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1. The "whole child" approach. The primary goal of a Montessori program is to help each child reach full potential in all areas of life. Activities promote the development of social skills, emotional growth, and physical coordination as well as cognitive preparation. The holistic curriculum, under the direction of a; special prepared teacher, allows the child to experience the joy of learning, time to enjoy the process and insure the development of self-esteem, and provide the experiences from which children create their knowledge.
2. The "Prepared Environment." In order for self-directed learning to take place, the whole learning environment- room, materials and social climate-must be supportive of the learner. The teacher provides necessary resources, including opportunities for children to function in a safe and positive climate. The teacher thus gains the children's trust, which enables them to try new things and build self-confidence.
3. The Montessori materials. Dr. Montessori's observations of the kinds of things which children enjoy and go back to repeatedly led her to design a number of multisensory, sequential and self-correction materials which facilitate the learning of skills and lead to learning of abstract ideas.
4. The teacher. Originally called a "directress," the Montessori teacher functions as designer of the environment, resource person, role model, demonstrator, record-keeper and meticulous observer of each child's behavior and growth.
The teacher acts as a facilitator of learning. Extensive training-a minimum of a full year following the baccalaureate degree is required for a full AMS credential, including a years's student teaching under supervision-is specialized for the age group with which a teacher will work, i.e., infant and toddler, three to six year olds, elementary or secondary level.
Each Montessori class, from toddlers through high school, operates on the principle of freedom within limits. Every program has its set of ground rules which differs from age to age, but is always based on core Montessori beliefs -respect for each other and for the environment.
Children are free to work at their own pace with materials they have chosen, either alone or with others. The teacher relies on his or her observations of the children to determine which new activities an materials he may introduce to an individual child or to a small or large group. the aim is to encourage active, self-directed learning and to strike a balance of individual mastery with small group collaboration with in the whole group community. | http://www.montessoristeppingstone.com/what-makes-montessori-education-unique.html |
The Laboratory of Human Ecology is focused on research about human-environmental interactions over long time periods. We work primarily with pottery, skeletal, and environmental data from Native American sites, European trade items, and historic documents. Current projects are funded by the National Science Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, private donations, the University of Tulsa, and the Department of Defense. The laboratory is directed by Dr. Thomas Foster.
Dr. Foster works with students on issues related to human effects on the environment, biodiversity, modeling of economic and evolutionary behaviors, bio-archaeology, geographic information systems (GIS), and adaptations of the native people of the Southeastern United States from the prehistoric through the historic periods. Most recently, students have been researching sites including Apalachicola, Kasita, and Etowah using documents, maps, biological anthropology, archaeological analysis, GIS, palynology, and geomorphology.
Laboratory facilities include 400 square feet of space, a Zeiss Stemi 2000 microscope with a digital camera on a boom stand, a Dell T7600 Workstation (dual 4 core Xeon processors, 32 GB of RAM) for GIS and 3D rendering and modeling, data entry computers, fume hood, and electrolysis equipment. Research collections include comparative collections for Native American pottery and European trade goods analysis, historical vegetation data for the southeastern United States, historical map collection and GIS data relating to the southeastern United States, and historic documents related to the Creek Indians.
For more information and access to these collections, please contact Dr. Thomas Foster. | https://artsandsciences.utulsa.edu/anthropology-sociology/facilites-and-labs/human-ecology/ |
"It's been a bit of a rollercoaster"
Australian women share their coping strategies
The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH) is the largest, longest-running project of its kind ever conducted in Australia. The population-based survey explores the factors contributing to the health and wellbeing of over 57,000 Australian women in four cohorts; women born in 1921-26, 1946-51, 1973-78 and 1989-95. Their data provides invaluable information about the health of women across the lifespan.
We talked to women from the 1973-78 cohort about the difficulties they had faced in their lives, and how they had coped with these difficulties. Although our conversations took place before anyone had even heard of COVID-19, knowing about the coping strategies that have helped others in the past can help us cope with the new challenges we face today.
One way of thinking about coping is summarised by the dual-process model of developmental regulation. This model proposes three types of coping processes: assimilative (where you try to make changes to cope with a situation), accommodative (where you change your own expectations to match a situation), and defensive (which usually involves ignoring the problem).
We interviewed 36 women from the 1973-78 cohort about their aspirations, choices and wellbeing. We particularly wanted to know about how the women felt their life compared with their younger selves’ aspirations for their career, their relationships and whether to have children. We asked women to talk about what had influenced their lives, impacted their choices, and made things difficult or easy for them. Most importantly, we asked them to talk about the coping strategies that had helped them get through their difficulties.
We used thematic analysis to understand the different topics that women talked about in their interviews. We expected that women would mostly discuss their assimilative and accommodative strategies. We didn’t expect women to talk about their defensive strategies (because if you’re ignoring a problem, you probably won’t think to mention it in an interview).
Women's coping strategies
Women talked about difficulties relating to health issues, including pregnancy and birth experiences, relationship problems, financial problems, and work or study problems. They used four types of coping strategies, including using their money or other resources to get help, getting help and support from others, using lifestyle strategies like exercise or hobbies, and using cognitive strategies.
1. Using resources
Nicole* discussed the benefits of being able to afford to access services and other activities to help her cope: “I am lucky enough that I can financially afford to go to a psychologist, psychiatrist, all the other mental health related activities that naturally go hand in hand with management of that kind of trauma basically …”
2. Support from others
Rachel* talked about the importance of family support at a difficult time: “It made me realise how important family is too because my mum and my dad and my sister were amazing. They just stepped up and they just helped me pack everything up and helped me find a place to live, they helped me move, they helped me get the other house ready and paint it and sell it and all that.”
3. Lifestyle strategies
Women mentioned several lifestyle strategies including hobbies, exercise, diet, and other healthy living strategies. Jessica* talked about her hobbies: “I’m very much active outside of work, I do a lot of crafts. I have chickens and I do what’s called urban farming. I’ve got my gardens that are all set up with food crops. I tend to derive all of my achievement from the stuff that I do outside of work.”
4. Cognitive strategies
There were many cognitive strategies mentioned by women including stress management techniques, reframing the situation, focusing on enjoyment and positivity, resolving to follow their own path, and just “getting on with it”. Michelle* said: “I’ve learnt techniques like mindfulness to control anxiety. I’ve developed strategies of slowing down, mindfulness and protective mechanisms and I’ve been able to learn to put boundaries in place for people and also take time out.”
Some of these coping strategies were assimilative, meaning that the women made changes to be able to meet their goals and aspirations despite the difficulties they faced. On the other hand, accommodative strategies, often used in times of crisis, involved revising expectations and compromising for a while until difficulties resolved or new opportunities emerged.
* Not her real name
This research helps us understand how we might better cope with periods of rapid change and high stress, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding how other women use a range of different coping strategies can help us work out how best to cope with our own situation. Everyone must cope with challenges at different times in their lives, and it’s important to know that there are different strategies that can be helpful.
It’s important that you remember that there are many different coping strategies you can use, and we may find it helpful to rely on other strategies that we don’t normally use or a mix of strategies, especially during the pandemic when you may not be able to actively change your situation and may not be able to draw on your usual resources.
If this article has raised any issues please contact Lifeline on 13 11 14 or Beyond Blue on 1300 22 4636. | https://alswh.org.au/shorthand/it-s-been-a-bit-of-a-rollercoaster-201027005738/ |
"PHILOSOPHICALLY SPEAKING..."
1/1/2017
Computational linguistics applies the ideas of two overlapping fields of philosophy: the philosophy of language and logic. The philosophy of language considers the question, "How does meaning emerge from a string of words or symbols?" Computational linguistics involves decoding a string of unfamiliar words or symbols to deduce their meaning. Anyone can try their hand at computational linguistics by working the practice puzzles from the North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad. Middle and high school students who discover they have an affinity for solving computational linguistics puzzles can register to take the written NACLO exam at a variety of locations later this month. nacloweb.org/practice.php#sample_problems
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Blog sharing news about geography, philosophy, world affairs, and outside-the-box learning
This blog also appears on Facebook: | https://www.learningoutsidethebox.net/blog/philosophically-speaking3938253 |
WASHINGTON, D.C. - Today, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced $100 million for new and renewal university grants for the study of high energy physics. The grants are expected to cover the full range of particle physics research, including work based on proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the study of neutrinos, the search for dark matter and dark energy, the advance of particle accelerator and detector technologies, and particle physics theory.
