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An instruction code is a group of bits that instruct the computer to perform a specific operation. It is usually divided into parts, each having its own particular interpretation. The most basic part of an instruction code is its operation part. The operation code of an instruction is a group of bits that define such operations as add, subtract, multiply, shift, and complement. The number of bits required for the operation code of an instruction depends on the total number of operations available in the computer. The operation code must consist of at least n bits for a given 2" (or less) distinct operations. As an illustration, consider a computer with 64 distinct operations, one of them being an ADD operation. The operation code consists of six bits, with a bit configuration 110010 assigned to the ADD operation . When this operation code is decoded in the control unit, the computer issues control signals to read an operand from memory and add the operand to a processor register.
At this point we must recognize the relationship between a computer operation and a microoperation. An operation is part of an instruction stored in computer memory. It is a binary code that tells the computer to perform a specific operation. The control unit receives the instruction from memory and interprets the operation code bits. It then issues a sequence of control signals to initiate microoperations in internal computer registers. For every operation code, the control issues a sequence of microoperations needed for the hardware implementation of the specified operation. For this reason, an operation code is sometimes called a macrooperation because it specifies a set of microoperations.
The operation part of an instruction code specifies the operation to be performed. This operation must be performed on some data stored in processor registers or in memory. An instruction code must therefore specify not only the operation but also the registers or the memory words where the operands are to be found, as well as the register or memory word where the result is to be stored. Memory words can be specified in instruction codes by their address. Processor registers can be specified by assigning to the instruction another binary code of k bits that specifies one of 2 ' registers. There are many variations for arranging the binary code of instructions, and each computer has its own particular instruction code format. Instruction code formats are conceived by computer designers who specify the architecture of the computer. In this chapter we choose a particular instruction code to explain the basic organization and design of digital computers.
Frequently Asked Questions
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abstract: 'In this paper we show the consequences of a principle, according to which the dynamics of the Universe must not depend on the number of the particles of which it is composed. The validity of such a principle lead us to the conclusion that inertia and intrinsic angular momenta are deeply interrelated between them. In particular, assuming the principles outlined in the paper, matter must be composed by fermions, all stable bosons must be vectors and massless and no scalar particles can exist in the Universe. We also apply the results to the holographic principle and found established results more naturally with respect to previous approaches as well as new predictions about the Unruh effect.'
address: ' “Sapienza”, Università di Roma & INFN-Sez. di Roma, I-00185 ROMA, Italy'
author:
- Giovanni Organtini
title: 'On the possible connection between inertia and intrinsic angular momenta and its consequences.'
---
Introduction.
=============
Besides the known forces acting in the Universe, inertia is perhaps the most fundamental and, at the same time, the least understood one. Despite its very fundamental nature, inertial forces escape a reasonable explanation and are generically and qualitatively ascribed to the distribution of matter in the Universe. The well known Newton’s bucket experiment illustrates very well this conviction. This simple, qualitative statement means that, in some unknown way, the water in the bucket is able to determine its position with respect to some external reference frame, defined by objects out of the bucket. Those objects missing, one cannot define any reference frame with respect to which the position of the molecules of the water can be measured. This statement can be regarded as one of the possible formulation of the Mach’s principle and, in turn, means that there should be some sort of interaction between the water in the bucket and all the other bodies in the Universe, whatever the distance between those objects and the bucket. Without such interaction it was impossible for the water to [*tell*]{} its position with respect to any reference frame. It is in fact impossible even to define a reference frame. As a result, it is impossible, for the water, to climb the walls of the bucket. The water [*does not know*]{} wether it is rotating or not.
In this paper we discuss a very simple Universe, constituted by a small number of particles, and show that, in order for them to obey very basic principles, one must introduce some constraint about their intrinsic angular momentum. These observations have consequences on the nature of the particles and, in particular, forbid scalar particles as possible constituents of the Universe.
Moreover, given the considerations above, we propose an alternative formulation of the principles outlined in [@verlinde], in which Erik Verlinde tries to introduce inertia as an entropic force.
Simple Universes.
=================
The simplest Universe we can imagine is composed by just one particle. The dynamics of such a Universe is trivial. No interaction is expected in it. There is no interest in studying a Universe like that. For interactions to appear, at least another particle is needed, irrespective of its nature.
A more interesting Universe is the one composed by just two particles. Such a Universe, in fact, can be approximated by a group of two particles far enough from any other matter in the Universe. If there is no interaction between those two particles, the dynamics is still trivial. They just keep their state forever, i.e. they continue moving at constant speed along a linear path.
If there is some interaction there can be two different cases, depending on the relative state. The two particles can either approach each other, if the interaction is attractive, or their distance increases because the interaction is repulsive. If the relative state of the particles is such that they have some non–vanishing angular momentum, the trajectory of the particles will be a curve. Eventually they can orbit around a common center of mass.
However, seen from a reference frame attached to one of the particles, the interaction can only be described in terms of the distance between the two particles. In fact, since there are no other objects in the Universe, from the point of view of one particle, the only meaningful physics quantity that can be measured is the distance with respect to the other particle. In other words, such a Universe appears to be unidimensional. The only direction that can be defined at any time by each particle is the one corresponding to the vector $\mathbf{r}$ connecting the two particles.
As a consequence, both particles cannot [*tell*]{} that they are rotating or changing their direction. Each particle can only detect a reduction or an enlargement of the distance with respect to the other. The dynamics of the particles, then, appear as a variation of the distance between the two particles. However, for rotating particles this rather simple observation leads to a contradiction. For the sake of simplicity, consider a particle $A$ as being at rest, while particle $B$ rotates around $A$ along a circular trajectory centered in $A$[^1]. From the point of view of $B$, the distance with respect to $A$ is constant.
If particle $B$ finds itself at constant distance from $A$, it must conclude that there is no interaction between the two particles. On the other end, if we assume that particle $A$ produces some sort of field, with which $B$ interacts, the latter must be able to [*measure*]{} the intensity of such a field and it cannot appear to be null, just because $B$ appears to be at rest. In fact, let’s consider a particle $B$ moving from infinite distance toward $A$, with a given impact parameter $d > 0$. While approaching $A$, particle $B$ feels the force produced by the $A$ field, and changes its trajectory. Eventually it can be captured by $A$ and $B$ can start orbiting around $A$. In this case, from the point of view of $B$, the $A$ field must vanish at a certain time. Unless it can experiment, in its reference frame, an inertial centrifugal force, depending on its acceleration, which make the sum of the forces to vanish. But in order to experiment such a force, the particle must be able to [*tell*]{} that it is rotating around some axis, and this is impossible in this case. The [*rotating*]{} particle, in fact, can just move forth and back with respect to the particle at rest. One cannot even tell that this is in fact a rotating particle.
We arrived at a paradox: for particle $B$ there must be some field, but it results in null forces. If we believe that the laws of the dynamics must be valid irrespective of the number of particles in the Universe, we are lead to conclude that either a Universe must be constituted by at least three particles, or that there must be some other mean, for a particle, to tell its relative state with respect to another particle.
Angular Momentum.
=================
In fact, if the two particles in our simple Universe were not scalars, but had a non–vanishing, intrinsic angular momentum, the paradox would disappear. If at least one of the particles has a non–null, conserved angular momentum $\mathbf{J}$, then its relative state with respect to the other particle depends upon both the distance $\mathbf{r}$ and the relative orientation of $\mathbf{J}$ with respect to $\mathbf{r}$. Only in one case there is still an ambiguity: it is the case in which $\mathbf{J}$ is perpendicular to $\mathbf{r}$.
If particle $B$ has an intrinsic, conserved angular momentum $\mathbf{J}$, despite the distance $r=|\mathbf{r}|$ remains constant, $\mathbf{J}$ precedes around the angular velocity of the particle, so that there is a mean for particle $B$ to measure how and how fast it is moving with respect to particle $A$. In this case, inertial centrifugal forces may appear and can cancel field generated forces, keeping particle $B$ at rest in its reference frame.
It seems, then, that intrinsic angular momenta are essential in introducing inertia in a Universe. For inertial forces to appear, even in the simplest possible Universe, matter particles must have some intrinsic angular momentum. In fact, matter particles need to have some non–vanishing intrinsic angular momentum along any possible direction, to avoid the case for which $\mathbf{J}$ is perpendicular to $\mathbf{r}$.
Such a requirement is satisfied if matter particles are fermions. In fact, in this case, whatever the direction along which the angular momentum is measured, its value is always different from zero. This observation is of capital importance. It represent a justification of the experimental fact that matter appears always in the form of fermions. In other words, if the above arguments are true, matter particles have to be fermions because this is required for a consistent inertial behavior.
Photons, and other bosons.
==========================
If it is true that matter particles appear as fermions in the Universe, it is also true that interactions are modeled as the exchange of bosons for all known forces. The electromagnetic interactions is carried by photons, weak force is mediated by $Z$ and $W^\pm$ bosons, while gluons are responsible for the strong interaction. All the mediators are bosons.
In order for the above mentioned considerations to be valid in this picture, bosons must obey the same rules of fermions, i.e. they must show non–vanishing intrinsic angular momenta in any possible direction. However, for bosons is allowed to have their spin perpendicular to $\mathbf{r}$ in such a way that $J_z=0$ along some direction.
Rather than being a problem, such an observation corroborates our assumptions. In fact, gauge invariance is another experimental evidence, for electromagnetic interactions. Gauge invariance translates, in QED, in the fact that photons comes in only two possible spin states: $+1$ and $-1$. Transversely polarized photons, with $J_z=0$, are forbidden. That is not true for the massive intermediate vector bosons $Z$ and $W^\pm$. It must be noted, however, that all of those bosons are unstable. They decay after a very short time into a pair of fermions. No free, stable $Z$ or $W^\pm$ exist and possible, short enough, violations of the above mentioned principles are allowed within the Eisenberg indetermination principle. Gluons are considered to be massless and, as a result, they should also be longitudinally polarized, as photons. In fact, gluons do not exist as free particles, because of confinement. As a result, they in fact behave like weak interaction mediators for what concern their rotational properties.
Scalar particles.
=================
The Standard Model of electroweak interactions, in its minimal formulation, predicts the existence of a scalar Higgs boson, to be responsible for the mass of the fermions as well as of the intermediate vector bosons. Extensions of the minimal Standard Model, still predict the existence of at least one scalar particle.
According to our picture, however, scalar particles are not allowed as components of the Universe. They can, in fact, appear as non–elementary particles. In our model, elementary, point–like particles, cannot exist in spinless state, because otherwise inertial laws cannot be applied to them. We can say that scalar bosons cannot [*tell*]{} that they are rotating.
In fact, we can still admit the existence of scalar particles, at the price of admitting a different behavior for them. If we admit they exist, we are forced to consider them as a sort of new ether: either they are at rest or they move only along straight paths, implying difficulties in the case of a Universe of finite size. Of course, they can always exist as composites.
Application to the Holographic Principle.
=========================================
According to some authors, space–time emerges as a holographic image of a Universe with more dimensions [@ADD]. In particular, the author of [@verlinde], Erik Verlinde, assumes the holographic principle and derives the inertial force as an entropic force, emerging from the fact that the entropy of a system of two particles tend to increase if the two particles move with respect each other. Despite the fact that many of the conclusions in [@verlinde] are debatable, this is a reasonable attempt to formally introduce inertia in the dynamics of two particles and could be a good starting point for further investigations in this field.
In that paper, an entropy $S$ for a particle of mass $m$ interacting with another particle at distance $r$ is introduced as
$$S = Amr\,,$$
where $A$ is a constant. Inertial forces appear as entropic forces, due to an entropy gradient, as
$$F = T\frac{\partial S}{\partial r}\,.$$
Here $T$ has the dimensions of a temperature defined to be as the temperature required to cause an acceleration $a$ on a particle of mass $m$, following the relationship known as the Unruh effect [@unruh], according to which, detectors accelerated in vacuum will detect the presence of particles at temperature $T$ such that
$$\label{eq:unruh}
T = \frac{1}{2\pi k_B}\frac{\hbar a}{c}\,,$$
where $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant, $c$ the speed of light and $\hbar$ the Planck constant. Given the relationships above, it is straightforward to show that inertia is an entropic force. In fact
$$F = \frac{1}{2\pi k_B}\frac{\hbar a}{c} A m = ma\,,$$
provided that
$$A^{-1}= \frac{1}{2\pi k_B}\frac{\hbar}{c}\,.$$
A number of questions arise from the above model. First of all, the entropy $S$ is a scalar, but it must be constructed using a quantity that is naturally a vector: the distance $\mathbf{r}$ for which only the length is taken as an ingredient of $S$. Moreover, the inclusion of the constant $\hbar$ into a classical constant appears as unnatural, though it cancels in the end.
In this section we try to derive similar results, using our conclusion according to which particles must have a spin that is a multiple of 1/2. For definiteness, we consider two spin–1/2 particles orbiting around a common center of mass $O$, such that one of them is almost at rest in $O$, while the other follows a circular path around $O$.
The entropy $S$ must be a scalar built from both $\mathbf{r}$ and $\mathbf{J}$. The simplest combination who gives rise to a scalar is then the scalar product $\mathbf{r}\cdot \mathbf{J}$ between the two and we can define $S$ as
$$S = \alpha m \mathbf{r}\cdot \mathbf{J} = \alpha m r J_r\,,$$
where $J_r$ is the component of $\mathbf{J}$ along $\mathbf{r}$. Being $\mathbf{J}$ conserved $S$ depends on the time $t$:
$$S=\alpha m r \frac{\hbar}{2}\cos{(\omega t + \phi)}\,.$$
The work done by the force $F$ is given by
$$\label{eq:force}
\mathbf{F}\cdot \mathbf{dr} = T dS=T \alpha m \frac{\hbar}{2}\cos{(\omega t + \phi)}dr.$$
Imposing the second law of dynamics $F=ma$, we recover the result found in [@verlinde], provided that
$$\alpha = \frac{2A}{\hbar}=\frac{4\pi k_B c}{\hbar^2}\,.$$
and $T$ is modified as
$$\label{eq:unruh2}
T\to T' = \frac{1}{2\pi k_B}\frac{\hbar a}{c}\frac{1}{\cos{(\omega t+\phi)}}=\frac{T}{\cos{(\omega t+\phi)}}$$
The latter equation can be interpreted as follows. Consider first the case $\omega=0$, i.e. linear acceleration only. For a particle accelerated along a path parallel to its intrinsic angular momentum, $\cos{\phi}=\pm 1$ and $T' \to \pm T$, recovering the Unruh result, apart from the sign, discussed below. For particles accelerated along a path perpendicular to its intrinsic momentum, $\cos{\phi}=0$ and $T' \to \infty$. Note that, thanks to the cancellation that occurs between numerator and denominator, the value for the force given by (\[eq:force\]) is not affected by the divergence in $T'$. The usual interpretation of the Unruh prediction is that accelerated detectors measure, in their reference frame, a field thermally distributed as a black body radiation at temperature $T$. Unruh detectors consist of any device with two states. In our case the detector is a point–like particle with spin 1/2. When $\cos{\phi}=0$, $\phi=\pi/2$ and the intrinsic angular momentum of the particle is perpendicular to the acceleration. The component of $\mathbf{J}$ along the acceleration, then, is null, that means that in fact the particle is in a superposition of states $J_z=+\frac{1}{2}$ and $J_z=-\frac{1}{2}$, with equal probabilities. The interaction with any external field of such a system provokes both absorption and stimulated emission, and being the two states equally populated, the net effect cannot be detected, since the final state will be the same of the initial state. In other words, we predict that no Unruh effect should manifest when a point–like polarized particle with spin is accelerated perpendicularly to its polarization vector. In fact there is a precise relationship between the temperature of the black body radiation seen by the accelerated point–like detector and the angle between the acceleration direction and the polarization vector of the detector, given by (\[eq:unruh2\]), that can be eventually experimentally verified.
The different signs of the temperature $T'$ reflect the fact that if the polarization vector is oriented along the acceleration, $T' >0$ and the detector experiences the absorption of the external Unruh field, being in one of its eigenstates. In the opposite case, the detector finds itself in the other possible eigenstate and experiences stimulated emission.
In the approach followed by Verlinde in his paper, conversely, $T$ as to be interpreted as the temperature associated to the holographic screen needed to cause the acceleration, and is inversely proportional to the amount $N$ of bits of information obtained by a particle close to an holographic screen. An infinite temperature corresponds, then, to null information. Again, this is reasonable as long as the information is exchanged in terms of a field able to cause transitions between states.
Conclusion.
===========
In this paper we introduced a principle according to which the dynamics of any possible Universe does not depend on the number of particles contained in it. As a consequence of such a principle, we are forced to rule out the possibility to find elementary point–like scalar particles in the Universe.
Having ruled out not only the possibility of finding scalar particles in a Universe, but even to find particles for which one component of their intrinsic angular momentum is null, turns out into the need, for matter particles, to behave like spinors, explaining the nature of matter fields. The same requirement forces stable bosons to be massless and, as a consequence, transversal.
Applying the principle to the holographic principle, moreover, we are able to introduce inertial forces as entropic forces, more naturally with respect to what is made in [@verlinde]. We assume the entropy $S$ to be a scalar built by the simplest combination of the only two meaningful vectors that can be defined in the simplest possible Universe. Moreover, the presence of the constant $\hbar$ in the definition of $T$ becomes natural, being the dynamics governed by the intrinsic angular momentum of the interacting particles.
Finally, we made a prediction about possible results of experiments aiming at detecting the Unruh radiation. The prediction states that the Unruh temperature must depend on the relative orientation between the acceleration and the intrinsic angular momentum of the detector and turns out to be reasonable in terms of the definition of the detector given by Unruh, as a device with two distinct quantum states.
We are convinced that the picture outlined above is still very naive and subject to many criticism, however, to use the terminology introduced by Imre Lakatos [@lakatos], it has a remarkable content of positive heuristic and, because of that, is susceptible of interesting improvements. In fact, just assuming very basic first principles, we are able to justify many different and well established experimental results, as well as to make predictions about new effects.
Acknowledgements.
=================
I am indebted to my friend Dr. Donato Bini, at CNR and ICRA, who introduced me into the physics of gravitation and brought some effects predicted by General Relativity to my attention. I was lead to the thoughts given above, starting from these discussions. His continuous and constructive criticism made it possible, for me, to arrive at a coherent view of the matter presented in this paper.
[99]{} L. Susskind, “The world as a hologram”, (1994) [arXiv:hep-th/9409089v2]{}\
G Õt Hooft, Dimensional Reduction in Quantum Gravity, Utrecht Preprint THU-93/26, gr-qc/9310006 E. Verlinde, “On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton”, (2010) [arXiv:1001.0785v1]{} W.G. Unruh, “Notes on black-hole evaporation”, Physical Review D 14: 870. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.14.870 The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: Philosophical Papers Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[^1]: Any other motion can be decomposed into a motion along a path along the radius and a path along an arc of circumference.
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# System of polynomial equations
A system of polynomial equations (sometimes simply a polynomial system) is a set of simultaneous equations f1 = 0, ..., fh = 0 where the fi are polynomials in several variables, say x1, ..., xn, over some field k.
A solution of a polynomial system is a set of values for the xis which belong to some algebraically closed field extension K of k, and make all equations true. When k is the field of rational numbers, K is generally assumed to be the field of complex numbers, because each solution belongs to a field extension of k, which is isomorphic to a subfield of the complex numbers.
This article is about the methods for solving, that is, finding all solutions or describing them. As these methods are designed for being implemented in a computer, emphasis is given on fields k in which computation (including equality testing) is easy and efficient, that is the field of rational numbers and finite fields.
Searching for solutions that belong to a specific set is a problem which is generally much more difficult, and is outside the scope of this article, except for the case of the solutions in a given finite field. For the case of solutions of which all components are integers or rational numbers, see Diophantine equation.
## Definition
A simple example of a system of polynomial equations is
Its solutions are the four pairs (x, y) = (1, 2), (2, 1), (-1, -2), (-2, -1). These solutions can easily checked by substitution, but more work is needed for proving that there are no other solutions.
The subject of this article is the study of generalizations of such an examples, and the description of the methods that are used for computing the solutions.
A system of polynomial equations, or polynomial system is a collection of equations
where each fh is a polynomial in the indeterminates x1, ..., xm, with integer coefficients, or coefficients in some fixed field, often the field of rational numbers or a finite field. Other fields of coefficients, such as the real numbers, are less often used, as their elements cannot be represented in a computer (only approximations of real numbers can be used in computations, and these approximations are always rational numbers).
A solution of a polynomial system is a tuple of values of (x1, ..., xm) that satisfies all equations of the polynomial system. The solutions are sought in the complex numbers, or more generally in an algebraically closed field containing the coefficients. In particular, in characteristic zero, all complex solutions are sought. Searching for the real or rational solutions are much more difficult problems that are not considered in this article.
The set of solutions is not always finite; for example, the solutions of the system
are a point (x,y) = (1,1) and a line x = 0. Even when the solution set is finite, there is, in general, no closed-form expression of the solutions (in the case of a single equation, this is Abel–Ruffini theorem).
The Barth surface, shown in the figure is the geometric representation of the solutions of a polynomial system reduced to a single equation of degree 6 in 3 variables. Some of its numerous singular points are visible on the image. They are the solutions of a system of 4 equations of degree 5 in 3 variables. Such an overdetermined system has no solution in general (that is if the coefficients are not specific). If it has a finite number of solutions, this number is at most 53 = 125, by Bézout's theorem. However, it has been shown that, for the case of the singular points of a surface of degree 6, the maximum number of solutions is 65, and is reached by the Barth surface.
## Basic properties and definitions
A system is overdetermined if the number of equations is higher than the number of variables. A system is inconsistent if it has no complex solution (or, if the coefficients are not complex numbers, no solution in an algebraically closed field containing the coefficients). By Hilbert's Nullstellensatz this means that 1 is a linear combination (with polynomials as coefficients) of the first members of the equations. Most but not all overdetermined systems, when constructed with random coefficients, are inconsistent. For example, the system x3 – 1 = 0, x2 – 1 = 0 is overdetermined (having two equations but only one unknown), but it is not inconsistent since it has the solution x = 1.
A system is underdetermined if the number of equations is lower than the number of the variables. An underdetermined system is either inconsistent or has infinitely many complex solutions (or solutions in an algebraically closed field that contains the coefficients of the equations). This is a non-trivial result of commutative algebra that involves, in particular, Hilbert's Nullstellensatz and Krull's principal ideal theorem.
A system is zero-dimensional if it has a finite number of complex solutions (or solutions in an algebraically closed field). This terminology comes from the fact that the algebraic variety of the solutions has dimension zero. A system with infinitely many solutions is said to be positive-dimensional.
A zero-dimensional system with as many equations as variables is sometimes said to be well-behaved. Bézout's theorem asserts that a well-behaved system whose equations have degrees d1, ..., dn has at most d1⋅⋅⋅dn solutions. This bound is sharp. If all the degrees are equal to d, this bound becomes dn and is exponential in the number of variables. (The fundamental theorem of algebra is the special case n = 1.)
This exponential behavior makes solving polynomial systems difficult and explains why there are few solvers that are able to automatically solve systems with Bézout's bound higher than, say, 25 (three equations of degree 3 or five equations of degree 2 are beyond this bound).
## What is solving?
The first thing to do for solving a polynomial system is to decide whether it is inconsistent, zero-dimensional or positive dimensional. This may be done by the computation of a Gröbner basis of the left-hand sides of the equations. The system is inconsistent if this Gröbner basis is reduced to 1. The system is zero-dimensional if, for every variable there is a leading monomial of some element of the Gröbner basis which is a pure power of this variable. For this test, the best monomial order (that is the one which leads generally to the fastest computation) is usually the graded reverse lexicographic one (grevlex).
If the system is positive-dimensional, it has infinitely many solutions. It is thus not possible to enumerate them. It follows that, in this case, solving may only mean "finding a description of the solutions from which the relevant properties of the solutions are easy to extract". There is no commonly accepted such description. In fact there are many different "relevant properties", which involve almost every subfield of algebraic geometry.
A natural example of such a question concerning positive-dimensional systems is the following: decide if a polynomial system over the rational numbers has a finite number of real solutions and compute them. A generalization of this question is find at least one solution in each connected component of the set of real solutions of a polynomial system. The classical algorithm for solving these question is cylindrical algebraic decomposition, which has a doubly exponential computational complexity and therefore cannot be used in practice, except for very small examples.
For zero-dimensional systems, solving consists of computing all the solutions. There are two different ways of outputting the solutions. The most common way is possible only for real or complex solutions, and consists of outputting numeric approximations of the solutions. Such a solution is called numeric. A solution is certified if it is provided with a bound on the error of the approximations, and if this bound separates the different solutions.
The other way of representing the solutions is said to be algebraic. It uses the fact that, for a zero-dimensional system, the solutions belong to the algebraic closure of the field k of the coefficients of the system. There are several ways to represent the solution in an algebraic closure, which are discussed below. All of them allow one to compute a numerical approximation of the solutions by solving one or several univariate equations. For this computation, it is preferable to use a representation that involves solving only one univariate polynomial per solution, because computing the roots of a polynomial which has approximate coefficients is a highly unstable problem.
## Extensions
### Trigonometric equations
A trigonometric equation is an equation g = 0 where g is a trigonometric polynomial. Such an equation may be converted into a polynomial system by expanding the sines and cosines in it (using sum and difference formulas), replacing sin(x) and cos(x) by two new variables s and c and adding the new equation s2 + c2 – 1 = 0.
For example, because of the identity
solving the equation
is equivalent to solving the polynomial system
For each solution (c0, s0) of this system, there is a unique solution x of the equation such that 0 ≤ x < 2π.
In the case of this simple example, it may be unclear whether the system is, or not, easier to solve than the equation. On more complicated examples, one lacks systematic methods for solving directly the equation, while software are available for automatically solving the corresponding system.
### Solutions in a finite field
When solving a system over a finite field k with q elements, one is primarily interested in the solutions in k. As the elements of k are exactly the solutions of the equation xq – x = 0, it suffices, for restricting the solutions to k, to add the equation xiq – xi = 0 for each variable xi.
### Coefficients in a number field or in a finite field with non-prime order
The elements of an algebraic number field are usually represented as polynomials in a generator of the field which satisfies some univariate polynomial equation. To work with a polynomial system whose coefficients belong to a number field, it suffices to consider this generator as a new variable and to add the equation of the generator to the equations of the system. Thus solving a polynomial system over a number field is reduced to solving another system over the rational numbers.
For example, if a system contains 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} , a system over the rational numbers is obtained by adding the equation r22 – 2 = 0 and replacing 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} by r2 in the other equations.
In the case of a finite field, the same transformation allows always supposing that the field k has a prime order.
## Algebraic representation of the solutions
### Regular chains
The usual way of representing the solutions is through zero-dimensional regular chains. Such a chain consists of a sequence of polynomials f1(x1), f2(x1, x2), ..., fn(x1, ..., xn) such that, for every i such that 1 ≤ i ≤ n
fi is a polynomial in x1, ..., xi only, which has a degree di > 0 in xi; the coefficient of xidi in fi is a polynomial in x1, ..., xi −1 which does not have any common zero with f1, ..., fi − 1.
To such a regular chain is associated a triangular system of equations
The solutions of this system are obtained by solving the first univariate equation, substituting the solutions in the other equations, then solving the second equation which is now univariate, and so on. The definition of regular chains implies that the univariate equation obtained from fi has degree di and thus that the system has d1 ... dn solutions, provided that there is no multiple root in this resolution process (fundamental theorem of algebra).
Every zero-dimensional system of polynomial equations is equivalent (i.e. has the same solutions) to a finite number of regular chains. Several regular chains may be needed, as it is the case for the following system which has three solutions.
There are several algorithms for computing a triangular decomposition of an arbitrary polynomial system (not necessarily zero-dimensional) into regular chains (or regular semi-algebraic systems).
There is also an algorithm which is specific to the zero-dimensional case and is competitive, in this case, with the direct algorithms. It consists in computing first the Gröbner basis for the graded reverse lexicographic order (grevlex), then deducing the lexicographical Gröbner basis by FGLM algorithm and finally applying the Lextriangular algorithm.
This representation of the solutions are fully convenient for coefficients in a finite field. However, for rational coefficients, two aspects have to be taken care of:
The output may involve huge integers which may make the computation and the use of the result problematic. To deduce the numeric values of the solutions from the output, one has to solve univariate polynomials with approximate coefficients, which is a highly unstable problem.
The first issue has been solved by Dahan and Schost: Among the sets of regular chains that represent a given set of solutions, there is a set for which the coefficients are explicitly bounded in terms of the size of the input system, with a nearly optimal bound. This set, called equiprojectable decomposition, depends only on the choice of the coordinates. This allows the use of modular methods for computing efficiently the equiprojectable decomposition.
The second issue is generally solved by outputting regular chains of a special form, sometimes called shape lemma, for which all di but the first one are equal to 1. For getting such regular chains, one may have to add a further variable, called separating variable, which is given the index 0. The rational univariate representation, described below, allows computing such a special regular chain, satisfying Dahan–Schost bound, by starting from either a regular chain or a Gröbner basis.
### Rational univariate representation
The rational univariate representation or RUR is a representation of the solutions of a zero-dimensional polynomial system over the rational numbers which has been introduced by F. Rouillier.
A RUR of a zero-dimensional system consists in a linear combination x0 of the variables, called separating variable, and a system of equations
where h is a univariate polynomial in x0 of degree D and g0, ..., gn are univariate polynomials in x0 of degree less than D.
Given a zero-dimensional polynomial system over the rational numbers, the RUR has the following properties.
All but a finite number linear combinations of the variables are separating variables. When the separating variable is chosen, the RUR exists and is unique. In particular h and the gi are defined independently of any algorithm to compute them. The solutions of the system are in one-to-one correspondence with the roots of h and the multiplicity of each root of h equals the multiplicity of the corresponding solution. The solutions of the system are obtained by substituting the roots of h in the other equations. If h does not have any multiple root then g0 is the derivative of h.
For example, for the system in the previous section, every linear combination of the variable, except the multiples of x, y and x + y, is a separating variable. If one chooses t = x – y/2 as a separating variable, then the RUR is
The RUR is uniquely defined for a given separating variable, independently of any algorithm, and it preserves the multiplicities of the roots. This is a notable difference with triangular decompositions (even the equiprojectable decomposition), which, in general, do not preserve multiplicities. The RUR shares with equiprojectable decomposition the property of producing an output with coefficients of relatively small size.
For zero-dimensional systems, the RUR allows retrieval of the numeric values of the solutions by solving a single univariate polynomial and substituting them in rational functions. This allows production of certified approximations of the solutions to any given precision.
Moreover, the univariate polynomial h(x0) of the RUR may be factorized, and this gives a RUR for every irreducible factor. This provides the prime decomposition of the given ideal (that is the primary decomposition of the radical of the ideal). In practice, this provides an output with much smaller coefficients, especially in the case of systems with high multiplicities.
Contrarily to triangular decompositions and equiprojectable decompositions, the RUR is not defined in positive dimension.
## Solving numerically
### General solving algorithms
The general numerical algorithms which are designed for any system of nonlinear equations work also for polynomial systems. However the specific methods will generally be preferred, as the general methods generally do not allow one to find all solutions. In particular, when a general method does not find any solution, this is usually not an indication that there is no solution.
Nevertheless, two methods deserve to be mentioned here.
Newton's method may be used if the number of equations is equal to the number of variables. It does not allow one to find all the solutions nor to prove that there is no solution. But it is very fast when starting from a point which is close to a solution. Therefore, it is a basic tool for the homotopy continuation method described below. Optimization is rarely used for solving polynomial systems, but it succeeded, circa 1970, in showing that a system of 81 quadratic equations in 56 variables is not inconsistent. With the other known methods, this remains beyond the possibilities of modern technology, as of 2022. This method consists simply in minimizing the sum of the squares of the equations. If zero is found as a local minimum, then it is attained at a solution. This method works for overdetermined systems, but outputs an empty information if all local minimums which are found are positive.
### Homotopy continuation method
This is a semi-numeric method which supposes that the number of equations is equal to the number of variables. This method is relatively old but it has been dramatically improved in the last decades.
This method divides into three steps. First an upper bound on the number of solutions is computed. This bound has to be as sharp as possible. Therefore, it is computed by, at least, four different methods and the best value, say N {\displaystyle N} , is kept.
In the second step, a system g 1 = 0 , … , g n = 0 {\displaystyle g_{1}=0,\,\ldots ,\,g_{n}=0} of polynomial equations is generated which has exactly N {\displaystyle N} solutions that are easy to compute. This new system has the same number n {\displaystyle n} of variables and the same number n {\displaystyle n} of equations and the same general structure as the system to solve, f 1 = 0 , … , f n = 0 {\displaystyle f_{1}=0,\,\ldots ,\,f_{n}=0} .
Then a homotopy between the two systems is considered. It consists, for example, of the straight line between the two systems, but other paths may be considered, in particular to avoid some singularities, in the system
The homotopy continuation consists in deforming the parameter t {\displaystyle t} from 0 to 1 and following the N {\displaystyle N} solutions during this deformation. This gives the desired solutions for t = 1 {\displaystyle t=1} . Following means that, if t 1 < t 2 {\displaystyle t_{1}, the solutions for t = t 2 {\displaystyle t=t_{2}} are deduced from the solutions for t = t 1 {\displaystyle t=t_{1}} by Newton's method. The difficulty here is to well choose the value of t 2 − t 1 : {\displaystyle t_{2}-t_{1}:} Too large, Newton's convergence may be slow and may even jump from a solution path to another one. Too small, and the number of steps slows down the method.
### Numerically solving from the rational univariate representation
To deduce the numeric values of the solutions from a RUR seems easy: it suffices to compute the roots of the univariate polynomial and to substitute them in the other equations. This is not so easy because the evaluation of a polynomial at the roots of another polynomial is highly unstable.
The roots of the univariate polynomial have thus to be computed at a high precision which may not be defined once for all. There are two algorithms which fulfill this requirement.
Aberth method, implemented in MPSolve computes all the complex roots to any precision. Uspensky's algorithm of Collins and Akritas, improved by Rouillier and Zimmermann and based on Descartes' rule of signs. This algorithms computes the real roots, isolated in intervals of arbitrary small width. It is implemented in Maple (functions fsolve and RootFinding).
## Software packages
There are at least four software packages which can solve zero-dimensional systems automatically (by automatically, one means that no human intervention is needed between input and output, and thus that no knowledge of the method by the user is needed). There are also several other software packages which may be useful for solving zero-dimensional systems. Some of them are listed after the automatic solvers.
The Maple function RootFinding takes as input any polynomial system over the rational numbers (if some coefficients are floating point numbers, they are converted to rational numbers) and outputs the real solutions represented either (optionally) as intervals of rational numbers or as floating point approximations of arbitrary precision. If the system is not zero dimensional, this is signaled as an error.
Internally, this solver, designed by F. Rouillier computes first a Gröbner basis and then a Rational Univariate Representation from which the required approximation of the solutions are deduced. It works routinely for systems having up to a few hundred complex solutions.
The rational univariate representation may be computed with Maple function Groebner.
To extract all the complex solutions from a rational univariate representation, one may use MPSolve, which computes the complex roots of univariate polynomials to any precision. It is recommended to run MPSolve several times, doubling the precision each time, until solutions remain stable, as the substitution of the roots in the equations of the input variables can be highly unstable.
The second solver is PHCpack, written under the direction of J. Verschelde. PHCpack implements the homotopy continuation method. This solver computes the isolated complex solutions of polynomial systems having as many equations as variables.
The third solver is Bertini, written by D. J. Bates, J. D. Hauenstein, A. J. Sommese, and C. W. Wampler. Bertini uses numerical homotopy continuation with adaptive precision. In addition to computing zero-dimensional solution sets, both PHCpack and Bertini are capable of working with positive dimensional solution sets.
The fourth solver is the Maple library RegularChains, written by Marc Moreno-Maza and collaborators. It contains various functions for solving polynomial systems by means of regular chains. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_polynomial_equations |
This post may contain affiliate links. Please read my disclosure policy.
Reading: Pizza Monkey Bread
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Pizza Monkey Bread has all the flavor of pizza in a fun, pull-apart bread imprint. It ’ s layered with pizza sauce, lots of mini pepperoni slices, mozzarella cheese, and Parmesan cheese. Dip the pieces in pizza sauce for even more season .
You ’ ll need a Bundt pan for this recipe and you ’ ll want to spray it well with nonstick cook spray. I don ’ t have one, but a cast iron Bundt pan would be arrant for getting a crisp crust .
Biscuit Dough or Pizza Crust
I ’ ve used a tube of refrigerate cookie boodle and a tube of refrigerated pizza crust. chiefly because I couldn ’ t decide which one to use. You could use 2 tubes of biscuits or 2 of pizza boodle, but I like the means one of each tasted together .
How To Make Pizza Monkey Bread
The biscuits are cut into quarters and the pizza dough into 1 1/2-inch pieces. then they are coated in a mix of olive oil, melted butter, garlic, crimson capsicum flakes, dried onion flakes, and italian season for lots of add relish .
once out of the oven, you want the Pizza Monkey Bread to cool it slenderly in the pan, about 10 minutes, but not besides farseeing or it will start to stick. If you ’ ve greased the pan well and you run a knife around the edges before inverting the pan, you shouldn ’ t have any trouble getting it out in one piece .
If you do, blame your pan. That ’ s what I do .
More pizza Snacks
Pizza Monkey Bread
Pizza Monkey Bread has all the flavor of pizza in a fun, pull-apart bread form. Layered with pizza sauce, cheese, and mini pepperoni slices.
PREP:
15
mins
COOK:
40
mins
TOTAL:
55
mins
SERVINGS:
14
to 16 servings
Pin
Ingredients
-
▢
1/4 cup olive oil
-
▢
3 tablespoons butter
-
▢
1 tablespoon dried onion flakes
Read more: The Top 3 Ways to Reheat Pizza—Ranked
-
▢
2 garlic cloves, minced
-
▢
2 teaspoons italian temper
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▢
1/2 teaspoon red pepper flakes
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▢
1 tablespoon chopped fresh parsley
-
▢
1 ( 16.3-ounce ) can refrigerated flaky biscuits
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▢
1 ( 13.8-ounce ) can refrigerated pizza dough
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▢
1 ( 5-ounce ) package miniskirt pepperoni
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▢
1/2 cup marinara sauce or pizza sauce, plus more for serving
-
▢
1 ( 8-ounce ) package shredded mozzarella ( 2 cups )
-
▢
1/2 cup shredded Parmesan cheese
Instructions
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees and grease a Bundt pan
- In a average microwave-safe bowling ball, combine olive oil, butter, onion flakes, garlic, italian flavorer, red pepper flakes, and parsley. Microwave at 30 second intervals until butter is melted .
- Cut biscuits in quarters and pizza dough into 1 1/2-inch pieces .
- Scatter i/3 of pepperoni slices and 1/3 of Parmesan cheese in bottom of Bundt pan .
- Toss cookie and pizza boodle pieces with olive vegetable oil concoction .
- Scatter half of biscuit/pizza dough pieces in Bundt pan .
- Scatter half remaining pepperoni pieces and Parmesan tall mallow on top of biscuit/pizza boodle pieces .
- Pour 1/4 cup marinara sauce evenly into Bundt pan and then sprinkle half of mozzarella cheese into bundt pan .
- Add remaining biscuit/pizza boodle pieces to Bundt pan and top with remaining marinara sauce, pepperoni slices, Parmesan cheese, and mozzarella tall mallow .
- place in oven and bake for 40 minutes. Let cool 10 minutes and remove from pan .
- suffice with extra sauce .
Nutrition
Calories:
364
kcal
Read more: Who Invented Pizza?
Want to Save This Recipe?
Save This Recipe in the first place posted October 24, 2016 .
disclosure : This stake contains affiliate links . | https://www.ozumarestaurant.com/how-to-make-pizza-monkey-bread-1650887977/ |
Introduction: Swim Distance and Pace Calculator
I swim a mile three days a week, one problem given how repetitive it is I would lose count. In my case 36 (up and back 25 yard pool) laps are just over a mile. Almost all pools have Pace clocks (see picture) with any type of swim team, this is for those of us who train but are not on a swim team.
I have a counter I use that keeps track of laps and pace but it has too much glare to be any good beyond looking at my pace per lap when I am done. Being an engineer I unconsciously solved my problem. I extrapolated my single case solution to accommodate any one who swims distance in a pool.
Equipment:
Pace clock on the wall.
Step 1: Reasoning
As I got lazy in my swimming thinking about anything but my stroke, I found my time never got any better ranging from 33:40 – 34:15. Determined to get better I started looking at the pace clock just after the flip, I did some quick math in my head to determine that to swim a sub 33:00 mile (36 laps in my pool is greater than a mile by 120ft) I needed to swim an average of 55 seconds per lap. With that in mind each lap I tried to make sure the sweep hand on the clock appeared to move 5 seconds backwards with each lap to get the 55 second pace.
I further extrapolated that if I counted how many times the sweep hand passed the zero I could determine if I was on schedule. A good rule of thumb was to be gaining (for lack of a better term) about 1 minute every 10 minutes. That by 20 minutes I should be 2 and 30 to be close to 3.
Step 2: Example
I could not paste the table so I took a screen shot the col are a little off but you should be able to get it. here is an example.
For example if your goal is 33min/Mile:
Mile time, Pace, clock back/lap, clock back10min, 20min, 25min, 30min @mile mark
33:00, 55, 5, 00:50, 01:40, 02:05, 02:30, 03:00
You need to remember 3 things: start time (so you can go for a set time before checking and know when you are done), your goal pace at -5 seconds per lap, and keep track each time the sweep (second) hand passes 60/0 to count minutes. Given you will only vary a second or two per lap (at least you should if you try to keep pace, I start strong but by the third lap my pace does not vary much) the total time is not much of an issue.
I know if I go 3 minutes back in 33 minutes total I know I swam a mile and know my pace.
Now if the clock went back only 2:30 at 33min I know I should swim another lap to make it a mile, in any case until you know your “time zone” you swim keep going to the next 5 minute mark to make sure you get your mile as a penalty for not making your time. Soon you will find by keeping an eye on your pace you will improve to either reach your goal or find your current limit.
Step 3: PDF File and Excel
The PDF shows the results for 25-36 minute miles.
The excel file provided for those who want ot edit.
Be the First to Share
Recommendations
2 Comments
This would have been super helpful when I had to swim for my Divemaster (SCUBA) certification. I love it! I agree that those laps are super repeditive and really quite boring.
Very nicely done! I love seeing this kind of numbers nerdery related to sports and athletics. Awesome stuff! | https://www.instructables.com/Swim-Distance-and-Pace-Calculator/ |
---
abstract: |
A [*universal word*]{} for a finite alphabet $A$ and some integer $n\geq 1$ is a word over $A$ such that every word in $A^n$ appears exactly once as a subword (cyclically or linearly). It is well-known and easy to prove that universal words exist for any $A$ and $n$. In this work we initiate the systematic study of universal [*partial*]{} words. These are words that in addition to the letters from $A$ may contain an arbitrary number of occurrences of a special ‘joker’ symbol $\Diamond\notin A$, which can be substituted by any symbol from $A$. For example, $u=0\Diamond 011100$ is a linear partial word for the binary alphabet $A=\{0,1\}$ and for $n=3$ (e.g., the first three letters of $u$ yield the subwords $000$ and $010$). We present results on the existence and non-existence of linear and cyclic universal partial words in different situations (depending on the number of $\Diamond$s and their positions), including various explicit constructions. We also provide numerous examples of universal partial words that we found with the help of a computer.\
author:
- 'Herman Z. Q. Chen'
- Sergey Kitaev
- Torsten Mütze
- 'Brian Y. Sun[^1]'
bibliography:
- 'refs.bib'
title: On universal partial words
---
Introduction {#sec:intro}
============
De Bruijn sequences are a centuries-old and well-studied topic in combinatorics, and over the years they found widespread use in real-world applications, e.g., in the areas of molecular biology [@compeau:11], computer security [@MR653429], computer vision [@pscf:05], robotics [@scheinerman:01] and psychology experiments [@sbsh:97]. More recently, they have also been studied in a more general context by constructing [*universal cycles*]{} for other fundamental combinatorial structures such as permutations or subsets of a fixed ground set (see e.g. [@MR2638827; @MR1197444; @MR2925746; @MR3193758]).
In the context of words over a finite alphabet $A$, we say that a word $u$ is [*universal for $A^n$*]{} if $u$ contains every word of length $n\geq 1$ over $A$ exactly once as a subword. We distinguish *cyclic universal words* and *linear universal words*. In the cyclic setting, we view $u$ as a cyclic word and consider all subwords of length $n$ cyclically across the boundaries of $u$. In the linear setting, on the other hand, we view $u$ as a linear word and only consider subwords that start and end within the index range of letters of $u$. From this definition it follows that the length of a cyclic or linear universal word must be $|A|^n$ or $|A|^n+n-1$, respectively. For example, for the binary alphabet $A=\{0,1\}$ and for $n=3$, $u=0001011100$ is a linear universal word for $A^3$. Observe that a cyclic universal word for $A^n$ can be easily transformed into a linear universal word for $A^n$, so existence results in the cyclic setting imply existence results for the linear setting. Note also that reversing a universal word, or permuting the letters of the alphabet yields a universal word again. The following classical result is the starting point for our work (see [@de-bruijn:46; @MR0142475; @MR0276108]).
\[thm:universal\] For any finite alphabet $A$ and any $n\geq 1$, there exists a cyclic universal word for $A^n$.
The standard proof of Theorem \[thm:universal\] is really beautiful and concise, using the De Bruijn graph, its line graph and Eulerian cycles (see [@MR1197444] and Section \[sec:prelim\] below).
Universal partial words
-----------------------
In this paper we consider the universality of [*partial words*]{}, which are words that in addition to letters from $A$ may contain any number of occurrences of an additional special symbol $\Diamond\notin A$. The idea is that every occurrence of $\Diamond$ can be substituted by any symbol from $A$, so we can think of $\Diamond$ as a ‘joker’ or ‘wildcard’ symbol. Formally, we define $A_\Diamond:=A\cup\{\Diamond\}$ and we say that a word $v=v_1v_2\cdots v_n\in A^n$ appears as a [*factor*]{} in a word $u=u_1u_2\cdots u_m\in A_\Diamond^m$ if there is an integer $i$ such that $u_{i+j}=\Diamond$ or $u_{i+j}=v_j$ for all $j=1,2,\ldots,n$. In the cyclic setting we consider the indices of $u$ in this definition modulo $m$. For example, in the linear setting and for the ternary alphabet $A=\{0,1,2\}$, the word $v=021$ occurs twice as a factor in $u=120\Diamond 120021$ because of the subwords $0\Diamond 1$ and $021$ of $u$, whereas $v$ does not appear as a factor in $u'=12\Diamond 11\Diamond$.
Partial words were introduced in [@MR1687780], and they too have real-world applications (see [@blanchet-sadri:08] and references therein). In combinatorics, partial words appear in the context of primitive words [@blanchet-sadri:05], of (un)avoidability of sets of partial words [@MR2511569; @MR2779632], and also in the study of the number of squares [@MR2456602] and overlap-freeness [@MR2492032] in (infinite) partial words. The concept of partial words has been extended to pattern-avoiding permutations in [@MR2770130].
The notion of universality given above extends straightforwardly to partial words, and we refer to a universal partial word as [an]{} [*[upword]{}*]{} for short. Again we distinguish cyclic [upwords]{} and linear [upwords]{}. The simplest example for a linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ is $\Diamond^n:=\Diamond\Diamond\cdots\Diamond$, the word consisting of $n$ many $\Diamond$s, which we call [*trivial*]{}. Let us consider a few more interesting examples of linear [upwords]{} over the binary alphabet $A=\{0,1\}$. We have that $\Diamond\Diamond 0111$ is a linear [upword]{} for $A^3$, whereas $\Diamond\Diamond 01110$ is [*not*]{} a linear [upword]{} for $A^3$, because replacing the first two letters $\Diamond\Diamond$ by $11$ yields the same factor $110$ as the last three letters. Similarly, $0\Diamond 1$ is [*not*]{} a linear [upword]{} for $A^2$ because the word $10\in A^2$ does not appear as a factor (and the word $01\in A^2$ appears twice as a factor).
Our results
-----------
In this work we initiate the systematic study of universal partial words. It turns out that these words are rather shy animals, unlike their ordinary counterparts (universal words without ‘joker’ symbols). That is, in stark contrast to Theorem \[thm:universal\], there are no general existence results on [upwords]{}, but also many non-existence results. The borderline between these two cases seems rather complicated, which makes the subject even more interesting (this is true also for non-binary alphabets, as the constructions of the follow-up paper [@kirsch:16] indicate). In addition to the size of the alphabet $A$ and the length $n$ of the factors, we also consider the number of $\Diamond$s and their positions in [an]{} [upword]{} as problem parameters.
$n$ $k$
----- ----- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 $\Diamond$
2 1 $\Diamond 011$ (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-1\], Thm. \[thm:nm1-diamonds\])
2 — (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-n\])
3 1 $\Diamond 00111010$ (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-1\])
2 $0\Diamond 011100$ (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-k\])
3 — (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-n\])
4 — (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-57\])
4 1 $\Diamond 00011110100101100$ (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-1\])
2 $0\Diamond 010011011110000$ (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-k\])
3 $01\Diamond 0111100001010$ (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-k\])
4 — (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-n\])
5 — (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-57\])
6 $01100\Diamond 011110100$
7 — (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-57\])
8 $0011110\Diamond 0010110$
5 1 $\Diamond 0000111110111001100010110101001000$ (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-1\])
2 $0\Diamond 01011000001101001110111110010001$ (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-k\])
3 $01\Diamond 011000001000111001010111110100$ (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-k\])
4 $011\Diamond 0111110000010100100011010110$ (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-k\])
5 — (Thm. \[thm:diamond-at-pos-n\])
6 $00101\Diamond 0010011101111100000110101$
7 $010011\Diamond 010000010101101111100011$
8 $0100110\Diamond 01000001110010111110110$
9 $01110010\Diamond 0111110110100110000010$
10 $010011011\Diamond 010001111100000101011$
11 $0101000001\Diamond 01011111001110110001$
12 $01010000011\Diamond 0101101111100010011$
13 $001001101011\Diamond 001010000011111011$
14 $0011101111100\Diamond 00110100010101100$
15 $01010000010011\Diamond 0101101111100011$
16 $001000001101011\Diamond 001010011111011$
: Examples of linear [upwords]{} for $A^n$, $A=\{0,1\}$, with a single $\Diamond$ at position $k$ from the beginning or end for $n=1,2,3,4,5$ and all possible values of $k$ ([upwords]{} where the $\Diamond$ is closer to the end of the word than to the beginning can be obtained by reversal). A dash indicates that no such [upword]{} exists.[]{data-label="tab:upwords1"}
$n$
----- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 $\Diamond\Diamond$ (Cor. \[cor:dia-dia\])
3 $\Diamond\Diamond 0111$ (Cor. \[cor:dia-dia\], Thm. \[thm:nm1-diamonds\])
$\Diamond 001011\Diamond$
4 $\Diamond 00011\Diamond 1001011$ (Thm. \[thm:two-diamonds\])
$\Diamond 0001011\Diamond 10011$
$001\Diamond 110\Diamond 001$
5 $\Diamond 0100\Diamond 101011000001110111110010$
$\Diamond 0000111\Diamond 100010010101100110111$ (Thm. \[thm:two-diamonds\])
$\Diamond 00001001\Diamond 10001101011111011001$
$\Diamond 0000100111\Diamond 100011001010110111$
$\Diamond 00001010111\Diamond 10001101100100111$
$0\Diamond 0011\Diamond 0100010101101111100000$
$0\Diamond 010110\Diamond 00011101111100100110$
$0\Diamond 0101110\Diamond 0001101100100111110$
$0\Diamond 010111110\Diamond 00011011001001110$
$0\Diamond 0101101110\Diamond 0001100100111110$
$00\Diamond 0011\Diamond 00101011011111010000$
$01\Diamond 01100101110\Diamond 0100000111110$
$01\Diamond 0110010111110\Diamond 01000001110$
$01\Diamond 0100000101011000111110\Diamond 110$
$001\Diamond 0101\Diamond 001110111110000010$
$011\Diamond 011010010\Diamond 0111110000010$
$011\Diamond 0110101001000\Diamond 011111000$
$011\Diamond 0111110001101010000010\Diamond 10$
$011\Diamond 011010000011111000100101\Diamond 1$
$01001\Diamond 1110\Diamond 010000011011001$
: Examples of linear [upwords]{} for $A^n$, $A=\{0,1\}$, with two $\Diamond$s for $n=2,3,4,5$.[]{data-label="tab:upwords2"}
We first focus on linear [upwords]{}. For linear [upwords]{} containing a [*single*]{} $\Diamond$, we have the following results: For non-binary alphabets $A$ (i.e., $|A|\geq 3$) and $n\geq 2$, there is [*no*]{} linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ with a single $\Diamond$ at all (Theorem \[thm:alpha3\] below). For the binary alphabet $A=\{0,1\}$, the situation is more interesting (see Table \[tab:upwords1\]): Denoting by $k$ the position of the $\Diamond$, we have that for $n\geq 2$, there is [*no*]{} linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ with $k=n$ (Theorem \[thm:diamond-at-pos-n\]), and there are [*no*]{} linear [upwords]{} in the following three cases: $n=3$ and $k=4$, and $n=4$ and $k\in\{5,7\}$ (Theorem \[thm:diamond-at-pos-57\]). We conjecture that these are the only non-existence cases for a binary alphabet (Conjecture \[conj:single-diamond\]). To support this conjecture, we performed a computer-assisted search and indeed found linear [upwords]{} for all values of $2\leq n\leq 13$ and all possible values of $k$ other than the ones excluded by the beforementioned results. Some of these examples are listed in Table \[tab:upwords1\], and the remaining ones are available on the third author’s website [@www]. We also prove the special cases $k=1$ and $k\in\{2,3,\ldots,n-1\}$ of our conjecture (Theorems \[thm:diamond-at-pos-1\] and \[thm:diamond-at-pos-k\], respectively).
For linear [upwords]{} containing [*two*]{} $\Diamond$s we have the following results: First of all, Table \[tab:upwords2\] shows examples of linear [upwords]{} with two $\Diamond$s for the binary alphabet $A=\{0,1\}$ for $n=2,3,4,5$. We establish a sufficient condition for non-existence of binary linear [upwords]{} with two $\Diamond$s (Theorem \[thm:two-diamonds-non\]), which in particular shows that a $(1-o(1))$-fraction of all ways of placing two $\Diamond$s among the $N=\Theta(2^n)$ positions does not yield a valid [upword]{}. Moreover, we conclude that there are only two binary linear [upwords]{} where the two $\Diamond$s are adjacent (Corollary \[cor:dia-dia\]), namely $\Diamond\Diamond$ for $n=2$ and $\Diamond\Diamond 0111$ for $n=3$ (see Table \[tab:upwords2\]). We also construct an infinite family of binary linear [upwords]{} with two $\Diamond$s (Theorem \[thm:two-diamonds\]).
Let us now discuss cyclic [upwords]{}. Note that the trivial solution $\Diamond^n$ is a cyclic [upword]{} only for $n=1$. For the cyclic setting we have the following rather general non-existence result: If $\gcd(|A|,n)=1$, then there is no cyclic [upword]{} for $A^n$ (Corollary \[cor:cyclic-div\]). In particular, for a binary alphabet $|A|=2$ and odd $n$, there is no cyclic [upword]{} for $A^n$. In fact, we know only of a single cyclic [upword]{} for the binary alphabet $A=\{0,1\}$ and any $n\geq 2$, namely $\Diamond 001\Diamond 110$ for $n=4$ (up to cyclic shifts, reversal and letter permutations).
Outline of this paper
---------------------
This paper is organized as follows. In Section \[sec:prelim\] we introduce some notation and collect basic observations that are used throughout the rest of the paper. In Sections \[sec:single-diamond\] and \[sec:two-diamonds\] we prove our results on linear [upwords]{} containing a single or two $\Diamond$s, respectively. Section \[sec:cyclic\] contains the proofs on cyclic [upwords]{}. Finally, Section \[sec:outlook\] discusses possible directions for further research, including some extensions of our results to non-binary alphabets.
Preliminaries {#sec:prelim}
=============
For the rest of this paper, we assume w.l.o.g. that the alphabet is $A=\{0,1,\ldots,\alpha-1\}$, so $\alpha\geq 2$ denotes the size of the alphabet. We often consider the special case $\alpha=2$ of the binary alphabet, and then for $x\in\{0,1\}$ we write ${\overline}{x}$ for the complement of $x$. Moreover, for any word $u$, we let $|u|$ denote its length. As we mentioned before, reversing a universal word and/or permuting the letters of the alphabet again yields a universal word. We can thus assume w.l.o.g. that in [an]{} [upword]{} $u$ the letters of $A$ appear in increasing order from left to right, i.e., the first occurence of symbol $i$ is before the first occurence of symbol $j$ whenever $i<j$. Moreover, if $u$ can be factored as $u=xyz$, where $x$ and $z$ do not contain any $\Diamond$s, then we can assume that $|x|\leq |z|$.
One standard approach to prove the existence of universal words is to define a suitable graph and to search for a Hamiltonian path/cycle in this graph (another more algebraic approach uses irreducible polynomials). Specifically, the [*De Bruijn graph*]{} $G_A^n$ has as vertices all elements from $A^n$ (all words of length $n$ over $A$), and a directed edge from a vertex $u$ to a vertex $v$ whenever the last $n-1$ letters of $u$ are the same as the first $n-1$ letters of $v$. We call such an edge $(u,v)$ an [*$x$-edge*]{}, if the last letter of $v$ equals $x$. Figure \[fig:bruijn\] (a) and (b) shows the graph $G_A^n$, $A=\{0,1\}$, for $n=2$ and $n=3$, respectively. Clearly, a linear universal word for $A^n$ corresponds to a Hamiltonian path in $G_A^n$, and a cyclic universal word to a Hamiltonian cycle in this graph. Observe furthermore that $G_A^n$ is the line graph of $G_A^{n-1}$. Recall that the [*line graph*]{} $L(G)$ of a directed graph $G$ is the directed graph that has a vertex for every edge of $G$, and a directed edge from $e$ to $e'$ if in $G$ the end vertex of $e$ equals the starting vertex of $e'$. Therefore, the problem of finding a Hamiltonian path/cycle in $G_A^n$ is equivalent to finding an Eulerian path/cycle in $G_A^{n-1}$. The existence of an Eulerian path/cycle follows from the fact that the De Bruijn graph is connected and that each vertex has in- and out-degree $\alpha$ (this is one of Euler’s famous theorems [@euler], see also [@bang-jensen-gutin:08 Theorem 1.6.3]). This proves Theorem \[thm:universal\]. In fact, this existence proof can be easily turned into an algorithm to actually find (many) universal words (using Hierholzer’s algorithm [@MR1509807] or Fleury’s algorithm [@fleury]).
