_0\right \} $ because any subset $S\subset W_0\cup\{v\}$ containing $\{x',z_1,v\}$ of size $\ell+1$ spans ${\ell \choose 2}+2$ colours. This concludes the analysis of Case $2$.
would imply $|\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)|\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$, obtaining a contradiction.\
This concludes the analysis of **Case** $2.$ and the proof of Claim \[claim:samedegree\].
From now on, we shall assume $\rho(v)=\rho$, for every $v \in V(G')$. We claim that $\rho$ can not be *too* small.
\[claim:rhobig\] Let $\beta=(2+3\alpha')-\frac{2}{1+3\alpha'}$. Then, $\rho \geq (1-\beta)\sqrt{2m}$.
Suppose $\rho < (1-\beta)\sqrt{2m}$. Let $A_1, A_2,\ldots, A_t$ be the $t$ sets obtained by applying Lemma \[lemma: finitecomplete\] to $G$. Observe that $\bigcup_{i=1}^{t} V(A_i)=V(G)$, because by property $(3)$ in Lemma \[lemma: finitecomplete\] all colours appear in $G[\cup_{i=1}^{t} A_i]$, but $\rho(v) \geq 1$, for every $v\in G\setminus\{x'\}$.
Our aim is to show that $t$ must be at least $(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$, thus proving what we wanted to show. To do so, we shall need to give a lower bound for $n+1$, the total number of vertices of $G$. Let $m_{0}\leq m $ be the number of colours which appear in exactly one edge of $G$ in other words, the number of *uniquely* coloured edges. Clearly, $\frac{n\rho}{2}\geq m_{0}$. Moreover, each of the remaining colours must appear in at least $2$ edges of $G$. Hence, the following holds. $$\begin{aligned}
m_{0}+ 2(m-m_{0})\leq {n+1 \choose 2} & \implies
2m-\frac{n\rho}{2} \leq {n+1\choose 2}
\\& \implies 4m \leq \left( n+1 + (1-\beta)\sqrt{2m} \right) n.\end{aligned}$$ Since $\beta = (2+3\alpha')-\frac{2}{1+3\alpha'}$, we have that $\left( (1-\beta) +(1+3\alpha') \right) (1+ 3\alpha') \leq 2$, implying $n$ must be at least $(1+3\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$.
For every $j\in [t]$, recall $c(j)$ denotes the order of the set $\Delta' \left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{j} A_i \right)\setminus \Delta'\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{j-1} A_i\right)$. Let $T_1\subseteq [t]$ be the set of indices for which $A_j$ has size $1$ and let $T_2=[t]\setminus T_1$ be the set of indices for which $A_j$ has size $2$. Denote by $t_1$ and $t_2$, the sizes of $T_1$ and $T_2$, respectively. First, we shall assume that $t_2\leq 2\alpha' \sqrt{2m}$. In this case we have, $$n+1\leq t_1+2\cdot t_2=t+t_2\implies t\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m},$$ which is what we wanted to show.
We may then assume that $t_2\geq 2\alpha'\sqrt{2m}$. Suppose, for contradiction, $t\leq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$. Let $\tau: [t]\rightarrow [t]$ be a function defined as $\tau(i)=|\{ j\leq i: j \in T_2\}|$. By $(4)$ in Lemma \[lemma: finitecomplete\], we have that $c(i)=1$ whenever $ |A_i|=2$. Moreover, it is easy to deduce from $(4)$ and $(5)$ in Lemma \[lemma: finitecomplete\], that $c(i)\leq i-\tau(i)$, for every $j\in [t]$.
The following holds: $$\begin{aligned}
m \leq \sum_{i=1}^{t}
c(i)&\leq \sum_{i\in T_1} (i-\tau(i)) +t_2 \leq {t_1 \choose 2} + t_2 \leq \frac{t_1^{2}}{2}+t_2\\
&\implies 2m \leq t_1^{2}+2t_2=(t-t_2)^{2}+2t_2 \implies\\
& 0 \leq ((1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}-t_2)^{2}+2t_2-2m.\end{aligned}$$ Now, for every $m\geq 10$, the right hand side is a quadratic function on $t_2$ which is negative for every $ 2\alpha'\sqrt{2m} \leq t_2 \leq t $ and this contradicts the fact $t\leq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$.
Hence, $t\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$ and we obtain $|\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)|\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$. So we may assume $\rho\geq (1-\beta)\sqrt{2m}$ and we finish the proof of Claim \[claim:rhobig\].
Claim \[claim:rhobig\] easily implies the number of vertices in $G$ can not be *too* large.
\[claim:numbervert\] $|V(G')|=n\leq (1-\beta)^{-1}\sqrt{2m}$.
Clearly, there are at least $\frac{n\cdot\rho}{2}$ distinct colours in $G$, hence $m\geq \frac{n\cdot\rho}{2}$. Using the bound on $\rho$ in Claim \[claim:rhobig\], we have $n \leq (1-\beta)^{-1}\sqrt{2m}$.
\[claim:triangle\] There exist three vertices $w,y,z\in G'$ such that both edges $(w,y)$,$(w,z)$ are *uniquely* coloured but the edge $(y,z)$ is not.
We shall prove this claim by considering the subgraph $G^{*}\subset G'$ consisting of the *uniquely* coloured edges. Indeed, suppose that $G^{*}=G'$. Since $G'$ satisfies the conditions in Lemma \[lem:uniquelycolour\] we obtain $|\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)|\geq \frac{5}{4}\sqrt{2m} \geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$, which is what we wanted to show. We may then assume $G^{*}\neq G'$.
We claim that the degree of any vertex in $G^{*}$ is at least $\frac{n}{2}$. To see this, let $un(v)$ be the number of uniquely coloured edges incident with a vertex $v\in G'$. Since $\rho\geq (1-\beta)\sqrt{2m}$, for any vertex $v\in G'$, it must be incident with at least $2((1-\beta)\sqrt{2m}-un(v))+un(v)=2(1-\beta)\sqrt{2m}-un(v)$ vertices.
Suppose $un(v) \leq n/2$, for some vertex $v\in G'$. Then, $un(v) \leq \frac{1}{2}(1-\beta)^{-1}\sqrt{2m}$, implying $n\geq 2(1-\beta)\sqrt{2m}-\frac{1}{2}(1-\beta)^{-1}\sqrt{2m}> (1-\beta)^{-1}\sqrt{2m}$, which contradicts Claim \[claim:numbervert\]. (The last inequality holds if $\beta \leq \frac{1}{10}$). Note that this implies there must exist an induced path of length $2$, $ywz$, in $G^{*}$ because the graph $G^{*}$ is not the union of disjoint complete subgraphs. We have thus found the desired three vertices, namely $y,w,z$. This concludes the proof of Claim \[claim:triangle\].
Let $w,y,z$ be such a triple of vertices as in Claim \[claim:triangle\]. Consider the complete subgraph $W=V(G)\setminus \{z,y\}\subset G$. Note that by Claim \[claim:rhobig\], we must have $\rho>2$, because $m\geq 10$. Therefore, $W^{\geq 1}=W$.
In the same way as in the proof of Claim \[claim:samedegree\], we shall have to consider two cases. First, we consider the case when the colouring induced by $\Delta'$ on $W$ is not a *bad* colouring.\
**Case $1.$ The colouring induced on $W$ is not a bad colouring.**\
Our aim is to show the existence of three distinct values $\gamma_1,\gamma_2,\gamma_3 \in [m]$ which belong to $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)$ but are not in $\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(W)$. Denote by $\gamma=\gamma_{\Delta'}(W)$. Now, we will look at the following three complete subgraphs of $G$.
- $W_1=(W\setminus \{w\}) \cup \{z\}$;
- $W_2=(W \setminus \{w\})\cup \{z,y\}$;
- $W_3=G$.
Observe that $\gamma(W_1)=\gamma +1$. Indeed, removing $w$, deletes exactly $\rho-2$ colours from $\Delta'(W)$ (namely those colours which are only incident with $w$) but adding $z$ to $W\setminus\{w\}$ increases the total number of colours by $\rho-1$ as the edge $(y,z)$ is not *uniquely* coloured. Furthermore, by the same reasoning, $\gamma(W_2)=\gamma+\rho$. Finally, it is easy to see $\gamma(W_3)=\gamma(G)>\gamma +\rho$. Therefore, these three values are distinct and are strictly bigger than $\gamma$. Note that the number of colours spanned by $W$ is at least $m-2\rho\geq m-2(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$. By the induction hypothesis on $W$ we have,
$$|\mathcal{G}'_{\Delta'}(G)|\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m-4(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}}+3>(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m},$$as we wanted to show. The last inequality holds for every $m\geq 15$ and $\alpha'\leq \frac{1}{20}$.\
**Case $2.$ The colouring induced on $W$ is a bad colouring.**\
Let the bad colouring induced on $W$ be of type $(i)$, hence $W$ forms a rainbow complete graph of size $n-1$, where $n\geq 10$. We claim $\rho$ must be equal to $n$ which implies the colouring of $G$ would also be a bad colouring of type $(i)$, which is a contradiction. Indeed, if $\rho<n$ then, for every vertex $v\in G'$, $v$ is incident with an edge whose colour $c(v)$ appears in at least two distinct edges of $G$ or $v$ is incident with an edge of colour $1$. However, because $W$ forms a rainbow graph, for very vertex $v\in W'$ at least one of the edges of colour $c(v)$ or the edge of colour $1$ incident with $v$ must be also incident with $y$ or $z$, and this is clearly impossible to hold for every vertex in $W$, since $\rho(y)=\rho(z)=\rho$.
We may then assume the colouring on $W$ is a bad colouring of type $(ii)$. Note that the total number of colours appearing in $W$ is at least $m-2\rho\geq m-4(1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$. Now, we shall apply Lemma \[lem:type 2\] to $W\cup\{z\}$. Clearly by Claim \[claim:rhobig\], $\rho(z)=\rho>3$ and $(3)$ can not hold. Moreover, if $(1)$ holds then we are done because $\frac{5}{4}(n-2)\geq (1+\alpha')\sqrt{2m}$. Hence, $(2)$ must hold and we obtain that $W\cup\{z\}$ must induce a bad colouring of type $(ii)$. Finally, we apply once again Lemma \[lem:type 2\] to $(W\cup\{z\})\cup \{y\}$. As before, if $(1)$ holds we are done and $(3)$ can not hold. So we obtain $G$ forms a bad colouring of type $(ii)$, which is a contradiction. To conclude the proof, we note that if $\alpha'\leq \frac{1}{100}$ then $\beta\leq \frac{1}{10}$ and all the inequalities in the proof hold. This completes the proof of Theorem \[thm:main2\].
Concluding remarks
==================
The first remark we would like to mention concerns the value of $\alpha'$ in the main theorem. Although we are confident our methods could be sharpened to get a larger constant $\alpha'$, we doubt our approach could be improved to get the correct value, even when $m={ n\choose 2}+3$, for some integer $n\geq 2$.
Secondly, we remark that our theorem is sharp (up to the value of $\alpha'$) for values of $m$ *near* the boundary of intervals of the form $\left [ {n \choose 2}+3, {n+1 \choose 2}\right]$ (for some $n\geq 3$). To see this, one may take a bad colouring of type $(ii)$ and recolour a constant number of edges incident with the special vertex $x'$ with new and distinct colours. It is easy to check this procedure increases the size of $\mathcal{G}$ by at most some multiplicative factor. However, whenever $m$ is *far* from the boundaries of such intervals we conjecture $\psi$ actually changes its behaviour.
For every $C>0$, there exist a positive integer $\ell$ such that for every $m\in \mathbb{N}$, where $ { n \choose 2}+\ell \leq m \leq { n+1 \choose 2}-\ell$, $$\psi(m) \geq C\sqrt{2m}.$$
Recall that it is still unknown whether $\psi(m)=o(m)$ as $m\rightarrow \infty$. We remind the reader of Narayanan’s conjecture.
$\psi(m)=o(m)$ as $m\rightarrow \infty$.
It seems plausible that the function $\psi$ is unimodal within those intervals. Finally, we remark that it is possible to deduce from our theorems a characterization of the $m$-colourings $\Delta$ of $\mathbb{N}^{(2)}$ for which $|\mathcal{F}_{\Delta}|=\psi(m)$, for every $m\in \left\{{n \choose 2}+1,{n \choose 2}+2: \text{ for } n\text{ sufficiently large}\right\}$. We are able to prove $\Delta$ must be (up to a permutation of the naturals) one of the two colourings described in the Introduction.
Acknowledgments
===============
I would like to thank Béla Bollobás, Teeradej Kittipassorn and Bhargav Narayanan and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. Part of this project was carried through during my stay at IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca. I would like to thank Prof. Caldarelli for his kind hospitality.
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Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Ad hoc Committee
Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large. This is part of goal #5 of the United Nations “Sustainable Development” programme, which announces 17 goals to transform our world, and includes gender equality and women’s empowerment.
Most fundamentally is the obvious lack of women representation in decision and governance bodies worldwide, including the WFSA (gender ratio M:F at the Board 5:1, Council 11:4, which represents the elected ratios, committees chairs 8:1 and some committees varies more or less 8-14:0-4), despite a significant percentage of female members in national societies or regional societies. We consider that “gender equality is everyone’s business”. Consequently, it is WFSA business, too. Hence, the WFSA strives for gender and cultural balance in authority positions of any organization of the anaesthesiology family, including all committees.
The tasks of the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Ad hoc Committee are:
1. To bring more awareness of and ensure gender balance within WFSA structure: national societies, regional sections, council, committees, WCA, academia, publications, advocacy, programmes.
2.To run a survey to investigate and to obtain more accurate data of the current status of gender balance in the WFSA, among board, councils and committees members and the societies/departments they represent or work and in anaesthesia trainees they supervised or teach.
3. To disseminate to national societies and regional sections the chapter on the gender gap in anaesthesiology in the E-book of Professional Wellbeing in Anesthesia.
4. To devise and implement support for women anaesthesiologists to participate in leadership training programmes.
5. To share this with other similar groups in different societies or regions (for instance, US Women in anaesthesiology; ASA and ESA gender issues Ad-hoc committees or groups).
6. To include something to this effect in the constitution: WFSA strives for gender and cultural balance in all Committees and governance positions.
7. To participate in gender balance forums, panels, meetings, plenary, etc., and to promote the inclusion, whenever possible, of these type of sessions in our anaesthesia meetings. | https://wfsahq.org/about/people/committees/diversity-equity-and-inclusion-ad-hoc-committee/ |
ETL Testing – Part 1
ETL Testing:
Testing is an important phase in the project life-cycle. A structured well defined testing methodology involving comprehensive unit testing and system testing not only ensures smooth transition to the production environment but also a system without defects.
The testing phase can be broadly classified into the following categories:
- Integration Testing
- System Testing
- Regression Testing
- Performance Testing
- Operational Qualification
Test Strategy:
A test strategy is an outline that describes the test plan. It is created to inform the project team the objective, high level scope of the testing process. This includes the testing objective, methods of testing, resources, estimated timelines, environment etc.
The test strategy is created based on high level design document.For each testing component test strategy needs to be created. based on this strategy testing process will be detailed out in the test plan.
Test Planning:
Test Planning is a key for successfully implementing the testing of a system. The deliverable is the actual “Test Plan”. A software project test plan is a document that describes the Purpose, System Overview, Approach to Testing, Test Planning, Defect Tracking, Test Environment, Test prerequisites and References.
A key prerequisite for preparing a successful Test Plan is having approved (functional and non functional) requirements. Without the frozen requirements and specification the test plan will result in the lack of validation for the projects testing efforts.
The process of preparing a test plan is a useful way to get to know how testing of a particular system can be carried out within the given time line provided the test plan should be thorough enough.
The test plan outlines and defines the strategy and approach taken to perform end-to-end testing on a given project. The test plan describes the tasks, schedules, resources, and tools for integrating and testing the software application. It is intended for use by project personnel in understanding and carrying out prescribed test activities and in managing these activities through successful completion.
The test plan objectives are as follows:
- To define a testing approach, scope, out of scope and methodology that encompasses integration testing, system testing, performance testing and regression testing in one plan for the business and project team.
- To verify the functional and non functional requirements are met.
- To coordinate resources, environments into an integrated schedule.
- To provide a plan that outlines the contents of detailed test cases scenarios for each of the four phases of testing.
- To determine a process for communicating issues resulting from the test phase.
The contents of a typical test plan consist of the following:
- An introduction that includes a purpose, Definition & Acronym, Assumptions & Dependencies, In scope, Out of scope, Roles& Responsibilities and contacts. This information is obtained from the requirements specification.
- System Overview will explain about the background and the system description.
- A test approach for all testing levels includes test Objectives for each level, Test responsibilities, Levels of testing, various testing, Test coverage, Testing tools, Test data and Test stop criteria.
- Test planning specifies Test schedule, Documentation deliverables, Test communication and Critical and High risk functions.
The test plan, thus, summarizes and consolidates information that is necessary for the efficient and effective conduct of testing. Design Specification, Requirement Document and Project plan supporting the finalization of testing are located in separate documents and are referenced in the test plan. | https://learndatamodeling.com/blog/tag/how-etl-testing-is-done/ |
Adults aged 45 to 64 experienced a nearly doubled rate of esophageal cancer and a 50 percent increase in the precancerous condition Barrett’s esophagus between 2012 and 2019, according to a database analysis of roughly five million patients to be presented at Digestive Disease Week 2022.
“This strong growth in prevalence should be of concern to physicians, and we should consider screening more middle-aged patients for esophageal cancer if they are at higher risk,” said Bashar J. Qumseya, MD, MPH, FASGE, lead author of the study and associate professor of medicine and chief of endoscopy at the University of Florida, Gainesville. “Whenever we see increasing prevalence of any type of cancer, we should ask whether this is merely due to better screening or it is a true increase in the disease prevalence. In our study, it was due to the latter.”
The study team assessed the rate of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) during this timeframe and found no increase that might explain the prevalence data. An EGD is a diagnostic endoscopic test to examine the esophagus, stomach and first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
Esophageal cancer and Barrett’s esophagus are most commonly found in elderly white males, and the study found the highest incidence continues to be among those over 65. But researchers found that the cancer rate nearly doubled in the 45-to-64 age group, from 49 per 100,000 to 94 per 100,000, while prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus in this group rose about 50 percent, from 304 to 466 per 100,000 patients.
Esophageal cancer, which is usually detected by endoscopy, is often a silent killer with minimal symptoms until it becomes advanced. Barrett’s esophagus—the primary precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which begins in the glandular cells in the lining of the esophagus—is caused mainly by chronic acid reflux. Other risk factors include advanced age, male sex, obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption.
Dr. Qumseya said that middle-aged patients with multiple risk factors would benefit from earlier and/or more frequent screening, comparing it to the benefit of earlier colorectal cancer screening. “Many patients in the U.S. now have colonoscopies starting at age 45, so conducting an endoscopy at the same time, among those with multiple risk factors, could help capture more patients with Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal cancer,” he said.
“From other analyses we have conducted with this dataset, we know that even patients with four or more risk factors for esophageal cancer are not having endoscopies,” he added. “So, from both the patient and provider perspective, we can do better.”
The study was a cross-sectional analysis of electronic health record (EHR) data from the OneFlorida Clinical Data Research Network, which covers more than 40 percent of Florida residents.
Researchers analyzed records by three age categories, 18 to 44, 45 to 64 and over 65. Further analysis on the database is ongoing, and the final results should be ready in the next six months.
Dr. Qumseya noted several limitations of the study: it covered only adults living in Florida, so is not necessarily representative of the U.S. population. It was not a randomized controlled trial that followed one group of patients over time. In addition, as with any database, there could be problems with the data itself. The EHRs analyzed were of patients who visited hospitals or doctors’ offices, so the database does not indicate whether they already had a disease at the time of that visit or whether the condition had resolved. | https://loire-net.tv/health-news/alarming-rise-found-in-esophageal-cancer-and-barretts-esophagus-in-middle-aged-adults/ |
A Missouri car bill of sale is a legal document that is often issued for the purposes of recording a vehicle sales transaction. A properly completed MO DMV bill of sale form generally includes specific details about the procedures of buying and selling a vehicle and it often proves useful in various vehicle-related transactions. Therefore, possessing a valid vehicle bill of sale is in the best interest of both the seller and the purchaser of the vehicle in question.
Individuals selling a vehicle within the state are legally obligated to inform the state Department of Revenue (DOR) of the sale within a specific period of time and provide the corresponding documentation. After undergoing the process of buying a car, providing this credential is one of the methods to confirm the transfer of ownership.
Note that not all sellers are required to notify the DOR of such action. To find out more about the purpose of a bill of sale template, as well as how to obtain and fill out this document, read the below sections.
When is a bill of sale necessary in Missouri?
A vehicle bill of sale in Missouri may be necessary to submit in various different situations according to the state’s Department of Revenue. The main purpose of an MO bill of sale PDF or printout is to verify that a vehicle sales transaction has been completed. Therefore, presenting this credential is one of the ways to meet the DOR requirement that individuals report a sale or transfer of a motor vehicle, all-terrain vehicle or a trailer within 30 days.
Sellers who are unable to submit a DOR bill of sale document also have the option to present a completed Notice of Sale form so as to finalize the procedure. Failure to submit a car sales receipt or similar document within the set time frame will result in the seller being found guilty of an infraction and may lead to a fine.
Individuals who have deliberately failed to submit a bill of sale form for the purposes of helping the buyer avoid applying for a car title or registration, among other reasons, shall be guilty of a class C misdemeanor and incur a fine. However, it is important to note that certain sales transactions are an exception to this rule. For instance, this credential is not required of a seller if the motor vehicle was sold to car dealerships or out-of-state buyers.
Another instance when a car bill of sale will not be necessary is in the event of transferring a vehicle to an insurance company due to a total loss claim. For a full list, contact the state’s Department of Revenue.
Moreover, individuals may use a properly filled out MO DMV bill of sale in order to acquire a temporary permit for operating a boat, vessel or outboard motor on state waterways. The information contained within this form, specifically the purchase price, may also prove useful for calculating the appropriate sales taxes.
Note: To find out whether or not a bill of sale is necessary for other DOR-imposed vehicle transactions, contact the department in a timely manner.
Who needs a Missouri bill of sale?
Having the copy of a bill of sale in Missouri is of equal importance to both the buyer and the seller. The purchaser can utilize a bill of sale form to prove that he or she is the current owner of the vehicle in question, and may be required to submit it for tax purposes. On the other hand, the person selling the vehicle will need to furnish this credential when reporting the sale of a vehicle to the state’s Department of Revenue, so as to avoid being penalized and incurring steep fines.
Sellers may also need to retain a copy of the vehicle bill of sale in order to protect themselves from future traffic infractions and penalties accrued by the purchaser once a car title transfer has been completed. Furthermore, there may be other general purposes for this legal affidavit.
The printed names of the purchaser and seller.
The address of the purchaser and seller.
A description of the vehicle sold, including the vehicle identification number (VIN), year, make and model.
The sale date and purchase price.
Signatures of both the seller and purchaser.
If the car bill of sale agreement is submitted as proof of ownership on major parts of a rebuilt vehicle or the Department of Revenue requests it, then the document must be notarized. Individuals who are legally obligated to present a completed MO DOR bill of sale may need to go to a local DOR office and furnish the affidavit in person along with the other applicable paperwork, depending on the transaction. Prior to entering the requested details on the form, the interested parties can order a vehicle history check in order to verify the accuracy of the information.
Note: You can obtain your MO bill of sale quickly and easily by clicking here. | https://www.dmv.com/mo/missouri/bill-of-sale |
After years of dwindling resources and increasing unease, the normal way of life we know today has faded away in California. The rich have escaped to gated Communities, where they have control over everything and can hoard the limited remaining resources for themselves. Activist groups have protested this change, and their actions have led people to rush to the safety of Communities even faster, leaving the rest of the world to become a desolate wasteland. Frida and Cal have left the unrecognizable LA behind them and moved into the woods on their own. Over time they meet neighbors and learn of a mysterious group who live on land surrounded by ominous spikes. Once Frida realizes she is pregnant, she and Cal must decide if they should seek out the safety of a group, or contemplate the dangers of living isolated in the world with a baby.
Lepucki has done a masterful job building a dystopian future. Unlike so many stories in which one specific catalyst has led to a calamitous future, California shows a future of slow and inevitable decline. In her world, we are only a few natural disasters, droughts, and shortages away from this future. You can almost hear the rallying cry of Occupy groups in the underpinnings of her activists. The rich hide themselves away and deny what goes on beyond their walls -- except when it comes to doing the dirty work. They will always need others to do that. At the same time, the slow decline of lower class life has a depressing realism. Learning to live without one thing at a time is something that we have all experienced when we hit financial hardships.
The dynamic between Frida and Cal is a very familiar one. In some ways, they are a couple that makes perfect sense, but also seems like they are together by default. Over time you see the depth of their feelings for one another. The transition from regular life, to hard times, to pioneering, and then reintegration puts them through the gamut of relationship struggles. Reaching difficult times is one of the things that will make or break a relationship. Some people have the ability to dig deep and realize that getting through things is always easier together, and some refuse to accept a new relationship paradigm. Lepucki’s portrayal of the difficulties of isolation and subsequent emergence is also fascinating. As couples spend time together they develop something akin to their only language and culture. The isolation Frida and Cal spend years in magnifies this to the extreme. Seeing their evolution solidifies the core of their story.
If you like gathering artifacts from your life before, read California.
Lepucki, Edan. California: A Novel. Little, Brown and Company, 2014. Kindle Edition.
Valerie K. Jones is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com.
Valerie K Jones 2015. Awesome Inc. theme. Powered by Blogger. | http://www.ifyoulikebooks.com/2016/02/california-by-edan-lepucki.html |
FreeBSD is a high-quality, stable, and secure operating system used in a wide variety of applications, and we want to show you how monitor FreeBSD systems painlessly and effectively.
Why FreeBSD?
FreeBSD is a free and open source Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). FreeBSD is the most widely used open source BSD distribution. It is used by companies such as Netflix, Baidu, the United States Department of Defense, and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).
FreeBSD is a high-quality, stable, and secure operating system used in a wide variety of applications. FreeBSD is developed by a large and passionate community of volunteers and is an excellent choice if you are looking for a high-quality, stable, and secure operating system.
Installing Netdata on FreeBSD
Setting up Netdata monitoring on your FreeBSD server is a simple and straightforward process.
- Install the dependencies
pkg install bash e2fsprogs-libuuid git curl autoconf automake pkgconf pidof liblz4 libuv json-c cmake gmake
- Install Netdata from the kickstart script
The easiest method is to use the single line kickstart script
If you have a Netdata Cloud account, then clicking on the Connect Nodes button will generate the kickstart command you should use. Use the command from the "Linux" tab, it should look something like this:
Paste the copied command on your FreeBSD terminal and hit enter. Please respond in the affirmative for any relevant prompts during the installation process.
wget -O /tmp/netdata-kickstart.sh https://my-netdata.io/kickstart.sh && sh /tmp/netdata-kickstart.sh --claim-token <CLAIM_TOKEN> --claim-url https://app.netdata.cloud
Monitoring FreeBSD
Once the installation is completed, you should be able to start monitoring the FreeBSD server using Netdata. On the Overview tab you will see the following view - the system overview is a quick summary dashboard that gives you an idea about the health of your server.
The menu on the right contains the table of contents which organizes and lists all the metrics that Netdata is collecting. In this example, which is running on a fresh FreeBSD installation, 228 charts are already being collected for most metrics you could think of.
Clicking on a section in the TOC will take you to the relevant charts.
Here's an example of how Netdata visualizes your disk I/O bandwidth metrics.
Another example is networking related metrics, which you can visualize at a high fidelity to help quickly identify the root cause of any unexpected packet discards.
Netdata doesn't just monitor system services, of course: it comes with hundreds of collectors that will auto discover and start monitoring services and applications that you are likely to install on your server. Each collector would create its own section in the table of contents. For a few examples of how this would look like, please visit Netdata's public loginless demo.
Netdata also automatically discovers hundreds of processes and visualizes them in the Applications section. If your custom application isn't on the list of applications that Netdata recognizes, it will show up under "other," but it's just a matter of adding a couple of lines of configuration to make sure it shows up as a separate entry. To find out how to do this, please read our blog on how to find out which application is causing system load
Troubleshooting FreeBSD with Netdata
Alerts
Netdata comes with pre-configured alerts to reduce the monitoring burden for you.
Here's an alert that triggered when the disk space used on the FreeBSD server exceeded the threshold:
If you would like to update the alert thresholds for any of these alerts or want to create your own alert for another metric – please follow the instructions here.
By default you will receive email notifications whenever an alert is triggered – if you would not like to receive these notifications you can turn them off from your profile settings.
Anomaly Advisor
Anomaly Advisor lets you quickly identify if the system you are monitoring has any anomalies and allows you to drill down into which metrics are behaving anomalously.
To learn more about how to use Anomaly Advisor to troubleshoot your FreeBSD server check out the documentation or visit the anomalies tab in the demo space to play with it right now.