The grants, to be awarded competitively on the basis of peer review, are aimed at sustaining longstanding U.S. leadership in the vital field of particle physics.
“America’s leadership in particle physics dates back to World War II and has been critical to our nation’s overall leadership in science,” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry. “These grants will ensure a strong particle physics university program and expand the robust scientific workforce of our country, which will lead to important new insights into the nature of our universe.”
The Funding Opportunity Announcement, issued by the Office of High Energy Physics within the Department’s Office of Science, represents an annual re-competition of roughly a third of its ongoing university research program in particle physics. Each year approximately one-third of the typically three-year university research grants expire. Applications are accepted both for new grants and for grant renewals, and each year a combination of new and renewal grants is funded, usually for a duration of three years.
The Department anticipates that $40 million will be available for this program in Fiscal Year 2019, with a total of $100 million in funding anticipated over the three-year grant period. Funding beyond FY 2019 is contingent on congressional appropriations.
Final applications for this funding opportunity are due on January 22, 2019 by 5 PM. Letters of intent are due on December 5, 2018 by 5 PM. The full text of the Funding Opportunity Announcement can be found here.
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In today's article, I will focus on this very important process of eLearning design and development. I will help you understand what a storyboard is, why it is crucial for every eLearning project, what you need to do before and after storyboarding, and how you can create a storyboard on your own.
Ready? Let’s begin.
After you receive the training content from the Subject Matter Expert, you have to select an appropriate Instructional Design technique, define the sequence/structure of the training, and create a storyboard.
What Is A Storyboard?
A storyboard in Instructional Design is a visual representation of the training. It shows how the content will be structured (module per module, screen by screen), and how it will be visualized. In addition to describing the content and the corresponding visuals, it may include a description of the User Interface, navigation, buttons, notes to eLearning developers, etc.
Why Do You Need To Create Storyboards?
What To Do Before You Start Storyboarding?
Before you start working on your storyboard, you need to find the answers to the following questions:
The storyboard is usually created in PowerPoint or Word. The document needs to include the following information:
On-screen text, a script (narrator’s text), instructions, slide transcript, video subtitles
Illustrations, images, charts, diagrams, infographics, icons, tables
Entrance and exit animations, object animations, animations duration
Download links to ready for embed audio/video, instructions/description of audio/video content that needs to be developed
Main navigation (home, menu, help), slide navigation (previous, next, custom navigation buttons)
Pre-tests, short tests after completion of a learning objective, final comprehensive test, decision-making exercises, etc.
Before or after the theoretical part
Files for download, external links, glossaries, etc.
Keep in mind that you need to be very careful about how you choose and integrate all elements (text, graphics, etc.). Your goal is to create effective and complete training. However, it should not lead to cognitive overload.
What To Do After You Are Ready With The Storyboard?
Once you are ready with the first version of your storyboard, it is a good idea to review it and edit it. It takes more than one attempt to write a quality storyboard, so do not worry if you need to make several edits.
Once you, your team and the customer are happy with the storyboard, you can continue with the development stage.
Summary
Storyboarding is not an easy process, but if you learn to create effective storyboards, you will become а top Instructional Designer, and your trainings will be engaging and powerful. | http://edlea.org/index.php/knowledge/1124-how-to-create-effective-storyboards-for-elearning |
The successful candidate for this position will be a 1099 contractor with Music Ministry International and be responsible for the following:
1.1 Scope of Responsibilities: In coordination with the chaplain-in-charge/Coordinator Officer Representative (COR) the Coordinator shall develop and execute all applicable management, administrative and support requirements for comprehensive religious education programs for Joint Base Andrews (JBA) Catholic Chapel Program. This will include age groups, but not limited to the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA), Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (CCD), Vacation Bible School, Baptismal Preparatory classes and holiday/Holy day events.
1.2 Education and Experience:
1.2.1 Possess familiarity with general Catholic doctrine, teachings, rites, and worship rubrics, ordinances under the guidance of the Catholic Church's Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA.
1.2.2 Possess program management and Windows-based computer system skills, to include all Microsoft Office Programs, Teams, and Zoom. This will be to plan, develop, coordinate and implement a comprehensive religious education plan to include virtual distance instruction for the JBA Catholic community. Coordinator must possess the knowledge of or procure training to execute and navigate WAWF and the SAM systems. Assistance in this system will be given only via the Contracting Squadron or Air Force Appointed Contracting Specialist.
1.2.3 The coordinator shall have the ability to solicit and work harmoniously with volunteer teachers and leaders.
1.2.4 Hold a Baccalaureate Degree in Religious Education from an accredited college or university, or have a minimum of four (4) years of experience as a Religious Education Coordinator/Religious Activities Coordinator in a military chapel, or as a civilian director of religious education or parish programming.
1.3 Specific Responsibilities:
1.3.1 Coordinator shall recruit and train teachers and teacher’s assistants for the above program.
1.3.2 Recruiting, training, and recognizing teachers, teacher's assistants, and other volunteers. Training includes regular in service classes throughout the year in coordination with the chaplain-in-charge/designee.
1.3.3 Coordinator shall ensure all volunteers working with youth below 18 years of age receive a background check as described in DoD Instruction (DoDI) 1402.5. Coordinator shall ensure all volunteers to comply with the mandatory AMS (Archdiocese for the Military Services) training promulgated by American Bishops Catholic Conference's Dallas Charter "Protecting God's Children.”
1.3.4 Meeting individually with each teacher every 90 days to access the needs of the teacher and their students. Dates, time and locations of these conferences are to be documented and forwarded to the Deputy Joint Base Installation Chaplain in the monthly statistical report.
1.3.5 Planning, organizing and conducting a five hour minimum training conference, to occur in January or February if funds are available. This shall be done in coordination or consolidated with the chaplain-in-charge/designee. The training conference shall be for all teachers and substitute teachers. These teachers and program leaders include, but are not limited to, RCIA, CCD, Catholic Youth, Men and Women of the Chapel, Vacation Bible School, and Children's Church.
1.3.6 Coordinator, in coordination with the chaplain-in-charge/designee, is responsible for planning, organizing, budgeting, implementing, and in all other ways managing the following annual events; Children's Christmas Party and Vacation Bible School (VBS).
1.3.7 Coordinator shall assist in the planning/coordinating of other ecumenical events sponsored by JBA Chapel.
1.3.8 Vacation Bible School (Optional) is to be held in the summer for a period of not more than five (5) days if the Airman Ministry Plan warrants this event. VBS may be an ecumenical venture with the Protestant Parish. Planning and leader training shall be coordinated with the lead chaplains from both the Catholic and Protestant faith groups.
1.3.9 Coordinator shall perform other services in order to ensure the quality of the Catholic religious education program. Services shall be coordinated with the chaplain-in-charge/designee. Services may include holy days of obligation, Penance Services, as well as Sacramental Masses.
1.3.10 Prepare an annual religious education calendar in coordination with the chaplain-in- charge/designee to be submitted for the annual chapel planning conference. The calendar should include all special religious education events for the entire year such as training sessions, workshops, socials, appreciations and graduation.
1.3.11 Prepare an annual religious education budget for submission, taking into account all requirements for appropriated, as well as non-appropriated chaplain fund support.
1.3.12 Accomplish and monitor the annual curriculum materials necessary for, but not limited to, CCD, RCIA, Sunday School and Vacation Bible School and insure necessary materials are available for the teachers.
1.3.13 Accomplish all clerical work relating to the Religious Education program, to include maintaining accurate attendance records of all volunteer staff and students participating in the program.
1.3.14 Submit a monthly Religious Education Report to the chaplain-in-charge/designee providing attendance figures, program status, problems, and suggestions.