We now discuss how this standard approach of proving the existence of universal words can be extended to universal partial words. Specifically, we collect a few simple but powerful observations that will be used in our proofs later on.
For any vertex $v$ of $G_A^n$, we let $\Gamma^+(v)$ and $\Gamma^-(v)$ denote the sets of out-neighbours and in-neighbours of $v$, respectively (both are sets of vertices of $G_A^n$). As we mentioned before, we clearly have $|\Gamma^+(v)|=|\Gamma^-(v)|=\alpha$.
\[obs:common-neighbors\] For any vertex $v=v_1v_2\cdots v_n$ of $G_A^n$ and its set of out-neighbours $\Gamma^+(v)$, there are $\alpha-1$ vertices different from $v$ with the same set of out-neighbours $\Gamma^+(v)$, given by $xv_2v_3\cdots v_n$, where $x\in A\setminus \{v_1\}$. For any vertex $v=v_1v_2\cdots v_n$ of $G_A^n$ and its set of in-neighbours $\Gamma^-(v)$, there are $\alpha-1$ vertices different from $v$ with the same set of in-neighbours $\Gamma^-(v)$, given by $v_1v_2\cdots v_{n-1}x$, where $x\in A\setminus \{v_n\}$.
For any linear [upword]{} $u$ for $A^n$, we define a spanning subgraph $H(u,n)$ of the De Bruijn graph $G_A^n$ as follows, see Figure \[fig:bruijn\] (c): For any $i=1,2,\ldots,N-n+1$, we let $S(u,i,n)$ denote the set of all words that are obtained from the subword of $u$ of length $n$ starting at position $i$ by replacing any occurences of $\Diamond$ by a letter from the alphabet $A$. Clearly, if there are $d$ many $\Diamond$s in this subword, then there are $\alpha^d$ different possibilities for substitution, so we have $|S(u,i,n)|=\alpha^d$. Note that the sets $S(u,i,n)$ form a partition of the vertex set of $G_A^n$ (and $H(u,n)$). The directed edges of $H(u,n)$ are given by all the edges of $G_A^n$ induced between every pair of consecutive sets $S(u,i,n)$ and $S(u,i+1,n)$ for $i=1,2,\ldots,N-n$. For example, for the linear [upword]{} $u=0\Diamond 011100$ over the binary alphabet $A=\{0,1\}$ for $n=3$ we have $S(u,1,n)=\{000,010\}$, $S(u,2,n)=\{001,101\}$, $S(u,3,n)=\{011\}$, $S(u,4,n)=\{111\}$, $S(u,5,n)=\{110\}$ and $S(u,6,n)=\{100\}$, and the spanning subgraph $H(u,n)$ of $G_A^3$ is shown in Figure \[fig:bruijn\] (c). To give another example with the same $A$ and $n$, for the linear [upword]{} $u=\Diamond\Diamond 0111$ we have $S(u,1,n)=\{000,010,100,110\}$, $S(u,2,n)=\{001,101\}$, $S(u,3,n)=\{011\}$, $S(u,4,n)=\{111\}$, and then $H(u,n)$ is a binary tree of depth 2 with an additional edge emanating from the root.
The following observation follows straightforwardly from these definitions.
\[obs:Hu-degrees\] Let $u=u_1u_2\cdots u_N$ be a linear [upword]{} for $A^n$. A vertex in $S(u,i,n)$, $i=1,2,\ldots,N-n$, has out-degree $1$ in $H(u,n)$ if $u_{i+n}\in A$, and out-degree $\alpha$ if $u_{i+n}=\Diamond$. A vertex in $S(u,i,n)$, $i=2,3,\ldots,N-n+1$, has in-degree $1$ in $H(u,n)$ if $u_{i-1}\in A$, and in-degree $\alpha$ if $u_{i-1}=\Diamond$. The vertices in $S(u,1,n)$ have in-degree $0$, and the vertices in $S(u,N-n+1,n)$ have out-degree $0$.
By this last observation, the graph $H(u,n)$ is determined only by the positions of the $\Diamond$s in $u$. Intuitively, the $\Diamond$s lead to branching in the graph $H(u,n)$ due to the different possibilities of substituting symbols from $A$. In particular, if $u$ has no $\Diamond$s, then $H(u,n)$ is just a spanning path of $G_A^n$ (i.e., a Hamiltonian path, so we are back in the setting of Theorem \[thm:universal\]). So when searching for a linear universal partial word $u$ with a particular number of $\Diamond$s at certain positions, we essentially search for a copy of the spanning subgraph $H(u,n)$ in $G_A^n$. We will exploit this idea both in our existence and non-existence proofs. For the constructions it is particularly useful (and for our computer-searches it is computationally much more efficient) to not search for a copy of $H(u,n)$ in $G_A^n$ directly, but to rather search for the corresponding sequences of edges in $G_A^{n-1}$, which can be seen as generalizations of Eulerian paths that were used before in the proof of Theorem \[thm:universal\] (see Figure \[fig:bruijn\] (a)). For example, to search for a linear [upword]{} $u$ with a single $\Diamond$ at position $k\in\{1,2,\ldots,n-1\}$, we can prescribe the first $k-1$ letters and the $n$ letters after the $\Diamond$ (with a particular choice of symbols from $A$, or by iterating over all possible choices), and search for an Eulerian path in the subgraph of $G_A^{n-1}$ that remains when deleting from it all edges that correspond to the prescribed prefix of $u$ (see the proofs of Theorems \[thm:diamond-at-pos-1\] and \[thm:diamond-at-pos-k\] below). This idea can be generalized straightforwardly to search for [upwords]{} with other $\Diamond$ patterns (see for example the proof of Theorem \[thm:two-diamonds\] below).
The next lemma will be used repeatedly in our proofs (both for existence and non-existence of [upwords]{}). The proof uses the previous two graph-theoretical observations to derive dependencies between letters of [an]{} [upword]{}.
\[lem:constraint\] Let $u=u_1u_2\cdots u_N$ be a linear [upword]{} for $A^n$, $A=\{0,1,\ldots,\alpha-1\}$, $n\geq 2$, such that $u_k=\Diamond$ and $u_{k+n}\neq \Diamond$ (we require $k+n\leq N$). Then for all $i=1,2,\ldots,n-1$ we have that if $u_i\neq \Diamond$, then $u_{k+i}=u_i$. Moreover, we have that if $u_n\neq \Diamond$, then $\alpha=2$ and $u_{k+n}={\overline}{u_n}$.
(0.6,0.8)–++(1,0); (1.6,0.8)–++(1,0); (2.6,0.8)–++(1,0); (3.6,0.8)–++(1,0); (4.6,0.8)–++(0.6,-0.8);
(0.6,-0.8)–++(1,0); (1.6,-0.8)–++(1,0); (2.6,-0.8)–++(1,0); (3.6,-0.8)–++(1,0); (4.6,-0.8)–++(0.6,0.8);
(5.2,0)–++(1,0); (6.2,0)–++(1,0); (7.2,0)–++(1,0);
(4.6,0.8) .. controls (2.6,1.5) .. (0.6,0.8); (4.6,-0.8)–++(-4,1.6);
at (0.3,0.5) [$v_x$]{}; at (-1,0.25) [$v_x=v_1\cdots v_{n-1}x$, $x\in A\setminus\{v_n\}$]{}; at (-0.2,-1.2) [$S(u,1,n)$]{}; at (3.9,-1.2) [$S(u,k,n)$]{}; at (5,-0.5) [$S(u,k+1,n)$]{}; at (5.1,0.25) [$v$]{}; at (5.5,0.4) [$v=v_1v_2\cdots v_n$]{}; at (4.5,1.2) [$H(u,n)$ (solid edges)]{}; at (8.4,0) [$\ldots$]{};
By Observation \[obs:Hu-degrees\], each vertex in the set $S(u,k+1,n)$ has in-degree $\alpha$ in $H(u,n)$, and each vertex in $S(u,k,n)$ has out-degree 1. By Observation \[obs:common-neighbors\], for each $v=v_1v_2\cdots v_n\in S(u,k+1,n)$ there are $\alpha-1$ other vertices (different from the ones in $S(u,k+1,n)$) in $G_A^n$ with the same set $\Gamma^-(v)$ of $\alpha$ many in-neighbors, namely $v_x:=v_1\cdots v_{n-1}x$, where $x\in A\setminus \{v_n\}$ (see Figure \[fig:constraint\]). As the in-degree of every vertex of $G_A^n$ is exactly $\alpha$, and in $H(u,n)$ all vertices except the ones in $S(u,1,n)$ already have in-degree at least 1, it follows that each of the vertices $v_x$ must be equal to one of the vertices in $S(u,1,n)$. It follows that if $u_i\neq \Diamond$ then $u_{k+i}\neq \Diamond$ and $u_i=v_i=u_{k+i}$ for all $i=1,2,\ldots,n-1$. Moreover, if $u_n\neq\Diamond$ and $\alpha\geq 3$, then there are at least two vertices $v_x$, $x\in A\setminus\{v_n\}$, ending with different symbols $x$, each of which must be equal to one of the vertices in $S(u,1,n)$, which is impossible because all words in this set end with the same symbol $u_n$. It follows that if $u_n\neq\Diamond$ then we must have $\alpha=2$ and $u_n=x\neq v_n=u_{k+n}$, so $u_{k+n}={\overline}{u_n}$.
Linear [upwords]{} with a single diamond {#sec:single-diamond}
========================================
Non-existence results
---------------------
Our first result completely excludes the existence of linear [upwords]{} with a single $\Diamond$ for non-binary alphabets.
\[thm:alpha3\] For $A=\{0,1,\ldots,\alpha-1\}$, $\alpha\geq 3$, and any $n\geq 2$, there is no linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ with a single $\Diamond$.
Suppose that such [an]{} [upword]{} $u=u_1u_2\cdots u_{k-1}\Diamond u_{k+1}\cdots u_N$ exists. We claim that the $\Diamond$ in $u$ is preceded or followed by at least $n$ symbols from $A$. If not, then $u$ would have at most $\alpha n$ different factors, which is strictly less than $\alpha^n$ for $\alpha\geq 3$ and $n\geq 2$. So we assume w.l.o.g. that the $\Diamond$ in $u$ is followed by at least $n$ symbols from $A$, i.e., $k+n\leq N$. By Lemma \[lem:constraint\] we have $u_i=\Diamond$ or $u_{k+i}=u_i$ for all $i=1,2,\ldots,n-1$ and $u_n=\Diamond$, which implies $k=n$ and therefore $u_{n+i}=u_i$ for all $i=1,\ldots,n-1$. But this means that the word $v:=u_{n+1}\cdots u_{2n}\in A^n$ appears twice as a factor in $u$ starting at positions 1 and $n+1$ (in other words, the vertex $v\in S(u,n+1,n)$ is identical to a vertex from $S(u,1,n)$ in $H(u,n)$), a contradiction.
Our next result excludes several cases with a single $\Diamond$ for a binary alphabet.
\[thm:diamond-at-pos-n\] For $A=\{0,1\}$ and any $n\geq 2$, there is no linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ with a single $\Diamond$ at position $n$ from the beginning or end.
We first consider the case $n=2$. Suppose that there is [an]{} [upword]{} $u=u_1\Diamond u_3$ for $A^n$. Assuming w.l.o.g. that $u_1=0$, we must have $u_3=1$, otherwise the word $00$ would appear twice as a factor. But then the word $10$ does not appear as a factor in $u=0\Diamond 1$, while 01 appears twice, a contradiction.
For the rest of the proof we assume that $n\geq 3$. Suppose there was [an]{} [upword]{} $u=u_1u_2\cdots u_{n-1}\Diamond u_{n+1}\cdots u_N$ with $N=2^n-1$. Note that $N-n\geq n$, or equivalently $2^n\geq 2n+1$, holds by our assumption $n\geq 3$, so the $\Diamond$ in $u$ is followed by at least $n$ more symbols from $A$. Applying Lemma \[lem:constraint\] yields that $u_{n+i}=u_i$ for all $i=1,\ldots,n-1$, which means that the word $v:=u_{n+1}\cdots u_{2n}\in A^n$ appears twice as a factor in $u$ starting at positions 1 and $n+1$, a contradiction.
In contrast to Theorem \[thm:alpha3\], for a binary alphabet we can only exclude the following three more (small) cases in addition to the cases excluded by Theorem \[thm:diamond-at-pos-n\] (all the exceptions are marked in Table \[tab:upwords1\]).
\[thm:diamond-at-pos-57\] For $A=\{0,1\}$, there is no linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ with a single $\Diamond$ at position $k$ from the beginning or end in the following three cases: $n=3$ and $k=4$, and $n=4$ and $k\in\{5,7\}$.
Suppose that there is [an]{} [upword]{} $u=u_1u_2u_3\Diamond u_5u_6u_7$ for the case $n=3$. Applying Lemma \[lem:constraint\] twice to $u$ and its reverse we obtain that $u_5u_6u_7=u_1u_2{\overline}{u_3}$ and $u_1u_2u_3={\overline}{u_5}u_6u_7$, a contradiction.
To prove the second case suppose that there is [an]{} [upword]{} of the form $u=u_1u_2u_3u_4\Diamond u_6\cdots u_{15}$ for $n=4$. Applying Lemma \[lem:constraint\] twice to $u$ and its reverse we obtain that $u$ has the form $u=u_1u_2u_3u_4\Diamond u_1u_2u_3{\overline}{u_4}u_{10}u_{11}{\overline}{u_1}u_2u_3u_4$. We assume w.l.o.g. that $u_1=0$. The word $z:=0000$ must appear somewhere as a factor in $u$, and since $u_{12}={\overline}{u_1}=1$, the only possible starting positions for $z$ in $u$ are $1,2,\ldots,8$. However, the starting positions $1,2,5,6,7$ can be excluded immediately, as they would cause $z$ to appear twice as a factor in $u$. On the other hand, if $z$ starts at positions 3, 4 or 8, then the neighboring letters must both be 1, causing 0101, 1010 or 1101, respectively, to appear twice as a factor in $u$, a contradiction.
The proof of the third case proceeds very similarly to the second case, and allows us to conclude that such [an]{} [upword]{} $u$ must have the form $u=u_1u_2u_3u_4u_5u_6\Diamond u_1u_2u_3{\overline}{u_4}{\overline}{u_3}u_4u_5u_6$. We assume w.l.o.g. that $u_3=0$. The word $z:=0000$ must appear somewhere as a factor in $u$, and since $u_{12}={\overline}{u_3}=1$ the only possible starting positions for $z$ in $u$ are $1,2,\ldots,8$. The starting positions $1,3,4,6,8$ can be excluded immediately, as they would cause $z$ to appear twice as a factor in $u$. On the other hand, if $z$ starts at positions 2, 5 or 7, then the neighboring letters must both be 1, causing 0011, 0101 or 0000, respectively, to appear twice as a factor in $u$, a contradiction.
Existence results
-----------------
We conjecture that for a binary alphabet and a single $\Diamond$, the non-existence cases discussed in the previous section are the only ones.
\[conj:single-diamond\] For $A=\{0,1\}$ and any $n\geq 1$, there is a linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ containing a single $\Diamond$ at position $k$ in every case not covered by Theorem \[thm:diamond-at-pos-n\] or Theorem \[thm:diamond-at-pos-57\].
Recall the numerical evidence for the conjecture discussed in the introduction. In the remainder of this section we prove some cases of this general conjecture.
\[thm:diamond-at-pos-1\] For $A=\{0,1\}$ and any $n\geq 2$, there is a linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ with a single $\Diamond$ at the first position that begins with $\Diamond 0^{n-1}1$.
Note that by Lemma \[lem:constraint\], [*every*]{} linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ with a single $\Diamond$ of the form $u=\Diamond u_2u_3\cdots u_N$ satisfies the conditions $u_2=u_3=\cdots=u_n={\overline}{u_{n+1}}$, i.e., w.l.o.g. it begins with $\Diamond 0^{n-1}1$ (up to letter permutations).
Consider the word $v=v_1v_2\cdots v_{n+1}:=\Diamond 0^{n-1}1$ and the corresponding three edges $(0^{n-1},0^{n-1})$, $(10^{n-2},0^{n-1})$ and $(0^{n-1},0^{n-2}1)$ in the De Bruijn graph $G_A^{n-1}$. Denote the graph obtained from $G_A^{n-1}$ by removing these three edges and the isolated vertex $0^{n-1}$ by $G'$. Clearly, the edges of $G'$ form a connected graph, and every vertex in $G'$ has in- and out-degree exactly two, except the vertex $y:=0^{n-2}1$ which has one more out-edge than in-edges and the vertex $z:=10^{n-2}$ which has one more in-edge than out-edges. Therefore, $G'$ has an Eulerian path starting at $y$ and ending at $z$, and this Eulerian path yields the desired [upword]{} that begins with $v$.
For any binary word $w\in A^k$, $A=\{0,1\}$, and any $n\geq 1$, we write $c(w,n)=c_1c_2\cdots c_n$ for the word given by $c_i=w_i$ for $i=1,2,\ldots,k$, $c_i=c_{i-k}$ for all $i=k+1,k+2,\ldots,n-1$ and $c_n={\overline}{c_{n-k}}$. Informally speaking, $c(w,n)$ is obtained by concatenating infinitely many copies of $w$, truncating the resulting word at length $n$ and complementing the last symbol. For example, we have $c(011,7)=0110111$ and $c(011,8)=01101100$. Using this terminology, the starting segment of the linear [upword]{} from Theorem \[thm:diamond-at-pos-1\] can be written as $\Diamond c(0,n)$. The next result is a considerable extension of the previous theorem.
\[thm:diamond-at-pos-k\] For $A=\{0,1\}$, any $n\geq 3$ and any $k\in\{2,3,\ldots,n-1\}$, there is a linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ with a single $\Diamond$ at the $k$-th position that begins with $01^{k-2}\Diamond c(01^{k-1},n)$.
The idea of the proof of Theorem \[thm:diamond-at-pos-k\] is a straightforward generalization of the approach we used to prove Theorem \[thm:diamond-at-pos-1\] before, and boils down to showing that the De Bruijn graph $G_A^{n-1}$ without the edges that are given by the prescribed [upword]{} prefix still has an Eulerian path.
(-0.4,-0.6) rectangle ++(5.8,1.1); (5.6,-0.6) rectangle ++(1.9,2.9); (5.7,-0.5) rectangle ++(2.8,0.8);
(0,0)–++(1,0); (1,0)–++(1,0); (2,0)–++(1,0); (4,0)–++(1,0); (5,0)–++(1.5,0); (6.5,0)–++(1.5,0);
(6.5,0)–++(0.5,0.7); (7,0.7)–++(0,0.7); (7,1.4)–++(-0.2,0.6); (6.2,2)–++(-0.2,-0.6); (6,1.4)–++(0,-0.7); (6,0.7)–++(0.5,-0.7);
at (0,0) [$v_1^0$]{}; at (1,0) [$v_2^0$]{}; at (2,0) [$v_3^0$]{}; at (4,0) [$v_{k-1}^0$]{}; at (5,0) [$v_k^0$]{}; at (6.5,0) [$v_1^1=v_{k+1}$]{}; at (8,0) [$v_{k+2}$]{}; at (7,0.7) [$v_2^1$]{}; at (7,1.4) [$v_3^1$]{}; at (6,1.4) [$v_{k-1}^1$]{}; at (6,0.7) [$v_k^1$]{}; at (3.1,0) [$\ldots$]{}; at (6.15,2.1) [$\ldots$]{}; at (-0.3,0.8) [$V^0$]{}; at (5.6,2.6) [$V^1$]{}; at (7.8,0.6) [$V^2$]{};
\
The words $0\Diamond c(01,3)100=0\Diamond 011100$, $0\Diamond c(01,4)11011110000=0\Diamond 010011011110000$ and $01\Diamond c(011,4)100001010=01\Diamond 0111100001010$ from Table \[tab:upwords1\] show that the statement is true for $n=3$ and $n=4$. For the rest of the proof we assume that $n\geq 5$. Consider the word $w=w_1w_2\cdots w_{k+n}:=01^{k-2}\Diamond c(01^{k-1},n)$. For $i=1,2,\ldots,k$ we let $v_i^0$ and $v_i^1$ denote the two words from $S(w,i,n-1)$ obtained by substituting $\Diamond$ in $w$ by $0$ or $1$, respectively. Moreover, let $v_{k+1}=w_{k+1}\cdots w_{k+n-1}$ be the unique word from $S(w,k+1,n-1)$ and $v_{k+2}=w_{k+2}\cdots w_{k+n}$ the unique word from $S(w,k+2,n-1)$, and define $V^0:=\{v_i^0 \mid i=1,2,\ldots,k\}$, $V^1:=\{v_i^1 \mid i=1,2,\ldots,k\}$, $V^2:=\{v_{k+1},v_{k+2}\}$ and $V':=V^0\cup V^1\cup V^2$. We proceed to show that $|V'|=2k+1$, i.e., only two of the words just defined coincide, namely $v_1^1=v_{k+1}$ ($v_1^1$ is given by the first $n-1$ letters of $w=01^{k-1}c(01^{k-1},n)$, and $v_{k+1}$ is given by the first $n-1$ letters of $c(01^{k-1},n)$, which are equal). In other words, the corresponding set of vertices in $G_A^{n-1}$ has size $2k+1$ (see Figure \[fig:diamond-at-pos-k\]). If $k=2$, then this can be verified directly by considering the number of leading and trailing 0s and 1s of the vertices in $V^0$, $V^1$ and $V^2$. We now assume that $k\geq 3$. Every word from $V^0$, except possibly $v_1^0$, contains the factor 00 exactly once and is uniquely identified by the position of this factor, proving that $|V^0|=k$. The words in $V^1$ are all uniquely identified by the number of leading 1s, which equals 0 for $v_1^1$ and $k-i+1$ for $i=2,3,\ldots,k$, implying that $|V^1|=k$. We now show that $V^0$ and $V^1$ are disjoint. To prove this we use again that all the words in $V^0$, except possibly $v_1^0$, contain the factor 00, and that moreover no word from $V^1$ contains this factor. However $v_1^0$ does not contain the factor 00 only in the case $k=n-1$, and then $v_1^0$ starts and ends with 0, unlike any of the words from $V^1$ in this case, proving that $V^0$ and $V^1$ are disjoint. It remains to show that $v_{k+2}\notin V^0\cup V^1$. If $k=n-1$, then $v_{k+2}=1^{n-1}$ and all other words from $V^0$ and $V^1$ contain at least one 0, so $v_{k+2}\notin V^0\cup V^1$. If $k\leq n-2$, then the word $v_{k+2}=w_{k+2}\cdots w_{k+n}$ satisfies $w_{k+n}={\overline}{w_n}$, i.e., its last letter and the one $k$ positions to the left of it are complementary (recall the definition of $c(01^{k-1},n)$), a property that does not hold for any of the words in $V^1$, implying that $v_{k+2}\notin V^1$. Moreover, in this case all words from $V^0$ contain the factor 00 exactly once and are uniquely identified by the position of this factor, and $v_{k+2}$ might contain the factor 00 only at the last two positions, so the only potential conflict could arise in the case $k=n-2$ when $v_1^0=01^{n-4}00$ ends with 00. However, in this case $v_{k+2}=1^{n-3}00$ is still different from $v_1^0$. We conclude that $v_{k+2}\notin V^0\cup V^1$ in all cases. Combining these observations shows that $|V'|=|V^0|+|V^1|+|V^2|-1=2k+1$, as claimed.
Consider the set of $2k+1$ edges $E':=\{(v_i^0,v_{i+1}^0)\mid i=1,2,\ldots,k-1\}\cup \{(v_i^1,v_{i+1}^1)\mid i=1,2,\ldots,k-1\}\cup\{(v_k^0,v_{k+1}),(v_k^1,v_{k+1}),(v_{k+1},v_{k+2})\}$ in the De Bruijn graph $G_A^{n-1}$ (see Figure \[fig:diamond-at-pos-k\]). They span a subgraph on $V'$ that has the following pairs of out-degrees and in-degrees: $(1,0)$ for the vertex $v_1^0$, $(0,1)$ for the vertex $v_{k+2}$, $(1,1)$ for the vertices $v_i^0$ and $v_i^1$, $i=2,3,\ldots,k$, $(2,2)$ for the vertex $v_1^1=v_{k+1}$.
We denote the graph obtained from $G_A^{n-1}$ by removing the edges in $E'$ and the isolated vertex $v_1^1=v_{k+1}$ by $G'$. Clearly, every vertex in $G'$ has the same in- and out-degree (1 or 2), except the vertex $v_{k+2}$ which has one more out-edge than in-edges, and the vertex $v_1^0$ which has one more in-edge than out-edges. To complete the proof of the theorem we show that $G'$ contains an Eulerian path (which must start at $v_{k+2}$ and end at $v_1^0$), and to do this, it suffices (by the before-mentioned degree conditions) to show that $G'$ is connected.
We first consider the case $k\leq n-2$: From any vertex $v\in G'$, we follow 0-edges until we either reach the vertex $0^{n-1}$ or a vertex from $V'$ for which the next 0-edge is from $E'$ (this could happen right at the beginning if $v\in V'$). In this case we follow 1-edges until we reach the vertex $1^{n-1}$, and from there we follow 0-edges until we reach $0^{n-1}$. (We only ever follow edges in forward direction.) We claim that in this process we never use an edge from $E'$, which shows that $G'$ is connected. To see this suppose we encounter a vertex $v'$ from $V'$ for which the next 0-edge is from $E'$. This means that $v'$ has $k-1$ trailing 1s (here we use that $k\leq n-2$), so following a 1-edge leads to a vertex that has $k$ trailing 1s, and in the next step to a vertex that has $k+1$ trailing 1s. Note that the vertices in $V'\setminus\{v_{k+2}\}$ have at most $k-1$ trailing 1s, and $v_{k+2}$ has at most $k$ trailing 1s, so we avoid any edges from $E'$ on our way to $1^{n-1}$. Moreover, on the way from $1^{n-1}$ to $0^{n-1}$ via $1^{n-1-i}0^i$, $i=1,2,\ldots,n-1$, we do not use any edges from $E'$ either, because any vertex from $V'\setminus\{v_{k+2}\}$ that starts with a 1 has at least two transitions from 1s to 0s, or vice versa, when reading it from left to right (using again $k\leq n-2$), and $0^{n-1}\notin V'$.
Now consider the case $k=n-1$: From any vertex $v\in G'$, we follow 0-edges until we either reach the vertex $0^{n-1}$ or the only vertex $v_1^0=01^{n-3}0$ from $V'\setminus \{v_{k+1}\}$ for which the next 0-edge is from $E'$. In this case we follow a single 1-edge to $1^{n-3}01=v_3^1$, and from there we follow 0-edges until we reach $0^{n-1}$. Similarly to before, we need to argue that we never use an edge from $E'$ in this process. On the way from $1^{n-3}01=v_3^1$ to $0^{n-1}$ we never use any edges from $E'$, because any vertices on this path except the first one $1^{n-3}01$ and the last two $10^{n-2}$ and $0^{n-1}$ contain the factor 010, so all these vertices are different from $V'$ (for $n\geq 5$ and $k=n-1$ no word from $V'$ contains 010 as a factor), implying that all edges except possibly the last one are safe. However, since $0^{n-1}\notin V'$, the last edge is safe, too.
These arguments show that $G'$ is connected, so it has an Eulerian path, and this Eulerian path yields the desired [upword]{} that begins with $w$. This completes the proof.
Linear [upwords]{} with two diamonds {#sec:two-diamonds}
====================================
In this section we focus on binary alphabets. Many of the non-existence conditions provided in this section can be generalized straightforwardly to non-binary alphabets, as we briefly discuss in Section \[sec:outlook\] below.
Non-existence results
---------------------
\[thm:two-diamonds-non\] For $A=\{0,1\}$ and any $n\geq 5$, there is no linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ with two $\Diamond$s of the form $u=x\Diamond y\Diamond z$ if $|x|,|y|,|z|\geq n$ or $|x|=n-1$ or $|z|=n-1$ or $|y|\leq n-2$.
As Table \[tab:upwords2\] shows, there are examples of linear [upwords]{} with two $\Diamond$s whenever the conditions in Theorem \[thm:two-diamonds-non\] are violated. Put differently, for every [upword]{} $u=x\Diamond y\Diamond z$ in the table for $n\geq 5$ we have that one of the numbers $|x|,|y|,|z|$ is at most $n-1$, $|x|\neq n-1$, $|z|\neq n-1$ and $|y|\geq n-1$. Note that already by the first condition $|x|,|y|,|z|\geq n$, a $(1-o(1))$-fraction of all choices of placing two $\Diamond$s among $N=\Theta(2^n)$ positions are excluded as possible candidates for [upwords]{}.
We first assume that $|x|,|y|,|z|\geq n$, i.e., $y_n,z_n\in A$. Applying Lemma \[lem:constraint\] yields $z_i=y_i=x_i\in A$ for $i=1,2,\ldots,n-1$ and $z_n=y_n={\overline}{x_n}$, so the word $y_1y_2\cdots y_n=z_1z_2\cdots z_n$ appears twice as a factor in $u$, a contradiction.
We now assume that $|x|=n-1$ (the case $|z|=n-1$ follows by symmetry). Note that the number of factors of $u$ is at most $2(|y|+1)+4(|z|+1)$: This is because every subword ending at the first $\Diamond$ or at a letter from $y$ contains at most one $\Diamond$, giving rise to two factors, and every subword ending at the second $\Diamond$ or at a letter from $z$ contains at most two $\Diamond$s, giving rise to four factors. This number is at most $2n+4n=6n$ for $|y|,|z|\leq n-1$, which is strictly less than $2^n$ for $n\geq 5$. Therefore, we must have $|y|\geq n$ or $|z|\geq n$ in this case. We assume w.l.o.g. that $|y|\geq n$, i.e., $y_n\in A$. Applying Lemma \[lem:constraint\] yields $y_i=x_i\in A$ for $i=1,2,\ldots,n-1$, implying that the word $y_1y_2\cdots y_n$ appears twice as a factor in $u$, a contradiction.
We now assume that $|y|\leq n-2$. In this case we must have $|x|\geq n$ or $|z|\geq n$, because if $|x|,|z|\leq n-1$ then the number of factors of $u$ is at most $2(|y|+1)+4(|z|+1)\leq 2(n-1)+4n\leq 6n$, which is strictly less than $2^n$ for $n\geq 5$. We assume w.l.o.g. that $|z|\geq n$. Let $k:=|y|+1\leq n-1$ and consider the subword $y':=y\Diamond z_1z_2\cdots z_{n-k}$ of $u$, which is well-defined since $|z|\geq n$ ($k$ is the position of the $\Diamond$ in $y'$). Since $k\leq n-1$ we have $y'_n=z_{n-k}\in A$. Applying Lemma \[lem:constraint\] yields that $|x|=|y|$. Moreover, if $k=1$ ($|x|=|y|=0$) then the same lemma yields $y'_2=y'_3=\cdots =y'_{n-1}={\overline}{y'_n}$, i.e., $z_1=z_2=\cdots=z_{n-2}={\overline}{z_{n-1}}$ and $z_{n-1}=z_{n-3}$, a contradiction. On the other hand, if $k\geq 2$, then $z_{i+k\ell}=y_i=x_i$ for all $i=1,2,\ldots,k-1$ and $\ell=0,1,\ldots$ with $i+k\ell\leq n-1$, i.e., the factors obtained from the subword $y'$ in $u$ appear twice, starting at position 1 and position $k+1$, a contradiction.
\[cor:dia-dia\] For $A=\{0,1\}$ and any $n\geq 2$, $\Diamond\Diamond$ for $n=2$ and $\Diamond\Diamond 0111$ for $n=3$ are the only linear [upwords]{} for $A^n$ containing two $\Diamond$s that are adjacent (up to reversal and letter permutations).
The non-existence of linear [upwords]{} with two adjacent $\Diamond$s for $n\geq 5$ follows from Theorem \[thm:two-diamonds-non\], because for such [an]{} [upword]{} $u=x\Diamond\Diamond z$ the subword $y$ between the two $\Diamond$s is empty, so $|y|=0\leq n-2$. For $n=4$ and $|y|=0$ the estimate in the third part in the proof of Theorem \[thm:two-diamonds-non\] can be strengthened to show that if $|x|,|z|\leq n-1$, then the number of factors of $u$ is strictly less than $4n\leq 2^n$ unless $u=u_1u_2u_3\Diamond\Diamond u_6u_7u_8$, which means we can continue the argument as before, leading to a contradiction. The exceptional case $u=u_1u_2u_3\Diamond\Diamond u_6u_7u_8$ can be excluded as follows: Applying Lemma \[lem:constraint\] shows that $u_2=u_6$ and $u_3=u_7$, and then it becomes clear that the factor $0000$, at whatever position within $u$ it is placed, would appear twice. For $n=3$ the only possible linear [upwords]{} with two adjacent $\Diamond$s by Lemma \[lem:constraint\] are $u=\Diamond\Diamond u_3{\overline}{u_3}{\overline}{u_3}u_6$, which leads to $\Diamond\Diamond 0111$ (w.l.o.g. $u_3=0$, and for 111 to be covered we must have $u_6=1$), and $u=u_1\Diamond\Diamond u_4$ is impossible because $u_10u_4$ appears twice as a factor (starting at positions 1 and 2). For $n=2$ the only possible linear [upword]{} with two $\Diamond$s is $\Diamond\Diamond$.
Existence results
-----------------
Our next result provides an infinite number of binary linear [upwords]{} with two $\Diamond$s (see Table \[tab:upwords2\]).
\[thm:two-diamonds\] For $A=\{0,1\}$ and any $n\geq 4$, there is a linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ with two $\Diamond$s that begins with $\Diamond 0^{n-1}1^{n-2}\Diamond 1 0^{n-2} 1$.
Consider the word $w=w_1w_2\cdots w_{3n-1}:=\Diamond 0^{n-1}1^{n-2}\Diamond 1 0^{n-2} 1$. It is easy to check that $w$ yields $3n+1$ different factors $x_1x_2\cdots x_n\in A^n$, and each of these factors gives rise to an edge $(x_1x_2\cdots x_{n-1},x_2x_3\cdots x_n)$ in the De Bruijn graph $G_A^{n-1}$. The set $E'$ of these edges and their end vertices $V'$ form a connected subgraph that has in- and out-degree 1 for all vertices in $V'$ except for $v_0':=0^{n-1}$, $v_1':=1^{n-1}$, $v_2':=10^{n-2}$ and $v_3':=1^{n-2}0$ which have in- and out-degree 2, and $y:=0^{n-2}1$ and $z:=01^{n-2}$ which have in-degree 2 and out-degree 1, or in-degree 1 and out-degree 2, respectively. We denote the graph obtained from $G_A^{n-1}$ by removing the edges in $E'$ and the vertices $v_0',v_1',v_2'$ and $v_3'$ by $G'$. Clearly, every vertex in $G'$ has the same in- and out-degree (1 or 2), except the vertex $y$ which has only one outgoing edge, and the vertex $z$ which has only one incoming edge. To complete the proof of the theorem we show that $G'$ contains an Eulerian path (which must start at $y$ and end at $z$), and to do this, it suffices (by the before-mentioned degree conditions) to show that $G'$ is connected.
If $n=4$, then $G'$ consists only of the edges $(y,010),(010,101),(101,z)$ (a connected graph), so for the rest of the proof we assume that $n\geq 5$. Consider a vertex $v$ in $G'$ other than $z$.
If $v$ ends with 0, consider the (maximum) number $k$ of trailing 0s. Note that $k\leq n-3$, as the vertices $v_2'$ and $v_0'$ that correspond to the cases $k\in\{n-2,n-1\}$ are not in $G'$. From $v$ we follow 1-edges and 0-edges alternatingly, starting with a 1-edge, until we either reach the vertex $s:=1^{n-3}01$ or the vertex $t:=010101\cdots\in A^{n-1}$ (this could happen right at the beginning if $v=t$). From $s$ or $t$ we follow 1-edges until the vertex $z$.
If $v$ ends with 1, then we do the following: If $v\neq s$ we follow a single 0-edge, and then proceed as before until the vertex $z$. If $v=s$ we directly follow 1-edges until $z$. (Note that we only ever follow edges in forward direction.)
We claim that in this process we never use an edge from $E'$, which shows that $G'$ is connected. To see this we first consider the case that we start at a vertex $v$ with $k\leq n-3$ trailing 0s. If $k\geq 2$, then the vertex reached from $v$ via a 1-edge is not in $V'$, because no vertex in $V'$ has a segment of $k\leq n-3$ consecutive 0s surrounded by 1s. Also, none of the next vertices before reaching $t$ is from $V'$, because all contain the factor $0010$, unlike any word in $V'$. If $k=1$, then the vertex reached from $v$ by following a 1-edge is either $s\in V'$ (then we stop) or not in $V'$, as no other vertex from $V'$ ends with 101. If it is not in $V'$, then the next vertex reached via a 0-edge could be in $V'$, but all the subsequent vertices until (and including) $t$ are not, since they all contain the factor 0101, unlike any word in $V'$. This shows that none of the edges traversed from $v$ to $s$ or $t$ is from $E'$. Moreover, none of the vertices traversed between $s$ and $z$ or between $t$ and $z$ is from $V'$, because they all contain the factor $0101$ or $1011$, unlike any word in $V'$, so we indeed reach $z$ without using any edges from $E'$.
Now consider the case that we start at a vertex $v$ that ends with 1. The only interesting case is $v\neq s$. There are only two 0-edges in $E'$ starting at a vertex that ends with 1, namely the edges starting at $v_1'$ and $s$. However, $v$ is different from $v_1'$ because $v_1'$ is not part of $G'$, and $v$ is different from $s$ by assumption. We conclude that the 1-edge we follow is not from $E'$.
These arguments show that $G'$ is connected, so it has an Eulerian path, and this Eulerian path yields the desired [upword]{} that begins with $w$. This completes the proof.
Cyclic [upwords]{} {#sec:cyclic}
==================
Throughout this section, all indices are considered modulo the size of the corresponding word. All the notions introduced in Section \[sec:prelim\] can be extended straightforwardly to cyclic [upwords]{}, where factors are taken cyclically across the word boundaries. In particular, when defining the graph $H(u,n)$ for some cyclic [upword]{} $=u_1u_2\cdots u_N$ we consider the subsets of words $S(u,i,n)$ cyclically for all $i=1,2,\ldots,N$. Then the first two statements of Observation \[obs:Hu-degrees\] hold for all vertices $S(u,i,n)$, $i=1,2,\ldots,N$. The next lemma is the analogue of Lemma \[lem:constraint\] for cyclic [upwords]{}.
\[lem:constraint-cyclic\] Let $u=u_1u_2\cdots u_N$ be a cyclic [upword]{} for $A^n$, where $A=\{0,1,\ldots,\alpha-1\}$ and $n\geq 2$. If $u_k=\Diamond$ then $u_{k+n}=\Diamond$.
Suppose that $u_k=\Diamond$ and $u_{k+n}\neq \Diamond$. By Observation \[obs:Hu-degrees\], each vertex in the set $S(u,k+1,n)$ has in-degree $\alpha$ in $H(u,n)$, and each vertex in $S(u,k,n)$ has out-degree 1. By Observation \[obs:common-neighbors\], for each $v=v_1v_2\cdots v_n\in S(u,k+1,n)$ there are $\alpha-1$ other vertices (different from the ones in $S(u,k+1,n)$) in $G_A^n$ with the same set $\Gamma^-(v)$ of $\alpha$ many in-neighbors, namely $v_x:=v_1\cdots v_{n-1}x$, where $x\in A\setminus \{v_n\}$. As the in-degree of every vertex of $G_A^n$ is exactly $\alpha$, and in $H(u,n)$ all vertices already have in-degree at least 1, it follows that the vertices $v_x$ can not be part of $H(u,n)$, a contradiction to the fact that $H(u,n)$ is a spanning subgraph of $G_A^n$.
Lemma \[cor:cyclic\] immediately yields the following corollary, which captures various rather severe conditions that a cyclic [upword]{} must satisfy, relating its length $N$, the size $\alpha$ of the alphabet, and the value of the parameter $n$.
\[cor:cyclic\] Let $u=u_1u_2\cdots u_N$ be a cyclic [upword]{} for $A^n$, where $A=\{0,1,\ldots,\alpha-1\}$ and $n\geq 2$, with at least one $\Diamond$. Then we have $N=\alpha^{n-d}$ for some $d$, $1\leq d\leq n-1$, such that $n$ divides $dN$.
By Lemma \[lem:constraint-cyclic\], for any $\Diamond$ in $u$, the other two symbols in distance $n$ from it must be $\Diamond$s as well. Thus, the indices $1,2,\ldots,N$ are partitioned into $\gcd(n,N)$ many residue classes modulo $n$, and all symbols at positions from the same residue class are either all $\Diamond$s or all letters from $A$. Let $d$ denote the number of $\Diamond$s among any $n$ consecutive symbols of $u$, then we have $1\leq d\leq n-1$ (there is at least one $\Diamond$, but not all letters can be $\Diamond$s), and any starting position in $u$ gives rise to $\alpha^d$ different factors, implying that $N=\alpha^{n-d}$. Furthermore, the $d$ many $\Diamond$s within any $n$ consecutive letters of $u$ are partitioned into $n/\gcd(n,N)$ many blocks with the same $\Diamond$ pattern, so $n/\gcd(n,N)$ must divide $d$, and this condition is equivalent to $n$ dividing $d\gcd(n,N)$ and to $n$ dividing $dN$.
As an immediate corollary of our last result, we can exclude the existence of cyclic [upwords]{} for many combinations of $\alpha$ and $n$.
\[cor:cyclic-div\] Let $A=\{0,1,\ldots,\alpha-1\}$ and $n\geq 2$. If $\gcd(\alpha,n)=1$, then there is no cyclic [upword]{} for $A^n$. In particular, for $\alpha=2$ and odd $n$, there is no cyclic [upword]{} for $A^n$.
Suppose that such [an]{} [upword]{} $u=u_1u_2\cdots u_N$ exists. Then by Corollary \[cor:cyclic\] we have $N=\alpha^{n-d}$ for some $d$, $1\leq d\leq n-1$, such that $n$ divides $dN$. However, as $\gcd(\alpha,n)=1$, $n$ does not divide $N=\alpha^{n-d}$, so $n$ must divide $d$, which is impossible, yielding a contradiction.
By Corollaries \[cor:cyclic\] and \[cor:cyclic-div\], for a binary alphabet ($\alpha=2$), the only remaining potential parameter values for cyclic [upwords]{} are $n=2$ and $d=1$, $n=4$ and $d\in\{1,2\}$, $n=6$ and $d=3$, $n=8$ and $d\in\{1,2,\ldots,6\}$, $n=10$ and $d=5$, $n=12$ and $d\in\{3,6,9\}$, etc. The case $n=2$ and $d=1$ can be easily exluded: w.l.o.g. such a word has the form $\Diamond 0$, leading to the factor 00 appearing twice (and 11 does not appear as a factor at all). However, for $n=4$ and $d=1$ we have the cyclic [upword]{} $\Diamond 001\Diamond 110$, which we already mentioned in the introduction. This is the only cyclic [upword]{} for a binary alphabet that we know of. Cyclic [upwords]{} for any even alphabet size $\alpha\geq 4$ and $n=4$ have been constructed in the follow-up paper [@kirsch:16].
Outlook {#sec:outlook}
=======
In this paper we initiated the systematic study of universal partial words, and we hope that our results and the numerous examples of [upwords]{} provided in the tables (see also the extensive data available on the website [@www]) generate substantial interest for other researchers to continue this exploration, possibly in one of the directions suggested below.
Concerning the binary alphabet $A=\{0,1\}$, it would be interesting to achieve complete classification of linear [upwords]{} containing a single $\Diamond$, as suggested by Conjecture \[conj:single-diamond\]. For two $\Diamond$s such a task seems somewhat more challenging (recall Table \[tab:upwords2\], Theorem \[thm:two-diamonds-non\] and see the data from [@www]). Some examples of binary linear [upwords]{} with three $\Diamond$s are listed in Table \[tab:upwords3\], and deriving some general existence and non-existence results for this setting would certainly be of interest.
$n$
----- ----------------------------------------------------------------
3 $\Diamond \Diamond \Diamond $
4 $\Diamond \Diamond \Diamond 01111$ (Thm. \[thm:nm1-diamonds\])
$\Diamond \Diamond 001\Diamond 11010$
$\Diamond 001\Diamond 110\Diamond 00$
$0\Diamond 001\Diamond 110\Diamond 0$
5 $\Diamond 0010\Diamond 0111\Diamond 10011011000001$
$\Diamond 0000111\Diamond 10001001101100101\Diamond 1$
$\Diamond 00001110\Diamond 100010100110101111\Diamond $
$\Diamond 0000100111\Diamond 10001101100101\Diamond 1$
$\Diamond 0000101110\Diamond 1000110101001111\Diamond $
$\Diamond 00001111101\Diamond 10001011001\Diamond 01$
$\Diamond 000010101110\Diamond 10001101001111\Diamond $
$\Diamond 0000101001110\Diamond 1000110101111\Diamond $
$\Diamond 00001101100111\Diamond 1000100101\Diamond 1$
$\Diamond 0000110101001110\Diamond 1000101111\Diamond $
$\Diamond 00001101100100111\Diamond 1000101\Diamond 1$
$\Diamond 000010010101111100\Diamond 1101\Diamond 00$
$0\Diamond 1100\Diamond 001111101101000101\Diamond 1$
: Examples of linear [upwords]{} for $A^n$, $A=\{0,1\}$, with three $\Diamond$s for $n=3,4,5$.[]{data-label="tab:upwords3"}
The next step would be to consider the situation of more than three $\Diamond$s present in a linear [upword]{}. The following easy-to-verify example in this direction was communicated to us by Rachel Kirsch [@kirsch:16].
\[thm:nm1-diamonds\] For $A=\{0,1\}$ and any $n\geq 2$, $\Diamond^{n-1}01^n$ is a linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ with $n-1$ many $\Diamond$s.
Complementing Theorem \[thm:nm1-diamonds\], we can prove the following non-existence result in this direction, but it should be possible to obtain more general results.
\[thm:diamonds-start\] For $A=\{0,1\}$, any $n\geq 4$ and any $2\leq d\leq n-2$, there is no linear [upword]{} for $A^n$ that begins with $\Diamond^d x_{d+1}x_{d+2}\ldots x_{n+2}$ with $x_i\in A$ for all $i=d+1,\ldots,n+2$.
The proof of Theorem \[thm:diamonds-start\] is easy by applying Lemma \[lem:constraint\] to the first and second $\Diamond$. We leave the details to the reader.
It would also be interesting to find examples of binary cyclic [upwords]{} other than $\Diamond 001\Diamond 110$ for $n=4$ mentioned before.
Finally, a natural direction would be to search for (linear or cyclic) [upwords]{} for [*non-binary*]{} alphabets, but we anticipate that no non-trivial [upwords]{} exist in most cases (recall Theorem \[thm:alpha3\]). As evidence for this we have the following general non-existence result in this setting.
\[thm:alpha3p\] For $A=\{0,1,\ldots,\alpha-1\}$, $\alpha\geq 3$, and any $d\geq 2$, for large enough $n$ there is no linear or cyclic [upword]{} for $A^n$ with exactly $d$ many $\Diamond$s.
Theorem \[thm:alpha3p\] shows in particular that for a fixed alphabet size $\alpha$ and a fixed number $d\geq 2$ of diamonds, there are only finitely many possible candidates for [upwords]{} with $d$ diamonds (which in principle could all be checked by exhaustive search). The proof idea is that for fixed $d$ and large enough $n$, such [an]{} [upword]{} must contain a $\Diamond$ and a symbol from $A$ in distance $n$, and then applying Lemma \[lem:constraint\] or Lemma \[lem:constraint-cyclic\] yields a contradiction (recall the proof of Theorem \[thm:alpha3\]). We omit the details here. On the positive side, [upwords]{} for even alphabet sizes $\alpha\geq 4$ and $n=4$ have been constructed in [@kirsch:16] (and these [upwords]{} are even cyclic).
A question that we have not touched in this paper is the algorithmic problem of efficiently generating [upwords]{}. As a preliminary observation in this direction we remark here that some of the linear [upwords]{} constructed in Theorem \[thm:diamond-at-pos-1\] and \[thm:diamond-at-pos-k\] can also be obtained by straightforward modifications of the FKM de Bruijn sequences constructed in [@MR523071; @MR855323], for which efficient generation algorithms are known [@MR1176670].
The authors thank Martin Gerlach for his assistance in our computer searches, Rachel Kirsch and her collaborators [@kirsch:16], as well as Artem Pyatkin for providing particular examples of small [upwords]{}. The second author is grateful to Sergey Avgustinovich for helpful discussions on universal partial words, and to Bill Chen and Arthur Yang for their hospitality during the author’s visit of the Center for Combinatorics at Nankai University in November 2015. This work was supported by the 973 Project, the PCSIRT Project of the Ministry of Education and the National Science Foundation of China. We also thank the anonymous referees of this paper for several valuable suggestions and references that helped improving the presentation.
[^1]: The last author was supported by the Scientific Research Program of the Higher Education Institution of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (No. XJEDU2016S032) and the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang University.
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You probably know it already: We need to alleviate climate change, otherwise our livelihood is in danger. In this article we want to explore some of the basics of climate change mitigation and the current progress that’s made. But let’s start from the basics.
Human activities, additional to natural processes, release large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere enhancing global warming and climate change . The main sources of these emissions are:
- extraction and burning of fossil fuels (incl. coal, oil and gas) for the generation of electricity, in transport or industry, and households (Carbon Dioxide/CO2, CH4/Methane, nitrogen dioxide/NO2);
- land use change and deforestation (Carbon Dioxide/CO2);
- agriculture (CH4/Methane, nitrogen dioxide/NO2);
- landfills/waste (CH4/Methane, e.g. from decomposition); and
- the use of industrial fluorinated gases .
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC; 2018) estimates with high confidence that these activities have caused approximately 1.0°C (likely range: 0.8°C to 1.2°C) of global warming since the beginning of the industrial revolution (“above pre-industrial levels”) . This increase in temperature has already had impacts on human and natural systems, for instance, changes in different ecosystems like oceans. Despite the gloomy scenarios for our common future about possible impacts caused by global warming during the next decades , nonetheless, following the IPCC, the extent of these impacts depends on the rate, peak and duration of the warming . As a result, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) considers the decrease in the amount of emissions by reducing the concentration of CO2 or equivalent in the atmosphere and increasing so-called carbon sinks (e.g. oceans, forest areas) as key . These efforts describe what is called “climate change mitigation”.
Already under the Kyoto protocol, many high income countries have set national emission caps for their economies, while the clean development mechanism (CDM) set an important milestone for low- and middle income countries to implement activities that reduce emissions and enhance carbon sinks . In 2009 (Copenhagen Accord) and 2010 (Cancun Agreements), the latter agreed to the implementation of nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) supported by the high-income countries, while high income countries presented quantifiable emission targets for 2020.
Mitigation is the central part of the Paris Agreement. There it was agreed to “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change” . In order to reach that goal, in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), each country defines domestic mitigation measures stating their ambitions towards this common goal.
Not only on a national level but also on non-state and subnational levels there are attempts to support the 1.5°C goal, including civil society, businesses or investors. For instance, several cities aim at mitigating their emissions to be carbon neutral in the near future . Glasgow, the city in which COP26 is supposed to take place in 2021, committed to be carbon neutral by 2030 [6,7].
Despite these ambitions, however, following the Emission Gap Report, in 2019, total greenhouse gas emissions reached a new high of 59.1 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent (GtCO2e) including land-use change . Further, in 2020, CO2 emissions decreased by around 5 per cent in 2020 due to COVID-19 lockdowns, however, atmospheric concentrations of GHG continue to rise. Adding to that, the NDCs are still pathetically inadequate. With the current predictions of emissions for 2030, global temperatures will increase further and lead to a 3.2°C scenario in this century, even if all unconditional NDCs would be fully implemented. Therefore, in order to be able to get to the 2°C pathway, the report states that the ambitions shown in the NDCs and the Paris Agreement need to be tripled, or increased minimum fivefold to get to the 1.5°C pathway.
At COP26, some of the key large emitters are expected to present their new and updated NDCs forwarding carbon-cutting commitments to 2030 from 2050, since 2020 was the agreed target date for the submission . Further, it is expected that topics like carbon market mechanisms, loss and damage caused by climate change, the $100 billion finance target from the Paris Agreement, and nature-based solutions are discussed, that will play a role for driving the ambition for climate change mitigation .
Nevertheless, to achieve the 2°C goal by mitigating emissions, it’s not all about top-down approaches. The emissions gap report 2020 emphasised that lifestyle changes by citizens and civil society are important to bridge the gap, since two thirds of global emissions are linked to private household consumption . What could you do to curb your personal GHG emissions? Find out by calculating your own carbon footprint (e.g. https://www.carbonfootprint.com/calculator.aspx)!
References: | https://climatalk.org/2021/04/22/climate-change-mitigation/ |
Figuring out the best route for many underwater vehicle like ‘swarm’ is a monumentally complex problem. But, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researchers have developed new software and methods that can predict optimal paths for automated underwater vehicles. The purpose is to teach the “swarms” of undersea robots: how to effectively draw paths for us. The team is going to present their mathematical procedure in May at the annual IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.
The system that has been developed by the team of engineers named Multidisciplinary Simulation, Estimation, and Assimilation Systems (MSEAS) led by Pierre Lermusiaux, the Doherty Associate Professor in Ocean Utilization at MIT can provide paths optimized either for the shortest travel time or for the minimum use of energy, or to maximize the collection of data that is considered most important. The Office of Naval Research and by the MIT Sea Grant College Program, arranged the whole fund to continue the whole.
Lermusiaux said, “Earlier attempts to find optimal paths for underwater vehicles were either imprecise, unable to cope with changing currents and complex topography, or required so much computational power that they couldn’t be applied to real-time control of swarms of robotic vehicles. Because ocean environments are so complex, what was missing in the methodology and algorithm was the integration of ocean prediction, ocean estimation, control and optimization”
The team achieved a successful test of the new algorithms by simulating a virtual fleet of 1,000 AUVs, which had been deployed from one or more ships and seeking different targets. The system they devised was able to account for ‘forbidden’ zones. It means, the system could detect underwater craft and the flow of the currents as well as passing ships and avoid crashing.
While the methodology and algorithms were developed for an underwater environment, Lermusiaux explains that similar computational systems can be used to guide automated vehicles through any kind of obstacles and flows like aerial vehicles coping with winds and mountains. This system will definitely help miniature medical robots navigate through the circulatory system. You can click here for details. | https://thetechjournal.com/tech-news/mit-software-optimizes-paths-for-automated-underwater-vehicles.xhtml |
Vincent Willem van Gogh was a post-impressionist painter from the Netherlands. Born on the 30th of March 1853 in Zundert (Netherlands). One of Vincent's most known art piece was 'The Starry Night' which costs over £80,000,000.00 in price. Unfortunately, after his tempers flared with Paul Gauguin, Van Gogh's illness revealed itself; he suffered attacks and lost consciousness, in this attack, he used a knife which he eventually used to cut off his ear. Vincent van Gogh died on the 29th of July 1890.
Find out more here: https://www.vangoghgallery.com/misc/biography.html
Leonardo da Vinci
Da Vinci is another very famous artist, born on 15th of April 1452 Anchiano (Italy). Leonardo is known for his amazing portrait of 'Mona Lisa'. Mona Lisa was a lady in real life who went under the name of Lisa Gherardini. The price of the Mona Lisa was received in 1962 but, if you account for the inflation she is worth over 700,000,000.00 pounds sterling in today's currency. Sadly he died on the 2 May 1519.
Find out more here: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci
Comments (4)
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Tom @ Topical Talk
15 Jun 2020
Thank you telling us about these, active_sheep. It's always good to add a question to a post so it can start a discussion. What question, related to this, could you ask everyone?
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active_sheep | The Sherwood School | United Kingdom
Tom @ Topical Talk's comment 15 Jun 2020
My question: Do you think that the prices of art pieces are too expensive and should be a lower price? Or do you think they should be higher in price and cost more?
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noble_honeydew | Maundene School
17 Nov 2020
Active _sheep I think that the costs of paintings are acceptable as those people who have painted these paintings took alot of time out and took time to paint it.
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sociable_ostrich | St Stephen's College Preparatory School | Hong Kong
24 Apr 2021
This was very interesting, thank you for sharing it with everyone.It was very unfortunate that both artist hasn't gotten anything for drawing the paintings and they died think the paintings were worthless
You must be logged in with Student Hub access to post a comment. Sign up now! | https://talk.economistfoundation.org/projects/hong-kong-crisis/the-discussion/famous-artists/ |
Nicholas Blake is the pseudonym of poet Cecil Day-Lewis C. Day Lewis who was born in Ireland in 1904. He was the son of the Reverend Frank Cecil Day-Lewis and his wife Kathleen (nee Squires). His mother died in 1906 and he and his father moved to London where he was brought up by his father with the help of an aunt.
He spent his holidays in Wrexford and regarded himself very much as anglo-irish, although when the Republic of Ireland was declared in 1948 he chose British citizenship.