Metric CorrelationsMetric Correlations lets you quickly find metrics and charts related to a particular window of interest that you want to explore further. By displaying the standard Netdata dashboard, filtered to show only charts that are relevant to the window of interest, you can get to the root cause sooner.
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Would the women and children have been seated with the men? In the
synagogues this was certainly not the case, nor was it in the early
Christian church. I wonder if the groups of 50 were men, and the women and
children were seated apart from (CWRIS) them in another section/area?
> If any women or children were attached to a man they would sit near him
and
> share whatever food he was given. It would be fairly easy to count the
rows
> and then calculate the total amount of men (100 in the case of the 5000
men
> and 80 in the case of the 4000 men), but nearly impossible to count the
> women and children clustered around the men.
| |
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a disease that affects your joint that cause pain, swelling and stiffness. This is autoimmune disease in which your body’s immune system which attacks the foreign substances such as bacteria and virus is now attacking the tissue supporting your joints. This disease occurs on more than one joints oftentimes on body side of the body. It is most commonly seen in women and older patients. You may feel sick and tired with this disease.
What Causes Rheumatoid Arthritis?
The exact cause of RA is still under research by the scientist. Some factors that might be involved such as gene inherited from the family, infections picked up from the environment or female gender is at higher risk than male.
How is Rheumatoid Arthritis treated?
The treatment goal of RA is to relieve the pain, reduce swelling and slow down the joint damage. Most commonly used medications are:
-
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) – reduce the inflammation, the amount of swelling, and relief pain.
-
Corticosteroids – reduce inflammation, swelling and relief pain.
-
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS) and biologic response modifiers (biologics) – to reduce inflammation, swelling, pain and slow or prevent joint damage by target specific protein in the inflammatory process.
References
-
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and skin disease : https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/rheumatoid-arthritis#tab-overview
-
Arthritis foundation: | https://www.986pharmacy.net/rheumatoid-arthritis |
Species composition changes over time depending on weather, seasons, and many other factors. This chart displays the composition over a time period you select.
Click on pie pieces to see more detail. If there are more than seven species, click on "Other" to see a breakdown of the rest.
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The graph shows the overall volume seen on each day. You can drag the sliders on each side of this graph to adjust the start and end dates.
Species Composition
March 15th to May 31st
Hourly Data
The time shown in the top row is the start of the one hour period.
Select Day
Choose a date to load the hourly table for that day. Only days that have data are shown.
Daily Counts
These charts show which species are most numerous at different parts of the season. Hover your mouse over a chart to see the number for a given day. The right column shows season totals and the left side shows the maximum for a single day. Each graph is scaled so that the single-day maximum is the highest point on the chart.
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Daily Counts
WPBO Spring 2017 Hawk Count
Whitefish Point is one of the most important spring flight corridors for raptors in North America. The hawk count documents the migration of hawks, eagles and falcons and provides reliable comparative data for long-term monitoring of raptor populations. The goal of this long-term census is to determine the migration chronology of raptors at the Point and to quantify the volume of migrants. All observations are made from the “Hawk Dune” about 200 meters west of the Whitefish Lighthouse and about 20 meters above Lake Superior. For purposes of the count, migrating raptors are divided into two categories: passing species that actively migrate through the Point area; and kettling species that congregate and linger at the Point. The WPBO hawk count has been actively gathering migration data for over 20 years. WPBO is partnered with the Hawk Migration Assoc. of America website (HMANA) where you can view the numbers of hawks seen each day during migration.
Directions
The Observatory is located at Whitefish Point, 11 miles north of Paradise, Michigan.
Whitefish Point Bird Observatory
Whitefish Point Bird Observatory (WPBO) is the premier migration hot-spot in Michigan. The Observatory is located at Whitefish Point, 11 miles north of Paradise, Michigan. The Point itself juts out in Lake Superior and acts as a natural migration corridor that brings thousands of birds through this migratory flyway every Spring and Fall. With its wooded dune and swale complex, distinctive to the Great Lakes region, Whitefish Point sees a great diversity of migrants and is home to rare breeding birds, and has been designated as an Important Bird Area. Over 340 bird species have been spotted here, and the research conducted at WPBO, including regular migration counts and owl banding, contribute to an ongoing effort to increase knowledge of bird migration, to encourage public awareness of birds and the environment, and to further bird conservation.
About the Data
All data displayed on this site are preliminary and have not yet undergone quality control. Written permission is required to use the data.
Support
WPBO is a program of Michigan Audubon, a non-profit organization dedicated to connecting birds and people for the benefit of both through conservation, education, and research efforts in the state of Michigan. The Observatory depends on your support to help fund migration counts, owl banding, and avian research. | https://dunkadoo.org/project/wpbo-hawk-count |
Check your shopping cart here
Jaspers have been revered by ancient peoples and civilizations throughout the world.
Believed to be a sacred and powerful stone of protection, for both the physical and
spiritual realm.
Jasper has been referred to as the supreme nurturer.
It is thought to bring the wearer peace and tranquility.
This will help to alleviate stress.
What I most love about this peaceful stone is that it radiates courage. | https://www.oceansage.com/product-gemstone-8.html |
Even though we are unable to change our genetic code, we can influence how our genes are expressed.
Epigenetics is a word that describes how our diet, lifestyle and environment can influence our genes. The human genome project taught us that nutrition and dietary habits , toxic load including heavy metal and chemical, mental attitude and environmental stressors can express genes in certain disease processes.
The combination of genetic understanding along with knowledge of the methylation cycle can help us make personalized lifestyle and supplement recommendations to optimize genetic expression and overall health.
There has been a lot of attention and focus on the single gene MTHR, (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) and its potential impact on several health conditions. However, recently more focus has been on the entire methylation pathway which has proven to be more effective in predicting disease as well as personalizing nutritional needs to optimize ones health. | https://mthfrandmore.com/2015/04/18/hello-world/ |
The effectiveness of current approaches to workplace stress management for nurses was assessed through a systematic review. Seven randomised controlled trials and three prospective cohort studies assessing the effectiveness of a stress management programmes were identified and reviewed. The quality of research identified was weak. There is more evidence for the effectiveness of programmes based on providing personal support than environmental management to reduce stressors. However, since the number and quality of studies is low, the question as to which, if any, approach is more effective cannot be answered definitively. Further research is required before clear recommendations for the use of particular interventions for nursing work related stress can be made.
- occupational stress
- evaluation
- systematic review
- nursing
- evidence based practice
- MD, mean difference
- PCS, prospective cohort study
- RCT, randomised controlled trial
Statistics from Altmetric.com
The issue of work related stress and stress management in nursing has been widely discussed. The problem can be sufficiently serious that it puts patients at risk1 and is implicated in the development of the extreme condition of “burn out”.2 Stress management techniques proposed have varied across a wide spectrum of approaches, ranging from managing the work environment to reducing external sources of stress to managing the individuals’ intrapersonal factors.3 To date no systematic review has addressed the question of which, if any, of the approaches to stress reduction described in the literature are most suited for use in the nursing profession. This review attempts to contribute to the development of appropriate approaches to nursing stress management by evaluating current strategies in a systematic manner.
Although there are several models of stress, the bipartite division between the external stressor and the distress response of the individual is common to all.4 Stress management techniques can thus be divided into two sorts: environmental management,5 which attempts to arrange work environments to reduce the sources of stress; and those approaches that aim to support personnel to deal effectively with a variety of stressful situations.6 In this review, therefore, the following question is addressed: which approach, environmental or personnel, is more effective for reducing workplace stress in the nursing profession?
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted. The following inclusion criteria were used.
-
The subjects are nurses.
-
Two stress management interventions are compared to each other, or a stress management intervention is compared to a placebo or no intervention control in a prospective way.
-
The stress management intervention is clearly described.
-
The outcome is change in individual levels of stress and/or of symptoms or sequelae of stress measured by an instrument with evidence of validity.
There was no other restriction in terms of types of participants or settings. Items were limited to 1990 onwards to ensure currency and confined to English and Japanese language for pragmatic reasons.
A facet analysis7 was performed to decide terms to be used in an electronic literature search. Several terms were chosen for each facet, namely, “stress”, “burnout”, “strain”, and “distress” for outcome facet. The terms “stress” and “burnout” were searched as index terms where available on a given database. The key words “work”, “job”, “occupation”, “employ”, “organisation”, and “company” were combined (boolean AND) with a truncated keyword for nurse/nursing. Searches were performed on the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO, British Nursing Index (BNI) including Royal College of Nursing (RCN) Journals Database, Applied Social Science Index (ASSIA), and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). Methodological filters were used on CINAHL8 and Medline9 to restrict results to controlled trials and cohort studies. Adaptations of these filters were applied to other databases.
Reference lists of the retained articles were scanned to find further studies that related to this review. A bibliography concerning psychological stress in the workplace10 was also scanned. Two experts in the area of nursing stress were contacted and asked to provide references for searching additional relevant reports.
Analysis and appraisal
Each study was labelled for the stress management approach according to the above definition, and reviewed individually. Data synthesis was not attempted since the studies included used a diversity of interventions and measurement instruments. All the studies were appraised in accordance with the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist11 and the guidelines by Oxman and Guyatt.12
RESULTS
Overall features and findings
It was found during the development of the search strategy that a large number of survey or retrospective studies have examined stress in the nursing profession, whereas randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies (PCSs) are rare. Eleven studies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified and all were retrieved.
The randomisation strategy in two works13,14 appeared quite doubtful, so these studies were treated as PCSs. It was found that four papers14–17 only measured the symptoms or sequelae of stress; thus these studies are treated separately. Of these four, two articles16,17 were treated as one study since they reported research using the same sample and intervention but different measurement. This review thus involved six RCTs, one PCS (table 1), and three auxiliary studies (table 2). All were published in the English language.
Of six RCTs, two were conducted in the USA,18,19 two in Taiwan,20,21 and two in other Western countries.22,23 Four studies investigated registered general nurses,18,20–22 and two psychiatric or mental health nurses.19,23 Interventions involved various methods: education,20,22,23 role playing,22 relaxation,19,20 music,18 exercise,18 humour,19 and cognitive techniques.21 Interventions generally lasted for several weeks. Additionally one PCS13 evaluated an intervention of education and training in Europe, which used a sample of assistant nurses and examined an environmental approach. The duration of this study was six months.
Three auxiliary studies included one RCT15 and two PCSs14,16,17 in Western countries. Two were conducted on registered general nurses14,16,17 and the other on student nurses.15 One examined cognitive education plus role playing15 and two investigated changing nursing method.14,16,17 All studies lasted for a relatively long duration, from six months to one year.
Critical appraisals
No quality criteria additional to the guidelines11,12 were imposed, but relevant dimensions of quality were extracted and are reported below. The database on which each study was identified is also reported following the author(s), published year, and country where the study was conducted. Tables 1 and 2 present a synopsis of design features and appraisals.
Personnel support interventions
Taylor (1991), USA,18 Cochrane Library
An exercise and a music programme was examined using two treatment groups and a no intervention control which was waiting for the active intervention to be available. Assignment to groups was random. Sample attrition was low and considered in the analysis. Both treatment interventions are categorised as personnel support. Stress levels were measured by the Perceived Stress Scale.24 Reduced stress was observed in the exercise group (mean difference (MD) = −4.1) and the music group (MD = −1.5) after the intervention, but stress increased in the control group (MD = +1.2) (possible scores = 0–56). The difference in stress reduction between the two treatments was not significant, although the difference against the control was significant for both treatments. However, the clinical significance of the stress reduction was unknown. Furthermore, the effects of the control condition were not clear: whether or not only waiting for the programmes to be provided could increase stress level. It should be concluded that the exercise and music programmes are potentially effective, but this should be viewed with caution.
Kwandt (1992), USA,19 CINAHL
The effect of a humour and a relaxation programme was tested. Both programmes are classified as personnel support. A placebo group received a workshop on the use of neurological assessment. The interventions were provided in only one session, which lasted for three hours. Allocation to groups was random. According to the Psychiatric Nurses’ Occupational Stress Scale,25 the mean post-test score adjusted for pretest level was highest in the relaxation group (137.9), next in the humour group (128.9), and lowest in the control group (125.6) (possible scores = 0–158). The differences were not significant. The same results were shown generally in the subscales. Methodological weakness is noted due to the small sample size and large attrition. Therefore, it is impossible to draw conclusions.
Razavi et al (1993), Belgium,22 Cochrane Library
This study investigated an educational programme which is classified as personnel support. A control group received no intervention. Allocation to groups was random. A translated and modified version of the Nursing Stress Scale26 was used to measure stress levels. No score on the scale was reported, only the statistical significance of the differences. Although the authors concluded that the programme was effective, this is difficult to support owing to a number of weaknesses in the study design. The largest one is the lack of between group comparison, which makes the randomised controlled design largely meaningless. Changes in stress level were reported at different times between the two groups. Reliability and validity of the scale modified by the author was not tested. Thus, it would be impossible to estimate the effectiveness of the programme on the basis of this report.
Tsai and Crockett (1993), Taiwan,20 Cochrane Library
A relaxation training programme was examined. The programme is considered to focus on personnel support. A placebo intervention consisted of an equal number of lectures on theory analysis. Allocation to groups was random. The programme used a Chinese version of the Nurse Stress Checklist27 in nine point Likert format. The results showed a larger decrease in stress in the treatment group (MD = −0.7) than the placebo group (MD = −0.2), which was statistically significant. The researchers also used another scale of stress related phenomenon, the Chinese General Health Questionnaire28; scores on this indicated alike results. The major weakness is that the conclusion was made without taking the influence of placebo intervention on stress into consideration. Equally the timing of administering the scales was not ideal, with assessments being conducted at the end of the first session and at the beginning of the last session. Although the treatment group showed a greater decrease in stress than the placebo group, the findings should be viewed with caution due to potential bias.
Carson et al (1999), UK,23 CINAHL
This study compared an educational programme and a placebo intervention. The treatment intervention is regarded as personnel support. The placebo group was provided with a booklet on stress management and feedback on the scores on the same questionnaires as the treatment. Allocation to groups was random. The trial used the DeVilliers Carson Leary Stress Scale29; results indicated greater stress reduction in the placebo group (MD = −11.5) than the treatment group (MD = −3.0). These differences were statistically significant. Although the placebo group did show better results than the treatment group, the level of stress decreased after the intervention in the treatment group as well. Scores on two other scales which dealt with stress related concepts, the General Health Questionnaire30 and the Maslach Burnout Inventory,31 also supported this result. The effect of the intervention is questioned, yet possibly effective. A large attrition of subjects within the small sample size could affect the results. Also, the effects of the placebo intervention were unknown.
Lee and Crockett (1994), Taiwan,21 Cochrane Library
The authors examined a programme of assertiveness training, which is regarded as personnel support. A placebo intervention consisted of sessions about new technology on computer applications. This study was only one within this review which accomplished blinding the subject to whether the intervention they received was treatment or placebo. Allocation to groups was random. A Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale24 was used, reporting empirical data for validity. Results showed a greater decrease in stress among the treatment group (MD = −8.1) than the placebo group (MD = −2.0). The difference was statistically significant. However, the placebo intervention could be suspected to burden the recipients and produce feelings of stress. It is therefore concluded that the programme may be effective, but should be viewed with caution.
Russler (1991), USA,15 Medline
This study investigated a cognitive, behavioural, and physiological programme. The intervention is labelled as personnel support. It was compared to a placebo, self awareness programme involving self writing and identification of stressors, and a no intervention control. Allocation to groups was random. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory32 was used with no direct assessment of stress. Statistical tests of the results indicated no significant difference between the three groups on any subscales at pre- or post-treatment. Because of failing to report stress level scores, it is not possible to review the changes in stress level. Furthermore, effects of the placebo intervention were not considered in the analysis. Therefore, it would be impossible to conclude whether the programme is effective or not.
Environmental management interventions
Proctor et al (1998), UK,13 Cochrane Library
This study examined the effect of providing structured training and a regular support programme. Although the intervention was described as an educational schedule in the report, it is regarded in effect as introducing a changed nursing method. The intervention is therefore considered as environmental management rather than personnel support. A control group received no intervention. Method of allocation to groups was in effect not random. The Occupational Stress Indicator33 was used. Stress was increased on all subscales post-intervention in both the treatment and control groups (total scores were not reported). The differences between groups were not significant. Scores on the General Health Questionnaire34 supported this finding.
When reviewed as a PCS, this is a relatively well conducted investigation. Sample size was reasonably large and the treatment and control groups were similar in nature and number. The intervention was administered for a relatively long term. Methodological weakness involves the large sample attrition not included in the analysis and the lack of analysis using total scores. There were organisational and managerial changes in some institutions under the study, which possibly influenced the increase in stress level in both treatment and control groups. However, if comparing the changes in stress level carefully, the degree of increase was greater in the control group than the treatment group on all indicators. It could be said that the programme is not successful as the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant, yet it is possibly effective for reducing stress level.
Berg et al (1994), and Hallberg and Norberg (1993), Sweden,16,17 Cochrane Library and hand search
The effect of introducing individualised nursing care was tested. The methods are regarded as environmental management. Nurses on an intervention ward were compared to those on a control ward. Stress related psychological dimensions were quantified by three validated scales, the Swedish version of the Burnout Measure,35 the Maslach Burnout Inventory,36 and the Strain in Nursing Care Scale developed by the researchers. Change in stress level after the intervention showed a larger decrease in the treatment group on all subscales; however, all statistical tests indicated this to be non-significant. This investigation was carefully conducted, with well thought selection of the wards and standardisation of the participants’ views and knowledge at the start. The results of statistically not significant differences were possibly because of the small sample size in each group and large attrition relative to it. Failing to analyse with total scores also makes it difficult to accurately estimate the effectiveness of the programme since the validity of the scales was based on their total scores. Thus the positive effect should be viewed with caution.
Melchior et al (1996), Netherlands,14 Cochrane Library
The effect of introducing primary nursing in hospital wards was examined. The intervention represents changing the work environment, and is thus environmental management. No intervention was given on control wards. The stress related measurement used was a translated version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory.37 Analysis of the results showed stable stress level at pre- and post-treatment in both treatment and control groups. Analysis was done with subscales only, and results of total score were not provided. It was reported that there was imitation of the intervention by the control group due to an information leakage. It is therefore impossible to draw conclusions.
Summary of results
Among the response support interventions, one approach focusing on cognitive techniques was determined to be effective, although evidence was weak; three approaches on exercise, music, and relaxation training were potentially effective; one approach of social support education is questioned but possibly effective; and two are impossible to draw conclusions after the critical appraisals. One auxiliary study on cognitive education and role playing allowed no conclusion. One study focusing on environmental change (introducing different nursing method) provided no evidence of effectiveness (non-significant results), although findings tended to favour the intervention and so the study is classified as possibly effective. With regard to the auxiliary studies, one approach of changing nursing method (environmental change) is potentially effective and one further study allows no conclusion to be drawn.
In line with the bipartite categorisation described above, it seems that there is more evidence for the effectiveness of personal support than environmental management for reducing workplace stress in the nursing profession. However, it is not possible at this stage to determine what kind of approach is more effective, because the number of studies is too small to compare different approaches.
DISCUSSION
Methodological weakness of identified studies
Sample size was on the whole small with no power analysis presented. In most reports, it is ambiguous whether statistical non-significance was due to type II error or a real phenomenon. Also, sample attrition was often high and rarely considered in analysis.
Selecting an appropriate placebo is a major issue for research in this area in particular. Feeling stress is a quite subjective phenomenon and it cannot be assumed that a placebo is neutral. Listening to music or receiving supportive sessions may reasonably have either positive or negative impacts on stress as interventions in themselves. A placebo intervention, therefore, must be chosen with careful consideration, and ideally the influences of the placebo intervention on stress should be already clear. Five investigations in this review used a placebo intervention, yet they did not clarify its influences on stress level. In one study23 the placebo intervention appeared to be an active and effective stress reducing intervention. This is a serious problem in disentangling placebo effect, hawthorn effect, maturation, etc, and it remains unclear whether the results of some studies here were due to genuine effects of the treatment intervention or not.
Many studies used within group and subscale analysis to draw conclusions. Such analyses may be useful for exploratory examination, but are not superior to between group and total score analysis. The statistical procedures used seem appropriate in all studies and those results were presented in detail, but actual differences in stress levels were not exhibited in some reports. More importantly, no article discussed clinical significance of the changes in stress level, simply concentrating on statistical significance. It may be difficult to judge the clinical significance of changes on a stress scale, but some index such as normative scores should be referred to, or the issue should be mentioned.
Few programmes studied here were based on a clearly defined model of stress. Consequently, current stress management programmes seem to be a sort of guesswork. It is certain that the various theories of stress offer frameworks that can be used to categorise components and goals of intervention and that categorisation and description of interventions should not be regarded as non-problematic. Conceptual clarity in future research would help to identify which aspects of the stress mechanism the programme is designed to affect.
Implications for practice and future research
It is not possible to recommend any particular approach for practical implementation because the number of studies is too small to determine it. However, there is more evidence for the effectiveness of personnel support than environmental management. Moreover all programmes reviewed here appeared at least not harmful. Further research is definitely needed, specifically RCTs or PCSs with rigour. This review strongly suggests the need for experimental research on stress management programmes which overcome the limitations pointed out in the critical appraisals and methodological weakness.
Nursing research has emphasised the utility of a multidimensional format for stress management, accounting for the multidimensional nature of the stress response.38 The multifaceted nature of stress makes it unlikely that a single approach would provide optimal stress management in the workplace. However, the effects of beneficial components might be diluted by useless components when a multicomponent programme is tested.15 Although complex interactions in multifaceted interventions may be a necessary component, unless the interaction is clarified it would seem that small scale research is more likely to contribute to knowledge if it examines single component interventions or programmes where the interaction of components is clearly planned and described.
REFERENCES
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If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways. | https://oem.bmj.com/content/60/1/10 |
---
abstract: 'The critical current of the self-oscillation of spin torque oscillator (STO) consisting of a perpendicularly magnetized free layer and an in-plane magnetized pinned layer was studied by solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. We found that the critical current diverged at certain field directions, indicating that the self-oscillation does not occur at these directions. It was also found that the sign of the critical current changed depending on the applied field direction.'
author:
- |
Tomohiro Taniguchi$^{\dagger}$, Shingo Tamaru, Hiroko Arai, Sumito Tsunegi, Hitoshi Kubota, and Hiroshi Imamura\
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Spintronics Research Center,\
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan [^1]
title: 'Role of Magnetic Field in Self-Oscillation of Nanomagnet Excited by Spin Torque'
---
spintronics, spin torque oscillator, perpendicularly magnetized free layer, critical current
Introduction {#sec:Introduction}
============
current applied to a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) exerts spin torque on the magnetization of the free layer. When the energy supplied by the spin torque balances with the energy dissipation due to the damping, the self-oscillation of the magnetization is realized. Spin torque oscillator (STO) \[1\]-\[11\] utilizing this self-oscillation is an important spintronics device applicable to microwave generators and recording heads of a high density hard disk drive (HDD) due to its small size, high emission power, and frequency tunability. Recent development of the experimental technique to enhance the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of CoFeB by adding an MgO capping layer \[12\]-\[14\] enabled us to fabricate STO consisting of a perpendicularly magnetized free layer and an in-plane magnetized pinned layer \[15\]-\[18\]. This type of STO in the presence of a large applied field (2-3 kOe) showed a large emission power ($\sim 0.5$ $\mu$W) with a narrow linewidth ($\sim 50$ MHz) \[15\]. On the other hand, the emission power in the absence of the applied field was of the order of $0.01$ $\mu$W \[16\]. These results indicate that the applied field plays a key role in the performance of STO. However, the previous works only focused on the self-oscillation with the perpendicular field, while it is experimentally possible to apply the field in an arbitrary direction.
It is important for STO applications to clarify the dependence of the oscillation properties of STO on the applied field direction because of many reasons. For example, it was shown in Ref. \[21\] for an in-plane magnetized system that the oscillation frequency and the emission power could be controlled by changing the field direction. Also, when STO is used as a read-head sensor of HDD \[22\], the dipole field from a recording bit acts as an applied field whose direction depends on the bit information. The dependence of a critical current for the self-oscillation on the applied field direction is also interesting because the critical current determines the power consumption.
In this paper, we study the dependence of the critical current of STO with a perpendicularly magnetized free layer and an in-plane magnetized pinned layer on the applied field direction. The critical current diverges when the field points to certain directions, indicating that the self-oscillation cannot be induced. This singularity arises from the energy balance between the work done by spin torque and the energy dissipation due to the damping. The field directions corresponding to the divergence depend on the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, the applied field magnitude and direction, and the spin torque parameter. The result implies that the emission power of STO increases (decreases) significantly by tilting the magnetic field to the parallel (anti-parallel) direction of the pinned layer magnetization.
![ Schematic view of the system. The unit vectors pointing in the magnetization directions of the free and the pinned layers are denoted as $\mathbf{m}$ and $\mathbf{p}$, respectively. The $x$-axis is normal to the film-plane whereas the $z$-axis is parallel to $\mathbf{p}$. The positive current corresponds to the electron flow from the free layer to the pinned layer. The direction of the applied field $H_{\rm appl}$ is characterized by two angles $(\theta_{H},\varphi_{H})$, where $\theta_{H}$ and $\varphi_{H}$ are angles from the $z$- and $x$-axes, respectively. []{data-label="fig:fig1"}](fig1.eps){width="0.6\columnwidth"}
This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we linearize the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation around the equilibrium state of the free layer. In Sec. III, the theoretical formula of the critical current is derived. The dependence of the critical current on the applied field direction is also studied. Section IV is devoted to the conclusion.
LLG Equation {#sec:LLG Equation}
============
The system we consider is schematically shown in Fig. \[fig:fig1\]. We denote the unit vectors pointing in the directions of the magnetization of the free and the pinned layers as $\mathbf{m}$ and $\mathbf{p}$, respectively. The $z$-axis is parallel to $\mathbf{p}$ while the $x$-axis is normal to the film-plane. The current $I$ flows along the $x$-axis, where the positive current corresponds to the electron flow from the free layer to the pinned layer. The following calculations are based on the macrospin model, which works well as the volume of the free layer decreases. For our parameters shown below, where the radius and thickness of the free layer are 60 and 2 nm, respectively, the macrospin model well reproduced the experimental results such as the current dependence of the oscillation frequency \[15\]. On the other hand, when the radius and thickness of the free layer become larger than a few hundred and a few nanometers, respectively, the vortex state appears in the free layer \[23\]-\[27\]. Although the oscillation frequency of the vortex based STO is very low (typically, on the order of 0.1 GHz), a narrow linewidth on the order of sub MHz \[27\] is fascinating feature for practical applications. The magnetization dynamics of the macrospin is described by the LLG equation: $$\frac{{\rm d}\mathbf{m}}{{\rm d}t}
=
-\gamma
\mathbf{m}
\times
\mathbf{H}
-
\gamma
H_{\rm s}
\mathbf{m}
\times
\left(
\mathbf{p}
\times
\mathbf{m}
\right)
+
\alpha
\mathbf{m}
\times
\frac{{\rm d}\mathbf{m}}{{\rm d} t}.
\label{eq:LLG}$$ The gyromagnetic ratio and Gilbert damping constant are denoted as $\gamma$ and $\alpha$, respectively. The magnetic field is defined by $\mathbf{H}=-\partial E/\partial (M \mathbf{m})$, where the energy density $E$ is $$E
=
-MH_{\rm appl}
\mathbf{m}
\cdot
\mathbf{n}_{H}
-
\frac{M(H_{\rm K}-4\pi M)}{2}
\left(
\mathbf{m}
\cdot
\mathbf{e}_{x}
\right)^{2}.
\label{eq:energy}$$ Here, $M$, $H_{\rm appl}$, $\mathbf{n}_{H}=(\sin\theta_{H}\cos\varphi_{H},\sin\theta_{H}\sin\varphi_{H},\cos\theta_{H})$, and $H_{\rm K}$ are the saturation magnetization, applied field magnitude, unit vector pointing in the applied field direction, and crystalline anisotropy field along the $x$-axis, respectively. The spin torque strength, $H_{\rm s}$ in Eq. (\[eq:LLG\]), is \[28\]-\[31\] $$H_{\rm s}
=
\frac{\hbar \eta I}{2e (1 + \lambda \mathbf{m}\cdot\mathbf{p})MV},
\label{eq:H_s}$$ where $V$ is the volume of the free layer. Two dimensionless parameters, $\eta$ and $\lambda$, determine the magnitude of the spin polarization of the injected current and the dependence of the spin torque strength on the relative angle of the magnetizations, respectively.
Because the parameter $\lambda$ plays a key role in the following discussions, explanations on its sign and value are mentioned in the following. The form of Eq. (\[eq:H\_s\]) is common for spin torque in not only MTJs but also giant magnetoresistive (GMR) systems \[28\]-\[32\], and the theoretical relation between $\lambda$ and the material parameters depend on the model. For example, Ref. \[31\] calculated the spin torque from the transfer matrix of an MTJ, and showed that $\lambda=\eta \eta^{\prime}$, where $\eta^{\prime}$ is the spin polarization of the free layer. The sign of $\lambda$ is positive (negative) when the MTJ shows the positive (negative) TMR. On the other hand, in the case of a GMR system, Ref. \[30\] calculated the spin torque from the ballistic spin current in a circuit, and showed that $\lambda=(\varLambda^{2}-1)/(\varLambda^{2}+1)$, where $\varLambda=\sqrt{R_{\rm F}/R_{\rm N}}$ depends on the resistances of the ferromagnetic (F) electrode and the nonmagnetic (N) spacer. Depending on the ratio $R_{\rm F}/R_{\rm N}$, $\lambda$ can be both positive and negative.