1.3.15 Submit requests to procure all supplies and equipment required to support the Religious Education program.
1.3.16 The Contracting Officer Representative (COR) shall coordinate with the Contracting Officer the approval to utilize subcontracted coordinators prior to their use. Coordinator shall provide at least seventy-two (72) hour notice in advance of the scheduled activity. Subcoordinators shall be required to meet the same requirements as the primary CREC.
1.3.17 Ensure pay is submitted in a timely manner. If there are any issues, please bring it up to the COR.
1.4 Other Ministry Activities: Coordinator may be asked to provide a service project by the chaplain overseeing the program. A program proposal to include objectives, location(s), dates, times, budget, sponsor requirements , method of evaluation effectiveness , shall be provided to the designated chaplain no less than ninety (90) days prior to the event.
1.5 Control and Reporting:
1.5.1 Coordinator shall meet with the designated Chapel NCOIC to ensure an understanding and control of Chapel facilities, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's), Operating Instructions (OI's) and applicable policies.
1.5.2 Coordinator shall provide a weekly report to the Joint Base Deputy Chaplain or designated chaplain detailing attendance, contact work, volunteer involvement and activities, as required.
1.6 Administration:
1.6.1 Coordinator shall provide advertising and promotional bulletin announcements, articles, flyers and materials to the Joint Base Deputy Chaplain's office for approval prior to distribution in chapel congregations, for inclusion in chapel bulletins, published in the post newspaper and posted on bulletin boards.
1.6.2 Conduct Parent Meetings, in coordination with the Catholic Youth Ministry Coordinator, in order to advise parents about the youth ministry programs, its goals and needs. Encourage parents to be active participants in the youth ministry program. Educate parents in the phases that their youth may be going through and things to watch for in their spiritual development.
1.6.3 Interface with Chapel and Parish Councils and/or leadership at the regular Parish Advisory Council meetings in order to report trends, attendance, needs for the program, and to coordinate congregation support for youth ministries.
1.6.4 Provide an annual review of the program in May providing a summary of activity, trends and progress during the preceding year. Include information and suggestions regarding future program direction.
1.6.5 Provide written after-action reports (AAR) on all special events and retreats to include suggested changes of direct ion, trends, and problem areas within one week of completion of the event to the designated chaplain.
1.6.6 Provide input for religious education in the chapel ministry plan, to include programs needs and projected costs.
1.6.7 Provide the Joint Base Deputy Chaplain or designated chaplain with refined and updated financial projections on a quarterly basis.
1.6.8 Provide ordering information in the authorized format for supplies and resources to support religious education activities.
1.6.9 Attend bi-weekly staff meetings, input information in “Staff Meeting Slides” by COB on Monday.
1.7 Volunteers and Support Committee:
1.7.1 Recruit volunteers from the chapel services to assist in the program. Selection of volunteers shall be in accordance with applicable United States Air Force core values of Integrity, Service, and Excellence, installation regulations, and coordinator must protect personal information of volunteers. In accordance with AFI 52-101, the Wing Chaplain has final approval authority for members working for or participating in chapel programs.
1.7.2 Conduct training sessions to teach and train volunteers in all aspects of religious education. Help volunteers become comfortable in religious education, teaching them the skills and confidence to be effective volunteers.
1.7.3 Mentor volunteers on the varied aspects of religious education throughout the year. A volunteer utilization file to include roles, training and hours volunteered shall be maintained.
2.1 Government/Coordinator Furnished Property:
2.1.1 Any specific government or coordinator furnished property is delineated within the descriptions above and as defined in this section. All items required to complete assigned duties shall be provided to include: office space, computer, office supplies, printing paper, and copier.
2.1.2 Coordinator shall ensure personal property is clearly marked and identified to preclude misidentification as Chapel property. Coordinator shall be liable for loss, damage, or theft of Chapel property due to the coordinator's carelessness and /or negligence. Negligence shall be determined by appropriate investigative or Report of Survey findings.
Interested Candidates are requested to forward their resume together with three references from individuals who can attest to the candidate’s good work and steadiness. Candidates who do not possess the specific attributes/qualifications in "1.2 Education and Experience" above need not apply. This is a part-time position with compensation based on budget and the successful candidate’s experience and qualifications..
Apply directly at: https://music-ministry.jobsoid.com (scroll down to “Andrews”). Your application must include three (3) references including one priest or pastor who can attest to your abilities as they relate to this job posting. References must include: name, title, organization, relationship to you, email address (necessary field) and phone number. Depending on security software, candidates are requested to monitor spam folders for further application communications from MMI. | https://music-ministry.jobsoid.com/j/38061/catholic-coordinator-of-religious-education |
Students are expected to adhere to and practice the Code of Ethics on a District and college level and while representing the District or college of the District.
I. RepresentationEvery student of the District is expected to represent him or herself honestly and respectfully in all situations, whether orally or in written statements. Honest and respectful representation includes, but is not limited to, providing only truthful material information on all District applications, financial aid forms, waivers, and any other official document. Students are also expected to behave respectfully to all administrators, faculty, staff, students, and visitors in a District or college environment and to behave respectfully when representing the District or any of the colleges at off-campus events. Students will not consciously misrepresent him or herself to any member of the District or college community or to any other person while representing the District or any college.
II. Academic HonestyStudents are expected to maintain the highest standards of academic integrity. Work that is not of the student's own creation will receive no credit. If a student is uncertain of what these standards are, he or she may consult his or her instructor for appropriate counsel, but a student's ignorance is no legitimate defense for academic dishonesty. Academic dishonesty includes lying, cheating, stealing, and using unauthorized materials on any assignment, quiz or exam.• The act of lying is to intentionally provide false information or a false statement with the purpose of misleading or with irresponsible regard of the truth. Lying, in both academic and non-academic activities, is impermissible.• Cheating is acting dishonestly in order to gain an unfair advantage. Cheating includes giving or receiving unauthorized aid on any assignment, quiz, or exam. Instructors must be consulted regarding which materials are acceptable for students to use on any assignment, quiz, or exam. Not complying with the restrictions of the instructor will result in appropriate discipline, as decided by the instructor or department. Cheating also includes using the same material of work previously used for another course unless the student has permission from the instructor to do so. Cheating furthermore includes plagiarism, which is when a student uses the ideas of another and declares it as his or her own. Students are required to properly cite the original source of the ideas and information used in his or her work.• Stealing is the act of taking without permission and without intention to return. The prohibition of stealing includes property of any nature as well as academic work.
III. Respect for District Rules and RegulationsStudents of the District are expected to adhere to the rules and regulations set by the District. • School Property: Graffiti and defacement of school property is unacceptable and a violation of District Rule and Regulation. Students shall be responsible for the costs of the damages resultant from their behavior. In order to ensure that the District and campus facilities remain in pristine condition, students are also expected to report instances of graffiti or defacement of school property immediately as well as consciously account for or dispose properly of their belongings.• Illegal Substances: The use of illegal drugs and alcohol is not permitted on District or college property as well as the abuse or misuse of prescription drugs.• Sexual Assault and Harassment: Students shall refrain from using language or acting in a manner that is disrespectful or inappropriate towards other students and members of the District/college community. Sexual assault and harassment is inexcusable and shall result in disciplinary action in accordance with District or college policy.
IV. Respect for the Open Exchange of IdeasStudents shall be guaranteed that their First Amendment right of Freedom of Speech will be observed by all District and college members, including other students. Students are encouraged to engage others in thoughtful and meaningful dialogue while refraining from acting or using language with malicious intent.Classroom Conduct: Students must behave respectfully toward their peers and professors. In the classroom setting, students may not interrupt their classmates or professor, make fun of them or their expressed views, or disrupt the learning environment. It is important to maintain the best learning environment for all students and professors.
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In literature, conflict describes the battle taking place. Conflict may be external, occurring between the character and another character, society or nature. Conflict may also be internal, taking place within the person. In S.E. Hinton's young adult novel "Tex," Tex runs into conflict with other characters, but especially his brother, Mason, a conflict that creates Tex's internal struggle about what he wants from life.