He was married twice, to Mary King in 1928 and to Jill Balcon in 1951 and during the 1940s he had a long love affair with novelist Rosamond Lehmann. He had four children from his two marriages with actor Daniel Day-Lewis, documentary filmmaker and television chef Tamasin Day-Lewis and TV critic and writer Sean Day-Lewis being three of his children.
He began work as a schoolmaster and during World War II he worked as a publications editor in the Ministry of Information. After the war he joined Chatto & Windus as a senior editor and director and then in 1946 he began lecturing at Cambridge University. He later taught poetry at Oxford University, where he was Professor of Poetry from 1951-1956 and from 1962-1963 he was the Norton Professor at Harvard University.
But he was by then earning his living mainly from his writings, having had some poetry published in the late 1920s and early 1930s and then in 1935 beginning his career as a thriller writer with 'A Question of Proof', which featured his amateur sleuth Nigel Strangeways, reputedly modelled on W H Auden. He continued the Strangeways series, which finally totalled 16 novels ending with 'The Morning After Death' in 1966. He also wrote four detective novels which did not feature Strangeways.
He continued to write poetry and became Poet Laureate in 1968, a post he held until his death in 1972. He was also awarded the CBE.
He died from pancreatic cancer on 22 May 1972 at the Hertfordshire home of Kingsley Amis and Elizabeth Jane Howard, where he and his wife were staying. He is buried in Stinsford churchyard, close to the grave of one of his heroes Thomas Hardy, something that he had arranged before his death.
Nicholas Blake is the author of books: The Beast Must Die (Nigel Strangeways, #4), A Question of Proof (Nigel Strangeways, #1), Thou Shell of Death (Nigel Strangeways, #2), The Corpse in the Snowman (Nigel Strangeways, #7), End of Chapter (Nigel Strangeways, #12), There's Trouble Brewing (Nigel Strangeways, #3), The Smiler With the Knife (Nigel Strangeways, #5), The Widow's Cruise (Nigel Strangeways, #13), Minute for Murder (Nigel Strangeways, #8), The Dreadful Hollow (Nigel Strangeways, #10)
Author Books
Para conseguirlo, se valdrá de las ventajas que le proporciona ser un escritor de novelas policíacas de éxito, cuya identidad real nadie conoce, ya que firma sus obras con el seudónimo de Felix Lane. Poco a poco, su investigación avanza y su plan empieza a tomar forma, pero una cosa es proyectar una venganza y otra muy diferente llevarla a cabo.
"La bestia debe morir" se inicia con un diario en el que un padre arrebatado por el dolor confiesa sin embarazo su sed de venganza y a continuación desarrolla una ingeniosa trama que la convierten en la mejor y más elegante novela de Nicholas Blake y su personaje de ficción, el detective Nigel Strangeways.
«Un relato emocionante con un giro brillante al final.» The Spectator
«El más intenso de los thrillers de Blake, La bestia debe morir, aún impresiona como una de las más oscuras e irresistibles novelas psicológicas.» The Times
But when the young English master, Michael Evans, becomes a suspect in the case, he’s greatly relieved when his clever friend Nigel Strangeways, who is beginning to make a name for himself as a private inquiry agent, shows up to lend a hand to the local constabulary.
Strangeways immediately wins over the students and even becomes an initiate in one of their secret societies, The Black Spot, whose members provide him with some of the information he needs to solve the case.
In the meantime Michael and Hero Vale, the pretty young wife of the headmaster, continue their hopeless love affair. When another murder follows, Strangeways is soon certain of the murderer’s identity, but until he can prove it, he’s reluctant to share his theory with the unimaginative but thorough Superintendent Armstrong.
Published in 1935 while he was a schoolmaster himself, this is the first detective novel by C. Day-Lewis, the noted man of letters who went on to become England’s poet laureate.
His guest list includes everyone who could even remotely be suspected of making the threats, including several people who stand to profit from O’Brien’s death, as well as Nigel, who is invited in his capacity as a criminal investigator.
Despite Nigel’s presence, the murder takes place as predicted, and he’s left to aid the local police in interviewing the suspects. One of them is Georgia Cavendish, a brave and colorful explorer who has been romantically linked with O’Brien and with whom Nigel falls in love.
Convinced that the case will never be solved unless the mystery of O’Brien’s past is cleared up, Nigel heads for Ireland to learn what he can about the victim’s origins. Originally published in 1936, it’s the second mystery by Blake (really C. Day-Lewis, the late Poet Laureate of England) and without a doubt one of his best, with its dazzlingly complex plot, arresting characters, and shocking but inevitable solution.
Nigel uncovers evidence of murder, and he soon finds himself once again working with his friend, Inspector Blount of Scotland Yard.
Is it Stephen Protheroe, defunct poet, curmudgeon, and the last known person to access the manuscript? Or Mr Bates, the production manager recently forced reluctantly into retirement? Miss Millicent Miles, the romance novelist hoping to reinvigorate her ailing career with a steamy autobiography, or the now libellous author himself, General Thoresby?
With so many suspects, Strangeways struggles to identify a motive, let alone a culprit. But when an employee is found slain in the office, it seems the case may be more personal than it first appeared…
Leaving Nigel disconsolate at home, Georgia sets off on an hilarious romp across the country, pursuing a clique of Little Englanders inspired by Fascist Germany.
In her battle for Britain she encounters reckless gamblers and a quiet village vicar, England’s top batsman and the Radiance Girls in flowing orange chiffon, and, most suspicious of all, a peer of the realm with more on his mind than a coronet. Who is friend? Who is foe? Who would destroy the sanctity of England’s green and pleasant land?
Renowned sculptor, Clare Massinger, is in a bit of a creative slump. To provide a little inspiration, Nigel Strangeways books them a relaxing cruise on the Aegean Sea. Filled with Greek temples, swimming pools, and sandy beaches, this scenic vacation should be the perfect getaway. But when they meet the other passengers, Nigel and Clare realize the cruise may not be as peaceful as planned.
It seems everyone knows everyone else’s business: a schoolteacher recovering from a nervous breakdown is confronted by a former student; a scholar is embarrassed by a scornful reviewer; a seductive temptress is known to a Bishop, and, to top it off, two busybodies are keeping tabs on everyone.
As the passengers’ lives become increasingly intertwined, it seems a plot for revenge may be afloat. Amidst steamy assignations, false accusations, and suicide threats, Nigel’s holiday doesn’t last long, and he must take charge to uncover the truth before the passengers have something more disturbing to gossip about…
Who put the poison in blonde femme fatale Nita Prince’s coffee cup?
A hero returned from a secret mission visits his onetime colleagues (among them, Nigel Strangeways) at the Ministry of Morale. His former fiancée, the beautiful Nita, is now having an affair with the director, his brother-in-law…
The small town of Prior’s Umborne is alive with gossip and accusation. A rash of poison pen letters has been sent to some of the inhabitants. Bleeding out buried secrets from the recipients’ pasts, the letters have already driven one man to take his own life.
With fear and suspicion spreading like wildfire, Private Investigator Nigel Strangeways is called in by Sir Archibald Blick, a wealthy businessman with his own set of enemies, to determine who is behind these malicious letters.
But as Nigel becomes a part of village life, he uncovers more than just the author of these deadly notes. When another body is discovered, Nigel must work quickly to untangle a web of family secrets and rivalry, love triangles and ultimatums before old grudges claim another life. | https://iconaudiobooks.com/author/99752-nicholas-blake-audiobook-download.html |
Ocean Acidification May Corrode Animals' Shells by 2030
It's no secret that ocean acidification as a result of climate change is causing calcifiers like mollusks, starfish and corals to struggle. But now new research says that surface waters of the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, in particular, could reach levels of acidity that threaten the ability of animals to build and maintain their shells by 2030, with the Bering Sea reaching this level of acidity by 2044.
"Our research shows that within 15 years, the chemistry of these waters may no longer be saturated with enough calcium carbonate for a number of animals from tiny sea snails to Alaska King crabs to construct and maintain their shells at certain times of the year," Jeremy Mathis, an oceanographer at NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory and the study's lead author, said in a news release. "This change due to ocean acidification would not only affect shell-building animals but could ripple through the marine ecosystem."
From 2011-2012, a team of scientists from the NOAA, as well as the University of Alaska and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), collected observations on water temperature, salinity and dissolved carbon during two month-long expeditions to the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas onboard US Coast Guard cutter Healy.
Using this data, they validated a predictive model for the region, which calculates how the amount of calcium and carbonate ions dissolved in seawater - an important indicator of ocean acidification - will change over time.
According to the model, these ion levels will drop below the current range in 2025 for the Beaufort Sea, 2027 for the Chukchi Sea, and 2044 for the Bering Sea.
This is critical because certain marine animals rely on calcium carbonate (eg - aragonite) to build and maintain their shells, which they use for protection. However, if carbonate ion concentrations dip below tolerable levels, their shells may start to dissolve, even early in life. This will not only negatively affect shell-building organisms but also the fish that depend on these types of species for food.
"The Pacific-Arctic region, because of its vulnerability to ocean acidification, gives us an early glimpse of how the global ocean will respond to increased human-caused carbon dioxide emissions, which are being absorbed by our ocean," said Mathis. "Increasing our observations in this area will help us develop the environmental information needed by policy makers and industry to address the growing challenges of ocean acidification."
The findings were published in the journal Oceanography.
For more great nature science stories and general news, please visit our sister site, Headlines and Global News (HNGN). | https://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/15220/20150616/ocean-acidification-may-corrode-animals-shells-by-2030.htm |
After installing Windows 10, you may notice that some of your files and folders show up with double blue arrows icon at the top. This double blue arrows overlay icon is seen if the files and folders are compressed (NTFS compression), and there is nothing to worry about.
This post tells you how to hide or remove the double blue arrow icons on folders or files in Windows 10.
When you enable NTFS compression for a file or folder, the blue double arrows icon overlay appears on the top right corner of the file or folder. This is to indicate the user that the folder or file is compressed.
Windows 10 may have compressed your files and folders
It’s also possible that Windows 10 has compressed the folders in your user profile folder to free up enough disk space to install important updates. This is especially the case if you have a low capacity hard drive, your system partition size is small or the hard drive is low on disk space.
For example, the Windows 10 reliability update does that.
To help free up disk space, this update may compress files in your user profile directory so that Windows Update can install important updates. When files or folders are compressed, they appear as having two blue arrows overlaid on the icon. Depending on your File Explorer settings, you may see icons that look larger or smaller.
So, that’s the reason why your desktop shortcuts (eg., Microsoft Office application shortcuts) are compressed but the corresponding executables in Program Files aren’t compressed.
Additionally, Window 10 also compresses certain files and folders in your Windows directory. For example. the
Windows\logs\CBS and
Windows\Panther folders are compressed.
Removing the Two Blue Arrow Icon Overlay for Folders & Files
If you want to remove the 2 blue arrows icon, you have two options:
- Option 1: Disable compression for that folder or file
- Option 2: Remove the blue double arrows overlay via registry, without disabling compression.
Option 1: Remove blue arrows by disabling compression for the file or folder
To remove the blue arrows icon on a file or folder, disable compression via the file or folder’s properties dialog.
- Right-click on the file or folder for which you have to disable the compression, and click Properties.
- On the General tab, click the Advanced button.
- In Advanced Attributes, deselect Compress contents to save disk space
- Click OK.
- Click Apply or OK on the Properties window. The file or folder will be now uncompressed, and the two blue arrow icon overlay will be removed.
Option 2: Remove the double blue arrow icon overlay without disabling compression
Disabling NTFS compression is not really a solution especially if you have limited hard disk space. In that case, you may use the following registry edit (cosmetic) to simply hide the annoying double blue arrow icon for compressed files and folders.
(The registry edit below overrides the compressed files overlay shell icon
#179, similar to the shortcut (.lnk) files overlay registry edit.)
- Download blank_icon.zip and extract
blank.icoto a folder of your choice. In this example, we use
C:\Windows\blank.icoas the path to the icon file you downloaded.
- Click Start, type regedit.exe and press ENTER
- Navigate to the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer
- Create a subkey named
Shell Icons(if the key doesn’t already exist)
- In the right pane of the
Shell Iconskey, create a new String value (REG_SZ) named 179
- Double-click
179and set its data as
C:\Windows\blank.icoNote: At this step, don’t use the
shell32.dll,50blank icon as many websites suggest for hiding the blue double arrow overlay. Doing so would cause your desktop shortcuts to be covered with black boxes. See Desktop Icons Covered with Black Squares or Generic White Overlay in Windows. Use the
blank.icofile instead.
- Exit the Registry Editor
- Logoff and login again. Or Restart the Explorer shell for the change take effect.
That’s it! The two blue arrows that showed up for some files and folders are now removed or hidden.
Downloads
- blank_icon.zip
- w10-remove-compress-overlay.zip (to automate Steps 1-6)
If you don’t want Windows to compress your files automatically in future, increase the size of your system partition, or invest in higher capacity hard disk drive. And, you can free up large amounts of disk space using Disk Cleanup or Storage Sense.
Related articles
- How to Remove or Modify the Shortcut Overlay in Windows
- Green Tick or Blue Arrows Icon Overlay Displayed for Files in Explorer
- Shortcut Icons Covered with White Icons or Black Boxes [Icon Overlay]
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About the author
Ramesh Srinivasan founded Winhelponline.com back in 2005. He is passionate about Microsoft technologies and he has been a Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) for 10 consecutive years from 2003 to 2012. | https://www.winhelponline.com/blog/blue-double-arrow-icon-files-folders-windows-10/ |
Spectrum of resistance to root-knot nematodes and inheritance of heat-stable resistance in in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).
Capsicum annuum L. has resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp.), severe polyphagous pests that occur world-wide. Several single dominant genes confer this resistance. Some are highly specific, whereas others are effective against a wide range of species. The spectrum of resistance to eight clonal RKN populations of the major Meloidogyne species, M. arenaria (2 populations), M. incognita (2 populations), M. javanica (1 population), and M. hapla (3 populations) was studied using eight lines of Capsicum annuum. Host susceptibility was determined by counting the egg masses (EM) on the roots. Plants were classified into resistant (R; EM ≤ 5) or susceptible (H; EM >5) classes. The french cultivar Doux Long des Landes was susceptible to all nematodes tested. The other seven pepper lines were highly resistant to M. arenaria, M. javanica and one population of M. hapla. Variability in resistance was observed for the other two populations of M. hapla. Only lines PM687, PM217, Criollo de Morelos 334 and Yolo NR were resistant to M. incognita. To investigate the genetic basis of resistance in the highly resistant line PM687, the resistance of two progenies was tested with the two populations of M. incognita: 118 doubled-haploid (DH) lines obtained by androgenesis from F(1) hybrids of the cross between PM687 and the susceptible cultivar Yolo Wonder, and 163 F(2) progenies. For both nematodes populations, the segregation patterns 69 R / 49 S for DH lines and 163 R / 45 S for F(2) progenies were obtained at 22°C and at high temperatures (32°C and 42°C). The presence of a single dominant gene that totally prevented multiplication of M. incognita was thus confirmed and its stability at high temperature was demonstrated. This study confirmed the value of C. annuum as a source of complete spectrum resistance to the major RKN.
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- Mapping the Indo-Pacific Beads vis-à-vis Papanaidupet by Alok Kumar Kanungo
Alok Kumar Kanungo’s Mapping the Indo-Pacific Beads vis-à-vis Papanaidupet discusses the production of a particular kind of glass bead purported to have originated in South India over two and a half millennia ago. This Indo-Pacific glass bead is claimed to have spread across vast areas of southern and southeastern Asia as well as the eastern sub-region of the African continent. Borne from nearly two decades of Kanungo’s archaeological and ethnographic research on glass and glass beads in India and surrounding regions, this book maps the spread of the Indo-Pacific (IP) beads in Southeast Asia, documents the process of production of the beads at the extant glass bead making factories at Papanaidupet, and describes the social, economic, and ritual use of the beads across Southeast Asia. Contributing to our knowledge of the importance of India in the history of glass, the author details complexities associated with the archaeological study of glass. These difficulties include (1) reconstructing techniques of glass bead production, (2) identifying debris representing different stages in the production chain, and (3) understanding the social collaboration embedded in each step of the production to ensure a successful final product.
The book opens with a short preface introducing some major concerns in the study of the archaeology of glass and glass bead production, including the few occurrences of glass industries in antiquity, the techniques of glass bead manufacture, and the complex social meanings of glass and glass beads among past societies. Kanungo states that the book’s focus is to “discuss the origin and dispersal of IP beads, their technological innovation, the reasons for the continuation of the 2500 years old bead making tradition, the history of Papanaidupet and a detailed and exhaustive recording of the IP bead production cycle” (p. ix).
The book can be divided into two thematic sections with a total of six chapters, and a brief concluding section. Chapter 1 provides a background on the archaeology of glass in India with an emphasis on the development and evidence of glassmaking in ancient India. Chapter 2 centers on the attributes of IP beads, their origins and distribution across the globe. Countering Francis’ (1983) earlier claim that the technique of IP beads was invented at Arikamedu (on the southeastern coast of India near Pondicherry), Kanungo states that IP beads were produced at other workshops across Asia using the same technology at about the same period that IP beads were being manufactured at Arikamedu. He argues for “the emergence of distinct glass technologies and the existence of several independent glass beads making centers at different points across South and Southeast Asia” (p. 24).
Section 2 (chapters 3–6) focuses on ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological narratives about IP beads. Despite the record of production of glass beads using the IP bead making technique at Papanaidupet, there is a challenge of retrieving ethnographic accounts that document the antiquity of the industry at the area beyond the last 200 years (chapter 3). [End Page 190] This conundrum “raises the question of why [and when] bead producers chose Papanaidupet” (p. 27). However, the continuous production of IP beads at Papanaidupet until 2014 and the abundance of wastes that litter the surface of the village allow a detailed documentation of the processes and the labor involved in the production. To this end, chapter 4 is a thorough presentation of the process of production of IP beads at Papanaidupet. Chapter 5 maps the location of the Papanaidupet glassworks and the spatial management within the factory, the proximity of a drawing furnace to a rounding furnace, and the occurrence of nearby religious centers (traditional temples). Chapter 6 discusses the use of IP beads by two distinct traditional groups, the Bondos and the Nagas, in India. Because of the extensive use of glass beads among these two groups, Kanungo refers to them as the “most ornamented communities of the world” (p... | https://muse.jhu.edu/article/693159 |
SAE-AISI 9260 (G92600) Silicon Steel
SAE-AISI 9260 steel is an alloy steel formulated for primary forming into wrought products. Cited properties are appropriate for the annealed condition. 9260 is the designation in both the SAE and AISI systems for this material. G92600 is the UNS number.
It has a moderately low base cost among the SAE-AISI wrought steels in the database.
The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare SAE-AISI 9260 steel to: SAE-AISI wrought steels (top), all iron alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.
Mechanical Properties
Brinell Hardness
200
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus
190 GPa 27 x 106 psi
Elongation at Break
21 %
Fatigue Strength
260 MPa 38 x 103 psi
Poisson's Ratio
0.29
Shear Modulus
72 GPa 10 x 106 psi
Shear Strength
420 MPa 60 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)
660 MPa 96 x 103 psi
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)
380 MPa 55 x 103 psi
Thermal Properties
Latent Heat of Fusion
280 J/g
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical
400 °C 750 °F
Melting Completion (Liquidus)
1430 °C 2610 °F
Melting Onset (Solidus)
1390 °C 2540 °F
Specific Heat Capacity
480 J/kg-K 0.11 BTU/lb-°F
Thermal Conductivity
45 W/m-K 26 BTU/h-ft-°F
Thermal Expansion
13 µm/m-K
Electrical Properties
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume
7.4 % IACS
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)
8.6 % IACS
Otherwise Unclassified Properties
Base Metal Price
2.0 % relative
Density
7.7 g/cm3 480 lb/ft3
Embodied Carbon
1.5 kg CO2/kg material
Embodied Energy
20 MJ/kg 8.4 x 103 BTU/lb
Embodied Water
46 L/kg 5.5 gal/lb
Common Calculations
Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)
120 MJ/m3
Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)
380 kJ/m3
Stiffness to Weight: Axial
13 points
Stiffness to Weight: Bending
25 points
Strength to Weight: Axial
24 points
Strength to Weight: Bending
22 points
Thermal Diffusivity
12 mm2/s
Thermal Shock Resistance
20 points
Alloy Composition
Among alloy steels, the composition of SAE-AISI 9260 steel is notable for containing a comparatively high amount of silicon (Si). Silicon content is typically governed by metallurgical processing concerns, and not its effects on final material properties. However, it does have a modest strengthening effect.
|Fe||96.1 to 96.9|
|Si||1.8 to 2.2|
|Mn||0.75 to 1.0|
|C||0.56 to 0.64|
|S||0 to 0.040|
|P||0 to 0.035|
All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards. | https://www.makeitfrom.com/material-properties/SAE-AISI-9260-G92600-Silicon-Steel |
I was to teach my students of primary grades prepositions.
An idea came to my mind..
I thought why not make it a listening & speaking activity. I have managed to use some of the prepositions.
Kindly Note: I did not tell the children that I will be doing prepositions with them.
I asked the children to follow my drawing instructions.
Learning objective: Children learn prepositions unconsciously. Listen with concentration. Understand the positions.
Here are my instructions:
- Open a blank page in your note book.
- Draw a medium sized square in the middle of the page.
- Draw a rectangle inside the square with its shorter side touching the bottom of the square in the middle.
- Draw two small squares inside the bigger square at the same level on the either side of the rectangle.
- Draw a triangle on top of the square.
- On top of the triangle draw a small flag.
- Draw two trees beside the big square.
- Draw a swing inbetween two branches.
- Draw three steps below and touching the big square.
- Under the trees draw a small pond with fish swimming.
- Draw a few birds above the flag.
- Draw a few mangoes hanging from the trees.
- Draw a fence around the big trees.
- Draw mangoes lying on the ground. | https://m.busyteacher.org/4232-prepositions-listen-and-draw.html |
PHOTOS: In The Heat of The Beartrap, ASIA Rocks The Meadow
It was a warm summer day with only a few small rain storms. Who will stop the rain? Well, it was Asia with John Payne. The band triumphantly ended the first day of the Beartrap Summer Festival 2022. They brought the classic rock, progressive rock, and 80s rock swagger to the meadow. It was awesome.
This is part of the Double Anniversary Tour. 2022 landmarks 30 years since the release of the ASIA album AQUA on which John Payne was ASIA's lead vocalist. The following 15 years featured 7 more stunning ASIA studio albums, ARIA, ARENA, ANTHOLOGY, AURA, ARCHIVA 1&2 and SILENT NATION. This year also celebrates 40 years since the 1982 release of the first ASIA album (Downes, Howe, Wetton, Palmer) that features the hits, Heat of the Moment and Only Time Will Tell. This tour will showcase the music of both ASIA's 1982 release and ASIA's 1992 release AQUA. | https://wakeupwyo.com/photos-in-the-heat-of-the-beartrap-asia-rocks-the-meadow/ |
When your problem is simple, the solution is usually obvious, and you don't need to follow the four steps we outlined earlier. So it follows that when you're taking this more formal approach, your problem is likely to be complex and difficult to understand because there's a web of interrelated issues.
The good news is that there are numerous tools you can use to make sense of this tangled mess! Many of these help you create a clear visual representation of the situation so that you can better understand what's going on.
Affinity Diagrams are great for organizing many different pieces of information into common themes, and for discovering relationships between these.
Another popular tool is the Cause-and-Effect Diagram. To generate viable solutions, you must have a solid understanding of what's causing the problem. Using our example of substandard work, Cause-and-Effect diagrams would highlight that a lack of training could contribute to the problem, and they could also highlight possible causes such as work overload and problems with technology.
When your problem occurs within a business process, creating a Flow Chart, Swim Lane Diagram or a Systems Diagram will help you see how various activities and inputs fit together. This will often help you identify a missing element or bottleneck that's causing your problem.
Quite often, what may seem to be a single problem turns out to be a whole series of problems. Going back to our example, substandard work could be caused by insufficient skills, but excessive workloads could also be contributing, as could excessively short lead times and poor motivation. The Drill Down technique will help you split your problem into smaller parts, each of which can then be solved appropriately. | https://www.electronin.com/blogs/news/understanding-complexity |
I know it's not nice to have favourites but if I had to chose, I'd say this is the favourite interview I've ever done. Brand new to the Dream Pop scene, Dream Reporter talks about her name, musical influences, song-writing process and the importance of self-belief. She also teases the name of what could possibly be her next single! I think you'll enjoy this one as much as I did!
The name Dream Reporter invokes all sorts of wonderful connotations. What is the story behind it?
It’s funny you ask, I do believe that there’s a lovely kind of kismet about how names come about - what is or seems random ultimately takes on a story all of its own. Especially once it belongs to the wild too which is a most beautiful thing.
I had the moniker Reporter kicking around for a while during the early writing stages, I really liked the way it sounded to say it, I think anything with three syllables has a good chanting potential ha. It’s not a very easy name to differentiate online though, which obviously meant it wasn’t an ideal name for socials and stuff. And as you will appreciate, usually the first thing anyone asks when you tell them you make music is, what does it sound like? And of course I always said Dream pop.
I’m really obsessed by music that has a dream like quality to it, that gives you that feeling of tugging at something deep inside of you. When I listen to certain tracks it’s like I’m suddenly awake and everything else that seemed real is actually the dream. It’s such a crazy intense feeling and that connection that music gives me, to what is primal inside me, to that which is perhaps hidden even from my conscious self, is what drives me to make music and create art.
I’ve always loved all that is mystic and the way in which our subconscious and our desires can have such power over us, how our intuition can be really finely tuned if we trust and let it guide us. It’s so interesting too, exploring that place between what we want and what we dream of so once I thought of it, it seemed like the most obvious thing in the world to add Dream to Reporter. I wholly believe in visualising what you want, who you want to be, visualising it so clearly it’s like watching a film of your own life. It sounds kind of crazy, but I believe when we are clear what we need from ourselves and our path then the universe, it finds a way to provide. Not always in a way we expect either, which is what makes the task of being open and receptive to the signs such a lifelong journey. The most exquisite puzzle.
How long have you been making music? Have you performed in other bands or under any other names?
I have been making music since I could talk haha, I loved to sing songs about anything and everything as a child, just kind of making them up as I went along. We kind of lose that a little as we get older I think, but if i’m honest I still do it haha! I tried learning the piano but my father couldn’t stand the sound of my practising and I lost interest quickly anyway. I taught myself guitar to accompany my first songs, but I always felt self conscious about my abilities so didn’t really push myself. I found it easier to write melodies or hooks in my head or on keys and then just get my talented friends to play them! A bit lazy of me I guess. I didn’t use a name until I started calling myself Reporter, so no, no other names.
Did you study music formally or are you self-taught?
Self taught bb!
Who are your major musical influences? If you could open for one artist or band who would it be?
Oh my gosh just thinking about the second part of this question gives me goosebumps haha! It would be so incredibly hard to pin it down to one i think. But probably The Smashing Pumpkins. Or Fleetwood Mac. Or Interpol. Or Bjork. Or even Frank Ocean. Gosh, it’s too hard haha.
I feel like discovering different artists kind of punctuated my life, and still does. It’s how I think about different periods, what music I was into at that time. Growing up I was lucky that my parents loved music and had pretty eclectic taste. I loved Queen and Bowie and Joni Mitchell, Van Morrison, Michael Jackson, Leonard Cohen, Earl Klugh, Joan Armatrading, Lauren HIll, Kate and Anna McGarrigle, Carly Simon, loved her. Whatever was playing at home I danced and sang my heart out to! I was a huge Mariah Carey fan, truly I would sing to all her records! And films and their soundtracks was a way I discovered a lot of great music too, I listened to the Romeo and Juiett soundtrack almost to death haha! I took a coach to school everyday and the Capital radio was always playing the latest hits, there was a group of us and we’d sit together singing along to all over favorite pop songs on the journey home. Then I discovered Jeff Buckley, Elliott Smith and Cocteau Twins and all that incredible 80’s music that dominated the radio. Then the Smashing Pumpkins became my first real musical obsession, and everything grunge I guess. I loved Nirvana, Catatonia, Hole, REM, Green Day, Ash, Coldplay.
Interpol was the next big love of my life, what a band. The Maccabees, Lana Del Rey, Bombay Bicycle Club, Florence and the Machine. Bon Iver. Daughter, Ulrika Spacek, Odesza, I mean there will be hundreds of bands I’m missing here too, just impossible to write down everything!
I’m really the biggest music fan and geek haha, and as an artist I have been inspired by other artists for sure. Probably more individual songs and sounds that have influenced me, and wanting to share my world in a way that reaches other people in the way music reached me.
Are you back in London? Are you planning any gigs in the near future?
I’m on the West Coast at the moment but London is always calling me. It’s where I grew up and discovered music and saw my first shows and so it’s where I feel most deeply connected to my creative energy I think. It’s been amazing getting to explore and discover a different creative family in other places too and I think my writing will definitely benefit from that.
You’ve been touring the States. Which was your favourite venue or gig?
It’s not been a full tour yet but I’ve played in San Francisco and Los Angeles. I loved playing at Brick and Mortar because the sound is incredible for a smaller venue, plus it’s got a really great vibe and attracts a good crowd. I just played Hotel Cafe and that was a very cool experience though very different. You hear a lot of different opinions about playing LA, but I loved that that venue is where music fans come because they really want to hear new music. They pay attention! It was wild.. It was my first LA show and it was a stripped down set that I’d only really had time to rehearse for a hour that day with a new guitarist, so I guess for that reason it feels very special as it was a new experience both playing the songs that way and in a totally new city.
Now that your single is out, what can we expect next? Any plans for a full-length album?
I know everyone talks about the death of the album, but to me the most incredible thing is when you discover a new band or artist and they make a record that is just like the most delicious thing from start to finish. I love when there isn’t one track you want to skip, and that’s a rare thing so I guess what I’m saying is that I set the bar pretty high for myself haha!
In truth it might be a couple of singles yet before the album drops, I’m aiming to make it worth the wait though :)
What is your biggest challenge as a musician? Have you been able to overcome that and if so, how?
As a musician there are quite a lot of hidden challenges, or rather things it’s easy to overlook if you’ve not experienced the process. I can think of three big ones right now.
The first, and it sounds so simple, but it’s just self belief. A true, honest and humble place of self-belief. It takes so much, like just a crazy amount of time and effort to get good at something as abstract in a way as writing songs and finishing them, so you have to really steel yourself for the times of self doubt and the times you just don’t want to do it anymore or you question why anyone would devote themselves to something so likely to fail! You have to know that there are those days and that that is normal and a part of the process. And you have to dust yourself off and try again.
The second is treading the delicate balance of knowing when something still needs work and when it’s kind of done. And I say kind of because you can nit pick forever, but at a certain point doing more will not make it any better. At the same time, you can know your music so well or be so familiar with things being a certain way that you get a bit closed off to possibilities. Or tweaks that help progress things. So it’s quite a journey getting to your own individual place of being open enough to let something be what it needs to be while not getting lost down endless rabbit holes, knowing just when to call it time. You also soon discover that as much as deadlines are a pain, they can also be a saviour in that regard!
The third is finding a way to balance yourself in a job that for the most part doesn’t have a routine or structure in the sense that other people, unless they’re also creatives, will understand. I find it can be a very solitary existence, because you have to be so disciplined about sticking to your own path.
I think as fans we underestimate how much time, effort and money goes into the song-writing and recording process. The next couple of questions are about that.
Do you write your own songs? Can you describe your song-writing process?
Yeah I do write all my own songs, and arrangements. Songs come together in parts for me, no particular order but roughly the lyrics, the melody and hooks are first then the arrangements and the harmonies.
I have a good practise of making myself write my thoughts or feelings down as they come to me, so it’s not unusual that a song comes out almost fully formed. I think of lyrics as a form of poetry and when I think about expressing those emotions a kind of melody or rhythm will usually be in mind. So I start there and then build everything else out around it.
Which studio did you record in?
I recorded most of my tracks at Urchin Studio in London, and a few bits here and there at my home studio.
Did you record with a band or do you play all the instruments on your tracks?
I’m very fortunate that a lot of my friends are excellent musicians who were happy to play parts for me if I needed it.
Do you have any advice for artists just starting out?
You can waste a lot of time worrying about not being good enough in one way or another, particularly regarding body image. Looking at your idols and even your peers and how they seem to be perfect because they have it together in every area. The reality is, every path is different and you probably don’t have it together in every area at the beginning. But no one does, so don’t sweat it. It’s only as you move forward, when you take that first step by deciding to start, because as David Bowie said, “the truth is, of course, that there is no journey. We are arriving and departing all at the same time”. It’s the same for everyone, no matter how good or accomplished they are, it never feels like you’re “there”. So you have to know what your own personal goals are, and start with that.
And finally, if you could tell your fans to listen to just one track, what would it be?
It would be "Medicine", but that’s not out yet so I should say the latest single, "It Stays"! | https://www.addictedtomedia.net/2019/02/definitive-interview-dream-reporter.html |
This past week we decided to trek the path from our park to the Library with some friends! It was really fun just hanging out and being together! We decided to make this a fun learning experience with a nature hike studying all that we came across.
When our curriculum didn’t work for us, I decided to take matters into my own hands and find something that did. I think I finally found it through the Charlotte Mason Method.
We started out at the park looking at the trees and finding cicada shells. We talked about how often the cicadas come for a visit and why they leave their shells behind.
From there we decided to stop off at the park on our hike and hit the tire swings.
Kayla found a nest in a tree. She was kinda disappointed because there wasn’t anything in it, but she had a great time getting up close and inspecting just exactly how a bird makes a nest.
Of course, anytime you go on a hike, you have to pack a picnic lunch. There is nothing like eating on location, right?
We walked for about a mile and then we finally arrived at the library. While Brooke and I looked for books, the kids decided to take a book bath!
I love taking hikes like these. There is just something about being out in the open that allows our children to have the freedom to explore and learn.
Nature walks present rare opportunities for first-hand learning and can be thrilling for kids. Here are some ideas for keeping your youngster engaged:
- Bring a camera to photograph species your children can later identify.
- Take time to look under rocks for salamanders and insects.
- Bring a basic field guide – your child may be very interested in learning about the birds or butterflies you see. | https://jenaroundtheworld.com/library-nature-hike/ |
In the course of the nineteenth century, Mexico had a monarchy, a dictatorship, a federal republic, a centralized republic, and two empires.
What type of authorities was there in 1820?
From 1820 to 1835 the federal government was a federal republic.
What type of authorities was there on this interval of 1821?
On February 24, 1821, Agustín de Iturbide formally introduced the Plan de Iguala, proclaiming Mexico’s independence and its formation as an empire beneath a constitutional monarchical type of authorities. the uncompromising protection of the Catholic faith with no tolerance for others; and the …
What types of authorities have been there at the moment with solutions?
What types of authorities have been there then? Reply: Reich Federal Republic of Central Republic.
What number of many years does it span from 1820 to 1855?
Reply: 10 many years and 1 12 months.
What occurred from 1821 to 1855?
After attaining independence, the primary years of unbiased Mexico have been one in every of political, financial, and social chaos, permitting the nation to reestablish the foundations of the establishments of outdated New Spain, thereby perpetuating social divisions.
What type of authorities was there within the interval from 1821 to 1851?
The train of consultant authorities takes very completely different varieties, oscillating between constitutional monarchy, federal republic, central republic, atomization of energy, and dictatorship.
What occurred in Mexico in 1820?
1820. Residents of town of San Diego, close to Veracruz, revolt after the proclamation of Guadalupe Victoria.
What are the primary types of authorities?
Pure or excellent varieties: monarchy, aristocracy and democracy; Impure or corrupt varieties: every degenerate from the right ones: tyranny, oligarchy and demagogy.
What are the primary types of authorities?
To start with, the phases of the historic course of are as follows: kingdom, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy and ochlocracy.
What type of authorities existed from 1821 to 1876 and its traits?
- September 28, 1821. Mexican Empire. …
- Oct. 4, 1824. Republican Authorities. …
- 10/10/1824. First federal authorities. …
- April 1, 1829. Authorities of Vicente Guerrero. …
- 12/30/1835. Reform of 1835. …
- March 2, 1836. Texas Warfare and Pie Warfare. …
- June 1, 1843. Second Centralist Republic. …
- March 1, 1854. Ayutla plan.
What occurred between 1821 and 1867?
Locations INAH – The Younger Nation (1821-1867) It was not sufficient to achieve independence to discovered a brother nation. The brand new governments of unbiased Mexico confronted severe issues in offering the nation with a stable and revered political system.
What occurred in Mexico in 1850?
The Ayutla plan is launched was a political assertion introduced by Florencio Villareal with the assist of Liberals Juan N. Álvarez and Ignacio Comonfort. It ended the dictatorship of Antonio López de Santa Anna. Ignacio Comonfort assumes the presidency, succeeding Juan Álvarez, who fired Santa Anna.
What occurred in Argentina between 1820 and 1852?
Probably the most normal image of this era is that of an virtually uninterrupted collection of confrontations: though civil wars existed in Argentina from earlier than it started till lengthy after it ended, the warfare actually shook the nationwide territory virtually yearly between 1820 and 1852.
What types of authorities existed between 1810 and 1820?
Between 1810 and 1820 there was a local weather of nice political instability. Successive governments (First Board (1810), Nice Board (1811), Triumvirate (1811-1814) and the Listing (1814-1820)), unable to consolidate their energy and having to face the warfare towards Spain.
What occurred within the abstract of 1820?
September 15 – Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica acquire independence from Spain. September 27 – Mexico’s independence achieved. September 28 – The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire is signed in Mexico. November 28 – Panama turns into unbiased from Spain.
What number of types of authorities are there?
A few of the most well-known types of authorities are monarchy, theocracy, aristocracy, tyranny, dictatorship, communism, and democracy.
What 4 types of authorities are there in Mexico?
Our Political Structure of the United Mexican States, also referred to as Magna Carta, stipulates that the type of authorities is a consultant, democratic, secular, and federal republic.
What’s the operate of the three branches of presidency?
What position do they play within the nation?
- The legislature is accountable for laws.
- The chief department is charged with imposing the legislation.
- It’s as much as the judiciary to interpret them and guarantee their observance by means of judgments.
What occurred from 1820 to 1821?
Lastly, in August 1821, the Treaties of Cordoba have been signed, establishing the independence of the Mexican nation, calling itself the Mexican Empire, with a constitutional monarchical authorities.
What occurred within the years 1820 to 1821?
Between February 24 and August 24, 1821, New Spain skilled pivotal moments in its battle for independence. In February of this 12 months, Colonel Agustín de Iturbide introduced the Iguala plan. Since he was a part of the royalist troops, he needed to persuade the insurgents to assist his mission.
What was the type of authorities after independence?
After the completion of Mexico’s independence by means of the plan of the three ensures, the agreed type of group of the nascent nation could be a constitutional monarchy, for which the so-called Mexican Empire could be established, headed by Normal Augustine of Iturbide.
How is the interval between 1855 and 1867 identified?
The restored Republic is the interval for the reason that triumph of the Juárez-led liberals over intervention and empire in 1867, and consists of the governments of Benito Juárez (1867–1872) and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada (1872–1876).
What troubles did Mexico face between 1821 and 1851?
Political Surroundings Between 1821 and 1851 the nation had greater than 20 rulers attributable to the incessant coups d’état, primarily because of the lack of a longtime plan of what would turn out to be of Mexico. | https://holmstedfines.com/what-forms-of-government-existed-between-1820-and-1855/ |
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Editorial
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Media pressures and corporate disclosure of social responsibility performance informati...
Accounting and Business Research
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Grameen Bank's social performance disclosure
Asian Review of Accounting
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Motivations for an organisation within a developing country to report social responsibi... | https://www.growkudos.com/profile/muhammad_azizul__islam |
Westminster Village Residents Showcase Artwork in Exhibit at West Lafayette City Hall
West Lafayette — Westminster Village, a Life Plan Community in West Lafayette, will participate in a recurring exhibit of resident artwork in the newly reopened West Lafayette City Hall.
“The residents create over 300 unique pieces of artwork each month using various mediums and techniques. We are thrilled to partner with the City of West Lafayette to exhibit and celebrate a sampling of the residents’ work each month in the beautiful setting of Margerum City Hall,” said Rachel Witt, of Westminster Village.
The artwork, including paintings, pen/pencil, textile, glass, ceramic and mixed media, will be exhibited on a theme and will be rotated monthly on the last business day of each month.
To learn more about Westminster Village, visit https://wvwl.org or on Facebook at /westminstervillage. | |
Q:
Why is my onClick event not triggering on React?
I can't spot why my onClick event is not working in my React app.
I'm trying to create a line of divs with the letters of the alphabet. When one of the divs is clicked, the div with its letter should be removed from the line.
I've attached the onClick event to the divs as part of a mapping of an alphabet string in my state, but I seem to be missing/overlooking something, because I can't click on the divs at all.
I've made sure to bind the function in constructor.
let { Grid, Row, Col } = ReactBootstrap;
class Letter extends React.Component {
render () {
const style = { border: '1px solid black',
display: 'inline-block',
fontSize: '4vw',
width: '4vw',
height: '8vh',
textAlign: 'center'};
return (<div style={style} key={this.props.key}>
{this.props.letter}
</div>);
}
}
class MyComponent extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
alpha: 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
};
this.callLetter = this.callLetter.bind(this);
}
callLetter(e) {
var letterindex = this.state.alpha.indexOf(e.currentTarget.attributes[0].value);
var alphaclone = this.state.alpha;
alphaclone = alphaclone.slice(0, letterindex) + alphaclone.slice(letterindex + 1);
this.setState({alpha:alphaclone});
}
render() {
return (
<Grid>
<Row className="show-grid" >
{this.state.alpha.split('').map((item, i) =>
(
<Letter letter = {item} key = {i} onClick = {this.callLetter}/>
))}
</Row>
</Grid>
);
}
}
ReactDOM.render(
<MyComponent/>,
document.getElementsByClassName('container-fluid')[0]
);
Thank you.
A:
You need to add onClick into your Letter component.
(Your Letter component gets an onClick prop but it doesn't use it.)
return (
<div
style={style}
key={this.props.key}
onClick={this.props.onClick} // Have to pass onClick to div
>
{this.props.letter}
</div>
);
}
}
What happens is onClick is a property that only DOM elements know about. While Letter is a React Component you created so you need to specify what to do with the onClick
<Letter letter={item} key={i} onClick={this.callLetter}/>
Note: The code above only fixes the issue to make sure that the onClick is handled. What you want to do now is make sure that your callLetter is getting the correct letter by making your Letter component handle the event.
class Letter extends React.Component {
onHandleClick = () => {
this.props.onClick(this.props.letter);
};
onClick={this.onHandleClick} // Have to pass onClick to div
>
{this.props.letter}
</div>
);
}
}
For your callLetter change the parameter to expect a letter.
callLetter(letter) {
var letterindex = this.state.alpha.indexOf(letter);
var alphaclone = this.state.alpha;
alphaclone = alphaclone.slice(0, letterindex) + alphaclone.slice(letterindex + 1);
this.setState({alpha:alphaclone});
}
| |
Through the Middle Years, students practise, consolidate and extend what they have learned. They develop an increasingly sophisticated understanding of grammar and language, and are increasingly able to articulate this knowledge. Gradually, more complex punctuation, clause and sentence structures, and textual purposes and patterns are introduced. This deeper understanding includes more explicit metalanguage, as students learn to classify words, sentence structures and texts. To consolidate both ‘learning to read and write’ and ‘reading and writing to learn’, students explore the language of different types of texts, including visual texts, advertising, digital/online and media texts.
Students at Mortlake College are taught English in multi age, multi ability classrooms with an emphasis on differentiation to the Zone of Proximal Development for each child.Classroom strategies incorporate aspects of the Cafe, Daily 5 program and the Six Traits of Writing.
Unit themes are presented on a 3yr rotation, aligned with the 5-7 and 8-10 vertical groupings.
Assessment is triangulated through external data (P.AT, On Demand & NAPLAN), summative and formative testing such as TORCH and teacher assessed classwork based on the AusVels level appropriate to expected year level and the learning stage of the individual students. | https://curric.mortlakep12.vic.edu.au/english.html |
On moving day 5 men, 2 trucks and a van were used to do everything in one trip. The total cost including the additional charges for the plants was $3500.
The Derry’s decided to downsize from their 4 bedroom house to be closer to their grandchildren in Dee Why. Their double storey house needed to be packed and had a tricky access as it was on a high slope. The van could easily park but the trucks could not get all the way up to the driveway and had to park further down. The day before the move, the men brought boxes and packed the Derry’s belongings including fine art, documents as well as the usual household items and some large and tall potted plants.
Mr Derry was concerned that his gardener who had supplied the potted plants would not be available to move them out as he was a specialist that could ensure the plants would be safe. He was also concerned that more than 1 trip would be necessary and they would have to finish the move late at night. His fears were abated since we took great care with the plants and they travelled safely and were not stacked. | https://www.vmove.com.au/4-bedroom-house-in-avalon-to-3-bedroom-house-in-dee-why/ |
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Traffic diversion is an effective measure to solve the incidental traffic congestion in urban expressway traffic system. By adopting the macroscopic traffic flow model METANET, this study analyses the state change of traffic flow on the road network and establishes the dynamic traffic diversion model, inducing the redistribution of traffic demand. Considering the changes in the amount of origin–destination (O–D) demand, diversion rate is introduced into the basic theory of dynamic O–D model, and then established a dynamic traffic flow model based on dynamic demand change. The genetic algorithm is used to solve the non-linearity problem of the objective function in the traffic diversion model. This study sets up five cases for numerical analyses, and gets the optimal diversion scheme.
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Abloom with an ornate floral pattern, Briar Rose draws its inspiration from the graceful beauty of climbing roses. Revealing a bramble of English roses in soft shades of pink, green, and brown, this Caxton under-mount sink lends pure elegance to your bath or powder room.
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The Los Angeles Rams (1-0) and Indianapolis Colts (0-1) will clash in a Week 2 matchup. The Colts, on the moneyline to win, and the Rams, listed at on the spread, kick things off on September 19, 2021 at 1:00 PM ET on FOX. The over/under for the matchup is set at points.
The betting insights and predictions in this article reflect betting data from DraftKings as of September 19, 2021, 2:50 PM ET. See table below for current betting odds and CLICK HERE to bet at DraftKings Sportsbook.
Rams Vs Colts Odds
Computer Pick
|ATS pick||Over/Under pick|
|Colts (+3.5)||Under (47.5)|
Predictions are calculated by a data-driven algorithm (raw power score) that ranks head-to-head matchup results within a closed network of games. Prediction confidence is determined by the delta between each team’s raw power score.
Team Stat Rankings (2020)
|Rams||Colts|
|Off. Points per Game (Rank)||23.3 (22)||28.2 (9)|
|Def. Points per Game (Rank)||18.5 (1)||22.6 (10)|
|Off. Yards per Play (Rank)||5.5 (18)||5.9 (8)|
|Def. Yards per Play (Rank)||4.6 (1)||5.4 (10)|
|Turnovers Allowed (Rank)||25 (25)||15 (3)|
|Turnovers Forced (Rank)||22 (10)||25 (5)|
Rams Betting Insights
- Los Angeles was 9-7-0 against the spread last year.
- The Rams had an ATS record of 3-4 as 3.5-point favorites or more last year.
- Los Angeles had four of its 16 games hit the over last season.
- Los Angeles games finished with more than 47.5 points six times last year.
- Rams games last season posted an average total of 47.2, which is 0.3 points fewer than the total for this matchup.
Get more NFL betting picks and tips from the PlayPicks staff HERE
Colts Betting Insights
- Indianapolis’ record against the spread last year was 8-8-0.
- The Colts did not lose ATS (1-0) as underdogs of 3.5 points or more last season.
- Out of 16 Indianapolis games last year, nine went over the total.
- There were nine Indianapolis games last year with more than 47.5 points scored.
- Last season, Colts games resulted in an average scoring total of 48.1, which is 0.6 points higher than the over/under for this matchup.
Rams Players to Watch
- Matthew Stafford’s previous season stat line: 4,084 passing yards (255.3 per game), 339-for-528 (64.2%), 26 touchdowns and 10 picks.
- Last year Darrell Henderson went to work rushing, for 624 yards on 138 attempts (41.6 yards per game) and scored five times.
- Sony Michel churned out 449 yards on 79 carries (37.4 yards per game), with one rushing touchdown last season.
- Cooper Kupp hauled in 92 catches for 974 yards (60.9 per game) while being targeted 124 times. He also scored three touchdowns.
- Robert Woods produced last year, catching 90 passes for 936 yards and six touchdowns. He collected 58.5 receiving yards per game.
- Tyler Higbee hauled in 44 passes on 60 targets for 521 yards and five touchdowns, compiling 32.6 receiving yards per game.
- Last season Aaron Donald stacked up 13.5 sacks, 19.5 TFL and 63 tackles.
- Last season Micah Kiser averaged 110 tackles.
- Darious Williams intercepted four passes last year while also totaling 51 tackles, 2.5 TFL, and 14 passes defended.
Colts Players to Watch
- Carson Wentz completed 57.4% of his passes to throw for 2,620 yards and 16 touchdowns last season. He also helped on the ground, collecting five touchdowns while racking up 276 yards.
- Jonathan Taylor accumulated 1,169 rushing yards and 11 touchdowns on the ground in addition to 299 receiving yards and one touchdown through the air during last year’s campaign.
- Nyheim Hines rushed for 380 yards and three touchdowns last season. He also averaged 30.1 receiving yards per game.
- Zach Pascal averaged 39.3 receiving yards and grabbed five receiving touchdowns over the course of the 2020 season.
- Michael Pittman Jr. caught 40 passes last season on his way to 503 yards and one receiving touchdown.
- Last year DeForest Buckner accumulated 9.5 sacks, 13.5 TFL and 79 tackles.
- Darius Leonard was all over the field last season with 178 tackles, 9.5 TFL, and 3.0 sacks.
- A year ago Kenny Moore II recorded 92 tackles, 4.0 TFL, 2.0 sacks, and 13 passes defended as well as four interceptions. | https://www.playpicks.com/108404/rams-colts-week-2-nfl-trends-stats-computer-predictions-9-19-2021/ |
Find detailed information on Metal Ore Mining companies in Hebei, China, including financial statements, sales and marketing contacts, top competitors, and firmographic insights. Dun & Bradstreet gathers Metal Ore Mining business information from trusted sources to help you understand company performance, growth potential, and competitive pressures. View 3,476 Metal Ore Mining company profiles below.
NAICS CODES: 2122
Showing 1-50 of 3,476
LOCATION
SALES REVENUE ($M)
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Sales Revenue ($M):
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For the Frosting:
- 6 ounces of cream cheese (softened)
- 1/2 cup browned butter
- 1 1/2 cups powdered sugar
- 1 tablespoon vanilla extract
Pour the warm milk into the bowl of a stand mixer. Measure int he sugar and mix. Sprinkle the yeast into the bowl and allow the mixture to proof.
Next add the room temperature eggs, melted butter (make sure to allow the butter to cool so it does not cook the mixture), Next Level Infused Coconut Oil, salt, and sugar.
After attaching the beater blade, add 4 cups of flour to the bowl and mix on low until just combined. Set the bowl aside for 5 minutes allowing the flour to absorb the wet ingredients.
Remove the dough from the beater blade and replace the blade with the dough hook.
Turn the mixer to medium and knead the dough 5-7 minutes adding additional flour if needed to form a ball. The dough should be sticky, feel smooth, and have an elastic feel. If it is not sticky, add a teaspoon milk.
Oil a large bowl.
Remove the ball from the mixer bowl and place it into the large bowl using a spatula to maintain the ship of the dough ball with out piercing or tearing it.
Cover the bowl with a moist towel.
Allow the dough to rise in a warm place. You can put the dough on top of a warm oven or turn the oven on d few a few moments and then turn it off placing the bowl inside. Depending on the yeast, it can take 30 minutes to an hour to double on size.
Once the dough has almost doubled, begin making the filling. Add softened butter, brown sugar, Next Level Infused Brown Sugar, and cinnamon, to a small bowl. Mix with a fork or a small whisk until homogeneous.
Prepare an area to roll the dough by flouring generously.
Once doubled, Turn out the dough onto the pastry mat and sprinkle the top of the dough with additional flour.
Using a floured rolling pin, roll the dough into an approximate 24 x 15 rectangle. (As you can see from the picture below, the shape does not need to be perfect.)
Smoothly layer the cinnamon sugar mixture over the rolled dough.
As if re-rolling a fruit roll-up, roll cinnamon dough tightly, beginning from the long end.
Next, using a dough scraper or a sharp knife, cut the rolled dough into 12 2-inch pieces and place each, with spacing, in a 9×13 baking pan.
With the same damp towel, cover the pan allowing the rolls to rise for an additional 25 minutes.
Turn the over to 375 and while it preheats, worm the heavy cream in the micro wave. The goal is to take the chill of it and allow it to be just warm to the touch, not hot.
Pour the warm heavy cream over the nearly doubled size rolls and allow the cream to soak into each roll.
It takes about 20 to 23 minutes for these rolls to reach a light golden brown color and for the inside to finish baking. This can vary with the oven, altitude, and size of the rolls. If they are not completely done, leave them in keep a close eye on them as they brown quickly. Once done, remove from the oven and allow to cool.
Next, make the Browned Butter Cream Cheese Frosting by melting the butter in a light-colored saucepan over medium low heat. Swirl the pan occasionally to be sure the butter is cooking evenly.
As the butter melts, it will begin to foam. The color will progress from yellow to golden-tan to a toasty-brown.
Once you smell that nutty aroma, and the butter is the color of graham cracker crumbs, take the pan off the heat and transfer the browned butter into a heatproof bowl.
In the bowl of an electric mixer, cream the cooled brown butter with softened cream cheese.
Once mixed, stop and add the vanilla.
Add in powdered sugar a cup at a time and mixing completely before adding more.
Place in the fridge for 30 minutes.
After the rolls have cooled completely, spread the brown butter frosting over the cinnamon rolls.
Store in an airtight container.
To warm, place in the microwave for 20-30 seconds and enjoy! | https://buddocs.org/budrecipes/?contest=recipe-detail&item_id=7394 |
Love appetizers? These Stuffed Pretzel Bites are a fun and easy recipe that has only 6 ingredients. Stuffed with little smokies and dipped in honey mustard, these delicious bites are a perfect treat.
Prep Time
20
mins
Cook Time
25
mins
Total Time
45
mins
Course:
Appetizer, Main Course
Cuisine:
American
Keyword:
Pretzel Bite Recipe, Pretzel Bites, Soft Pretzels, Stuffed Pretzel Bites
Servings:
8
Calories:
146
kcal
Author:
Brandie @ The Country Cook
Ingredients
1
14 oz
tube refrigerated pizza dough
(or about 1 pound of homemade pizza dough)
12
cocktail smoked sausages,
sliced in half
3
tsp
baking soda
½
cup
cup boiled water
¼
tsp
tsp coarse salt
1
tbsp
fresh chopped parsley
for garnish (optional)
Instructions
Preheat oven to 375F degrees. Grease a cake pan with cooking spray and place a ramekin (or other small oven-safe bowl) in the center of the pan.
Unroll the pizza dough into a rectangle and slice into 24 squares.
Place a halved sausage on the center of each square and roll the dough together to form a ball, pinching the seams to seal.
Heat the water in the microwave for one minute until just starting to boil. Stir in the baking soda until dissolved.
Dip each dough ball into the boiled water mixture and then place into the greased pan.
Once all pieces have been added, bake in the oven for 22-25 minutes or until the dough crust is golden brown.
When the pretzel bites have finished baking, remove from the oven and allow the pan to cool.
If you prefer, spray the tops of the pretzel btes with nonstick cooking spray and sprinkle a bit more of the coarse salt on top.
Pour the honey mustard dip into the ramekin and serve immediately.
Notes
You can use pork or beef cocktail sausages in this recipe.
The baking soda and boiling water mixture help these become actual pretzels and obtain their texture and color.
Do not skip topping with salt, that is essential to pretzels and makes them go from boring to amazing!
We use refrigerated pizza dough for this but you can use homemade as long as it weighs 1 pound.
HONEY MUSTARD
is our favorite dipping sauce for this, but others like a cheese sauce or ranch dressing.
These can be stored at room temperature by placing in an airtight container or a ziptop bag and they should keep for up to 2 days in the refrigerator. You can also freeze these Stuffed Pretzel Bites. Wrap your pretzel bites in plastic wrap, you can do it in batches, and place in a freezer bag and they will keep for up to 1 month. To reheat, place frozen bites onto a baking sheet and bake in oven at 350F degrees for about 12 minutes.
Nutrition
Calories:
146
kcal
|
Carbohydrates:
25
g
|
Protein:
6
g
|
Fat:
3
g
|
Saturated Fat:
1
g
|
Cholesterol:
11
mg
|
Sodium:
913
mg
|
Potassium:
3
mg
|
Fiber:
1
g
|
Sugar:
3
g
|
Vitamin A:
42
IU
|
Vitamin C:
1
mg
|
Calcium:
7
mg
|
Iron: | https://www.thecountrycook.net/wprm_print/recipe/66440 |
by Mandy Green, Busy Coach
Everyone hates email. Almost everyone I talk to feels that email takes up too much of their time. And yet we can’t stop checking it.
Checking your email over and over is a huge time waster and I honestly feel it is what could prevent you from reaching your goals this year.
How many times have you checked your email today? Be honest. 2, 5, 10, or too many to keep track of?
For most of the coaches who have contacted me, I hear that they have their email open from the moment they get into the office until the moment they shut down their computer at the end of the day.
And if you are like most other coaches out there, you’re probably guilty of checking email when you get home, while on the toilet, while waiting in lines, and even on the weekends. You might find yourself worrying about emails during dinner, or when you’re supposed to be having some family time.
The problem isn’t knowing what to do. You’ve read plenty of advice telling you to close the inbox, to avoid checking emails first thing in the day, and to get on with your key tasks first. But are you doing it?
I think most coaches would agree that they check their phone a lot. But I think very few realize how many times they actually check it and how much time they are wasting because of it.
I have heard a few different stats on this but, the average person picks up their phone 85x a day. If you calculate that, in a 12-hour waking and working stint, that means checking your phone 7 times for every hour. (I mentioned that stat to my team when we were delayed in the Chicago airport yesterday and they all said that the number would be much higher for them. Yikes!)