![ Dependences of the critical current on the applied field angle $\theta_{H}$ for (a) $95^{\circ} \le \theta_{H} \le 100^{\circ}$ and (b) $100^{\circ} \le \theta_{H} \le 105^{\circ}$, where $\varphi_{H}=0$. []{data-label="fig:fig2"}](fig2.eps){width="0.7\columnwidth"}
Before applying the current, the magnetization points to the equilibrium direction corresponding to the minimum of the energy density $E$. In the spherical coordinate, the polar and azimuth angles $(\theta,\varphi)$ of the equilibrium direction satisfy $$\begin{split}
&
H_{\rm appl}
\left[
\sin\theta_{H}
\cos\theta
\cos(\varphi_{H}-\varphi)
-
\cos\theta_{H}
\sin\theta
\right]
\\
&+
\left(
H_{\rm K}
-
4\pi M
\right)
\sin\theta
\cos\theta
\cos^{2}\varphi
=
0,
\label{eq:condition_eq_1}
\end{split}$$ $$\begin{split}
&
H_{\rm appl}
\sin\theta_{H}
\sin\theta
\sin(\varphi_{H}-\varphi)
\\
&-
-
\sin^{2}\theta
\sin\varphi
\cos\varphi
=
0.
\label{eq:condition_eq_2}
\end{split}$$ We introduce a new coordinate $XYZ$ in which the $Z$-axis points to $(\theta,\varphi)$ direction. The transformation matrix from the $xyz$-coordinate to the $XYZ$-coordinate is given by $$\mathsf{R}
=
\begin{pmatrix}
\cos\theta & 0 & -\sin\theta \\
0 & 1 & 0 \\
\sin\theta & 0 & \cos\theta
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix}
\cos\varphi & \sin\varphi & 0 \\
-\sin\varphi & \cos\varphi & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{pmatrix}.$$ The magnetic field in the $XYZ$-coordinate is $\mathbf{H}=(H_{XX}m_{X}+H_{XY}m_{Y},H_{YX}m_{X}+H_{YY}m_{Y},H_{ZX}m_{X}+H_{ZY}m_{Y}+H_{ZZ})$, where $H_{ij}$ are the $i$-components of $\mathbf{H}$ proportional to $m_{j}$ \[33\],\[34\]. The explicit forms of $H_{ij}$ are $$H_{XX}
=
-
\cos^{2}\theta
\cos^{2}\varphi,
\label{eq:H_XX}$$ $$H_{YY}
=
-
\sin^{2}\varphi,
\label{eq:H_YY}$$ $$H_{XY}
=
H_{YX}
=
-
\cos\theta
\sin\varphi
\cos\varphi,
\label{eq:H_XY}$$ $$H_{ZX}
=
-
\label{eq:H_ZX}$$ $$H_{ZY}
=
-
\sin\varphi
\cos\varphi,
\label{eq:H_ZY}$$ $$\begin{split}
H_{ZZ}
=&
H_{\rm appl}
\left[
\sin\theta_{H}
\sin\theta
\cos(\varphi-\varphi_{H})
+
\cos\theta_{H}
\cos\theta
\\
&+
-
\cos^{2}\varphi.
\label{eq:H_ZZ}
\end{split}$$ Up to the first order of $m_{X}$ and $m_{Y}$, the LLG equation can be linearized as $$\frac{1}{\gamma^{\prime}}
\frac{{\rm d}}{{\rm d}t}
\begin{pmatrix}
m_{X} \\
m_{Y}
\end{pmatrix}
+
\mathsf{M}
=
\begin{pmatrix}
H_{\rm s0}\sin\theta \\
0
\end{pmatrix},
\label{eq:linear_LLG}$$ where the components of the $2 \times 2$ matrix, $\mathsf{M}$, are given by $$\begin{split}
\mathsf{M}_{1,1}
=&
-H_{YX}
+
\alpha
\left(
H_{ZZ}
-
H_{XX}
\right)
\\
&-
H_{\rm s0}
\left(
\cos\theta
+
\tilde{\lambda}
\sin\theta
\right),
\label{eq:M_11}
\end{split}$$ $$\mathsf{M}_{1,2}
=
\left(
H_{ZZ}
-
H_{YY}
\right)
-
\alpha
H_{XY},
\label{eq:M_12}$$ $$\mathsf{M}_{2,1}
=
-
-
\alpha
H_{YX},
\label{eq:M_21}$$ $$\mathsf{M}_{2,2}
=
H_{XY}
+
\alpha
-
-
H_{\rm s0}
\cos\theta,
\label{eq:M_22}$$ where $H_{\rm s0}=\hbar \eta I/[2e(1 + \lambda \cos\theta)MV]$ and $\tilde{\lambda}$ is given by $$\tilde{\lambda}
=
\frac{\lambda \sin\theta}{1+\lambda \cos\theta}.
\label{eq:lambda_tilde}$$
Critical Current {#sec:Critical Current}
================
Equation (\[eq:linear\_LLG\]) indicates that the time-evolutions of $m_{X}$ and $m_{Y}$ are described by ${\rm exp}\{\gamma[\pm{\rm i}\sqrt{{\rm det}[\mathsf{M}]-({\rm Tr}[\mathsf{M}]/2)^{2}}-{\rm Tr}[\mathsf{M}]/2]t\}$, where ${\det}[\mathsf{M}]$ and ${\rm Tr}[\mathsf{M}]$ are the determinant and trace of the matrix $\mathsf{M}$, respectively. The imaginary part of the exponent determines the oscillation frequency of $m_{X}$ and $m_{Y}$, which is identical to the ferromagnetic resonance frequency in the limit of $\alpha \to 0$ and $H_{\rm s} \to 0$. On the other hand, when the real part of the exponent ($-\gamma{\rm Tr}[\mathsf{M}]t/2$) is positive (negative), the amplitude of $m_{X}$ and $m_{Y}$ increases (decreases) with the time increases. Therefore, the critical current is determined by the condition ${\rm Tr}[\mathsf{M}]=0$, and is given by $$I_{\rm c}
=
\frac{2\alpha e(1+\lambda \cos\theta) MV}{\hbar \eta (2 \cos\theta + \tilde{\lambda} \sin\theta)}
\left(
2 H_{ZZ}
-
H_{XX}
-
H_{YY}
\right).
\label{eq:Ic}$$ When the applied field points to the perpendicular direction ($\mathbf{n}_{H}=\mathbf{e}_{x}$) and $H_{\rm K} > 4\pi M$, the equilibrium direction is $(\theta,\varphi)=(\pi/2,0)$. In this case, the critical current is \[18\] $$\lim_{(\theta,\varphi)\to(90^{\circ},0)}
I_{\rm c}
=
\frac{4 \alpha eMV}{\hbar \eta \lambda}
\left(
H_{\rm appl}
+
H_{\rm K}
-
4\pi M
\right).
\label{eq:Ic_perp}$$
![ Map of the critical current $I_{\rm c}$ in $(\theta_{H},\varphi_{H})$ space. Along the red and blue lines, the critical current diverges. The sign of the critical current is positive (negative) in the left (right) side from the line of the divergence. []{data-label="fig:fig3"}](fig3.eps){width="1.0\columnwidth"}
Figures \[fig:fig2\] (a) and (b) show the dependences of the critical current $I_{\rm c}$ on the applied field angle $\theta_{H}$ for (a) $95^{\circ} \le \theta_{H} \le 100^{\circ}$ and (b) $100^{\circ} \le \theta_{H} \le 105^{\circ}$, respectively, in which $\varphi_{H}=0$. Also, in Fig. \[fig:fig3\], $I_{\rm c}$ in $(\theta_{H},\varphi_{H})$ space is shown, in which $95^{\circ} \le \theta_{H} \le 105^{\circ}$ and $-90 \le \varphi_{H} \le 90^{\circ}$. The values of the parameters are $M=1448$ emu/c.c., $H_{\rm K}=18.6$ kOe, $H_{\rm appl}=2$ kOe, $V=\pi \times 60 \times 60 \times 2$ nm${}^{3}$ $\eta=0.54$, $\lambda=\eta^{2}$, $\gamma=1.732 \times 10^{7}$ rad/(Oe$\cdot$s), and $\alpha=0.005$, respectively, which are estimated from the experiments \[15\],\[35\],\[36\]. Two important conclusions are obtained from Eq. (\[eq:Ic\]), Figs. \[fig:fig2\] (a), \[fig:fig2\] (b), and \[fig:fig3\].
The first conclusion is that the critical current diverges at certain field directions $(\tilde{\theta}_{H},\tilde{\varphi}_{H})$ as $\lim_{(\theta_{H},\varphi_{H}) \to (\tilde{\theta}_{H}-0,\tilde{\varphi}_{H})} I_{\rm c} = + \infty$ and $\lim_{(\theta_{H},\varphi_{H}) \to (\tilde{\theta}_{H}+0,\tilde{\varphi}_{H})} I_{\rm c} = - \infty$. For example, the critical current diverges near $\tilde{\theta}_{H} \sim 100^{\circ}$ for $\varphi_{H}=0$, as shown in Figs. \[fig:fig2\] (a) and \[fig:fig2\] (b). At $(\tilde{\theta}_{H},\tilde{\varphi}_{H})$, the condition $$2 \cos\theta
+
\frac{\lambda \sin^{2}\theta}{1 + \lambda \cos\theta}
=
0,
\label{eq:condition_Ic}$$ is satisfied, which means that the denominator of Eq. (\[eq:Ic\]) is zero. It should be noted that Eq. (\[eq:condition\_Ic\]) depends on not only $\lambda$ but also the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and applied field magnitude and direction through Eqs. (\[eq:condition\_eq\_1\]) and (\[eq:condition\_eq\_2\]).
The divergence of the critical current means that the self-oscillation cannot be induced at the field direction satisfying Eq. (\[eq:condition\_Ic\]). It should be noted that the self-oscillation is realized when the energy supplied by the spin torque balances with the energy dissipation due to the damping. However, for example, when $\lambda=0$ and the equilibrium direction of the magnetization is perpendicular to the film plane ($(\theta,\varphi)=(90^{\circ},0)$), the total energy supplied by the spin torque during a precession of the magnetization around the perpendicular axis is zero, as mentioned in Ref. \[18\]. Then, the critical current, Eq. (\[eq:Ic\_perp\]), in the limit of $\lambda \to 0$ diverges, and a steady oscillation does not occur by the spin torque. Equation (\[eq:condition\_Ic\]) should be regarded as the generalized condition for an arbitrary pointing field, which as a special case corresponds to $\lambda=0$ for the perpendicular field, i.e., the energy supplied by the spin torque is zero when the field, anisotropy, and $\lambda$ satisfy Eq. (\[eq:condition\_Ic\]). A significant reduction of the emission power is expected in experiments when the field points to the direction $(\tilde{\theta}_{H},\tilde{\varphi}_{H})$.
The second conclusion is that the sign of the critical current changes from positive to negative when crossing the line of the divergence of $I_{\rm c}$ in Fig. \[fig:fig3\] from left to right: see also Figs. \[fig:fig2\] (a) and (b). To understand this point, it is convenient to consider the case in which a large field ($H_{\rm appl} \gg | H_{\rm K}-4\pi M |$) points to the parallel (P) or anti-parallel (AP) direction of $\mathbf{p}$. Then, the system can be regarded as the in-plane magnetized system. It is known that the sign of the critical current for the switching from P to AP state in the in-plane magnetized system is opposite to that for the switching from AP to P state \[37\]. In our definition, the sign of the critical current from P (AP) to AP (P) state is positive (negative), which is consistent with the sign of $I_{\rm c}$ shown in Figs. \[fig:fig2\] (a) and (b). One of the important conclusions in Ref. \[15\] is that only the positive current can exert the self-oscillation of the magnetization in this type of STO. However, the present result suggests that the negative current can also exert the self-oscillation when the field tilts to the anti-parallel direction of $\mathbf{p}$.
Finally, let us briefly discuss the relation between the present result and the STO applications. In STO applications, it is desirable to obtain a large emission power by using a low bias current. The emission power depends on the precession amplitude $m_{z}$. The previous experiments mainly focused on the effect of the perpendicular field ($\mathbf{n}_{H}=\mathbf{e}_{x}$) \[15\]. On the other hand, the present calculation shown in Fig. \[fig:fig2\] (a) implies that the emission power increases significantly by slightly tilting the magnetic field from the perpendicular direction to the parallel direction of $\mathbf{p}$ because $m_{z}$ with a large amplitude at the low current is expected due to the decrease of the critical current $I_{\rm c}$. However, a further tilting of the magnetic field leads to an decrease of the oscillation amplitude because the oscillation is limited to the region $m_{z}>0$. Also, a complex magnetization dynamics may happen due to a large difference of the directions between the applied field and the anisotropy field. These considerations imply an existence of an optimum direction of the applied field for a high emission power, which will be an important work to pursue in future.
Conclusions {#sec:Conclusions}
===========
In conclusion, the critical current of STO consisting of a perpendicularly magnetized free layer and an in-plane magnetized pinned layer in the presence of an applied field pointing to an arbitrary direction was calculated. The critical current diverged at certain field directions, which meant that the self-oscillation could not be induced by the spin torque. The field direction corresponding to this singularity depended on the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, the applied field magnitude and the direction, and the spin torque parameter. The divergence arose from the fact that the spin torque could not supply the energy to the free layer at these directions. It was also found that the sign of the critical current changed depending on the field direction.
Acknowledgment {#acknowledgment .unnumbered}
==============
The authors would like to acknowledge H. Maehara, A. Emura, T. Yorozu, M. Konoto, K. Yakushiji, T. Nozaki, A. Fukushima, K. Ando, and S. Yuasa. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Number 23226001.
[90]{}
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[^1]: ${}^{\dagger}$Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected]
| |
[dropcap style=”font-size: 60px; color: #9b9b9b;”]T[/dropcap]he discovery confirms the common plant among the natural world’s best fliers.
It shows that movement of air around and within its parachute-shaped bundle of bristles enables seeds to travel great distances – often a kilometre or more, kept afloat entirely by wind power.
Researchers from the University carried out experiments to better understand why dandelion seeds fly so well, despite their parachute structure being largely made up of empty space.
Their study revealed that a ring-shaped air bubble forms as air moves through the bristles, enhancing the drag that slows each seed’s descent to the ground.
This newly found form of air bubble – which the scientists have named the separated vortex ring – is physically detached from the bristles and is stabilised by air flowing through it.
This flight mechanism of the bristly parachute underpins the seeds’ steady flight.
It is four times more efficient than what is possible with conventional parachute design, according to the research.
Researchers suggest that the dandelion’s porous parachute might inspire the development of small-scale drones that require little or no power consumption.
Such drones could be useful for remote sensing or air pollution monitoring. | http://ageofrobots.net/dandelions-reveal-newly-found-form-of-flight/ |
The twin flame relationship is one of the most spiritual demanding and fulfilling relationships of our life. Stumbling across our twin flames catalyses our journey towards spiritual illumination. The main reason why a twin flame appears in our life... 8/11/2015�� Telepathy refers to the communication between two minds, separated by distance and without the use of the five-physical senses. This means, no speaking, listening, writing, reading or any other form of communication dependent upon the physical vessel.
Send telepathic message to soulmate: Spiritual awakening is always an extraordinary time for the person experiencing it. It is a time of significant... Meditation is also a good way to help you bypass your intellect so you can receive spiritual messages without discounting them. Test your ESP ability by trying to send telepathic thoughts to individuals. Attempt to telepathically contact someone you haven�t heard from in a while get them to call you.
Send a Telepathic Message, if: You are in distress and wish to implant your message deep within the psyche of another. You are an impatient soul who won't rest until you have explored every avenue.
For example, when you want to send a message, you will become the sender. You are going to try to transmit the message to the receiver, and it will be the best practice to initiate telepathic communication with the receiver sitting in front of you when you are learning this art.
Telepathy is reading a mind, and sending messages from mind to mind. So, it�s not an activity you can practice alone; you�re going to need a partner. So, it�s not an activity you can practice alone; you�re going to need a partner.
Sending a telepathic message to your Twin Flame is actually one of the most important aspects to master in the Union, especially in times of difficult separation.
8/11/2015�� Telepathy refers to the communication between two minds, separated by distance and without the use of the five-physical senses. This means, no speaking, listening, writing, reading or any other form of communication dependent upon the physical vessel. | http://mleb.net/northern-ireland/how-to-send-a-telepathic-message.php |
Because the personal is political, this discussion is about how non-monogamous relationships are not only anarchy of the “romantic norm” but can also undermine patriarchy and other oppressive systems of power.
We will explore the links between anarchy and polyamory, which is the practice of having more than one romantic partner at a time with the knowledge and consent of all partners involved. And we will ask ourselves how does society affect how we think about relationships and how can we affect society through the different ways we choose to form relationships and support these choices of people around us. | https://www.indymedia.nl/node/22333 |
The Spanish government has introduced a new mask mandate requiring their use in all public open-air spaces as well as indoor areas open to the public, even when social distancing is possible, as was already the case in Catalonia.
The new law published in the official gazette on Tuesday, however, does not include exemptions for certain places, meaning that it also applies while on the beach or at swimming pools.
The mask mandate will be enforced throughout Spain, including Catalonia, where the government had already passed a measure on July 8, 2020 that included all public outdoor and indoor places.
The Catalan norm did not explicitly mention beaches and swimming pools, but senior health department official Xavier Llebaria explained that it would be applied "with common sense."
He then said that there was "obviously" no need to wear it while swimming or sunbathing, but that it would make sense when entering the beach area or taking a walk on the sand.
The only exceptions in the Spanish government law published are medical reasons, individual exercise outdoors, activities that are incompatible with face mask use, or force majeure.
Already in force in Catalonia, companies are also required to introduce safety measures in the workplace as well as "guarantee the availability of protective equipment" for staff and patients at medical centers.
At schools, measures must be taken to ventilate classrooms and to avoid crowding, something also introduced in 2020 in Catalonia, while action to guarantee health safety is also required at care homes.
Distances of at least 1.5 meters must be kept between staff and customers at restaurants, hotels, or cultural, sports, and other venues or "appropriate hygiene measures to prevent the risk of transmissions" will have to be introduced. | https://www.catalannews.com/covid-19/item/spain-introduces-mask-mandate-even-when-social-distancing-or-on-beach |
Today is Friday, Sept. 6th, 2019 Here’s what you need to know:
Good morning,
Facebook’s new dating app is now available to the U.S. for all users over the age of 18.
The company’s goal is to “make matchmaking personal again” by using personal data to deliver better matches than Tinder and Bumble. Facebook Dating will also include the option to integrate Instagram posts directly to their dating profile.
After being fined $5 billion dollars for privacy lapses, Facebook has “taken a number of steps to lock down” the dating experience. The app will not include your Facebook Friends, and will have a feature to opt out mutual friends from viewing your profile, as well. Facebook will match profiles based on mutual groups (if enabled), mutual schools and mutual interests.
To prevent the sending of unsolicited photos, the app will be limited to text and GIFs only. No links, photos, payments or videos can be shared through messenger. Story integration will be live by the end of the year.
News from The Post:
Ohio University was given a grant from the EPA for on-campus sustainable events. (The Post)
Two armed robberies occurred in Athens early Thursday morning. (The Post)
Athens issued a boil advisory after a water pipe burst. (The Post)
Scores and Game Times: | https://www.thepostathens.com/article/2019/09/facebook-dating-app-instagram |
Antenna Theory and Microstrip Antennas offers a uniquely balanced analysis of antenna fundamentals and microstrip antennas. Concise and readable, it provides theoretical background, application materials, and details of recent progress. Exploring several effective design approaches, this book covers a wide scope, making it an ideal hands-on resource for professionals seeking a refresher in the fundamentals. It also provides the basic grounding in antenna essentials that is required for those new to the field.
The book’s primary focus is on introducing practical techniques that will enable users to make optimal use of powerful commercial software packages and computational electromagnetics used in full wave analysis and antenna design. Going beyond particular numerical computations to teach broader concepts, the author systematically presents the all-important spectral domain approach to analyzing microstrip structures including antennas. In addition to a discussion of near-field measurement and the high-frequency method, this book also covers:
Based on much of the author’s own internationally published research, and honed by his years of teaching experience, this text is designed to bring students, engineers, and technicians up to speed as efficiently as possible. This text purposefully emphasizes principles and includes carefully selected sample problems to ease the process of understanding the often intimidating area of antenna technology. Paying close attention to this text, you will be able to confid
Basic Concepts of Antennas. Arrays and Array Synthesis. Microstrip Patch Antennas. Spectral Domain Approach and its Application to Microstrip Antennas. Effective Methods in Using Commercial Software for Antenna Design. Design of Conventional and DBF Microstrip Antenna Arrays. High Frequency Methods and Their Applications to Antennas. Planar Near-Field Measurement and Array Diagnostics. Index. | https://www.routledge.com/Antenna-Theory-and-Microstrip-Antennas/Fang/p/book/9780367384678 |
Publication Type:
|Journal Article|
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Year of Publication:
|2017|
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Authors:
|Janice Vaz, Edward J. Narayan, R. Dileep Kumar, K. Thenmozhi, Krishnamoorthy Thiyagesan, Nagarajan Baskaran|
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Publication/Journal:
|Plos One|
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Publisher:
|Public Library of Science|
Abstract:
India’s charismatic wildlife species are facing immense pressure from anthropogenic-induced environmental perturbations. Zoos play a major role in the conservation of threatened species, but their adaptation in captivity is posing a major challenge globally. Stress from inadequate adaptation could lead to suppression of cognitive functioning and increased display of stereotypic behaviour. It is thus necessary to measure biological traits like behaviour, stress physiology, and contextual factors driving the animals maintained at zoos. In this study, we assessed stereotypic behaviour and stress physiology employing standard behaviour scoring, non-invasive stress monitoring, and their contextual drivers in a sub-population of two large felid species managed in six Indian zoos. The prevalence and intensity of stereotypic behaviours and levels of faecal corticosterone metabolites (FCM) were ascertained among 41 Royal Bengal tigers Panthera tigris tigris and 21 Indian leopards Panthera pardus fusca between April 2014 and March 2015. Behavioural observations showed that tigers spent more time stereotyping (12%) than leopards (7%) during daylight hours. Stress levels assessed using FCM revealed that tigers (23.6 ± 1.62 ng/g) had marginally lower level of corticosterone metabolites than leopards (27.2 ±1.36 ng/g). Stereotypic behaviour increased significantly with FCM level when the effect of heath status was controlled in tigers, and the effects tree cover, stone, den and keeper attitude controlled in leopards. Comparison of stereotypes of tigers with various biological and environmental factors using binary logistic regression revealed that stereotypic prevalence decreased with increased enclosure size, and enclosure enrichments like presence of pools and stones, when managed socially with conspecifics, and with positive keeper attitude, these factors accounting for 43% of variations in stereotypic prevalence among tigers. Stereotype among leopards was significantly absent when associated with increased tree cover and presence of pool, and den in the enclosure, age and among zoo-born than wild-born ones. These factors explain 81% of variations in stereotypic prevalence in them. A comparison of FCM levels with context-dependent factors revealed that stress levels among tigers decreased significantly with enclosure size and with individuals from nil to low, and severity of health issues. These factors explain 64% of variations in FCM levels. In leopards, the presence of stones in the enclosure and keepers with positive attitude resulted in significant decrease in FCM levels, these factors together accounting for 94% of variations. Multiple regressions on selected variables based on Factor Analysis of Mixed Data showed that in tigers the intensity of stereotype decreased significantly with enclosure size, sociality and positive keeper attitude and FCM level with health problems. Similarly, analyses in leopards revealed that intensity of stereotype decreased significantly with tree cover, age and FCM level with positive keeper attitude. Overall, our study suggests that to reduce stereotypes and stress level, tigers in captivity should be managed in larger enclosures enriched with pool, and stones, and in appropriate social conditions with adequate veterinary care. Leopards should be managed in enclosures with dense tree cover, pool, stones and den. Positive keeper attitude plays a crucial role in the welfare of both the species in captivity. Our study is promising and is comparable with their natural behaviour in the wild; for example, tigers require larger natural habitats, while leopards can manage even with smaller isolated patches but with dense vegetation cover. | https://czaw.org/resources/prevalence-and-determinants-of-stereotypic-behaviours-and-physiological-stress-among-tigers-and-leopards-in-indian-zoos/ |
Changes in human activities and social systems are critical to mitigating climate change and creating transformations to sustainability. People everywhere will need to learn how to create new forms of human activity and new social systems that are more sustainable and socially just. However, we have limited knowledge about the type of learning that creates such change, how such learning emerges, or how it can be scaled-up to create transformations at many levels.
This network will work with civil society, youth, academic, government and community partners across nine countries in diverse areas that are vulnerable to impacts at the climate-energy-food-water security and social justice nexus. The goal is to research how transgressive learning (T-learning) processes emerge, what they look like, and how they can contribute to transformations to sustainability.
It will do this by identifying ‘germ cell’ activities for T-learning, and examining how T-learning can initiate and expand sustainability transformations in selected community sites in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Europe.
The network aims to produce practical, theoretical and methodological outcomes for creating sustainability transformations. These include new, generative research methodologies that can be used to support and expand T-learning processes; and new insights into the types of learning needed for sustainability transformations, and how such learning can be supported. Through internationally networked institutions and partners, network members aim to influence global action projects and contribute to the development of international policy.
Network lead:
Professor Heila Lotz-Sisitka
Rhodes University, South Africa
[email protected]
This network received seed funding under phase 1 of the Transformations to Sustainability programme.
More on T-Learning seed funded activities. | https://www.worldsocialscience.org/activities/t-learning/ |
SOLAR sailing offers the potential to reduce the required initial mass in low Earth orbit for future piloted Mars missions.1¡3 Athough solar sailing does not appear to be suitable for crew transport, it can be an extremely efŽ cient mode of propulsion for the transport of logistics in support of a human crew. This may include premission caching of logistics and/or resupply missions to support long-duration surface stays. Because solar sails do not require reaction mmass, a single solar sail may, in principle, be used for multiple Earth-Mars-Earth round trips. The limit to the number of round trips that can be made by a single solar sail will be dictated largely by the lifetime of the sail Ž lm in the space environment. Previous studies of the solar sail cargo mission problem have considered either point designs1 or have considered speciŽ c launch opportunities.2 However, a key question that arises when considering the use of solar sails for round-trip logistic supply missions is the optimum payload mass fraction of the solar sail. As the payload mass fraction of the solar sail is increased, a greater payload mass is delivered, but the trip time will also increase. Similarly, as the payload mass fraction of the solar sail is decreased, a smaller payload is delivered, but with a shorter trip time. The payload mass fractionthat is selectedshould, therefore,be chosento balancethese two effects and maximize the mean rate of payload mass transfer to Mars. | https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/6235/ |
Hair is made up of keratin, which is a protein produced within the hair follicles on the uppermost layer of the skin. The follicles keep producing new hair cells and push out the old dead cells. The hair that you see on your head are compact strands made of dead keratinized cells.
At any given time, 90% or more of the hair on your scalp keeps growing. No two hairs have the same growth pace. In fact, each hair follicle goes through an entire growth cycle of its own, which is influenced by factors such as age, nutrition, illness, and also ethnicity.
It is because each hair follicle goes through a different growth cycle, that you shed only a certain number of hairs per day. If all the hairs on your head went through the same growth cycle, all your hair would fall off at once.
Between starting to grow and falling off, each strand of hair goes through three stages:
Anagen (Growing Phase) – is the hair growing phase, which can last between two to seven years. At any time, about 80% – 90% of the hairs on your head are in the anagen phase. The hairs in this phase grow from one centimetre to half an inch every 28 days. Your genetics determine the amount of time your hair follicle stays in the anagen phase.
Catagen (Regression Phase) – signals the end of the active growing phase and approximately 1% of the hair is in this phase at any given time. This phase of the hair lasts for around 10 to 14 days.
Telogen (Shedding Phase) – this is a resting phase, at the end of which your hair is released and it falls out, i.e., the resting hair stays in the follicle till it is pushed out by the growth of a new anagen hair. At any given time, 10% – 15 % of all hairs are in the telogen phase. The follicle then remains dormant for 3 months and the whole process recurs again.
Hair loss, also known as alopecia or baldness, refers to a loss of hair from part of the head or body.
Typically at least the head is involved.
The severity of hair loss can vary from a small area to the entire body.
Inflammation or scarring is not usually present.
Hair loss in some people causes psychological distress.
Symptoms of hair loss include hair loss in patches usually in circular patterns, dandruff, skin lesions, and scarring. Alopecia areata (mild – medium level) usually shows in unusual hair loss areas, e.g., eyebrows, backside of the head or above the ears, areas the male pattern baldness usually does not affect. In male-pattern hair loss, loss and thinning begin at the temples and the crown and hair either thins out or falls out. Female-pattern hair loss occurs at the frontal and parietal.