Many Conflicts
Tex at first feels comfortable in his home, but life quickly becomes troublesome when the boys' father returns home. Tex struggles with many townspeople such as the police; the father of the girl he likes, Jamie; and eventually Jamie herself. The primary external conflict occurs when he fights with Mason, however, particularly after Mason sells Tex's favorite horse and best friend. Tex's unhappiness grows until he leaves the area and moves to another city. Only then does he realize life with his brother was best, even at its worst. This realization illustrates the internal conflict Tex faces in the story. | https://education.seattlepi.com/conflict-tex-se-hinton-6178.html |
This guide includes information for individuals representing themselves in court in defense of a driving violation as well as students who are interested in the general law of Arizona. The guide provides information from the state and federal government and provides citations to both print and electronic resources. The call numbers on this page link to Ross-Blakley Law Library catalog records, which provide information about location, availability, and currency of each item in the Law Library. For Visitors to the Ross-Blakely law Library, there is patron access to Westlaw Patron Access and Nexis Uni on the public access computers available on the third floor of the Beus Center for Law and Society.
The reference librarians at the Ross-Blakley Law Library are happy to help you find or navigate research resources.
Librarians are available 9am-4pm Monday-Thursday and 9am-2pm on Friday by phone or by email. | https://libguides.law.asu.edu/Traffic/DUI |
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To understand how not to violate HIPAA, we must first understand what HIPAA is. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, commonly referred to by the acronym HIPAA, is an act of law that protects health insurance coverage of recently terminated employees, standards for electronic medical transactions, standards required for group health insurance, and several other items primarily regarding health insurance. For healthcare personnel, an extremely important section of this act is the Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, which is often known by simply the “Privacy Rule.” This rule created a national standard of confidentiality and protection of medical information of individuals. (HIPAA for Professionals, 2017). The Privacy Rule protects all healthcare related information that could be used to identify an individual. This information includes the individual’s health condition, past, present, or future, any provision of care the individual receives, and any payment, past, present, or future, that the individual makes to a health care organization. This rule also includes date of birth, social security numbers, name, or home address (HIPAA Privacy Rule, 2015).
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Even with only a brief overview of HIPAA and the legality surrounding the act, it is evident that the law is very comprehensive when it comes to what could be considered a violation of patient privacy. As such, health professionals must be very cautious not to accidently allow for the identification of a patient. In the modern day of rampant social media use, the risk of violating HIPAA is at an all-time high.
Common social media HIPAA violations are accidental but are still serious issues and must be avoided. These violations can include but are not limited to gossip, the sharing of photographs of a patient, posts that are thought of as private that could reveal patient identities or relationships, and any photographs or messages that could have patient files in them (Posting with Caution, 2018). These may seem like issues that only someone careless would make, but when put into real-life scenarios, it becomes easy to see how a quick lapse in judgement could cost a healthcare professional their job.
The first violation was about gossip. Imagine if a nurse had a patient that was very stubborn, refused to take their medication, and then routinely came into the facility complaining about how their health isn’t improving. The nurse then logs onto Facebook and sees a captioned picture from a “Nursing Meme” page that expresses frustration related to difficult patients. The nurse tags one of his coworkers and writes, “This is exactly like the guy in 314.” While it might not seem like an issue, as “314” does not immediately identify a patient, talking about a patient by their room number, or even a nickname, is a breach of confidentiality and a violation of HIPAA (White Paper, 2011). Derogatory speech should be always avoided by the nurse, especially when it is regarding a patient.
The second situation of sharing patient photographs often has less of a malicious intent yet is still a violation of HIPAA. In this scenario, a nurse is going about her normal day when they find out that one of their friends is their patient. She then takes a picture of her friend on the app Snapchat and writes, “Look who is my patient today!” While the friend might not have an issue with the photograph being taken, they are still protected by HIPAA and thus the photograph is considered to be protected health information that requires written consent to be distributed (HIPAA Restricts, 2018). This violation could be avoided by asking for consent before taking the photograph, but since personal cell phones should not be used in the workplace, the photograph should not have been taken in the first place.
Many people believe that if their social media account is set to “Private,” only a select few people can see the photo. This is not the case, as employees of the company have access to the photo, and it can be visible to them even if deleted (White Paper, 2011). While it is unlikely that someone from Facebook is going to see a random picture or post about a patient and call the Department of Health and Human Services, it is more likely that a follower of the account would see the post and screenshot it, and thus be able to distribute the post as they like. Suddenly, it goes from a select few people who can see the post to practically anyone. This scenario is avoided by not sharing pictures or making comments about a patient that could reveal who they are, even if there were only a few people intended to hear about it.
The last situation is about sending a photo or message that could reveal patient files. Snapchat, a popular social media app, allows users to send pictures, usually in the form of “selfies,” back and forth to each other. A nurse on break could take a “snap” of his or herself to send to a friend and unknowingly capture patient data from a computer, a chart, or even a bulletin board. While the nurse’s intent was to send a harmless photo, they have now breached the Privacy Rule by distributing patient information. As with a previous scenario, the situation could be avoided by not using a personal cell phone in the workplace, especially when pictures are involved.
In short, there are many ways to violate HIPAA without even realizing it. Talking about patients on social media should be avoided, as well as any pictures taken in a health care setting or facility. Personal phones should be kept tucked away during work hours, and in the event of a legitimate use of the phone, extreme caution should be kept. Social media can certainly be used by nurses, but there must be a standard of both competency and discretion.
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3 edition of Arcjet system integration development found in the catalog.
Arcjet system integration development
Published
1994
by National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Technical Information Service, distributor in [Washington, DC], [Springfield, Va
.
Written in English
Edition Notes
|Statement||Sisney Zafran.|
|Series||NASA contractor report -- 187147., NASA contractor report -- NASA CR-187147.|
|Contributions||United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.|
|The Physical Object|
|Format||Microform|
|Pagination||1 v.|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL14706976M|
ARCJET THRUSTER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SATELLITES Several areas of development at Lewis Research Center in cooperation with outside vendors, have focused on the advancement of electrothermal propulsion and integration of this into commercial and military satellites as a reliable maneuvering propulsion system. These areas include. The Ames Arc Jet Complex has a rich heritage of over 40 years in Thermal Protection System (TPS) development for every NASA Space Transportation and Planetary program including Apollo, Space Shuttle, Viking, Pioneer-Venus, Galileo, Mars Pathfinder, Stardust, NASP, X, X, SHARP-B1 and B2, and most recently X and Mars Exploration Rovers.
Background. Despite a very successful run as a defense contractor, by February of , ArcJet Systems was financially struggling. CEO Thomas Reinhardt took a risk and began construction of both the propulsion system for the United States Space Administration's Mars Shot Project before actually securing the contract. His hopes were to secure the company's future and make it a name in the. Second, a hybrid arcjet system integrated with the main propulsion system is considered to utilize the synergy with the tank and propellant feeding system of the satellite. The considered arcjet thrusters are based on the low power arcjets ATOS , ARTUS and ARTUR developed and tested by the Institute of Space Systems, University of.
System integration is defined in engineering as the process of bringing together the component sub- systems into one system (an aggregation of subsystems cooperating so that the system is able to deliver the overarching functionality) and ensuring that the subsystems function together as a system, and in information technology as the process of linking together different computing systems and . An arcjet test series was conducted to assess the performance of multilayer felt reusable surface insulation at high temperatures, and a thermal-response, pyrolysis, and ablation model was developed.
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Book Microform: National government publication: Microfiche: English: Rating: (not yet rated) 0 with reviews - Be the first. Subjects: Arc-jet rocket engines. More like this: Similar Items. Compatibility between an arcjet propulsion system and a communications satellite was verified by testing a Government-furnished, kW hydrazine arcjet system with the FLTSATCOM qualification model satellite in a meter (foot) diameter thermal-vacuum test chamber.
Background pressure was maintained at 10(exp -5) torr during arcjet operation by cryopumping the thruster exhaust with an. Development of a regeneratively cooled kw arcjet engine. JAMES P. TODD and RONALD E. SHEETSCited by: It is our hope that browser vendors will work to establish interfaces to distributed systems like Arcjet so direct Peer-to-Peer connections are possible to serve requests to "Internet 3" traffic.