There is just no way to make significant progress with your program, with recruiting, or with anything you are trying to accomplish if you are only allowing yourself to focus on your work for 5-6 minutes at a time because you are getting distracted and checking your phone 8-9 times per hour.
There are a million different apps out there that can help you keep track of how many times you have checked your phone, how many minutes you are on your phone, what app you are spending the most time on, etc. Here are a few:
Checky – The phone-habit tracker tallies how many times a day you check your phone. It compares today’s number to yesterdays for a progress comparison.
Moment-Records minutes instead of “checks,” this app totals how many minutes you’ve spent on your phone, and lets you set a self-imposed limit for how much time you want to be spending.
RescueTime – gives you an accurate picture of how you spend your time to help you become more productive every day.
For your college athletes-
Pocket points – This mobile app awards students who don’t use their phones in class with gift cards to local restaurants, shops, and online stores. You need to check to see if your school is on the list of programs it works with. Currently, it looks like there are only about 200 schools on there. If it is not, just go to the website and submit the name of your school to see if you can get on the list. https://pocketpoints.com/
Personally, I think the best productivity tool is paper and pen. But, if I had to go with an app, it would be an app that limits the amount of time that coaches waste on distractions.
Most people don’t realize how much time they are wasting. Once I realized how bad I was at it, I changed how I was thinking and realized that each time I allowed myself to get lost in distractions on my phone, it gave me less time to work on my goals, recruit the talent I need, build relationships with my team, and spend quality time with my kids.
My challenge to you this week, download one of those apps and do an honest assessment of how much time you are wasting on your phone. Eliminate checking your phone even just a few times each hour and repurpose that time and focus it towards something that really matters to you. Good luck. Let me know how it goes or if you need any more help managing your email at [email protected]. | https://dantudor.com/does-your-phone-own-you/ |
While many level school science classes are depending on traditional tests and lectures, others derive from the use of technology. The Berean Builders Technology series, for instance , introduces science principles through history and a hands-on experiment. The teachings are broken into three degrees of review, allowing for the mother or father or educator to choose how much depth is needed. The programs contains ninety several hours of instructional material, with approximately thirty-five hours made up of hands-on activities.
The first-grade science subjects includes issues in physical science, the planet science, lifestyle science, and environmental scientific discipline. Students learn about steps to create observations, look into unknown resources, and analyze the data gathered. They also practice problem-solving expertise. The goal is https://www.mpsciences.com to develop a love for science. The fabric covered in first-grade scientific disciplines lessons plots on the materials science subject areas taught in kindergarten.
Earth science classes include a number of activities and experiments, and also the use of technology. They also cover the basic components of Earth technology, including the solar system, atmosphere, climate, and rocks and minerals. These activities let students explore the world around them and learn regarding the allows responsible for the changes. They will learn about marine depths, weathering, and geologic history, and have interaction in clinical activities.
Additionally to hands-on activities, class school scientific research classes also provide science jobs for students to complete. For example , a biology job might involve creating a jellyfish aquarium and conducting trials with live marine pets. Students could possibly see how jellyfish gather light and how they focus as they get older. Taking on research projects is an excellent way to get youngsters interested in the niche and get them to be want to learn more about it. | http://www.seamanseafood.com/level-school-scientific-research-classes/ |
In this article we will learn how to use DATEADD system function. Sometimes we need to get new datetime values from existing date records.
Sometimes we need to get new datetime values from existing date records. In this case we need to use DATEADD function. This function requires three parameters.
The number variable adds specified datepart value to date variable. Number interval(integer) is signed integer. It can be negative.
Query 1: If we need to get 30 minute ago. We must use this following query.
select getdate(), DATEADD (minute , -30 , GETDATE() ) AS "30 Minutes ago"
Output: The getdate() function will display the current time and date but DATEADD is use to get the desired output.
Query 2: In place of using getdate function we can manually provide date as input.
DATEADD (month , 3 , GETDATE() ) AS "Add 3 Months to the current date."
,DATEADD (month , -3 , GETDATE() ) AS "Subtract 3 Months from current date."
,DATEADD (day , 7 , GETDATE() ) AS "Add 7 Days to the current date"
,DATEADD (week , 1 , GETDATE() ) AS "Add 1 Week to the current date"
,DATEADD (year , 1 , GETDATE() ) AS "Add 1 Year to the current date"
,DATEADD (hour , 3 , GETDATE() ) AS "Add 2 Hours to the current time"
,DATEADD (minute , -15 , GETDATE() ) AS "Subtract 15 Minutes from the current time" | http://www.dbtalks.com/article/how-to-use-dateadd-function/ |
Teardown & Component Analysis
Before proceeding with this page we strongly encourage you to a look at our PSUs 101 article, which provides valuable information about PSUs and their operation, allowing you to better understand the components we're about to discuss.
|General Data|
|Manufacturer (OEM)||HEC/Compucase|
|Primary Side|
|Transient Filter||4x Y caps, 2x X caps, 2x CM chokes, 1x MOV, 1x MPS HF81 (X Capacitor Bleeder)|
|Inrush Protection||NTC thermistor & relay|
|Bridge Rectifier(s)||1x|
|APFC MOSFETs||2x Infineon IPA60R125P6 (650V, 19A @ 100°C, 0.125Ω)|
|APFC Boost Diode||1x Hestia H2S060H006 (600V, 6A @ 152°C)|
|Hold-up Cap(s)||1x Chemi-Con (400V, 680uF, 2000h @ 105°C, KMW)|
|Main Switchers||2x Infineon IPP65R150CFD (700V, 14.2A @ 100°C, 0.15Ω)|
|APFC Controller||Champion CM6502S|
|Resonant Controller||Champion CM6901|
|Topology||Primary side: Half-bridge & LLC resonant controller Secondary side: Synchronous rectification & DC-DC converters|
|Secondary Side|
|+12V MOSFETs||6x FETs|
|5V & 3.3V||DC-DC converters: 2x TI CSD87355Q5D (30V, 45A @ 125°C) PWM controller: 2x APW7073|
|Filtering Capacitors||Electrolytics: Nippon Chemi-Con (4-10,000 @ 105°C, KY), Teapo (1-3000h @ 105°C, SC) Polymers: APAQ|
|Supervisor IC||Weltrend WT7527V (OVP, UVP, OCP, SCP, PG)|
|Fan Model||Globe Fan RL4Z S1352512H (12V, 0.33A, 1550 RPM, Hydro Dynamic Bearing)|
|5VSB Circuit|
|Rectifier||1x PFR10L60CT SBR (60V, 10A)|
|Standby PWM Controller||TinySwitch-III TNY280PN|
|-12V Circuit|
|Rectifier||KIA7912PI|
This looks like a new platform from HEC, featuring a specially-designed main transformer connected through bus bars to a daughterboard that holds the +12V FETs. In this way, energy losses are minimized.
Polymer capacitors are mostly used for ripple filtering, and it would have been better if the few sub-par Teapo SC caps were replaced by Chemi-Con KY or KZE ones. The soldering quality is average compared to platforms from CWT or Seasonic.
Again, the cooling fan uses a HDB bearing according to its maker, so Cougar claims that it should last for at least 150,000 hours.
We're pleased to see a proper rectifier IC for the -12V rail instead of a plain diode. This rectifier offers better protection, especially against overloads. We've had the misfortune of destroying too many PSUs by overloading the -12V rail.
The following video shows the GX-F 750’s internals. | https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/cougar-gx-f750w-psu,5479-3.html |
Recipe Image:
Servings:
6
Print
Close
Mini Coppa and Mozzarella Muffalettas
These super simple, delicious Mini Muffalettas are the perfect snack-size sandwich for any smörgåsbord or lunchbox alike. We've used our Sliced Coppa, which has been sweet cured, mildly spiced, and air-dried for 3 months.
Total Time
2hr 30min
4.0
1 Ratings
Author:
Carnivore Club
Servings:
6
Ingredients
•
6
Mini Bread Boules
•
1/4
cup
Black Olives
•
1/4
cup
Green Olives
•
1/4
cup
Marinated Artichokes
•
3
slices
Mozzarella Cheese
•
6
slices
Coppa
•
1/4
cup
Jarred Roasted Red Peppers
•
1/4
cup
Arugula
•
to taste
Sea Salt
•
to taste
Ground Black Pepper
Cooking Instructions
1
.
Slice each of the
Mini Bread Boules (6)
in half.
2
.
Remove the insides of each top and bottom half of the mini bread.
3
.
Finely chop the
Black Olives (1/4 cup)
and the
Green Olives (1/4 cup)
.
4
.
Finely chop the
Marinated Artichokes (1/4 cup)
.
5
.
Spread the bottom half with chopped olives.
6
.
Spread with chopped artichokes.
7
.
Tear each
Mozzarella Cheese (3 slices)
slice in half, and then into quarters. Place a few small pieces on top of the artichokes.
8
.
Place a slice of
Coppa (6 slices)
on top of cheese.
9
.
Place a few strips of
Jarred Roasted Red Peppers (1/4 cup)
on top of the coppa.
10
.
Top with a few
Arugula (1/4 cup)
leaves and season with
Sea Salt (to taste)
and
Ground Black Pepper (to taste)
.
11
.
Spread the top half of the boule with chopped olives.
12
.
Place the top half of boule on top of the sandwich.
13
.
Repeat with the remaining mini bread boules.
14
.
Wrap boules with cling-wrap, place on a baking tray, place another baking tray on top and weigh down with a few tins. Place in the refrigerator for about 2 hours.
15
.
Slice each muffaletta in half, serve and enjoy!
Nutrition Per Serving
CALORIES
660
FAT
11.2 g
PROTEIN
26.0 g
CARBS
114.6 g
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Use the code SIDECHEF for $10 off your first $50 shoppable recipe order.
How to shop recipes on SideChef >
* Offer valid for first order only for Walmart Pickup & Delivery service, at participating stores in the United States. Minimum order of $50. Offer not transferable, and void where prohibited by law. Does not apply to alcohol purchases. Customer responsible for all applicable taxes. Offer subject to change or expire without notice. | https://www.sidechef.com/recipes/5140/?print=1 |
For his ground-breaking work on singular integral operators leading to their application to important problems in partial differential equations, including his proof of uniqueness in the Cauchy problem, the Atiyah-Singer index theorem and the propagation of singularities of non-linear equations.
VIEW STATISTICS +
BirthSeptember 14, 1920
Age Awarded71
Country of BirthArgentina
Key ContributionsPartial Differential Equations
Contributions To Studies Of Harmonic Analysis
Pure Mathematics
Awarded byGeorge H. W. Bush
EducationUniversity of Buenos Aires
University of Chicago
Areas of ImpactCommunication & Information
AffiliationsUniversity of Chicago
Alberto P. Calderón is regarded as one of this century’s leading mathematicians. His contributions have changed the way researchers approach a wide variety of areas in both pure mathematics and its applications to science.
His influence is felt strongly in a wide array of subjects from the abstract-- harmonic analysis and partial differential equations—to more tangible fields, such as geophysics and tomography. Calderón is best known for his contributions in mathematical analysis, a large branch of mathematics that includes calculus, infinite series and the analysis of functions.
Alongside his mentor Antoni Zygmund, Calderón formulated a theory of singular integrals-- mathematical objects that look infinite, but when interpreted properly are finite and well-behaved. Now known as the Calderón-Zygmund theory, Calderón showed how these singular integrals could be used to obtain estimates of solutions to equations in geometry and to analyze functions of complex variables. He also showed how singular integrals could provide entirely new ways to study partial differential equations, which continue to be widely used to solve problems in physics and engineering. | https://www.nationalmedals.org/laureates/alberto-p-calderon |
The Head of Commercial Finance – Digital Tech & Central Services is responsible for the Finance Business Partnering for the Digital Tech, Finance, Legal, NBG and People Divisions within N Brown. This encompasses reporting on finance performance, developing budgets and forecasts, and supporting the financial performance in those divisions. The role will influence decision making and help drive business initiatives to add value within those divisions.
You will help drive and implement our strategy as a digital retailer, this role will work closely with our Chief Operating Officer to shape and drive this strategy throughout the wider business. The role is therefore a key finance business partnering role to help influence this critical area of decision making.
You will also be responsible for managing and developing 2 Finance Analysts.
Additional responsibilities include:
What we’re looking for:
Our benefits:
Who are we:
Here at N Brown we serve our customers through distinct brands; we are experienced, gained from over 160 years of trading; Inclusive as we believe in fashion without boundaries; sustainable as we strive to make as little impact on the planet and focused on the future as we are ALWAYS looking for ways to develop our business and serve our customers better.
Have a question about the role? You can contact the Talent Acquisition Team at Careers
Employees in our business may have access to our customers’ personal data therefore for a number of our roles, offers of employment are subject to a satisfactory criminal record check; having a criminal record will not necessarily prevent an individual from obtaining a position with JD Williams
The closing date for this job has now passed. | https://www.jobtrain.co.uk/jdwilliams5/displayjob.aspx?jobid=5830&source=JobtrainRss |
Combines are starting to roll through U.S. corn fields.
American farmers have harvested about 5 percent of the total 2018 corn crop, the USDA’s latest Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin says. That number is on par with last year’s progress at this time.
On a state level, farmers in Texas are the furthest along.
Growers in the state have completed 63 percent of their corn harvest, which is the highest among the 18 recorded states.
Farmers in Pennsylvania have harvested 1 percent of their corn acres, while producers in several other states have yet to harvest any corn.
The USDA ranked 68 percent of the U.S. corn crop in good to excellent condition.
U.S. soybeans continue to drop leaves.
About 31 percent of American soybeans have dropped their leaves. That number is up from 16 percent last week.
Soybean fields in Louisiana have dropped the most leaves.
About 78 percent of soybeans in the state are in this stage, the USDA says. That number is the highest of the 18 primary production states.
Soybeans in Missouri have dropped 9 percent of their leaves, which is the lowest figure among the documented states.
The USDA ranked 68 percent of the U.S. soybean crop in good to excellent condition.
U.S. farmers are almost finished with spring wheat harvest.
Growers have completed about 93 percent of the 2018 spring wheat harvest, the USDA says. That number is up from 87 percent last week.
Growers in South Dakota have wrapped up their harvest. They’re the only farmers among the six recorded states to have a complete harvest.
Montana wheat producers have completed 87 percent of their spring wheat harvest. That number is up from 75 percent last week but is the lowest figure among the documented states.
Farmers are also beginning to plant their winter wheat.
U.S. producers have planted about 5 percent of their winter wheat crop.
Farmers in Washington have planted 29 percent of their winter wheat, which is the most progress from the 18 primary production states.
Indiana farmers have planted 1 percent of their winter wheat and farmers several other states are yet to plant any winter wheat.
Farmers in California, Nevada, Arizona and Utah experienced seven suitable fieldwork days for the week ending Sept. 9.
During that same week, farmers in Kansas (1.8), Iowa (2.1) and Missouri (3), experienced the fewest suitable fieldwork days.
The next Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin will be released Sept. 18. | https://www.farms.com/ag-industry-news/u-s-farmers-begin-corn-harvest-580.aspx |
Farmlands provide food and habitat for wildlife, help control flooding, protect wetlands and watersheds and maintain air quality. … Each year Canada loses 20,000 to 25,000 hectares of prime farmland to urban expansion (Urbanization —- converting farmland into urban spaces — is the ultimate form of desertification).
How does farming affect Canada?
Agriculture is an important sector of Canada’s economy. As of 2018, there were 269,000 jobs in farming. Farmers, in turn, supply the much larger food production and processing industries (see Agriculture and Food).
How does the farmland affect the economy?
What is agriculture’s share of the overall U.S. economy? Agriculture, food, and related industries contributed $1.109 trillion to the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019, a 5.2-percent share. The output of America’s farms contributed $136.1 billion of this sum—about 0.6 percent of GDP.
Why is farmland so important?
Farmland provides food and cover for wildlife, helps control flooding, protects wetlands and watersheds and maintains air quality. In addition, new energy crops grown on farmland have the potential to replace fossil fuels. … Well-managed agricultural land generates more in local tax revenues than it costs in services.
Where is loss of farmland in Canada?
Despite booming commodity markets and rising farmland prices through parts of the 10-year period ending in 2011, Canada lost 969,802 hectares of class one, two and three farm land, a recent Statistics Canada report on agriculture and the environment says.
How does Canadian climate affect farming?
Climate models show that Canada’s agricultural regions will likely see drier summers from coast to coast, but increased winter and spring precipitation. This means that farmers may have to deal with both too much water during the seeding season and too little water during the growing season, all in the same year.
How does agriculture affect the environment?
Agriculture is the leading source of pollution in many countries. Pesticides, fertilizers and other toxic farm chemicals can poison fresh water, marine ecosystems, air and soil. They also can remain in the environment for generations. … Fertilizer run-off impacts waterways and coral reefs.
What are the effects of land degradation?
Its impacts can be far-reaching, including loss of soil fertility, destruction of species habitat and biodiversity, soil erosion, and excessive nutrient runoff into lakes. Land degradation also has serious knock-on effects for humans, such as malnutrition, disease, forced migration, cultural damage, and even war.
Why is farming decreasing?
But it has been declining for generations, and the closing days of 2019 find small farms pummeled from every side: a trade war, severe weather associated with climate change, tanking commodity prices related to globalization, political polarization, and corporate farming defined not by a silo and a red barn but …
What are the negative effects of agriculture on the environment?
Significant environmental and social issues associated with agricultural production include changes in the hydrologic cycle; introduction of toxic chemicals, nutrients, and pathogens; reduction and alteration of wildlife habitats; and invasive species.
What might happen if available farmland is used for other purposes?
Conversion of farmland to other uses in both countries has a number of direct and indirect consequences, including loss of food production, increases in the cost of inputs needed on lower quality land that is used to replace higher quality land, greater transportation costs of products to more distant markets and loss …
What is the effect of farmland to housing project?
First, the development of agricultural land has a strong negative impact on the values of surrounding homes. We estimate that conversion of 10 percent of the land base within one mile of a house from agricultural use to developed use can decrease housing values by four to twelve percent.
How can we prevent agricultural land loss?
Avoid mechanical soil disturbance to the extent possible. Avoid soil compaction beyond the elasticity of the soil. Maintain or improve soil organic matter during rotations until reaching an equilibrium level. Maintain organic cover through crop residues and cover crops to minimize erosion loss by wind and/or water. | https://canadanewslibre.com/tourist-assistance/how-does-loss-of-farmland-affect-canada.html |
Corn and soybean global outlook: what is expected for 2031?
In a recent IEC member-exclusive presentation, Adolfo Fontes, Global Business Intelligence Manager at DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, gave an informative insight into the future global trends in corn and soybean production.
He began by highlighting that over the next 2-3 years, a range of uncertainties will impact agriculture, including:
- Geopolitical stability
- Crop profitability and energy crisis
- Climate change
- Covid 19 and inflation
Looking further ahead to the next ten years, he suggests that world population growth will significantly impact agriculture due to an expected increase in demand for animal protein. It is predicted that by 2031, an additional 71 million tons of animal protein will be needed globally. The latest figures (2021) demonstrate that 92 million tons of eggs are produced worldwide – this is expected to increase by 15% over the next ten years. Thus, eggs can be a great solution to meeting the protein demands of the future.
“If we see more money in the pockets of the population, we will see an increase in animal protein production”, Adolfo predicted.
To supply animal protein to the population, the demand for grains and oilseed will increase; thus, it is important to review production and consumption trends in different regions globally.
Grain and oilseed use over the last 10 years
Over the last decade, grain feed use has increased by 30%, with corn representing 70% of these grains. In the same period, oilseed meal feed use has increased by just over 34%, with 70% of this feed being soybean. With the increase in demand for animal protein in 2031, we will need an additional 45 million tons of soybeans to be able to produce 35 million tonnes of soymeal and a further 95 million tons of corn.
Corn overview
While overall corn production increased from 2001 to 2022, from 571 million tons to 1,161 million tons, the rate of this increase has slowed with a 34.2% increase witnessed from 2011 to 2021, in contrast with a 51.3% increase from 2001 to 2011.
The most significant increase in corn production over the past ten years globally has been witnessed in Argentina (over 150%). However, the USA still maintains its place as the largest corn producer in the world, producing 384 million tonnes of corn in 2021/2022. China is the second largest producer, having seen an increase in production of 2.9% over the last decade. Adolfo highlights that while China produces 23.5% of the world’s corn, it still needs to import, with consumption of 26.9%.
Corn projections
Global corn production is projected to increase by around 9% in the next decade – this is a decrease in production rate compared to the 34% increase over the past ten years. Africa is expected to have the greatest percentage increase in production at 25%.
Yields are improving worldwide, with a global increase of 6.4% expected by 2031. This is particularly notable in Africa, Latin America and Asia, with increases of 17.7%, 8.6% and 8.7%, respectively.
The total harvested area for corn production is predicted to reach 211
In terms of regions, North America and Asia are expected to continue to lead corn production in 2031 with respect to million tons of corn produced.
Soybean overview
Overall, from 2001 to 2022, global soybean production has increased at an accelerating rate, with a 46.9% increase in production seen in just the last ten years compared to a 30% increase in the first decade of this century. From 2012 to 2022, Brazil witnessed a nearly 90% increase in production, overtaking the USA to become the largest producer of soybeans globally, representing 36.2% of production in 2021/2022 with 126 million tons. The US is now the second largest producer, with 121 million tons in 2022.
Imports of soybean in China are high, with this nation representing only 4.7% of production whilst consuming 31% of the world’s share. In contrast, the US is producing 34.7% but consuming 18.4%.
Soybean projections
From 2021 to 2031, soybean production is expected to increase globally by 15.7%, a deceleration from the previous ten years’ 47% increase.
Soybean production is dominated by the Americas, with Latin America projected to lead in 2031 at 217 tons (an increase of 20%) and North America second at 138 million tons after a 9% increase over the decade. It is predicted that overall, Latin America will be responsible for nearly 40 million tons of additional soybeans over the next ten years.
Average soybean yield will also increase by 12% worldwide, with Latin America alone seeing an increase in yield of 17%.
So…where will our corn and soybean come from over the next 10 years?
Overall, an additional 55.9 million tons of soybean is projected to be produced over the next ten years – 21.6 mil tons of this will come from Brazil, with 9.4 and 8.9 coming from Argentina and the USA, respectively.
109.5 million tons more corn will be produced over the next decade. China, Brazil and the USA will be the main contributors to this, with an additional 24.2, 21.7 and 16.6 million tons, respectively.
Find out more! | https://www.internationalegg.com/resource/corn-and-soybean-global-outlook-what-is-expected-for-2031/ |
July 29, 2011
Memory Lane
I was reading an Anniversary post this week over on Mama Made It's personal blog and she went back and had posted different pictures of their family over the last few years. Since it isn't my anniversary but it IS my parents I thought it was a good excuse to do the same!
Tomorrow my parents will be married 28 years.
If it looks like they were babies its because they were - just 18 & 19!
2010
We went out this time last year and celebrated Mom and Dad's 27th Anniversary by going to the Lake Road Inn.
Asher still had baby fat a year ago! And we celebrated Ashlyn's 2nd Birthday because Little Missy turns 3 TODAY!
2009
This time 2 years ago Asher was just a couple of months old. We didn't really leave the house so there are no other fun pictures to share.
But we did go see Miss Ashlyn on her 1st Birthday!
and boy does this make me miss Zelma :(
My goodness. Look at all those babies. You should see all of them now.
I'll have to try and get their pic this weekend at Ashlyn's party!
That's Asher there in the navy shorts laying all the way back :)
But 2 years ago we were both chunky.
2008
This was a very good year.
We had a big party for Mom & Dad's 25th Anniversary.
And it was a whole lotta fun.
Milissa had this little peanut and I decided it was time to have one of my own.
1 day preggo! Just didn't know it at the time :)
And I wasn't messin around! Ashlyn and Asher are almost exactly 10 months apart!
Followers
About Me
Hi, I'm Tess. I've been married to Dustin for 5 years and we have a 3 year old son named Asher and our Little Guy Adler arrived in May 2012. I'm a working Mommy who loves to spend all her free time with her little man. I love to read and have a new found passion for photography. In my spare time I like to blog about our lives - you never know whats going to happen around here!
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The Indeed Editorial Team comprises a diverse and talented team of writers, researchers and subject matter experts equipped with Indeed's data and insights to deliver useful tips to help guide your career journey.
Businesses often use Microsoft Excel to enter and maintain important information. In the program, you can find the option to create organizational charts that can help you improve data storage and accessibility. Org charts are also helpful tools for maintaining employee databases. In this article, we discuss what org charts are, how to create an org chart in Excel and what to consider when evaluating these informational tools.
What is an org chart?
An organizational chart shows the relationship or reporting hierarchy of a company's operations. Excel org charts provide simple functions that allow you to track various structures, roles and functions of departments, teams and even between different district locations. This organizational tool is often effective for transitional changes, too, as businesses can create org charts to detail new roles, tasks and functions that occur due to organizational change.
Related: How To Create a Dashboard in Excel in 5 Steps (With Tips)
Why create org charts?
Creating an org chart in Excel is an effective way to outline important processes, tasks and data that businesses use to report finances, create budgets and plan strategies. Several more reasons to use an org chart include:
Planning projects: Many businesses use organizational charts to plan projects, assign tasks and monitor completion.
Outlining departmental tasks: Org charts are also useful for organizing the responsibilities of employees across a company's different departments, including sales, marketing, finance and management.
Tracking employee and manager workflow: You can also use org charts for tracking individual, team and management workflow to better evaluate productivity.
Evaluating department or team functions: Many businesses also use org charts to outline the main functions and goals of different departments.
Related: 25 Best Excel Tips To Optimize Your Use
How to create an org chart in Excel
Use the following steps to create a basic Excel org chart:
1. Use the SmartArt feature
Open a new Excel worksheet and navigate to the menu bar at the top of the page. Select the “Insert” option, which gives you options to insert various elements into your spreadsheet. For org charts, click on the SmartArt icon. This gives you a drop-down menu with several features. Select the “Hierarchy” option to display different types of org charts.
2. Choose a layout
The "Hierarchy" option gives you several types of layouts to choose from for your chart. Some layouts feature a vertical hierarchy, while others read horizontally. When you choose your layout, insert it into your spreadsheet. Both horizontal and vertical alignments allow you to arrange your text boxes in the order you need them.
3. Enter text to the boxes in the chart
Type in the data for each element you include in your chart. Use separate lines for multiple data points within the text boxes by pressing "Enter" after each value, such as a name or specific task. You can also enter your chart data into the SmartArt text box, which arranges the values into the corresponding shapes.
4. Add and remove shapes
Excel also lets you insert new shapes to add to your charts, and you can remove shapes as necessary. To insert additional text boxes, right-click and select "Add shape." This gives you a list of options for where you want to add the shape. You can also add shapes within the SmartArt text box by clicking on the plus symbol at the top of the toolbar. To remove shapes, navigate to the Smart Art toolbar and click the minus symbol and select the shape you want to delete.
Related: 20 Advanced Excel Skills for the Workplace (With Examples)
5. Customize chart styles
Consider custom features in your org chart to clarify and highlight key information. Font styles like bold text or italics can also help emphasize crucial data teams use within org charts. The "Format" option also lets you add different elements to enhance the design of your charts, including font styles, headers and shape styles.
6. Update org charts for accuracy
Excel's features let you update the spreadsheets you create, including org charts and other elements you include. As data changes, update your org chart to include additional data and remove outdated information. This process is continuous and ensures the accuracy of organizational tracking and structure.
7. Copy and paste data points
You can also copy and paste data from worksheets you already have. This process is especially useful for list items, such as employee names, addresses and phone numbers. Navigate to the worksheet you want to pull your data from and select and highlight the range you want to organize in your chart. Right-click and select "Copy," and paste the data into the SmartArt text box for each shape you have. Arrange the data values in the corresponding chart shapes according to the hierarchy of your list.
Related: How To Make a Gantt Chart in Excel in 4 Simple Steps
3 tips for reading organizational charts
Organizational charts are effective because you can make updates to them as you gather additional data. This can make some org charts complex, but you can better evaluate org charts with several helpful approaches:
1. Follow vertical charts like a pyramid
Look at the text boxes at the top of the pyramid as the highest-ranking positions, where each row shows different management levels and widens toward the bottom to show lower levels of organization. The lines connecting each text box represent the reporting relationships between teams, management and departments.
2. Read horizontal charts from left to right
Horizontal charts show organizational relationships from left to right, where the pyramid shape expands across the spreadsheet. Similar to the vertical layout, a horizontal layout has the highest-ranking personnel in the left-most text box. Each level of management expands to the right, with lower organizational levels building off of these. The connecting lines also show the reporting relationships between each department.
3. Use the landscape mode
As org charts grow to include more shapes and data points, you can improve readability by switching to the landscape mode. Navigate to the page menu and select "File." Choose "Page setup" to bring up a menu box and change the orientation from "Portrait" to "Landscape."
Please note that none of the companies mentioned in this article are affiliated with Indeed. | https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/org-chart-excel |
Agriculture minister urges Albertans not to stockpile food
Alberta’s agriculture minister said Thursday he is working to ensure Albertans can access safe, affordable food as its COVID-19 response continues.
The province is working with industry to monitor the food supply closely, Devin Dreeshen said in a news conference Thursday.
Shortages of certain items that some stores are experiencing does not mean food supplies are running low, he said.
He told Albertans there is no need to stockpile food and supplies which puts unnecessary pressure on the food supply chain.
The province is working with retailers on supply pressures for high-demand items and monitoring availability in rural, remote and Indigenous communities, he said.
“There are a lot of moving parts to get food to market and on kitchen tables,” Dreeshen said.
“Food is essential and we are in constant contact with our food suppliers and we will do whatever it takes to keep them open,” he added. “I want to assure all Albertans that our food supply will remain safe, secure and accessible.
“Again, I would like to reiterate to Albertans that you do not need to stockpile food and supplies.”
Dreeshen also urged the federal government to declare agriculture an essential service.
Canada’s agriculture sector has warned of higher prices and potential food shortages if farming isn’t designated an essential service and allowed to do business as usual during the COVID-19 crisis.
While governments maintain supplies are secure, some people worry about empty grocery store shelves, especially in regard to food staples. | http://communitynewsblog.com/2020/03/agriculture-minister-urges-albertans-not-to-stockpile-food/ |
Anyone who spends a good amount of time longing for invisibility has a struggle with shame and/or anxiety on their hands. I should know. I still occasionally wish that I could slip through life unnoticed. Invisibility can seem so safe, especially for a survivor of abuse. Whenever conflict rears its ugly head, my mind and body still kick into flight mode. Some people are fighters and launch themselves into the fray. Others, like myself, turn to invisibility to minimize the attention of those around us. We freeze like the bunny wondering if the wolf has caught its scent.
I want to look at the emotional roots of this phenomenon because it produces adults who cannot share their emotions easily. They keep things carefully in neutral, convinced that any emotions they share are potentially dangerous. They believe those bottled up emotions, once let loose, will either cause loved ones to react in awful ways or that attempts at emotional intimacy will result in indifference and neglect. Better to keep the status quo. Better to wrap that invisibility around our emotions like a shield.
But the desire to be unseen develops from painful roots that must be excised and healed in order for an adult to maintain a healthy, emotionally intimate relationship. Transparency allows us to see and be seen, a necessity for an emotionally fulfilling life. So here is a look at some of the root causes of this desire to pass through life escaping the attention of others.
1: The desire for invisibility often stems from parental emotional neglect.
So many factors can shut down the emotional life of a youngster. Far from resilient, children take cues as to their worth from their interaction from their parents. A severely depressed mother is unable to help a young child learn to express their emotions. Even just poor parenting skills that focus on keeping children seen and not heard suppress a child’s ability to express themselves. Parental neglect isn’t about keeping a child in a closet. That is pretty rare. Instead, it comes from an inability to listen and validate a young child’s concerns.
Sometimes this happens in the busyness of life. Siblings can be rough with each other and if parents do not police sibling interaction, the message is clear. Your feelings, your fears and pain, your anger and your sorrow don’t matter. In fact, if a child believes his or her feelings don’t matter, it is a short step to you don’t matter. We must learn to listen to what is on our children’s hearts if we want them to be adults who can negotiate complex relationships later on.
2: The need for invisibility often stems from abuse.
In my abusive first marriage, like many others, I quickly learned to avoid any unwanted attention. I never knew when something would set my ex off into a raging rant. When he was clearly in a bad mood, I gathered my invisibility cloak around me like an impenetrable fence. I couldn’t let him in because he was dangerous. I was careful not to do anything to set him off, though that was self-deception at its most desperate. Abusers rely on unpredictability to keep their victims off kilter.
I became so dedicated to becoming invisible that my speaking voice changed. I am a fairly dramatic public speaker. I have taught for twenty-five years. Keeping my students’ attention was pretty easy for me. I laugh a lot, make jokes, tell stories, and even get passionate. But I had to ditch all that around my ex. I actually spoke in a deliberate monotone around him. I hid my personality, my emotions, and my convictions from him. I became a non-entity as do many abuse victims. It feels safer, though that safety is an illusion.
3: Guilt stimulates a need to hide.
Guilt is a tricky emotion. Sometimes it is necessary in order to hedge us in from behavior that would harm others or ourselves. I personally prefer the word conviction because to have a conviction is to have a strong belief. To convict also suggests that in our judgment of our own behavior if we convict ourselves or allow the Holy Spirit to convict us, we know when we have done wrong. But too much guilt, inappropriate guilt, or an inability to forgive ourselves can result in a shame that cripples. Then on comes the invisibility cloak. Appropriate guilt is focused on the misdeed. Shame says something is wrong with you. You are unworthy of love.
If we feel deeply unworthy or flawed, we are unable to give or receive love. Somehow that invisibility cloak works both ways. It hides our fears and inner selves from others, but it also hides any genuine love coming our way. Adam and Eve understood the need for an invisibility cloak. They had to settle for fig leaves. I see their futile attempts to hide their nakedness as more than a recognition of physical nakedness. I think that before the Fall, they were available to each other mentally, spiritually, and emotionally. After the Fall, they learned to hide from each other and perhaps even from themselves.
Several things lent themselves to my recovery. The first is that I learned to be utterly transparent to God. Once I learned that He was not mad at me, even while I was in error, I could tell Him all. He has never once shamed me. Disciplined? Yes. Shamed? Never. I tell Him everything and invite Him to transform me. Just the freedom to say to the God of the universe here I am, without any barriers, has freed me more than I can say.
Secondly, I learned to share who I was with a therapist. From there, I took chances with other safe people. I am better at knowing who is safe these days, but sharing my thoughts and feelings has made my marriage so much better. I don’t live in the fear of being known. Instead, I am an overcomer and my presence matters. Sometimes I pick up that old invisibility cloak. But these days, it’s tattered and doesn’t work as well. You see, I’ve gotten used to freedom.
As an Amazon affiliate, I may make a small commission off purchases without any charge to you. | https://poemachronicles.com/invisibility/ |
Table of Contents
What has a higher melting point iron or lead?
Melting point of iron: Wrought: 2700-2900°F/1482-1593°C….Melting Points of Various Metals.
|Melting Points|
|Metals||Fahrenheit (f)||Celsius (c)|
|Iron, Cast||2060-2200||1127-1204|
|Iron, Ductile||2100||1149|
|Lead||621||328|
What metal melts the fastest?
My data showed that Copper melted butter the fastest.
What is the melting point of iron?
2,800°F (1,538°C)
Iron/Melting point
How long does it take for iron to melt?
Therefore 48 minutes take for melting 1000 kg of cast Iron @ 700 kW. Power consumption is also depends on the manufacture of the furnace. Below is power consumption for the Electroheat furnace for different metals.
What melts faster glass or metal?
The ice melted faster in the metal bowl because metal is a conductor of heat. plastic and glass are not a conductor of heat so its not going to melt as fast as metal would. That’s why when people cook they use metal pans and pots. It cooks the food faster.
What is melting temperature of lead?
621.5°F (327.5°C)
Lead/Melting point
What’s the melting point of lead?
Which metal has highest melting?
Tungsten
Tungsten has the highest melting point, which is equal to 3422 degree Celsius.
Does metal make ice melt faster?
For ice to melt, it must gain energy from the surroundings. Metal is a better conductor than plastic, so energy is transferred more quickly through the metal. This is why we saw the ice on the metal block melt more quickly.
Which is the fastest metal to heat up?
The aluminum conducted heat the fastest at an average of 14 seconds. The bronze was the second fastest at 16 seconds. The silver nickel averaged 19 seconds to conduct heat and appeared to be the strongest metal used in the experiment, as it did not melt or bend. Click to see full answer.
Which is a higher melting point iron or copper?
As a general rule of thumb, alloys with iron, such as steel or pure iron, melt at higher temperatures, typically around 2200-2500 Fahrenheit. Copper alloys, such as brasses, bronzes, or pure copper, have high melting points but significantly lower than iron. Typically at ranges around 1675-1981 F.
Which is the metal that melts at the highest temperature?
On the high end of extremes, you have Nickel and Tungsten, both of which melt at very high temperatures. Nickel melts around 2,646 °F / 1,452 °C, Tungsten around 6,150°F / 3,399 °C, yes you read that number correctly. What metal has the lowest melting point?
What causes the melting point of a metal to change?
It also broadens the overall melting temperature range because impurities lead to certain defects in its crystalline lattice, making it easier to surpass the interactions between the metal molecules. S, the presence of any other metal in the mix can lead to a massive noticeable change in the melting point. | https://profound-answers.com/what-has-a-higher-melting-point-iron-or-lead/ |
So the cell was decided to be an equilateral triangle whose sides measure 62.5 mm... But why?
One of the goals for the MOSAIC LS project is scalability. How do you shape a component that can conform to any application thrown at it, scalable? Why, triangles of course!
... Triangles are forever...
A triangle is the most basic enclosed shape that can be formed with the least number of sides, 3 in this case. Its used in graphics to reduce the number of vertices in a mesh while retaining the most detail as well as in structural engineering. With triangles you can assemble them into whatever pseudo shape you want. They can approximate circles, rectangles and its not limited to just 2D shapes. They can approximate spheres , rings, domes, boxes, cylinders, etc.
So that addresses what shape to make the "cell" into - an equilateral triangle which keeps things as symmetrical as possible. But what about its size, how big should it be? Too small and complexity becomes an issue as more are required. Too big and it might hinder certain application constraints such as portability or tight spaces.
... Who said size doesn't matter?...
To address the question about how big to make the triangular cell, first we have to consider what applications the MOSAIC LS cell could be used in. One of the key applications that had a heavy weight on design considerations was solar. Many projects out there use solar as their method of energy collection, storage and usage.
After a few deep dives on the 'webz, some querying around work and physically measuring dimensions of cells in solar panel assemblies, a conclusion was reached. The most common size of solar cells (monocrystalline or polycrystalline) was a pseudo-square cut from a 160mm diameter ingot of silicon. It measures 125mm x 125mm with corners of 160mm diameter. See Figure 1 above.
If a cell were to be designed with the sides of the triangle measuring 125mm, then one would be left with 1/2 the solar cell uncovered. However if a circle with a diameter of 125mm is considered, it will cover approximately 75% of the cell. The best approximation of a circle using the least amount of triangles is a hexagon. That means there are 6 equilateral triangles whose sides measure 62.5mm in length. See Figure 2 below.
Lets see that hexagon with the actual cell PCB outline (Figure 3)
A near perfect fit with just enough room to add some switching circuitry to boost the cell voltage and to hide a beefy battery behind the hexagon assembly.
... The Goldilocks Principle...
When you consider that particular dimension, 62.5mm, that's 2.461 inches which is just enough to design an enclosure whose outside dimensions don't exceed 2.5". Its small enough for portable applications as a single unit or in pairs/triplets. It's just big enough to be used in large numbers without adding too much complexity and does not exceed the available MODBUS addresses (254) to comprise a 1m x 1m array. Among many other things, it all works out!
Not too big... Not too small... Just right. | https://hackaday.io/project/88666-mosaic-ls/log/127668-cell-size-shape-justification |
A quartic polynomial is characterized as an equation having highest power of 4th degree.
This quartic equation roots calculator uses Ferrari’s solution for quartic equations.
The quartic equation formula reduces the equation to two quadratic equations and there by further finding roots of the quadratic equations.
Quartic equation formula is also derived by many other renowned mathematicians like Euler.
The method is solution by radicals.
How to use:
Using this quartic equation roots calculator is very simple.
Just input the coefficients of quartic equation which are ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’ and ‘e’.
This equation calculator can also be converted to solve cubic equations and quadratic equations.
If a=0, the polynomial turns into a cubic equation and the calculator is capable of finding cubic equation roots also.
If a=0 and b=0, the polynomial turns into quadratic equation which can also be solved using this calculator. | https://dcbaonline.com/quartic-equation-roots-calculator/ |
ST. LOUIS -- Gregg Marshalls Wichita State Shockers take the No. 1 seed into the State Farm MVC Mens Basketball Tournament, which begins Thursday, March 1, at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis. Wichita State, ranked in the Top 25 in each of the past two weeks, is the top seed for the third time (1981, 2006) in its history. Wichita State has twice previously won the MVC Tournament (1985 and 1987), but has not claimed a title since the event moved to St. Louis in 1991. The Shockers enter the State Farm MVC Tournament having won eight-straight and 16 of their past 17 games.
Top-seeded Wichita State (16-2) and No. 2 seed Creighton (14-4) have a five-game gap between them and the rest of the field, but only a single game separates MVC teams ranked Nos. 3-8 in the standings, and five teams tied for third place with 9-9 records (Indiana State was just a game back). Its the tightest the middle of the pack has ever been in the leagues 105-year history (only one other time - in 1926-27 - has fewer than three games separated 3rd place from 8th place.)
This years tournament is the 36th Missouri Valley Conference post-season tourney and 22nd-straight in St. Louis. The league has been over 50,000 fans in each of the last nine seasons, and the 2011 tournament total attendance was eighth best for the tournament in its history (35 events). Last year, 50,305 fans attended during the four-day, nine-game event.
Notably, the top seed of the league mens basketball championship has won the title six times in St. Louis, including three of the past four years (Drake-2008, UNI-2009, UNI-2010), but before 2008, that hadnt happened once since 1998. Only twice has a seed worse than No. 3 won the tournament (No. 4 Creighton in 2000 and No. 5 Indiana State in 2001).
The tournament, which features nine games in four days, culminates on Sunday, March 4, and for the first time in league history, all nine games will be televised nationally (in HD). For the seventh-straight year, CBS Sports will carry the title game, while the first eight games will air on the MVC Television Network. Radio partner 101 FM (WXOS) will air all nine tournament games in St. Louis, while Westwood One will air the title game nationally.
For the first time in league history, the league tournament will begin with two teams that enter tourney play with 25 or more wins (Wichita State has 26 and Creighton has 25.) Notably, since 2003, the league tournament has featured a ranked team four times (2003, 2004, 2007, and 2008). No MVC Tournament has ever featured two ranked teams.
With 10 crowns, Creighton owns the most MVC Tournament titles of any Valley school, its last coming in 2007. Indiana State is the defending champ and will be looking to become the sixth team to repeat. UNI most recently accomplished the feat, winning back-to-back State Farm MVC Tournament crowns in 2009 and 2010.
Until last year, the leagues No. 1 seed had earned an NCAA Tournament berth in 17-straight years (either as an at-large selection or as the leagues tournament champ). Indiana State (No. 3) beat Missouri State (No. 1) in last years title game. | https://www.kcci.com/article/arch-madness-bracket-drake-7-uni-5/6867134 |
Mini slider buns are so versatile! They make fantastic appetizer sandwiches, such as mini burgers, pulled pork sandwiches, and even breakfast sandwiches.
Tips for Making Mini Slider Buns
Mixing and Kneading the Dough: The dough for the mini slider buns can be prepared by using a bread machine, stand mixer, or kneaded by hand. Check out the tips for kneading bread in this post: Roasted Garlic Rosemary Bread.
Making Uniform Sized Buns: Use a kitchen scale to weigh out equal portions of dough so all your buns will be the same size and cook up evenly. First, place the dough on the scale to get the overall weight. Then, divide the weight amount by 15. This is the weight each dough piece should be. It should be around 40 grams depending on your dough. Split the dough into 15 pieces using the scale to measure out the weight of each piece.
Optional Topping Ideas: For a shiny crust, brush the mini slider buns with egg wash just before baking. After brushing, you can also sprinkle sesame, poppy, or white chia seeds on top for a fun finishing touch. Or jazz up the flavor even more with sea salt, onion flakes, and garlic powder.
How to Make Mini Slider Buns
Mix and knead the dough, and let it rise until doubled in size. After rising, turn the dough out to a well-floured board.
Divide the dough into 15 equal pieces and shape each piece into a round, ball.
Place each ball on your prepared baking sheet. Cover and let the dough rise again until doubled.
Bake in a preheated oven until tops are brown. Cool the mini slider buns on a rack and use for mini sliders, burgers, or even plain as dinner rolls.
Homemade Mini Slider Buns
Ingredients
- 1 teaspoon active dry yeast
- 3/4 cup warm water (105-115˚F)
- 1/4 cup milk
- 2 tablespoons butter softened
- 1 tablespoon cane sugar
- 1 teaspoon kosher salt
- 2.5-3 cups unbleached bread flour (300-360gm)
- extra flour for kneading
Instructions
- Dissolve the yeast in the warm water. Combine all the ingredients using a bread machine, stand mixer, or knead by hand until the dough is smooth and elastic. If you are using a bread machine's dough cycle, skip to step 3.
- Grease a large bowl with butter or olive oil. Place the dough in the bowl and turn to grease the top. Cover and let rise in a warm place, free from drafts, until doubled, about 45-60 minutes.
- When the dough is doubled in size, press it down, turn it onto a lightly floured surface, and let rest for 15 minutes.
- Divide the dough into 15 pieces. Shape the pieces into smooth, round balls and place on a lightly oiled sheet pan. Cover and let the dough rise again until doubled, about 45-60 minutes.
- Preheat your oven to 400˚F when your dough is almost finished rising.
- Bake the mini slider buns in a preheated oven for 12-15 minutes until the tops are golden brown. Remove the buns from the oven and place on a cooling rack. Serve warm or store in a plastic bag once the rolls have cooled completely.
Nutrition
You May Also Like: | https://growagoodlife.com/slider-buns/comment-page-2/ |
#555555 hex color is (85, 85, 85) in RGB color palette. Closest web safe color is #666666.
#555555 hex code consists of 85 red value, 85 green and 85 blue. In HSL notation it has 0 hue, 0 saturation and 33.3 lightness. The process color (CMYK) is combination of 0 cyan, 0 magenta, 0 yellow and 67 key (black).
Shades are created by adding a black color. The lightest one in this statement is #4f4f4f, whereas #191919 is the darkest.
Tints are formed by combining with white color. The brightest one of the following tints is #ffffff, and the darkest is #696969.
Some of pre-made examples using #555555 hex color in HTML. | https://hexcol.com/color/555555 |
These chewy peanut butter cup cookies are a classic and always a hit at cookie exchanges. They're also perfect for those holiday cookie plates! Makes approx. 6 dozen.
Author:
Emily ~ isthisREALLYmylife.com
Recipe type:
Dessert
Cuisine:
Cookie
Serves:
24
Ingredients
1 cup creamy peanut butter
1 cup unsalted butter, softened
1 cup packed brown sugar
1 cup sugar
2 eggs
1 tsp vanilla extract
3 cups all-purpose flour
2 tsp baking soda
¼ tsp salt
72 Mini Reese's Peanut Butter Cups
Instructions
Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
Cream peanut butter, butter and sugars together in a large mixing bowl. Add eggs and vanilla and beat until creamy. (I like to mix mine on medium speed a full minute.)
Combine flour, baking soda and salt in a medium bowl. Add to creamed mixture and mix until thoroughly incorporated.
Roll tablespoons of dough into balls and place in a mini muffin pan. Bake for 10 minutes.
Remove from oven and immediately press a peanut butter cup in the center of each cookie. Freeze for 5 to 10 minutes before removing to a wire rack to cool completely.
Store in an airtight container for up to 5 days (if they last that long!). | https://www.halfscratched.com/easyrecipe-print/21133-0/ |
On January 18, 2022, the federal court for the Western District of Washington approved a class-action settlement awarding 76 juvenile offenders a total of $1,357,665, or $500 a day for their solitary confinement at two adult jails in King County. The court also approved a $50,000 award for attorney’s fees and costs, for a total of $1,407,665.
The case traces back to 2017, when four juveniles sued to stop the county from holding them in solitary confinement while awaiting trial on adult charges at the Regional Justice Center in Kent, where jail officials feared the juveniles would be subjected to sexual predation by adults also held there. That led the following year to a $240,000 settlement paid by the County and another $25,000 by the Kent School District for the hours of schooling the four plaintiffs lost while held in isolation. Moreover, the County agreed to a policy change banning the use of solitary confinement for juveniles and very young adults in all but the most extreme cases. [See: PLN, Mar. 2019, p.26.]
Since the suit was settled before it could be certified as a class-action, attorneys from Columbia Legal Services filed another suit in the Court against the County on July 26, 2021, on behalf of five named Plaintiffs: Cedric Jackson, Maryanne Atkins, Torry Love, Tristan Pascua and Patrick Tables.
Atkins, one of the few girls held in solitary, spent 40 days in a row there before she turned 18. “I could hear other people screaming and shouting at all hours of the day and night, but I had no one I could actually talk with,” she said.
Tables spent six months in solitary with just three hours out of his cell every week, which he also spent alone in a dayroom or on a recreation yard. “Solitary confinement really messes with your mind,” he said, adding that he was “glad that King County won’t be able to do this to kids anymore.”
They and the other three named plaintiffs represented a proposed class of juveniles who were (1) charged as adults and (2) confined in the Maleng Regional Justice Center and/or King County Correctional Facility, where they were also (3) placed in solitary confinement (4) between 2014 and 2019.
The parties then finalized their settlement agreement, paying each juvenile in the class $500 for each day in solitary confinement. On August 6, 2021, Plaintiffs moved to certify the class under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) 23(b)(3), also seeking preliminary approval of the Settlement Agreement. Five days later, the Court granted both motions.
The Court then held a fairness hearing under FRCP 23(e)(2) on January 11, 2022, concluding the Settlement Agreement met the regulation’s requirements because “Class representatives and Class Counsel adequately represented the class” as required under FRCP 23(e)(2)(A); the agreement was “negotiated at arm’s length,” as required under FRCP 23(e)(2)(B); and “the relief provided to the class members is adequate,” as required under FRCP 23(e)(2)(C).
With respect to the last point, the Court agreed with the language of Plaintiffs’ motion that the $500 daily award “falls ‘in the middle range of compensation negotiated in other similar cases’ and is ‘much higher than some settlements . . . (yet) lower than others.’”
“This settlement involves an inherently unquantifiable harm,” the Court explained. “The settlement amount of $500 per Compensable Day provides greater compensation to those who spent more time in solitary confinement and is a reasonable approach to assigning values to the varying numbers of days that Class Members spent in solitary confinement.” Therefore, “while $500 in many ways remains an uncertain number, it is adequate and fair.”
The Court noted that “roughly half of the 76 Class Members have less than 10 Compensable Days,” meaning each one stands to collect “less than $5,000,” and “nearly one-third of the Class (25 Class Members) will receive $800 or less.” It recognized therefore that “the cost of litigating these ‘smaller’ claims piecemeal would be prohibitively expensive.”
Thus the Court concluded the agreement “is therefore ‘fair, reasonable, and adequate.’”
Turning to legal fees and costs, the Court found that whether using the “lodestar” or “percentage-of-recovery” methods, Class Counsel likely would be entitled to fees and costs ranging from $301,250 to $339,000. But Counsel—Columbia Legal Services attorneys Nicholas B. Straley, Alison S. Bilow and Jonathan O. Nomamiukor, II—accepted just $50,000 in fees and costs, which was “far less” and quite reasonable, the Court observed.
In conclusion, the Court granted approval of the settlement and the motion for attorneys’ fees and costs, ordering King County to pay $1,357,665 to the Class and $50,000 to Class Counsel. See: Jackson v. King County, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8803 (W.D. Wash.).
Additional source: Columbia Legal Services
As a digital subscriber to Prison Legal News, you can access full text and downloads for this and other premium content. | https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2022/aug/1/14-million-paid-king-county-washington-settle-juvenile-solitary-confinement-class-action/ |
DIY Gold and Marble Jar
What do you need :
- A jar of your choice
- Polymer clay in white and granit effect
- Gold spray
- Aluminium foil
- Craft knife
- Varnish and a brush
- Masking tape
- Protective canvas or newspaper
Step 1 : Decide where you want the gold part to end and protect the part of the jar with paper or plastic that you don’t want to be sprayed.
Step 2 : Go outside or in a well ventilated place to spray the jar in gold and let dry.
Step 3 : Condition the clay by kneading to get it more soft and moldable. Mix the two color by using this great technique that I found on The Felted Fox Blog.
Step 4 : Use a glass bottle or a rolling pin to flatten the ball of clay. Apply it on the bottom of the jar that has aluminium foil on it to protect it. Form the edges.
Step 5 : Bake the bowl form, with de aluminium foil in it, according to the manufacturer’s directions. Allow it to cool completely.
Step 6 : Varnish the bowl form. Ik you want you can glue onto the jar. But if you don’t, you can aslo use the clay part as a little bowl next to your jar.
Voilà! | http://lilesadi.com/diy-gold-and-marble-jar/ |
573 F.2d 191
200 U.S.P.Q. 12
WAYNE-GOSSARD CORPORATION, Appellee,v.MORETZ HOSIERY MILLS, INC., Appellant.
Nos. 76-2416 and 77-2189.
United States Court of Appeals,Fourth Circuit.
Argued March 7, 1978.Decided March 30, 1978.
David Rabin, Greensboro, N. C. (Walter L. Beavers, Greensboro, N. C., Richard A. Williams, Newton, N. C., on brief), for appellant in 77-2189 and 76-2416.
Joseph W. Grier, Jr., Charles B. Park, III, Charlotte, N. C. (Grier, Parker, Poe, Thompson, Bernstein, Gage & Preston, Bell, Seltzer, Park & Gibson, Joell T. Turner, Irvin W. Hankins, III, Charlotte, N. C., on brief), for appellee in 77-2189 and 76-2416.
Before WINTER and BUTZNER, Circuit Judges, and HOFFMAN,* Senior District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
1
In Wayne-Gossard Corporation v. Moretz Hosiery Mills, Inc., 539 F.2d 986 (4 Cir. 1976), we held that 35 U.S.C. § 252 applied to narrowed reissues and we remanded the case for further consideration as to whether Moretz could avail itself of the defense under § 252 and, if so, for application of the remedial provisions of § 252. The district court held that Moretz could invoke rights under § 252; and under that section it should compensate plaintiff for only its postreissue infringement at a royalty of twenty-five cents per dozen pairs of infringing foot socks with simple interest at six percent per annum, less the cost of conversion and reconversion of machinery, placed in operation to produce infringing socks, to adapt it to manufacture non-infringing foot socks. Moretz was enjoined from further infringement after October 23, 1979.
2
After consideration of the arguments, oral and written, and the pertinent portions of the record, we think that the district court correctly determined the matter on remand for the reasons sufficiently stated in its opinion. Wayne-Gossard Corporation v. Moretz Hosiery Mills, Inc., 447 F.Supp. 12 (W.D.N.C.1976).
3
We also think that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Moretz's motion under Rule 60(b)(6), F.R.Civ.P., for the reason assigned by it.
4
AFFIRMED.
*
Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation
| |
Q:
Getting Ljava.lang.String;@ in my output while iterating through a string
so I have to write a program for an assignment, and for that i have to accept a string, make sure it's got the right number of sentences and print the frequency of each word. I've got this almost completely right, but at the end, when I print the words (which I've stored in an array), each word is preceeded by Ljava.lang.String; @xyznumber. I have no idea why this is happening and I can't find a solution on the net. Here's my code:
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.io.*;
class frequency
{
public static void main(String args[])throws IOException
{
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter the number of sentences");
int cS = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter sentences");
String s = br.readLine();
int cS1 = 0;
int cW = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++)
{
char ch = s.charAt(i);
if (ch=='.'||ch=='?')
{
cW++;
cS1++;
}
if (ch==' ')
{
cW++;
}
}
if (cS1!=cS)
{
System.out.println("You have entered the wrong number of sentences. Please try again.");
}
else
{
int c = 0;
int d = 0;
String a[] = new String[cW];
System.out.println("Total Number of words: "+cW);
for (int i= 0;i<s.length();i++)
{
char ch=s.charAt(i);
if (ch==' '||ch=='?'||ch=='.')
{
a[c++]=a+s.substring(d,i);
d = i+1;
}
}
int length=0;
firstFor: for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<i;j++)
{
if (a[j].equalsIgnoreCase(a[i]))
{
continue firstFor;
}
else
{
length++;
}
}
}
String words[] = new String[length];
int counts[] = new int[length];
int k=0;
secondFor: for (int i =0;i<a.length;i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j<i;j++)
{
if (a[j].equalsIgnoreCase(a[i]))
{
continue secondFor;
}
}
words[k]=a[i];
int counter = 0;
for (int j =0;j<a.length;j++)
{
if(a[j].equalsIgnoreCase(a[i]))
{
counter++;
}
}
counts[k]=counter;
k++;
}
for (int i=0;i<words.length;i++)
{
System.out.println(words[i]+"\n"+(counts[i]));
}
}
}
}
A:
The problem stems from this line here:
a[c++]=a+s.substring(d,i);
Since a is a String array, what this does is assigns one of the elements in a to be equal to the String representation of the entire array, plus a substring of s. Arrays don't have a very useful String representation though, which is where the Ljava.lang.String;@xyznumber you see is coming from.
Depending on what you want the first part of a[c] to be, either use an index into the array, or convert the array to a String
| |
***********************************************
The “officially released” date that appears near the be-
ginning of each opinion is the date the opinion will be pub-
lished in the Connecticut Law Journal or the date it was
released as a slip opinion. The operative date for the be-
ginning of all time periods for filing postopinion motions
and petitions for certification is the “officially released”
date appearing in the opinion.