People have between 100,000 and 150,000 hairs on their head. The number of strands normally lost in a day varies but on average is 100.
To maintain a normal volume, hair must be replaced at the same rate at which it is lost. The first signs of hair thinning that people will often notice are more hairs than usual left in the hairbrush after brushing or in the basin after shampooing. Styling can also reveal areas of thinning, such as a wider parting or a thinning crown
Skin conditions
A substantially blemished face, back and limbs could point to cystic acne. The most severe form of the condition, cystic acne, arises from the same hormonal imbalances that cause hair loss and is associated with dihydrotestosterone production.
Seborrheic dermatitis, a condition in which an excessive amount of sebum is produced and builds upon the scalp (looking like an adult cradle cap), is also a symptom of hormonal imbalances, as is an excessively oily or dry scalp. Both can cause hair thinning.
What causes hair fall?
First, your doctor or dermatologist (a doctor who specializes in skin problems) will try to determine the underlying cause of your hair loss. The most common cause of hair loss is hereditary male- or female-pattern baldness.
If you have a family history of baldness, you may have this type of hair loss. Certain sex hormones can trigger hereditary hair loss. It may begin as early as puberty.
In some cases, hair loss may occur with a simple halt in the cycle of hair growth. Major illnesses, surgeries, or traumatic events can trigger hair loss. However, your hair will usually start growing back without treatment.
Hormonal changes can cause temporary hair loss. Examples include:
- pregnancy
- childbirth
- discontinuing the use of birth control pills
- menopause
Medical conditions that can cause hair loss include:
- thyroid disease
- alopecia areata (an autoimmune disease that attacks hair follicles)
- scalp infections like ringworm
Diseases that cause scarring, such as lichen planus and some types of lupus, can result in permanent hair loss because of the scarring.
Hair loss can also be due to medications used to treat:
- cancer
- high blood pressure
- arthritis
- depression
- heart problems
A physical or emotional shock may trigger noticeable hair loss. Examples of this type of shock include:
- a death in the family
- extreme weight loss
- a high fever
People with trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) have a need to pull out their hair, usually from their head, eyebrows, or eyelashes.
Traction hair loss can be due to hairstyles that put pressure on the follicles by pulling the hair back very tightly.
A diet lacking in protein, iron, and other nutrients can also lead to thinning hair.
Oily hair, consider washing your hair only every other day. Always pat the hair dry and avoid rubbing your hair.
Styling products and tools are also common culprits in hair loss.
Examples of products or tools that can affect hair loss include:
- blow dryers
- heated combs
- hair straighteners
- coloring products
- bleaching agents
- perms
- relaxers
If you decide to style your hair with heated tools, only do so when your hair is dry. Also, use the lowest settings possible.
How to reverse hair loss
You can stop or even reverse hair loss with aggressive treatment, especially if it’s due to an underlying medical condition. Hereditary hair loss may be more difficult to treat. However, certain procedures such as hair transplants can help reduce the appearance of baldness.
Talk to your doctor to explore all your options to lessen the effects of hair loss. | https://iamhimanshusingh.in/2022/01/22/hair-fall/ |
About a year ago I noticed when showering that quite a few hairs were exiting my scalp. At first I paid this minimal attention but a few weeks later, I realized that I could look ‘right through’ my hair as though each strand was standing alone in a nearly empty forest. They were few and far between and dropping like flies. At this point, panic set in: I was losing my hair. Does this sound like you? The most common cause of progressive hair loss in women is Female Pattern Hair Loss (FPHL). Also known as androgenetic alopecia, FPHL affects about 30 million American women, the equivalent of about 40% of US women.
FPHL has a distinct appearance – the hair thins mainly on the top and crown of the scalp, often beginning with a widening and lengthening of the center hair part. Each hair becomes thin and fragile with an increase in breakage. In addition, the hairs easily separate from the scalp. This pattern of hair loss is characterized by thinning of hair all over the scalp but rarely leads to complete baldness. Unlike men, there is not much recession of the hairline. Although in my case, I definitely experienced recession of the hairline and don’t know if that will recover.
There are many triggers contributing to hair loss but the common denominator is a shift in hormone balance. In our case, a reduction in estrogen results in a higher concentration of testosterone and another hormone called DHT. DHT shrinks hair follicles, causing them to loosen and shed and can cause their gradual disappearance. This can lead to scarring of the scalp and a diminished superficial blood supply, thus the inability to produces more follicles. The average scalp is home to about 100,000 hairs and each one has its own life cycle. A follicle produces a single hair that grows at a rate of half an inch per month. It hangs in there for 2 to 6 years, then stops for about a month. When the next cycle starts up, that hair falls out. At any given time, most of your locks are in the growth phase. Most people shed about 50-100 strands every day. Don’t worry if you find a few in your hairbrush or on your clothes. But if it starts to fall out in clumps or if you notice it getting thinner over time, seek some guidance. The kinds of things that can lead to FPHL are stress, medical issues, thyroid gland dysfunction, chemo therapy, radiation, pregnancy, abortion, menopause, autoimmune disorders, tight hair fasteners- elastics, weaves, overdone chemical treatments, among others. In my case, a serious medical condition and its associated stress were the likely culprits.
So, what to do? It’s important to see your medical doctor to assess your health and offer insight. There could be a cause for the hair loss of which you are totally unaware. I learned that a serious yet relatively silent infection was throwing my body into chaos and I underwent surgery to resolve the problem. My experience was the impetus for exploring the role of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) as a safe solution to treat my hair loss. Over the next 4 -6 months I was amazed — and incredibly relieved — to see thicker and denser hair along with new hair growth. Ten months later, I think things are pretty much corrected.
As you can see from the photo in this blog of my scalp, I’m a believer! The before and after shots should make anyone interested in tackling their hair loss, male or female, interested in booking a consultation with me to learn more. Also be sure to check out the videos we have on our video page. One is a 50-year-old male who has now undergone two of three anticipated PRP hair restoration procedures. We’ve also got a video from a recent PRP Open House we had in our offices of one of my pals, Tom, getting the procedure. You’ll see it’s quick and relatively painless, even though Tom supposedly has a “block head” (according to him!). For any woman experiencing hair loss or hair thinning, I would strongly recommend PRP as your best shot at a safe and predictable recovery. Remember, PRP will stimulate new hair follicle growth and restore circulation to your scalp. It’s as easy as 1-2-3 and nothing is safer! Please call with any questions! | https://www.drellenmahony.com/general/wheres-my-hair/ |
Reporting Period: 1 March to 31 August 2018.
MANDATE
The DRC
Pursuant to Security Council Resolutions 2348 (2017) and 2389 (2017), the Security Council requested a report on the implementation of the commitments under the Peace, Security and Cooperation (PSC) Framework for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the Region. Resolution 2348 (2017) requests MONUSCO to take fully into account gender considerations as a crosscutting issue throughout its mandate and to assist the Government of the DRC in ensuring the participation, involvement and representation of women at all levels. Resolution 2389 (2017) also urges continued regional and international support for initiatives aimed at promoting inclusive dialogue amongst national stakeholders and stresses the importance of opening political space to enable the full and free participation of peaceful political parties, civil society and the media, as well as the full participation of both men and women in the political process.
The reports focus on conflicts in Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, and South Sudan, and contains many references to Rwanda and Uganda.
CONTEXT
In the most recent UNSC meeting on the DRC, the predominant focus was the electoral process. Leila Zerrougui, the Special Representative and Head of Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour la Stabilisation en République Démocratique du Congo (MONUSCO), briefed the SC on the progress of including women in the electoral process leading up to the elections in December. Her primary focus was the amount of candidates, stating that only 12% of candidates were female and only one woman was running in the presidential election. Furthermore, H.E François Delattre issued a statement expressing concern relating to ongoing violence and the disproportionate effect this has on both women and children.
South Sudan
South Sudan’s latest peace deal, one of some 16+ following the outbreak of war in 2011, was signed shortly before this year’s UN General Assembly opening ceremony and was met with careful optimism. In the past few days, there have been horrific reports of violence, and according to Doctors Without Borders the rape of 125 women. Violence against women in South Sudan is double the global average.
Central African Republic
In November of this year, the UN warned of potential impending famine for the CAR if drastic action was not taken to end the ongoing conflict, which has caused mass displacement and the worst situation for food insecurity in four years. Furthermore, Alfred Yekatom, a former military leader, previously nicknamed ‘Rambo’ was taken to trial by the International Criminal Court on 14 charges of crime against humanity.
GENDER ANALYSIS
PARTICIPATION
The section titled ‘Advancing women peace and security’ (Para. 65-72) focuses predominantly on issues relating to economic, social and democratic participation of women. The Secretary-General outlines the steps taken by his special envoy to advocate for greater participation by women in peace and political processes and for the needs of women and girls (Para. 65). The report of the SG also outlines the missions created by UN-Women and the Executive Secretary of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region for the purpose of promoting women’s participation in decision-making and to highlight the concerns of women (Para. 66).
The report also details the work of the Special Envoy on “solidarity missions” to Burundi, the CAR and the DRC. These projects were led by women representing the Women’s Platform for the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework, the Network of African Women in Conflict Prevention and Mediation (FemWise-Africa) and the Regional Women’s Forum of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (Para. 67). The report states that in the case of the aforementioned project in Burundi that national and international stakeholders were included, and that dialogue focused on the need for space and inclusive political discourse that empowered women (Para. 68). In the context of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Secretary-General outlines that the project leaders met with government officials, as well as civil society leaders and women’s organisations. The discussion resulted in a call for legal reform, and focused on the sociological, cultural, legal and financial barriers to women’s participation in political and electoral processes (Para. 70).
PROTECTION
The word ‘protection’ is used only once and in relation to protection concerns for refugees (Para. 32). Unfortunately, there is neither a discussion relating to protection innovatives or measures for any people, nor are any groups outlined as specifically at risk, or in need of any particular measures for their protection.
Sexual and gender based violence, and sexual exploitation are entirely absent from the report. ‘Exploitation’ is used four times within the report but each time in reference to the exploitation of natural resources- not of people. Therefore, it is unclear how these issues are being addressed within the region.
PREVENTION
The references to prevention within the report are limited to the outlining of the aforementioned work by Fem-Wise Africa. No reference to other forms of prevention is mentioned anywhere else in any context, including conflict, violence or disease.
The lack of reference to any preventative programs, actions, or mechanisms by the report leaves much to be desired. Preventative measures are vital for women in many contexts. Perhaps most vital is the need for preventative action against sexual and gender based violence, as well as against economic and democratic exclusion. These are fundamental to a long term, sustainable, peace process.
RELIEF AND RECOVERY
The Secretary-General outlines the work of his Special Envoy with the Regional Women’s Forum of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region in field visits conducted by the follow-up mechanism for the repatriation of former combatants to ensure that the needs of women and girls are addressed in the repatriation process (Para. 72). The report does not outline the size of this programme, nor the amount of people who were part of it;therefore, it is difficult to ascertain the size and success of the programme.
The report details the work of the Technical Support Committee of the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework toward strengthening trust and cooperation, and the creation of recommendations for addressing displacement, enhancing judicial cooperation and natural resource management and advancing women, peace and security in the region (Para. 79).
The Secretary-General also outlines the continued work of the Special Envoy and the executive secretariat of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region to improve judicial cooperation, women and peace and security, the repatriation of former combatants, economic integration and population displacement (Para. 84). Beyond this the report lacks detail as to what exact actions have been taken, and how many people have been affected.
RECOMMENDATIONS
PARTICIPATION
Overall the engagement with the importance of the participation of women in the economy, society and democracy within the report was quite good; however it would be improved by a more comprehensive support of grassroots women’s organisations and of specific initiatives to help overcome the barriers outlined. For example, in many conflict or post conflict areas women face disproportionate and gender-specific risks when travelling to polling stations. Providing protection for both these journeys, as well as through women-only polling stations, are a excellent way to improve women’s participation in the democratic process. Women’s situation rooms, particularly in the context of the DRC where sexual and gender-based conflict (SGBV) is particularly prolific, would be a great help to Congolese women.
In the future the Secretary-General should outline in his reports support for mechanisms that help women to overcome their gender specific barriers to participation. Stating support is the inception of what must be done, but it is neither the middle nor the end of effectively supporting women; meaningful, comprehensive action must be taken. It is not enough that barriers be identified by the SG and his Special Envoy- the ways and means by which they can be overcome must be outlined.
PROTECTION
In future the Secretary-General must identify at risk groups and outline the measures taken for their protection. For example, women face disproportionate and gender specific risks when displaced and when in conflict, they also have a range of specific needs that it is imperative to address. For example, displaced women must have access to sanitation in order to remain both healthy and safe; the lack of this access is a major issue for many. UNICEF has worked extensively on this issue in South Sudan, effectively including women in the planning and management of sanitation projects. The expansion of this work should be supported by the Secretary-General. There has been similar work, also by UNICEF, in the DRC- which has provided really vital support to displaced women and children and in preventing the spread of measles. This work is exceptional and deserves promotion and expansion.
Given the ongoing issues with peacekeeper sexual exploitation generally within the region, the complete lack of reference to this issue within the report is inexcusable. In the example of South Sudan, where the United Nations Mission In South Sudan (UNMISS) recalled a 46-member peacekeeping police unit following allegations of sexual misconduct with civilians, no charges have yet been made despite the fact that this case occurred in February of 2018. In April 2018 , Nepalese peacekeepers were accused of raping two teenage girls, a situation that also occurred South Sudan. In both instances UNMISS declared that such acts were unacceptable and violated the victim's rights to dignity and safety but as of yet have not taken any legal action against the accused. Similarly in the DRC the United Nations Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) peacekeepers have been accused on numerous occasions of sexual exploitation. The issue was raised recently in October 2018 when a Nigerian police officer serving with UNMISS was accused of sexual misconduct and allegedly paid off the accuser.
The Secretary-General must address these issues and outline protection measures for victims and for at risk persons, this point is particularly potent for this SG who has been outspoken on this issue in other contexts.
PREVENTION
Sexual violence
The Secretary-General could support innovatives by promoting a re-evaluation of social norms though education and the ‘bystander approach’ in which people are taught not to be a bystander when they witness sexual violence. There could be many Congolese created responses to this ongoing issue, and the Secretary-General should support actively the creation and implementation of prevention measures.
It is critical to engage with grassroots organizations, create safe spaces for survivors, work with the government to prioritise women’s protection from sexual violence.
Sexual exploitation
In future reports should outline comprehensive accountability mechanisms and be transparent about their effectivity. The ongoing culture of impunity is a major contributor to this continued issue, the UN should not rest on its laurels that some barriers to victims seeking justice have been lifted. The perpetuation of this issue is evidence of the failure of previous approaches.
In order to effectively deal with this issue, the UN must prioritise a comprehensive policy for data collection- in order that the problem be understood better. The fears of retribution felt by victims must be addressed, otherwise there will never be an environment in which victims are comfortable to come forward. Equally, there must be protections for whistleblowers and persons within the UN to report and address these issues.
The appointment of Jane Connors as Victims’ Rights Advocate (VRA), and the personal intervention of the Secretary-General is not a sustainable approach to the issue. It is necessary to have a bottom-up, victim-centric approach that empowers grassroots organisations and communicates to victims in their own languages and on their own terms.
RELIEF AND RECOVERY
The Secretary-General should also support women’s and civil society’s participation in implementation by strengthening action to ensure women politicians, candidates, activists and human rights defenders are protected. In the context of implementation of the political agreement, the Secretary-General should promote action for the support of civil society initiatives such as a Women’s Situation Room , which are aimed at mitigating conflict before, during and after elections. Further, the Secretary-General should demand the government of the DRC refrain from criminalizing and restricting the peaceful and legitimate activities of human rights defenders and civil society, lift the ban on public demonstrations, and drop charges against women human rights defenders and peace activists. | http://peacewomen.org/node/103422 |
83 Pink Row Uncasville, CT 06382 | tel: (860) 848-6776
Conservation of water is everyone’s responsibility. In addition to the cost savings, it helps the environment.
There are simple ways that you can converse water:
~Repair leaky faucets and toilets
~Install low-flow or dual flush toilets
~Use a low-flow showerhead; limit shower times. Showers are more water-efficient than bathtubs.
~When doing your laundry, make sure to adjust the settings on your machine to the proper load size.
~Be sure you have a full load when you run your dishwasher.
~Wash the car only when necessary.
~Use a solar cover on pools to minimize evaporation.
~Use a rain barrel to capture water for your outdoor watering.
~Use varieties of draught tolerant plants to reduce the need for watering.
Town of Montville Hydrant Flushing will take place starting July 8 to July 12, 2019 between the hours of 6:00 am to 6:00 pm. See Notices for all information.
83 Pink Row
Uncasville, CT 06382
Call (860) 625-7582 for things such as a burst pipe or emergency shut-off. | https://www.montvillewpca.com/water-conservation/ |
ASCE has honored John W. van de Lindt, Ph.D., F.ASCE, with the 2017 Ernest E. Howard Award for his influential work in advancing the understanding of the performance of wood buildings under extreme hazard loading.
Van de Lindt is an internationally recognized expert in wood engineering and his research work over the past decade has pushed the boundary of performance-based engineering for wood frame structures. The vast majority of our nation’s building stock is wood-based construction, which is vulnerable to extreme hazard events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Van de Lindt’s efforts over the past 15 years greatly advanced the engineering community’s understanding of wood-building system performance for extreme natural hazards. That work has also significantly enhanced the application of performance-based design to wood structures. Van de Lindt has been a tremendous advocate for resilience of wood buildings. Through over 130 peer-reviewed journal publications and numerous conference publications and presentations, he has played an influential role in shaping the landscape of wood engineering research and design in the U.S. Specifically, his major contributions to wood engineering are the following:
• Developed a performance-based seismic design philosophy to enable design and construction of midrise light-framed wood building in high seismic regions. The PBSD methodology developed by van de Lindt’s team was validated through full-scale testing of a six-story wood building at Japan’s E-Defense shake table. This structure remains the largest building tested at full scale on a shake table to date.
• Greatly advanced the engineering community’s understanding of the soft-story collapse phenomenon in light-framed wood buildings. Seismic retrofit measures developed by van de Lindt’s research team have been implemented in soft-story projects in the western United States.
• Played a leading role in multiple investigations into wood-building performance in extreme wind events, including the 2005 Hurricane Katrina and 2011 Tuscaloosa Tornado. Enhanced the concept of performance-based wind engineering for wood-frame buildings and developed a dual-objective design philosophy against tornado hazard. This philosophy is cited in the ASCE 7-16 commentary on tornadoes.
• Advanced seismic design of cross-laminated timber systems through his research work in CLT shear wall modeling and design, his contribution to the lateral load chapter of the CLT handbook, and his ongoing research project to determine the seismic design parameters for CLT wall systems following the FEMA P695 procedure. These seismic performance factors will be proposed for the next update of the ASCE 7 Standard.
• Currently leading the development of a resilience-based seismic design methodology for tall mass timber buildings in the height range of 8 to 20 stories, which will be validated through a full-scale 10-story wood-building test at the world’s largest outdoor shake table, at the University of California, San Diego.
The Ernest E. Howard Award is given to a member of the Society who has made a definite contribution to the advancement of structural engineering through research, planning, design, or construction. | https://news.asce.org/van-de-lindt-earns-ernest-e-howard-award/ |
Early in 2004 I was about to start my first blog. I had already been on the road for a few years and was trying come up with an appropriate title. It had to describe quite closely what travelling really meant to me. I knew that I was getting from it much more than just visiting places, seeing things or meeting people. At the time I was practising a “work your way around the world”-style of backpacking, which meant that I was prepared to do virtually any type of work in order to get to almost any destination, as long as it was away from home and it would lead to more destinations – an approach very far removed from a city-break, a 10-day tour, or a three-week seaside vacation. “Work-your-way” is also not quite the same as doing projects or youth programs such as a gap year or volunteering. Neither is it pure economic migration or permanent immigration. It’s ongoing long-term travelling which might over time incorporate many, if not all of the above, as the hybrid process of extending the journey systematically continues.
I was starting to think of myself as a “modern-day gypsy”. Something had happened along the way which provided me with a deeper purpose, but trying to define exactly what that was remained elusive. After brainstorming word combinations for a few weeks, I came up with “travelosophy”, which was original and with an obvious meaning – the combination of travel and philosophy – but there was some flexibility. It could be interpreted either as the philosophy of the inner journey, or of the outer journey, or a combination thereof A few months later I posted “Practising Travelosophy” on the old blog. I would now like to expand more on that theme here.
Introduction:
Nomadic tendencies are usually instinctive and have been around for as long as humanity itself. Travelosophy has been around for as long as people have been thinking about nomadic tendencies. After all, for some, to travel is to be. The word travelosophy is not in the dictionary. Should it be? What is a synonym for Travelosophy?
What is Travelosophy?
The search for balance and understanding through movement and knowledge.
The quest for wisdom through the process of travel.
The art of long term travel and reflection.
Insight gained through extensive travel and applied in understanding everyday life and the world we live in.
A physical journey lived as an essential part of an individual’s life journey and spiritual journey.
Practicing Travelosophy
Travelosophy is an educational approach to travel through immersion. A travelosopher experiences a destination by spending an extended period of time there. He or she lives among and work with the local people. They remain informed about current affairs and have a keen eye for observing all aspects of the culture they temporarily reside in. They possesses a natural balance of respect, tact and sensitivity towards local customs and practices. They are stereo-type-breaking investigative reporters of sorts who explore beyond the obvious, to break the mould of common knowledge. They are independent and are usually not affiliated with any ideology, group or cause. They work for themselves and therefore take the time to observe, to understand and to reflect. Travelosophy is an art form which will often leave the artist broke and exhausted, but always fulfilled. It is usually an incurable addiction. True travelosophers are a rare breed.
Is there a spiritual side to Travelosophy?
The process of moving and having to constantly adapt and learn leads to a higher sense of self and world awareness. This may promote an appreciation of the mundane, the norm and the usual, on a higher level, which culminates in a fundamental understanding of how the process of growth is facilitated by energy, exposure, survival, experience and motion. In essence, a state of enlightenment can be achieved, through the gritty struggles and knocks of live, multiplied and enhanced by the process of continuously changing physical and social environments. By displacing the self from comfort zones, fixed abodes and the hoarding of material possessions the travelosopher is freed from excess baggage.
Question to readers: What is your Travelosophy?
(Related Post) Who may become Travelosophers? | https://gypsycafe.org/2008/04/16/travelosophy/ |
Norman Loayza focuses on Endogeneity, Total factor productivity, Monetary economics, Gross domestic product and Financial intermediary. His Endogeneity research incorporates themes from Physical capital, Panel data and Economic inequality. The various areas that he examines in his Total factor productivity study include International trade and Capital accumulation.
His Monetary economics study combines topics in areas such as Labor demand, Commercial policy, Free trade and Comparative advantage. His studies link Financial sector development with Gross domestic product. The Financial sector development study combines topics in areas such as Instrumental variable and Production function.
His primary scientific interests are in Developing country, Monetary economics, Macroeconomics, Development economics and International economics. His study in Developing country is interdisciplinary in nature, drawing from both Exchange rate and Panel data. His Monetary economics research is multidisciplinary, relying on both Endogeneity, Capital formation and Gross domestic product.
The study incorporates disciplines such as Economic inequality and Instrumental variable in addition to Endogeneity. His biological study spans a wide range of topics, including Total factor productivity, Physical capital, Financial sector development and Capital accumulation. Norman Loayza has researched Macroeconomics in several fields, including Volatility, Poverty and Labor intensity.
Norman Loayza mainly focuses on Productivity, Labour economics, Poverty, Social protection and Development economics. In his study, which falls under the umbrella issue of Productivity, Public economics is strongly linked to Industrial policy. His work on Cash transfers and Conditional cash transfer as part of general Poverty study is frequently linked to Rural area, Impact evaluation and Household income, bridging the gap between disciplines.
His Social protection research incorporates themes from Inefficiency and Unemployment. His Development economics study incorporates themes from Growth inequality, Income distribution and Economic forecasting. His studies examine the connections between Economic Justice and genetics, as well as such issues in Developing country, with regards to Monetary economics.
Norman Loayza spends much of his time researching Poverty, Productivity, Labour economics, Income distribution and Inclusive growth. In the subject of general Poverty, his work in Conditional cash transfer and Cash transfers is often linked to Household income, Impact evaluation and Rural area, thereby combining diverse domains of study. The various areas that he examines in his Productivity study include Gross output, Allocative efficiency, Natural resource economics, Real gross domestic product and Gross domestic product.
His Labour economics research incorporates elements of Informal sector, Payroll tax, Inefficiency and Social protection. His work in the fields of Growth inequality overlaps with other areas such as Causation, Raising and Literature study.
This overview was generated by a machine learning system which analysed the scientist’s body of work. If you have any feedback, you can contact us here.
Financial intermediation and growth: Causality and causes ☆
Ross Levine;Norman Loayza;Thorsten Beck.
Journal of Monetary Economics (2000)
Finance and the sources of growth
Thorsten Beck;Ross Levine;Norman Loayza;Norman Loayza.
Journal of Financial Economics (2000)
The economics of the informal sector : a simple model and some empirical evidence from Latin America
Norman A. Loayza.
Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy (1996)
Inequality and Violent Crime
Pablo Fajnzylber;Daniel Lederman;Norman Loayza.
The Journal of Law and Economics (2002)
Financial Development, Financial Fragility, and Growth
Norman V. Loayza;Romain Ranciere.
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking (2004)
ACCOUNTABILITY AND CORRUPTION: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS MATTER
Daniel Lederman;Norman Loayza;Rodrigo Reis Soares.
Economics and Politics (2001)
What causes violent crime
Pablo Fajnzylber;Daniel Lederman;Norman Loayza.
European Economic Review (2002)
Testing the neoclassical theory of economic growth : a panel data approach
Malcolm Knight;Norman Loayza;Delano Villanueva.
Staff Papers - International Monetary Fund (1993)
Openness Can be Good for Growth: The Role of Policy Complementarities
Roberto Chang;Linda Kaltani;Norman Loayza.
Journal of Development Economics (2005)
Natural Disasters and Growth Going beyond the Averages
Norman Loayza;Eduardo Olaberria;Jamele Rigolini;Luc Christiaensen.
World Development (2009)
If you think any of the details on this page are incorrect, let us know.
We appreciate your kind effort to assist us to improve this page, it would be helpful providing us with as much detail as possible in the text box below: | https://research.com/u/norman-v-loayza |
Physician eye contact and elder patient perceptions of understanding and adherence.
To Examine physician eye contact (EC), patient understanding and adherence. Secondary analysis of National Institute of Aging videotapes (N=52) of physician-elder patients in two visit types: (1) routine (n=20); (2) anxiety-provoking (n=32) was conducted. Self-reports of understanding and adherence were used. History-taking segments were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for relationships between EC, understanding and adherence. Qualitative analysis showed: (1) two salient EC elements--frequency, type (brief or sustained)--and verbal synchronicity were commonly invoked; (2) conjoint unfolding of three communication elements--"looking, listening and talking"--may be salient for patient outcomes; (3) despite differing EC patterns in routine and anxiety provoking visits, statistical analyses showed patient understanding and adherence ratings were similar in the sample population comprising two visit types; no significant correlations between EC elements and understanding and adherence were found. Salience of EC for patient-centered communication is shown in prior research. Present findings broaden the significance of EC by including verbal synchronicity. Methodological limitations may account for no significant correlations between EC and patient outcomes. Using suggested framework for operationalizing EC elements, including verbally synchronous communication, may facilitate patient-centeredness and have positive implications for patient understanding and adherence.
| |
On April 23, 2020, in a document signed by Deputy Prime Minister Trinh Dinh Dung, the Government has agreed with the proposal in Document No. 2380 / BCT-DL dated on April 1, 2020 of the ...
The Power Engineering Consulting Joint Stock Company 2 (PECC2), Tin Thanh Group (TTG), Ninh Thuan Agriculture and Renewable Energy Joint Stock Company (NITSA) and Son My Renewable Energy Joint Stock Company (SSC) have signed a ...
On March 2, 2020, the Ninh Thuan Energy Industry Joint Stock Company (a member unit of T&T Group) signed the EPC contract with the Sharp – NSN Joint Venture to develop Phuoc Ninh Solar Power ...
In the afternoon of November 29, 2019, in Bac Phong and Loi Hai communes, Thuan Bac district, Ninh Thuan province, Trung Nam Investment and Construction Joint Stock Company (Trungnam Group) held a ceremony to put ...
Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) informed: Recently, there a number of power grid projects for releasing power of solar and wind projects was completed over progress. However, to strengthen the ability of the power grids for ...
On September 26, 2019, in Phuoc Thai commune, Ninh Phuoc district, Ninh Thuan province, the Power Project Management Board 3 (Electricity of Vietnam) held a groundbreaking ceremony for building Phuoc Thai 1 solar power project.
After an over year construction in Ninh Thuan province, recently, the Bau Ngu project has been officially put into commercial operation.