This would result in truly Distributed Apps, not just Decentralized Apps, or the DApp ArcJet Systems (also known simply as Arcjet system integration development book was a pre-War company which performed communications and propulsion work for both military and civilian contractors.
Despite a very successful run as a defense contractor, by FebruaryArcJet Systems was financially y: United States of America. Arc iet System and Interfaces A flight-type arcjet system consisting of an arcjet thruster, power processing unit (also known as power conditioning unit), and triax interconnect cable was used throughout this test program.
The arcjet was operated on N2:'2H2 mixtures simulating fully decomposed hydrazine, which eliminated the need for a gas generator. Main article: ArcJet Systems (company) ArcJet was a contractor specializing in the design and development of custom-built high-tech aviation equipment.
This particular facility included offices and labs for their staff, as well as a secure test chamber for new products in development. It has largely been abandoned since the war.
ArcJet Systems is a factory Location in the Western area of The Commonwealth. It is located to the East of the Federal Ration Stockpile, and West of the Rocky IGN Logo.
4 • Effective Methods for Software and Systems Integration Software requIrementS Defined and documented software requirements provide a systematic approach to development from multiple resources.
The results of func-tional software interfaces, performance, verification, and production. Establish an Integration rhythm that is essentially independent of the development team.
Manage system integration and system test based upon subsystems that can be end-to-end tested against system level requirements; manage system design & development based upon components that can be independently developed and checked.
"Through real life cases and examples, this book makes the case for genuine integration of program management and systems engineering. It shows how a combination of shared vision, responsiveness to change, empowerment of teams and technical competence lead to value realization when dealing with complex socio-technical s: 8.
Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters March The research described in this publication was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service. Near term flight applications of arcjet and ion thruster satellite station-keeping systems as well as development activities in Europe, Japan, and the United States are reviewed.
At least two arcjet and three ion propulsion flights are scheduled during the – period. Systems integration goes hand-in-hand with systems engineering.
The more complex the system, the more involved the system is in piecing together. This book is a series of papers generated by various authors on the topic systems integration. There are papers that set the foundation of where systems integration got its start, what it has taken to Reviews: 2.
Stuck inside ArcJet Systems (level 9) Hey, I've gotten myself stuck inside ArcJet Systems, and I can't find the way out. I can't go back the way I came because I can't make it through the same hole. I'll include some screenshots if needed.
Showing of 7 comments. kneeki. Arcjet system integration development [microform] / Sisney Zafran; MPD arcjet system [microform] / K. Kuriki; Performance of a miniaturized arcjet [microform] / John M.
Sankovic and David T. Jacobson; A study of DC-DC converters with MCT's for arcjet power supplies [microform] / Thomas A.
Stuart. In this paper the results of a low-power arcjet study for satellites beginning-of-life and end-of life servicing by de-orbit is presented.
Two distinct use cases were analysed while considering. Books. AIAA Education Series; Library of Flight; Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics; The Aerospace Press; No Access.
Design, testing, and integration of a flight-ready hydrazine arcjet system. KNOWLES and. many propulsive systems - hence, an obvious justification for working on arc- jet thrus- tors (fig. Now, some 5 years after the early mission studies and after considerable development work, the propulsion designer is better situated to assess the relative merits of the thermal arc jet.
System Integration Requirements. LowPower Microwave Arcjet Testing Plasma and Plume Diagnostics and Performance Evaluation. Micropropulsion for Small Spacecraft, Volume Michael Matthew Micci, Andrew David Ketsdever Snippet view - Common terms and phrases.
The Arc-Jet provides the expertise to support screening, development, and validation of human-rated spacecraft thermal protection systems and robotically piloted vehicles. The Arc-Jet is a high altitude, hypersonic wind tunnel facility that uses 4 direct current (DC) rectifiers capable of producing 10 MW of electrical power to heat test gases that typically consist of 23% O 2 and 77% N 2 by mass.in the development of electric propulsion systems [2, 3] and the development of advanced propulsion concepts .
The study is strongly based on the experiences with ammonia and hydrazine arcjets that have been developed and tested at the IRS. An example of this is shown in Fig. 1, where the arcjet ATOS is depicted in operation. Fallout 4 ArcJet Systems ArcJet Systems is a location in the Commonwealth in Fallout 4.
There is a mine under the car in front of ArcJet Systems. Use VATS to find it. When you shoot it, immediately backup because the car will explode also.
A low building with massive damage internally, the building is a maze of collapsed floors and ceilings. | https://cibemyjidywaniw.simplicityhsd.com/arcjet-system-integration-development-book-2684hj.php |
2021-10-26 08:13:18 Find the results of "
basketball rules ball hits player out of bounds
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RULE NO. 8: Out-of-Bounds and Throw-In | NBA Official
RULE
NO. 8:
Out-of-Bounds
and Throw-In The
ball
is
out-of-bounds
when it touches a
player
who is
out-of-bounds
or any other person, the floor, or any object... Any
ball
that rebounds or passes directly behind the backboard, in any direction, or enters the cylinder from below is... The
ball
is caused ...
Out of Bounds/Lost Ball/Provisional - USGA.ORG
Topic Overview: If you
hit
your
ball out of bounds
or lose it (you have three minutes to search for your
ball
before it becomes lost), your only option is to go back to the spot of your previous stroke to play under stroke and distance. The only exceptions to this are if your
ball
is lost in a penalty area (when you can use any of the penalty area relief options) or lost in an abnormal ground condition or in an obstruction.
Videos for
Basketball Rules Ball Hits Player Out Of Bounds
See more videos for
Basketball Rules Ball Hits Player Out Of Bounds
Out Of Bounds Basketball - Rookie Road
In
basketball,
a
ball
is
out of bounds
if it touches a
player
who is
out of bounds
or lands
out of bounds
on the floor. The
ball
is also
out
if it
hits
any of the objects behind the basket or backboard. When the
ball goes out of bounds,
whichever team sent it
out
loses possession.
Basketball | Basketball Rules Tip: Out-of-Bounds
The ball is
out of bounds
when it touches a player who is
out of bounds,
or the supports or the back of the backboards or it touches the floor or any object on, above or
outside a boundary
line.
rules - Is the ball out of bounds when hitting the referee ...
The
ball
shall be
out of bounds
when it touches a player who is
out of bounds,
any other person, the floor or any object on or outside a boundary, the supports or back of the backboard, or the ceiling or overhead equipment. Section 2 (Ball Caused To Go
Out of Bounds):
Art. 1.
NFHS Case Book – Rule 7 – Out of Bounds and the Throw-in ...
SITUATION A: A1, while holding the
ball inbounds
near the sideline, touches (a) player B1; (b) a photographer; (c) a coach; (d) an official, all of whom are
out of bounds.
RULING: A1 is not
out of bounds
in (a), (b), (c) or (d). To be out of bounds, A1 must touch the floor or some object on or outside a boundary line.
In basketball, if I am already out of bounds and someone hits ...
SECTION 2 CAUSING THE
BALL TO GO OUT OF BOUNDS.
ART. 1: The
ball
is caused to
go out of bounds
by the last player to touch or to be touched by it, before it goes out, provided it is out of bounds because of touching something other than a player.
Can a Basketball Player Step Out of Bounds & Step Back in ...
The
rules
of
basketball
make it pretty clear that you can't
touch the ball
while any part of you is
out of bounds.
The
rules
are different if a player steps out without the ball.
Players
who go
out of bounds
can legally rejoin the play and touch the
ball
once they have both feet back on the court.
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Taiwanese scientists have bred a strain of Escherichia coli (Escherichia coli), able to use methanol as the sole source of food, reported in Cell. The speed of propagation of such bacteria were not significantly different from the speed of propagation of the species, which was originally methylotrophy: the number of feeding methanol E. coli has doubled every 8.5 hours. The researchers also found a problem that occurs due to the metabolism of methanol (chemical linkage of DNA with certain proteins), which microorganisms partially solved by increasing the number of copies of certain genes.