All opinions are subject to modification and technical
correction prior to official publication in the Connecticut
Reports and Connecticut Appellate Reports. In the event of
discrepancies between the advance release version of an
opinion and the latest version appearing in the Connecticut
Law Journal and subsequently in the Connecticut Reports
or Connecticut Appellate Reports, the latest version is to
be considered authoritative.
The syllabus and procedural history accompanying the
opinion as it appears in the Connecticut Law Journal and
bound volumes of official reports are copyrighted by the
Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut, and may not
be reproduced and distributed without the express written
permission of the Commission on Official Legal Publica-
tions, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut.
***********************************************
STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. DANIEL B.*
(SC 19788)
Robinson, C. J., and Palmer, D’Auria, Mullins,
Kahn, Ecker and Vertefeuille, Js.
Syllabus
Convicted of the crime of attempt to commit murder, the defendant appealed
to the Appellate Court, claiming, inter alia, that there was insufficient
evidence to support his conviction under the statute (§ 53a-49) governing
attempt crimes because the state had failed to prove that his conduct
constituted a substantial step in a course of conduct that was intended
to culminate in the murder of T, from whom the defendant was in the
process of seeking a divorce. The defendant’s conviction arose from
his efforts to hire a hit man to kill T. During the defendant’s trial, the
jury viewed a video recording in which the defendant is shown meeting
with an individual he believed to be a hit man, agreeing to a price to
have T killed, providing necessary information to effectuate her murder,
and planning the murder. The Appellate Court concluded that a reason-
able jury could have found, in light of that video recording, that the
defendant took a substantial step in a course of conduct intended to
culminate in T’s murder, and that the defendant’s failure to pay the
individual posing as a hit man did not render his conduct merely prepara-
tory. Accordingly, the Appellate Court affirmed the trial court’s judg-
ment, and the defendant, on the granting of certification, appealed to
this court. On appeal, the defendant claimed that the Appellate Court,
in concluding that there was sufficient evidence to sustain his conviction,
improperly construed § 53a-49 (a) (2) by focusing on what already had
been done rather than on what remained to be done to carry out T’s
murder. Held that the Appellate Court properly concluded that the state
presented sufficient evidence to permit a jury reasonably to find the
defendant guilty of attempt to commit murder: a review of the relevant
language and history of § 53a-49 (a) (2), as well as prior case law interpre-
ting the statute, led this court to conclude that the Appellate Court
properly construed § 53a-49 (a) (2) in determining that the defendant’s
actions constituted a substantial step in a course of conduct planned
to culminate in the commission of T’s murder by focusing on what the
defendant had already done rather than on what remained to be done
to carry out the murder; moreover, construing the evidence in the light
most favorable to sustaining the verdict, this court concluded that there
was ample evidence from which the jury reliably could have determined
the defendant’s intent, including evidence that he had contemplated
murdering T for two years beforehand and had begun planning well in
advance of his meeting with the hit man, that he contacted a third party
in order to obtain contact information for an individual, E, to whom he
had not spoken in years, to inquire about procuring a hit man only four
days before the dissolution of his marriage to T was to be finalized,
that he engaged in a series of texts and phone calls to E over a twenty-
four hour period, and that he then met with the individual he believed
was a hit man, provided him with T’s name, the name of T’s employer,
her home and work addresses, work schedule, physical description, and
a photograph, discussed the manner and method to best effectuate the
killing, established an alibi, and agreed to a structured payment schedule,
with the first payment to be made approximately ten hours after the
meeting.
(One justice dissenting)
Argued September 11, 2018—officially released March 5, 2019
Procedural History
Substitute information charging the defendant with
the crimes of attempt to commit murder and criminal
violation of a protective order, brought to the Superior
Court in the judicial district of Stamford-Norwalk and
tried to the jury before Hudock, J.; verdict and judgment
of guilty of attempt to commit murder, from which the
defendant appealed to the Appellate Court, DiPentima,
C. J., and Beach and Bishop, Js., which affirmed the trial
court’s judgment, and the defendant, on the granting
of certification, appealed to this court. Affirmed.
Philip D. Russell, with whom were A. Paul Spinella
and, on the brief, Peter C. White and Michael Thomason,
for the appellant (defendant).
Ronald G. Weller, senior assistant state’s attorney,
with whom, on the brief, were Richard J. Colangelo,
state’s attorney, and Maureen Ornousky, senior assis-
tant state’s attorney, for the appellee (state).
Opinion
KAHN, J. The present appeal requires us to consider
whether, in determining the sufficiency of the evidence
to support a conviction for attempt to commit murder
under the substantial step provision of General Statutes
§ 53a-49 (a) (2), the proper inquiry should focus on
what the actor had already done or on what the actor
had left to do to complete the crime of murder. In the
present case, the jury found the defendant, Daniel B.,
guilty of attempt to commit murder in violation of Gen-
eral Statutes §§ 53a-54a and 53a-49 (a) (2). Following
our grant of certification,1 the defendant appeals from
the judgment of the Appellate Court affirming the judg-
ment of conviction. See State v. Daniel B., 164 Conn.
App. 318, 354, 137 A.3d 837 (2016). The defendant claims
that, in concluding that the evidence was sufficient, the
Appellate Court improperly construed § 53a-49 (a) (2)
to require the substantial step inquiry to focus on ‘‘what
[the actor] has already done,’’ rather than what ‘‘remains
to be done . . . .’’ Id., 332. The state responds that the
Appellate Court properly held that the focus is on what
the actor has already done and that, when considering
the defendant’s conduct in the present case, the Appel-
late Court properly concluded that there was sufficient
evidence to sustain the defendant’s conviction of
attempted murder. See id., 333. We conclude that the
determination of what conduct constitutes a substantial
step under § 53a-49 (a) (2) focuses on what the actor
has already done rather than on what the actor has left
to do to complete the substantive crime. We therefore
affirm the judgment of the Appellate Court.
The jury reasonably could have found the following
relevant facts. In December, 2010, the defendant
brought an action seeking the dissolution of his mar-
riage to the victim, T. The couple’s relationship subse-
quently began to further deteriorate, leading T to call
the police regarding the defendant four times in two
months. T’s first call to the police occurred in February,
2011, after T returned home to discover that the defen-
dant had installed a coded padlock on their bedroom
door, apparently in an attempt to keep her out of the
bedroom.
T called 911 on three additional occasions in March,
2011. On March 6, 2011, while T was watching a movie
at her sister’s house, she received several phone calls
from the defendant, who appeared upset, asking her
where she was. When she answered her cell phone near
a kitchen window, she ‘‘could hear him talking outside
before [she] heard his voice coming through the cell
phone,’’ and realized he was standing outside her sis-
ter’s home. On that occasion, an officer with the Stam-
ford Police Department arrested the defendant, and
T obtained a partial protective order against him the
following day. The next day, on March 7, 2011, after T
returned home from her sister’s house and she discov-
ered that the defendant had packed away her belongings
and left them by the front door, the police were again
called. Two days later, on March 9, 2011, T came home
to find the defendant moving bedroom furniture and
taking her belongings off the bed and other furniture
in their bedroom. When T confronted the defendant, an
argument ensued during which he shoved her multiple
times through the upstairs hallway, eventually attempt-
ing to push her down the stairs, causing both her and
their three year old son to fall at the top of the staircase.
Stamford police arrested the defendant for the second
time, and T obtained a full protective order against him.
By June, the defendant and T had reached an agreement
regarding the dissolution of their marriage.
On June 9, 2011, four days before the dissolution was
scheduled to be finalized, the defendant called an old
friend, John Evans, to whom he had not spoken in a
‘‘couple of years.’’ To obtain Evans’ contact information,
the defendant requested Evans’ phone number from a
mutual friend, who called Evans and obtained permis-
sion to give his number to the defendant. The record
is unclear as to when the defendant made this request
and how much time passed before he received Evans’
phone number. The record does reveal, however, that
between the hours of 12 and 2 a.m. on June 9, the
defendant called Evans and requested to meet with him
that day at approximately 3 p.m. at a donut shop in
Stamford. When they met fifteen hours later, the defen-
dant explained that he was getting divorced from T and
she was ‘‘getting the house, the kids . . . and she was
trying to get some money from him, too.’’ The defendant
asked Evans if he ‘‘knew anybody that could murder
[T]’’ for him. When Evans tried to dissuade him, the
defendant told him that ‘‘[he had] been thinking about
it for two years, and he made up his mind . . . . He
needs it done.’’
Evans responded that he would ‘‘see what [he] could
do.’’ Shortly after leaving the defendant, Evans called
Mike Malia, a mutual friend who knew the defendant
better than Evans did, for advice on how to proceed.
Malia told Evans that ‘‘when [the defendant] gets some-
thing in his head, he’s gonna do it. So, you know, make
a call, call somebody.’’ Evans called John Evensen, a
retired Stamford police officer for whom Evans had
acted as a confidential informant in the past, to tell
him about the defendant’s request. Evensen encouraged
Evans to ‘‘do the right thing,’’ because ‘‘somebody’s life’’
was endangered, and told Evans that he would connect
him with someone. Evensen then called James Matheny,
then commander of the Bureau of Criminal Investiga-
tions for the Stamford Police Department, and arranged
for Matheny to contact Evans.
After speaking to Evans himself, Matheny’s team for-
mulated a plan that called for Evans to introduce the
defendant to an undercover police officer who would
pose as a hit man. As part of the plan, Evans called and
texted the defendant, relaying to him that he ‘‘found a
guy’’ that would ‘‘take care of it ASAP.’’ Through a series
of texts and calls beginning at 3:27 p.m. and ending at
12:22 a.m.,2 the defendant agreed to meet Evans and
the hit man at the McDonald’s restaurant located at the
southbound rest area off Interstate 95 in Darien. The
defendant met Evans at approximately 1 a.m., and
Evans introduced him to Michael Paleski, Jr., an officer
with the Branford Police Department assigned to the
New Haven Drug Task Force. Paleski had been engaged
by the Stamford police to pose as the hit man. The
defendant entered Paleski’s vehicle, which was
equipped with a hidden video camera that recorded
their entire encounter.
While in the vehicle, the defendant and Paleski dis-
cussed the manner, method and price to best effectuate
T’s murder. The first issue the defendant and Paleski
discussed was the price Paleski would require to per-
form the hit. The defendant agreed to pay Paleski
$10,000 in the following manner: an $800 payment due
the following morning in order for Paleski to obtain a
firearm, along with a down payment of $3000, and the
remainder due approximately one month after the mur-
der. Next, the defendant told Paleski the information
necessary for him to murder T, including her full name,
home address, place of employment, and work sched-
ule. The defendant also showed Paleski a photograph of
T to help him identify her. When the defendant showed
Paleski the photograph of T, the defendant noted that
it was an older photograph and that T’s hair color had
changed.3 He explained that it was the only photograph
of her he had because ‘‘she’s not fucking big on pic-
tures.’’ The record does not reveal when and how the
defendant had obtained the photograph of T. T testified,
however, that, one month prior to the meeting between
the defendant and Paleski, the defendant had asked
T to provide him with a photograph of herself, but
she refused.
At the defendant’s suggestion, the two agreed to stage
T’s murder as a carjacking, as demonstrated by the
following exchange4 captured by the video camera:
‘‘[Paleski]: How do you want it done? . . .
‘‘[The Defendant]: I don’t know. The only thing I was
thinking about was because she drives through—you
from Stamford or no?
‘‘[Paleski]: No.
‘‘[The Defendant]: Okay, well she—the hospital is in
a rough section and she’s got a nice car . . . so I’m
like, I don’t know if it makes sense, if that would be
the best way to go about it.
‘‘[Paleski]: Or you might want to make it look like a
carjacking or something?
‘‘[The Defendant]: Something like that . . . take the
car, the car is going to get found and it kind of like
explains it.
‘‘[Paleski]: Yup.
‘‘[The Defendant]: You know, I’m not sure what’s the
best thing to do . . . I didn’t put that thought into the
detail of how.
‘‘[Paleski]: You want her completely out of the picture
right? Morte?
‘‘[The Defendant]: [The defendant is nodding.] That’s
where it’s getting to . . . .
‘‘[Paleski]: That’s what you want? . . .
‘‘[The Defendant]: I wish we didn’t need to be there
but . . . you know.’’
Later in the conversation, Paleski again asked for
confirmation that the defendant wanted him to kill T.
Paleski told the defendant: ‘‘Just so [you] know, I’m
going to put two in that bitch’s head and take that car
and be gone, and I’ll fucking burn it somewhere.’’ The
defendant responded, ‘‘[t]hat’s the only way that I can
come up with that . . . makes sense . . . .’’
Concerned that he would be ‘‘the first person . . .
[the police] looked at,’’ the defendant believed that the
carjacking scenario near T’s work would also provide
him with an alibi because the defendant would typically
have the children with him at one of his aunt’s houses.
When Paleski confirmed by saying, ‘‘I can take the bitch
off when you’re with [your aunts],’’ the defendant
responded, ‘‘[e]xactly.’’ Aware that the police would
look at the defendant’s actions when investigating T’s
murder, Paleski and the defendant discussed how
quickly the defendant could get the money:
‘‘[Paleski]: I’ll do it but I need . . . some of that
wood.
‘‘[The Defendant]: Yea.
‘‘[Paleski]: Can you get me the $800 tonight?
‘‘[The Defendant]: I can work it out, yea, I could.
‘‘[Paleski]: Alright.
‘‘[The Defendant]: I just don’t want to—for me to get
it I got to like disturb people tonight . . . I don’t want
anything out of place tonight.
‘‘[Paleski]: Okay, but I ain’t doing shit without
some money.
‘‘[The Defendant]: Understood.
‘‘[Paleski]: Feel me?
‘‘[The Defendant]: Clear. I’m saying to you I’m not
asking you for the urgency of tonight, I’d rather do it
so it’s not—I don’t want anything out of character.
‘‘[Paleski]: Right, right.
‘‘[The Defendant]: You know . . . that’s my pause
for tonight, because it’s going to be out of character
for me to go get it tonight . . . .
‘‘[Paleski]: How soon do you think you can get that
money?
‘‘[The Defendant]: I can get it tomorrow without doing
anything . . . out of character.’’
Paleski told the defendant that, in order to effectuate
the carjacking, he needed the defendant to write down
T’s full name, the make and model of her car, T’s place
of employment, and her home address. The defendant
exited Paleski’s vehicle and went to Evans’ vehicle to
retrieve a piece of paper on which to write down the
information. In an apparent effort to distance himself
from the crime, the defendant asked Evans to write
down the information as the defendant dictated it to
him. The piece of paper was admitted into evidence,
and Evans testified that he wrote the note.
When the defendant returned to Paleski’s vehicle with
the note, he handed it to him, and they once again
discussed the plan to have T killed near her place of
employment at a time when the children were with the
defendant. They discussed T’s typical work schedule
and the defendant’s concerns that sometimes her work
shifts change. They also discussed whether it was best
to have it done before the divorce settlement was signed
the following Monday. The defendant expressed a
desire to communicate with Paleski only through Evans
because he did not want to use his own phone to call
anyone or to coordinate a meeting with Paleski. The
defendant indicated that he would get a prepaid phone
and then get rid of it. The defendant told Paleski that
he would get the money and meet Paleski at the same
location at 10 a.m. that same day. The defendant agreed
to bring the money to that meeting. The defendant
thanked Paleski and exited the vehicle, at which point
he was apprehended by Stamford police officers and
arrested.
Following a six day trial, a jury found the defendant
guilty of attempt to commit murder in violation of
§§ 53a-54a and 53a-49 (a) (2), and the court sentenced
the defendant to twenty years imprisonment, execution
suspended after fifteen years, followed by five years of
probation. The defendant appealed, claiming, among
other things, that there was insufficient evidence to
support his conviction of attempted murder, because
the state failed to prove that his conduct constituted a
substantial step insofar as he had not yet paid Paleski.
State v. Daniel B., supra, 164 Conn. App. 322–23, 332.
In addressing the defendant’s claim, the Appellate Court
reviewed our case law and concluded that this court
has ‘‘frame[d] our criminal attempt formulation in con-
which § 53a-49 (a) (2) was based, which focuses on
‘‘what the defendant has already done and not what
remains to be done.’’ Id., 329. Consequently, that court
upheld the defendant’s conviction, concluding that a
reasonable jury, after watching video footage of the
defendant’s agreeing to a price to have his wife killed,
providing ‘‘key information’’ to effectuate her murder,
and planning the manner of the killing, including his
own alibi, could have found that the defendant took
a substantial step and, therefore, that the defendant’s
failure to pay Paleski did not render his conduct merely
preparatory. See id., 332–34. This certified appeal
followed.
The defendant claims that, in concluding there was
sufficient evidence to sustain his conviction of attempt
to commit murder, the Appellate Court improperly con-
strued § 53a-49 (a) (2). Specifically, the defendant
claims that the determination of what constitutes a
substantial step in a course of conduct intended to
culminate in murder depends on ‘‘what remains to be
done’’ as opposed to what ‘‘has already been done.’’ The
state argues that the Appellate Court properly looked
to our case law, which articulates the proper framework
under § 53a-49 (a) (2) for determining a substantial step
and focuses on what the defendant has already done.
We conclude that, in determining whether a defendant’s
actions constitute a substantial step in a course of con-
duct planned to culminate in his commission of murder,
the proper focus is on what the defendant has already
done. Applying that standard in the present case, the
Appellate Court properly concluded that the state pre-
sented sufficient evidence to permit a jury reasonably to
find the defendant guilty of attempt to commit murder
under the substantial step subdivision.
We begin with the general principles that guide our
review. ‘‘In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence
claim, we apply a two-part test. First, we construe the
evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the
verdict. Second, we determine whether upon the facts
so construed and the inferences reasonably drawn
therefrom the jury reasonably could have concluded
that the cumulative force of the evidence established
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . On appeal, we
do not ask whether there is a reasonable view of the
evidence that would support a reasonable hypothesis
of innocence. We ask, instead, whether there is a rea-
sonable view of the evidence that supports the jury’s
verdict of guilty.’’5 (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
State v. Moreno-Hernandez, 317 Conn. 292, 298–99, 118
A.3d 26 (2015).
In the present case, the determination of whether
there was sufficient evidence to support the defendant’s
conviction of attempt to commit murder is inextricably
linked to a question of statutory interpretation. That
is, prior to determining whether there was sufficient
evidence, we must resolve whether the Appellate Court
properly construed § 53a-49 (a) (2) to focus on what
already has been done rather than what remains to be
done. We exercise plenary review over questions of
statutory interpretation, guided by well established
principles regarding legislative intent. See, e.g., Kasica
v. Columbia, 309 Conn. 85, 93, 70 A.3d 1 (2013)
(explaining plain meaning rule under General Statutes
§ 1-2z and setting forth process for ascertaining legisla-
tive intent).
We begin with the statutory language. Our criminal
attempt statute proscribes two distinct ways in which
a person is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime:
through the attendant circumstances subdivision, § 53a-
49 (a) (1), or the substantial step subdivision, § 53a-49
(a) (2). This appeal involves the interpretation of the
substantial step subdivision, which defines criminal
attempt in relevant part as follows: ‘‘A person is guilty
of an attempt to commit a crime if, acting with the kind
of mental state required for commission of the crime,
he . . . intentionally does or omits to do anything
which, under the circumstances as he believes them to
be, is an act or omission constituting a substantial step
in a course of conduct planned to culminate in his
commission of the crime.’’ General Statutes § 53a-49
(a) (2). Included in the threshold inquiry are our prior
interpretations of the statutory language, which we
have stated are encompassed in the term ‘‘text’’ as used
in § 1-2z. See Hummel v. Marten Transport, Ltd., 282
Conn. 477, 497–99, 923 A.2d 657 (2007).
We have held that the substantial step inquiry
‘‘focuses on what the actor has already done and not
on what remains to be done.’’ (Emphasis in original.)
State v. Lapia, 202 Conn. 509, 515, 522 A.2d 272 (1987).6
For example, in Lapia, the defendant, Louis Lapia, kid-
napped a victim who was mentally disabled and held
him for three days. The victim testified that, while cap-
tive, he was ‘‘bound and blindfolded . . . beaten on
three different occasions, and . . . threatened [that
Lapia was going] to kill his parents.’’ Id., 513. In addition,
the victim testified that Lapia asked him to perform
oral sex. Id., 514. When the victim refused, Lapia ‘‘tight-
ened the ropes which bound [him] and threatened to
beat him again.’’ Id. On appeal, Lapia claimed that the
evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction of
attempt to commit sexual assault in the first degree
under the substantial step subdivision because his
actions did not exceed ‘‘mere preparation’’ when he
only requested that the victim perform oral sex. Id.,
512, 515. In holding that there was sufficient evidence
to find that Lapia attempted to commit sexual assault
in the first degree, this court reasoned that ‘‘[Lapia’s]
argument that his conduct ‘remained in the zone of
preparation’ because no sexual assault occurred is with-
out merit. . . . [T]o constitute a substantial step, the
conduct must be ‘strongly corroborative of the actor’s
criminal purpose.’ . . . This standard differs from
other approaches to the law of criminal attempt in that
it focuses on what the actor has already done and not
on what remains to be done. . . . What constitutes a
substantial step in a given case is a question of fact. . . .
Under the facts of this case, it was not unreasonable
for the jury to conclude that [Lapia] had progressed so
far in the perpetration . . . [when he] request[ed] that
the [victim] perform oral sex and tighten[ed] the ropes
upon his refusal . . . .’’ (Citations omitted; emphasis
in original.) Id., 515–16.
Likewise, in State v. Carter, 317 Conn. 845, 120 A.3d
1229 (2015), this court addressed a sufficiency of the
evidence claim under the substantial step subdivision.
The defendant in that case, Kenneth R. Carter, was at
a cafe in Groton when two police officers—who had
received a tip that Carter intended to shoot someone
there—entered the cafe. Id., 848–49. When the officers
moved in his direction, Carter raised and pointed a gun
at one of them, Brigitte Nordstrom. Id. Carter refused
to drop the gun when ordered to do so and eventually
‘‘ ‘turned away toward the bar, with his gun and both
of his hands in front of him and his back to Nordstrom
. . . .’ ’’ Id., 849–50. After apprehending Carter, the offi-
cers discovered that Carter was holding a ‘‘ ‘.22 caliber
Jennings semiautomatic pistol with five rounds in the
magazine but none in the chamber.’ ’’ Id., 850. Because
the gun was not ‘‘ ‘racked’ ’’; id., 851; Carter argued that
there was insufficient evidence ‘‘ ‘to prove that [he]
intended to cause serious physical injury [under the
substantial step subdivision] as required to sustain a
conviction [of attempt to commit] assault in the first
degree . . . .’ ’’ Id., 852.
In rejecting Carter’s argument, this court reasoned
that it was not necessary for the gun to be racked in
order to find Carter guilty of attempt under the substan-
tial step provision. This court stated that ‘‘[t]he defen-
dant’s claim that he did not rack the gun, even if true,
would only support the proposition that he did not take
the next step to complete the crime which, of course,
is irrelevant to the inquiry whether he took a prior
substantial step to commit the offense. . . . [I]t was
only necessary for him to take a substantial step under
the circumstances as he believe[d] them to be . . . .’’
(Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omit-
ted.) Id., 861; see also State v. Wilcox, 254 Conn. 441,
468–69, 758 A.2d 824 (2000) (focusing on what defen-
dant had done and not on what he had left to do); State
v. Milardo, 224 Conn. 397, 404, 618 A.2d 1347 (1993)
(same); State v. Anderson, 211 Conn. 18, 28–29, 557
A.2d 917 (1989) (same).
Our prior interpretation of § 53a-49 (a) (2) finds sup-
port in the history of the statute. When the legislature
codified the crime of attempt and incorporated the sub-
stantial step as one of the means by which a defendant
could be held liable, it adopted the substantial step
provision from the Model Penal Code. See State v. Mor-
eno-Hernandez, supra, 317 Conn. 303–304. The Model
Penal Code’s substantial step provision did not require
‘‘a ‘last proximate act’ or one of its various analogues’’
in order to ‘‘permit the apprehension of dangerous per-
sons at an earlier stage than . . . other approaches
without immunizing them from attempt liability.’’
United States v. Jackson, 560 F.2d 112, 120 (2d Cir.
1977) (citing Model Penal Code § 5.01, comment, pp.
47–48 [Tentative Draft No. 10, 1960]), cert. denied sub
nom. Allen v. United States, 434 U.S. 1017, 98 S. Ct.
736, 54 L. Ed. 2d 726 (1978), and cert. denied, 434 U.S.
941, 98 S. Ct. 434, 54 L. Ed. 2d 301 (1977). The drafters
of the Model Penal Code explained that just because
‘‘further major steps must be taken before the crime
can be completed does not preclude a finding that the
steps already undertaken are substantial.’’ 1 A.L.I.,
Model Penal Code and Commentaries (1985) § 5.01,
comment 6 (a), p. 329.
Although not the focus of the substantial step provi-
sion, the consideration of what the actor has left to do
is not completely irrelevant to the inquiry of whether
he has taken a substantial step. Because ‘‘[a] substantial
step must be something more than mere preparation,
yet may be less than the last act necessary before the
actual commission of the substantive crime . . . the
finder of fact may give weight to that which has already
been done as well as that which remains to be accom-
plished before commission of the substantive crime.’’
(Emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.)
State v. Sorabella, 277 Conn. 155, 180, 891 A.2d 897,
cert. denied, 549 U.S. 821, 127 S. Ct. 131, 166 L. Ed. 2d
36 (2006). Accordingly, the defendant is free to empha-
size to the jury what he had left to do to commit the
crime. The main focus, however, will be on what the
defendant ‘‘has already done.’’ Model Penal Code and
Commentaries, supra, § 5.01, comment 6 (a), p. 329; id.,
p. 331. We conclude, therefore, that, in holding that
there was sufficient evidence to sustain the defendant’s
conviction of attempt to commit murder under the sub-
stantial step provision of § 53a-49 (a) (2), the Appellate
Court properly construed § 53a-49 (a) (2) by focusing
on what the defendant had already done in determining
that his conduct constituted a ‘‘substantial step in a
course of conduct planned to culminate in his commis-
sion’’ of murder. See State v. Daniel B., supra, 164 Conn.
App. 334–35.
For two reasons, we find unpersuasive the defen-
dant’s reliance on this court’s language in State v. Green,
194 Conn. 258, 277, 480 A.2d 526 (1984), cert. denied,
469 U.S. 1191, 105 S. Ct. 964, 83 L. Ed. 2d 969 (1985), that
‘‘[the] substantial step . . . standard properly directs
attention to overt acts of the defendant which convinc-
ingly demonstrate a firm purpose to commit a crime.
. . . This standard shifts the focus from what has been
done to what remains to be done.’’ (Citation omitted;
internal quotation marks omitted.) First, Green is distin-
guishable from the present case because the issue pre-
sented required us to construe both the attendant
circumstances provision and the substantial step provi-
sion. That is, in Green, this court held that there was
sufficient evidence for a jury reasonably to find that
the defendant’s actions satisfied both the attendant cir-
cumstances and substantial step subdivisions of § 53a-
49 (a). Id., 276–77. We have emphasized the distinctions
between the two provisions, explaining that they ‘‘are
not coextensive. The substantial step subdivision crimi-
nalizes certain conduct that would fall short of violating
the attendant circumstances subdivision. . . . For
instance, a pickpocket who reaches into an empty
pocket would be guilty of attempt to commit larceny
under both subdivisions . . . but a pickpocket who is
apprehended immediately before reaching into the
empty pocket could be found guilty under only the
substantial step subdivision and not the attendant cir-
cumstances subdivision. Thus, the distinction between
the two subdivisions is the degree of completeness each
requires in the course of an actor’s conduct.’’ (Citations
omitted.) State v. Moreno-Hernandez, supra, 317
Conn. 311.
Second, in Green, this court relied on common-law
attempt doctrine that predated our legislature’s adop-
tion of the substantial step provision.7 For example, the
court in Green cited to State v. Mazzadra, 141 Conn.
731, 736, 109 A.2d 873 (1954), to support its statement
that the ‘‘acts must be . . . at least the start of a line
of conduct . . . .’’ State v. Green, supra, 194 Conn.
272. The Commission to Revise the Criminal Statutes
rejected that language in its comments to § 53a-49. The
commission explained that the substantial step theory
of attempt was a ‘‘new [concept] . . . used to distin-
guish acts of preparation from acts of perpetration and
is contrasted with criteria specified in . . . Mazzadra .
. . . This section requires more than a mere start of a
line of conduct leading to the attempt.’’ (Citation omit-
ted.) Commission to Revise the Criminal Statutes, Penal
Code Comments, Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. (West 2012)
§ 53a-49, comment, p. 76. Therefore, in outlining what
conduct constitutes an attempt, the court in Green cited
language from prior case law that our legislature
rejected in adopting the substantial step provision. Sub-
sequent to Green, this court has held that the substantial
step inquiry focuses on what the actor has already done
and not what remains to be done.8 See, e.g., State v.
Carter, supra, 317 Conn. 861; State v. Lapia, supra, 202
Conn. 515–16.
Relying on this court’s prior precedent, the Appellate
Court properly held that the focus is on what the defen-
dant had already done rather than what remained to
be done. Applying the proper focus to the present case,
and construing the evidence in the light most favorable
to sustaining the guilty verdict, we conclude that the
Appellate Court properly determined that the state pre-
sented sufficient evidence for a jury reasonably to find
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of
attempt to commit murder in violation of § 53a-49 (a)
(2).9 The evidence, which is strongly corroborative of
the defendant’s intent, amounts to more than a ‘‘mere
conversation standing alone.’’ State v. Molasky, 765
S.W.2d 597, 602 (Mo. 1989). The defendant’s course of
conduct, beginning prior to June 9 and ending with his
arrest, provided ample evidence from which the jury
could have reliably determined his intent. The state
presented evidence of the defendant’s motive through
testimony about the defendant’s pending divorce pro-
ceedings and the deteriorating relationship between the
defendant and T.10 Moreover, the state presented evi-
dence that the defendant had begun his planning well in
advance of June 9, through testimony that the defendant
had told Evans that he had contemplated murdering T
for ‘‘two years, and he made up his mind’’ that he was
going to do it, and through evidence demonstrating that
the defendant had attempted to procure a more recent
photograph of her, and had contacted a third party to
obtain Evan’s telephone number.11 The fact that the
defendant voluntarily contacted Evans, someone he had
not spoken to in years, to inquire if Evans knew some-
one who could murder T,12 only four days before the
dissolution of his marriage to T was set to be finalized,
also corroborates the defendant’s intent. The evidence
also revealed that, after his initial contact with Evans,
the defendant continued to exchange a series of texts
and made phone calls to Evans over a twenty-four hour
period, culminating in the defendant’s driving to a rest
area to meet a complete stranger who he believed was
a ‘‘hit man’’ willing to kill his wife. The jury had sufficient
evidence to find that the resulting meeting was more
than a mere conversation; rather, it was the culmination
of a series of acts all aimed at the same end, procuring
a hit man to kill T.
The jury watched the video recording of the defen-
dant entering Paleski’s vehicle and providing Paleski
with the information necessary to murder T. Specifi-
cally, when the defendant entered Paleski’s car, he pro-
vided Paleski with his wife’s name, home address,
employer, work address, work schedule, and physical
description. The defendant offered Paleski his plan for
murdering T, namely, that the killing take place ‘‘in a
rough section’’ of Stamford and involve her ‘‘nice car’’
to make it look like an impersonal attack and to ensure
that neither the defendant nor his children would be
near the scene. The jury watched the defendant leave
Paleski’s car to retrieve a piece of paper that ultimately
provided Paleski with, among other things, the make
and model of T’s car to effectuate the carjacking sce-
nario that he had concocted. After hearing T’s testimony
that she refused the defendant’s request for a photo-
graph of her one month before, the jury watched the
defendant show Paleski an old photograph of T and
describe how her hair color had changed since the
photo was taken to ensure that Paleski would recognize
her. In addition to providing critical information, the
defendant planned both the manner of killing and how
to secure his alibi. To effectuate the murder, the defen-
dant and Paleski created a structured payment scheme,
whereby they agreed on a total price, a down payment
amount, and upfront payment amount to be paid by
the defendant to Paleski approximately ten hours later.
After clarifying the logistics of making the first payment,
the jury reasonably could have determined that the
defendant made one final indication of his intent when
he thanked Paleski before exiting the vehicle. There
was more than ample evidence from which the jury
could have determined beyond a reasonable doubt that
the defendant intended to murder T and, by hiring a
hit man, took a substantial step to achieve that goal.
The judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed.
In this opinion ROBINSON, C. J., and PALMER,
D’AURIA, MULLINS and VERTEFEUILLE, Js., con-
curred.
* In furtherance of our policy of protecting the privacy interests of the
subject of a criminal protective order, we refer to the protected person only
by the subject’s first initial and decline to identify the defendant or others
through whom the subject’s identity may be ascertained.
1
This court granted the defendant’s petition for certification to appeal,
limited to the following issue: ‘‘In concluding that there was sufficient evi-
dence to sustain the defendant’s conviction of attempted murder in violation
of . . . §§ 53a-54a and 53a-49 (a) (2), did the Appellate Court properly
construe § 53a-49 (a) (2) in determining that the defendant’s conduct consti-
tuted a ‘substantial step in a course of conduct planned to culminate in
his commission’ of murder?’’ State v. Daniel B., 323 Conn. 910, 149 A.3d
495 (2016).
2
At trial, the parties stipulated that the defendant called Evans four times,
at 3:27 p.m., 9:16 p.m., and 11:45 p.m. on June 9, 2011, and at 12:57 a.m. on
June 10, 2011, and that Evans called the defendant two times, at 11:56 p.m.
on June 9, 2011, and at 12:41 a.m. on June 10, 2011. The defendant also
introduced into evidence a text log indicating eight text messages exchanged
between the defendant and Evans from 11:25 p.m. on June 9, 2011, to 12:22
a.m. on June 10, 2011. At 11:40 p.m., Evans texted the defendant to tell him
that he had found someone that would kill T. One minute later, at 11:41
p.m., the defendant responded and asked Evans when and where they were
going to meet.
3
T testified that state’s exhibit 4 was a photograph of her, the defendant,
and their newborn daughter at the hospital following their daughter’s birth.
4
Although we cite only to portions of the conversation between the defen-
dant and Paleski, the entire transcript, state’s exhibit 11, is jointly appended
to the majority and dissenting opinions. We note that the best evidence was
the video recording itself, which the jurors viewed, and, therefore, they
were able to observe the defendant’s conduct, demeanor, and tone and to
make credibility findings.
5
The dissent agrees that the jury was properly instructed on the elements
required to find a defendant guilty under the substantial step provision of
§ 53a-49 (a) (2), and the defendant has not challenged the trial court’s charge
to the jury. Our inquiry, therefore, is limited to whether, in the light most
favorable to sustaining the verdict, there was sufficient evidence for a jury
reasonably to find the defendant guilty under the substantial step provision.
6
In addition to claiming that the Appellate Court misread this court’s
precedent in concluding that the focus of the substantial step inquiry is on
what has been done, the defendant claims that the Appellate Court misread
its own case law. We disagree and observe that the Appellate Court properly
followed this court’s precedent in focusing its inquiry on what has been
done. See, e.g., State v. Hanks, 39 Conn. App. 333, 341, 665 A.2d 102 (‘‘[the
substantial step] standard focuses on what the actor has already done and
not what remains to be done’’ [internal quotation marks omitted]), cert.
denied, 235 Conn. 926, 666 A.2d 1187 (1995).
7
We agree that our law in this area has been less than clear, and we take
this opportunity to clarify. We do not cast any doubts, however, on whether
Green was correctly decided. As we have explained, the statement in Green
was not central to the holding.
8
For similar reasons, the defendant’s reliance on Small v. Commissioner
of Correction, 286 Conn. 707, 946 A.2d 1203 (2008), is misplaced. Small
concerned a habeas appeal in which the defendant claimed ineffective assis-
tance of counsel after neither his trial nor appellate counsel challenged the
lack of a jury instruction on criminal attempt with respect to the predicate
felony attempted robbery for which he was ultimately convicted and upon
which one of his convictions of felony murder was based. Id., 709. In conclud-
ing that the failure to instruct was harmless, the court made a reference to
the statement in Green without any analysis of that case or of the cases
subsequent to Green that have stated that the focus is on what the actor
has already done. Id., 730. Like Green, therefore, the decision in Small did
not address the controlling precedent of this court.
Because our decision in the present case clarifies that, contrary to the
defendant’s contention, this court’s precedent that the determination of
what constitutes a substantial step depends on what the actor has already
done, we reject the defendant’s claim, based on Small, that the Appellate
Court’s decision in the present case constitutes a retroactive application of
the law that violates his due process rights.
9
A review of case law from other jurisdictions that have addressed the
murder for hire scenario under the Model Penal Code’s framework supports
our conclusion. See, e.g., State v. Manchester, 213 Neb. 670, 676, 331 N.W.2d
776 (1983) (holding that evidence was sufficient to constitute substantial step
where defendant ‘‘made plans for the murder, solicited a killer, discussed
the contract price and set the money aside . . . arranged for the weapon
and a scope, and showed the killer the victim, his residence, and place of
work’’); State v. Urcinoli, 321 N.J. Super. 519, 537, 729 A.2d 507 (App. Div.)
(there was sufficient evidence for jury to determine that defendant took
substantial step where defendant ‘‘showed [hit man] his bank statement to
prove that he could pay him [after the fact] . . . provided [hit man] with
details concerning the intended victims, including . . . address[es], phone
numbers, cars and license plate numbers, physical descriptions . . . [and]
daily routine[s]’’), cert. denied, 162 N.J. 132, 741 A.2d 99 (1999).
We agree with the dissent that those states—unlike Connecticut—that
have not adopted the Model Penal Code require the defendant to have taken
steps closer to the final act and, in some instances, require a dangerous
proximity to success. See State v. Moreno-Hernandez, supra, 317 Conn.
303–304 (noting that Connecticut adopted substantial step provision from
Model Penal Code § 5.01). The Model Penal Code, however, by drawing the
line further away from the final act, created ‘‘relaxed standards’’; State v.
Disanto, 688 N.W.2d 201, 211 (S.D. 2004); that include ‘‘in criminal attempt
much that was held to be preparation under former decisions.’’ Id., 210. In
fact, this court has observed that ‘‘[t]he drafters of the Model Penal Code
considered and rejected all previous formulations [including the dangerous
proximity test] in favor of [the substantial step].’’ (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) State v. Sorabella, 277 Conn. 155, 181 n.29, 891 A.2d 897 (citing
Model Penal Code § 5.01 [1] [c] [Proposed Official Draft 1962]), cert. denied,
549 U.S. 821, 127 S. Ct. 131, 166 L. Ed. 2d 36 (2006).
We also agree with the dissent that the payment of money is not ‘‘a
necessary prerequisite’’ for a jury to reasonably determine that a defendant
committed a substantial step in a murder for hire scenario. Our disagreement
with the dissent lies in the application of that principle to the facts of this
case. Specifically, the dissent states that, notwithstanding the general rule
that the payment of money is not a necessary prerequisite for a jury to find
that a defendant took a substantial step in a murder for hire scenario, ‘‘the
act of making payment in this case, on this record, became the only reliable
indicator of the defendant’s actual intentions during the crucial time period
at issue.’’ (Emphasis in original.) That conclusion, however, is not reconcil-
able with the applicable standard of review, which requires this court to
view the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict. State
v. Moreno-Hernandez, supra, 317 Conn. 298–99. For example, although the
dissent claims that ‘‘[n]o one can fairly read the full transcript of the conversa-
tion without detecting a degree of hesitation and equivocation on the part
of the defendant,’’ the jurors who observed the video of the defendant’s
conversation with the hit man and reviewed the transcript, along with all
of the other evidence of the defendant’s conduct prior to the video recorded
meeting with the hit man, determined that the defendant’s conduct indicated
his intent to murder T, as they found him guilty of attempt under the
substantial step provision. In addition to all of the actions the defendant
took to hire a hit man to kill his soon to be ex-wife, the jury easily could
have credited the defendant’s own words prior to and during the video
recorded meeting to find beyond a reasonable doubt that he intended to
murder T. For example, the defendant told Evans he had contemplated
murdering his wife for two years, and he described to the hit man that he
thought the best way to accomplish T’s murder was to stage a carjacking
that would provide him with an alibi and divert suspicion away from him.
The jurors also heard the defendant discuss the timing of T’s murder and
whether it would be better for the defendant if T was killed prior to the
execution of their divorce settlement. Throughout the more than twenty-
four hours that took place between his first call to Evans and his arrest,
the defendant had numerous communications with Evans and could have
cancelled his request or changed his mind. His words and his conduct over
that more than twenty-four hour period, however, established his clear intent
to murder T.
Additionally, we disagree that, viewed in the light most favorable to sus-
taining the verdict, the failure of the defendant to provide money instantly
is significant. The time of day was relevant. The jury reasonably could have
inferred that the defendant’s decision not to withdraw money from a bank
at 1:30 a.m. to pay the hit man who had just agreed to murder his wife was
born of a desire to avoid being implicated in the murder, rather than an
affirmative refusal ‘‘to take the one action that . . . would have demon-
strated his firm intention to commit the crime . . . .’’ In fact, he reassured
the hit man that he had the money but did not want to get it until the
morning because it would look suspicious. The defendant repeatedly states
that that the purpose of finding a hit man was to prevent the police from
tying him to the killing.
10
The defendant claims that the Appellate Court improperly focused on
only one aspect of the substantial step analysis—namely, whether the focus
is on what has been done—and that, had the Appellate Court properly
addressed the intent requirement of the attempt statute, it would not have
upheld the defendant’s conviction. This argument lacks merit, as the Appel-
late Court analyzed all of the evidence to prove the offense, including the
evidence that established intent, and so concluded that the defendant ‘‘had
been contemplating this course of action for ‘two years,’ ’’ and, when he
met with Paleski, he ‘‘agreed to a price (to include a down payment and
money for the murder weapon), provided Paleski with key information,
namely, his wife’s name, home and work address[es], her work schedule,
a description of her vehicle, and suggested a day, location, and manner for
the murder to ensure that the defendant would have an alibi. [In addition]
the jury also saw the defendant twice confirm to Paleski that he wanted
his wife murdered.’’ State v. Daniel B., supra, 164 Conn. App. 332.
The defendant separately claims that the Appellate Court failed to address
how the defendant ‘‘act[ed] ‘with the kind of mental state required for
commission of’ ’’ murder, when considering the ‘‘ ‘circumstances as he
believed them to be’ ’’ at the time, as required under § 53a-49 (a). The jury
heard testimony from Evans, however, that the defendant believed he was
meeting a hit man at the rest stop. Believing Paleski was a hit man, the
defendant provided him with the information necessary to murder his wife
and took steps to distance himself from being suspected of participating in
the murder. Therefore, looking at the circumstances as the defendant
believed them to be, T stood in life threatening danger.
Finally, the defendant claims that the Appellate Court failed to address
how the defendant’s actions were ‘‘strongly corroborative of [his] criminal
purpose’’ under § 53a-49 (b). The Appellate Court concluded, however, that
‘‘it was reasonable for the jury to have concluded that a person, with the
intent to commit murder who hires a hit man has demonstrated his danger-
ousness to society.’’ State v. Daniel B., supra, 164 Conn. App. 333 n.10.
As the defendant himself concedes, the Appellate Court did not need to
incorporate a discussion of the statutory examples from § 53a-49 (b) in
order to properly construe the substantial step subdivision. See State v.
Green, supra, 194 Conn. 277 (‘‘[t]hese examples are not all-inclusive’’).
11
The dissent points out that ‘‘[t]here is no evidence that the defendant
conducted any surveillance [supposedly of T], obtained or furnished a
weapon, [or] ‘cased’ the potential crime scene [which was T’s place of
employment],’’ and cites State v. Damato, 105 Conn. App. 335, 343–45, 937
A.2d 1232, cert. denied, 286 Conn. 920, 949 A.2d 481 (2008), to make the
same point. However, unlike the victim in Damato, T was not a stranger to
the defendant, and he did not need to conduct surveillance to know where
she resided and worked. Rather, like the defendant in Damato, it is relevant
that the defendant came prepared to the meeting with all the information
the hit man would need to locate and murder T. As we have explained, our
analysis properly focuses on the evidence that was presented, viewed in
the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict. The defendant’s meeting
with the hit man, a complete stranger, in the middle of the night at a rest
area off the highway was more than a mere conversation to vent about his
frustration of not seeing his children earlier that day. It was, as the jury
concluded, an attempt to murder T.
12
The defendant also claims that, by focusing on what the actor has
already done to commit the crime, we will extend attempt liability beyond
what was intended by the legislature because the approach will blur the
line between attempt and solicitation. We disagree. We have observed that
‘‘the inciting or urging, whether it be by a letter or word of mouth, is a mere
solicitation . . . .’’ State v. Schleifer, 99 Conn. 432, 438, 121 A. 805 (1923).
‘‘An attempt [on the other hand] necessarily includes the intent, and also
an act of endeavor adapted and intended to effectuate the purpose. . . .
The act [or] endeavor must be some act done in part execution of a design
to commit the crime.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)
Id.; see also Model Penal Code and Commentaries, supra, § 5.02, comment
3, p. 373 (‘‘this section provides for separate definition of criminal solicitation
on the ground that each of the two inchoate offenses presents problems
not pertinent to the other’’).
The present case provides a clear example of the distinction between
solicitation and attempt as articulated in Schleifer. The defendant first solic-
ited Evans to find a hit man. Had Evans refused, there would necessarily be
no act or endeavor that followed to constitute attempt. The state presented
sufficient evidence, however, that the defendant had taken steps before
contacting Evans, believed Evans found a hit man, and took steps to create
a plan under which he would not be targeted as the killer. Unlike the
dissent’s contention that this was ‘‘mere conversation’’ amounting to ‘‘two
solicitations,’’ a jury reasonably could have found that the defendant’s con-
duct that followed his initial contact with Evans constituted an attempt, as
the defendant’s outward acts—which included driving to the rest area, get-
ting in Paleski’s car, giving Paleski a piece of paper with information on it,
and showing Paleski a photograph of his wife—evinced an intent to have
his wife murdered.
Furthermore, we reject the defendant’s argument that the police should
have waited until the defendant gave Paleski some money the next morning
before arresting him. Payment is not necessary for a jury to determine that
a defendant’s conduct constituted a substantial step in a murder for hire
scenario. See, e.g., State v. Urcinoli, 321 N.J. Super. 519, 537, 729 A.2d 507
(App. Div.), cert. denied, 162 N.J. 132, 741 A.2d 99 (1999). In addition,
knowing the defendant’s intent to follow through with the plan, the police
would have put T’s life in jeopardy, because the defendant, whose prior
conduct against T led her to call the police multiple times and to obtain
multiple protective orders against him, could have decided that he did not
want to pay Paleski and could have killed her himself. Research in the field
of domestic violence has identified certain factors that create a greater risk
of violence or lethality. A well recognized factor that can increase risk to
victims is the finalization of a divorce or separation. See, e.g., J. Campbell
et al., ’’Intimate Partner Homicide: Review and Implications of Research
and Policy’’, 8 Trauma, Violence & Abuse 246, 254 (2007) (noting that divorce
and separation increase woman’s risk of experiencing lethal violence); L.
Dugan et al., ‘‘Exposure Reduction or Retaliation? The Effects of Domestic
Violence Resources on Intimate-Partner Homicide,’’ 37 L. & Society Rev.
169, 193 (2003) (noting that ‘‘increases in divorce are also related to more
killings of spouses . . . [which] is not entirely surprising in light of prior
research showing that the most dangerous time in a relationship is as it is
ending,’’ and citing to various scholars on the subject, including Jacquelyn
C. Campbell). In the present case, the defendant called Evans four days
before his dissolution from T was to be finalized. Coupled with the history
of domestic violence known to law enforcement at the time of the arrest,
the risk in this case was real. Many courts have opined that ‘‘failing to
attach criminal responsibility to the actor—and therefore prohibiting law
enforcement officers from taking action—until the actor is on the brink of
consummating the crime endangers the public and undermines the preventa-
tive goal of attempt law.’’ State v. Reeves, 916 S.W.2d 909, 913–14 (Tenn.
1996), citing United States v. Stallworth, 543 F.2d 1038, 1040 (2d Cir. 1976).
The defendant’s additional claim that the Appellate Court’s construction
of § 53a-49 (a) (2) will result ‘‘in a lower threshold of conduct constituting
a substantial step,’’ because the defendant’s conduct was ‘‘closer in nature
to the acts necessary [for] conspiracy,’’ which requires ‘‘ ‘a [less] demanding
showing’ ’’ than proof of a substantial step merits little discussion. Our
legislature set forth the crimes of conspiracy and attempt in different sec-
tions of our Penal Code, and the two sections remedy different conduct.
Compare General Statutes § 53a-48 with General Statutes § 53a-49. In the
present case, regardless of whether the defendant’s conduct would satisfy
the elements required for conspiracy under § 53a-48, a jury reasonably could
have found that his conduct amounted to a substantial step under § 53a-49
(a) (2).
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Many of our hospitality industry clients will be anxious to see what occupations the Government’s new Skilled Occupation List (SOL) will include. On 8 February 2010, the Minister for Immigration, the Hon. Senator Chris Evans, announced the replacement of the current Skilled Occupation List (SOL) in the second half of 2010, with a new list of targeted occupations determined by the independent body, Skills Australia as well as the removal of the Migration Occupations in Demand List (MODL). The SOL listed cooks, chefs and restaurant and catering staff whilst the MODL contained chefs on its list.
In March 2010, Skills Australia published a new Skilled Occupation List in their recently published report, “Australian Workforce Futures: A National Workforce Development Strategy” which they will recommend to the Government to be used in the General Skilled Migration Program. This list, however, does not include any skilled occupations in the restaurant and catering industries.
The Government needs to seriously consider the impact that such an omission would have on an industry which contributes some $16 billion per annum to the economy and in which there is already a significant shortage of qualified chefs, cooks, waiters and managers.
The restaurant, café and catering industry is one of Australia’s largest employers with the demand for employees in the next twelve months likely to exceed 35,000 people. It is an industry which is 7% underemployed.
We will try and keep our clients abreast of any new developments in immigration law in our future newsletters.
If any clients have queries about sponsoring their workers and/or their immigration status, please contact us to make arrangements for a consultation with Ms Angela Chan. | http://sils.com.au/457-visa-for-chefc-and-cooks-where-to-now/ |
The Euro/USD continued its decline and the concerns revolving the European debt crisis continued, the Euro keeps showing weakness. Other Forex currencies also deprecated against the US dollar including the CHF, Australian dollar and Canadian currency exchange; the Yen on the other hand slightly rose against the US dollar. Here is a summary of the price movements of major exchange rates for November 15th:
Forex Market:
The Euros to USD exchange rate fell again by 0.69% to reach 1.3540; during November, the EUROS/USD declined by 2.3%; the US dollar to Canadian exchange rate inclined by 0.43% on Tuesday to 1.0211. During November the USD/CAD exchange rate rose by 2.0%. Australian Dollar to US Dollar slightly decreased by 0.26% yesterday and reached 1.018. The GBP to USD exchange rate also declined by 0.55% to reach 1.582; during November, the GBP to USD shed 1.7% off its value.
The US Dollar also appreciated against the CHF by 0.75% yesterday and reached 0.915.
Commodities Market:
Gold price bounced back on Tuesday by 0.21% to $1,782.20. During November, gold price inclined by 3.3%.
WTI spot oil price also rose by 1.25% and reached $99.37 per barrel; during November the WTI spot oil price added 6.6% to its value.
A Summary of Yesterday’s Exchange Rate Forex Changes:
The table below includes: closing prices, daily percent change, and change in prices and indexes:
For further reading:
Monthly Analysis and Outlook: | http://www.forexnrg.com/exchange-rate-forex-euro-to-us-dollar-conversion-fell-november-15/ |
Speculative fiction allows the constants of our reality to change, giving readers a glimpse of how those shifts might affect their own lives. This trio of novels use time travel and prophesy to craft compelling, all-too-human stories.
In Kate Mascarenhas’ superb debut novel, The Psychology of Time Travel, four female scientists in 1967 discover the secret of time travel. At the news conference announcing their discovery, however, one of the women, Barbara, has a mental breakdown that threatens to undermine the value of their discovery. To protect their work, the other three scientists exile Barbara from the project.
Jumping to 2017, Barbara, now a grandmother, receives a newspaper clipping of a murder that will occur in the future. Her granddaughter, Ruby, is convinced that one of the scientists is trying to warn Barbara of her impending murder. Ruby must follow this clue from the future to unravel the mystery and save her grandmother.
Mascarenhas conjures a world in which time travel not only exists but also has its own legal system, currency and lingo. She meticulously weaves the stories of multiple female characters as they—both older and younger versions of themselves—jump back and forth in time to create a delightfully complex, multilayered plot. To all of this, Mascarenhas adds a thoroughly satisfying murder mystery. The Psychology of Time Travel heralds the arrival of a master storyteller.
Mike Chen’s Here and Now and Then provides another enjoyable venture into time travel. In this novel, Kin Stewart is caught between two worlds separated by almost 150 years. Originally a time-traveling agent with the Temporal Corruption Bureau in 2142, Kin becomes stranded in 1996 when a mission goes awry. Breaking bureau rules, Kin takes a job in IT and starts a family as his memories of 2142 degrade. When an accident alerts a retriever agent to return Kin to 2142, where only two weeks have passed, Kin must confront his divided loyalties between his adolescent daughter, who may be eliminated as a timeline corruption, and the family he cannot remember in 2142.
Although Chen’s novel is set in a futuristic world, it is ultimately about the bond between a father and his daughter. While Kin’s dilemma is one that readers will never face, they will be drawn in by the human questions at its heart.
In Sharma Shields’ The Cassandra, young Mildred Groves has the gift of prophesy—and the curse that no one wants to heed her warnings. Mildred escapes an abusive home and takes a job as a secretary at Washington’s Hanford research facility in 1945, where workers are sworn to secrecy as scientists create “the product”—plutonium for the first atomic bombs. At first, Mildred is happy to be a part of something so big and important. However, as the product comes closer to completion, she begins to have nightmarish visions of the destruction that will be wrought on the people of Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Hanford facility. She feels compelled to warn those in power, even as her own well-being disintegrates. But to what end?
Shields has written a brilliant modern retelling of the classic myth of Cassandra. While this is not an easy novel to read, as the imagery becomes increasingly gruesome, it is a pleasure to be immersed in a myth so deftly woven into an apt historical context. The Cassandra should not be missed by those interested in Greek mythology, the Hanford project or beautifully crafted stories.
This article was originally published in the February 2019 issue of BookPage. Download the entire issue for the Kindle or Nook. | https://www.bookpage.com/features/23649-spotlight-visions-future-fiction/ |
The present disclosure relates to an embroidery data creation apparatus and a computer program product that create embroidery data to perform embroidery sewing using a sewing machine capable of embroidery sewing.
A sewing machine capable of embroidery sewing performs embroidery sewing while relatively moving a work cloth and a sewing needle based on embroidery data that specifies coordinates of needle drop points. For example, an embroidery data creation apparatus is known that can create embroidery data for each of blocks that form an embroidery pattern. The block herein means a closed area that has a triangular shape, a rectangular shape, a fan-like shape or the like. Based on data of an outline and thread density of the block, this type of embroidery data creation apparatus creates embroidery data to perform embroidery sewing such that the block is filled with stitches by alternately connecting a pair of line segments that are included in the outline and that face each other.
However, in a case where lengths of the pair of line segments are significantly different from each other, if all the needle drop points are set on the pair of line segments, there may be a case in which the needle drop points are densely arranged on a shorter line segment of the pair of line segments. As a result, the appearance of the embroidery pattern may be disfigured. Also, thread breakage or needle breakage may occur. To address this, a needle drop data creation apparatus is known in which a return line is virtually arranged between the pair of line segments and some of the needle drop points on the shorter line segment are set on the return line as middle drop points.
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Did you realize a 12 pound Yorkie is the same as an average female weighing 218 pounds and a 14 pound cat is equivalent to a 237 pound man? Did you consider that a 90 pound female Labrador retriever is equal to a 186 pound 5’ 4” female or 217 pound 5’ 9” male or a fluffy feline that weighs 15 pounds (DSH) is equal to a 218 pound 5’ 4” female or 254 pound 5’ 9” male?
Use these weight equivalent charts to determine how much your pet weighs compared to an average adult human male or female. Click on breed/gender to view the charts.
Note: For comparative purposes only. Your pet’s actual body condition should be determined by your veterinarian. Not intended to be used as a substitute for BCS or medical evaluation. | https://fwcdp.org/2013/10/09/national-pet-obesity-awareness-day-october-9th/ |
BAME communities and disabled people ‘have fraction of average pension wealth’
People with disabilities, carers and those from BAME communities typically have private pension wealth amounting to just a fraction of the UK average, according to a report.
It found that only 42% of BAME groups, 53% of carers and half (50%) of disabled people have a private pension.
This compares with two-thirds (65%) of the population generally.
When taking into account both people who have a private pension and those who have none at all, the report found that people across all of the “under-pensioned” groups it identified typically have about 15% of the private pension wealth of the UK average.
On average across all the under-pensioned groups, people have £12,044-worth of private pensions built up, compared with £80,690 across the general population – including both those who have pension savings and those who do not.
Many people who work for an employer are automatically enrolled into a workplace pension.
But the research found only about a third (36%) of self-employed people have a private pension.
The research was compiled by pensions provider NOW: Pensions and the Pensions Policy Institute (PPI).
Having “non-traditional” work patterns, not owning your own home and having limited access to higher-paid jobs can all impact on the ability to save into a pension, the report said.
It argued that automatic enrolment was designed for traditional patterns of work and is not geared to help employees who take significant career breaks, work in multiple or part-time roles, or move frequently between jobs.
It said removing the £10,000 earnings trigger at which someone is auto-enrolled would result in an additional 2.5 million people saving into workplace pensions.