On April 5, 2019, at the regular meeting for contracting with enterprises in April, Ninh Thuan Provincial People's Committee (PPC) handed over the Decision on investment policy to Nhon Hai solar power project for for ...
Ninh Thuan Provincial Department of Planning and Investment has announced invitation to interested investors to register investment in Phuoc Dan wind power project with a capacity of 45 MW and a total investment of over ...
BP Solar 1 solar power plant in the south central province of Ninh Thuan was inaugurated on January 20, becoming the first Vietnamese constructed project to get connected to the national grid so far.
The central province of Ninh Thuan is speeding up the construction of wind and solar power plants in order to generate commercial electricity as scheduled.
The Government has approved the policy of developing Ninh Thuan province into a Renewable Energy Center (wind power, solar power) of the country; investing in Bac Ai Pumped Storage Hydropower Project; studying to develop Ca ...
According to the Department of Planning and Investment (DOPI) of Ninh Thuan province, up to now, this province has issued investment decisions for 27 solar projects with a capacity of 1,618.85 MW.
The rooftop solar system in Ninh Thuan power company (PC) has been put into operation at the end of the first quarter of 2018. In operation for two months, this system has generated a total ...
Vietnamese BIM Group and AC Group, the energy unit of the Philippines’s Ayala Corporation, began construction of a solar power plant (BIM 1 project) in Phuoc Minh commune, Thuan Nam district, the central coastal province ...
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Phone: 024.22494444 - Fax: 024.35147193
Email: [email protected] Hotline: 094 - 972 - 3223 According to the License No. 66/GP-TTĐT, dated March 30 th 2018, of www.nangluongvietnam.vn
(Issued by Administration Radio, Television and Electronic Information - Ministry of Information and Communications). | http://nangluongvietnam.vn/news/en/search&q=Ninh%20Thuan |
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Volcanic activity world-wide 31 July 2012: updates for Popocatépetl, Fuego, Santiaguito, Pacaya, Nevado del Ruiz, Sangay, Reventador, Tungurahua
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A new report on plants and fungi features images of the Pitcairn Island's yellow fatu (Abutilon pitcairnense), left, and the Cayman sage (Salvia caymanensis), right. (Photos: RBG Kew)
Humanity's destruction of nature has made an estimated two in five plant species worldwide at risk of extinction, according to an assessment published Wednesday by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in the United Kingdom.
"The data emerging from this year's report paint a picture of a world that has turned its back on the potential of plants and fungi to address fundamental global issues such as food security and climate change." —Alexandre Antonelli, RBG Kew
The fourth annual report, entitled State of the World's Plants and Fungi(pdf), draws on the expertise of 210 researchers from 42 countries for what professor Alexandre Antonelli, director of science at RBG Kew, calls an "unparalleled collaborative effort" that aims to put the planet and all its inhabitants on a more sustainable path.
"But our early exploration of useful traits in species relied on rudimentary tools, and Indigenous knowledge was lost as local traditions were downplayed and globalization emerged," he adds. "As a result, humanity is still a long way from utilizing the full potential of biodiversity, in particular plants and fungi, which play critical roles in ecosystems. Now, more than ever before, we need to explore the solutions they could provide to the global challenges we face."
The report comes on the heels of a United Nations assessment that the international community has failed to fulfill any of the biodiversity targets that were set a decade ago as well as the latest edition of World Wide Fund for Nature's flagship publication, which warned that "nature—our life-support system—is declining at a staggering rate." Specifically, WWF found "an average 68% decrease in population sizes of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish between 1970 and 2016."
Throughout the report's 12 chapters, researchers address the importance of seeking out species before they disappear and calculating extinction risk; ways that plants and fungi can be used in terms of food, energy, healthcare, and more; how biological resources can be used more wisely; and the conditions in the U.K. and its territories.
"Natural ecosystems provide useful services for humanity, such as regulating climate, preventing floods, and filtering water. As the building blocks of ecosystems, plants and fungi have the potential to help us address current environmental challenges, such as climate change," the report notes. "However, these natural benefits could be compromised by biodiversity loss, caused by humans clearing or degrading natural vegetation and over-harvesting wild species, as well as by shifting weather patterns."
Given the importance of plants and fungi, "we need to have a rough idea of the conservation status of every species," Eimear Nic Lughadha, conservation scientist at RBG Kew and lead author of the extinction chapter, explained in a statement. Lughadha highlighted advancements with artificial intelligence, adding, "the techniques are good enough to say, 'this area has a lot of species that haven't been assessed but are almost certainly threatened.'"
In 2019 alone, 1,942 plants and 1,886 fungi were scientifically named for the first time, according to the report—which adds that "current threats to global biodiversity, from climate change, logging, and land-use change, make the task of cataloguing species a race against time."
Only six species of medicinal fungi have been assessed for conservation status, "one of which, Fomitopsis officinalis, a wood-inhabiting parasitic fungus, has already been pushed to the brink of extinction," the report says. Out of 25,791 known medicinal plants, 5,411 have been assessed and 723—or 13%—are threatened.
Professor Monique Simmonds, deputy director of science at RBG Kew and lead author of the commercialization chapter, told the Guardian that humanity should look to nature for treating coronaviruses and other diseases with pandemic potential. As she put it: "I am absolutely sure going forward that some of the leads for the next generation of drugs in this area will come from plants and fungi."
The report also notes that even though there are at least 7,039 plants that hold potential as foods, "just 15 crop plants contribute to 90% of humanity's energy intake, and more than four billion people rely on just rice, maize, and wheat." As an RBG Kew statement explained, "Relying on a handful of crops to feed the global population has contributed to malnutrition and left us vulnerable to climate change."
NEW REPORT: Now, more than ever before, we need to explore the solutions that plants and fungi could provide to the global challenges we face
Stefano Padulosi, co-author of the food chapter, said that "the thousands of underutilized and neglected plant species are the lifeline to millions of people on Earth tormented by unprecedented climate change, pervasive food and nutrition insecurity, and economic disempowerment."
"Harnessing this basket of untapped resources for making food and production systems more diverse and resilient to change should be our moral duty to current and future generations," declared Padulosi, former senior scientist at the Alliance of Biodiversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture.
Antonelli agreed, saying broadly that "the data emerging from this year's report paint a picture of a world that has turned its back on the potential of plants and fungi to address fundamental global issues such as food security and climate change. Societies have been too dependent on too few species for too long."
"At a time of rapid biodiversity loss, we are failing to access the treasure chest of incredible diversity on offer and missing a huge opportunity for our generation," he added. "As we start the most critical decade our planet has ever faced, we hope this report will give the public, businesses, and policymakers the facts they need to demand nature-based solutions that can address the triple threats of climate change, biodiversity loss, and food security."
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Whoa. The consensus on that so-called debate: A "shit show" featuring a rabid, abusive, lying, bleach-injecting tax cheat who declined to condemn white supremacists because he is one. He did, however, declare himself the winner in a magic act of pre-lying hours before the fact, telling his supporters the debate "will go down in HISTORY." And he won praise for his " amazing" win from Borat and the Kazakh people; they urged, "Vote for Premier Trump or you will be crushed.”
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Background: A growing body of research has focused on contextual factors that shape health and well-being of people who use drugs (PWUD). However, most of this research focuses on large cities and less is known about the effects of social and structural contexts on drug use and associated risks in rural Canadian settings. Therefore, we undertook this study to examine rural-specific contextual factors that affect the day-to-day experiences of PWUD.
Methods: Twenty-seven qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with PWUD in a rural and coastal setting in British Columbia, Canada. Participants had to be ≥ 19 years old, used illegal opioids and/or stimulants regularly, and lived in the qathet region. Interview transcripts were coded based on themes identified by the research team.
Results: Participants described progressive shifts in politics and culture in the qathet region while also identifying resource scarcity, homelessness, and changes in the drug supply, where illicit drug contents have become highly toxic and unpredictable. Participants discussed the qualities of a small community where everyone knows each other and there is a lack of privacy and confidentiality around drug use, which resulted in experiences of stigma, discrimination, and surveillance. Participants also reported rural-specific policing issues and experiences of surveillance on ferries when traveling to larger cities to purchase drugs. This led to significantly higher drug prices for PWUD due to the time dedication and criminalized risks associated with drug possession and trafficking.
Conclusions: Our findings illustrate the unique experiences faced by PWUD in a rural and coastal setting. The "goldfish bowl" effect in this rural community created heightened social and structural surveillance of PWUD, which led to a variety of negative consequences. There is a clear need for interventions to address the larger contextual drivers affecting people who use drugs in rural settings, including decriminalization and peer-led anti-stigma strategies, in order to improve the lives of PWUD.
Keywords: Criminalization; Goldfish bowl effect; People who use drugs; Rural Canada; Stigma; Surveillance.
© 2022. The Author(s). | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36476225/ |
Foraying in a genre less explored, &TV presents Kuldeepak – a poignant story of a mother who is faced with the challenge of transforming her child who is a reincarnation of an evil force. A mother is known to nurture her child and inculcate good values and ethics to make him the best version of himself. But what happens when the child is a manifestation of an evil soul. How will she protect her child and how far will she go to bring out the good in him? It’s not the end of her journey but the test of her unconditional love, grit and determination. Starring Kirti Nagpure and little Vansh Maheshwari in key roles, the socio thriller premiersMarch 27th every Monday-Friday at 7.00 pm only on &TV.
Produced by Shobhna Desai Productions, Kuldeepak unfolds with Vidya (Kirti Nagpure), who belongs to a traditional Gujarati family, expecting her first child Chirag (Vansh Maheshwari). While the entire family awaits the arrival of the little one, there is an evil force who has identified Vidya’s womb to be born again. Thus, begins the struggle of a mother who is faced with a challenge of changing her son from a Shaitaan to Insaan. She may falter at times as his intentions grow stronger but will she give up her battle? Will her unconditional love help overpower the evil force and bring out the goodness in him?
Speaking about her character, the beautiful Kirti Nagpure shared, “A mother’s love and affection towards her child is unconditional and it’s an extremely relatable emotion. Kuldeepak highlights this very emotion with its unique concept designed around the relationship of a mother and child. As artists, we thrive to play powerful roles across genres and I am glad that a character as strong as Vidya has come my way. She will go to any length to protect and transform her child from a negative force to a good soul. I consider myself lucky to get an opportunity to portray such a strong character which will not just entertain but inspire audiences.”
Set against the backdrop of Rajkot, the show brings together an ensemble cast that includes names like Shardul Pandit, Raju Kher, Sanyogita Bhave, Samir Rajda, Mansi Patel amongst others in key roles.
Ek vinash ko diya jisne janam, wahi karegi nayi mamta ka aarambh! | https://dumkhum.com/tv-launches-a-socio-thriller-with-kuldeepak/ |
This invention relates to a computer complex including a plurality of computers operatively linked to one another for data processing. More specifically, the present invention is directed to improvements in the arrangement of the computers to facilitate the sharing of information among computers at their main memory levels.
FIG. 1 shows a prior art example of a shared system for shared information in a computer complex. In this system, element computers 2 and 4 are coupled to each other through channel linkage units 6 and 8, etc. for the shared information to be universally stored in them. Through the channel linkage units 6 and 8 the shared information can be transferred between the computers 2 and 4. In this system where the information are shared in the computers 2 and 4, to permit access to the shared information it is necessary to interrupt the channel linkage. Further, where information that is the same as the shared information is stored in each of the computers, it is necessary to interrupt to the channel linkage in accordance with the alternation of the contents of the shared information. In the system shown in FIG. 1, a great deal of overhead is required to produce the required interruption to the channel linkage. This creates a problem from the standpoint of the reliability of the system as a whole.
FIG. 2 shows another prior art system example. In this case, individual element computers 10, 12 and 14 are connected to a shared memory 16, in which the shared information is stored and to which access can be made from the individual computers at the instruction word level. In this system, however, a problem in shared memory 16 leads to a fault of the entire computer complex so that a problem arises from the standpoint of the reliability of the system as a whole. To avoid this, the shared memory 16 itself may be constructed to have a twofold construction. Doing so, however, causes an increase in system cost.
FIG. 3 shows a further prior art system in which a plurality of arithmetic control units 18, 20 and 22 and a plurality of main memory units 24 and 26 are mutually coupled together, and shared information is stored in the main memory units 24 and 26. In this system, the physical address space of the individual main memories 24 and 26 when viewed from each of the arithmetic control units 18, 20 and 22 is the same, and the system can thus be regarded to be equivalent to a system as shown in FIG. 4, where a plurality of arithmetic control units 18, 20 and 22 are connected to a single large main memory 28 which is banked to meet the number of main memories 24 and 26. Therefore, contention in making access to the main memories 24 and 26 from the individual arithmetic control units is likely to result.
Meanwhile, in computer networks shared information is not held for access at the main memory level in the individual computers but, each computer independently holds information regarding the state of computer complex. The information about the computer complex state is altered when phenomena occurring in one computer is notified to the other computers. In this case, it is necessary for the computer complex to have a great deal of overhead for providing such notification of.
In a further aspect, the arrangement where the shared information in the computer complex is held in a single place and that where the shared information is held in a plurality of places have their own merits and demerits. Where the shared information is preserved in a single place, a problem of the element in which the shared information is preserved leads to a fault of the whole computer complex. On the other hand, where the shared information is preserved in a plurality of places, extra time and cost are required for the increased complexity.
Meanwhile, provision of a twofold shared memory in the example of FIG. 2 to cope with the system-down leads to cost increase as mentioned earlier.
In either case, it is difficult to provide a high performance-cost ratio computer complex, which is capable of continuing its data processing even when a problem occurs in the element storing the shared information.
| |
Moody’s has upgraded Mongolia's credit rating and, with copper prices projected to rise, the resource-rich country is well positioned to garner further FDI.
Latest articles from Mongolia
Will IMF intervention help save Mongolia from Dutch disease?
Mongolia’s over-reliance on natural resources has put a strain on its economy, and a deal with the IMF offers the best hope of easing the country’s budgetary pressures. Jacopo Dettoni reports.
Mongolia: after the bust
The collapse of commodity prices continues to drag down the Mongolian economy, though an IMF loan could provide a short-term solution.
Mongolia struggles against investor "apathy"
Attendees at a conference in Hong Kong admit that investment in Mongolia has taken a hit in recent years, but maintain that the country still holds significant investment potential.
Mongolia bets on new FDI rules to restore investor confidence
Hit by declining investor confidence, the Mongolian government has announced reforms to its investment laws and launched an inward investment agency
Will Mongolia's overprotective instinct deter investors?
Faced with a highly nationalistic electorate, particularly where China is concerned, resource-rich Mongolia has introduced a new foreign investment law aimed at protecting its natural assets. However, as its recent dispute with state-owned Chinese firm Chalco shows, the results could damage the country's international reputation.
Growth in crossborder investments to slow: Unctad
Between 2012 and 2014, the level of crossborder investment will continue to grow but at a slower pace, according to a report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
Growing BRIC economies vulnerable to high-risk events
Brazil, Russia, India and China have all witnessed rapid economic growth in recent years, but according to a study by Maplecroft, the economies of all four emerging countries are ill-prepared for major risk events such as pandemics, terrorism and climate change.
Asian economies smooth path for Silk Road resurrection
Across central Asia, from China to Kazakhstan, economies are set to benefit from the re-opening of trade routes along the historic Silk Road. Significant investment has already been made to improve the infrastructure along the route, but further investment, more cohesion between the central Asian countries involved and more politically stability in the region as a whole is needed if this great passageway between Asia and Europe is to return to its former glory.
Global greenfield investment trends
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fDi Intelligence provides customised reports and data research which deliver vital business intelligence to corporations, investment promotion agencies, economic development organisations, consulting firms and research institutions.Find out more. | https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Asia-Pacific/Mongolia |
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The FTC restored its past practice of requiring
merging parties to obtain prior approval from the FTC "before
closing any future transaction affecting each
relevant market for which a violation was alleged" (emphasis
in original).
In the Prior Approval Policy Statement, the FTC
stated that it will include prior approval provisions in merger
divestiture orders for a minimum of 10 years for each market in
which alleged harm occurred. Further, in a case in which the
parties abandon the transaction during litigation, the FTC stated
that it will determine whether to pursue a prior approval order
based on the following, non-exhaustive, list of factors:
whether the transaction is "substantially similar" to
a prior challenged transaction;
the level of market concentration;
the extent to which the transaction further concentrates the
market;
whether one of the parties has pre-merger market power and the
second party is a "nascent or fringe competitor";
the history of acquisitiveness of each party in the relevant
market; and
whether the transaction will enable anticompetitive market
dynamics.
In addition, the FTC stated that all divestiture buyers must
agree to prior approval for a minimum of 10 years for any future
sale of relevant assets.
Commentary
The FTC has taken another large step in its unilateral efforts
to increase the cost and burden of mergers. At least for now, the
DOJ has not followed suit. The new "prior approval"
requirement for future acquisitions stands the Hart-Scott-Rodino
Act on its head because the policy shifts the burden of merger
approval onto the merging parties instead of the government.
Moreover, the policy will hit especially hard at private equity
firms that plan for disposal of acquired assets within a few
years' time because the new policy also disfavors divestiture
buyers who dispose of acquired stock or assets in less than 10
years.
Since publication of our Eye on IBOR Transition article in the Winter 2020 issue of the Mayer Brown Structured Finance Bulletin, IBOR transition activity has accelerated significantly, in large part due to (a) the effectiveness on 25 January 2021
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British Prime Minister Boris Johnson was on Sunday (October 20) branded a spoilt brat by the Opposition after he sent an unsigned letter seeking a three-month extension to the October 31 deadline from the European Union (EU).
The UK PM was bound by law to issue a letter seeking a delay to Brexit after MPs voted in a historic Super Saturday Parliament session to delay voting on his motion on a new Brexit deal. Johnson has previously said he would rather be dead in a ditch than miss the October 31 deadline and had triggered speculation soon after the House of Commons vote by declaring that he would not negotiate an extension.
However, given the Benn Act passed by MPs last month to avert a no-deal crash-out from the economic bloc meant that he was obliged to send an extension letter by the end of October 19 unless a new Brexit deal had been passed through by the Commons.
“The United Kingdom proposes that this (extension) period should end at 11.00 pm GMT on 31 January 2020. If the parties are able to ratify before this date, the government proposes that the period should be terminated early,” reads the unsigned letter sent to European Council President Donald Tusk on Saturday night.
While the Downing Street stance is that the UK PM has complied with the Benn Act by sending the Parliaments letter, there is some speculation if it opens up the prospect of legal action by it being an unsigned request. In an accompanied signed letter to Tusk, Johnson repeated his pledge of leaving the EU within the October 31 deadline by pressing ahead with the requisite legislation next week to seek Parliaments ratification for his withdrawal agreement.
“I have made clear since becoming Prime Minister, and made clear to Parliament again today, my view, and the governments position, that a further extension would damage the interests of the UK and our EU partners, and the relationship between us,” he states, insisting that the prolonged Brexit process must be brought to a conclusion to prevent a corrosive impact from further delays.
Tusk took to Twitter to say the UK’s extension request has been received and that he would consult with EU leaders on how to react.
Meanwhile, the Opposition Labour Party warned that Johnson could be in contempt of Parliament and possibly even the courts with his latest actions. Labour’s shadow Chancellor said, “He may well be in contempt of Parliament or the courts themselves because hes clearly trying to undermine the first letter and not signing the letter.
“He’s behaving a bit like a spoilt brat. Parliament made a decision, he should abide by it and this idea that you send another letter contradicting the first, I think it flies in the face of what both Parliament and the courts have decided.” But senior Cabinet ministers, including Brexiteers Michael Gove and Dominic Raab, insisted on Sunday that the government was on track to meet the October 31 deadline to leave the EU.
In a historic weekend Parliament session on Saturday, the first in 37 years, British MPs had voted to back a motion that delayed the vote on a new Brexit deal struck with the EU earlier in the week. In a setback to Johnson, MPs voted 322 for and 306 against on an important amendment introduced as an insurance policy against a default no-deal crash-out by the month-end deadline.
Johnson stressed that he was neither daunted nor dismayed by Saturday’s vote and that the government would place the required legislation around his new EU withdrawal agreement next week, expected to be tabled on Monday and then voted on Tuesday.
But heading a minority government has made his efforts to seek parliamentary approval for his so-called EU divorce bill extremely difficult, especially minus the support of the Northern Irish Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), which props up the Conservative Party government. The party is opposed to the new deal secured at a Brussels summit on Thursday, which gets rid of the controversial Irish backstop from the repeatedly defeated former Prime Minister Theresa Mays agreement.
As a compromise, the new deal effectively draws a new invisible customs border along the Irish Sea where some goods could face tariffs when crossing over to the UK, something that is unacceptable to the DUP. Besides, Opposition parties have also opposed the new deal as bad for workers rights and the economy. | https://thefederal.com/international/new-brexit-turmoil-as-boris-johnson-sends-unsigned-extension-letter-to-eu/ |
When we think of freehand drawings, we tend to imagine sketches and graffiti, quickly made, free strokes, two-dimensional images. Now, think about drawings as three-dimensional, functional objects – chairs, cabinets, lighting. It sounds almost paradoxical, yet this so accurately defines the work of Romanian-American artist/architect/designer Serban Ionescu. The Brooklyn-based artist has achieved the most articulate and ambitions expression of his art in his first solo show, which opened this week at R & Company. I was there because I discovered his work in my never-ending quest to discover the exciting moments of contemporary design.
Ionescu’s work is rooted in his interest in the world of making and storytelling, and his pieces are somewhat whimsical, somewhat surrealist, somewhat naïve and poetic. The remarkable space of the New-York-based gallery serves as the perfect backdrop for this show. As you walk down the grand marble staircase to the lower portion of the gallery, you see Ionescu’s work shine. The bright, bold colors, the silhouettes with a drawing quality that are unmistakably his. His language is so unique as he creates his own worlds, due to Ionescu’s use of intuition, and because he never uses existing images.
I particularly loved the series of cabinets—colorful creatures crafted in metal, wood, and clay. Each is different, each has its own distinct personality, each was crafted somewhat spontaneously, and as a group, they look musical, and alive, like aliens from another planet wandering about this new world, created by the artist. Some are energized by neon lights; others by shiny plexiglass features. The viewer walks among them, in this unfamiliar world, as if stepping into a children’s science fiction film, set in the 22nd century. The aesthetic phenomena and the extreme colors bring a spectacular energy to the space and to the experience, calling to mind the stories of the creation of the world.
The title of the show, ‘Castle Garden,’ is both historical and personal. Named after the first immigration station in the United States, founded in the 19th century to process immigrants. The State of New York’s Board of Emigration Commissioners established the Emigrant Landing Depot at Castle Garden in 1855. All that remains today are its original brownstone walls. Just as Castle Garden’s functions changed over time, the functionality of Ionescu’s objects is variable, transforming based on the viewer’s desires and the location of the works. Symbolically, this infamous New York spot relates to his own life. As a young immigrant, he arrived in New York from Communist Romania at the age of ten. The fresh view, the new landscape of a new homeland is something experienced by immigrants, and he remembers being overwhelmed by the color and abundance of his adopted country while continuing to use drawing to communicate before he learned English.
The centerpiece of this show is an enormous, 22-foot-tall ‘Tower for an Hour,’ a metal functional sculpture in green, blue, and red, commissioned for the back garden of a New York City townhouse, and fits in the space as if it were site-specific. It is called a ‘folly,’ constructed traditionally to decorate 18th-century English gardens, meant for reflection, rest, and play in the Romantic world. Ionescu’s training as an architect is evidenced in his large-scale garden structure.
The question that hovers overhead is ‘what is next?’ for this talented artist—a master at creating new worlds. | https://daniellaondesign.com/blog/serban-ionescu-castle-garden/ |
If any sense is inefficient, the integration process can be disrupted, and Sensory Integration Dysfunction (SID) – a term coined by A. Jean Ayres PhD – occurs.
However, because of the possibility of confusing it with the unrelated disorder Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), in the 1980s, those in the field informally began using the term DSI for dysfunction in sensory integration.
Ayres Sensory Integration® (ASI) is now trademarked, and includes the original theory, assessment, patterns of dysfunction, and intervention concepts, principles, and techniques articulated by Dr. Ayres and applied by therapists trained in this approach worldwide.
Some of Dr. Ayres’ colleagues and students, headed by Susanne Smith Roley OTD, OTR/L, FAOTA and Zoe Mailloux, OTD, OTR/L, FAOTA, founded a new organization called The Collaborative for Leadership in Ayres Sensory Integration (CLASI).
CLASI provides continuing education opportunities for mastering, applying and advancing knowledge in ASI theory and practice, culminating in a certificate of certification.
CLASI is a member of the International Council for Education in Ayres Sensory Integration (ICE-ASI) which provides standards for education in ASI around the world.
Recently, a small group of occupational therapists, led by sensory integration researcher Lucy Jane Miller, PhD, OTR, have suggested some new terminology: Sensory Processing Disorder, or SPD, as an umbrella term encompassing several types of sensory issues.
A long-term goal of this movement is to include SPD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM); this effort failed, however, for the fifth edition.
Contemporary research supports Ayres’s theory and suggests that inconsistent sensory responses are due to either overly high thresholds for sensory input (hypo-) or sensory defensiveness (hyper-).
She further proposed that the abilities of those in both categories to register and modulate sensory stimuli varied from time to time and in different environments.
Sometimes when multiple sensory stimuli compete for the body’s attention, one sense may be hyper-responsive, while another may under-respond; there are an infinite number of sensory combinations.
For instance, a child who is tactually defensive on a “bad” days and screams blood murder at the hairdresser may tolerate a haircut if he or she is feeling more organized on another day.
Ayres, A.J., et al. Hyper-Responsivity to Touch and Vestibular Stimuli as a Predictor of Positive Response to Sensory Integration Procedures by Autistic Children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, June 1980, Vol. 34, 375-381.
Baranek, G.T., et al. Tactile Defensiveness and Stereotyped Behaviors. Am J Occup Ther. 1997 Feb;51(2):91-5. | https://epidemicanswers.org/sensory-integration-dysfunction-and-sensory-processing-disorder-spd/ |
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
This application claims the benefit, Under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/639,490, filed Dec. 29, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to battery enclosures for electric and hybrid electric vehicles, wherein the battery enclosures are optimized for air-cooling.
The present invention is directed to electric and hybrid electric off-road and on-road vehicles, which use solely a battery pack or a battery and electric generator combination to supply energy for propulsion. The invention addresses a variety of environmental challenges associated with reliable and long-term battery operation. Vehicles utilizing the said invention include electric and hybrid electric buses, trucks, material handling vehicles (forklifts and pallet jacks), neighborhood electric vehicles, and airport support equipment.
The object of the invention is a battery tray enclosure, which is optimized for air-cooling and the reduction of mass. Typical methods for battery enclosure design (also called battery trays) result in battery enclosures which are closed on all sides and do not allow for the passage of air. During charging or driving the batteries heat up causing warping of the battery plates leading to premature failure.
Typical battery enclosures are designed for manufacturing ease and are not optimized for battery long-term operation. The invention promotes longer battery life by providing the ability for air movement. Air movement can be achieved in two ways: by natural convection or an electro-mechanical air circulator (such as a fan or blower).
Another object of the invention is the reduction of mass, resulting in a lighter and less expensive tray along with improved vehicle range and/or performance.
Still another object of the invention is that the battery cells are individually immobilized within the tray allowing for easier installation and removal. Each battery cell has its own location within the tray, which allows air-circulation on all sides while securing the battery. Typical methods of battery tray design require that the batteries be forced together through the force exerted by the outer tray walls and by each cell. The invention provides an individual “slot” for each battery allowing for simplified access.
Other objects which become apparent from the following description of the present invention.
In keeping with these objects and others which may become apparent, to reduce mass and enhance the air flow around batteries or cells in an enclosure, the present invention is a battery tray enclosure itself, which is an open structure with corner posts and a bottom frame which is made of spaced-apart slats. Typically, the material is steel or aluminum, and welding is the preferred method for attaching the individual parts. The sides of the enclosure are also made of spaced apart slats which leave much area for natural convection around the periphery. Internal slats attached to the side slats in an orthogonal fashion, but spaced vertically apart depending on direction, form rectangular pockets (as seen from above) sized to locate individual cells or batteries adjacent to each other, but leaving spaces between for air circulation. An optional air circulator in the form of a fan with a cowl can be attached to any of the sides of the enclosure to provide forced convection cooling.
An alternate embodiment for lower profile batteries or cells is designed to reinforce vertical air circulation around and between batteries or cells whether through natural convection or forced convection. Two or more sections of the alternate embodiment can be stacked for natural convection cooling. This enclosure is designed as a tray with solid sheet metal walls with corrugation features to position the batteries or cells a small distance away thereby leaving an air space. The bottom is open mesh and is elevated a small distance away from a supporting floor by corner feet to form an air intake space to admit cooling air under the mesh floor. Inside are low orthogonal barriers with shallow bends in the walls to grasp the sides of the batteries or cells and keep them spaced apart from each other; these are preferably of a material with a spring temper. For forced convection, a form-fitting sealed air plenum is placed underneath the enclosure sealing the enclosure sides to the plenum. The top surface of the plenum has exit holes positioned under the center of each battery or cell in the enclosure acting as impingement nozzles when the plenum is pressurized by the attached squirrel cage blower. For a stacked configuration, these optional plenums for forced convection can be interspersed between stacked sections.