To support various biochemical processes in the body and renew the structure in its structure, all living things must eat to obtain energy, carbon and electrons. Depending on what food sources used by the species, it belongs to different categories “-tropov” (“eating” in Greek). For example, among the bacteria there are methylotrophy — those who receive carbon and electrons from methane derivatives CH4, but not from him. However, they are not very much.
Meanwhile, the methanol (CH3OH) is a compound that can serve as a good source of electrons for microorganisms. In addition, it is easy to get from greenhouse gases — CO2 and methane. If you could create easily breed bacteria, which can metabolize methanol, have been able to reduce the emissions of these gases in the atmosphere.
Attempts to bring methylotrophs have been made with E. coli (Escherichia coli), the most popular model object prokaryotes. Different teams of microbiologists have identifiedwhich enzymes allow the bacteria to metabolize CH3OH and what genes these enzymes are encoded. Also identifythe methods of cultivation it is better to use to effectively grow the right bacteria. However, strains of E. coli, which were able to utilize methanol as a sole source of nutrition, has not yet been established.
Now the staff of the Institute of biological chemistry at academia Sinica (Taiwan) under the direction of James Liao (James C. Liao) managed to ensure that E. coli survived and with acceptable speed multiply only one methanol. To do this, they gradually, not in one generation, replaced bacteria the genes of the enzymes involved in pentozofosfatnogo cycle, such that can handle methanol (new genes “took” from methylotrophs). Previously, the authors have modeled what genes and in what sequence will need to change, but, of course, took into account data of real experiments as they conduct.
The first modified bacteria could grow on medium containing methanol and sugar xylose. They still could not eat one of only methanol, but was not able to live on only one xylose. This has created evolutionary pressure in the course of which the population consisted of fixed genes, allowing us to process methanol. Then E. coli were replaced with other stretches of DNA, due to which they found the optimal expression level of genes needed for metabolism of CH3OH. The fact that when processing formed toxic formaldehyde, which need to have time to neutralize. Nutrient medium is also changed so that ultimately there remained only the methanol. | https://toufexis.info/e-coli-was-transferred-to-food-methanol/ |
Using DNA samples from research unrelated to cancer, two teams of scientists have uncovered early, pre-cancerous genetic changes in the blood that are linked to increased chances of developing blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma or myelodysplastic syndrome.
The teams believe their findings open new avenues for research into early detection and prevention of blood cancer.
The studies – by teams from Harvard Medical School, the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI), the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Harvard-affiliated hospitals – are reported in two papers published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Working independently of each other, the two groups of scientists uncovered a detectable, pre-cancerous state in the blood that features mutations that develop in a small number of genes known to be related to blood cancers.
The scientists think the mutations – which cells acquire over time – originate in blood stem cells.
Steven McCarroll, senior author of one of the papers and assistant professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, says:
“People often think about disease in black and white – that there’s ‘healthy’ and there’s ‘disease’ – but in reality most disease develops gradually over months or years. These findings give us a window on these early stages in the development of blood cancer.”
The studies are unusual because they tackled the research from an unconventional direction. Most genetic research on cancer focuses on genomes of advanced cancers to find mutated genes.
But in these two new studies, the teams looked at somatic mutations – the copying mistakes in DNA that accumulate over time as cells divide and replicate – in DNA from blood samples of people who did not have cancer or blood disorders.
They found that a subset – some, but not all – of mutations known to feature in blood cancers were present in individuals who were 10 times more likely to develop blood cancer later in life, compared with individuals who did not have these mutations.
This cluster of pre-cancerous mutations – which is easily detected by DNA sequencing – is rarely found in the blood of people under the age of 40. It becomes more common with age and appears in more than 10% of people over the age of 70.
The scientists believe the mutations originate in blood stem cells, spurring mutated cells and their descendant clones to grow faster until they account for a larger proportion of the cells in a person’s blood.
They also suspect the early mutations wait for – and team up with – later mutations to drive the cells toward cancer.
Most of the mutations occurred in just three genes: DNMT3A, TET2 and ASXL1.
Both teams were keen to point out that there would be no benefit in testing for this pre-cancerous state – and there are no treatments available to address the condition – in healthy people.
However, they suggest the findings open new ways to research blood cancer that could lead to earlier detection and even prevention.
Prof. McCarroll, who is also director of genetics at the Broad’s Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, says:
“The results demonstrate a way to identify high-risk cohorts – people who are at much higher than average risk of progressing to cancer – which could be a population for clinical trials of future prevention strategies. The abundance of these mutated cells could also serve as a biomarker – like LDL cholesterol is for cardiovascular disease – to test the effects of potential prevention therapies in clinical trials.”
Every 3 minutes in the US, a person is diagnosed with blood cancer, new cases of which are expected to account for over 9% of all new cancer cases in 2014, according to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society.
In September 2014, Medical News Today learned of a study that uncovered a genetic network that drives an aggressive form of leukemia and its precursor – myelodysplastic syndrome – paving the way for new treatments. | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/286242 |
Forecast: Simple Overview:
Discussion: Mostly Cloudy skies are expected tonight with a small chance of light rain showers and possibly even a few snowflakes mixing in. No travel impacts are expected with temperatures staying just above freezing. Even if you do see a snowflake, nothing will stick. Tuesday looks dry before more rain is likely Tuesday night. Winds will increase Wednesday, but the daylight hours look dry once again. A strong Low-Pressure system will develop and track towards the Great Lakes by Friday. Rain is possible for a portion of Wednesday night and Thursday along a warm front. Although highs are in the 50s Thursday we will actually warm into the 60s Thursday night.
Forecast: What Will Happen through the remainder of the week?
Mostly Cloudy skies are expected tonight as a shortwave trough brings a chance of some light precipitation to the area. Light rain/drizzle and possibly a few snowflakes will be possible, but not everyone will see them and precipitation will be light. No travel impacts are anticipated with lows forecast to remain around 34 degrees. Tuesday looks dry with highs in the lower-50s ahead of our next system that will bring widespread light rain into the region Tuesday night. Temperatures will hold steady around 50 during the night as we will be under the influence of a short lived overnight warm sector. We’re not done, though, as this week is in the midst of an active weather pattern. A more potent Low Pressure system will develop in the Rockies Wednesday and eventually track through the UP and Lake Superior on Friday. This will send showers along a warm front our way Wednesday night into Thursday and then more Showers and Thunderstorms Friday along a strong cold front. Highs Thursday will range from the 50s north to 60s/near 70 south of I-96. Both the ECMWF and GFS don’t bring the warm front up to Mount Pleasant until around/after 8pm on Thursday. Given the nature of warm fronts, I agree that it will not reach us until late in the day, so most of the day in central MI will be spent in the 50s before climbing into the 60s after sunset and overnight. I expect enough WWA on a gusty southwest wind over 20 MPH to boost temperatures into the mid and upper-60s without daylight, so any sunshine Friday morning with that continued wind would push us over 70. The biggest uncertainty with Friday at this time is what is the exact timing of the front because that will impact how much sunshine we see, exactly how warm we get, and how strong thunderstorms could become. Right now, it looks like a mid-afternoon frontal passage, so will include thunderstorms in the forecast and place highs in the lower-70s.
4-Day Forecast:
Descriptive Forecast in Text Format:
Tonight...Mostly Cloudy with a 30% chance of rain showers, possibly mixed with snow showers. Low: 34. N winds around 5 MPH.
Tuesday...Partly Sunny. High: 52. NE winds 5 to 10 MPH becoming E 5 to 15 MPH in the afternoon.
Tuesday Night...Light Rain Likely. Low: 45. E winds 5 to 10 MPH becoming SW 10 to 15 MPH overnight. Gusts up to 20 MPH. Chance of rain 70%.
Wednesday...Partly Sunny. High: 56. WSW winds 10 to 20 MPH with gusts to around 30 MPH.
Wednesday Night...Mostly Cloudy. A 50% chance of rain showers overnight. Low: 43. NW winds 5 to 10 MPH becoming NE overnight.
Thursday...Rain showers likely and a slight chance of Thunderstorms until midday, then a chance of rain showers in the afternoon. High: 55. SE winds 5 to 15 MPH. Chance of rain 60%.