Joanne Segars, chair of trustees at NOW: Pensions, said: “Some groups in the UK face huge savings gaps and those individuals who most need to save for later life are often the people who are effectively locked out of the current auto-enrolment system.”
Lauren Wilkinson, senior policy researcher at the PPI, said: “The ‘under-pensioned index’ produced in this research provides a means of monitoring the gap between the retirement income of under-pensioned groups and the population average, in order to identify where support may be most needed in order to improve later life outcomes.”
Phil Brown, director of policy at workplace scheme the People’s Pension, said: “We welcome anything that serves to highlight that there are millions of under-pensioned people in the UK and this latest research does just that.
“Our own research into the ethnicity pensions gap earlier this year showed that the average ethnic minority worker is £3,350 a year worse off than people of the same age from other groups.
“When the economic situation permits, we strongly urge that the Government removes the £10,000 a year earnings threshold for automatic enrolment as well as reducing the age eligibility from 22 to 18. This will allow more people to save for a pension and for longer.”
Here are the percentages in each group with any private pension savings, and the median average private pension wealth among those who do have savings, according to the report: | https://www.aol.co.uk/news/2020/12/07/bame-communities-and-disabled-people-a-have-fraction-of-average/ |
Analyzing The Saving for the Future Act
Half of all workers go to their job every day and don’t earn a single dime for retirement besides Social Security. That will all change if the far-sighted legislation introduced today by Senators Chris Coons (D-DE) and Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) becomes law. Representatives Scott Peters (D-CA), Lucy McBath (D-GA), and Lisa Blunt Rochester (D-DE) introduced a companion measure in the House.
The Saving for the Future Act will reverse the widening wealth gap in America and make a comfortable retirement the rule, not the exception, for all working Americans. As an added benefit, it will create a small rainy day fund to help ordinary people cover simple emergency costs like a fender bender or replacing cracked plumbing pipes.
The bill establishes Universal Personal savings and retirement accounts for all employees who are currently not receiving retirement contributions from their employer.
The proposal, similar to Third Way’s Universal Private Retirement Account,1 would create a powerful tool for employees to save for both retirement and emergencies. Third Way analyzed the bill and found that The Saving for the Future Act could provide over three quarters of a million dollars for retirement and emergencies for a typical high school-educated worker. For a married working couple, savings would exceed a million dollars.
Here’s some of what’s in The Saving for the Future Act:
- The bill establishes a minimum employer contribution of 50 cents an hour to a retirement plan.
- For businesses that do not offer traditional pensions or retirement plans, the contribution can be done via payroll into Universal Personal accounts which are automatically invested in low-fee, life-cycle funds.
- These accounts have a default employee contribution of 4%, rising to 10% over time with the ability for all workers to opt out.
- $2,500 in contributions would go to a savings account for emergencies before contributions would go toward retirement.
- The bill provides a tax credit for employers to offset part of their minimum contributions.
Third Way analyzed the bill by simulating the earnings of a representative high school-educated worker and using the last 45 years of financial market returns. The simulation methods are the same as Third Way’s Universal Personal Savings Account proposal.
Under the standard contributions of the bill (employer contribution and 4% employee contribution rising to 10% over time) Third Way estimates that this proposal would provide $774,000 in 2018 dollars for retirement (between the two accounts)—enough for roughly $31,000 in annual supplemental income on top of Social Security.
Along with retirement, The Saving for the Future Act provides the opportunity to save for emergencies. If the same individual as above needed to pay for two $400 emergencies every year over the course of a 45 year career, the proposal would provide $626,000 in 2018 dollars for retirement (between the two accounts). This provides for roughly $25,000 in annual supplemental income on top of Social Security.
A lifetime of work should lead to a comfortable, dignified retirement. Third Way applauds Sen. Coons, Sen. Klobuchar, Rep. Peters, Rep. McBath, and Rep. Blunt Rochester for making that promise a reality.
Endnotes
Kelsey Berkowitz and Zach Moller. “Universal Private Retirement Accounts: A Lifetime of Work Should Mean a Great Retirement for Everyone.” Third Way, 19 Mar. 2019, https://www.thirdway.org/memo/universal-private-retirement-accounts-a-lifetime-of-work-should-mean-a-great-retirement-for-everyone. Accessed 28 Mar. 2019. | https://www.thirdway.org/blog/analyzing-the-saving-for-the-future-act |
Walk behind lawn mowers are well known outdoor power equipment units for mowing grass. Such mowers comprise a movable cutting deck having a cutting chamber that carries a substantially horizontal rotary cutting blade. A handle extends upwardly and rearwardly from the cutting deck. An operator grips a handle grip on the handle and walks behind the mower to guide and control the mower.
The cutting chamber is formed on the underside of the cutting deck and includes a top wall and a downwardly extending, peripheral side wall. The cutting chamber has an open bottom facing the ground so that the blade rotating inside the cutting chamber can contact and sever grass as the cutting chamber moves over the ground. The cutting chamber often includes a central hub that defines an annular channel between the hub and the sidewall of the cutting chamber. The grass clippings created by the blade will circulate through at least a portion of this annular channel before exiting the cutting chamber through an exit tunnel.
The exit tunnel is typically U-shaped having a top wall and spaced apart side walls. The exit tunnel rises in height from a front end thereof to a rear end thereof. The exit tunnel receives the grass clippings from the cutting chamber and conducts the grass clippings to a rear discharge opening on the exit tunnel. The grass clippings can be discharged through the discharge opening onto the ground or can be collected in a grass collection container when such a container is connected to the discharge opening. This is the discharge/collection mode of operation of the lawn mower.
The rear discharge opening of the exit tunnel can be selectively closed by a pivotal door which pivots about a substantially horizontal pivot axis adjacent the top wall at the rear of the exit tunnel. Thus, the door can be pivoted upwardly and forwardly inside the exit tunnel to lie flat against the top wall of the exit tunnel to open the rear discharge opening when the mower is in the aforementioned discharge/collection mode of operation. Alternatively, the door can be pivoted rearwardly and downwardly to hang generally vertically downwardly from its pivot axis to block or close the rear discharge opening of the exit tunnel. This places the mower in a mulching mode of operation.
When a mower is placed into its mulching mode simply by closing the pivotal door at the rear of the exit tunnel, this leaves the length of the exit tunnel forward of the door open to the cutting chamber. Thus, grass clippings can still enter the exit tunnel and will quickly pack inside the exit tunnel against the closed door. This will detract from the mulching performance of the mower since grass clippings can dribble or fall out of the front of the tunnel in an unpredictable manner and leave clumps of clippings on the ground. In addition, the packed clippings have to be cleaned out of the exit tunnel from the inside of the cutting chamber in order to open the pivotal door to place the mower into its discharge/collection mode of operation.
Some mowers of this type use a grass plug that can be inserted into the exit tunnel through the rear discharge opening when the pivotal door is open. The grass plug extends the length of the tunnel and keeps grass from entering the tunnel when the plug is in place. The insertion of the plug places the mower into its mulching mode of operation without having to close the pivotal door. U.S. Pat. No. 4,951,449 to Thorud, which is assigned to The Toro Company, the assignee of this invention, shows a mower of this type, i.e. a mower with a grass plug insertable into the exit tunnel to place the mower into its mulching mode of operation.
The grass plug approach to blocking the exit tunnel has a number of disadvantages. First, the grass plug can be quite difficult to remove from the exit tunnel after it has been in place for a period of time because dirt and grass clippings wedge between the walls of the plug and the walls of the exit tunnel. Thus, some users may not use the grass plug and instead may use only the pivotal door to block off the exit tunnel in the mulching mode of operation, thereby leading to the tunnel plugging difficulties which use of the grass plug was intended to overcome. Secondly, the grass plug is a separate part and is prone to being lost or misplaced. If the grass plug is misplaced or not readily at hand, the mower can be placed into the mulching mode of operation only by closing the pivotal door at the rear of the exit tunnel.
Moreover, using an exit tunnel to lead grass clippings out of a cutting chamber inherently detracts from the mulching performance of a lawn mower because the clippings are intended to travel in a path that leads out of the cutting chamber rather than encouraging the clippings to remain in the cutting chamber and being driven down into the cut grass path. Some mulching mowers are dedicated mowers in which the cutting chamber has no exits and whose shape is optimized to permit recirculation of the grass clippings and their eventual deposition in the cut grass path. However, such dedicated mulching mowers are not as desirable to many consumers as mowers which can be converted between a discharge/collection mode and a mulching mode of operation since such mowers cannot be used to bag the clippings. Accordingly, there is a need in the mower art for a mower which can be easily converted between the discharge/collection and mulching modes of operation and whose performance in the mulching mode of operation approaches that of a dedicated mulching mower.
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The the objectives of this integrated proposal are: 1) demonstrate and evaluate the crop yield and water quality benefits of drainage water capture and reuse for supplemental irrigation; 2) conduct an economic analysis to assess the feasibility of implementing the practice; 3) develop a design tool to optimize the performance of drainage water capture and reuse systems; and 4) educate the stakeholder on the proposed practice.
The Rural Land Summit (RLS) is a two-pronged professional development education series - with original content support - to address matters related to farm and forest land use. One education prong is a professional credit series - assisted by NC State Office of Continuing Education - for lawyers and others across North Carolina. The second prong builds the capacity of front line contacts - cooperative extension, soil & water, etc. - to serve rural landowners and farmers and forest land managers with guidance to resources and professional assistance on land use matters. The project produces a book - The North Carolina Rural Lands Guide (RLG) - targeted to assist rural landowners not traditionally served by commodity group education programming, and thus operating at a scale not often served by risk management education outside of dedicated programming. Additional media produced will be a suite of 1) interview-based youtube videos on sundry legal topics, 2) professional-grade white papers, 3) lay narratives published on two websites - NC Farm Law (farmlaw.ces.ncsu.edu) and NC Farm Planning Portal (in development), and 4) matching powerpoint presentations. The main topic of “land use†is somewhat of a catchall - designed to capture the attention of landowners (i.e. farm landlords) and land owner/operators on a range of topics of normal concern, such as heir property resolution, property taxes, zoning and building, and environmental matters such as pesticide use, conservation program practices, leasing and farm tenancies, drainage management, access and easements (including utilities), and basic forest management and marketing.
The cost of corn production is increasing. Nutrient inputs are at historically high costs at a time where there is increased variability in growing season conditions. Crops can experience multiple kinds of stresses and better information is needed on strategies that allow the crop to perform as well as possible while using a minimum of inputs. In North Carolina three of the most substantial production costs are seed, nutrient inputs, and water management infrastructure. This project further develops relationships between water stresses and nutrient uptake so that the response to stress conditions will protect the variety’s yield potential, optimize nutrients, and suggest manage water approaches – addressing all the major cost centers. The larger outcome of this research and extension effort is in-season response to water challenges such that nutrient input may be reduced and profitability improved.
The purpose of this project is to set up a statewide soil moisture monitoring network for corn production that research and extension specialists, area specialized agents, county agents and growers can use in developing corn specific irrigation and water management protocols during the growing season based on existing soil water conditions across the state. This project will provide the initial instrumentation across the state, the cloud database, and access to the data, along with training to growers and agents on how to interpret and use the real time data for making irrigation and water management decisions during the growing season.
This research and extension project will evaluate the yield of various soybean varieties to various soil water conditions. Excessive soil water, deficit soil water and adequate soil water condition will be considered. In addition, the project will evaluate the nutrient use of the varieties under each soil water scenario. This information will provide valuable data for variety selection and in season nutrient needs given observed and expected soil water conditions for individual farms.
This research and extension project will evaluate the potential yield of various corn hybrids from multiple maturity groups to various soil water conditions. Excessive soil water, deficit soil water and adequate soil water condition will be considered. In addition, the project will evaluate the nitrogen and phosphorus use of the hybrids under each soil water scenario. This information will provide valuable data for hybrid selection and nutrient needs given observed and expected soil water conditions for individual farms.
The primary goal of this research and education project is to evaluate and demonstrate an economical system to automatically manage agricultural drainage and subirrigation in order to maximize corn yields, conserve water, and significantly minimize direct user management. Specific objectives are: 1. Developing corn-specific management protocols for the new generation of drainage water management systems. 2. Conducting a DRAINMOD modeling analysis using historic weather data and different soil types to optimize the management protocol for different soils and weather conditions. 3. Evaluating and demonstrating the management protocol on research fields equipped with the recently developed “SMART†water control structure, which drains and subirrigates the field based on real time feedback from sensors measuring the water table level in the field. 4. Documenting the corn yield and water conservation benefits of the practice. 5. Demonstrating the use of the new generation of water control structures to growers
The overall goal of the project is to demonstrate and evaluate an economical system to will maximize water use efficiency and reduce energy consumption utilizing existing irrigation and drainage system. Existing or retrofitted “SMART†system capabilities allow for automated water table controls by managing drainage outlets coupled with both surface and subsurface irrigation systems. However, management protocols need to be tailored to maximize water management for all periods in the soybean growth stages (Emergence (VE) through Full Maturity (R8)). Specific objectives are: 1) Develop a comprehensive water table management protocol for soybeans to enhance soybean yield, conserve water, conserve energy and improve water quality; 2) Document soybean yields and water conservation benefits of the practice; 3) Promote plant health and increase soybean quality; 4) Reduce irrigation and management expenses by managing soil water stresses at all growth stages; 5) Demonstrate the use of the “SMART†water management system to producers on farm; 6) Conduct a cost-benefit analysis to assess the feasibility of the system
This proposal is submitted by Chad Poole to the Food, Agricultural, Natural Resources and Human Sciences Education and Literacy Initiative (AFRI ELI) to attain a post-doctoral fellowship for two years. The fellowship will give the opportunity to the applicant to gain the experience and grow to become an independent research and extension professional ready to contribute to solving current and future challenges facing agriculture in the US. Chad Poole will conduct research and extension activities to develop and promote drainage water management systems to maximize crop production in response to climate variability. Drs. Mohamed Youssef, Michael Burchell, and George Chescheir will serve as mentors to Chad Poole during the two year fellowship.
This project is implemented on an agricultural field owned by the International Farming Corporation with the overall goal of designing and evaluating an efficient drainage and sub-irrigation management system to maximize crop yield and profits. Three year field experiment will be conducted to evaluate three water management regimes: 1) Conventional drainage, also referred to as free drainage, as the control treatment; drain outlets will remain open and no irrigation water will be added; 2) “Smart†water management system which drains and sub-irrigates the field site based on feedback from water table depth in the field; 3) “Traditional†irrigation using an overhead system; in this treatment an adjacent field irrigated by center-pivot irrigation system and irrigation decisions are made by the farmer. Hydrological and crop yield data will be collected and compared for the three treatments. | https://coastalresilience.ncsu.edu/expertise/capoole2/ |
It is well known to provide locks of the cylinder type in which more than one row of tumbler pins is provided. The most elementary form of cylinder lock is, of course, that in which only one row of tumbler pins is provided and the key for use with the lock has an edge which is indented in a somewhat sinuous fashion to various step values to which the tumblers extend when the key is fully inserted, thereby properly setting the tumbler pairs so that the lock can be operated. No fundamental difference exists with a lock in which two rows of tumblers are provided, the two rows being separated by 180.degree. with respect to the central axis of the lock. A further form of lock is known in which the tumblers protrude inwardly toward the key slot from the wider sides thereof so that they come in contact with the sides, rather than the edges, of the key and wherein the sides of the key are provided with identations or recesses into which the tumbler pins can extend. In locks of this type, the permutation of tumbler pins extends along a row, which may be staggered, such that the movement of the tumbler pins is angularly separated by 90.degree. from the edge-engaging tumblers, whether or not such edge-engaging tumblers actually exist.
In known flat keys of this type it has been found to be desirable to mill the recesses in an elongated form such that the recesses have a width substantially equal to the pin diameter and a length significantly greater than the pin diameter so that the pins extend into the recesses at points which are not precisely determinable by observation of the key. Thus, the centerlines of the tumblers are more effectively concealed. This leads to the further advantage that, due to having oblong recesses which are made by milling and which can have different lengths, depths and widths, unauthorized duplication of the key becomes somewhat more difficult than if drilled circular recesses are provided in the key shank or blade to receive cylindrical tumbler pins. In this connection, reference is made to Swiss Pat. No. 260,517.
It is conventional with flat keys of this general type to provide, in addition to the preferably cylindrical tumbler pins which laterally engage in oblong milled recesses of the 90.degree. lateral permutation, that is the so-called "lateral steps" on the flat sides of the key, other tumbler pins on the narrow side of the key which engage in drilled round recesses. The radial reception bores of the locking cylinder for the edge tumblers associated with these so-called "edge steps" generally have the same lengthwise spacing from the front of the cylinder as the reception bores for the lateral tumblers of the 90.degree. lateral permutation which are associated with the lateral steps. In other words, both sets of tumbler pins are arranged in the same grid in order to permit more rational tool utilization and, thereby, simpler manufacture. Thus, in the overall permutation, the bores for the lateral tumblers and the bores for the edge tumblers can be provided in the locking cylinder in common planes which are perpendicular to the cylinder axis. Thus, the recesses made on the flat key as lateral and edge steps are arranged in pairs with the same longitudinal spacings of the center positions of the associated tumbler pins from the key stop, which is commonly the front face of the lock rotor. In this case, the lateral steps of the flat key only assume the function of identification of key and locking cylinder because they are extended in the longitudinal direction of the key on either side from the center position of the associated tumbler, whereas the edge steps made in the form of countersunk holes fulfill the function of limiting longitudinal pulling of the inserted key together with that of identification.
However, with these known flat keys there is the disadvantage that longitudinal movement of the key can take place after the turning motion of the key has commenced, in which case the tumbler ends engaged in the edge steps of the key begin to move radially by ascending the 45.degree. sides of the conical edge bores and are raised, with respect to the axis, until the head thereof strikes against the wall of the rotor reception bore in the stator, whereas the tumbler pins of the 90.degree. lateral permutation milled into the lateral steps of the key extended on either side remain on the basis of their respective elongated recesses. Thus, during rotation of the rotor the tumbler pins of the edge tumblers can penetrate the stator bores of the 90.degree. lateral tumblers as the rotor is rotated to a position in which the tumblers become approximately aligned with the next set of stator bores. These pins can then engage in the stator bores so that further rotation of the rotor and key is prevented.
This so-called "hanging up" of tumbler pins of the additional permutation in the "extraneous" stator bores can, in principle, also occur for the same reasons if on the flat sides of the key in addition to the oblong milled recesses of the 90.degree. lateral permutation, additional recesses are provided for the tumbler pins of a 45.degree. additional permutation inclined by an angle of 45.degree. relative to the key side face. In this arrangement, the radial reception bores of the locking cylinder for the 90.degree. lateral tumblers and those for the tumblers of the 45.degree. additional permutation are arranged pairwise in common planes perpendicular to the cylinder axis. The reason for this is that if the key is pulled shortly after the start of turning of the key, the tumbler pins of one row of steps of the 45.degree. additiional permutation can "hang up" in a passing row of stator bores of the 90.degree. lateral tumblers when the rotor is rotated to a position of 45.degree. from its initial position. This is because the tumbler pins of the 45.degree. lateral permutation which exercise the function of limiting the longitudinal travel of the key are displaced outwardly during rotor rotation by the side pressure (in a tangential direction) of the conically drilled recesses of the 45.degree. permutation, which force is exerted as a result of pulling of the key against the conical pin tips. Thus, the pin heads engage under pressure against the wall of the rotor reception bore and, consequently, on further rotation of the rotor tend to "wait" to engage in passing extraneous stator bores.
A further disadvantage of the known flat key in which the additional recesses are constructed as countersunk holes, regardless of whether these are constructed only as edge steps or also as 45.degree. lateral steps, where the additional recesses assume the function of limiting longitudinal pulling of the inserted key, is that through premature pulling on the key during rotor rotation and also through any hanging up in extraneous stator bores, the associated tumbler pins are subject to much more wear than the tumbler pins of the 90.degree. lateral permutation which engage only in the lateral steps of the flat key extended on either side and only performing an identification function between the key and the locking cylinder. This disadvantage is particularly important because it is the weakest type of tumbler which must assume the longitudinal pull-limiting function in that the tumblers of the additional permutations often have a smaller diameter for structural or space-saving reasons than the tumblers of the 90.degree. lateral permutation.
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The Museum of Climate Change and Global Warming
Museums exist around the world, and cover a diverse range of subjects. In Canada's case, there are national museums of civilization, science and technology, natural history, art gallery, war, and human rights. There are no major museums dedicated to climate change generally, including the specific subject of global warming.
Of all the issues facing the populations of the world today, climate change is the most important. Without a major focus, the future of homo sapiens and other species around the globe will deteriorate dramatically within the next century.
Climate change and global warming are also topics about which populations around the globe are remarkably uninformed. This is particularly true in Canada and the United States.
Based on this, a National Museum of Climate Change and Global Warming is put forward for Canada, and perhaps other countries.
Concepts
Here a some concepts on which a Canadian National Museum of Climate Change and Global Warming could be based.
- The Canadian National Museum of Climate Change and Global Warming should be developed with the view that it will be part of a network of climate change and global warming museums that includes national, regional, city and other museums, with a free flow of exhibits, ideas and concepts.
- The museum should be a museum based on science. As a science museum, it should be based on the following principles:
- It should be based on theories, studies, and similar sources from peer reviewed respected academic journals or equivalents.
- It should address not only our current understandings but also how these understandings were derived.
- It should focus on the global warming aspect of climate science. The focus should be on the radiative balance and related issues, so that the key causes of global warming do not get lost in the details of climate science.
- It should not be a "political" museum. This will protect the museum in the long term from political debates, changes in governing parties, and public controversies. Specifically, this means:
- Discussion of international and national emission targets should not be addressed. These targets are inherently political, based on political judgments about what is doable within a time-frame.
- It should not address projected emissions. These are based on assumptions about greenhouse gas emissions going forward, and these assumptions are inherently political (e.g. business as usual, drastic immediate reductions). What happens in the future is a result of political decisions in the present.
- It should not address public policies, policy options, and policy issues, including:
- Mitigation Strategies.
- Economics of climate change.
- Environmental laws.
- Sectoral policies.
- National responsibilities for past emissions.
- It should not address the climate change denial industry and deliberate misinformation campaigns, but should draw attention to legitimate scientific differences and debates.
- To be relevant to the location of Canada's national museum. and the locations where other major museums are developed, the museum has to provide relevant regional and local information, while emphasizing the universal character of the science. For example, impacts would be largely regional. Most exhibits would be relevant anywhere in the world or within a country and should be designed that way. Where the science has regional implications, the regional components should be designed so that the regional components are easily shareable with relevant modifications in the specifics.
- Canada's National Museum of Climate Change and Global Warming should be designed for the online world, so that the information can be shared via internet for those not able to travel to the Museum.
- As climate science is continuing to evolve, the Canadian National Museum needs to be designed so that exhibits can be updated regularly and there is room to display new scientific findings.
- While the federal government typically funds Canada's national museums, a National Museum of Climate Change and Global Warming is potentially fundable at least in part by Canadian citizens and corporations through donations and crowd funding. It should be designed to accommodate this funding, provided the funding is not allowed to bias the content.
- Canada's museum managers are experts in developing exhibits and presenting materials in interesting, and often interactive, ways. They should be allowed to demonstrated their skills within a science-based framework.
An example of science-based design is provided below.
|Hall A: Earth's Energy Budget||Main Entrance||Hall G: The Science of Climate Change|
|Hall B: Lessons from the Past||Hall F: Getting to Zero Emissions and Beyond: the Technologies|
|Hall C: The Workings of the Climate System||Hall D: Climate Models||Hall E: Impacts of Global Warming|
Components
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- Tickets
- Directions to relevant halls
- Shop
- Washrooms
- Purpose Statements
- Concepts
- Definitions:
- Global Warming: The long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
- Climate Change: Occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.
- Climate System: are made up of Earth's water, ice, atmosphere, rocky crust, and all living things.
- Climate:
-
Content Summary: The earth's climate is a delicate balance between energy in and energy out. Earth's Energy Budget is the accounting for the balance between the energy that Earth receives from the Sun, and the energy the Earth radiates back into outer space after having been distributed throughout Earth's climate system.
Topics
See Wikipedia's Earth's Energy Budget
- Incoming Radiant Energy
- Sun's Energy Output
- Earth's Orbit and Tilt
- Earth's Internal Heat and Other Small Effects
- Geothermal Heat Flux
- Human Production of Energy
- Photosynthesis
- Outgoing Energy
- Atmospheric Composition
- Aerosols
- Pollutants
- Volcanic Dust
- Greenhouse Gases
- Natural via Carbon Cycle
- Human Generated
- Animal Husbandry
- The Albedo (reflectivity) of Surface Properties
- Plate Tectonics and Land Surface Colours
- Water, Ice and Snow
- Human Land Use
- Cloud cover
- Vegetation and Land Use patterns
- Calculating the Balance
-
Content Summary: The workings of the Earth's Energy Budget can be understood by looking at how it determined Earth's climate history in the distant and recent past. Scientists have devised a number of mechanisms to explore the nature of past climates. A Lessons from the past will help in the understanding of future climates.
Topics
- Climates Prior to the Industrial Revolutions
- Modern Climates
Climates prior to the Industrial Revolution: Paleoclimatology
For key content, see Wikipedia'sPaleoclimatology
Subjects:
- Proxy Techniques
- Ice in Glaciers, Ice Caps and Ice Sheets
- Dendroclimatology
- Sedimentary Analysis
- Sclerochronology
- Landscapes and Landforms
- Timing of Proxies
- Historic Climates
- Faint Young Sun Paradox (start)
- Huronian Glaciation (~2400 Mya Earth completely covered in ice probably due to Great Oxygenation Event)
- Later Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth (~600 Mya, precursor to the Cambrian Explosion) Andean-Saharan glaciation (~450 Mya)
- Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse (~300 Mya)
- Permian–Triassic Extinction Event (251.4 Mya)
- Oceanic Anoxic Events (~120 Mya, 93 Mya, and others)
- Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (66 Mya)
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (Paleocene–Eocene, 55Mya)
- Younger Dryas/The Big Freeze (~11,000 BC)
- Holocene climatic optimum (~7000–3000 BC)
- Extreme Weather Events of 535–536 (535–536 AD)
- Medieval Warm Period (900–1300)
- Little Ice Age (1300–1800)
- Year Without a Summer (1816)
- Lessons Learned
- Climate change is on ongoing process.
- Humans evolved in a favourable and uncommon climate period.
- Climate change is not always pleasant, illustrated by looking at past climates on the location of the museum.
- Climate change has led to mass extinctions.
- The speed of climate change can be rapid.
Modern Climates
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Content Summary:The workings of the Earth's Climate Systems interact with themselves and each other in complex ways, with some workings reinforcing warming processes and others countering them. Historically, these workings have created a cyclical pattern of patterns alternating between warmer and colder. But it is not inevitable that these processes are cyclical. Venus is an example where the warming process got out of control.
Topics
- Elements
- The Atmosphere: the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity. See Wikipedia's Atmosphere.
- The Hydrosphere: The combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet earth. See Wikipedia's Hydrosphere
- The Cryosphere: An all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). See Widipedia's Cryosphere
- The Lithosphere: the rigid,outermost shell of Earth that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. See Wikipedia's Lithsphere
- The Biosphere (living things) See Wikipedia's Biosphere
- Flows of Energy and General Circulation
- Energy and General Circulation
- Hydrological Cycle: See Wikipedia's Water Cycle
- Biochemical Cycles
- Carbon Cycle. See Wikipedia's Carbon Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle. See Wikipedia's Nitrogen Cycle
- Changes within the Climate System
- Internal Variability
- External Climate Forcing
- Incoming Sunlight
- Greenhouse Gases
- Aerosols and Volcanoes
- Land Use Changes
- Responses and Feedbacks
- Tipping Points in the Climate and the Case of Venus: See Wikipedia's Tipping Points in the Climate System and The Atmosphere of Venus
-
Content Summary: Modeling attempts to capture relationships among variables in equations in a quantitative way. Models help us understand and predict events. Models are used everywhere in modern society. Climate models help us understand and quantify what is happening, to disentangle what is causing what, and to predict what will happen.
Topics
- Utility of numerical models in investigating how the climate system works and how it will respond to continued greenhouse gas buildup.
- How models are constructed
- Model types: See Wikipedia'sClimate Model
- Quantitative versus qualitative
- Types of quantitative models
- Simple radiant heat transfer models
- Vertically radiative-convective models
- Horizontally radiative-convective models
- Coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice global climate models: General circulation models
- Box models for flows across and within ocean basins
- Others
- Validating climate models
- Reliability and key factors affecting reliability
- Uses of models
- Detecting climate change
- Estimating and Interpreting climate sensitivity
- The concept of climate sensitivity
- Identifying the specific forces that caused recent climate change (attribution)
- Predicting the future
- Surface temperature projections
- Projected changes in global precipitation and drought
- Atmospheric and oceanic circulation change
- The melting cryosphere
- Sea level rise projection
- Tropical cyclone and hurricane projection
- Extreme weather projections
- The importance of both observation and models in understanding the climate system and how they feed off of each other
- What the models tell us
-
Content Summary:Climate change will affect us all, and not necessarily in a positive way. The potential impacts of climate change have been studied extensively. Some impacts are global in scope, while others are regional and local.
Topics
See Wikipedia's Effects of Global Warming
- Type of Impact
- Sea level rise and coastal impacts
- Disruption of the global food supply
- Unlivable areas
- Heat
- Water supplies
- Ecosystems and biodiversity
- Shifting water and food resources
- Severe storms
- Human health impacts
- Security concerns
-
Content Summary: Preventing climate change and global warming requires that humans stop adding to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the sooner the better. Getting to zero emissions is essential. Technologies will help. Current national emissions provide a framework for looking at technologies and setting priorities. While getting emissions to zero, nations need to look beyond zero emissions to mechanisms for pulling greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.
Topics
- Reversing the Damage
- Geo-engineering
- Reducing Green House Gases by Sector. See Generally Eclectic's Global Warming and Canada: Getting to Zero by 2060 [PDF]
- Replacing Fossil Fuel as an Energy Source
- Solar
- Wind
- Tidal
- Thermal
- Hydro
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
- Nuclear
- Electrical Grids
- Transportation
- Batteries
- Vehicles and Trucks
- Railroads
- Airplanes
- Industrial Processes
- Buildings
- Agriculture
- Waste
- History of Climate Change Science: See Wikipedia's History of Climate Change Science
- Profiles of Climate Change Scientists: See Wikipedia's History of Climate Change Science and related references.
- Scientific Concepts: Truth, Differences, etc.
Content Summary: Climate change science is a new and evolving science. | http://generallyeclectic.ca/climatechange-museum.html |
Supply chain management: Definition, components, and technologies
Making a product to sell in large quantities takes orchestration, collaboration, foresight, and preparation. Getting organized and understanding the basics of how a successful supply chain works are the first steps to scaling up production. This article will guide you through what the supply chain management definition is, and the tasks, objectives, and components you’ll need to do it well.
Supply chain management definition
Supply chain management is handling the flow of how your product is made and all the processes that transform the raw material into the finished product. It’s a critical function within manufacturing and retail because its efficiency impacts the success of other integral parts of the business:
Customer service: A well-orchestrated supply chain means your customer gets the order exactly as they expected on-time, every time. They also expect accessible support should they need it after the purchase, which your supply chain management can influence. Operating costs: The supply chain must be timed in a way that supports the demand level for the product to avoid overstocking and inventory costs. It’s also where you manage supply costs like raw materials and transportation. Financial management: As you speed up the product flow to your customers, you speed up your cash flow into the business. If you can get your product to the customer in 10 days instead of 30, you can invoice them 20 days sooner. Visibility into your supply chain can highlight where you can reduce costs and wait times, and increase profit margins. Components of supply chain management
One common and effective model is the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model, developed by the Supply Chain Council to establish best practices for addressing, improving, and communicating requirements effectively. The SCOR is broken into six components. Each includes a set of processes that contribute to production.
Planning
Planning starts with nailing down the details of your operation strategy. First is deciding where you’ll set up shop to make your product – either domestically or internationally – and whether you make the entire product yourself or purchase some components elsewhere. There are benefits and challenges with either so this should be done strategically.
Next, decide how you will produce and store your product. Will you make them in advance and store them to await order? Or, will you make them once the customer orders? You could also have a portion of the final product made in advance and complete production upon order, or offer order customization. You can use any combination of these strategies and the method for performance measurement is established before planning begins.
Sourcing
The next phase is procuring your raw materials and any components you intend to outsource. This needs to happen at the best possible price, at the right time, in the right quantity. It’s important that all suppliers are thoroughly vetted and all contracts are negotiated to get the best value without sacrificing quality. Delivery scheduling is critical, too.
Assessing supplier performance is a continuous requirement for optimal supply chain management, as well as scheduling payments and ensuring import/export requirements are met.
Location
Location is critical for successful supply chain management. A suitable location that is convenient to your resources and materials is ideal. | https://softmunk.com/2020/11/23/supply-chain-management-definition-components-and-technologies/ |
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application JP 2007-286444 filed with the Japan Patent Office on Nov. 2, 2007, the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference.
The present application relates to a display device for displaying a given picture, a display control method for controlling the same and electronic equipment using the same.
A known thin-film transistor (TFT) panel used in a liquid crystal display device for controlling the brightness of the backlight includes photosensors formed in the panel. Such a display device controls the backlight brightness according to the light intensity detected by the photosensors.
FIG. 16
On the other hand, new configurations have been devised to eliminate the dark current from photosensor elements in the display device having photosensors formed therein. In one example of such configurations, two photosensors, i.e., one a brightness control sensor and another a light-shielding sensor, are connected in series so that the difference in light intensity between the two sensors is output. In another possible configuration, a plurality of light-shielding photosensors are connected in parallel to allow for selection of some sensors therefrom so that the variation in characteristics between the photosensor elements can be cancelled. This allows for the element size of the photosensors to be changed (refer to ). Also refer to Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2006-106294.
However, although the variation between the brightness control and light-shielding photosensors can be accommodated by changing the preset photosensor element size, the closer the photosensor element size is to the optimal one, the smaller the difference in dark current flow between the brightness control and light-shielding photosensors. As a result, a large amount of time is required to determine, based on the difference output, whether the element size is optimal. This makes it impossible to quickly adjust the photosensor element size to be optimal.
The present application has been devised to solve the above problem. That is, in carrying out the present application and according to one embodiment thereof, there is provided a display device which includes a first and second detection section and a comparator. The first detection section detects the light intensity around the display area. The second detection section detects the dark current when light is shielded. The comparator compares the difference output between the first and second detection section against a reference value. The display device controls the light intensity supplied to the display area according to the comparison result of the comparator. The first or second detection section has a plurality of detection elements connected in parallel so as to be selectable. Two signals, i.e., a polarity signal adapted to select the polarity of the difference output and a reference value selection signal adapted to select the polarity of the given reference value, are fed to the comparator. First and second choices are set by the selection of the plurality of detection elements making up the first or second detection section. The first choice translates into a smaller amount of dark current in the second detection section than in the first detection section. The second choice translates into a larger amount of dark current in the second detection section than in the first detection section. The polarity signal and the reference value selection signal are fed to the comparator so that the polarities of the difference output and the given reference value fed to the comparator are opposite between the first and second choices. The plurality of detection elements making up the first or second detection section are selected, based on the comparison results of the comparator in the two polarities set for the first and second choices, so that the amount of dark current is the same in the first and second detection sections.
In the embodiment configured as described above, the comparator is fed with the polarity signal adapted to select the polarity of the difference output and the reference value selection signal adapted to select the polarity of the given reference value. In order to select the plurality of detection elements for the first or second detection section according to the element size of the second or first detection section, therefore, two cases are selected, one in which the element size is smaller than that of the first or second detection section and another in which the element size is larger. This makes it possible to reverse in polarity the difference output and given reference value fed to the comparator between the two cases. As a result, even if the detected amounts of dark current in the two cases are opposite in sign (positive or negative), the element size of the first or second detection section can be optimized with the polarities of the comparison results matching each other.
Further, in carrying out the present application and according to another embodiment thereof, there is provided a display control method for a display device including a first detection section configured to detect the light intensity around a display area, a second detection section configured to detect the dark current when light is shielded, and a comparator configured to compare the difference output between the first and second detection section against a given reference value, the first or second detection section having a plurality of detection elements connected in parallel so as to be selectable. The display control method includes the steps of: controlling the light intensity supplied to the display area according to the comparison result of the comparator; and feeding a polarity signal adapted to select the polarity of the difference output and a reference value selection signal adapted to select the polarity of the given reference value to the comparator. The method further includes the step of setting first and second choices by the selection of the plurality of detection elements making up the first or second detection section, the first choice translating into a smaller amount of dark current in the second detection section than in the first detection section, the second choice translating into a larger amount of dark current in the second detection section than in the first detection section. The method further includes the steps of: feeding the polarity signal and the reference value selection signal to the comparator so that the polarities of the difference output and the given reference value fed to the comparator are opposite between the first and second choices; and selecting the plurality of detection elements making up the first or second detection section, based on the comparison results of the comparator in the two polarities set for the first and second choices, so that the amount of dark current is the same in the first and second detection section.
In the embodiment configured as described above, in order to select the plurality of detection elements for the first or second detection section according to the element size of the second or first detection section, two cases are selected, one in which the element size is smaller than that of the first or second detection section and another in which the element size is larger. This makes it possible to reverse in polarity the difference output and given reference value fed to the comparator between the two cases. As a result, even if the detected amounts of dark current in the two cases are opposite in sign, the element size of the first or second detection section can be optimized with the polarities of the comparison results matching each other.
More specifically, two element sizes are determined by two choices of the plurality of detection elements making up the first or second detection section so that the comparison results of the comparator with the first and second choices are equal to each other. Next, the plurality of detection elements making up the first or second detection section are selected so that the element size is closest to the average of the two element sizes. Finally, the light intensity supplied to the display area is controlled according to the comparison result of the difference output between the first and second detection sections against a reference value based on the selection of the plurality of detection elements.
Still further, in carrying out the present application and according to still another embodiment thereof, there is provided electronic equipment having a display device in its enclosure. The display device includes first and second detection sections and a comparator. The first detection section detects the light intensity around the display area. The second detection section detects the dark current when light is shielded. The comparator compares the difference output between the first and second detection sections against a reference value. The display device controls the light intensity supplied to the display area according to the comparison result of the comparator. The first or second detection section has a plurality of detection elements connected in parallel so as to be selectable. Two signals, i.e., a polarity signal adapted to select the polarity of the difference output and a reference value selection signal adapted to select the polarity of the given reference value, are fed to the comparator. First and second choices are set by the selection of the plurality of detection elements making up the first or second detection section. The first choice translates into a smaller amount of dark current in the second detection section than in the first detection section. The second choice translates into a larger amount of dark current in the second detection section than in the first detection section. The polarity signal and the reference value selection signal are fed to the comparator so that the polarities of the difference output and the given reference value fed to the comparator are opposite between the first and second choices. The plurality of detection elements making up the first or second detection section are selected, based on the comparison results of the comparator in the two polarities set for the first and second choices, so that the amount of dark current is the same in the first and second detection sections.
In the embodiment configured as described above, the comparator is fed with the polarity signal adapted to select the polarity of the difference output and the reference value selection signal adapted to select the polarity of the given reference value. In order to select the plurality of detection elements for the first or second detection section according to the element size of the second or first detection section, therefore, two cases are selected, one in which the element size is smaller than that of the first or second detection section and another in which the element size is larger. This makes it possible to reverse in polarity the difference output and given reference value fed to the comparator between the two cases. As a result, even if the detected amounts of dark current in the two cases are opposite in sign, the element size of the first or second detection section can be optimized with the polarities of the comparison results matching each other.
Therefore, the present application allows for quick detection of an optimal element size required to correct the manufacturing variation in a light intensity detection section formed on the substrate of the display device, thus providing reduction in time required to adjust the element size to be optimal.
Additional features and advantages are described herein, and will be apparent from the following Detailed Description and the figures.
An embodiment will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
<Outline of the Display Device>
FIG. 1
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is a schematic diagram of a display device according to a present embodiment. That is, the display device according to the present application, i.e., a display panel , includes a display area (sensor area) and selector switch adapted to perform a horizontal scan for display. The display panel further includes a V driver adapted to perform a vertical scan for display, a display driver , a sensor driver and photosensors PS. The photosensors PS are the major components of a plurality of detection section.
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The display area (sensor area) modulates light from an unshown backlight to emit display light. The plurality of photosensors PS are provided around the display area and driven by the sensor driver . The display driver and sensor driver are available in an integrated circuit form and mounted on the substrate as a chip component.
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The selector switch line-sequentially drives the liquid crystal elements of the pixels in the display area together with the V driver , based on the display signal for display drive and control clock supplied from the display driver .
11
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The plurality of photosensors PS are provided around the display area . The photosensors PS include diodes or transistors and are formed, for example, on the same substrate as drive elements formed in the display area .
10
10
The display panel is connected to external interfaces (e.g., display interface and CPU interface) and backlight controller by means of cables. The same panel is driven by control and video signals supplied therefrom.
11
11
FIG. 1
Although the four photosensors PS are provided beside the four corners of the display area in the example illustrated in , it is only necessary to provide at least two photosensors. In this case, one of the photosensors serves as a first photosensor adapted to detect the light intensity around the display area , and the other as a second photosensor adapted to detect the dark current when light is blocked. In the present embodiment, the control section (backlight controller) controls the light intensity of the backlight based on the detection results of these photosensors. Specific application examples of these two photosensors will be described below.
<Photosensor Configuration>
FIG. 2
1001
1002
102
103
1001
102
1001
1002
103
102
102
is a circuit diagram describing major components of the display device according to the present embodiment. That is, the display device according to the present embodiment includes first and second detection sections and , a comparator and a latch . The first detection section detects the light intensity around the display area. The second detection section detects the dark current when light is blocked. The comparator compares the difference output between the first and second detection sections and against a given reference value. The latch holds the comparison result of the comparator . The light intensity supplied to the display area (light intensity of the backlight) is controlled according to the comparison result of the comparator .
1001
1
1002
2
2
In this configuration, the first detection section includes a single photosensor PS, and the second detection section includes a plurality of photosensors PS connected in parallel. Some can be selected from the plurality of photosensors PS through switch control.
1002
2
2
The second detection section includes the plurality of photosensors PS connected in parallel. As a result, use of some of the photosensors PS determines the element size of the detection section.
2
2
The element size of the detection section can be determined by an element size control signal supplied from external equipment. The same control signal determines which switch is to be closed. The element size can be presented in a numerical form by conversion using the gate length of the single photosensor PS. The element size can be determined by multiplying the number of the photosensors PS connected in parallel by the gate length.
102
1001
1002
Further, the comparator is fed with a polarity signal and a given reference value ref. The polarity signal selects the polarity of the difference output between the first and second detection sections and .
102
The polarity signal fed to the comparator determines the sign (positive or negative) of the comparison result between the given reference value ref and input signal. In the present embodiment, the comparison result is controlled to have the same polarity, regardless of whether the input signal (difference output from the detection section) is positive or negative.
105
FIG. 2
The reference value selection signal is fed to a reference voltage generating circuit . The same signal is used to select a reference voltage of opposite polarity or another reference voltage. In , the same signal selects the polarity of a given reference value ref.
102
1002
1001
1002
1001
2
1002
2
1002
102
1001
1002
In the present embodiment configured as described above, the polarity signal and reference value selection signal are supplied so that the polarities of the difference output and given reference value fed to the comparator are opposite between when the amount of dark current in the second detection section is larger than that in the first detection section and when the amount of dark current in the second detection section is smaller than that in the first detection section by the selection of the plurality of photosensors PS making up the second detection section . The plurality of photosensors PS making up the second detection section are selected, based on the comparison results of the comparator in the two polarities, so that the amount of dark current in the first detection section is the same as that in the second detection section .
2
1002
102
This permits quick selection of the plurality of photosensors PS making up the second detection section , based on the comparison results of the comparator in the two polarities, namely, quick determination of the optimal element size.
<Determination Method of the Optimal Element Size of the Second Detection Section>
1001
1002
102
1002
2
2
1002
1001
1002
1001
1002
We consider the case in which the first and second detection sections and are connected in series so that the difference in current resulting from the light intensity detection is compared by the comparator as in the above configuration. If the second detection section includes the plurality of photosensors PS which are selectable, the plurality of photosensors PS (optimal element size) of the second detection section are selected so that the amount of dark current is the same in the first and second detection sections and . This provides a light intensity detection result free from the manufacturing variations of the first and second detection sections and through cancellation.
1001
1002
2
1002
102
Here, the optimal element size of the second detection section has been heretofore determined as follows. That is, while the dark current is measured for the first and second detection sections and , the photosensors PS are added or removed, one at a time, to or from the plurality thereof making up the second detection section to find the point where the difference output is the smallest. However, with this method, the closer the element size to the optimal one, the smaller the difference output becomes. As a result, considerable time is required before the comparator produces a comparison result.
2
1002
1002
1002
1001
1002
1001
For this reason, the present embodiment permits quick determination of the optimal element size by the following method. First, an element size control signal is transmitted so that only a few of the photosensors PS are selected to make up the second detection section (a small element size is selected). When a small element size is selected for the second detection section , the element size of the second detection section is set smaller than that of the first detection section (first choice). This provides a smaller amount of dark current in the second detection section than in the first detection section .
102
102
102
102
105
Next, a polarity signal is transmitted to the comparator so that the polarity of the comparator is positive, that is, the comparator produces a positive comparison result when the input signal exceeds the reference value. Further, the reference value ref fed to the comparator is set positive by the reference value selection signal fed to the reference voltage generating circuit .
1001
1002
1002
1001
Next, the dark current detection is conducted by the first and second detection sections and in this condition. The element size of the second detection section is smaller than that of the first detection section because of the above setup. As a result, the difference output in dark current is sufficiently large.
FIG. 3
FIG. 2
1002
1001
1001
1
1002
2
102
is a timing diagram illustrating the difference output and comparator output when the element size of the second detection section is smaller than that of the first detection section. That is, the dark current detection begins when the reset is switched ON and OFF. Because the element size of the second detection section shown in is smaller than that of the first detection section , the amount of dark current in the first detection section (I) is larger than that in the second detection section (I). As a result, an input node A (difference output between the two detection sections) to the comparator increases positively with time.
102
102
1001
1002
102
102
1
With the above setup, the comparator is set to positive polarity, and the given reference value ref is set positive. Therefore, when the node A value which increases positively with time exceeds the given positive reference value ref, the comparator produces a comparison result indicating a reversal in polarity. Thus, because of the difference in element size between the first and second detection sections and , a difference output appears even from the dark current measurement. As a result, the comparator can produce, in a short period of time, an output indicating a reversal in polarity as a result of the node A value exceeding the reference value. Here, the amount of time required from when the reset is switched OFF to when the output of the comparator becomes positive is assumed to be t.
2
1002
1002
1002
1001
1002
1001
Next, an element size control signal is transmitted so that many of the photosensors PS are selected to make up the second detection section (a large element size is selected). When a large element size is selected for the second detection section , the element size of the second detection section is set larger than that of the first detection section (second choice). This provides a larger amount of dark current in the second detection section than in the first detection section .
102
102
102
102
105
Next, a polarity signal is transmitted to the comparator so that the polarity of the comparator is negative, that is, the comparator produces a positive comparison result when the input signal falls below the reference value. Further, the reference value ref fed to the comparator is set negative by the reference value selection signal fed to the reference voltage generating circuit .
1001
1002
1002
1001
Next, the dark current detection is conducted by the first and second detection sections and in this condition. The element size of the second detection section is larger than that of the first detection section because of the above setup. As a result, the difference output in dark current is sufficiently large.
FIG. 4
FIG. 2
1002
1001
1001
1
1002
2
102
is a timing diagram illustrating the difference output and comparator output when the element size of the second detection section is larger than that of the first detection section. That is, the dark current detection begins when the reset is switched ON and OFF. Because the element size of the second detection section shown in is larger than that of the first detection section , the amount of dark current in the first detection section (I) is smaller than in the second detection section (I). As a result, the input node A (difference output between the two detection sections) to the comparator increases negatively with time.
102
102
1001
1002
102
102
2
With the above setup, the comparator is set to negative polarity, and the given reference value ref is set negative. Therefore, when the node A value which increases negatively with time falls below the given negative reference value ref, the comparator produces a comparison result indicating a reversal in polarity. Thus, because of the difference in element size between the first and second detection sections and , a difference output appears even from the dark current measurement. As a result, the comparator can produce, in a short period of time, an output indicating a reversal in polarity as a result of the node A value falling below the reference value. Here, the amount of time required from when the reset is switched OFF to when the output of the comparator becomes positive is assumed to be t.
2
1
2
1002
2
1
2
1002
1002
2
1
2
1002
1002
1002
2
2
1
2
1
Here, if the time t is different from the time t, the number of the plurality of photosensors PS selected to make up the second detection section is changed to change the element size. More specifically, if the time t is shorter than the time t, the number of the plurality of photosensors PS connected in parallel to make up the second detection section is reduced to reduce the element size of the second detection section . Contrary to this, if the time t is longer than the time t, the number of the plurality of photosensors PS connected in parallel to make up the second detection section is increased to increase the element size of the second detection section . Thus, the element size of the second detection section (number of the plurality of photosensors PS selected) at that time is determined so that the time t is equal to the time t, or so that the difference between the times t and t is the smallest.
1002
1
1002
2
1
1
2
1002
1001
1002
1001
Next, an intermediate element size is calculated between the element size of the second detection section when the time t was measured and the element size of the same section when the time t was measured to be equal to the time t (including the case in which the difference was the smallest). That is, the fact that the times t and t are equal to each other means that the larger difference in element size between the second and first detection sections and has been rendered equal to the smaller difference in element size between the two detection sections. Hence, the intermediate element size is the optimal size that provides a match between the element sizes of the second and first detection sections and .
1
2
1001
1002
1
2
The times t and t are measured with a difference in element size provided between the first and second detection sections and , thus producing a result in a short period of time. Further, the optimal element size can be quickly found by a simple calculation, namely, finding the intermediate size when the times t and t are equal to each other.
1002
2
1002
2
1002
2
FIG. 2
When the optimal element size of the second detection section is found, the number of the plurality of photosensors PS to be selected is determined. In the circuit diagram shown in , the second detection section include the three photosensors PS connected in parallel. However, if the same detection section include even more of the photosensors PS connected in parallel, a more elaborate selection (selection with finer pitches) will be possible.
1002
1
1002
1002
1001
1001
102
Then, after the second detection section are set to the optimal element size, the light intensity around the display area is detected by the photosensor PS of the first detection section. At this time, the dark current is detected with the optimal element size set earlier because of a light-shielding film in the second detection section . Therefore, the difference output appearing at the node A is the output obtained by subtracting the dark current in the second detection section (same as the dark current in the first detection section ) from the light intensity around the display area detected by the first detection section . This difference output can be fed to the comparator .
102
11
11
11
FIG. 1
The comparator compares the given reference value and difference output to transfer a comparison result thereof to the backlight controller shown in . The backlight controller calculates the light intensity around the display area from the comparison result to control the backlight light intensity according to the calculated light intensity. For example, the backlight controller controls the backlight so that the higher the light intensity around the display area , the more the backlight light intensity is increased, and the lower the light intensity around the display area , the more the backlight light intensity is reduced.
1002
2
1002
2
1001
1001
In the aforementioned embodiment, the second detection section include the plurality of photosensors PS connected in parallel, and the element size of the same section is determined by the number of photosensors PS used therein. However, the first detection section may include a plurality of photosensors connected in parallel, and the element size of the same section may be determined by the number of photosensors used therein.
<Electronic Equipment>
FIG. 5
The display device according to an embodiment includes a flat display device in a modular form as illustrated in . For example, a pixel array section is provided on an insulating substrate. The pixel array section has pixels integrated and formed in a matrix. Each of the pixels includes a liquid crystal element, thin film transistors, thin film capacitors, light-receiving elements and other components. An adhesive is applied around the pixel array section, after which an opposed substrate made of glass or other material is attached for use as a display module. This transparent opposed substrate may have a color filter, a protective film, a light-shielding film and so on as necessary. An FPC (flexible printed circuit), adapted to allow exchange of signals or other information between external equipment and the pixel array section, may be provided as a connector on the display module.
FIGS. 6 to 10
The aforementioned display device according to the present embodiment is applicable as a display device of a wide range of electronic equipment including a digital camera, a laptop personal computer, a mobile terminal device such as a mobile phone and a video camcorder illustrated in . These pieces of equipment are designed to display an image or video of a video signal fed to or generated inside the electronic equipment. Specific examples of electronic equipment, to which the present embodiment is applied, will be given below.
FIG. 6
110
120
130
110
is a perspective view illustrating a television set to which the present embodiment is applied. The television set according to the present application example includes a video display screen section made up, for example, of a front panel , filter glass and other parts. The television set is manufactured by using the display device according to the present embodiment as the video display screen section .
FIGS. 7A and 7B
FIG. 7A
FIG. 7B
111
112
113
114
112
are views illustrating a digital camera to which the present embodiment is applied. is a perspective view of the digital camera as seen from the front, and is a perspective view thereof as seen from the rear. The digital camera according to the present application example includes a flash-emitting section , a display section , a menu switch , a shutter button and other parts. The digital camera is manufactured by using the display device according to the present embodiment as the display section .
FIG. 8
121
122
123
123
is a perspective view illustrating a laptop personal computer to which the present embodiment is applied. The laptop personal computer according to the present application example includes, in a main body , a keyboard adapted to be manipulated for entry of text or other information, a display section adapted to display an image, and other parts. The laptop personal computer is manufactured by using the display device according to the present embodiment as the display section .
FIG. 9
131
132
133
134
134
is a perspective view illustrating a video camcorder to which the present embodiment is applied. The video camcorder according to the present application example includes a main body section , a lens provided on the front-facing side surface to capture the image of the subject, an imaging start/stop switch , a display section and other parts. The video camcorder is manufactured by using the display device according to the present embodiment as the display section .
FIGS. 10A to 10G
FIG. 10A
FIG. 10B
FIG. 10C
FIG. 10D
FIG. 10E
FIG. 10F
FIG. 10G
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
144
145
are perspective views illustrating a mobile terminal device such as mobile phone to which the present embodiment is applied. is a front view of the mobile phone in an open position. is a side view thereof. is a front view of the mobile phone in a closed position. is a left side view. is a right side view. is a top view. is a bottom view. The mobile phone according to the present application example includes an upper enclosure , a lower enclosure , a connecting section (hinge section in this example) , a display , a subdisplay , a picture light , a camera and other parts. The mobile phone is manufactured by using the display device according to the present embodiment as the display and the subdisplay .
<Display/Imaging Device>
FIG. 11
2000
1500
1200
1300
1400
1100
The display device according to the present embodiment is applicable to a display/imaging device as described below. Further, this display/imaging device is applicable to a variety of electronic equipment described earlier. illustrates the overall configuration of the display/imaging device. This display/imaging device includes an I/O display panel , a backlight , a display drive circuit , a light reception drive circuit , an image processing section and an application program execution section .
2000
2000
2000
1500
2000
1500
2000
The I/O display panel includes a liquid crystal panel (LCD (liquid crystal display)) having a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix over the entire surface thereof. The same panel has the capabilities to not only display given images such as graphics and texts based on display data through line-sequential operation (display function) but also pickup the image of an object in contact with or proximity to the I/O display panel (imaging function). On the other hand, the backlight includes a plurality of light-emitting diodes arranged therein to serve as the light source of the I/O display panel . The backlight is designed, for example, to turn ON and OFF at high speed at given timings in synchronism with the operation timing of the I/O display panel , as described later.
1200
2000
2000
2000
The display drive circuit drives (line-sequentially drives) the I/O display panel so that an image is displayed on the same panel based on display data (so that the same panel displays an image).
1300
2000
2000
1300
1400
The light reception drive circuit drives (line-sequentially drives) the I/O display panel so that the same panel receives light reception data (images an object). It should be noted that light reception data of each pixel is stored in a frame memory A on a frame-by-frame basis and output to the image processing section as a picked-up image.
1400
1300
2000
The image processing section performs given image processing (calculations) based on the picked-up image output from the light reception drive circuit to detect and obtain information (e.g., position coordinate data, shape and size of the object) about the object in contact with or proximity to the I/O display panel . It should be noted that the detection will be described in detail later.
1100
1400
2000
1100
1200
The application program execution section performs processing according to given application software based on the detection result of the image processing section . An example of such processing includes the position coordinates of the detected object in the display data and displays the position coordinates on the I/O display panel . It should be noted that the display data generated by the application program execution section is supplied to the display drive circuit .
2000
2000
2100
2200
2300
2500
2400
FIG. 12
Next, a detailed configuration example of the I/O display panel will be described with reference to . The I/O display panel includes a display area (sensor area) , an H display driver , a V display driver , an H sensor read driver and a V sensor driver .
2100
1500
2100
The display area (sensor area) modulates the light from the backlight to emit the display light and picks up the image of the object in contact with or proximity to this area. The display area has liquid crystal elements serving as light-emitting elements (display elements) and light-receiving elements (imaging elements) arranged in a matrix form.
2200
2100
2300
1200
The H display driver line-sequentially drives the liquid crystal elements of the pixels in the display area together with the V display driver , based on the display drive signal and the control clock supplied from the display drive circuit .
2500
2100
2400
The H sensor read driver line-sequentially drives the light-receiving elements of the pixels in the sensor area together with the V sensor driver to receive a light reception signal.
2100
3100
FIG. 13
FIG. 13
Next, a detailed configuration example of each pixel in the display area will be described with reference to . A pixel shown in includes a liquid crystal element serving as a display element and a light-receiving element.
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
a
h
i
a
b
a
a
h
b
i
a
More specifically, a switching element is provided on the side of the display element at the intersection between a gate electrode extending horizontally and a drain electrode extending vertically. The switching element includes, for example, a thin film transistor (TFT). A pixel electrode including liquid crystal is provided between the switching element and an opposed electrode. The switching element turns ON and OFF based on the drive signal supplied via a gate electrode . A pixel voltage is applied to the pixel electrode based on the display signal supplied via the drain electrode when the switching element is ON so that the display status is set up.