The present invention can best be understood in connection with the accompanying drawings. It is noted that the invention is not limited to the precise embodiments shown in drawings, in which:
FIG. 1
is a perspective view of the enclosure of this invention with battery cells installed and an optional air circulator;
FIG. 2
is a perspective view of the enclosure showing the open construction to enhance convective air flow;
FIG. 3
is an end view illustration showing the vertical component of air flow between adjacent batteries or cells within the battery tray enclosure;
FIG. 4
is a top view of the battery tray enclosure with attached circulator illustrating the air flow between adjacent batteries or cells, and
FIG. 5
is a perspective view of a battery tray enclosure of an alternate embodiment of this invention with an optional forced convection unit.
1
3
2
5
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4
FIG. 1
Enclosure of this invention is shown in housing batteries or cells in frame with optional air circulator at one end. Circulator is a fan unit in a form-filling cowl. Note the air spaces between adjacent batteries or cells.
2
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10
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15
FIG. 2
The construction of battery tray frame is evident in . Although not clearly visible in this illustration, the floor section is made of slats joined to a lower rectangular floor frame; corner posts emerge from this floor frame. Outer side wall slats , in one direction, are welded or otherwise joined to posts ; orthogonal side wall slats are also joined to posts . On the inside are longitudinal slats and cross slats which cross each other at different levels; these form rectangular “cubby holes” to locate each cell or battery.
FIG. 3
3
2
The vertical component of air flow is shown in between the adjacent walls of batteries or cells within enclosure frame .
FIG. 4
1
3
5
shows the top view of battery tray enclosure with the matrix of spaced apart batteries or cells . The air flow laterally forced by circulator is illustrated by the black arrows between adjacent cells or batteries.
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15
3
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FIG. 5
Alternate embodiment battery tray is shown in . The illustration shows an unpopulated tray which would accommodate rectangular batteries of lower profile than batteries of the first embodiment. Solid walls of sheet metal with vertical locator corrugations to keep batteries located away (for air flow) form the perimeter. Corner feet keep open mesh floor raised from a supporting floor to permit air entry underneath. Internal spring baffles with shallow bends grasp battery sides and keep them located spaced apart to permit air flow between. Trays can be stacked; feet would then create an air space under the floor of an upper tray from the tops of the batteries below. This permits additional air to enter to help cool the upper trays by natural convection. Note that this alternate embodiment is designed to optimize vertical air flow between batteries and between batteries and walls . For forced air convection with the alternate embodiment, unit is used. It has a small diameter squirrel cage blower which pressurizes closed air plenum with exit holes positioned under the center of each battery location when plenum is placed underneath battery tray enclosure . Note that extended wall lip on plenum seals the bottom edge opening around walls that is formed by feet . Thus, when used, forced convection unit uses direct impingement cooling of the bottom surface of each battery as exit holes become efficient directed air nozzles. The air then flows around the sides and between adjacent batteries in an efficient vertical pattern. The air flow pattern is closely matched from battery to battery regardless of location. Note that convection units can be interspersed between each pair of battery tray enclosures in a stacked configuration of two or more units.
In the foregoing description, certain terms and visual depictions are used to illustrate the preferred embodiment. However, no unnecessary limitations are to be construed by the terms used or illustrations depicted, beyond what is shown in the prior art, since the terms and illustrations are exemplary only, and are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention.
It is further known that other modifications may be made to the present invention, without departing the scope of the invention, as noted in the appended Claims. | |
Have you ever wondered how you will die? I have. Human life is really fragile, and we should be thankful for every day we wake up to see the sunshine. ...
The Future is Here | Design Your Own Thrill Ride
Yesterday there was a new ride unveiled at Epcot sure to blow everyone’s mind. This is a next generation futuristic thrill ride called, “The Sum of a ...
Don’t Try This At Home – Homemade Roller Coaster
I gain a lot of inspiration from my 8 year old son, Henry. His dream is to design and build roller coasters when he grows up. As I researched ways I ... | https://bitrebels.com/tag/roller-coaster/ |
I think I can confidently start this post by saying, every woman has experienced these “everyday symptoms” and either tries to fix them by popping some pills or accepts them as a part of life and moves on. Ayurveda has definite answers to these everyday problems we face.
Simple wholesome ingredients that can easily be ground up at home and can be a sure remedy for annoying Vata imbalances.
What Is Vata?
According to Ayurveda, the literal translation of vata is ‘wind’. The proper flow of wind (which is movement) is crucial in keeping the human body in balance and contented. It governs all the movements of our mind and body. Everything, from big to small movements, inside our bodies, is governed by the king of doshas – Vata! The blinking of my eyes as I write this post is also a “vata” movement.
It’s called the King of Doshas because when vata gets imbalanced it brings down with it the pitta and kapha doshas too. Here is an article I wrote on how to recognize and remedy common vata imbalances.1
In my own life, being a pitta-kapha2 dominant person, I had really not experienced major vata imbalances up until recently. Since last year I have been working at balancing my vata dosha, looking back now I think it was drinking lots of green smoothies and not including enough fat in my diet that triggered the imbalance in my body constitution.
Let me tell you it’s a totally different ball game when vata gets out of whack! First of all, it takes time to balance this dosha, technically you are balancing all the three doshas when vata gets out of balance so it takes time, patience and more importantly need to be attentive to what your body is trying to say.
The first thing I did was, I stopped having smoothies on a daily basis and replaced it with freshly homemade green juices (1 small cup). I also added more healthy fats and oils in my diet. Believe me, when your vata is imbalanced your body loves the fat and oils you give and amazingly you digest them well and not put on weight but feel energetic and lively!
Ayurvedic Home Remedies To Balance Vata Dosha
Ayurvedic home remedies – churna and tea worked like a miracle for me to balance my vata dosha. I will share about the churna now, the tea recipe which I call ‘Ayurvedic Vata Tea’ will be shared in my next post.
Churna in Sanskrit means ‘powder of spices/herbs’. Ayurvedic texts talk a lot about various churnas to keep our bodies balanced and healthy. You can also feel free to call this spice powder as garam masala which helps to balance the vata dosha because of the specific spices used.
I make this churna in small batches and use it often in all my root veggie dishes and in soups as well. This spice powder has a robust deep flavor which perks up the dish and it tastes extra yummy when your vata is imbalanced. The specific spices used in this churna balance the vata dosha, I go in detail about the energetics of spices and their effects on our body constitution in my Ayurvedic webinars/workshops.
Vata Churna Recipe
The ingredients below are for one cup (approximate) of spice powder that you can store in a glass jar and it will stay fresh for up to a month.
Ingredients
- 2 tbsp Fennel seeds
- 2 tbsp Cumin seeds
- 2 tbsp Coriander seeds
- 2 tbsp Jaggery powder
- 1 tsp Carom seeds (optional)
- 1 tsp Asafoetida powder
- 1 tsp Dry ginger powder
- Black mineral salt (to taste)
Directions
- Directly powder all the ingredients.
OR
- For a deeper flavor, first, roast all ingredients except jaggery, ginger powder, and salt.
- Then powder them in a blender
Buying good quality natural spices is equally important as having the right spices for your dosha. Sadly, most of the spices especially cinnamon and turmeric, we get in grocery stores are either adulterated or have additives in them.
Salt rasa (taste) is important to balance the vata dosha. You can use any high mineral salt (not the plain white table salt) like celtic or himalayan salt. According to Ayurveda black salt (rich in sulphur) works wonders in balancing vata dosha so I like to use that. I must tell you black salt is an acquired taste and you can get it at Asian grocery stores.
Here are some dishes you can make using this churna – Pumpkin Quinoa Paratha3, Spinach-Mung Detox Soup4, Nourishing Quinoa-Beet Soup5, Sauteed Avocados6.
Ayurveda tells us the first 1/3rd of our life is ruled by the kapha dosha, the second 1/3rd of our life is ruled by the pitta dosha and the last 1/3rd of our life is ruled by the king dosha – vata. If you are in your mid 40’s and early 50’s you will start seeing the vata dominance in your life and as mentioned earlier it’s crucial to keep this dosha in balance.
Balanced vata phase is filled with beautiful cherished memories fueled with a creative and deeply spiritual mind. This can be one of the best phases in one’s life. How we choose to live our lifestyle determines the quality of our lives. I want my lifestyle to be the reflection of choices I made to enliven me not to enslave me.
Wishing you all a happy healthy vata balance! | https://curejoy.com/content/balance-vata-ayurvedic-home-remedy/ |
Using both traditional blood draw and an innovative home-collection device, the NIH recruits 1000 healthy volunteers nationwide
The SARS-CoV-2 virus (otherwise known as coronavirus, the causative virus of COVID-19 disease currently rampaging worldwide) is a difficult pathogen to battle. While clearing out my bursting-at-the-seams ‘downloads’ folder on my computer this morning, I came across two documents from the United States Government that indicate what a difficult problem we face.
Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is not Influenza
The first one goes back to 2006, from the Bush White House site, titled “National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza”; the 233-page PDF can be downloaded here. A second document that I stumbled across was from the CDC, called “Interim pre-pandemic planning guidance – community strategy for pandemic influenza mitigation in the United States”, with the subtitle that may sound familiar: “Early, Targeted, Layered Us of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions”. The 97-page PDF is available here.
I bring this up here to bring home the point that SARS-CoV-2 is not the influenza virus, and has affected so many aspects of our response to it. The virus has been sequenced in record time and molecular reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction tests (rRT-PCR tests) have been quickly developed (fumbling by the CDC and FDA notwithstanding). Testing has ramped up to over 2.5M tests as of this writing in the US, and public health laboratories, major industrial testing laboratories, and many vendors of different types of rRT-PCR testing reagents and instrumentation are approved under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA, the updated FDA EUA page for coronavirus tests is located here).
Is molecular sensitivity the problem?
The IFUs located at the FDA page give a lot of detailed information – for example an LDT such as LabCorp documents lack of cross-reactivity with closely-related viruses, and sensitivity levels down to 6.5 molecules of viral RNA per mL.
Yet stories would crop up like this one: “Questions about accuracy of coronavirus tests sow worry” in the WSJ, and “If you have coronavirus symptoms, assume you have the illness, even if you test negative” in the New York Times.
Digging a little further, you find out that the coronavirus is not like the flu. It is not due to faulty swabbing, not a problem with the preservative solution, nor any of the molecular biology of reverse transcription or real-time PCR amplification. It has to do with the natural biology of the disease. Now up to this point whenever I’d read a report of negative results from individuals with clear cases of COVID-19, I assumed it was technical error.
A clinical study provides the needed data
A research letter dated 11 Mar 2020 in JAMA titled “Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens” examined eight different types of specimens (totalling 1070 in all) from 205 patients with COVID-19 disease.
The results were somewhat shocking – of the swabs, only 32% tested positive, with the limit of detection set at 40 cycles (for those unfamiliar with rRT-PCR values, a Ct of 40 is very, very high, which means a very low amount of virus present). Think about it – these were hospitalized COVID-19 patients with severe disease, and 68% of them test negative with a molecular PCR test. Looking at the other sample types, the best positive results were from Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 93%, however the n=15 is small (from what I have heard a lung lavage is sounds as unpleasant as it is sounds). Here’s the table for you.
The paper doesn’t give discrete copy numbers or a standard curve to measure Ct against, but the range of Ct values for pharyngeal swabs is 20.8 to 38.6. In other words, among the 32% positive by rRT-PCR, the measured amount of viral copies in the throat varied from single copy (a Ct 38.6 may be considered untrustworthy though by some) up to 2^(38.6-20.8) = 2^17.8 = 2.6 x 10^5 copies.
So you have 398 patients with COVID-19, and 272 of them test negative for SARS-CoV-2. Of the 126 left, the amount of virus ranges from single-digits to 100’s of thousands. This is illustrated in the figure reproduced from the Wang et al. JAMA paper.
Thus the collection and laboratory work can be done to the highest standards, but the biology of the disease (especially with the importance of the immune response, and the evident respiratory ailments directly related to the individual immune response to infection) dictates the effectiveness of the molecular test.
The first serology (serosurvey) by the NIH
It was only yesterday that I wrote about the interesting preliminary results from 500 of the intended 1000 individuals from the town of Gangelt in Germany. (Their announcement in German is here.) And yesterday afternoon, the National Institutes of Health announced a 1000-person serological study of the healthy population of their own.
This study is the first serology study undertaken by NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease) and the NIBAB (National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering); their announcement is here. They will analyze both IgG and IgM by ELISA, and the antibody they are using for detection was developed by NIAID and NIBAB. (For those unfamiliar, a serology antibody test can test for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using… another antibody.)
A unique home-collection device for blood
What is exciting and unusual however, is the NIH plans to enroll a subset from around the country using a home-collection method called Mitra by a company called Neoteryx.
It is not clear what the regulatory status is of this device; it is likely an EUA will be issued in the gap between recruiting (apparently) healthy volunteers and the shipment of these devices. You may remember the difficulty Theranos had in their characterization of their nanocollection devices, which were clearly medical devices, running afoul of the FDA.
Having readily-available technology for sampling blood to be analyzed at a central laboratory will open up the possibility of scaling in a massive way, which will be needed quickly to understand the scope of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic spread across the United States.
In addition the ability to ‘certify’ individuals as virus-free, having protective antibodies for at least six months, will be a great aid in getting the economy started again. This kind of ‘serosurvey’ is vitally needed; the NIH announced they are looking for 1,000 volunteers, to sign up you only need to email [email protected] per their press release, and the clinical trial information can be found here at clinicaltrials.com.
Additional data-collection underway
Stanford University has already collected 2500 samples from healthy volunteers (and about 500 from their children) in the Santa Clara area, according to lead investigator Jay Bhattacharya from Stanford School of Medicine. They expect to release their results soon.
In Los Angeles, a company called Elevated Health has started fee-based antibody testing last week at Westminster Mall. A sister told me the wait time for drive-up testing was 4 to 6 hours.
If you have read this far, I’d like to let everyone know it is time for me to find my next challenge. If you are in an organization that could use my skills in marketing, business development, key-account sales, technical writing and content marketing, do reach out to me. And do feel free to let others know who may be looking for someone. (Alas I’m not able to relocate from Maryland, so it would need to be a remote position.) My email is dale at yuzuki dot org. Thanks! | https://www.yuzuki.org/nih-starts-serological-survey-testing-anti-sars-cov-2-among-the-us-population/ |
Title: Nucleotide selectivity defect and mutator phenotype conferred by a colon cancer-associated DNA polymerase δ mutation in human cells.
Authors: Mertz, T M; Baranovskiy, A G; Wang, J; Tahirov, T H; Shcherbakova, P V
Published In Oncogene, (2017 Aug)
Abstract: Mutations in the POLD1 and POLE genes encoding DNA polymerases δ (Polδ) and ɛ (Polɛ) cause hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) and have been found in many sporadic colorectal and endometrial tumors. Much attention has been focused on POLE exonuclease domain mutations, which occur frequently in hypermutated DNA mismatch repair (MMR)-proficient tumors and appear to be responsible for the bulk of genomic instability in these tumors. In contrast, somatic POLD1 mutations are seen less frequently and typically occur in MMR-deficient tumors. Their functional significance is often unclear. Here we demonstrate that expression of the cancer-associated POLD1-R689W allele is strongly mutagenic in human cells. The mutation rate increased synergistically when the POLD1-R689W expression was combined with a MMR defect, indicating that the mutator effect of POLD1-R689W results from a high rate of replication errors. Purified human Polδ-R689W has normal exonuclease activity, but the nucleotide selectivity of the enzyme is severely impaired, providing a mechanistic explanation for the increased mutation rate in the POLD1-R689W-expressing cells. The vast majority of mutations induced by the POLD1-R689W are GC→︀TA transversions and GC→︀AT transitions, with transversions showing a strong strand bias and a remarkable preference for polypurine/polypyrimidine sequences. The mutational specificity of the Polδ variant matches that of the hypermutated CRC cell line, HCT15, in which this variant was first identified. The results provide compelling evidence for the pathogenic role of the POLD1-R689W mutation in the development of the human tumor and emphasize the need to experimentally determine the significance of Polδ variants present in sporadic tumors. | https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=3265613 |
Can u please mention the source of these notes?
& yes,u hv done a wonderful work..keep it up!
COmments on the Day of the judgement.
Can u solve this? How the day of the judgement in Islam is a concept of accountability and justice?
@Roshan. Post a topic a day. Seniors dont spend all the time on forum. Ur work is appreciable.
@Roshan. Risalat is also a part of EMAAN E MUFASIL.
As justice is the main concern of Islam it is necessary that people should get justice in this world and the world hereafter. It sounds natural and logical that everyone should reap what he has sown. One should receive the fruit of his deeds. If one has sown flowers he should pluck flowers. If one has sown thorns he should pick thorns. Virtues breed virtues and vices breed vices.
Tauheed means belief in the unity of God. The starting point of Islam is this belief in the unity of God. Tauheed is a revolutionary concept and constitutes the essence of the teachings of Islam. It means that there is only one Supreme God of the Universe. He is Omnipresent, Omnipotent and the Sustainer of the world and mankind.
The Holy Quran has laid greatest stress on the doctrine of unity of God. The first and foremost principle of Islam is the belief in unity of Allah. Unless a man believes in unit of God, he cannot be a Muslim.
This is the basic tenet to which Muhammad (PBUH) asked to adhere. The Doctrine Of divine Unity is a standing protest against polytheism, dualism, atheism and idolatry. And it generally means that Allah is one and Eternal; there is no other God but Allah who is the Supreme Being, Creator and Lord of all. He alone is to be worshiped and From Him lone help and mercy are to be sought.
The unity of Allah implies that Allah is one in His person, One in His attributes, and One in His work. His Oneness in His person means that there is neither plurality of God, nor plurality of persons in the Godhood; His Oneness in His attributes implies that no other being possess one or more Divine attributes in perfection; His Oneness in His work implies that no one can do what God has done or can do. The Doctrine of Unity of Allah has beautifully been summed in the small verse of the Holy Quran in the following manner.
A believer of this Kalima (La illah ill Allah) can never be narrow-minded. He believes in Allah who is the Creator of the heavens and the earth, the Master of the East and the West, the Sustainer of the entire universe. After this belief he does not regard anything in this universe as stronger to himself. He knows that everything belongs to God whom he himself belong. So, his vision is enlarged, his intellect horizon widens and, his outlook become liberal.
This belief produces in man the highest degree of self-respect and self-esteem. The believer knows, that Allah alone is the possessor of all power, or harm a person, or provide for his needs, or give and take away life. This belief make him indifferent to, and independent of all power other than those of Allah. He never bows his head in homage to any of Allah’s creatures nor did he stretch his hands before anyone else except Allah.
Along with self-respect this belief also generates in man a sense of modesty and humbleness. It makes him uncontentious and unpretending. A believer never becomes proud, haughty or arrogant. The boisterous pride of power, wealth and worth can have no room in the heart, because he knows that whatever he possesses has been given by Allah and Allah can take away just as He can give.
This belief makes man virtuous and upright. He has the conviction that there is no other means of success and salvation for him except purity of soul and righteousness of behaviour. This belief creates in man the consciousness that unless he lives rightly and acts justly he cannot success.
The believer does not become despondent and broken hearted under any circumstances. He has a firm faith in God who is the Master of all the treasures of the earth and the heavens, whose grace and bounty have no limit, power are infinite. This faith imparts to his heart a great consolation, fills it with satisfaction and keeps if filled with hopes.
This belief provides in man a strong degree of determination and trust in God. When he makes up his mind and devotes his resources to fulfil Divine Commands in order to secure Allah’s pleasure, he trusts that he has the support and baking of Allah. This belief makes him strong and firm like mountain and no amount of difficulties, impediments and hostile opponent can make him give up his resolution.
This belief in this faith creates an attitude of peace and contentment, purges the mind from envy and greed, and keeps away the idea of resorting to unfair means for achieving success. The believer understands that wealth is in Allah’s hands and He gives it out more or less as He likes, that all power, reputation, authority, everything is subjected to His will, and He bestows them if He wills, and man’s duty is only to struggle and endeavour fairly. He knows that success and failure depends upon Allah’s will, if He wills to give no power in the world can prevent Him from doing so, if he does not will, no power can force Him to give.
The most important effect in this belief is that it makes man obey and observe Allah’s Law. One who has belief in, it is sure that Allah knows everything hidden or open and is nearer to him even his own Jugular vein. If he commits a sin in a secluded corner and in the darkness of night, Allah knows it, He even knows our thoughts and intentions, bad or good we can hide from everyone but we cannot hide anything from God. We can evade everyone, but we cannot evade Allah’s grip. The firmer a man’s belief in this respect, the more observant will he be in Allah’s Commands, and will shun everything Allah has forbidden and carry out Allah’s behest in solitude and in the darkness of night, because he knows that Allah’s police never leaves him alone. It is for this reason that the first and the most important condition for being a Muslim is to have faith in La illah ill Allah.
In the teachings of Mohammad (PBUH) faith in one Allah is the most important and fundamental principle. It is the bedrock of Islam and the mainspring of its power. All other beliefs, commands and laws of Islam stand firm on this very foundation. All of them receive strength from this source. Take it away and there in nothing left in Islam.
The day also exhibits that there is the ONE omnipotent and no one can escape from His catch.
@Roshan. Tauheed per acha likha hai. I have questions related to this topic.
The word Jihad’s literal meaning is to strive for anything good, including striving for peace and the welfare of humanity.
Jihad word is derived from Juhd means to make an effort. From Islamic point of view it means efforts for establishment and expansion of Din-e-Islam. Jihad signifies a vast meaning. It means “to make the utmost possible efforts for the uplift of Islam.” It comprises every kind of sacrifice including laying down of life in the cause of Allah. A Mujahid is a person who strives hard for the glory of Islam. Mujahid sacrifices his wealth, his time and even his own life in the cause of Allah.
The great sacrifice in the cause of Allah is made in Jihad, because a loss of few lives, some thousands, some lacs, or even more does not count anything as compared with the dreadful calamity that may befall mankind as a result of the victory of evil over good, and of aggressive atheism over the religion of Allah i.e. Islam for, as a result of it, it is not only the religion of Islam that will suffer but the whole world would become the abode of evil, immoralities and perversion and sin. In order to escape this greater calamity Allah has, therefore, commanded the Muslims of the world to sacrifice their lives and properties for His cause.
Following means and ways come under the heading of Jihad.
The Prophet of Islam once said that to control on one’s own desires is great Jihad than to wage war against the enemies of Islam. Once the Prophet said to a man who returned from Jihad but now you have joined “Jihad-e-Akbar”. It means he has to keep himself away from evils and self-desires. One has to sacrifice ones comforts and luxurious life. To pray or the fast in summer or winter or at the sleeping time is also Jihad with oneself.
At other place, the Quran defines that Jihad is better for piousness, therefore to achieve that highest virtue; one may sacrifice one’s wealth and self.
Ignorance is the cause of all evils. Knowledge is the light, which shows the right path. So through learning and seeking knowledge, one comes to know the purpose of life. The Quran is the basic source of knowledge which shows the true perspective of life. This is the guide Book for the whole humanity. Through learning Al-Quran, one comes to know the right path.
It is a great Jihad to convert non-Muslim to Muslim through teachings of Al-Quran.
There are two words used in the Holy Quran. One is Jihad and the other is Qital. It has been already explained that Jihad means to make an effort in the way of Allah, and Qital means to fight with the enemies of Allah. Therefore Jihad in terms of fighting is one of the types of Jihad.
Armed Jihad is most loved by god because in it a Muslim is prepared to sacrifice his property, his time, his energies and even his life i.e. everything.
And as to him who fights in Allah’s way.
Then should he be killed.
We shall, then, give him a great reward.
And why should you not fight in Allah’s way?
Armed Jihad is the most difficult kind of Jihad, and is only possible where there is an Islamic-state in existence. For the defence of an Islamic-State such Jihad is necessary. If fight is not waged to check trouble (Fitna) against religion. Din cannot be protected and trouble mongers would full this whole earth with Fitna and Fasad and it would be difficult to take the name of Allah. Therefore, for the protection and longevity of the faith, armed Jihad is necessary.
A war waged regardless of the prescribed pre-conditions will have no value. It will not be Jihad at all. Nor it would be entitled to any reward. It will be instead a cause for displeasure of Allah.
i) Those who go for Jihad must be free and independent Muslims and must have a collective system of their own and must led by a Caliph or Amir (Chief). In the absence of such a system, any act of war (Jihad) is forbidden. An act of war, even of a defensive nature can only be taken in a free atmosphere under the leadership of an authorized leader.
iii) Jihad should be exclusively for the sake of Allah and the sole aim of those engaged in Jihad should be no other than the service of the religion and the glorification of Allah. The single aim of those who participate in Jihad should be only the eradication of evil and the promotion of goodness and justice. This entire struggle should be done with one and the only objective of winning the pleasure of Allah.
Islam is not a religion of mere dogmas and ceremonies. It has come to perfect the whole life of humanity. The religion Islam has been introduced to eliminate cruelties and lawlessness from the world. There are always some anti-social elements. Therefore, Jihad is necessary to give lessons to such persons.
Jihad is necessary for every Muslim because their mission is to spread Islam throughout the world. To make efforts for pleasing Allah is the purpose of Allah. Jihad is the basic source for achieving that purpose.
It is now made clear that a true believer (Mumin) is identified by his efforts to obliterate the false Din and establish a true Din in its place. If he strives in this direction and exerts his full strength in this endeavour and even stakes his life and suffers all sorts of loses, then he is true Muslims irrespective of success or failure in his efforts.
dun worry roshan, u r going really well.
i hv also been following ur posts.
Aariz has been a good guide 4 u.
the main book that i consulted was anwer hashmi's, then there were two others from faridi and dogar's publication.....wat abt urs dear?
salam to all. roshan calm down dear sorry for late reply bcoz i had my admission tests so i was very busy.
now come to the main point, roshan your notes are good but not very good, bcoz there is something missing in every note like you have explained the effect of TAUHEED under few heading, you have to explain its effect on INDIVIUAL AND ON SOCIETY seperatly.
one thing more when you write importance on any topic try to write its importance from diffierent perspectives like " importance of zakat"
i will inshallah now read the rest of your topics and will point out mistakes later.
keep your spirits high and keep posting one topic a day,i will try my best to help you.
and my geography partner mr.aariz is also guiding you well.
The word Sharia literally means “open bright, straight and clean path.” But in religious sense it is meant for those laws and orders which present code for obedience to one God, one prophet.
These four sources also constitute Islamic jurisprudence or Fiqah. Sharia is the Law of Allah.It is binding upon Muslims and man has to accept it without question.
The first authentic origin of Islamic Law is the Holy Quran which is voice of God.
In fact, the Quran is the real fount of Islamic Law. All the basic Islamic Laws ‘Sharia’ is given in it. The detail about worshipping and human rights is described in it. In Islamic law Quran enjoys the same status as the constitution may have in state laws.
In the Quran it is said for mankind: Say; I follow only that is inspired in me from my Lord. This (Quran) is insight for your Lord, and guidance, and a mercy for people who believe.
The chief characteristic of the Holy Prophet was that, he not only gave practical rules for guidance but also gave practical illustrations of all those rules.
Therefore every Muslim requires, in addition to the Quran, guidance of the Sunnah and Hadith in life.
According to some jurists Ijma is the consensus of opinion of the companion of the Holy Prophet only; while some other maintains that it is an agreement of the Muslim jurists on any matter of the faith. A third group holds that Ijma is the agreed opinion of the Muslim jurists of the First three centuries of Hijra.
Ijma literally means “agreeing upon” or “uniting in opinion”. Ijma is inferred in three ways, Firstly, by Qaul or word i.e. when the Mujtahids express their opinion on the point in question; secondly, by F’al or deed i.e. when there is unanimity in practice and, thirdly, by Sukut or silence, i.e. when the Mujtahid do not agree with the opinion expressed by one or more of them.
Ijma came into existence after the death of the Holy Prophet. During his life every question whatever might have been its nature, was decided by the Holy Prophet. But after his demise and with expansion of Islam and growing interests of theological and juristic speculations; there arose complexities in various matters for which there were no clear directions or decision in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. Therefore, there was the necessity of finding out new rules and regulations to decide those matters. To find out new rules on the basis of Quran and Hadith there were mutual consultations among the companions of the Holy Prophet.
After the death of the Holy Prophet when there was any dispute on any question for which there were no directions in the Quran the Sunnah, then the companions of the Holy Prophet or the Muslim jurists of that age exercising their individual judgment gave their decision in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah. The decision on which all the companions or Muslim jurists or majority of them agreed is called Ijma.
The authority od Ijma is bases on the verse of the Holy Quran and the traditions of the Holy Prophet.
Ijma is of two kinds, Ijma-i-Azimah and Ijma-e-Rukhsah. When the Mujtahids give their consent on particular point is Ijma-i-Azimah. When the Mujtahids do not agree upon any point but the community as a whole accepts the decision given by some Mujtahids is called Ijma-e-Rukhsah.