Thursday Night...Partly Cloudy. Low: 54. SW winds 10 to 20 MPH with gusts to around 25 MPH.
Friday...Showers and Thunderstorms likely. High: 72. Chance of rain 60%. SW winds 15 to 20 MPH becoming NW 10 to 20 MPH in the afternoon. Gusts up to 25 MPH.
Detailed Forecast: WHY is it going to happen?
Many areas will stay dry tonight with limited moisture and PWAT values only around 0.5”. Dewpoints are in the upper-20s and lower-30s this afternoon, which is another signal for dry air. Still, with a short-wave trough advancing eastward through mid-MI tonight, I believe low-end POPs are still needed for tonight’s forecast. HRRR does suggest some light precipitation around tonight. Temperatures will drop to the lower-40s and upper-30s around when precipitation may be in the area. In this case any light precipitation that can begin will eventually fight through the dry air to allow for at least some isolated light precipitation tonight. Most of this would be light rain/drizzle, but the air aloft is below freezing above 925mb, so any evaporational cooling that may occur from the virga fighting the dry air could drop localized areas cool enough to mix in a few snowflakes. Low temperatures are forecast to remain just above freezing through the night, so no travel impacts are expected and any rain/snow mixture that might form would be light and not everyone will see it. High Pressure should be enough to keep precipitation chances out of our Tuesday forecast, but a considerable amount of cloud cover will persist. We’ll call it Partly Sunny to Mostly Cloudy thanks to plentiful high clouds ahead of the next system quickly approaching. Highs will reach the lower-50s. Another shortwave and associated quick-moving weak area of Low Pressure around 1010mb will bring a warm front late Tuesday evening followed by a cold front Wednesday morning. The vorticity max will stay in northern WI and the UP of Michigan, but we still expect rain to overspread the area Tuesday night and early Wednesday as we tap briefly into Gulf Moisture during the nighttime hours. The rain will not be heavy with little to no CAPE to work with, so no thunder is expected. This will be a light rain at night event with totals generally between 0.1 and 0.25”. Lows will stay in the 40s during the rain. In fact, some areas may rise above 50 during the night during the brief period in the warm sector. The daylight hours of Wednesday look to be rather quiet, albeit it a bit breezy as a result of a more potent Low developing in the Rockies ahead of a stronger trough digging into the Pacific north west. The return flow downstream of this trough will be a ridge of decent magnitude in the eastern US. Both the ECMWF and GFS agree on a 588 dm ridge developing in the vicinity of the Mid-Atlantic states Wednesday and lasting into Thursday. This will be an opportunity to draw both Gulf moisture and warm temperatures from the south into the Great Lakes for a couple of days. Wednesday night, the warm front will lift north towards us, setting up roughly west to east along I-80 from IA to OH. This warm front will gradually lift north though Lower MI during the day Thursday and will likely setup a strong temperature gradient form north to south across the state, with 60s south of I-96 by afternoon and 40s and 50s north. Rain is most likely to occur north of this front after the air flowing from the south crosses it and lifts. Instability looks limited, with both the ECMWF and GFS operational runs showing little to no instability. The ECMWF has a narrow corridor along/just north of the front of 250 j/kg CAPE at best, so will leave thunderstorm chances at slight chance (20%) category along the warm front. Thursday evening and overnight will feature the warm sector with strong WWA on south winds sustained at 15 to 20 MPH, which will result in temperatures holding steady if not climbing thought the 60s during the night. Depending on how much sunshine we see Friday morning, temperatures should reach the upper-60s to perhaps as warm as the mid-70s for portions of central and southern lower MI before the strong cold front moves through Friday afternoon. The confidence on this timing of the cold front is actually medium to high, as models agree within just a couple of hours even at day 4. Instability should be higher ahead of the cold front Friday morning and especially afternoon. Combine that with temperatures near 70 and dewpoints potentially near 60, thunderstorms will be possible and will be included in the forecast. As far as strong/severe storms, this is a trend we will need to monitor throughout the week and a threat that, at this time, based on current cold front forecast timing, would be highest east of US-127. Temperatures will drop significantly behind this front Friday night and highs this weekend will only be in the 40s. It looks like this active weather pattern will continue through at least the end of this month as the Polar Jet Stream continues to separate the warmer air southeast and the colder air northwest. This is somewhat reflective of a La Nina type weather pattern, which would make sense, since we are in a La Nina currently. This type of an active, wet, weather pattern could be foreshadowing what portions of the upcoming winter may look like. If the pattern does stay this active, it’s only a matter of time before the Jet shifts just enough to allow snow into our forecast. As we see this week, though, the Jet is far enough to our west still to allow 60s and potentially 70s briefly into our forecast. | https://www.midmittenweatherview.com/post/rain-thunderstorms-up-and-down-temperatures |
The Golden age of Mystery refers to the period of years between WWI and WWII. The plethora of mystery writers in Britain and North America who started their careers during this era include some of the most loved and most enduring writers of all time in this genre. The influence of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes is everywhere.
The Golden Age of Mystery: Why Is It Given This Lofty Title?
The Golden Age of Mystery is a term used for the era between the World Wars. There are strong reasons why this term is warranted.
Why the Era Between the World Wars Was Golden
Whether or not you are a fan of mystery and suspense fiction, you have probably heard the term Golden Age of Mystery. You may even know that this era encompasses the years between World War I and World War II. Certainly you know this if are a fan of mystery and suspense. What is it about this period of years that warrants the term Golden Age when
a) the men and women who wrote detective stories during this era had careers much longer than the two decades between the end of World War I in 1918 and the year that England-a hot bed of mysteries-joined World War II in 1939; and
b) Sherlock Holmes is generally considered by everyone to be the greatest detective of all time and he was created during the Victorian era?
a) THE ERA
First of all, titles are given to eras in history after the fact. No one knew at the time the era began that there would be a plethora of authors-many, but not all of them female-who would create their own series detective and launch a mystery writing career between the World Wars. Some detectives had their own Dr. Watson narrators. Some were amateurs. Some were police officers of various ranks, either at Scotland Yard or in an American city. Some lived in a large city like London or New York. Some lived in small towns that were totally fictitious. Some mysteries read like a Murder Most Cozy , some were Impossible Locked Room Mysteries, some focused on the criminal, some followed private eyes, some followed lawyers, and some were Police Procedurals. Yet if you ignore all the variations of Golden Age mysteries and look at the names of and amount of famous authors who first published either a short story or novel between 1918 and 1939 who are still read today by a wide audience of mystery fans, you realize that this has to be the Golden Age of Mystery.
AUTHORS AND CHARACTERS:
Here are some examples of authors and their creations who debuted between 1918 and 1939:
Margery Allingham and Albert Campion
John Dickson Carr and Gideon Fell
Raymond Chandler and Phillip Marlowe
G.K. Chesterton and Father Brown
Agatha Christie and Hercule Poirot
Agatha Christie and Miss Jane Marple
Carter Dixon (Carr) and Sir Henry Merrivale
Franklin Dixon and The Hardy Boys
Erle Stanley Gardner and Perry Mason
Carolyn Keene and Nancy Drew
Ngaio Marsh and Roderick Alleyn
Dorothy L. Sayers and Lord Peter Whimsey
Rex Stout and Nero Wolfe
The Influence Of Sherlock Holmes
The Detective and His Narrator
THE VICTORIAN SHERLOCK HOLMES
Sherlock Holmes inspired several men and women to create their own detective and sidekick team, regardless of whether the sidekick narrated the book like Dr. Watson or whether there was no narrator at all. All of the detectives had unique characteristics that separated them from the characters of other writers, even if the paradigm were the same.This is true of both British and American authors. Take Christie and Stout.
Agatha Christie created Hercule Poirot and his narrator Captain Hastings. Poirot was a Belgian detective who was forced to flee his country where he had been a policeman to England during WWI. He was fastidiously tidy, loved order and method, and talked of his "little grey cells." Hastings had been wounded during the war and met Poirot in Europe before being reunited in The Mysterious Affair at Styles in 1920. She got tired of Hastings and married him off, although he turned up from time to time. From then on Poirot had no narrator--except for the famous The Murder of Roger Ackroyd.