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
3100
c
d
e
c
c
d
e
j
f
g
d
k
g
m.
On the side of the light-receiving element adjacent to the display element, on the other hand, a light-receiving sensor is provided which includes, for example, a photodiode, and supplied with a power supply voltage VDD. Further, a reset switch and a capacitor are connected to the light-receiving sensor so that the same sensor is reset by the reset switch and so that the charge appropriate to the intensity of received light is stored in the capacitor . The stored charge is supplied to a signal output electrode via a buffer amplifier when a read switch turns ON. The stored charge is then output externally. On the other hand, the ON/OFF operation of the reset switch is controlled by a signal supplied from a reset electrode . The ON/OFF operation of the read switch is controlled by a signal supplied from a read control electrode
2100
2500
2100
3100
3200
3300
FIG. 14
Next, the connection relationship between each pixel in the display area and the H sensor read driver will be described with reference to . In the display area , red (R), green (G) and blue (B) pixels , and are arranged side by side.
3100
3200
3300
3100
3200
3300
2500
3100
3200
3300
4100
4100
4100
2500
c
c
c
f
f
f
g
g
g
a
b
c
The charge stored in the capacitors connected to each of light-receiving sensors , and of the respective pixels is amplified by buffer amplifiers , and of the respective pixels. The charge is then supplied to the H sensor read driver via signal output electrodes when read switches , and turn ON. It should be noted that one of constant current sources , and is connected to one of the signal output electrodes so that the H sensor read driver can detect, with high sensitivity, the signals appropriate to the received light intensities.
Next, the operation of the display/imaging device will be described in detail.
A description will be given first of the basic operations of the display/imaging device, namely, the operations of image displaying and object imaging.
1200
1100
2000
1500
1200
2000
In this display/imaging device, the display drive circuit generates a display drive signal based on the display data from the application program execution section . The I/O display panel is line-sequentially driven with the drive signal to display an image. At this time, the backlight is also driven by the display drive circuit to light up and go out in synchronism with the I/O display panel .
1500
2000
FIG. 15
Here, a description will be given of the relationship between the ON/OFF status of the backlight and the display status of the I/O display panel with reference to .
1500
1500
First, if the image is displayed, for example, with a frame period of 1/60 second, the backlight is unlit (OFF) during the first half of each frame interval ( 1/120 second) so that no image is displayed. During the second half of each frame interval, on the other hand, the backlight is lit (ON), and a display signal is supplied to each pixel so that the image of that frame interval is displayed.
2000
2000
As described above, the I/O display panel does not emit any display light during the first half of each frame interval. In contrast, the I/O display panel emits display light during the second half of each frame interval.
2000
2000
2000
1300
1300
1300
1400
Here, if an object (e.g., tip of a finger) is in contact with or proximity to the I/O display panel , the image of the object is picked up by the light-receiving element of each pixel in the I/O display panel as a result of line-sequential driving of the same panel by the light reception drive circuit . The light reception signal from each light-receiving element is supplied to the light reception drive circuit . The same circuit stores the light reception signals of the pixels of one frame and outputs the signals to the image processing section as a picked-up image.
1400
2000
The image processing section performs, based on the picked-up image, given image processing (calculations) to detect information (e.g., position coordinate data, shape and size of the object) about the object in contact with or proximity to the I/O display panel .
It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present subject matter and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1
is a schematic diagram of a display device according to a present embodiment;
FIG. 2
is a circuit diagram describing major components of the display device according to the present embodiment;
FIG. 3
is a timing diagram illustrating a difference output and comparator output when the element size of a second detection section is smaller than that of a first detection section;
FIG. 4
is a timing diagram illustrating the difference output and comparator output when the element size of the second detection section is larger than that of the first detection section;
FIG. 5
is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a flat display device in a modular form;
FIG. 6
is a perspective view illustrating a television set to which the present embodiment is applied;
FIGS. 7A and 7B
are perspective views illustrating a digital camera to which the present embodiment is applied;
FIG. 8
is a perspective view illustrating a laptop personal computer to which the present embodiment is applied;
FIG. 9
is a perspective view illustrating a video camcorder to which the present embodiment is applied;
FIGS. 10A to 10G
are views illustrating a mobile terminal device such as mobile phone to which the present embodiment is applied;
FIG. 11
is a block diagram illustrating the configuration of a display/imaging device according to a first embodiment;
FIG. 12
FIG. 1
is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of an I/O display panel shown in ;
FIG. 13
is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of a pixel;
FIG. 14
is a circuit diagram used to describe the connection relationships between each pixel and a sensor reading horizontal driver;
FIG. 15
is a timing diagram used to describe the relationship between the on/off status of a backlight and the display status; and
FIG. 16
is a diagram illustrating a known display device. | |
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Title:
Progress in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life: 1993 Bioastronomy Symposium
Volume:
74
Year:
1995
View this Volume on ADS
Editors:
Shostak, G. Seth
ISBN:
0-937707-93-7
eISBN:
978-1-58381-410-9
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Paper Title
Page
Authors
Chirality, the Cosmos, and Life
15
Bonner, W.
The Complexity Ratchet
31
Cairns-Smith, A.
Giant Planets: A Neglected Factor in Drake's Equation
41
Delsemme, A.
Brain Evolution in Dolphins, Humans and Other Mammals: Implications for ETI
53
Falk, D.
Status of the Search for Life on Mars
65
Klein, H.; Farmer, J.
SETI Begins at Home: Searching for Terrestrial Intelligence
73
Marino, L.
Is Solar System Evolution Cometary Dominated?
83
Marochnik, L.; Mukhin, L.
Cyanide Polymers in the Solar System and Beyond: Prebiotic Chemistry
95
Matthews, C.
Search for Biomolecules in SGR B2
107
Snyder, L.; Kuan, Y.-J.; Miao, Y.; Lovas, F.
The Chemical and Biological Basis of Intelligent Terrestrial Life from an Evolutionary Perspective
121
Oro, J.
The Role of Convergence in Evolution: What Extraterrestrial Life Might Look Like
135
Pfleiderer, M.; Leyhausen, P.; Pfleiderer, J.
Biodiversity and Time Scales for the Evolution of Extraterrestrial Intelligence
143
Russell, D.
Temperature and the Evolution of the Earth's Biosphere
153
Schwartzman, D.
Characteristics of Transits by Earth-Sized Planets in Binary Star Systems
165
Bell, J., III; Borucki, W.
Comparing the Expectations for Different Planetary Search Methods
173
Borucki, W.; Koch, D.
Circumstellar Habitable Zones and Mass Loss from Young Solar-Type Main Sequence Stars. I. Theory
183
Whitmire, D.; Doyle, L.; Reynolds, R.; Matese, J.
Circumstellar Habitable Zones and Mass Loss from Young Solar-Type Stars. II. Observational Considerations
195
Doyle, L.; Vikramsingh, R.; Whitmire, D.; Heather, N.
The Current State of Target Selection for NASA's High Resolution Microwave Survey
207
Henry, T.; Soderblom, D.; Baliunas, S.; Davis, R.; Donahue, R.; Latham, D.; Stefanik, R.; Torres, G.; Duquennoy, A.; Mayor, M.; Andersen, J.; Nordstrom, B.; Olsen, E.
Prospects for VLBI Detection of Planets
219
Jones, D.; Lestrade, J.-F.; Preston, R.; Phillips, R.
Planets and Black Dwarfs
231
Kumar, S.
Differential Radial Velocity Spectrometry for Detection of Earthlike Extrasolar Planets
237
Vikramsingh, R.
On the Co-Existence of Dusty Discs and Planets around Main-Sequence Stars
245
Wolstencroft, R.; Walker, H.
A Search for Alien Artifacts on the Moon
259
Arkhipov, A.
The Interstellar Contact Channel Hypothesis: When Can We Expect To Receive Beacons?
267
Blair, D.
A Mini-Spectrum Analyzer for Molecular Spectroscopy and SETI
275
Bortolotti, C.; Cattani, A.; D'Amico, N.; Grueff, G.; Maccaferi, A.; Montebugnoli, S.; Orfei, A.; Roma, M.; Tomasetti, G.; Tuccari, G.; Tugnoli, M.
Forty Trillion Signals from SERENDIP: The Berkeley SETI Program
285
Bowyer, S.; Werthimer, D.; Donnelly, C.
The Berkeley SETI Program: SERENDIP III and IV Instrumentation
293
Werthimer, D.; Ng, D.; Bowyer, S.; Donnelly, C.
The SERENDIP Interference Rejection and Signal Detection System
303
Donnelly, C.; Werthimer, D.; Bowyer, S.; Cobb, J.
Polychromatic SETI
313
Cohen, N.; Charlton, D.
Astrophysical Coding: A New Approach to SETI Signals. I. Signal Design and Wave Propagation
325
Cordes, J.; Sullivan, W., III
Astrophysical Coding: A New Approach to SETI Signals. II. Information About the Sender's Environment
337
Sullivan, W., III; Cordes, J.
Results of Two Years of SETI Observations with META II
345
Colomb, F.; Hurrell, E.; Lemarchand, G.; Olald, J.
Argus: A Future SETI Telescope
355
Dixon, R.
Optimum Signal Modulation for Interstellar Communication
369
Jones, H. W.
A Search for Dyson Spheres Around Late-Type Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
381
Jugaku, J.; Noguchi, K.; Nishimura, S.
The Columbus Optical SETI Observatory
387
Kingsley, S.
A Strategy to Detect Primitive Life on an Exo-Planet
399
Leger, A.; Mariotti, M.; Puget, J.; Rouan, D.; Schneider, J.
The SETISAIL Project
407
Maccone, C.
Review of the Planetary Society's SETI Program
419
McDonough, T.
The Search for Extraterrestrial Technologies in our Solar System
425
Papagiannis, M.
SETI Institute: Summary of Projects in Support of SETI Research
433
Pierson, T.
SETI at Wider Bandwidths?
447
Shostak, S.
HRMS: Where We've Been, and Where We're Going
457
Tarter, J.; Klein, M.
The NASA HRMS Sky Survey X-Band Observations: A Progress Report
471
Levin, S.; Olsen, E.; Backus, C.; Gulkis, S.
A Biochemical Magic Frequency Based on the Reduction Level of Biological Carbon
479
Weber, A.
Detection of Extraterrestrial Civilizations via the Spectral Signature of Advanced Interstellar Spacecraft
487
Zubrin, R.
The Consequences of a Discovery: Different Scenarios
499
Almar, I.
Will ETI Be Space Explorers? Some Cultural Considerations
507
Ashkenazi, M.
Consequences of Success in SETI: Lessons from the History of Science
521
Dick, S.
E.T., Klingons, and the Galactic Library: SETI and Science Education
535
Fraknoi, A.
SETI As a Way to Encourage Public Awareness of Science
537
Helmers, C.
Ethological Hazards of Interstellar Travel
545
Leyhausen, P.; Pfleiderer, M.; Pfleiderer, J.
SETI and Diplomacy
551
Michaud, M.
The POST Cold War ERA and its Implications for SETI
557
Schenkel, P.
Responses to Contact: Variables to Consider
567
Swift, D.
SETI in Australia: Springboards Down Under?
573
Vaile, R.
Conference Summary
583
Drake, F.
Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Conference Series
© Copyright 1988 - 2023 - Astronomical Society of the Pacific
No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or used in any form other than for personal use without written permission from the ASP. | https://aspbooks.org/a/volumes/table_of_contents/?book_id=186 |
Our directory shows more than 200 online courses in Mathematics and Statistics. You will find relevant video courses on Calculus, Linear Algebra, Statistics, and Geometry. Search with the filter function or with specific keywords. Or just browse the available maths and statistics courses shown below! ...read more
This online course (MOOC) teaches how to think like a mathematician.The course is not about traditional mathematical content, but rather about a certain way of thinking to solve...
This college level online course gives an introduction to algebra. Participants will learn to apply algebraic reasoning to solve problems effectively. The course includes topics...
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This online course explores applications of linear algebra in the field of data mining by learning fundamentals of search engines and other applications.
This course covers the core ideas of single-variable Calculus with emphases on conceptual understanding and applications. The course is ideal for students beginning in the...
This online course discusses numerical methods for Partial Differential Equations (PDE).
Highlights of Calculus is a series of short online videos that introduces the basics of calculus—how it works and why it is important.
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This online course aims to equip learners with the necessary skills to achieve an A+ in A level Mathematics. It explores topics such as Indices and Surds, Inequalities, The...
This online course strengthens participants´ algebra, geometry and thinking skills by teaching about fascinating mathematical relations from daily life.
This online course (MOOC) teaches how to use mathematics to create models to solve real-life problems.
This MOOC teaches a calculus that enables quantitative predictions of large combinatorial structures. In addition, the MOOC also covers generating functions and real asymptotics...
Mathematics is the science that developed from research of geometric figures and calculation with numbers. It is one of the oldest scientific disciplines, having thousands of years of history.
Algebra is one of the best known mathematical areas. It deals with equations and the properties of calculation operations. This in turn has various sub-divisions, beginning with Elementary Algebra (i.e., "rules of calculation"), through Linear Algebra (equation systems, vector spaces, etc.), up to abstract algebra.
Analysis is concerned with infinitesimal calculation (consisting of differential and integral calculus). It is about, among other things, local changes of functions (derivation or differential quotient of the function) and about calculation of areas by functions (integral).
Geometry investigates shapes in two and three-dimensional space. Important concepts include points, lines, planes, and angles.
Along with Theoretical Mathematics, a bordering discipline is often described as Applied Mathematics, where mathematical methods are used in various specialist areas (e.g., in Financial or Insurance Mathematics).
Apart from this is the subject of Statistics, which together with Probability Theory forms the specialized mathematics of Stochastics. Put simply, this is the analysis and interpretation of data and probabilities.
In Descriptive Statistics, empirical data is prepared meaningfully for interpretation, while in Inductive Statistics conclusions are drawn from a random sample using Probability Theory.
The ever-important Data Science is located at the interface between Statistics/Mathematics and Computer Science.
You can find high-quality online courses in many of these subject areas in our online course directory!
All video courses come from well-known platforms like edX or Coursera and from national and international universities.
Browse all the available courses now! | https://www.edukatico.org/en/courses/mathematics-statistics |
Can I use self rising flour instead of all purpose?
Self rising flour consists of a combination of self-raising flour, baking powder and yeast. When preparing self-rising flour, some ingredients are mixed to produce a batter that has a neutral pH (equal proportions of acid and base).
Can I substitute oatmeal for flour?
If you’re looking for more healthful oatmeal alternatives, try adding nut butter, bananas and a little honey. Replace 1 or 2 cups of oat flour with these alternative ingredients for a smooth and healthy treat.
What is baking powder made of?
There are two primary baking powders: aluminum ammonium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. The second type — a compound we call baking soda — is usually just called regular soda in the United States. Baking powder is an alkali and a leavening agent.
Do I need baking soda if I use self rising flour?
Yes, the baking powder in Self-Rising Flour is the same as in homemade cake mix.
Also to know is, what happens if you use self raising flour instead of plain?
Self-raising is the addition of raising agent or baking powder with the flour in the ingredient list and baking powder on the ingredient label. The addition of baking powder doesn’t change the taste or texture of the dough, but makes it rise faster.
Can I use almond flour instead of regular flour?
Almond flour is a better choice than regular flour for some recipes since it doesn’t hold as much moisture in. However, it is best to use almond flour as a substitute for flour for the best results in baked goods, breads and desserts.
How can you make self raising flour without baking powder?
It is important to have an accurate method of measuring flour, so baking powder is added by weight. The recommended amount of self-raising flour is measured by multiplying the amount of AP or SR flour by 0.935. For example, if using self-rising flour for a cake recipe, I would use 1 cup AP or SR flour, then add 0.0665 cup baking powder and mix well.
Can you use self raising flour to make bread?
Because gluten gives structure and elasticity, bread flour is the best choice. Self-raising flour is made from wheat flour and contains leavening agents such as yeast and baking soda, which help with cooking and leavening. These leavening agents react when wet to produce carbon dioxide gas, which helps bread rise.
Which flour is healthy?
We’re talking about the most nutritious breads are: whole wheat breads, unbleached sandwich breads, whole wheat bagels, whole wheat pasta, multigrain breads, white flour breads, and other breads that are as white as snow.
Beside above, what can you do with self rising flour?
To make bread dough for your first batch, combine the flour and yeast in a large mixing bowl and make sure the level is just below the rim. To make your first batch of self-rising flour, combine 1 cup self-rising flour with 1 cup all-purpose flour and 1 teaspoon baking soda. Using 3 tablespoons of this mix per gallon of flour will make a self-rising flour bag.
Why almond flour is bad for you?
Almonds are a healthy source of fiber, calcium and protein, but they can also cause digestive issues and weight gain when eaten in excess. They are also high in the type of fat that can increase the risk of heart disease.
Can you use self raising flour instead of plain flour for white sauce?
You should be able to use the self-raising flour in a white sauce recipe. This means your usual plain flour is not self-raising and should be the same weight (for example 2 cups) as the 1 cup of self-raising flour.
What does baking powder do in a cake?
Adding an egg white and baking powder to the batter helps keep it moist. Baking powder causes the batter to rise slightly. It adds small air pockets so the cake rises a bit faster when baked.
Can you use baking powder instead of flour?
You can use a mixture of baking powder and baking soda in place of flour in most recipes. You may want to increase the proportion of baking powder and baking soda by 1/4 cup. However, most of the recipes will tolerate a small decrease in fluff.
Is all purpose flour gluten free?
All-Purpose flour is also known as 100% Ground Wheat and White Flour. It is a very standard flour that is the standard for breads such as pizza and bagels. When baked, it has little or no taste of its own. Flours such as rice, corn meal, and wheat or all-purpose flour are often fortified with B vitamin ingredients like thiamin, that help lower the glycemic index.
Can you use self rising flour to make cookies?
Self-rising or all-purpose flour is simply a plain flour with added leaveners. While baking in general uses bleached flour, self-rising flour uses unbleached flour and a leavener such as milk powder.
Can I use plain flour instead of buckwheat?
If you have a blender, you can use plain wheat flour. If you are not using a high-powered blender, mix 1/4 cup (0.6 ounces) wheat flour into 1/4 cup (0.25 ounce) buckwheat flour, then add 1/8 cup (0.7 ounces) hot water, and pulse until it reaches a liquid consistency.
Can you use self raising flour instead of plain flour for batter?
If you’re looking to use self-raising flour, but don’t want to add another ingredient to the mix, don’t look past our old friend bread flour. This is an excellent substitute for white flour. Combine 1¼ cups bread flour (or substitute 1¼ cups all-purpose flour), ½ cup wheat bran, and ¼ teaspoon salt in a high-powered blender. Mix well and add the egg substitute and salt (and if you want, a little yeast or sourdough, just to give the bread a little tang). Blend briefly to incorporate.
Thereof, what can I substitute for all purpose flour?
All purpose flour is interchangeable, although you’ll get slightly different properties with each variation. I use a cup and a half of bread flour to a cup and a half of all purpose flour for my basic bread, which, while it doesn’t necessarily create the best final loaf, keeps the dough from rising very fast and, more importantly, produces consistently soft, chewy loaves that keep very well.
What is all purpose flour made of?
All-purpose flour’s main ingredient is wheat. The main purpose of all-purpose flour is to make food soft and easy to work with. It is made from high-gluten flour and therefore contains more protein than cake flour.
What happens if I add baking powder to self raising flour?
Adding baking powder and other leavening agents to plain flour, whole wheat flour or whole grain flour like oatmeal adds nothing to the flour itself, but can change the end result. Baking powder alone will not thicken your baking goods.
Can you use self rising flour in place of plain flour?
Yes, you can use self-rising flour, although you don’t get the lightness of lightness in texture with self-rising flour. I know some people can’t tolerate self-rising all-purpose flour. They use all-purpose flour for only a certain kind of recipe. | https://civic-express.com/can-i-use-self-rising-flour-instead-of-all-purpose/ |
One of his greatest achievements was his supervision Of the revision and collection Of French law into codes. The new law code incorporated some of the freedoms gained by the people of France during the French revolution, including religious toleration and the abolition of serfdom. The most famous of the codes, the Code Napoleon or Code Civil, still forms the basis of French civil law. Napoleon also centralized France’s government by appointing prefects to administer regions called departments, which France was divided.
Over the course of little more than a decade, the armies of France under his command fought almost every European rower and acquired control of most tooth western and central mainland to Europe by conquest or alliance until his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, followed by defeat at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, which led to his abdication several months later and his exile to the island of Elba, He staged a comeback known as the Hundred Days, but was again defeated decisively at the Battle of Waterloo in present day Belgium on jejune 181 S, followed shortly afterwards by his surrender to the British and his exile to the island of Saint Helena, where he died six years later _ Although Napoleon himself developed few military innovations, he used the best tactics from a variety of sources, and the modernized French army, as reformed under the various revolutionary governments, to score several major victories. His campaigns are studied at military academies all over the world and he is generally regarded as one Of the greatest commanders ever to have lived.
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Aside from his military achievements, Napoleon is also remembered for the establishment Of the Napoleonic Code. Also. Napoleon appointed several members of the Bonaparte family and lose friends of his as monarchs of countries he conquered and as important government figures. Although their reigns did not survive his downfall, a nephew, Napoleon Ill, ruled France later in the nineteenth century. Napoleon, one of the greatest French rulers, was one of the greatest military commanders in history. He took control with an iron fist, innovation tactics, his code of laws, abolition of serfdom, feudalism, etc. He still is remembered by millions today, making his legacy last. | https://anyassignment.com/history/summary-of-napoleon-assignment-49035/ |
Kuala Lumpur, 4 October 2021 – The renewables industry has reached a fundamentally new stage in its development. The cost of some renewable technologies—wind and solar in particular—has fallen to a level which has seen them become cost competitive with fossil fuels in some markets.
A growing number of countries are adopting policies to encourage the growth of renewables, and the industry is attracting a new class of investor more commonly attracted to the stable returns of traditional infrastructure investments.
Read: Malaysia’s Large-Scale Solar (LSS) programme: Three PV parks to be installed in Perak and Selangor
The Clean Power & New Energy 2021 aims to bring together leading power and utility leaders, government decision makers, renewable energy companies, economists, financiers and investors to discover how the economic, financial and political framework for energy is evolving; as well as to assess the implications of growing renewable deployment for the future shape of the energy industry.
Read: Electricity demand in 2021: TNB is committed to provide more renewable energy solutions
Themed, ‘Embarking New Path towards Future Sustainable Energy’, the forum will be live on 12-13 October 2021. It will engage respectable and well-known expert speakers for a day of conversation, followed by a post-conference workshop to shed light on how Malaysia and Its organisations can shift toward a Greener and new energy implementation.
Key discussion topics:
- How Malaysia can improve and compete in the global race;
- Why the equator is an advantageous location when it comes to solar power;
- The role of untapped potentials in biomass and biogas;
- Making energy smarter with digitalisation;
- Advancing Malaysia’s energy transformation towards the future;
- Reforming and financing as the way forward for Malaysia’s energy market and more.
Organisations that will be attending this event include Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), Sarawak Energy Berhad, Malakoff Energy Berhad, Petronas, Energy Commission, Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). | https://www.constructionplusasia.com/my/virtual-event-clean-power-new-energy-2021-to-be-held-on-12-13-october/ |
When Shamim Howladar, a private car driver, asked to borrow Tk 1,000 last month, businessman Muhibur Rahman Sumon graciously agreed.
He is a regular customer and an acquaintance, Sumon, who offers laundry and mobile money services in his shop in Mirpur's Rupnagar, thought to himself.
A few other customers of his laundry shop had also borrowed between Tk 500 and Tk 1,000 from him recently, Sumon told bdnews24.com.
To his surprise, when Sumon sought to collect the debt, he found that all of them had left Dhaka with families for their village homes.
“When I called Shamim, he said he got Tk 8,000 instead of his regular salary of Tk 12,000 in April. Also, his wife lost her job in a garment factory. After waiting for a month to weigh up his options, Shamim went back to his native Naogaon with his family. He was unable to run the household with just Tk 7,000,” said Sumon.
Shamim said he borrowed money from Sumon as he did not have enough to cover his travel expenses. He promised to repay the money when he returns to the capital after the situation returns to normal.
As the coronavirus epidemic rampaged through the country, it took a heavy toll on people from the middle and lower-income groups who were no longer able to cope with the higher living costs in Dhaka.
A family relocating to a lower rent house in Dhaka as the coronavirus crisis hits livelihoods hard while the cost of living rises. Photo: Mahmud Zaman Ovi
“Some of them owe me up to Tk 10,000. I have a lot of debts too but I don’t know I'm going to clear them. I get stressed out thinking about it,” he said.
Mahfuzur Rahman Manik, owner of a small block printing factory in Mirpur's Eastern Housing, laid off his 30 workers and shuttered his business when the government imposed a lockdown in March in a bid to curb the spread of coronavirus. He is not sure when his factory will resume operations.
“We heard that most small factories have been closed while the bigger ones laid off 30 percent of their workforce."
Rahima Khatun, who was employed by Ha Mim Group, lost her job unexpectedly at the start of the epidemic. Living in a rented house in West Begunbari, Rahima, the mother of two, was no longer able to make ends meet and went back to her village home in Feni on Jul 1.
Bangladesh enforced a two-month shutdown of offices, schools and public transport from Mar 26 as coronavirus cases and deaths began to surge. While the lockdown was lifted on May 31, life in the capital is yet to return to business as usual.
Offices are open but on a limited scale while the turnout at shops and restaurants have been markedly low.
Mohammed Russell, who worked in Rainbow Café in Mohammedpur, went back to in Narsingdi after losing his job.
Notices of rooms to let cover the entrance of a street in Dhaka’s Gulbagh as many residents are leaving with the coronavirus crisis hitting jobs and income hard. Photo: Mahmud Zaman Ovi
"I'll wait for some time and then go back again," he told bdnews24.com.
Like Russell, thousands of people working in the informal sector have been forced to leave Dhaka in the wake of the economic slowdown triggered by the coronavirus crisis.
While it is difficult to put an exact figure on the exodus, the growing number of To-let signs on buildings indicates that it is quite high.
More than a thousand people in his neighbourhood have gone back to their villages after losing their jobs, according to Jahid Patwari, a building owner in Rupnagar.
He usually rents out the ground floor of his building to small families. At least two such households, where the breadwinners worked in garments factories, returned to their village homes in the last two months.
"Other house owners that I have spoken to said that most families from the lower-income groups are leaving Dhaka empty-handed."
Government data on the number of people who have left Dhaka or lost their jobs are still unavailable.
The lockdown imposed to curb the spread of coronavirus curtailed the earnings of at least 95 percent of people, while 51 percent of households were consigned to zero income, according to a survey conducted by BRAC on Jun 20.
A family leaving the Dhaka city for their village home with their belongings on a pickup as the coronavirus crisis hits livelihoods hard. Photo: Mahmud Zaman Ovi
The average monthly income slipped to Tk 7,096 from Tk 24,565 in every thana after the lockdown was imposed.
According to BRAC's survey, earnings have dropped by 79 percent in cities and 75 percent in rural areas.
The pandemic has pushed almost 16.4 million people to poverty, Dr Binayak Sen, research director in Bangladesh Institution of Development Studies or BIDS, found in a new study. Workers in the urban areas faced an 80 percent slump in their income while in the rural areas, it dropped by 10 percent.
The unemployed population rose to 30 percent from 17 percent after the pandemic hit the economy, according to Sen.
People, who once flocked to the capital in search of a living, are now going the other way due to the coronavirus crisis, which has put their livelihoods in doubt.
Economists urged the government to focus on this issue to prevent the ongoing crisis from spiralling further.
The project ‘Amar Gram Amar Shohor’ (My village my city) should be moved forwards, according to economist Ahsan H Mansur.
With the expansion of digital facilities, including wifi internet, in the rural areas, new entrepreneurship and employment opportunities will can now emerge there, according to some government higher-ups.
The overall poverty rate is 20.3 percent at present, which may cross 25 percent by the end of the year, warned Sen.
The poverty rate can only be kept below 25 percent if 50 percent of workers’ income is recovered in both the third and final quarter, he said while warning about dire economic consequences otherwise. | https://bdnews24.com/economy/2020/07/08/pandemic-drives-laid-off-low-income-earners-back-to-villages |
Publication details for Dr Laura Turnbull-LloydHallett, L., Hsu, J., Cleland, E.E., Collins, S.L., Dickson, T.L., Farrer, E.C., Gherardi, L.A., Gross, K.L., Hobbs, R.K., Turnbull, L. & Suding, K.N. (2014). Biotic mechanisms of community stability shift along a precipitation gradient. Ecology 95(6): 1693-1700.
- Publication type: Journal Article
- ISSN/ISBN: 0012-9658 (print)
- DOI: 10.1890/13-0895.1
- Further publication details on publisher web site
- Durham Research Online (DRO) - may include full text
Author(s) from Durham
Abstract
Understanding how biotic mechanisms confer stability in variable environments is a fundamental quest in ecology, and one that is becoming increasingly urgent with global change. Several mechanisms, notably a portfolio effect associated with species richness, compensatory dynamics generated by negative species covariance and selection for stable dominant species populations can increase the stability of the overall community. While the importance of these mechanisms is debated, few studies have contrasted their importance in an environmental context. We analyzed nine long-term datasets of grassland species composition to investigate how two key environmental factors - precipitation amount and variability - may directly influence community stability and how they may indirectly influence stability via biotic mechanisms. We found that the importance of stability mechanisms varied along the environmental gradient: strong negative species covariance occurred in sites characterized by high precipitation variability, whereas portfolio effects increased in sites with high mean annual precipitation. Instead of questioning whether compensatory dynamics are important in nature, our findings suggest that debate should widen to include several stability mechanisms and how these mechanisms vary in importance across environmental gradients. | https://www.dur.ac.uk/research/directory/staff/?mode=pdetail&id=10459&pdetail=90020 |
This book contains the lectures presented at a conference held at Princeton University in May 1991 in honor of Elias M. Stein's sixtieth birthday. The lectures deal with Fourier analysis and its applications. The contributors to the...
Princeton University's Elias Stein was the first mathematician to see the profound interconnections that tie classical Fourier analysis to several complex variables and representation theory. His fundamental contributions include the...
Use Discount code KATEB to enjoy 30% off our March Book Club Pick – The Preacher's Wife by Kate Bowler. | https://press.princeton.edu/our-authors/wainger-stephen |
Madrid - Australian prodigy Terence Tao, aged just 31, was in elevated company Tuesday as he won the mathematics world's version of a Nobel prize, the Fields Medal, along with Russian recluse Grigory Perelman, Frenchman Wendelin Werner and Russian Andrei Okunkov.
Tao, Adelaide-born but based at the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA), was lauded for contributions to harmonic analysis and numerical theory.
His medal is another claim to fame for a brilliant academic who earned his PhD from Princeton University at 21 and was full professor of mathematics at UCLA at 24.
Asked why he devoted himself to pushing the boundaries of the discipline, Tao said: "Because it's fun."
"What interests me is the connection between maths and the real world," he said, following an awards ceremony presided by Spain's King Juan Carlos on the opening day of the 25th annual International Congress of Mathematicians in Madrid.
Dr Alf van der Poorten, emeritus professor of mathematics at the Sydney Centre for Number Theory Research, saluted Tao's achievement.
"It's a wonderful thing for Australian mathematics. He was a young genius and (Australia) had people in place to look after him. He comes back quite regularly," van der Poorten told AFP.
"Australia is really quite strong at world level," said the professor, adding that a clutch of other gifted young mathematicians down under were hoping to follow in Tao's footsteps.
John Garnett, former UCLA college chair of mathematics, recently placed Tao on a level with Mozart -- "except without Mozart's personality problems" -- and noted that "mathematics just flows out of him."
Tao became the first UCLA winner of the Fields Medal for his work on a branch of maths which uses equations from physics in the theoretical field of harmonic analysis -- a discipline that focuses on acoustic wave frequencies.
Other fields in which he specialises include algebraic geometry and number theory, while he has also been involved in extensive research on prime numbers based on theories first put forward more than two millennia ago by the Greek mathematician Euclid.
Tao says he likes to split up problems into little problems and once explained that "if I experiment enough, I get a deeper understanding." | http://www.dailytalkforum.com/thread-number-cruncher-tao-waves-maths-flag-for-australia |
In his latest statement to the United Nations Security Council, delivered on 8 January, the Head of the UN Verification Mission in Colombia, Carlos Ruiz Massieu, said that ongoing violence against social activists and FARC former combatants represents the gravest risk to the peace process and urged the Colombian government to fully implement the 2016 agreement.
Mr Massieu said that there were a number of encouraging developments over recent months, such as enhanced participation in October’s regional and municipal elections, the approval of new collective projects for FARC members and the strong commitment to peacebuilding from diverse sectors of Colombian society.
However, Mr Massieu said that greater focus was required for 9,000 FARC members living outside of official reincorporation zones, particularly in light of security risks and limited access to essential services, while it is also necessary to increase women’s participation. He also highlighted ongoing violence against social activists and said that, as core factors driving the violence are addressed in the peace agreement, full implementation is essential to protecting vulnerable communities.
In response to Mr Massieu’s statement, the British ambassador to the UN, Karen Pierce, welcomed advances in the peace process while reiterating the need for improved security measures for FARC members and social activists. She echoed the UN view that full implementation of the agreement is the most effective means of tackling violence. The reincorporation of FARC members was also vital to establishing lasting peace in Colombia, she said.
Below, you can read both statements in full.
Statement to UN Security Council by Head of the UN Verification Mission in Colombia, Carlos Ruiz Massieu
Mr. President, Distinguished Members of the Council:
Thank you for the opportunity to introduce the latest report of the Secretary-General on Colombia and to update the Council on the most recent developments. It is a pleasure to be here along with Foreign Minister Claudia Blum and Presidential Counsellor for Stabilization and Consolidation, Mr. Emilio Archila.
Mr. President,
During the year that just ended, Colombia continued making significant strides in its peace process even in the face of serious challenges, particularly in terms of security for conflict-affected communities, social leaders and former combatants. Enhanced participation and improved security in the October regional elections demonstrated the positive effect and the positive impact of the peace process on Colombian democracy. The Comprehensive System of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Non-Repetition continued its invaluable work, with the active participation of victims. Thousands of former combatants who only a few years ago were armed with weapons of war continue to forge new lives through the opportunities provided by peace, despite many difficulties and security risks.
These and many other achievements of the peace process have been possible because of the efforts of both the Colombian Government and the FARC, the support of the international community –including this Council– but because, also, Colombians around the country –social leaders, public officials, volunteers, members of the security forces, the private sector and many others– work every day to consolidate peace in their communities.
Just this past Saturday, in Southern Tolima, one of the regions where the conflict began a half century ago, former combatants, the Armed Forces and members of the community started building a bridge together in the benefit of surrounding communities. I cannot think of a more encouraging example to begin the new year than the image of former adversaries working with a local community to build a bridge together.
These hard-won gains must be protected, preserved and built upon, and the best path – as the Secretary-General has stressed again in his report – is through the comprehensive implementation of the Peace Agreement.
I do encourage both parties to deepen their dialogue regarding any differences on the implementation of the Final Agreement, especially through the mechanisms designed by the Agreement itself, such as the Commission for the Follow-up, Promotion and Verification of the Implementation of the Final Agreement, CSIVI. The social mobilizations that have taken place since last November have also opened an opportunity for constructive dialogue over peace implementation.
Mr. President,
On 27 December, in a welcome development, the “reintegration roadmap” was adopted. This roadmap establishes the framework for the long-term reintegration process. Consultations between the Government, particularly the Agency for Reintegration and Normalization with FARC were key to the finalization of this document, and the Mission, certainly, is looking forward to supporting the parties in its implementation.
Additionally, with the approval of twelve new collective productive projects, now close to 2,500 former combatants benefit from such projects. Beyond the projects’ approval and funding, it is important to ensure their long-term viability and sustainability, including through access to land, access to technical assistance and access to markets. It is also important to increase the participation of women, and the involvement of communities so that the projects help encourage development and reconciliation.
It remains necessary to continue devoting specific attention to the more than 9,000 former combatants living outside of the territorial areas. They face higher security risks and additional obstacles to access basic services and educational, employment and productive opportunities. Former combatants with disabilities should also be given special attention. Sustained measures are also needed to provide protective environments for over 2,000 children of former combatants.
I welcome the 128 additional accreditations for former combatants since the Secretary-General’s September report as a positive first step in moving forward with this important matter. I also call upon all relevant actors to intensify efforts to resolve the situation of former FARC-EP members whose accreditation remains pending. Without proper accreditation, they are left in legal uncertainty and cannot access reintegration benefits.
Mr. President,
The pervasive violence in conflict-affected areas continues to threaten the consolidation of peace, as illustrated by several profoundly worrying developments in the last few weeks. In his report, the Secretary-General warned of the risk of more widespread violence in the department of Chocó due to the activities of illicit armed groups. These past two weeks, communities in Bojayá, a municipality historically affected by the conflict, denounced that the illegal armed group Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia had occupied territories and confined several communities, while other communities in the area remain affected by the activities of the National Liberation Army (ELN). Last week, I met with Afro-Colombian leader Leyner Palacios from Bojayá and heard first-hand about the dire situation of these communities as well as communities across the Pacific Coast. On 23 December, artist and social leader Lucy Villarreal was killed in the Nariño department after conducting an artistic workshop for children. And the killings of former FARC-EP combatants resumed on the very first day of the year, with the death, in Cauca department of Benjamin Banguera Rosales.
The perpetrators of attacks against social leaders and former combatants must be brought swiftly to justice, including both material and intellectual authors, and more effective measures are still imperative to protect these individuals and their communities.
Mr. President,
Peace will not be fully achieved if the brave voices of social leaders continue to be silenced through violence and if former combatants who laid down their weapons and are committed to their reintegration continue to be killed. The announcement yesterday by authorities that they had thwarted a planned attempt against the life of the FARC party’s President, Rodrigo Londono, alias “Timochenko”, underscored the risks facing former FARC-EP members and the peace process itself, and how crucially important it is to guarantee their security.
Cauca, Chocó, Nariño. The epicentres of the violence remain the same as the Secretary-General has reported repeatedly, and the underlying conditions are consistent: rural areas affected by a limited State presence and persistent poverty, and where illegal armed groups and criminal structures continue victimizing populations, especially ethnic communities, to control illicit economies.
Each of these underlying causes of violence is addressed in different parts of the Peace Agreement. This is yet another reason to advance urgently with its full implementation. For instance, the development programmes with a territorial focus, one of the tools envisioned in Section 1 of the Peace Agreement on comprehensive rural reform, are helping bring much-needed investments for conflict-affected populations. Regarding illicit economies, the Peace Agreement created a crop substitution programme to support families in transitioning away from coca cultivation to other productive endeavours. Continued support for this Programme and security measures for its participants is essential. Additionally, the Peace Agreement provided for the development of a public policy to dismantle illegal armed groups, criminal structures and their support networks, this, through the National Commission on Security Guarantees. This Commission met, just this past Wednesday. It is urgent for this policy to be established and implemented, and that the Government can intensify efforts to address the security situation in former conflict areas.
Mr. President, to conclude
As Council members are aware, the Peace Agreement contains far-sighted provisions to address a multitude of challenges that have afflicted Colombia for decades. For this reason, we remain convinced that the full implementation of the Peace Agreement, in all its interconnected aspects, provides the best possible hope for Colombia to lay the foundations for a more peaceful and prosperous future. The Verification Mission and the United Nations System in Colombia will continue to support the parties to move forward. The support of the international community, and of this Security Council, in particular, will remain key.
Thank you.
Statement by British Ambassador to the United Nations, Karen Pierce
Thank you very much, Mr President. Before I start on Colombia, let me thank you for arranging the two moments of silence and also use this occasion to pay tribute to His late Majesty Sultan Qaboos of Oman.
Turning to Colombia, I’d like to welcome the Foreign Minister. We’re very pleased to have you here, ma’am and we wish you all the best in your new role. And thank you to the Special Representative for his report and for the briefing to the Council today. We very much share your analysis of events in Colombia over the past three months. This reflects both the achievements and the challenges of implementation of the peace agreement.
I’d also like, Mr President, to welcome the announcement by President Duque that he’d like the verification mission to stay in Colombia for the duration of his government. This is an important indication of the government’s commitment to peace.
Mr President, October saw the first local elections since the accords were reached and the first in which the FARC political party took part. Despite the concerning levels of violence during the campaign, election day showed the strength and inclusivity of Colombian democracy, with more candidates from across the political spectrum competing than ever before and the highest turnout in modern times. We were encouraged, too by the overwhelming commitment of those elected to continue along the path to peace. The newly-elected local authorities have a key role in implementation of the peace agreement, especially through the development programmes with a territorial focus. We welcome the government’s support for these programmes, including through expanded financing, and encourage coordination between national, departmental and local authorities to ensure effective implementation.
However, there are some areas in which urgent efforts are necessary to preserve the gains of the past three years. Fortunately, the mechanisms to address these already exist; the challenge is to make more effective use of them.
Firstly, we’re deeply concerned about the persistent level of violence and threats towards human rights defenders, community leaders, including women and former FARC-EP combatants. We have highlighted this point on previous occasions, but we’re concerned that the situation isn’t improving despite the government’s stated commitment to tackling the issue. To this end, we welcome last week’s meeting of the National Commission on Security Guarantees, and we encourage full and ongoing use of this mechanism, including engagement with civil society to further implementation.
We encourage prioritisation of the Action Plan of the Intersectoral Commission on Security for Women Leaders and Human Rights Defenders, which has the potential to transform departmental security conditions for the better. We also welcome recent steps to strengthen protection of former FARC-EP combatants, and note yesterday’s announcement of an operation to thwart a plan to attack FARC political party leader Rodrigo Londoño. We encourage the government to ensure the extension of protection measures to territorial areas for training and reintegration and informal settlement of former FARC-EP combatants.
Secondly, we urge the Colombian government to accelerate reintegration programmes. These are crucial to maintain combatants and communities’ faith in the process. Efforts should be made to ensure legal accreditation and access to income generating projects for former FARC-EP combatants living both inside and outside the former territorial areas for training and reintegration. More widely, we encourage the government to work with all stakeholders to resolve outstanding questions about the long-term status of these areas, particularly concerning the land on which they are located.
Finally, in his report, Special Representative emphasises the interconnected nature of all elements of the peace process. Implementing individual components of the agreement may produce limited outputs, but the outcome of inclusive, stable and lasting peace in Colombia will not be possible unless all components progress simultaneously and in a coherent fashion. In this regard, we encourage the Colombian government to take advantage of the national dialogue process it’s begun following the recent protests, to build consensus with diverse sectors and ensure implementation continues in an effective and comprehensive manner.
Mr President, the United Kingdom recognises the important progress that has been achieved so far in Colombia and we look forward to continuing to support the Colombian government to ensure a lasting peace enjoyed by all.
Thank you. | https://justiceforcolombia.org/news/statements-by-un-verification-mission-and-british-government-on-colombian-peace-process/ |
Another means to alter the desktop computer wallpaper in Windows is to open up the Personalize alternative on the desktop computer (called Residence in Windows XP). To do this, do the following:.
Right-click on the desktop computer and also select Personalize. (Or in the Windows 10 menu, most likely to Setups > Customization > History.).
In Windows 8/7/Vista through Control board's Customization applet, and also in Windows XP using the Show Control board applet.
Under the History dropdown, select Image.
You can choose to utilize a pre-loaded picture from Microsoft or select Browse to discover a different image on your hard drive.
You can additionally choose if you want the picture to fit, stretch, or load the display, or perhaps for it to be tiled, focused, or extended throughout several displays.
Some variations of Windows have additional options here, like automatically changing the desktop computer wallpaper after so-many seconds, which is available in convenient if you do not intend to settle with just one history. | https://entepic.info/space-hd-retina-wallpaper/md02-wallpaper-alien-view-of-earth-space-papers-co/ |
The second working session of the Open-ended Working Group on Ageing with the purpose of strengthening the protection of the human rights of older persons took place from 1-4 August in New York. Member States and Civil Society Organizations made numerous statements expressing their views on the current situation of the human rights of older persons around the world.
In addition, various panel discussions took place, which focused on discrimination, right to health, violence and abuse against older persons, social protection and exclusion.
The precarious situation of widows in Tanzania was highlighted by Teresa Minja: “Widowhood profoundly changes the status of women in Tanzania and undermines their security. Customary laws deny widows the right to inherit common matrimonial assets. For older widows, discrimination compounds the effects of a lifetime of poverty and gender discrimination. This can result in extreme impoverishment and isolation”.
Salvacion Basiano from the Philippines talked about community organizing with older persons: “Advocating for major issues of older people brought to the society’s consciousness our plight and engaged the government to respond favourably…..Now, a number of Congressmen and Senators have filed bills seeking to protect senior citizens from abuse.”
“We need to make a benefit of age – it should be a benefit, not a burden“, said Oldrich Stanek, addressing social exclusion from a Czech perspective.
The Open-ended Working Group discussed existing international frameworks on human rights, identified gaps and how to address them and considered the feasibility of further instruments and measures. | https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/social/creating-awareness-for-the-rights-of-older-persons.html |
First Amendment Clinic
The First Amendment Clinic provides students interested in the freedoms of speech, press, and information with firsthand, cutting edge experience in the field. Our students take the lead in First Amendment litigation, advocacy, and policy matters. We represent news outlets, journalists, researchers, and scholars reporting and communicating important news and information. The Clinic's work extends across disciplines, impacting the work of human rights advocates, political activists, and other individuals targeted based on their expression. From case development to filing dispositve motions and beyond, our students learn a wide range of practical litigation skills.
Clinic students can expect to:
1) Conduct intakes and vet potential cases;
2) Interview clients and supporting witnesses;
3) Conduct in-depth offensive and defensive legal research;
4) Draft correspondence with opposing counsel;
5) Draft and edit party and amicus briefs;
6) Draft press releases and blog and other social media posts;
7) Conduct legislative and policy analysis; and
8) Work collaboratively in a team-based environment.
If you believe you have a matter that the clinic should take on, please contact our Assistant Director, Cortelyou Kenney: [email protected], to set up an intake.
The Clinic is Hiring!
Cornell Law School First Amendment Clinic Summer Fellowships
The First Amendment Clinic at Cornell Law School invites applications for its 2020 Summer Fellowships. Applications will be reviewed on a rolling basis.
The First Amendment Clinic provides law students interested in the fields of freedom of the press, freedom of information, freedom of speech, freedom of association, and where applicable, freedom of religion, with the opportunity to enrich their understanding of these vital rights by working on cutting-edge litigation, advocacy, and policy work. A key component of the Clinic’s efforts will be to support journalists and media outlets in their vital work.
The current docket includes matters related to:
-
The First Amendment and freedom of information laws that aim to help support both national and local watchdog and investigative journalists promote their critical function of increasing government accountability;
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Public interest organizations representing immigrant’s rights;
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Criminal justice organizations working with incarcerated individuals, including
on the issue of capital punishment;
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Protecting individuals who have been targeted on the bases of their speech
Summer fellows may undertake work involving the following: 1) Conducting intakes and vetting potential cases that could have significant impact on existing law; 2) Interviewing clients and supporting fact and expert witnesses; 3) Conducting in-depth offensive and defensive legal research; 4) Drafting and editing party and amicus briefs; 5) Drafting press releases and blog and other social media posts; 6) Conducting legislative and policy analysis; and 7) Working collaboratively in a team-based environment. Fellows will work under the direct supervision of clinical faculty members and supervising attorneys and will have significant responsibility for each case or project on which they work.
The Fellowship will run from May 18 to July 31, 2020, with some flexibility as to start and end dates. Part-time work or full-time work for a portion of the Fellowship period may also be possible.
These are paid positions, with a salary of $15.63/hour. If the fellows are Cornell Law students, the fellows will be expected to use their public interest fellowship funds to cover a portion of the costs of their summers. Students who are eligible for summer funding from their own sources and who need an early decision on their applications to qualify for outside support are encouraged to advise the Clinic of their situations and to request expedited review of their candidacies.
Interested students should email a cover letter, a resume, a writing sample stating the degree of review and editing it was given, transcript, and contact information for two references to [email protected]. (Transcripts, if not immediately available, can be sent after the initial application, but before the submission deadline.) The final deadline to submit application materials is March 30, 2020. Early applications are encouraged.
Diversity and Inclusion are a part of Cornell University’s heritage. We are a recognized employer and educator valuing AA/EEO, Protected Veterans, and Individuals with Disabilities. | https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/Clinical-Programs/first-amendment-clinic/About-us.cfm |
Eagles,
Welcome to the 2021-2022 school year!
Welcome to the 2021-2022 school year!
This school year is off to an incredible start, and I am looking forward to seeing our students continue to progress! It is my commitment to provide every opportunity for our students so that they may leave prepared for their next phase of life.
At Etiwanda we have many academic initiatives that support students with the aim of achieving our school-wide vision: “All students at Etiwanda will graduate ready for college and career.” Throughout this school year, we will continue to improve student achievement and classroom instruction by offering a variety of academic support programs which will help to accomplish this vision. This year we are offering new courses, broadening our college preparatory program, increasing student interventions (Academic and Health & Wellness) and continuing to guide students toward meeting the graduation and A-G college requirements.
Safety will continue to be our highest priority. I want to thank you for your patience and support as we navigated the difficulties presented by the COVID-19 global pandemic. While conditions and guidelines have shifted, and we can now return to school safely, the pandemic is not over. As a community, we will commit to all safety protocols and be ready to adjust accordingly as the situation or recommendations demand. The pandemic tested our District and our community, and our hearts go out to our staff and our families who suffered from illness, economic hardship, and loss.
Students, I encourage you to be prepared each day, to be aware of your time and to be connected. There are many opportunities available to help you stay on track and stay connected to our school. Please reach out to your teachers and counselors for assistance as you strive towards academic success.
Parents, the partnership between student, parent, and teachers is essential to every student's academic success. I encourage you to emphasize the importance of daily attendance with your student, communicate often with our teachers and regularly monitor grades and academic progress through Canvas. Together, we will ensure that your child is successful. For further support, please visit the Parent Resources tab to learn more about these opportunities.
Also, every parent and student are encouraged to utilize Canvas to track student academic progress. We strongly encourage all parents who do not have an account to sign up for this service. This important partnership between student, parent, and teachers is essential to every student's academic success. Another important partnership within our school community is Etiwanda High School Community Connection. “E-High CC” is made up of parents, staff and community members working together to support all Etiwanda High School stakeholders. I encourage you to participate and be involved in your student’s high school experience.
I look forward to another amazing school year in the service of our students, parents, and community.
Eagle Pride!
R. Mac Wolfe, Ed.D. | https://ehs.cjuhsd.net/apps/spotlightmessages/10928 |
Shaping a shared future in a fractured world | Eve Reed | Tea & Water Ltd.
World leaders, policy makers and thinkers are currently in Switzerland for the 2018 World Economic Forum (WEF) annual meeting. This year’s theme is ‘creating a shared future in a fractured world’. Of course this is about geopolitical issues, but at its heart, it is about inclusiveness, and rebalancing progress for fairer, more egalitarian societies.
Obviously these fractures mean many different things to different people socially and economically. But for all those who feel at the wrong end of our rapidly-changing, modern world, it means watching the gaps within our communities widen to a frightening degree, in an era when we might reasonably have thought we’d be doing better.
You have only to look at the latest index listing of the world’s most inclusive economies to see many of the most developed countries are not even on the list. The index comes from more than just GDP, looking at living standards and how effectively nations are future-proofing their economies.
As the WEF puts it, political, economic and social fractures ‘risk dividing us, by fostering intolerance, indecision and inaction’. This week’s WEF meeting is calling on leaders to collaborate to create a shared narrative to improve our world.
History shows our world has been forever fractured: we are constantly divided by the way our economic, political and social landscapes operate. But this doesn’t mean we pull up the drawbridge of possibility on the seemingly impossible.
A brighter future – a shared future must be out there. And indecision, inaction and intolerance can be frustrated at all levels: whether it’s on an international, multicultural stage like the WEF, among global businesses, or at grassroots level in cities and other places around the world. There are many individual people and organisations doing great things globally who will never stop trying, never stop innovating or fighting to eradicate the barriers that divide our societies.
From the WEF perspective, this year’s theme means making a case for renewed commitment to international collaboration as a way of solving critical global challenges. These challenges are manifold, but obviously include climate change, food waste and security, and sustainable urban development.
These topics are all, of course, among the WEF agenda this week, and are deeply interlinked issues we often focus on here at Tea & Water. A climate proof future, for one, calls for true collaboration and collective purpose – not just between countries, but between their citizens and cities.
We know cities are absolutely crucial to our future on so many levels. What happens in our metropolises shapes our planet, not just environmentally, but economically, politically and socially. They are the epicentre of human communication, of connectedness. But if these places are fractured and divided, how do we get individuals to come together collectively, to care about our world and what happens to it, when many people feel so distanced and unequal?
The WEF’s mission is about improving the state of the world. At Tea & Water, the essence of what we do is about changing people’s behaviour in a positive way. And for us, it’s always done on an emotional rather than a rational level.
If the many millions of people not benefiting from improved economic or social conditions can start to truly see a shared, fairer future then they may also begin to engage more as citizens. And they may feel more of an emotional connection to their environment and society that has benefits way beyond what is tangible.
More than 2500 people from governments, business, civil society and academia (spanning at least 100 countries) have come together at the WEF summit this week to collaborate across hundreds of different working sessions. The message and intent are positive and we hope to see bold steps and concrete actions.
Tea & Water: what’s in a name? | https://www.teaandwater.co/insights/thoughts/a-shared-future-in-a-fractured-world/ |
A common space for harmonic peacemakers
"See simplicity in the complicated.
Achieve greatness in small things.
In the universe the difficult things
are done as if they are easy."
~ Lao Tsu
Tao Te Ching
We are creative spiritual beings living in a Creative Universe. Everything is connected. Everything has a spiritual energy and is an expression of the Deep Wisdom of Source Consciousness that evolves and maintains our Universe. That Source lives within Nature, within you, within everything. We are ALL part of One Field of Quantum light. Ecological Consciousness is Spiritual Consciousness. Scientists and Mystics use different words to describe this truth of our fundamental unity and cosmic origins. Look around and within, connect with this shared Spirit/Energy Nature, the LOVE that permeates the Universe. Then live it, be it, express and share it...
~ Christopher Chase
Artwork: "Spirit Bear", by Simon Haiduk
https://simonhaiduk.com
Views: 28
beautiful post just loved reading lun thankyou luna for sharing it
This is one of the beliefs that I adhere to, because of the so many connections that I have discovered! | https://peaceformeandtheworld.ning.com/group/ecological-consciousness/forum/topics/we-are-all-part-of-one-field-of-quantum-light?commentId=5143044%3AComment%3A385818&groupId=5143044%3AGroup%3A378261 |
The professional success of Generation X and the Baby Boomers is based on the fact that they often have subordinated themselves and their life concept to the work requirements. In the case of additional work, this dependency leads to frustration, which results in lower efficiency and lack of esteem and can go as far as internal dismissal. The digital natives, on the other hand, are more independent. Due to the shortage of skilled workers, they feel less pressure to adapt and demand participation at eye level. They judge work assignments for meaningfulness and personal learning interest and leave the company if they do not see both fulfilled. Last but not least, her own parents were the best example of how little joyful and family-compatible a workaholic life is. The reward concept for skilled workers socialized in industrial economics (Baby Boomers and Generation X) are powers and privileges. The reward concept for the network generation, however, is the active participation in an interesting project and the appreciation of the community. Thus, many digital natives reject the work ethic of older employees, based on diligence and obedience. For them, instead, experience and respect count – at eye level. They want to work faster on their own responsibility, they want constructive feedback instead of critical control. The Generation X and older managers, wise enough to enable young professionals to do what they have been denied to do in their day-to-day work, will ultimately benefit from a confident workforce that does not pay lip service to the young and old who are actively involved that everyone with their individual skills counts for the community.
- Organizational factors
Social change continues in the companies. Organizations are undergoing a profound change at a structural, procedural, cultural and personal level. Theoretically, leadership and leadership systems should be appropriate to these essential conditions. Practically, however, they often remain strangely untouched.
- The way we work and where we work is changing. The Internet and digital technologies, especially the mobile use of data and information, not only redesign our everyday lives, they also lead to profound changes in the economy and in the world of work: in the context of digitization, new forms of human interaction emerge among themselves, but also with data worlds and the physical environment. The “Internet of Things and Services” is being created, which will enable the provision of everyday services and work processes in the future, thanks to a network of people, machines and environments, customized and automated, and will form new “smart” services. This leads to largely digitized work concepts and processes. Not only in the knowledge-intensive processes in the office and administration, but also in industry and in many service sectors, digital content is changing work contents and forms. Robots will cooperate with humans. New forms of collaboration and better ergonomics will emerge, in factories, in logistics, but also in people-centered services. The “Internet of Things” is also increasingly involved in manufacturing processes, where it realizes completely new possibilities of individualized production concepts and an increased cooperative self-organization of its employees on the basis of so-called cyber-physical systems. What is already standard in highly automated areas such as electronics manufacturing can be transferred to lot size 1 areas with today’s possibilities. Both the spatial-temporal distance between the management level and the managed and the potential of this networked self-organization clearly call into question presence and control-oriented management mechanisms.
- Automation will replace a significant proportion of jobs. The increasing interconnectedness of supply and demand with regard to the localizability, evaluability and combinability of all arising communication, position and change data not only offers new business opportunities, which are comprehensively summarized under the buzzword of “Big Data”, but will also further optimize the organizational processes. This is worth a critical look: It raises the question of who in the future will do any work at all.
Automation will replace up to 47 percent of office, administration, service and sales jobs, according to a study by the University of Oxford. In particular, the algorithms will change the office and thus also the everyday life of the executives, because in the near future they could derive decisions from within seconds. In addition to processing operations, especially knowledge-intensive activities of analysis, synthesis and interpretation come under pressure; they may possibly be provided by intelligent algorithms. On the basis of a framework agreement, entire purchasing transactions and decisions can be made automatically. Even market observations, performance measurements and analyzes, still created today by the management, could translate the intelligent software from networked system and environment data much more quickly into vivid infographics and steer the corresponding person in quasi-real time. Supposedly secure jobs are becoming increasingly substitutable and relocatable. This also threatens knowledge workers to become the losers of technical progress, which are considered largely safe in previous rationalization discussions.