Qiyas is generally described as analogical deduction. It is an analogical deduction from the three sources of law, namely the Quran, the Sunnah and Ijma. Abu Hanifa, one of the four great Imams used to make profuse use of Qiyas.
Qiyas is used in those cases which are not discussed in the Quran, or the Ijma or the Sunnah. For instance, when the Holy Prophet was sending Muaz bin Jabal as a Governor, he asked him, what he should do if any new problem arose. He said that he would follow the Quran, if it is not clear in the Quran, he would follow the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet and if it failed to satisfy him, he would use his own judgement. The Holy Prophet appreciated his reply and encouragement to exercise his own judgement.
Besides the Quran and the Hadith, Ijma and Qiyas are the two important sources of Islamic law. The basis of these two sources is the Quran, the Sunnah and the individual judgement.
Important sections of Muslim Laws such as rules regarding the caliphate, administrative measures etc. are based on Ijma and Qiyas.
Total and unqualified submission to the will of Allah is the fundamental tenet of Islam. Islamic law is therefore the expression of Allah’s command for Muslim society and, in application, constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon a Muslim by virtue of his religious belief. Known as the Shari’ah (literally, the path), the law constitutes a divinely ordained path of conduct that guides the Muslim towards a practical expression of his religious conviction in this world and the goal of divine favour in the world to come. | http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/islamiat/islamiat-notes/51887-my-islamiat-notes-kindly-check-2.html |
Claims of AI outperforming doctors ‘may be exaggerated’, study warns
The BMJ is sounding caution about claims of AI’s superiority over humans in healthcare studies
AI has been used to predict the survival rates of patients with lung cancer (Photo: Getty)
Many studies claiming artificial intelligence (AI) is superior or as good as human experts at interpreting medical images may exaggerate machines’ diagnoses ability and pose a potential risk to patient safety, a study has warned.
Deep learning, the branch of AI dedicated to teaching systems to ‘learn’ free from supervision has been trailed in a wide range of medical applications, including improving breast and lung cancer detection and survival rates.
The i newsletter cut through the noise
The report, published in the BMJ, cautioned that overpromising language “leaves studies susceptible to being misinterpreted by the media and the public, and as a result the possible provision of inappropriate care that does not necessarily align with patients’ best interests”.
A team of BMJ researchers reviewed studies published in the past decade, comparing the performance of a deep learning algorithm in medical imaging with expert clinicians.
The benefits of AI in healthcare may be overstated, the study warned (Photo: Getty)
They found just two eligible randomised clinical trials and 81 non-randomised studies, of which only nine were prospective (tracking and collecting information about individuals over time) and just six were tested in a ‘real world’ clinical setting.
More than two-thirds – 58 of the 81 – studies were assessed to be at high risk of bias, and “adherence to recognised reporting standards was often poor,” the report’s authors wrote.
Three-quarters of the studies claimed that AI’s performance was either better than or comparable to human clinicians’, with only 31 per cent suggesting that further trials and research would be required. | |
Q:
Printing the amount of digits to the right and left of a decimal place
I'm having trouble getting the number of digits to the left of the decimal place. I've got the digits to the right of the decimal point working and able to print out but not to the left. Can anyone help?
import java.lang.Math;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class FormulaCalculation
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner userInput = new Scanner(System.in);
double x;
//Prompt user for value.
System.out.print("Enter a value for x: ");
x = userInput.nextDouble();
double result = (Math.sqrt(7 * Math.pow(x, 4) - 5 * Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.abs(98 * x)) + 13) * (3 * Math.pow(x, 5) + 4 * Math.pow(x, 3) + 1);
String resultString = Double.toString(result);
int integerPlaces = resultString.indexOf('.');
int digitsLeft = resultString.length();
int digitsRight = resultString.length() - integerPlaces - 1;
//Output
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
System.out.println("# digits to left of the decimal point: " + digitsLeft);
System.out.println("# digits to right of the decimal point: " + digitsRight);
System.out.println("Formatted Result: ");
}
}
A:
Either print integerPlaces (which is the number you seek) or assign it to digitsLeft. Something like this,
int integerPlaces = resultString.indexOf('.');
int digitsLeft = integerPlaces; // <-- from 0 to the '.'
// resultString.length();
int digitsRight = resultString.length() - integerPlaces - 1;
or eliminate digitsLeft altogether,
System.out.println("# digits to left of the decimal point: " + integerPlaces);
| |
Research suggests that parenting programs are effective for preventing behavioral and emotional difficulties in children, but a lot more attention needs to be paid to issues of context and culture during the development, testing, and implementation of these interventions. The views and needs of underserved and disenfranchised communities in the USA and the Global South are often not taken into account for the development and testing of interventions. The successful implementation of evidence-based interventions for vulnerable children and families in underserved and marginalized communities requires careful consideration of how existing paradigms of prevention, evaluation, and implementation science impact issues of social justice and equity. This paper will describe how a team of parenting program researchers has been collaborating with their partners globally in generating local knowledge by balancing the need for rigorous scientific methods with issues of power. Authors from the USA, Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia draw on their experiences regarding challenges and successes with issues regarding study design and measurement, the transferability and adaptation of interventions, and the dissemination and implementation of different parenting interventions while placing communities at the center of their efforts through participatory methods. We describe innovative approaches that span the continuum of intervention development, adaptation, optimization, evaluation, implementation, and scale-up of different parenting programs for vulnerable children and families across the world. We conclude by offering specific and pragmatic recommendations to increase access of culturally relevant and effective parenting programs in these communities. | https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/psych_facpub/2157/ |
The Sino-German Workshop on Conceptual and Integrated Modelling in Climate-system, Geo-ecosystem and Watershed Management (CIMCGWM) was held from June 18 to 21, 2007 in Sino-German Center for Research Promotion in Beijing.
Nearly 50 scientists on field of atmosphere, land ecology and hydrology from institutes and universities of China, Germany and Japan attended the workshop. Principals of National Climate Center/CMA, International Cooperation Bureau of NSFC, Sino-German Center for Research Promotion, German Research Foundation (DFG), Project Officer Development & Co-operation of European Union and Delegation of the European Commission to China, Energy and Environment Group of UNDP made addresses in the opening ceremony. Prof. Ren Guoyu from NCC and Thomas Scholten from University of Tübingen jointly chaired the workshop.
The workshop is sponsored by Sino-German Center for Research Promotion and jointly hosted by National Climate Center, University of Tübingen and Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology. This workshop can promote more close networking Sino-German groups and cooperative activities in future. It will also discuss the future joint proposals regarding to climate change and its adaptation, geoecosystem integration. The overall scientific structure is to cover three major geo-spheres: atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere and integrate climate, geo-ecosystem and watershed management. General aim of the proposed workshop is to promote collaborative Sino-German research in physical geography, climatology, geo-ecology, hydrology and soil science, as well as social and economy. During the workshop, the Sino-German scientists also discussed on future cooperation in related fields. | http://bcc.ncc-cma.net/channel.php?id=462 |
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Wonderopolis offers to its users a range of sites and applications, created as resources for parents and educators to encourage Wonder and shared learning. Our digital properties offer a variety of activities, including activities that may collect information from children. Below we summarize potential instances of collection and outline how and when we will provide parental notice and/or seek parental consent. In any instance that we collect personal information from a child, we will retain that information only so long as reasonably necessary to fulfill the activity request or allow the child to continue to participate in the activity, and ensure the security of our users and our services, or as required by law. In the event we discover we have collected information from a child in a manner inconsistent with COPPA’s requirements, we will either delete the information or immediately seek the parent’s consent for that collection.
Children can, in many cases, register with our sites and applications to view content, play games, participate in contests, and engage in special features, among other things. During the registration process, we may ask the child to provide certain information for notification and security purposes, including a parent or guardian’s email address, the child’s first name and gender, the child’s member or account username, and password. We also may ask for birth dates from children to validate their ages. We advise children never to provide any personal information in their usernames. Please note that children can choose whether to share their information with us, but certain features cannot function without it. As a result, children may not be able to access certain features if required information has not been provided. We will not require a child to provide more information than is reasonably necessary in order to participate in an online activity.
About the collection of parent email address: Consistent with the requirements of COPPA, on any child-targeted site or application, or in any instance where we ask for age and determine the user is age 12 or under, we will ask for a parent or guardian email address before we collect any personal information from the child. If you believe your child is participating in an activity that collects personal information and you or another parent/guardian have NOT received an email providing notice or seeking your consent, please feel free to contact us at [email protected] /* */ . We will not use parent emails provided for parental consent purposes to market to the parent, unless the parent has expressly opted in to email marketing or has separately participated in an activity that allows for such email contact.
Email Consent. In the event NCFL wishes to collect personal information from a child, COPPA requires that we first seek a parent or guardian’s consent by email. In the email we will explain what information we are collecting, how we plan to use it, how the parent can provide consent, and how the parent can revoke consent. If we do not receive parental consent within a reasonable time, we will delete the parent contact information and any other information collected from the child in connection with that activity.
Some contests and sweepstakes require only information necessary for a child to participate, such as first name (to distinguish among family members) and parent email address (to notify the parent where required by law). We only contact the parent for more personalized information for prize-fulfillment purposes when the child wins the contest or sweepstakes. Other contests and sweepstakes ask the child to submit their own created content along with the child’s entry. In those instances, we may require parental consent prior to submission. Please see Content Generated by a Child above for more information on our collection, notice, and consent policies.
On occasion, in order to respond to a question or request from a child, NCFL may need to ask for the child’s online contact information, such as an email address. NCFL will delete this information immediately after responding to the question or request.
In connection with certain activities or services, we may collect a child’s online contact information, such as an email address, in order to communicate with the child more than once. In such instances we will retain the child’s online contact information to honor the request and for no other purpose such as marketing. One example would be a newsletter that provides occasional updates about a site, game, contest, or activity. Whenever we collect a child’s online contact information for ongoing communications, we will simultaneously require a parent email address in order to notify the parent about the collection and use of the child’s information, as well as to provide the parent an opportunity to prevent further contact with the child. On some occasions a child may be engaged in more than one ongoing communication, and a parent may be required to “opt-out” of each communication individually.
If a child-directed NCFL site or application collects geolocation information that is specific enough to equate to the collection of a street address, we will first seek parental consent via email.
Parents can request access to and delete their child’s personal information by logging on to the child’s account through the Camp Wonderopolis home page. Parents will need their child’s username and password. The My Account home page explains how to recover a password if the child cannot recall it.
©2015 National Center for Families Learning (NCFL). All rights reserved. | http://camp2014.wonderopolis.org/pages/privacy_policy |
Haiti is home to an incredible flora of around 5,000 documented plant species. Within these, over 210 endemic shrub and tree species have been identified. These plants have only one home in the world, and it is here. Many other species have small...
This comprehensive resource inlcudes a few chapters, one focusing on Enahancing Staff Understanding and the other on Building Working Partnerships.
Improving urban forests is one of the solutions to achieving several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and making cities healthier and more livable for people. Priority should be given to protecting mature trees and promoting long‐...
Building upon an initial 6000+ cities committed to GCoM at the time of the signing of the Paris Agreement, cities continue to make significant and ambitious commitments to meet the climate challenge. An additional 1,600+ cities have committed to the...
The impacts of climate change are already being felt in communities across the country.
More frequent and intense extreme weather and climate-related events, as well as changes
in average climate conditions, are expected to continue to... | https://www.publicgardens.org/resources?f%5B0%5D=field_media_types%3A678&f%5B1%5D=field_topics%3A767&f%5B2%5D=field_topics%3A746&f%5B3%5D=field_plant_curation_conservatio%3A890&f%5B4%5D=field_topics%3A676&f%5B5%5D=field_media_types%3A872&%3Bf%5B1%5D=field_media_types%3A872&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B1%5D=field_topics%3A746&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B2%5D=field_media_types%3A872&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B3%5D=field_public_garden_management%3A903&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B4%5D=field_plant_curation_conservatio%3A892 |
And the 1 week Y/Y data is still strong indicating that this is not just a pantry loading phenomenon.
Vehicle miles driven (VMT) by destination
The pace of onshoring is picking up
A group of economists at Harvard have built a real-time, publicly available economic tracker. There are many good interactive charts here but below are a few interesting ones.
Consumer spending in the US is down 11.3% since January, but spending cuts by people in the top quartile account for more than half of the total aggregate decline in dollars. As of June 9th, spending by the top quartile was still down 16.8%, whereas spending by the bottom income quartile was only ~3% below where it was in January.
Stimulus payments increased spending by low-income consumers, but didn’t undo the initial most revenue:
By industry, in-person services were obviously the hardest hit, but the idea of the ‘Roomba effect’ was interesting. In a normal recession, households typically respond by cutting purchases of durable goods like cars, washing machines etc, and the policy response tries to counteract that (cash-for-clunkers, VAT cuts). In this recession, it’s the opposite - people are substituting services for durable goods –buying a roomba instead of hiring a cleaning lady, which they think might have permanent implications for the economy because people are going for a capital solution instead of a labour solution. | https://www.edgepointedges.com/2020/06/ |
Charles Waldman had actually begun this journey to his new life twelve years earlier. In 1987, at the urging of his friend western landscape painter Heinie Hartwig, he began painting in oils. Subsequent workshops in 1990 and 1993 with Clyde Aspevig helped to nurture Waldman’s natural tendencies toward a direct and impressionistic style and to tap into that greatest of all influences, nature itself. Additionally, a week with Ted Goerschner in the spring of 1996 helped him to hone his handling of color.
In addition to his teachers, Waldman credits the works of past masters like Edgar Payne and others among the early California landscape painters, as well as John Singer Sargent and Spanish Impressionist Joaquin Sorolla as artistic influences.
The artist paints outdoors in the Sierras, the California foothills, along the Northern California coast and in other parts of the West. He also finds time to teach three to four workshops per year and to participate in several invitational plein-air events. Most importantly, this time to devote himself exclusively to painting has resulted in an ongoing growth that Waldman is delighted to see emerge in his work.
"I’m now able to paint more frequently on location and this has, consequently, opened my eyes to new and wonderful sites. As an artist, you begin to see a world that others often pass by without noticing. It’s a joy to bring these to life on the canvas.
"I think there's more freshness in my work now, and this is something that I’ve always sought. I’d say that this development even includes the larger pieces that I have done in the studio from the plein-air work. This makes me feel that I made the right decision. I love the art life. It’s a great gift to be an artist. You really see the world and find beauty that the casual observer overlooks." | http://cwaldman.com/about_the_artist.html |
Maternal preeclampsia predicts the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
To test the hypothesis that exposure to preeclampsia is associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). A prospective cohort study of 107 babies born between 23 and 32 weeks gestation, collecting maternal, neonatal, and placental data. Of the 107 infants studied, 27 (25%) developed BPD. The bivariate odds ratio (OR) for the relationship between pre-eclampsia and BPD was 2.96 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17 to 7.51; P = .01). When controlling for gestational age, birth weight z-score, chorioamnionitis, and other clinical confounders, the OR of developing BPD was 18.7 (95% CI = 2.44 to 144.76). Including the occurrence of preeclampsia, clinical chorioamnionitis, male sex, and maternal tobacco use in addition to gestational age and birth weight z-score accounted for 54% of the variability of the odds of developing BPD. BPD is increased for infants exposed to preeclampsia. This has possible implications for the prevention of BPD with proangiogenic agents, such as vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Breakfast is the first meal of the day and sets the mood for how the rest of your day will unfold. We know kids can spiral out of control quickly, and something as simple as the “wrong” breakfast can set them off. In our house, breakfast is one of the most important meals for the kids because there is no guarantee they are going to actually eat dinner when we get home. So I try to squeeze some solid meals in for breakfast and lunch. So I thought I would share some of the breakfast classics that are hits in our house in hopes you will find some new ideas to add into your rotation this school year.
Keep it Simple Stupid: Cereal
Cereal and milk is as classic as it gets but can get BORING, so I try to save it for the days when we are really crunched on time; which some weeks is every day. Some good, low-sugar ones that I currently have on rotation are Kix, Rice Krispies, Cheerios, and Honey Bunches of Oats. Sometimes we will throw some fresh blueberries, bananas, or strawberries in the bowl to change it up. Other favorites with a little more sugar are Honey Nut Cheerios and Annie’s Chocolate Bunnies. In the colder months my kids love oatmeal. We will make enough for 4 servings so on day two we just need to warm it up. Try adding mashed up banana, brown sugar, and a little cinnamon to spice it up.
Toast
Toast is another easy, yet satisfying breakfast. I always think of cheese toast as the morning version of a grilled cheese and my kids never turn down a grilled cheese. We also love to put peanut butter or Nutella on toast and top with sliced bananas. Cinnamon toast is a hit and all you need is bread, butter, and cinnamon/sugar mixture; pop it in the oven for a few minutes and you will have a real treat!
Eggs
My kids just recently started eating eggs so this has opened up our options some in the morning. A ham and cheese omelet is a real treat for them in the morning and something that Dad usually makes (Mom does not want to wash dishes in the morning). Pop a piece of bread in the toaster and add your favorite jelly and they will be full until lunch. Put some scrambled eggs with cheese on a piece of bread and you have a killer egg sandwich. Just add whatever fresh fruit you have on hand and you have a somewhat balanced meal.
Leftovers
Meal prep can be a thing for every meal and member of the family; make sure to include the kiddos and breakfast into your meal preps. On the weekends we usually cook a big breakfast at least one day, sometimes both. I always double the recipe so we will have enough left over for one or two breakfasts during the week. What is more extra than pancakes or biscuits during the week??? If we have pancakes or waffles leftover, we just have to pop them in the toaster to warm them up and serve with syrup. Sometimes the kids like to eat them without syrup, so this makes them a good “eat in the car” meal. We spice up our pancakes with mashed up bananas and chocolate chips.
Smoothies
The only place I don’t have to hide vegetables is in their smoothies. At this point they help me make them and know that they have spinach and carrots in the blender. I don’t really have a recipe but I usually put a cup of yogurt, a handful of spinach and carrots, frozen banana (all my brown bananas go in the freezer), and mixed frozen berries. Costco sells prepackaged bags that you can just throw in the blender if you don’t have time or the ingredients you need in the freezer. I normally put the yogurt, water, spinach, and carrots in the blender the night before and just leave it in the fridge. In the morning I can add the frozen bananas and berries and blend. Once blended add a little honey to sweeten it. Make sure you use blueberries or black berries to hide the green if you think your little one will be turned off. Normally makes enough for three smoothies and is another good option for breakfast on the go.
I hope some these breakfast ideas help you transition back into school mode! I know my kids are going to be dragging the first week but hopefully they will get all of the energy they need from breakfast to start their day. | https://thelafayettemom.com/ages-stages/school-years/back-to-school-easy-breakfast-ideas-for-busy-families/ |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a spectroscopy parameter arithmetic apparatus, a spectroscopy parameter arithmetic method, and a program with regard to a metamer (optimal metamer) identified according to the lightest color under a given light source.
SOLUTION: A spectroscopy parameter arithmetic apparatus 1 of the present invention includes: a specific condition entry section 111 for setting a specific condition for a light source spectrum, color-matching function, and arithmetic; a linked spectroscopy distribution calculation section 112 for linking three visible wavelength regions for the light source spectrum and the color-matching function to calculate a spectroscopy distribution multiplied by each wavelength; a spectroscopy parameter optimization arithmetic section 113 for calculating a spectroscopy parameter corresponding to an optimal metamer closest to the tristimulus value of a prescribed metamer by using a type of spectroscopy characteristics of which the object color theoretical spectroscopy reflection (permeation) rate in a visible wavelength region becomes either (1+α)/2 or (1-α)/2 with a color degree coefficient as α; and a spectroscopy parameter output section 114 for externally outputting a prescribed parameter associated with the optimal metamer.
COPYRIGHT: (C)2014,JPO&INPIT | |
Ashley Holmes is a multi-disciplinary artist and DJ working across sound, moving image, radio broadcasts and performance. His work explores histories of resistance and anti-colonial resilience embedded in Black musical and sound-based practices to examine concepts of property, access and citizenship.
During the Radio Arts Catalyst residency, he began a process of developing a body of sound-based works and research which consider the ways perspectives around migration, class and racial identities are embodied, gathered and disseminated in music and cultural traditions. The final work comprises a series of compositions made from field recordings and samples.
“I’m interested in the ways we collect, memorialise and embody different stories and histories in contemporary society. My research during the residency has been based around oral cultures, pirating, bootlegging and the ways technologies and digital tools have been integrated into musical traditions across the African diaspora to document hyperlocality and a connection to the natural world”.
Copyright Ashley Holmes & Arts Catalyst.
Produced by Kitty Turner.
Sound design by Lori E Allen.
Graphic Design by An Endless Supply.
Radio Arts Catalyst is supported by Arts Council England with Art Fund and Sheffield Church Burgesses Trust. | https://radio.artscatalyst.org/episodes/ashley-holmes-reworks-pda/ |
Relevant Costs - Managerial Accounting Decisions & Scenarios
Apply relevant cost methods to common managerial decisions.
Managers often need to make decisions that are not routine, not part of the normal day to day process, and that can have a long-term effect on the organization. Individuals often need to make similar decisions and can apply similar tools when making decisions of a large dollar amount that can affect multiple years.
Although the specifics of each decision differ, the concept of relevant costs helps us put together a process for gathering and analyzing data, picking up the information that matters, and removing all the excess data that does not matter to our decision. Understanding relevant costs will reduce the likelihood of making incorrect decisions based on a sunk cost effect or not taking into account opportunity costs.
We will analyze the decision-making process of buying a new piece of equipment or keeping an older piece of equipment, a question often relevant to individuals as well as businesses. The decision of whether to buy new equipment is subject to the sunk fallacy effect, and we will discuss why this is.
This course will investigate the managerial accounting question of a “special offer.” The “special offer” question often takes the form of a one time offer to purchase from us at a reduced price. It is often the case that a business will benefit from accepting a special offer and the concept of relevant costs will help us to see why. For example, a hotel may have an incentive to take a “special offer” to sleep in a room for a night at a price far below the standard rate and even below cost as it is generally calculated. We will discuss why, and how this concept applies to business in general.
We will apply the concepts of relevant costs to a “make or buy” type decision. Should we make a component internally or purchases it from an outside vendor?
The course will discuss the managerial accounting question of whether we should process a product further. In other words, should we sell a product at one point of production or should we process the product further and sell it for a higher price? We will also discuss a similar question related to defective inventory and whether we should scrap the inventory now or rework it.
We will discuss the question of what sales mix to use. In other words, if we have multiple products which ones should we produce and how much should we produce?
The course will discuss the question of eliminating a segment or department of a company. For example, if a departmental income statement shows a loss, should the department be eliminated and how can we apply relevant costs to make the best decision?
We will discuss how to use cost data to set a sales price using a cost method and variable cost method.
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My Home? The idea of home in a post-pandemic world
Government lock-down regulations are beginning to relax in many countries around the world. As society begins to take slow, bold steps into a world many of us have lost trust in, we ask ourselves some creeping questions: What will life be like now? What is our new normal? Should we just slowly usher ourselves back into the life we had before? What changes have been made and should we keep them? How do we adjust to change? There are no easy answers to these questions. The one word that sums up 2020 so far is, CHANGE. Change fundamentally in our most importance space: Our Home .This forced flexibility of space has opened up the possibilities for diverse activities to take place within the home space.
What does home look like in the “new normal”?
Home as a space of health and well-being
A crucial linkage that has emerged throughout the current pandemic, is the close relationship between health and well-being and the spaces we inhabit. The measures of confinement have led us to question how we manage the home space in ways that support family life and enhance and maintain mental and physical health. Over the past few months since the pandemic began, we have been ‘hacking’ our homes to find solutions that work for us. Although, while people’s ingenuity in the face of adversity has been astounding, these ‘hacks’ are often at the expense of health and well-being. Our current challenges demand that we have a radical rethink in the way we design and build our homes.
This is particularly relevant for vulnerable groups of our population. The lives of older people have been highlighted in the effects of the pandemic. Whilst it’s not inevitable, the likelihood is that most of us will become less physically able and mobile as we grow older. Poorly designed homes present daily challenges that impacts on every aspect of life, from the ability to simply get up and dressed, to maintaining social networks and gaining a sense of peace and rest. Designing with older people in mind is not only beneficial for this heterogeneous group but also to families with small children, disabled people, people with mobility and temporary challenges and the wider population. What is known as age-friendly design is design that benefits everyone.
The diversity in experiences of the home poses a challenge for how to re-create the home space in a way that is adaptable. Recent conversations with two pregnant women highlighted the different perspectives of what home means to them during the pandemic. For Mrs S, a parent to a toddler and an NHS key worker living in the city of Bournemouth, home has been a pursuit for balance and a sense of equilibrium. She has been working throughout the pandemic and for her the concept of home shifted as she worked longer hours and struggled to manage parenthood in confinement. Maintaining her own mental health, protecting herself at work in the midst of change and finding the right sort of balance in her home space has been a challenge.
She comments.
…my main challenge has been that balance between work and personal sanity especially having to work during to the pandemic. I am also 22 weeks pregnant and I have worked throughout the whole pandemic as I work in the NHS. We were asked to work 12-hour shifts from 8am to 8pm. It is a really long shift and it has been hard especially around distancing. I have an expectation because others will give the distance but it doesn’t happen. You feel you are coming across as paranoid…By the time I get home, I am exhausted and I still have to be a parent and a wife.
Mrs L’s experience, (also pregnant and parent to a toddler) during the pandemic contrasts that of Mrs S in some ways. Having the opportunity to work from home during her pregnancy allowed her home to become a retreat in an environment of change.
While lockdown is hard, it has also given me the opportunity to spend quality time with my firstborn before the new arrival is here. I would never have had the chance to do that and it has been a wonderful blessing in all of this. Our pace of life has slowed as we aren’t rushing to get to childcare then home then get dinner on and a quick bath and bed. We feel more relaxed as the arrival becomes more imminent and we’re choosing to see the positives in a trying time.
These conversations draw attention to the differences in experiences within certain vulnerable groups. So, how do we re-think the concept of home whilst taking into account the diverse ways people use and understand the home. Good design can be achieved only if the environment created meets as many people’s needs as possible. If anything, the effects of the pandemic lead us to ask if we are living in homes that meet our needs and our health…and how is this impacting our mental health and well-being?
Home as a hybrid space? (temporary/permanent)
This pandemic has also provoked questions of ownership of home and where to shelter in place. Everyone, no matter their age, background or ability needs a good home that keeps us safe and healthy. This is not the reality for millions of people who are living in poorly designed homes, slums and informal settlements. The pandemic has become a magnifying glass for people living in inadequate housing for fear of these spaces becoming hot-spots for the virus.
A further complexity is added to the concept of home with over 70 million refugees worldwide and a large majority living in refugee camps and dubious urban environments. It was World refugee day on the 20th of June and it was only on the 17th of December 2019 that the first ever Global Refugee forum took place, a few weeks before the Director-General declared a public health emergency of international concern over the global outbreak of the coronavirus on the 30th of January.
The provision of refugee camps as a temporary “home” is the most immediate physical response to the refugee crisis. However, they have become more than a simple temporary solution, with refugees spending significantly longer than they should. For many, the home space has been transformed and appropriated into a place in which traditions and values can exist through social practices. It is within this hybrid space, between temporariness and permanence that refugees are navigating the home space during a pandemic. How do they gain a sense of safety and protection without a sense of belonging and attachment? Current ongoing research into the design/re-design of the shelters in the Al Za’atari camp in Jordan (one of the biggest refugee camps in the world) explores this concept.
The Giant Dolls’ house project alludes to these questions of “home-making/dwelling” of refugees during the pandemic by increasing the awareness of the importance of a home through an international collaborative arts project. It engages local communities and raises awareness for homelessness and refugees. In the virtual Giant Dolls’ House project, people all over the world are asked to creatively share their experience of staying in one space because of self-isolation and social distancing.
Home as a digital cultural space
It has been imperative to digitally transform our homes in one way or another to maintain some form of normalcy and operate effectively. The pandemic has fast tracked the digital revolution and there has been some incredible progress made in areas such as digital working infrastructure, remote learning and tele-medicine. Education and healthcare systems all over the world have been pushed to expand and innovate.
One particular transformation enabled by technology has seen our homes re-created into spaces of art and culture, connecting closely with objects and places we so often see through panes of glass or not at all. Throughout this pandemic over 80% of museums in Europe have designed virtual spaces to share and create collectively through digital engagement and digital cultural heritage. These digital experiences provide unique access and inclusivity for people who would ordinarily be unable to visit due to diverse factors such as location, money and disability. Therefore, a different type of cultural learning is taking place in our homes enabled by technology.
The use of advanced technologies such as 3D and virtual reality (VR) is bringing unprecedented opportunities for the digital cultural space.Projects such as, BIM India Heritage and IT Herit Jordan aim to create awareness and knowledge of local heritage in cities in India and Jordan by using digital technology such as laser scanning and photogrammetry. These tools will create digital images of heritage that can be accessed by the public from home. The challenges of the pandemic have confirmed that this approach is even more relevant and can enable a unique learning experience in the homes of multitudes and a more democratic online access to cultural heritage.