- Human labor needs redefinition. The algorithmization and automation described mercilessly shows us how intelligent sensors and software are now communicating and how little the knowledge worker has developed in terms of his abilities. The challenge now is to productively relate the labor force in general and the knowledge workers in particular to the systems.
Which skills they have to train as human beings to qualify against the algorithm in the future, exactly this definition and qualification is the central task, the solution should take the leadership now to their responsibilities to the employees to do justice. In contrast to the algorithms, this not only means a new definition of what remains as competences and activities of the knowledge worker, but also what tasks management bodies no longer have to fulfill instead.
- The principle of self-organization could be much broader. The concept of “Industry 4.0” as an idea of the increasing networking of humans and machines as well as the most diverse addressable, communicable objects in terms of cyber-physical systems holds opportunities for companies, which lie in the increasing decentralization and small-scale coordination of all actors. This allows people (in a positive case) greater autonomy and flexibility – without the need for classic instructions “from above”. | https://explolert.com/generation-conflict-on-value-understanding-of-work/ |
Plans to erect a huge 164ft ferris wheel next to Pompeii have raised fears the attraction could damage the ancient Roman city by attracting too many tourists.
A proposal to build a wheel around 300 yards (274 meters) from the historically treasured site near Naples has reportedly been lodged with local authorities.
The mayor’s office is looking over an application for the giant tourist attraction next to the preserved city, according to the Times.
But a government minister today said that if any such plan was put before his office it would be turned down.
Alberto Bonisoli, Minister of Culture for the Italian government, said his offices had not received a plan for a wheel, but added it would be rejected if it was put forward.
He tweeted today: ‘Ferris wheel in front of the site of @pompeii_sites? No mention of it at all.
The proposed ferris wheel would reportedly sit just 300 yards (274 meters) from Pompeii and stand at around 164ft (50 meters)
Ancient walls and vineyard near the Garden of the Fugitives in Pompeii with Mt. Vesuvius in the background
‘I have no news that such a project has been presented to our offices, but if it arrives we will send it back to the sender.’
Concerns were also raised by local officials who fear the amusement ride could attract too many of a ‘lower level of visitor’ and damage the beauty of Pompeii.
A spokesman for the city mayor’s office said any proposal to boost the area’s economy would be considered.
He told the Times: ‘We would be happy. Any proposal that can help the economy is positive, but we need to run checks [over] a month before we give planning permission.’
- ‘It is a cultural tragedy’: Flames engulf the National… Inside a modern-day Pompeii: Stark images capture the… Shocking satellite photos show entire towns obliterated… People trapped in blazing tower block ‘jump to their death’…
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The ancient Roman city was buried, along with neighbouring Herculaneum, by volcanic ash after Mount Vesuvius erupted in AD79, killing more than 2,000 people.
This pyroclastic flow preserved the inhabitants and their surroundings leaving detailed insight into the everyday life of its inhabitants.
Organic remains, including wooden objects and human bodies were entombed in the ash and decayed away, making natural moulds for excavators to make plaster casts.
An archaeologist inspects the remains of a horse skeleton in the Pompeii archaeological site in December last year
Italian Culture Minister Alberto Bonisoli said his office had not received any plans for a ferris wheel near Pompeii
The ruins were discovered in the 16th century and the first excavations of the city began in 1748.
Nearby Herculaneum was properly rediscovered in 1738 by workmen digging for the foundations of a palace for the King of Naples, Charles of Bourbon.
Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with around three million visitors every year.
Archaeological discoveries are still being made in Pompeii and increased tourism is a constant worry for the regional authorities.
Earlier this month well-preserved thermopolias – a kind of fast food counter – were unearthed in the north of the city by archaeologists.
Moves to crackdown on tourism damaging other historical sites have been taken elsewhere in Italy such as in Rome and Venice. | https://iknowallnews.com/world-news/anger-over-plans-for-giant-165ft-ferris-wheel-next-to-pompeii/ |
Who blew up the lab in Breaking Bad?
The lab was proposed by Lydia Rodarte-Quayle and financed by Gustavo Fring and Peter Schuler, with the construction costing approximately $8 million….Employees.
|First||Last|
|“Más”||“Live Free or Die” (destroyed)|
What episode of Breaking Bad does Walt blows up Tucos office?
Walter walks triumphantly away from Tuco Salamanca’s destroyed hideout. Episode no. “Crazy Handful of Nothin'” is the sixth episode of the first season of the American television crime drama series Breaking Bad.
What episode of Breaking Bad is the explosion?
Face Off (Breaking Bad)
|“Face Off”|
|After an explosion, half of Gus Fring’s face is blown off. The visual effects in this scene earned the episode an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Special Visual Effects.|
|Episode no.||Season 4 Episode 13|
|Directed by||Vince Gilligan|
|Written by||Vince Gilligan|
What does Walter White throw that exploded?
In anticipation of the negotiations not going to plan, Walt hasn’t actually given Tuco a bag of crystal meth but in fact crystals of ‘fulminate of mercury’ – a high explosive! He throws a crystal on the ground which detonates creating an almighty explosion.
Why did Walt burn the lab?
Walt had to minimise the amount of information law enforcement will eventually be able to learn from the lab and he didn’t have any time at all to destroy the evidence selectively.
Is the Howard Dean scream in Breaking Bad?
The Dean scream can be heard as an audio sample in the 2008 Breaking Bad episode “Crazy Handful of Nothin'”, when character Walter White blows drug kingpin Tuco Salamanca’s offices up with fulminated mercury.
How does Walt meet Tuco?
Walt, Jesse, and Tuco at the junkyard (“A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal”) Walt and Jesse set up a meeting with Tuco in a auto junkyard.
What did they use to dissolve bodies in breaking bad?
hydrofluoric acid (HF)
In a gruesome scene, Jesse adds hydrofluoric acid (HF) to dissolve the body. It’s a useful acid to have in any lab because of its unusual chemistry. It dissolves glass and so has to be stored in plastic (PTFE or Teflon) bottles.
Is breaking bad based on a true story?
Is Breaking Bad Based on the Real-Life Walter White? Despite popular belief, Breaking Bad didn’t take any inspiration from real-life stories of drug dealers. Rather, creator Vince Gillian first conceptualized the idea after working on The X-Files. | https://ventolaphotography.com/who-blew-up-the-lab-in-breaking-bad/ |
We organise training on various subjects with regards to care for Gwynedd Council workers and agencies that have service level agreements / contracts with the Council.
This qualification provides an opportunity to develop knowledge and skills around supporting individuals with dementia. The qualification is important for supporting social care workers in developing their knowledge, skills and understanding of people who have dementia.
002 - Person centred approaches to the care and support of individuals with dementia.
003 - Understand the factors that can influence communication and interaction with individuals who have dementia.
004 - Understand equality, diversity and inclusion in dementia care.
To book a place on this course fill in our online form.
Active support changes the style of support working with a person rather than doing for. It promotes independence and supports people to take an active part in their own lives. In order to provide effective support, staff training is needed on how to present the right type of support. Knowledge and understanding of the theory of active support and understanding the importance of active support.
To register for this award fill in our online form.
Target audience: For those who have attended an Active Support - Awareness session.
Target audience: Social workers and relevant workers from children's agencies and preventative services.
To facilitate the participants in developing their understanding and confidence in assessments and interventions with children under 12 and their families were the child is displaying sexually problematic or harmful behaviours.
To consider definitions of healthy, problematic and harmful sexual behaviours in children.
To provide information from research and practice on why younger children may act in a sexual way.
To introduce the AIM assessment model for younger children with frameworks for professional decision making, and give participants an opportunity to use them.
To provide information on programmes of interventions with children, their families and their networks.
To facilitate participants in trying out techniques for working with children and their families.
To facilitate participants in linking the course information to their own practice.
The role and functions of the North Wales Safeguarding Board.
Key priorities for the North Wales Safeguarding Board.
Overview of the key practice themes identified from adult/child practice reviews held in North Wales.
The interface with the National Safeguarding Board for Wales.
The course is for those who work with adults on the Autistic spectrum, such as support workers, social workers and anybody else who has close contact.
This course looks at the impact of Autism can have on a person and teach you how to make your practice more proactive.
You will learn the needs of people with Autism and develop strategies to improve learning and quality of life outcomes.
The course is for those who work with children on the Autistic spectrum, such as support workers, teachers and classroom assistants.
This course looks at the impact of Autism can have on a child and teach you how to make your practice more proactive.
You will learn the needs of children with Autism and develop strategies to improve learning and quality of life outcomes.
Do thing differently and to do different things.
This course will support the conversational skills of staff and build on their insight into important view wishes and feelings of people they support. The course will share some tools with staff to help them to have sensitive skilled conversations focused on what really matters to people.
Gain understanding of baby, child and teenage brain development.
Understand the impact of poverty, neglect and poor parenting on the developing brain.
Understand the impact on practice and be able to compile effective interventions based on child/teenage developmental needs.
Consider the impact of external factors – environment, culture, religion, school and media.
Know how to build effective communication strategies with children and teenagers.
As the number of people with dementia increases we see the need for carers, responders and family, to employ new skills in order to de-escalate a situation. This course will demonstrate the art of assisting a person with dementia out of a panic attack, an anger outburst or from fighting those around them when triggered into the flight or fight response.
Many professionals working in the housing sector have to deal with issues associated with clients/tenants drug use on a regular basis. This one day course provides a comprehensive overview of current drug trends with a particular focus on working with clients/tenants who may be drug/alcohol dependent. The course will help staff identify particular substances and signs of drug use on the premises. The training also provides clear guidance on the law and managing drug related incidents.
To explore how and why patterns of drug use are changing.
To identify particular substances and signs of their use.
To gain an understanding of the nature of drug/alcohol addiction.
To be aware of current legislation governing drug use on premises.
To understand the good practice guidelines in managing drug related incidents.
To understand where further help, information and advice is available.
The “All About Dementia” awareness course covers the foundation knowledge for anyone involved in dementia care. Focusing on the practical issues of caring for a person with dementia, we look at the ‘retained’ versus the ‘lost’ abilities. Our foundation course is built around best practice with communication being key. Delegates will gain insight into the techniques to use for optimal care compliance. We look at Person Centred Care, and the unique differences between the stages of the dementia journey.
To identify different kinds of dementia and the signs and symptoms. To discuss and find ways of adapting practice in order to meet people’s needs.
To understand what deprivation of liberty is.
To be able to identify people whom we support who may be deprived of their liberty.
To understand roles and responsibilities.
To understand the process of authorising a Dols locally.
Provide an introduction to the legal framework.
How is deprivation likely to occur and in what circumstances /settings.
Discussion on forms, meetings and timescales.
Have the necessary knowledge and practical skills for a move from "care" to "enablement".
Target Audience: This qualification is aimed at Cooks, Assistant cooks.
A book will be distributed prior to training and the attendees are expected to read the book before the actual two-day face to face training.
These include ensuring compliance with food safety legislation, the application and monitoring of good hygiene practice, how to implement food safety management procedures and the application and monitoring of good practice regarding contamination, microbiology and temperature control.
The aim of this course is to ensure that all staff members, especially new ones, will develop a basic understanding of health and safety at work and earn a level 2 qualification as evidence of this. The course will then provide opportunities for learners to develop key skills that will ensure their safety, their colleague’s safety and users within the workplace.
Provides basic information for all involved in preparing or providing food to others.
Learners will attend 4 full day workshops and 4 half day support sessions.
Successful completion of this course will meet the requirements to register with Social Care Wales before 2020.
The Workshop provides a practical introduction to the Makaton Language Programme.
Sessions include discussing commonly asked questions, hints and tips for effective signing and symbol use and how to start using Makaton in everyday situations at home or work.
A working knowledge of MCA 2005 and how to apply it in practice in assessment of need and care planning.
Understand what is meant by Best Interest Decision Making and current case law and implications for practice.
Understand the interface of mental capacity assessment with safeguarding, discharge planning and placement and Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards.
A working knowledge of how MCA and Dols applies to children and young people.
A one-day training session on mental health encompassing: what is stress and how it can affect physical and mental health; mental health; Common signs and symptoms of depression, anxiety disorders and psychotic disorders; How to manage stress better and how to care for mental health.
This is a full day course that enables managers and supervisors to play their part in building a culture that recognises and supports the mental wellbeing of their team. In doing so, it can assist in creating a more positive, resilient workforce, increasing productivity and reducing sickness absence.
It gives staff the practical understanding, specific tools and confidence to go back to their workplace and create a working environment that better supports mental wellbeing.
to provide comfort to a person experiencing a mental health problem.
To provide information on the Multiple Sclerosis and Motor Neuron Society.
To discuss options of ensuring nutritional needs are met when dealing with intolerances/allergies etc .
Target audience: Senior practitioners and Social Workers supporting adults. Management teams of residential domiciliary and day services for adults.
This one day course aims to enable participants already familiar with the Mental Capacity Act to maximise their skills in assessing mental capacity for sexual relationships. This is a complex area which has links to many other areas of law. The course will provide an in-depth analysis of the case law and legal requirements on local authority staff. It will guide practitioners about the next steps that should be taken if they think a person lacks the mental capacity to consent to a sexual relationship to ensure vulnerable older people are adequately safeguarded.
Dates: Please contact us for dates.
Target audience: People who look after children of all ages, particularly children aged 8 or under.
This course is designed for people who look after children of all ages, particularly children under 8 years of age.
A training course explores how person-centred care puts people and their families at the centre of any care and support decisions or intervention.
The course aims to build confidence amongst practitioners, to be able to support or facilitate positive risk – taking with people with social care needs.
Participants will be given an opportunity to re-visit the purpose of their work, recognising that their role is to enable outcomes and to support people to realise a good life, which encompasses positive risk and responsibility.
Participants look at the requirements of the Social services and Wellbeing Act and how it relates to their practice and how regulation and standards should enable us to take positive risk in our roles.
Participants will be guided on how to adopt a “defensible decision making approach, when facilitating positive risk taking within their practice.
Target audience: Managers and staff who support people with learning disabilities.
Understand why, when and how behavior occurs and what purpose they serve to the person.
The training focuses on proactive interventions rather than reactive.
This course covers the essential knowledge needed by anyone who provides direct support and implements behaviour support strategies or a behaviour support plan. It builds on a basic understanding of the values base and science of PBS and extends the knowledge gained from Positive behaviour support awareness session.
Participants will explore the purpose and essential elements of a behaviour support plan and learn what they need to do to support functional assessments. The programme also covers implementing a range of behaviour support strategies including proactive strategies such as teaching new skills as well as reactive strategies.
What do we mean by reflection in Social Work?
What are the barriers to reflective practice and might we overcome these?
The 'BIG SIX' Concepts in reflection.
Using models to enhance reflection.
Trainer: Social workers, nurses, managers and deputy managers from all Adult provider services, including partnership agencies, housing managers, and all other relevant professionals who may take part in safeguarding enquiries or investigations.
You must have attended POVA L2 or the All Wales Basic Safeguarding Awareness Training before attending this training.
Know how to recognise different types of harm, abuse and neglect.
The programme gives social care and health workers the knowledge and understanding needed to make the transition into a management role.
This is a flexible course aimed at providing a good basic but broad understanding of stroke illness and its impact on both sufferers and their families.
The nature of the training is based on the belief that people learn best by taking part in activities, discussion and shared experience.
The day is suitable for both new and experienced carers and aims to affirm and consolidate existing knowledge and skills as well as introducing further information.
This training will equip supervisors and managers with the key skills and knowledge to create a positive, supportive environment for the Supervision process.
We explain the stages of Alzheimer’s disease by using the analogy of Six Precious Jewels: easy to remember, dignified terminology and a practical tool for best practice care. What can you expect of each of the Jewels? What are their needs? How can you best help fulfil those needs?
Explore the difference between theories, models, methods and approaches.
Consider why theory informed practice is important in social work practice.
Consider how theory can be used in practice.
Refresh on some of the main contemporary theories in social work.
if COURSE FULL appears next to the date please email us at [email protected] we might be able to arrange further courses.
Disclaimer: References on pages within the Workforce Development section, to any specific produce, service or company does not constitute its endorsement by the Gwynedd Workforce Development Partnership. | https://www.gwynedd.llyw.cymru/en/Businesses/Help,-support-and-training/Workforce-development-Partnership/Training-courses-and-online-booking.aspx |
For a long time, the cure for diabetes type 1 and type 2 has relied on agonizing insulin shots for patients or insulin infusion via mechanical pumps. Regarding this, experts have been creating artificial pancreatic beta cells with the he…
According to this study, over the next five years the Center Stack Panel Display market will register a xx%% CAGR in terms of revenue, the global market size will reach $ xx million by 2025, from $ xx million in 2019. In particular, this report presents the global market share (sales and revenue) of key companies in Center Stack Panel Display business, shared in Chapter 3.
This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of Center Stack Panel Display market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions and countries.
This study specially analyses the impact of Covid-19 outbreak on the Center Stack Panel Display, covering the supply chain analysis, impact assessment to the Center Stack Panel Display market size growth rate in several scenarios, and the measures to be undertaken by Center Stack Panel Display companies in response to the COVID-19 epidemic.
Segmentation by type: breakdown data from 2015 to 2020, in Section 2.3; and forecast to 2025 in section 11.7.
- TFT LCD
- OLED
Segmentation by application: breakdown data from 2015 to 2020, in Section 2.4; and forecast to 2024 in section 11.8.
- OEM
- Aftermarket
This report also splits the market by region: Breakdown data in Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
- Americas
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
- Brazil
- APAC
- China
- Japan
- Korea
- Southeast Asia
- India
- Australia
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- UK
- Italy
- Russia
- Middle East & Africa
- Egypt
- South Africa
- Israel
- Turkey
- GCC Countries
The report also presents the market competition landscape and a corresponding detailed analysis of the major vendor/manufacturers in the market. The key manufacturers covered in this report: Breakdown data in in Chapter 3.
- Alpine Electronics, Inc.
- Visteon Corporation
- Continental AG
- Hyundai Mobis
- MTA S.p.A
- HARMAN International
- Robert Bosch GmbH
- Panasonic Corporation
- Texas Instruments Incorporated
- Preh GmbH
In addition, this report discusses the key drivers influencing market growth, opportunities, the challenges and the risks faced by key manufacturers and the market as a whole. It also analyzes key emerging trends and their impact on present and future development.
Research objectives
- To study and analyze the global Center Stack Panel Display consumption (value & volume) by key regions/countries, type and application, history data from 2015 to 2019, and forecast to 2025.
- To understand the structure of Center Stack Panel Display market by identifying its various subsegments.
- Focuses on the key global Center Stack Panel Display manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
- To analyze the Center Stack Panel Display with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.
- To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).
- To project the consumption of Center Stack Panel Display submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).
- To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
- To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies. | https://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/global-center-stack-panel-display-market-growth-2020-2025-market-report.html |
Infectious Disease Physicians
The Division of Infectious Disease at Jamaica Hospital Medical Center provides treatment to those diagnosed with infectious disorders caused by organisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi.
Our Board Certified infectious disease physicians utilize a state-of-the-art microbiology lab as well as the most advanced tools in medicine to diagnose and treat a broad range of communicable and non-communicable infectious disorders on an inpatient and outpatient basis. Outpatient treatment is adequate for a majority of conditions, though our physicians may recommend inpatient treatment for conditions that are highly contagious or that require an aggressive course of treatment.
Some of the diseases that we treat include but are not limited to:
- HIV/AIDS
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (including syphilis, herpes, gonorrhea and chlamydia)
- Urinary tract infection
- Hepatitis A, B
- Tuberculosis
- Influenza (Flu)
- Staphylococcal infections such as MRSA
- Lyme disease
- Malaria
- Complicated skin and soft tissue infection
- Travel-associated fever and infections
- Diabetic foot infection (including osteomyelitis)
- Community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia (MDRO)
- Orthopedic-associated infection (including hardware, prosthetics and bone and joint infection)
Our infectious disease physicians work closely with Jamaica Hospital’s Infection Control Committee to implement policies and procedures that ensure patient safety throughout the entire treatment process.
To learn more about our infectious disease services or to make an appointment with our infectious disease physicians, please contact Jamaica Hospital Medical Center at 718-206-6000. | https://jamaicahospital.org/clinical-services/infectious-disease/ |
This article describes general guidelines and minimum requirements for the design of safety instrumented systems. This article shall be read in conjunction with SES-X03-S01.
2. References
Reference is made in this article to the following documents.
R01-E01 Field Instrumentation Design Criteria
R07-E03 On-off Valve
X01-E01 Control System Design Criteria
X02-G01 Distributed Control System Implementation Guidelines
X03-S01 Safety Instrumented Systems Logic Solver Specification
Safety Health & Environment Management Standard (SHEM)
SHEM-02 Risk Assessment
SHEM-10 EHSS Incident reporting, Classification, Investigation and Analysis
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
61511 Functional safety – Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector.
The International Society for Automation (ISA)
18.1 Annunciator Sequences and Specifications
3. Definitions
Availability. It represents the statistical probability that the safety instrumented system is operational and can respond properly to an initiating event at some instant in time.
Availability Target (AT) is commonly used as a design criteria for systems. Availability = 1-PFD
Bypass. A method or device that provides an alternate path around an interlock system.
Dangerous Failure (IEC 61511). Failure which has the potential to put the safety instrumented system in a hazardous or fail to-function state.
Emergency Shutdown Valve (ESV). A valve activated by SIS logic solver.
Failure Actions. The resulting action of the safety instrumented system upon loss of energy, e.g., electrical power, instrument air, or failure of M-out-of-N voting redundant components. There are two possible actions: Fail-Safe (Fail-Action) and Fail-Danger (Fail-No-Action).
Fail-Safe Action. Failure causing the safety instrumented system to take a predetermined action and move the process or equipment to its safe state.
Fail-Danger Action. Failure does not initiate any safety action. Safety instrumented system may not be able to respond to subsequent process hazards.
Fail-Safe. Designed to return to a safe condition in the event of a failure or malfunction.
Final Element (IEC-61511-1). Part of a safety instrumented system which implements the physical action necessary to achieve a safe state. Examples are valves, switch gear, motors including their auxiliary elements such as solenoid valves and actuator if involved in safety function.
Hardware Fault Tolerance (HFT) (IEC-61511-1). It is the ability of a component or subsystem to continue to be able to undertake the required safety instrumented function in the presence of one or more dangerous faults in hardware. A hardware fault tolerance of 1 means that there are, for example, two devices and the architecture is such that the dangerous failure of one of the components or subsystems does not prevent the safety function from occurring.
Hardware Fault Tolerance (HFT) (IEC-61508-2). A hardware fault tolerance of N means that N+1 is the minimum number of faults that could cause a loss of a safety function.
Operator Interface (IEC-61511-1). Means by which information is communicated between a human operator(s) and SIS.
Logic Solvers. A component or group of components that receives inputs from sensors, performs a predetermined decision-making function, causes final elements to assume a safe position, and provides alarms.
Manual Initiator. A manually actuated pushbutton or switch which causes the safety instrumented system to bring the process or equipment to its safe state.
Proof-Test. The process of periodic testing to reveal undetected faults and ensure that the safety instrumented system is able to respond to an initiating event and bring the process or equipment to its safe state. Different parts of the SIS may require different test intervals, e.g. the logic solver may require a different test interval from the sensors or final elements.
Reset. A function that controls the action of the safety interlock when a trip function returns to the normal state.
Safe Failure (IEC 61511). Failure which does not have the potential to put the safety instrumented system in a hazardous or fail-to-function state.
Safety Function (IEC-61511-1). Function to be implemented by SIS, other technology safety related system or external risk reduction facilities, which is intended to achieve or maintain a process safe state with respect to a specific hazardous event.
Safety Interlock. A system or function that detects an out-of-limits (abnormal) condition or improper sequence and brings it to a safe condition. A safety interlock operates automatically; no operator action is involved.
Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) (IEC-61511-1). It is the safety function with a specified safety integrity level which is necessary to achieve functional safety and which can be either a safety instrumented protection function or a safety instrumented control function.
Safety Instrumented System (SIS) (IEC-61511-1). Instrumented system used to implement one or more safety instrumented functions. An SIS is composed of any combination of sensors, logic solvers and final elements to implement one or more SIFs.
Sensor (IEC-61511-1). Device or combination of devices, which measure the process condition. Examples are transmitters, transducers, process switches, position switches, etc.
Spurious Trip. A trip of the process by the safety instrumented system for reasons not associated with a problem in the process. This is a detected safe failure also referred to as nuisance or false trip. Allowable spurious trip rates (STR) are design criteria for safety instrumented system redundancy requirements or a measure of the system reliability.
Test Interval. The test interval represents the maximum time between the proof-test of components of safety interlock, i.e. sensor, logic solver, and final element. Individual components can be tested at different times; one year is a typical test interval.
4. Safety Instrumented Systems Implementation Guidelines General
4.1 Process Hazard and Risk Assessment
4.1.1 Requirement of safety functions shall be derived during Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) study according to SHEM-02.
4.1.2 To determine safety integrity level (SIL) for each safety instrumented function (SIF), either risk matrix or risk graph or layer of protection analysis (LOPA) methods shall be used.
4.1.3 If the determined SIL with either risk matrix or risk graph crosses SIL 2, then SIL determination shall be done by applying LOPA method. In all such cases, the SIL obtained using LOPA method shall be considered as final to design the SIS.
4.2 SIS
4.2.1 Safety instrumented system shall be designed by following the SIS safety life-cycle model of IEC-61511.
4.2.2 A safety requirement specification (SRS) shall be developed to ensure that all safety criteria envisaged prior to the detailed engineering phase, are completely addressed.
4.2.3 The SRS shall comply with IEC-61511 requirements.
4.3 Cyber Security
Refer to SES-X01-E01 for description and details of cyber security.
4.4 Power Supply and Distribution
4.4.1 Refer to SES-X01-E01 for description and details.
4.4.2 Power supply units used for logic solvers shall not be shared with any other application.
5. System Sizing and Loading
The following requirements shall be ensured at the end of the project.
5.1 Logic Solver I/O
5.1.1 The spare capacity shall be equally distributed throughout the system.
5.1.2 On logic solver basis, a spare capacity of 10 percent of each I/O type shall be installed and wired to termination points. Apart from this, 10 percent of the installed I/O modules or minimum 1 slot of each type of card spare slot capacity in I/O rack as well as in terminal block shall be provided.
5.2 Logic Solver CPU Loading
5.2.1 Each CPU loading shall not exceed 80 percent.
5.2.2 Additional spare capacity shall also be made available for future expansions according to project specific requirement.
5.3 Network Loading
5.3.1 The vendor shall design the system such that each network does not degrade communications speed or any function among the components of the safety instrumented
system under any operating conditions.
5.3.2 The network shall be sized such that it shall be capable to bear additional load of 20 percent spare capacity for connectivity of additional modules, racks, etc in future.
5.3.3 Network used for communication with DCS shall update all required information or data within
the specified time without losing any information or data.
5.4 Memory Sizing
5.4.1 Vendor shall size all type of memory used in logic solver, for constituting the system to meet performance specifications.
5.4.2 The system shall provide the ability to track memory utilization, allocation and calculate total scan period of the application program.
5.4.3 Memory sizing shall consider 20 percent sparing philosophy for future expansion.
6. Design Considerations
6.1 Basic Design
6.1.1 As a minimum, SIS design shall incorporate the following:
a. Logic solver and safety application program
b. Network
c. Engineering
d. SOE recording
e. Bypass management
f. Safety alarm management
g. System printer
6.1.2 The hardware, software, and network design to implement these applications shall be approved by Company.
6.1.3 Design shall comply with SES-X01-E01 requirements.
6.1.4 The SIS shall be designed to satisfy the criteria mentioned in SRS.
6.1.5 Requirements for operability, maintainability and testability shall be addressed during the design.
6.1.6 The network design shall be in accordance with interfaces requirements of IEC-61511, i.e. operator, maintenance, engineering, and communication interfaces.
6.1.7 The proof-test interval used during SIL calculation shall not be less than the scheduled turnaround period. In case the test interval is less than the scheduled turnaround period, approval shall be required for each SIF. Refer to proof-testing clause of this document.
6.1.8 Spurious trip rate (STR) shall not exceed 0.1/year, i.e. the maximum number of allowed spurious trips or safe failures shall be less than 1 time per 10 years.
6.2 Redundancy
6.2.1 System shall be redundant with fault tolerant configuration. Single point failure anywhere in the system shall not degrade or result into the loss of any safety function.
6.2.2 All CPUs and I/O modules shall be provided in redundant configuration. However nonredundant triplicated I/O modules, i.e. each module composed of three independent microprocessors, can be used as per application requirements and with Company approval.
6.2.3 For circuits not related to the safety function such as annunciator, status indicators, etc., nonredundant I/O modules can be used with approval.
6.2.4 The internal networks of the logic solvers, and network among the logic solvers shall be redundant and TUV approved.
6.2.5 Redundancy will include, but not limited to, all network interface cards, network elements, cables, etc.
6.2.6 The communication network with DCS shall be redundant.
6.2.7 All power supplies shall be in redundant configuration.
6.2.8 In case of failure or malfunction, system shall automatically transfer to redundant modules to continue all required functions and shall generate an appropriate alarm message. The vendor should advise the standard time of switch-over to transfer all functions between redundant components.
6.2.9 All kinds of software packages required for the redundancy of the whole system shall be supplied with appropriate licenses and hardware.
6.3 Architecture
6.3.1 The conceptual SIS architecture should include all necessary components that constitute the safety instrumented system. It can include logic solvers, networks, workstations for different applications, e.g. SOE, bypass, operator, engineering, storage devices, peripheral devices, and interface with DCS, etc. as per project requirement.
6.3.2 SIS shall be physically and functionally segregated from any other system.
6.3.3 Any external connections to the SIS shall not compromise the safety function or the safety integrity of the system.
6.3.4 Operating data exchange between the DCS and the SIS shall not compromise the safety functionalities of the SIS in any circumstances.
6.3.5 The data interface with DCS shall not be used for programming and shall not allow any access to the SIS application program.
6.3.6 The same control network and proprietary interfaces can be used for SIS and DCS, without affecting the safety functionalities in any circumstances.
6.3.7 SES-X01-E01 shall be referred for compliance with general requirements of SIS.
6.4 Application Logic
6.4.1 Safety application, which is specific to process requirements, shall be developed in compliance with IEC-61511 and this standard’s requirements.
6.4.2 Depending on project requirements, the SIS can be formed of single or multiple logic solvers and various networks and workstations. Implementation of any safety function among the logic solvers via peer-to-peer communication shall require Company approval and the following requirements:
a. Conformance with IEC 61508 requirements for peer-to-peer communications
b. Compliance to conditions imposed by TUV certification and vendor’s system architecture
6.4.3 The adapted logic structure of SIS shall be defined as per the process requirements and be selected among the following:
a. 1oo2 redundant
b. 2oo3 redundant
c. 2oo4 redundant
6.4.4 Where allowed by availability target and spurious trip rates, single channel fail-safe 1oo1D configuration can be used with Company approval for non-critical applications where the consequences of spurious trips are acceptable.
6.4.5 For each safety loop, the number of sensors and final elements shall be determined by using the “maximum allowable safety integrity level” tables, i.e. table-2 and table 3, of IEC-61508-2.
The hardware fault tolerance shall be determined with respect to the required SIL and SFF of an element and the number of sensors and final elements shall be accordingly calculated.
6.4.6 When an element of the safety loop has the programmable feature then it should be treated as “type B” with respect to definitions of IEC-61508-2.
6.4.7 1oo2 and 2oo4 logic shall be designed with 2 independent field instruments connected to different input modules. Different channels of the same input module shall not be used.
6.4.8 2oo3 logic shall be designed with 3 independent field instruments connected to different input modules. Different channels of the same input module shall not be used.
6.4.9 2oo3 voting of analog inputs shall use middle of three selection algorithm in the application program. Use of other algorithms shall require approval.
6.4.10 SIS design shall be fail-safe. Safety related instruments shall normally be energized, and shall go to de-energized state to trip or alarm.
6.4.11 Safety instrumented systems using a fail-danger design, i.e. energize to trip, shall require approval. In this case line monitoring shall be provided.
6.4.12 Depending on adapted architecture, when the system degrades to single-channel or dualchannel operation, the system generated trip feature should be defeated and only an alarm should be used to indicate failure of a channel. However process initiated trips shall not be defeated.
6.4.13 Where there is a requirement to trip one system as a result of another system tripping, this shall be done directly using a “tripped” signal from the first system to the second system.
6.4.14 The trip of the second system shall not be derived from cascading effects, e.g. waiting for trip conditions to react. A trip condition shall also not be deduced from secondary or indirect measurements.
6.4.15 Trip logics of machinery systems should be developed in MMS, with the trip signals hardwired to SIS.
6.4.16 The reset of the trip logic shall be as per the design philosophy. After trip the logic should remain in its fail-safe state, until manually reset action, even if trip conditions return to their normal positions.
6.4.17 The manual reset function can be implemented either via soft reset switches configured in DCS or with specific switches installed on the operator console.
6.5 Sensors
6.5.1 All trip initiating signals shall be hardwired.
6.5.2 Transmitters shall be used for flow, differential pressure, pressure, temperature, and level signals.
6.5.3 If the usage of transmitter is not practical, switches can be used with approval.
6.5.4 Flame sensors shall be self-checking type and shall not require online testing.
6.6 Process Connections
6.6.1 Each SIS sensor shall have a separate tap or well.
6.6.2 Where a single orifice plate is used for flow measurement for both SIS and DCS, a second set of taps on the orifice flange shall be used for the DCS transmitter.
6.7 Final Elements
6.7.1 Finals elements shall be equipped with positions switches or other feedback mechanism to transfer the status data into SIS. This will inform the operator that the final element has responded.
6.7.2 ESV shall not have bypass or block valve. Pneumatic operated ESV shall not be equipped with hand-wheel.
6.7.3 To assure positive shut-off, use of two ESVs in series, and for positive open, use of two ESVs in parallel should be considered.
6.7.4 Control valves shall not be used as a primary ESV Use of control valves as a secondary ESV shall require Company approval.
6.7.5 If control valve is used as an ESV, the bypass valve around the control valve or the block valve in series of the control valve shall be equipped with a limit switch which will generate an alarm to indicate the control valve is bypassed or blocked.
6.7.6 Double block or double block and bleed arrangements should be specified as part of process requirement.
6.7.7 After trip or loss of power source, i.e. electrical, air, or hydraulic, final elements shall remain in their fail-safe state, until manually reset action, even if trip conditions return to their normal positions.
6.7.8 The manual reset function can be implemented either via soft or hardwired reset switches and/or at specific field devices.
6.8 Criteria for Sharing SIS Components
6.8.1 The SIS components like sensors, logic solvers, final elements, manual initiators, and power supplies shall be independent from the DCS or any other system components.
6.8.2 However, SIS components can be shared for some specific applications and where shared components provide significant cost savings, without affecting the safety.
6.8.3 Where components are shared, the component shall be treated as being part of the SIS and shall be powered from the SIS.
6.8.4 The transfer of any SIS measurement via a signal repeater shall not affect the signal of SIS.
6.8.5 All instances of shared components shall be clearly identified in instrument records and with distinctive tag-names in the control system.
6.9 Typical Cases of Shared SIS Components
6.9.1 If specific equipment requires a dedicated and stand-alone control, which is separate from the DCS, and a safety instrumented system, in this case the control system shall be designed using hardware meeting the same standards as a conventional SIS logic solver. In such circumstances, the control part of the logic, or failures within the control logic or associated inputs, shall not compromise any safety function. The integrated safety and control system shall be engineered and designed according to requirements for safety instrumented system, including change management, access control, etc. Typical examples of this are:
a. Turbo machinery control and safety instrumented systems where machine control, antisurge control and machinery safety instrumented system is engineered in a specialized integrated package.
b. Some stand-alone packaged equipment where safety instrumented system functionality is required and it is not practical or necessary to provide the process control functionality from the main DCS. For these specific cases of shared components, the basis for the sharing of safety and control functions within the same SIS logic solver shall be provided in project design specifications.
7. Operator Interface
7.1 General
7.1.1 DCS shall be the integrated platform to handle the process data, alarms, trips, and other parameters retrieved from the logic solver.
7.1.2 Operator interface shall conform to IEC-61511 requirements.
7.1.3 Refer to SES-X02-G01 for process graphic, alarm, historization, and report requirements for the data received from the logic solver.
7.2 Hardwired Pushbuttons
7.2.1 Safety instrumented systems shall be provided with at least one hardwired pushbutton for manual trip as per process requirements. This shall be:
a. Hardwired and connected directly to system logic.
b. Locked in the tripped position when activated (push, latch, pull to reset).
c. Located at a continuously manned location such as the operator console or on a backup panel located in the control room.
d. Protected from accidental actuation.
7.3 DCS Initiated Soft Pushbuttons
7.3.1 As an option to the hardwired manual initiator for SIL 1, as mentioned above, DCS initiated manual trip soft pushbuttons can be considered with Company approval.
7.3.2 Soft pushbuttons configured in DCS should not be used as substitutes for console-located hardwired pushbutton for systems assessed as SIL 2 or SIL 3.
7.3.3 Soft pushbuttons shall be configured as 1oo2 de-energize to trip design. Other configurations shall need approval.
7.3.4 From single soft target on the graphic display, two digital outputs (DOs) of different modules shall be driven.
7.3.5 Hardwired connection shall be established between the DOs of DCS and DIs of logic solver.
7.3.6 Soft pushbuttons shall require two-step process, i.e. SELECT and CONFIRM, to avoid inadvertent operation.
7.3.7 Quick navigation shall be provided to access easily relevant DCS graphic displays.
7.3.8 Any discrepancy in the soft pushbutton function shall be alarmed on the DCS console.
7.4 Workstation Initiated Soft Pushbuttons
7.4.1 As an alternative of soft pushbuttons in DCS, manual trip initiators can also be implemented via redundant workstations that are independent of the DCS.
7.4.2 When redundant workstations are provided for bypass, these workstations can also be used to implement manual trip and other functions related to logic solver applications.
8. Safety Alarms and SOE
8.1 General
8.1.1 SES-X02-G01 requirements shall be followed for alarm management.
8.1.2 Safety alarms and trips shall be annunciated in each DCS operator workstation, SOE workstation, and at the appropriate continuously manned locations.
8.1.3 All safety alarms and trips shall be historized.
8.1.4 SOE workstation should be used for troubleshooting and event observation.
8.1.5 If specified, safety alarms and trips can also be displayed on dedicated LCD or LED alarm annunciators mounted on top of operator consoles or on dedicated workstation installed in the operator console or elsewhere in the control room.
8.2 Implementation
8.2.1 Each safety instrumented system shall have a common trouble alarm.
8.2.2 Safety instrumented systems shall alarm any fault resulting in the failure of one or more channels.
8.2.3 Each safety instrumented system shall include an alarm indicating that the system has activated a trip.
8.2.4 Each safety instrumented system shall have a common, non-defeatable, and non-resettable alarm indicating that a safety function is bypassed.
8.2.5 Safety instrumented systems using a fail-danger design, shall indicate any fault that results in the loss of safety function.
8.2.6 The failure of any environmental conditioning equipment, e.g. fans, HVAC, air filtration, required to maintain the operation of the logic solver, shall be alarmed.
8.2.7 Except manual initiators, each process initiator shall have a pre-alarm. This indicates that the process has reached the point where one or more of the safety instrumented system sensors are about to cause the safety instrumented system to operate unless corrective operator action is taken.
8.2.8 Deviation alarm between DCS and SIS signals shall be configured in DCS using the transmitted logic solver data. Similarly, redundant sensors shall be continuously compared and a deviation alarm shall be generated in logic solver.
8.2.9 When redundant sensors are not used, and a dedicated sensor is not available in DCS, two separate sensors shall be used; one for the pre-alarm and one for the safety instrumented system initiator.
8.3 Sequence of Events (SOE)
8.3.1 Logic solver shall be supplied with a first-out alarm function that provides an indication of which initiator actuated first. The first-out alarms shall be implemented by either one of the following:
a. Within the SOE function.
b. As an annunciator in compliance with ISA 18.1, sequence F3A. This additional alarm system shall be considered with approval.
8.3.2 Each logic solver shall have the capability to transfer all the events to DCS or a dedicated third party alarm system, together with time stamping.
8.3.3 The SOE time stamp resolution shall be project specific requirement. Time stamping shall be within the logic solver scan cycle as a minimum.
8.3.4 All alarms, events and status changes shall be historized. It shall be possible to recall them for report or display purposes. Filtering feature for time base, tag base, etc shall be available.
8.3.5 The capacity of SOE history shall be minimum 100,000 events.
9. Safety Interlock Bypass
9.1 Design
9.1.1 Safety interlock bypassing shall conform to IEC-61511 requirements and shall be approved.
9.1.2 Bypass function shall be implemented without affecting the safety function in any circumstances.
9.1.3 Bypass function shall require two-step process, i.e. ENABLE and SELECT.
9.1.4 The key-locked ENABLE switch shall be:
a. Hardwired and connected directly to logic solver
b. Locked in the ENABLE position when activated (push, latch, pull to reset)
c. Located at a continuously manned location such as the operator console or on a backup panel located in the control room
d. Protected from accidental actuation
9.1.5 Depending on the application, the SELECT function should be either through:
a. Switches hardwired and connected to logic solver, and located similiarly to ENABLE switch
b. Soft pushbuttons configured in dedicated DCS graphics.
c. Soft pushbuttons configured in SIS workstation.
9.1.6 A dedicated lamp on operator console shall be provided to indicate that a bypass function is activated.
9.1.7 The number of sensor bypasses in place shall be project specific.
9.1.8 Start-up bypasses should be considered during application development.
10. Field Devices
10.1 General
10.1.1 As a minimum, sensors shall comply with SES-R01-E01 requirements.
10.1.2 As a minimum, ESVs shall comply with SES-R07-E03 requirements.
11. Proof-Test
11.1 General
11.1.1 SIS design shall allow testing either end-to-end or in parts.
11.1.2 Where the interval between scheduled plant turnaround is greater than the proof-test interval, online testing facilities shall be provided to allow the testing without interrupting the process.
11.1.3 Proof-test requirements shall be developed in compliance with IEC-61511 requirements. | https://paktechpoint.com/safety-instrumented-systems-implementation-guidelines/ |
For this production, I am asking you to further develop and ‘do’ the practices discussed in class this week and in the reading: explore community and culture; apply multimodal modes of ‘embodied inquiry’; and (re)map and/or tell stories of place using KnightLab tools (story map and/or juxtaposition tool).
Option 1: Based on the reading, do a similar place-based exploration of a community that examines and explores gaps between ‘mapped worlds’ (in visualization media) and experience ‘on the ground’.
Following our discussion in class, explore a community, or a small section of Toronto, or another city, globally, of interest to you, that you know from ‘on the ground’ experience, or want to further explore. Based on the reading, examine: toponyms and odonyms and other ‘points of interest’ (as represented by the visualization media).
- What story or (his)stories of community are encoded into the maps (at the level of municipal place naming, artefacts, monuments; or at the level of representation as co-decided by the mapping tool)?
- What kinds of images, public (or institutional) place names, odoynms are in play, and how do they ‘narrate’ place or community (spatially)? Do a few keyword searches on ‘banal’ toponyms or odonyms to consider who/what is being represented historically?
Now, hit the street (if possible and if safe) to document place or community (or use any archived images you have from personal experience). Use the reading as a methodological and theoretical scaffolding for you re/mapping adventure. Collect data (from maps and your experience) and then tell your ‘new’ multimodal story of community using the mapping tool and/or the juxtaposition tool from the site below.
https://knightlab.northwestern.edu/projects/#storytelling
This production need not be as extensive as the RE/MAP project in the article. However, it will require you to extend ideas and practices from our class discussion (which were great). Consider multimodal phenomena (material, semiotic, visual culture, architecture, city organization, audio-sound based experience, aromatic experience) and also consider how you might utilize juxtaposition techniques vis a vis ‘comparative’ and/or critical analysis (see ‘dialectical images’ in the reading).
Option 2: Pitch me an idea (email) on how you would like to use these tools in your current situation, based on your current interests…or explore a way the mapping tool might connect with your final project (e.g., a map-based memoir; or exploring the backstory or history and cultural contexts of your multimodal project; or you can use the tools to explore multimodal and pluralingual communication through map-based story-telling).
Slide Deck: | https://seriousplaylab.com/courses/edu3051/?page_id=762 |
Q:
Non Brute Force Solution to Project Euler 25
Project Euler problem 25:
The Fibonacci sequence is defined by the recurrence relation:
Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2, where F1 = 1 and F2 = 1. Hence the first 12 terms
will be F1 = 1, F2 = 1, F3 = 2, F4 = 3, F5 = 5, F6 = 8, F7 = 13, F8 =
21, F9 = 34, F10 = 55, F11 = 89, F12 = 144
The 12th term, F12, is the first term to contain three digits.
What is the first term in the Fibonacci sequence to contain 1000
digits?
I made a brute force solution in Python, but it takes absolutely forever to calculate the actual solution. Can anyone suggest a non brute force solution?
def Fibonacci(NthTerm):
if NthTerm == 1 or NthTerm == 2:
return 1 # Challenge defines 1st and 2nd term as == 1
else: # recursive definition of Fib term
return Fibonacci(NthTerm-1) + Fibonacci(NthTerm-2)
FirstTerm = 0 # For scope to include Term in scope of print on line 13
for Term in range(1, 1000): # Arbitrary range
FibValue = str(Fibonacci(Term)) # Convert integer to string for len()
if len(FibValue) == 1000:
FirstTerm = Term
break # Stop there
else:
continue # Go to next number
print "The first term in the\nFibonacci sequence to\ncontain 1000 digits\nis the", FirstTerm, "term."
A:
You can write a fibonacci function that runs in linear time and with constant memory footprint, you don't need a list to keep them.
Here's a recursive version (however, if n is big enough, it will just stackoverflow)
def fib(a, b, n):
if n == 1:
return a
else:
return fib(a+b, a, n-1)
print fib(1, 0, 10) # prints 55
This function calls itself only once (resulting in around N calls for a parameter N), in contrast with your solution which calls itself twice (around 2^N calls for a parameter N).
Here's a version that won't ever stackoverflow and uses a loop instead of recursion:
def fib(n):
a = 1
b = 0
while n > 1:
a, b = a+b, a
n = n - 1
return a
print fib(100000)
And that's fast enough:
$ time python fibo.py
3364476487643178326662161200510754331030214846068006390656476...
real 0m0.869s
But calling fib until you get a result big enough isn't perfect: the first numbers of the serie are calculated multiple times.
You can calculate the next fibonacci number and check its size in the same loop:
a = 1
b = 0
n = 1
while len(str(a)) != 1000:
a, b = a+b, a
n = n + 1
print "%d has 1000 digits, n = %d" % (a, n)
A:
Use binet's formula. It's the fastest way to find Fibonacci numbers, and it doesn't use recursion.
| |
The relationship between workers and those needing labor services is one of the most important relationships in society,which serves not only an economic function but also a social one as well. Prior to federation that relationship was largely unregulated, with 'piecemeal' legislation enacted to control workers, and to secure wealthy business interests. Wages and working conditions were almost exclusively negotiated at common law through either individual or collective representation; the work relationship was viewed almost exclusively in economic terms.
The nature and understanding of that relationship has evolved substantially since those earlier times,6 into one that is now regulated by the State through legislation. But an argument still persists… that sufficient protection for parties exists at common law, and that regulation unduly interferes with the freedom of individual choice to contract. This paper will examine whether workplace laws should be deregulated, and if so, why. 'If there is to be peace in our industrial life let the employer recognize his obligation to his employees – at least to the degree set forth in existing statutes.
'An appropriate starting point in this analysis lies in the historical origins and motivations for workplace laws;rights that our forebears experienced extreme hardship and adversity in securing. In this context, the 19th Century was a crucial period in the history of workplace relations, because it represented a revolutionary change in the relationship between workers and employers traditionally founded on a feudal master/servant relationship.
Increasingly workers challenged the inequality and poor working conditions associated with this traditional, subservient relationship,with Australian workers not only having to overcome the feudal perceptions of employment, but also that of a convict worker mindset omnipresent in a new nation transitioning from a convict labor force to that of a free labor force. In the absence of any other accessible legal protections, workers asserted the voice of social justice through collective unions. The period witnessed considerable unrest with collective strikes, culminating in the Maritime and Shearer's Strikes of 1890 and 1891.
The Shearer's Strike demonstrated how far workplace relations can degenerate when there is no fair statutory framework to establish legally enforceable rights, including the fair arbitration and conciliation of disputes. During the Shearers' Strike, a military force with artillery was deployed to Barcaldine for use against the shearers,strikers were tried and jailed, the union was depleted of funds, and workers were forced to ultimately accept terms offered by the pastoralists. The use of military personnel and police to counter strike action by workers was to be repeated on several occasions throughout the 20th Century.
For many years, unions and strike action remained workers' only remedy,but practically, the consequences were all too often social injustice, limited advancement of working conditions, and significant instability through social and industrial unrest. Workers ultimately sought a political solution as legislators, and the Australian Labor Party was born. The 20th Century witnessed the increased implementation of state regulation over the employment relationship, initially in the areas of arbitration and conciliation of disputes, and then progressively until virtually all other aspects were encompassed.
Federal legislation now provides for benchmark minimum employment and wage standards for most employees, and protections for employers. The key lesson from history is that current workplace laws evolved out of necessity, in the interests of economic efficiency and social justice, by providing a fundamental structure to employment relations; something not provided for at common law. | https://lawaspect.com/ir-laws-unnecessary-or-indispensible/ |
(Image from http://www.48minutesofhell.com)
The San Antonio Spurs serve as a direct contradiction to the “old dog new tricks cliché.” After winning four championships with a Tim Duncan in the post-centric, slow paced offense, the Spurs began the shift towards their modern offense, relying on off ball movement, misdirection, and Tony Parker’s creation out of the pick and roll to generate offense. They had seemingly perfected the system by the 2011-2012 season, when they finished first overall in offensive rating at 112.4 points per 100 possessions. The Spurs had struggled defensively in recent years, but finished this season ranked third in defensive efficiency, surrendering only 101.6 points per 100 possessions. Prior to the 2011 season, they traded effective guard George Hill to Indiana for the first round pick that became Kawhi Leonard.
The Spurs have never been hesitant to make changes, but in last year’s conference finals, were unable to adapt to the Kevin Durant pin-downs the Thunder ran repeatedly.
Here is the basic alignment of a double pin-down set. 5 and 4 are setting pin down screens for 1 and 2. The pin down allows a player to receive the ball in good scoring position, allows for an easy entry pass, and provides an easy set up for a pick and roll close to the basket.
Here is an example of the pin-down play the Thunder used to beat San Antonio:
The Spurs, famous for their own innovation, have adopted the pin-down screen as an important feature of their offense. They often set up pick and rolls or open jump shots by setting pin down screens for Tony Parker, but recently, have been running an inverted pin down, in which a guard is setting a screen for the big man (almost always Duncan).
To begin this play Tony Parker dribbles the ball up the court, towards the left baseline. Tiago Splitter waits in the high right post, and Duncan runs to the left low block. Gary Neal cuts from the left corner to the top, and Parker passes him the ball, filling Neal’s position in the left corner.
Tiago Splitter moves towards the three point line and receives a pass from Neal. Duncan is now the only offensive player in the middle of the court, and is flanked by two Spurs ready for a corner three point attempt. Kawhi Leonard shoots 38.9 percent from the left corner three, and though this may appear low it is the equivalent of a 58.3 percent field goal percentage on a two point field goal attempt, while Parker shot 47.6 percent on his 19 right corner three attempts.
Neal sets the pin down screen for Duncan, freeing him for the in-rhythm midrange jump shot. This season, Duncan shot 43.4 percent on 272 midrange jump shots, many of which came off pick and pops or plays similar to this. Neal is still holding the screen, and had the shot been better contested, Duncan is in excellent position to drive, in which case Isaiah Thomas would likely have helped off of Tony Parker, freeing Parker for an open corner three.
As has come to be expected of San Antonio, the intricate Spurs have added several variations of this pin down set to their offense.
On this play, Duncan is positioned at the short corner on the right side of the court when he receives the pin down. Instead of coming vertically off the screen, he curls towards the right elbow, where he takes the open jumper off a pass from Manu Ginobli.
The Clippers’ defense of the Duncan pin down partly reveals why it is effective. Had a guard been coming off the screen, the DeAndre Jordan would likely have hedged, following the guard towards the elbow and denying a driving lane while the Clippers’ screened guard recovered. Normally, this would allow the Spurs guard to pass back to the screen setter for an open short-corner jump shot. The Clippers do not take this approach with Duncan, and appear confused with how to defend the play. Possibly because Leonard is perceived as a greater threat to take the jumper, his defender is unwilling to hedge on Duncan while Jordan struggles around the screen. Also, because guards are not accustomed to guarding screen setters, this likely is a miscommunication by the defense. Duncan takes the wide open jump shot, foreshadowing the Spurs’ final play of the game.
In this game-winning play, the Spurs again run a pin down screen for Duncan, who enters the cut earlier than expected. Jordan scrambles to beat the screen and catch Duncan, who hesitates after catching and draws the foul on Jordan as he hits the game wining shot.
The pin down adds yet another fold in the Spurs often-dynamic offense, and represents the Spurs continual willingness to reshape and adapt their roster, style, and strategy. | http://joemoore.net/Dribble/2013/04/23/yet-another-piece-of-offensive-brilliance-from-the-san-antonio-spurs/ |
The Centre of Forensic Sciences (CFS) provides scientific laboratory services in support of the administration of justice and public safety programs. Working at the new, state-of-the-art Forensic Services and Coroners Complex , you will play a vital role in contributing to the provision of these services as a Centre Receiving Officer.
Job PDF
Centre Receiving Officer – Talent Pool PDF
Location
Toronto
Duties
What can I expect to do in this role?
The Centre of Forensic Sciences accepts over 40,000 pieces of forensic evidence for testing each year. In the Centre's Receiving Office (CRO) where all forensic evidence is received, you will:
•Screen all incoming evidential material to ensure every case/item submission is in accordance with CFS policy and acceptance guidelines
•Cross reference incoming evidence against the CFS online submission to ensure all information is complete and accurate and that all necessary documentation has been provided
•Enter all items and cases into the LIMS (Laboratory Information Management System) by assigning LIMS numbers and entering/uploading all relevant information
•Ensure proper packaging of evidence and bar coding of all items or outer packaging
•Initiate the chain of custody for all items
•Provide clients with a record of receipt (i.e., evidence receipt) after processing is completed, as well as other client information sheets as required
•Confer with CFS section managers/staff from the appropriate scientific section regarding specific requirements in non-standard cases such as the processing of priority cases
•Advise police investigators, coroners, and other law enforcement officials on the protocols, practices and guidelines for the acceptance, collection, handling, storage, submission, disposal and return of evidentiary items.
Requirements
How do I qualify?
**Assignment Instructions for Application**
As part of the application process, please read the following free access article (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4779093/) and respond to the following question:
“Please define chain of custody and summarize the recommendations suggested by the authors.”
Your response must be in your own words and limited to less than 150 words. Include your answer with your application and submit as one document (i.e., along with your cover letter and resume to JOB#133728). Please note that if you do not include a response to the question your application will NOT be considered further.
Technical Expertise
You have:
•Ability to understand and follow policies, practices, and procedures relating to the requirements for ensuring identification, security, integrity and continuity of forensic evidence.
•Demonstrated experience in handling and preserving a wide variety of biological and non-biological evidentiary material in accordance with all appropriate quality assurance and health and safety practices. Knowledge of ISO accreditation standards for laboratories
•Experience receiving, handling, tracking, shipping and disposing of samples as well as preparing items for appropriate storage (i.e. freezer, refrigerator).
•Attention to detail and critical thinking skills to accurately perform these tasks in a high volume, fast-paced environment.
•Ability to independently make decisions on these processes and work with a wide variety of sample types.
Computer Skills
•You have experience using specialized Laboratory Information Management.
•You have a working knowledge of general computer programs/tasks such as word processing, email and the use of databases.
•Sufficient computer literacy to learn new task-specific computer applications.
Interpersonal and Communication (oral and written) Skills
•You have demonstrated written, oral, and interpersonal communication skills.
•You can interact effectively with fellow team members, managers, and external clients and have experience working in a diverse team.
Organizational Skills
•You have demonstrated organizational skills to determine work priorities, effectively manage time and respond to client and CFS staff needs in an environment of changing pressures.
•You have demonstrated ability to assess and input a large volume of data while maintaining accuracy. | https://michener.ca/job/centre-receiving-officer-talent-pool/ |
The Q&A gives a high level overview of the key practical issues including: employment status; background checks; permissions to work; contractual and implied terms of employment; minimum wages; restrictions on working time; illness and injury; rights of parents and carers; data protection; discrimination and harassment; dismissals; redundancies; taxation; employer and parent company liability; employee representation and consultation; consequence of business transfers; intellectual property; restraint of trade agreements and proposals for reform.
To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Employment and Employee Benefits: Country Q&A tool.
The Q&A is part of the global guide to employment and employee benefits law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/employment-guide.
Scope of employment regulation
- Do the main laws that regulate the employment relationship apply to:
- Foreign nationals working in your jurisdiction?
- Nationals of your jurisdiction working abroad?
Laws applicable to foreign nationals
The terms and conditions of employment of all foreign nationals must be the same as those for Cypriot nationals, and this is ensured by the model employment contracts required by the Ministry of Labour Welfare and Social Insurance. A valid work permit is required for a non-EU foreign national to legally work in Cyprus, and a serious criminal offence is committed if such permit is not obtained, which may result in a fine and/or imprisonment for both the employer and employee. However, EU nationals can work in Cyprus without any restrictions.
Laws applicable to nationals working abroad
Cypriots working abroad are subject to the law governing the employment contract, as well as the relevant host nation’s laws. | https://www.brightlms.eu/unit/a-qa-guide-to-employment-and-employee-benefits-law-in-cyprus-chapter-3-cy/?id=2745 |
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