Designing the ideal home post-pandemic
So, how do we design a home that recognises and embraces these diverse shifts and perspectives in a post-pandemic world? A home that enhances our health and well-being, a home that is adequate, permanent and facilitates a sense of ownership, belonging and culture. The UK Government attempts to provide a solution through the “Home of 2030 Design Competition”. The competition seeks to develop a home that does everything: solves multiple issues, caters to a variety of ages, is adaptable and changes use and need over lifetime, applies technology to deliver net zero emissions, promotes better health and wellbeing and is scalable and cost-effective! Watch this space. Although this may sound like very ambitious blue-sky rhetoric, in fact applying the principles of inclusive design can make this a reality.
An inclusive environment does not attempt to meet every need. By considering people’s diversity, however, it can break down barriers and exclusion and will often achieve superior solutions that benefit everyone. Places need to be designed so that they can adapt to changing uses and demands. According to the Design Council, if we use the principles of inclusive design to design our homes, we should end up with homes that are:
- Inclusive: so everyone can use them safely, easily and with dignity.
- Responsive: taking account of what people say they need and want.
- Flexible: so different people can use them in different ways.
- Accommodating: for all people, regardless of their age, gender, mobility, ethnicity or circumstances.
- Realistic: offering more than one solution to help balance everyone’s needs and recognising that one solution may not work for all.
I would go further to say that the design of the home and the surrounding environment must recognise structural and systemic injustices and inequalities. It is no longer enough to design the ideal home, when there are large communities that can never access or enjoy those homes. | https://cityplanista.com/2020/07/06/my-home-the-idea-of-home-in-a-post-pandemic-world/ |
What is significant? Fyansford, located at the junction of the Barwon and the Moorabool rivers, was named after Captain Foster Fyans, who had been stationed here as police magistrate in 1837. The ford provided a convenient crossing-place, and the small settlement became an important stopping point for pastoralists and others travelling between Geelong and Ballarat, and on the principal western road from Geelong to Hamilton (now the Hamilton Highway).
The Swan Inn, Fyansford, originally known as the Fyanstown Inn, was built by its first licensee John Atkins in 1842 and opened the following year. The building contract for the hotel was let to Mr Marr. Atkins also had Mack's Hotel, in Geelong. The Swan Inn was built to a design by Geelong architect A.K. Skene; he was also an important early government surveyor who introduced the theodolite to the practice of surveying in Victoria, and served as surveyor-general of Victoria (from 1857 to post-1870?). The construction of a bridge across the Moorabool River in 1854 led to two additional hotels (the Fyansford and the Balmoral) being built in Fyansford that year. The township serviced surrounding agricultural and horticultural interests. As the township declined, however, it was no longer able to support three hotels, and the former Swan Inn was adapted for use as a farm house.
The Swan Inn is a single-storey rectangular building of linear form, constructed from bluestone, rendered and ruled on the north side, and painted on all other elevations. There is stone quoining to the main entrance and windows. Its steeply pitched gabled roof extends over the verandah on the north and south sides. Attic windows are located within the gable ends. The roof is believed to have been originally clad with timber shingles but these were replaced with slate in 1856; the roof was later clad with concrete tiles. There are 12-pane double-hung windows with bluestone sashes, and multi-paned French doors that open to a wide verandah. The verandah was altered on the south side with the addition of brick piers, and was infilled in the c.1950s, but the original chamfered timber posts remain extant on the northern side. The large stone stables are in ruins.
The building is located on a picturesque siting near the Moorabool River. The site was celebrated for its scenic value and was captured by artists such as Samuel Calvert in his wood engraving ?Fyan?s Ford and Swan Hotel? (1862).
How is it significant? The Old Swan Inn, Fyansford, is of historical, architectural and archaeological significance to the State of Victoria.
Why is it significant?
The Swan Inn, Fyansford, is of historical and architectural significance as the oldest known surviving building in the important early rural township of Fyansford. It is of historical significance because of its association with the important river crossing over the Moorabool River, which marked the track taken by the western-bound pastoralists in the late 1830s and early 1840s. The surrounding country has great associated historical significance as one of the earliest areas of Victoria to be taken up by graziers from 1836.
The Swan Inn is of historical and architectural significance as an early vernacular structure built in Victoria in the 1840s and as an early surviving hotel building in Victoria. The Swan Inn is an important element in the historic fabric of Fyansford, with other contributing buildings including the Fyansford Hotel (1854) [H744]. The significance of the Swan Inn is enhanced by the celebrated picturesque quality of its setting at the base of a steep escarpment in the Barwon River Valley.
The Swan Inn, Fyansford, is also of historical significance for its association with the notable Victorian architect and surveyor Alexander K. Skene, and with early Geelong publican John Atkins.
[Online Data Upgrade Project 2004]
You need to be logged into to perform this action. Please login here. | https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/511 |
HUMAN WELLNESS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL CHANGE – finding solutions for rural Africa
Global change refers to the interlinked changes that are altering our contemporary earth at an unprecedented and accelerating rate. Human wellness in this context, and in terms of the university’s response, means four special foci in particular: human wellness, societal wellness, environmental wellness and economic wellness.
Why has a partnership been formed between universities in South Africa and Flemish universities in Belgium? VLIR stands for the Flemish Inter-universities Council, and IUC for University Development Co-operation. The answer is perceptive: the Flemish universities realise that the world is facing common problems and that southern Africa is facing challenges that may soon be their own.
The four wellness areas described above equally describe the four VLIR-IUC project clusters, with another being concerned with an overarching data management and analysis function. The full title of this important Flemish/UL and SMU connection is Human Wellness in the Context of Global Change – Finding Solutions for Rural Africa.
The first phase began in 2010 when VLIR, through its University Development Cooperation actvities, launched the partnership by funding five project clusters that dealt with aspects of public health, food security, water, ensuring community competence in the context of global change, and an overarching data management project to be used by all the clusters. A total of R34-million was made available to drive the eight research projects operating within the cluster focuses.
At the end of the five year term, an extensive evaluation was undertaken. Among other comments, it was stated that implementation had been effective, that the VLIR model of North-South collaboration had been convincingly validated, and that research outputs, although variable across the projects, nevertheless had heightened the research profile of the University of Limpopo. Post graduate studies, the production of peer reviewed publications and conference presentations, both national and international, had dramatically increased in those departments directly involved in the various aspects of the VLIR programme.
We entered phase two in the beginning of 2015, which will be funded to the same extent as phase one, and will support and give focus to much of the university’s research effort until the early months of 2019. However, there have been some changes to the configuration of the projects to be incorporated. The original five clusters comprising eight individual projects have given way to six project fous areas in the VLIR-IUC programme. The main activities during this second phase will consist of consolidating and building on the gains achieved in phase 1 and to improve the international ranking of the University of Limpopo in the research fields being pursued.
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DATA MANAGEMENT, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND GIS
This project synthesises all the relevant ICT services used as a resource by the projects selected for phase 2 of the programme, and also integrates the projects collectively into a coherent research endeavour. During phase 1 of the programme, a government-funded Regional Centre for spatial Analysis and Modelling was installed at the University of Limpopo. This has made availalble to Limpopo scientists a variety of data sets from both international and national sources, including the Applied Centre for Climate and Earth System Studies; the SA Department of Science and Technology’s Global Change Grand Challenge Research Plan; a geographical and meteorological data from Western Europe and the Americas; a special platform that hosts data from the SA Risk and Vulnerability Atlas, the SA Earth Observation System, and a prototype World Data Centre for Biodiversity and Human Health in Africa. In addition, the Centre will provide access to the CSIR’s Built Environment and Geospatial Analysis Framework; and the “Working for Water” project that monitors the environmental impacts, especially regarding water quality, in the areas of Limpopo province experiencing rapid mining and industrial development. The long-term objective is to contribute to quality research, academic training and improved postgraduate qualifications at the University by creating and providing a solid academic foundation in the areas of IT and related services.
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PREVENTION, CONTROL AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES
The University of Limpopo has run the Dikgale Demographic Surveillance Site since 1995. Annual surveys have allowed scientists to track births, deaths, causes of deaths, in and out migration, and economic and educational status in a rural community not far from campus. The original demarcated area was 71 square miles and comprised 8000 individuals in 1 200 households living in eight villages. At the start of Phase 1 of the VLIR-IUC programme, the demarcated area was increased to incorporate 15 villages and the number of people directly involved to 40 000. The data gathered has resulted in increasingly valuable annual comparisons, enabling the tracking of trends, especially as they relate to lifestyle changes and related chronic disease patterns. A specific objective for phase 2 is to build and monitor an integrated disease management approach that encompasses both prevention and control, that identifies common health risks, and that brings together different diseases of a chronic nature under one unifying strategy. The aim is to improve the situation with regard to chronic conditions in the enlarged Dikgale surveillance site.
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MULTIPLE LITERACIES
The project is designed to develop the capacity of University of Limpopo researchers, student and staff (as well as provincial primary and secondary school systems) in language literacy, science literacy and the use of multi-model texts. The Project has developed on-campus partnerships with the Department of English Studies, the Department of African Studies (School of Communication and Languages), and Department of Language Education (School of Education). There is also a working relationship with the University’s Academic Centre for Excellence, and Science Education Centre. Externally, the Project has a relationship with the University of the Witwatersrand, Department of Languages and Literacy Studies, and the Department of Education in Limpopo Province. A major focus in phase 1, and equally for phase 2, is English language literacy and particularly reading capacity development because this helps to extend the educational endeavour beyond the borders of the classroom. Community involvement becomes essential, with parents, siblings, friends, and extended family members all roped in to aid the literacy development process. The concept of science literacy refers to awareness and competencies to deal with life situations where science related knowledge becomes critical. “Health” has been chosen as a key entry point because it is already incorporated in the primary school curriculum. Research and the development of practical manuals is taking place in all these areas; and one of the medium-term objectives is to develop the project into a centre of excellence in multiple literacies training in southern Africa.
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LABORATORY SCIENCE & PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS – AT SEFAKO MAKGATHO HEALTH SCIENCES UNIVERSITY.
Aspects of phase 1 project 7 (public health) and project 8 (infectious diseases) have been reconfigured in phase 2 into a deeper focus on sexually transmitted diseases from the point of view of laboratory-based research as well as from the public health management angle. To narrow the field even further, specific attention is being given to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including population subgroups which are often marginalised (adolescents and Men who have Sex with other Men – MSM) and to limit the scope of infectious agents to STI pathogens including Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea, just to mention a few. In phase 2, the project aims to establish a HPV detection and genotyping laboratrory for the region, to strengthen the existing Microbiology Department’s STI laboratory and to set up collaborations with other VLIR-IUC projects, especially with the demographic surveillance site in Dikgale (project 2). This, and other collaborations, will help to investigate the genetic diversity of HPV types in women from rural and semi-urban areas, to research the prevalence of other STIs in non-pregnant and pregnant women, and to investigate the prevalence of oral HPV types and characterize HPV-related oral lesions in healthy HIV negative and HIV infected individuals. From the public health aspect, the project will also investigate social and sexual behaviours that may influence the acquisition of selected STIs comparing the rural and semi-urban regions. The link established between public health and laboratory sciences will make this platform unique for Sub-Saharan Africa and will render the leverage of further finance a distinct probability.
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IMPACT OF LAND-USE ON FUNCTIONS OF THE LIMPOPO AND OLIFANTS RIVER SYSTEMS
These river systems are amongh the most threatened in South Africa due to anthropogenic activities in the catchments. People living around the river catchments drink the water and consume the fish from both river systems, which may have an effect on their well-being. The bio-monitoring of water quality, sediment, biota, fish health and fish parasites of these river systems started in 1996 in the Department of Biodiversity at the University of Limpopo and have provided invaluable data for rural development planning. Several significant studies were continued or launched in phase 1 of the VLIR-IUC programme. The main phase 2 research endeavour will examine the link between the bioaccumulation in fish muscle tissues to human health. This study will assist in the management of water and sediment quality and their effect on fish health when fish are consumed on a regular basis. In addition, phase 2 will focus on the impact of land use on the river ecosystem and identify sub-catchments responsible for high loading of pollutants. The strengthening of these research endeavours will help to address the shortage of qualified aquatic scientists in the SADC region.
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FOOD SECURITY
Current food security efforts are largely directed to the production systems of exotic animal breeds and crops, most of which are products of the ‘green revolution’. This means they have high demands on various environmental resources and are, therefore, not easily sustainable. Persistent drought spells and high temperatures are making it increasingly necessary to assess the role indigenous animal breeds and crops can play in improving food security. Most importantly, new products must be developed from indigenous animal breeds and crops, and these products will need to be widely marketed if they are to become attractive to producers. Phase 2 of this important VLIR-IUC Food Security project will be built on the gains made in Phase 1 where existing indigenous chicken and crop development and improvement research studies, as well as work on related biotechnologies, were further developed. It is envisaged that the improved research infrastructure within the University will be used as leverage for funding from the University of Limpopo and other donors. However, in Phase 2 the focus will primarily be on human resources development, research and extension support for existing farmers. This will strengthen the internationally recognised work already being undertaken by UL’s School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
VLIR FUNDING MULTIPLIER EFFECT
The VLIR-IUC progrmme has attracted significant additional funding to the University of Limpopo. At the heart of the programme, when it was first established in 2010, was a “data management and analysis project”, which drew together ICT services, data mining and production, data management, GIS remote sensing services, spatial anaysis and modelling, as well as statistical analysis, to deepen the effectiveness of and integrate the individual projects in the VLIR-IUC programme.
Onto this basic project, thanks to some creative thinking at the University of Limpopo, was grafted the CSIR’s network of regional centres for Spatial analysis and Modelling (C-Sam). In the light of VLIR-IUC support, and willingness of the university to contribute R2-million, the CSIR collaborated to establish a C-Sam on campus, as one of several such centres being set up and linked around the country.
This technological enrichment of the original VLIR investment, attracted still more interest which resulted in a Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Centre (RVAC), one of only five around the country, being added to the original VLIR project. The basic function on these centres was to establish and quantify the various climatic, ecological and demographic challenges and to feed this information to a central point where a national Atlas of Risk and Vulnerability is maintained.
The RVAC is being jointly funded by the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation to the tune of R5-million over three years.
When the VLIR-IUC and university contributions are compounded with the C-Sam and RVAC opportunities, an immensely powerful hi-tech facility with huge research and teaching capabilities looms on the horizon. Above all, though the opportunities for service provision – and for third-stream income generation are considerable.
All told, the original VLIR investment in just this single project has leveraged more than R12-million in additional funding. With this support, the university has placed itself in the vanguard of institutions offering high-grade IT teaching and research facilities, particularly in the areas of climate change and human development.
CONTACT DETAILS
General information on UL, VLIR-IUC and the University of Antwerp can be found at : | https://www.ul-trust.org/human-wellness.aspx |
This was a really fun problem to solve! I don’t remember exactly what triggered me to work on this problem — likely something I saw on the Power BI Community, which I highly recommend you take a look at. Let’s get into the problem statement. I have two tables: a simple table showing production by date and a calendar table. Both are related on the date column, a pretty common scenario. The goal we are trying to achieve is as follows: when a user selects one or more value in the slicer, we want to highlight that selection in bar chart visuals (as seen in the video below).
Where would something like this be used? For example, you might want to highlight certain data points and then take a screenshot to include in a report that you will be sharing with your team. This technique can draw attention to an important area of the visual that you want to emphasize.
Using DAX in the Solution
The solution is pretty straightforward. First, we need to add a disconnected table for our slicers. This ensures that our main visual is not filtered when a value is selected in the slicer. I created a table for the slicer called Calendar for Slicer using the following DAX expression. It contains three columns: Date, Month, and Month sort. If we needed another column for the slicer, for example Year, I would just include that in the following DAX expression.
Calendar for Slicer = SELECTCOLUMNS ( 'Calendar', "Date", 'Calendar'[Date], "Month", 'Calendar'[Month], "Month Sort", 'Calendar'[Month Sort] )
And here is the relationship diagram, showing that no relationships exist between this slicer table we just created and the other tables.
I added two slicers using the Month and Date columns from the disconnected table (Calendar for Slicer):
Now, we will work on actually highlighting the data points. To achieve this, we need to add another measure that returns the highest production value for each date for the selected period in the slicer. The reason we need the highest production value is to ensure that the highlighted area creates a box around the selected data (up to the top of the Y-Axis). Here is the measure that does the job for us. I called this measure Highlight Period.
Highlight Period = IF ( ISFILTERED ( 'Calendar for Slicer' ), //check if calendar table is filtered IF ( //check if current table date is in selected date range, if yes get the maximum value for the //all visible dates otherwise return 0 COUNTROWS ( INTERSECT ( VALUES ( 'Calendar'[Date] ), VALUES ( 'Calendar for Slicer'[Date] ) ) ) > 0, MAXX ( ALLSELECTED ( 'Calendar'[Date] ), [Sum Prod] ) , 0 //we will return 0 value so that we can show all the dates on x-axis for highlight bar chart visual ) )
This measure checks if no value is selected in the slicer because in that case, we don’t want to highlight any data point. If this measure wasn’t present, then the full area will always be highlighted (as seen in the image below).
We then check which dates are selected in the slicer and return the maximum production value (highest value) for each selected date. For example, if the month of Jan 2019 is selected, it will return the highest value for each date in January. If the user selects a date range from Feb 15 to Feb 20, it will return the highest value for this date range. In other words, this is the area we want to highlight. The video below explains this visually.
Creating the Visuals
Now that our measures are in place, it is time to assemble everything.
- Add Line and Clustered Column Chart visual
- Add Date column from Calendar table on X-Axis (Shares axis)
- Add Sum Prod measure on Column values
- Add Highlight Period on Line values
And now a few more settings on the Formatting pane under Shapes to give the final look.
- Turn on the Shade area
- Set Stoke width to 0
- Turn on Stepped
Under Data Color, I changed the colour for the line to pink ( for the highlight colour). And that’s pretty much it! Now as you select any value in the slicer, (month or date range), the area for the selected value will be highlighted. If multiple months are selected, then all the selected months are highlighted.
I hope you find this solution useful, or are maybe able to use the DAX in this solution for your other reporting needs. | https://perytus.com/2021/05/05/enhance-report-visuals-by-highlighting-data-points/ |
Organizational Characteristics for Addressing Change
Programs designed to increase equity of access to and use of information technology for under-served populations almost always need to address issue of changing context between the time the project was designed and the end of the implementation period.
Discussion:
Since 1994, U.S. Department of Commerce has funded hundred of projects designed to increase the equitable utilization of information technology in communities throughout the United States. The projects have addressed issues of health care, education, the arts, community networking, and public safety. Communities served are diverse, from rural to inner city, and populations cover the gamut of ethnicity, age, and gender. Thus, the same program has funded the ability of law enforcement personnel to communicate information instantaneously, as well as programs that engage youth in leadership activities, or engender community development through online entrepreneurship. All of the programs funded have undergone rigorous review, and appear well conceptualized from the outset.
Each program, however, will need to address a changing technological, economic, and social landscape as they are implemented in specific communities. Change can include advances in technology, unexpected shifts in community support, changing personnel, and the impact of other community programs on project implementation. Sometimes, the need to address change causes a project to falter. Yet other projects are not only able to ride out the unexpected, but use the changing context to make their programs stronger. These programs are able to use change to innovate, and even to foster new programmatic directions.
Successful programs are those that not only are able to implement a project that addresses the goals for which they were funded, but are able to continue the program after the funding ends. This means that they have been able to keep a broad view of their stated goals, while modifying their activities to meet the challenges of change. Examining successful projects indicates that despite their diverse objectives, they have some commonalities. These common features have less to do with the technology itself, and have more to do with the organizational characteristics in which the technology is embedded. These characteristics include leadership, community involvement, and organizational flexibility.
Solution:
Therefore, project design must focus less on technology deployment, and include organizational capacity to address change.
| |
Botswana’s economy is expected to recover this year, with an expected 8.3% growth, thanks to improving global demand for diamonds, easing restrictions on mobility and expansionary fiscal policy.
By Bilkiss Mentari
The recovery is expected to be uneven across sectors, depending on improvements in the domestic and external environment, while current account and budget deficits are expected to narrow, reflecting the expected improvement in global demand for diamonds, the gradual elimination of one-off expenses related to Covid, and the implementation of measures to improve revenue and consolidate expenses.
Inflationary pressures are expected to increase temporarily in the short term, following the rebound in oil prices, the increase in the fuel tax and the rate of the value added tax, as well as the increase in administered prices.
However, inflation is expected to stay within the central target of 3-6% over the medium term.
A “strong uncertainty” linked to the evolution of the pandemic
Growth prospects are therefore subject to great uncertainty, with downside risks mainly stemming from the evolution of the pandemic, the availability and deployment of vaccines, and lower-than-expected diamond revenues.
In contrast, faster deployment of vaccines in Botswana and around the world could boost growth, while vigorous implementation of supply-side reforms could promote private sector activity and diversify sources of growth.
As part of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) report following the conclusion of the Article IV consultations with Botswana, IMF Executive Directors noted that prudent management of mineral resources and a range of policies and very strong policy frameworks allowed Botswana to enter the crisis with more fiscal leeway than most countries and they commended the authorities for their decisive response to the pandemic.
However, the directors observed that the recovery expected this year remains subject to downside risks, in particular due to the evolution of the pandemic. They insisted on the need for a successful vaccine deployment to support the recovery.
Structural reforms needed
Going forward, they stress the need to engage decisively in structural reforms in order to increase diversification, address the challenges of climate change and boost potential growth.
Directors also favored maintaining targeted support to businesses and households until the recovery takes hold, and they welcome the planned fiscal consolidation through a combination of revenue and income measures. spending, which will be key to rebuilding buffers, guarding against shocks and creating fiscal space for growth-oriented investments.
However, Directors note that further fiscal consolidation will require civil service reform, streamlining of parastatals and improving their governance, as well as strengthening the fiscal framework.
They are also in favor of maintaining the accommodative stance of monetary policy, while stressing the need to monitor the second-round effects of supply shocks and discretionary measures on inflation and expectations, as well as developments. credit.
In this regard, the Botswana authorities were encouraged to use the exchange rate flexibility under the existing crawl arrangement to help the economy adapt to shocks and facilitate structural transformation to improve competitiveness. .
A “healthy” financial sector
With the financial sector considered “healthy”, IMF administrators further encouraged the authorities to monitor risks, including improving reporting, regularly stressing and providing financial surveillance.
They did, however, agree on the need to maintain targeted support to solvent but illiquid businesses, while reducing moral hazard, and underlined the need to untie Covid-related abstention measures as the health crisis wears off. ; they also encouraged the authorities to clarify the role of development banks and deepen the domestic bond market.
In view of the above, the authorities were urged to address the remaining shortcomings in the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing in order to be removed from the gray list of the Task Force. financial.
Directors stressed that the successful implementation of the economic recovery and transformation plan is essential to accelerate structural transformation, create jobs and promote inclusion. | https://www.botswanaonlinenews.com/botswana-an-economy-that-is-restarting/ |
DISCLAIMER: Most OTC drugs are not reviewed and approved by FDA, however they may be marketed if they comply with applicable regulations and policies. FDA has not evaluated whether this product complies.
Drug Label Information
Updated February 4, 2021
If you are a consumer or patient please visit this version.
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Liver warning: This product contains acetaminophen. Severe liver damage may occur if you take
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Additional Information Listed On Other Panels
LEADER
NDC 70000-0128-1
Nighttime Severe Cold &Cough
Acetaminophen
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COMPARE TO THERAFLU® NIGHTTIME SEVERE COLD & COUGH* active ingredients *
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*This product is not manufactured or distributed by Novartis Consumer Health, Inc., owner of the registered trademark Theraflu® Nighttime Severe Cold & Cough. | https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6c133d12-773e-466e-aaea-d165a7d1df81 |
Theoretical studies of the temperature distribution during laser heating of the TiO2 precursor film on the FTO/glass substrate have been carried out. The simulation was performed on the basis of a numerical solution of the heat equation in the Matlab program to determine the energy density of the laser radiation necessary for crystallization of TiO2. It was shown that on the surface of the TiO2 precursor the temperature reaches a maximum value at a time point of 133 ns with the Gaussian temporal form of the laser pulse. The optimum energy density for crystallization of the TiO2 precursor film with the nanosecond pulse duration is 1.3-1.6 J/cm2, when the film thickness temperature corresponds to 400-500 °C. The obtained results of the simulation are consistent with experimental studies.
Keywords: numerical simulation, laser heating, temperature distribution, TiO2 film, solar cell
Nanocrystalline TiO2 films are used as transparent layer n-type conductivity in the perovskite solar cells. The work presents the numerical diffusion-drift modeling of the transport processes and the accumulation of charge carriers in the heterostructure of TiO2 / perovskite / p-type semiconductor. The basis of the simulation put stationary physical and topological model based on drift-diffusion equations and semiconductor system allowing to model perovskite solar cells with a variety of electro-technological and constructive parameters. Obtained photovoltaic solar cell characteristics and plotted the efficiency of the TiO2 film thickness. The optimal thickness of the TiO2 film is 50-100 nm, thereby increasing the perovskite solar cell efficiency.
Keywords: Solar cell, thin film, titanium dioxide, p-i-n structure, numerical modeling
A numerical model of the laser annealing TiO2 film on the TCO / glass substrate with radiation of a wavelength of 1064nm (Nd: YAG laser) to the crystallization and its use in solar cells perovskite. The modeling used a numerical finite difference method for solving a system of one-dimensional unsteady heat conduction differential equations. As a result, laser annealing temperature distribution obtained in the process of modeling the structure of TiO2 / TCO / glass substrate by varying the laser power. It is shown that a high laser power (30-100 watts) is enough for an effective transition organometallic precursor of TiO2 in the crystalline phase of anatase TiO2 (transition temperature of 400-600 °C) for a short period of time (60 sec.) due to the direct absorption of photons laser radiation. It is found that for experimental studies should be used laser power of 30-70 watts, since a higher power (e.g., 100 W) raises the temperature of the substrate above its melting point (for example, for glass 650 ° C). | http://ww.ivdon.ru/en/magazine/search?search=Bondarchuk+D.A. |
TPM550 is one of Electrolube's latest high-performance thermal interface material innovations. It is a phase change material meaning that when it reaches its 'activation' temperature of 45°C it changes state to become a lower viscosity material, minimizing the contact thermal resistance and improving the thermal conductivity. Once it cools, it reverts back to its original state.
It is easy to apply via screen and stencil printing, containing a small amount of solvent which evaporates once it has been applied to partially cure the material in place. This eliminates the mess associated with thermal pastes or greases while maintaining workability.
The phase change allows for a vast array of application scenarios while it also has an exceptional thermal conductivity value of 5.5W/m.K. maintaining high performance through a wide operating temperature range.
With thermal interface materials, every application is different and one should not rely solely on the TDS to compare products. If you have any concerns or questions, please don't hesitate to get in touch with our technical support team. | https://www.electrolube.org/products/thermal-management/tpm550/thermal_phase_change/ |
What are you looking to get out of life? That is often a loaded question, especially given the last 15 months of the pandemic. Many are reevaluating their priorities and reassessing their ambitions now that the pandemic is receding. For some, this means a greater emphasis on helping others now that the deficiencies of our social safety net have been exposed. Are you one of those individuals who is looking for a great opportunity to help others? If so, look no further than Benefits in Action. We offer numerous opportunities to help others while connecting with others in the community. This article will detail one of those opportunities.
We are a health benefit navigation and application assistance site. This means that we help individuals navigate the world of health benefits such as Medicare, Medicaid, Connect 4 Health Colorado, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) by educating them about the benefits for which they may be eligible, applying for those benefits, and making sure that individuals understand and are able to use their benefits. We also conduct outreach related to these programs, meaning we travel to different locations to present educational sessions about them. All these services allow low-income and other Coloradoans to access, understand, and use health benefits more effectively.
So, what is it like to work as a volunteer navigator? Being a volunteer health benefit navigator involves communicating with a variety of different individuals every time you volunteer. You educate and inform others about health benefits and serve as a pillar of support for individuals who are struggling with the necessities of life. The work is detail-oriented, requires active listening, and can at times be arduous, but it is always rewarding. Knowing that you are making a positive contribution to someone’s life provides meaning and purpose that may otherwise be elusive. And signing up to become a volunteer is very easy. After you apply and interview for the position, all you need to do is pass a background check and a few quick training sessions. Once you are done training, you can work remotely or in person.
Volunteer navigation is very important. Many individuals do not even know of the benefits for which they may be eligible or have misguided beliefs about the benefit system perpetuated by popular culture. Even those who are aware of their eligibility for benefits often struggle with the online portals for those benefits or have a tough time communicating with county human services departments. Others struggle to collect the supporting documents needed as part of the typical application. This results in a significant gap between those who are eligible for benefits and those who are enrolled in those benefits. These individuals need your help.
Do you want to become a volunteer health benefit navigator? If so, contact BIA for more information on our navigations services, including how to become a volunteer. You can reach us at 720-221-8354 or by email at [email protected]. We look forward to hearing from you. Until next time, happy summer. | https://www.myprimetimenews.com/benefits-in-action-volunteers/ |
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