Rex Stout on the opposite side of the Atlantic Ocean created Nero Wolfe and Archie Goodwin. Both were private eyes who had never been on the police force. Wolfe was an large man who was dangerously obese, rode an elevator in his own private home, and had a strict time schedule to his day. He hated to be interrupted when he was tending to his beloved orchids and woe to the man or woman who thinks he or she has business more important than orchids. Goodwin was a devil-may-care ladies man who did all of Wolfe's legwork for him. Wolfe could not have survived without his narrator. To say the least, Stout never married off Goodwin.
What of the fact that Holmes is Victorian and has continued to be given new mysteries through to today? It is true that Holmes is the best, came back from the dead, and transcends the generations perhaps even more popularly now than any time since Doyle died. But Doyle was very much alone in his success in standing the test of time. Even during the time Doyle was writing, other writers and their detectives did not have the same success. Some are entirely forgotten today. The one possible exception is R. Austin Freeman who created Dr. Thorndyke and his faithful biographer, Jervis. It is perhaps no coincidence that Thorndike is a medical man who was modeled after a real person and that he had a logical method to solving crimes forensically.
Time will tell whether the current writers of mystery will have been living in a second Golden Age of Mystery
The Golden Age of Mystery
|The Golden Age of Murder|
|Crossed Skis: A Seasonal Golden Age Mystery (British Library Crime Classics)Only $7.99|
|The Shadow and the Golden Room: A Timmi Tobbson Junior (6-8) Detective Book for Kids (Solve-Them-...|
Links for the Golden age of Mystery
http://agathachristie.com/
Agatha Chrsitie's official website
http://www.sayers.org.uk/
The official Dorothy L. Sayers website for her society.
http://www.mysterylist.com/carrclub/carrframe.htm
The John Dickson Carr Society's website
Do You Read Mysteries From the Golden Age Of Mystery?
Comments
Justin.
Yes, Poe is the father of the modern detective story. I've been a fan of Christie since I was a child and have always been intrigued by her real life. Thanks for your thoughts on these famous authors and the Golden age.
Thanks too for sharing the article. Flora
Nice work, Flora. Very interesting. I've always enjoyed the work of Agatha Christie, and I love that her real life (and death) are mysterious.
It's interesting that both Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Edgar Allen Poe (who is considered the father of the modern detective story) were created well before these so called authors of the golden age.
Nice work. Liked and shared
Brenda-well then, you have lots of books waiting around to be discovered for the first time! I envy you that. I love to reread my favourites. But to find books that I've yet to read in this genre is rare among those that are easily found. There are quite a large number of books that can only be found in used bookstores-but to find them before they are bought by someone else...
Wonderful information. I feel like I've read through all the genres except mystery and suspense. I better get started. Great article.
Hi, Dave!
I do memorize quite a lot of details. How useful this information is depends upon what you do with it. :) I'm sure there a lot of people who know the lyrics to Gilligan's Island's theme song who are embarrassed to admit it. But to write about literature-in particular, mystery and suspense genres- and classic Hollywood is a passion of mine. Thus, the knowledge is beneficial.
I'll let you in on a secret, though-when I haven't slept well, I don't have a great memory of today's events either.
Take care,
Flora
I am always amazed by the depth of your knowledge of literature, movies and cinema. My poor brain just does not work like that and I have a hard time remembering who I met this morning let alone who played the part of X. Awesome job!
Joseph- Hello! Glad you enjoyed this article. Thanks for sharing that you love Christie and Conan Doyle too. I must confess I have several copies of their titles, not just one of each.
Thanks for refreshing our minds Flora with this lofty piece. Sir Arthur conan Doyle and Agatha Christie are our favorite writers indeed. Thanks!
Kelly-I'm still getting used to this new site. I read Nancy Drew hardcovers in order. I had a library card, but when it came to my favourite mystery authors I would collect them, rather than borrow them. I still have a lot of them. I am willing to part with books of other genres, but I reread mysteries. Some of the authors that aren't as famous as the big names cannot be found except in used book stores-or online. and I love to hold a real book in my hand.
I was just messing around on Wizzley:) Trying to figure the program out!
I always was an avid reader...I was about 8 or 9 when I was allowed my first Library Card from the public library. I got a ride every week so I could trade my Nancy Drew books in:) lol. I think I read them all in one summer. I tried to introduce them to my daughters but they are just too old school for them. Sad! But hey - they both read just as much as I did - so I'll settle for that!
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Male figures in dreams can have various meanings depending on their characteristics and context of the dream. According to Carl Jung's theory of dream interpretation, if you are male and a man appears in your dream, he symbolizes an aspect of yourself. Reflect upon his role and behavior in your dream. Is he fatherly, aggressive, successful? He may represent your paternal or aggressive side or the person you are striving to become. Is the man young, old or a peer? Males appearing as peers most often symbolize the self as it is now. If he is giving you advice or making suggestions, you may, in effect, your more rational side may be speaking to the side of you that is uncertain or confused about an issue. Pay attention, as you may be receiving a valuable solution to a problem.
If you are female, a man in your dream may represent the rational, strong, assertive, competitive or analytical side of yourself. For both genders, if the man is known to you, he may represent qualities in that person that you like, admire, dislike or fear.
The role that the man plays in your dream may also lend form to its interpretation. For instance, a male religious figure may symbolize the authoritative aspects of religion or spirituality while a female figure in this context may symbolize more nurturing aspects. The role that any person plays in your dream may symbolize issues that you are currently struggling with.
Parthena Black is a professional social worker and ordained minister with experience in tarot and runes. For private spiritual counseling and intuitive readings via e-mail, please visit her at oymygoddess.com.
Content copyright © 2018 by Parthena Black. All rights reserved.
This content was written by Parthena Black. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Lori Chidori Phillips for details. | http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art30019.asp |
Heart rate and metabolic responses to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise: a comparison of graded walking and ungraded jogging at a constant perceived exertion.
In this study, we assessed how ungraded jogging and graded walking at the same rating of perceived exertion (RPE) affect heart rate and oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O(2)). Twenty untrained participants completed a treadmill test to determine peak [Vdot]O(2) (mean = 40.3 +/- 6.3 ml . kg(-1) . min(-1)). Participants completed separate 30-min trials of moderate exercise (RPE of 13 on the Borg 6-20 scale) in random order on the treadmill: graded walking and ungraded jogging. Treadmill speed or grade was adjusted throughout the trial by the experimenter based on participant responses to maintain an RPE of 13. The jogging trial produced a significantly higher heart rate (161 +/- 18 vs. 142 +/- 24 beats . min(-1)) and [Vdot]O(2) (7.4 +/- 1.8 vs. 5.8 +/- 1.5 METs) (P < 0.01) than the walking trial. Treadmill grade decreased significantly during the walking trial (11.1 +/- 2.3% to 10.0 +/- 2.2%; P < 0.01), but treadmill speed did not change significantly during the jogging trial (5.2 +/- 1.0 miles . h(-1) to 5.0 +/- 0.9 miles . h(-1)) (P > 0.05), in an effort to maintain constant RPE. These findings provide evidence that similar perceptions of effort during graded walking and ungraded jogging do not produce similar cardiovascular and metabolic responses. The results indicate that, for a given prescribed perceived effort, jogging provides a greater stimulus for fitness benefits and caloric expenditure.
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Here are this weeks Bible study notes for 1 Timothy 2:8. Add your thoughts in the comments section.
1 Timothy 2:8 (NIV)
8 Therefore I want the men everywhere to pray, lifting up holy hands without anger or disputing.
The first part of this verse that I want to look at is the use of the word 'everywhere'. In this context Paul is talking about matters within the church, not external to the church and when we then apply that, this part could be read as 'I want the men to pray in every church'. The focus here for Paul was correcting and instructing the church on what they should be doing when they meet together and he is try to convey the message that corporate prayer should be a fundamental part of the church meeting. This is a directive in doctrine that applies to every church congregation, regardless of circumstance or situation, it's an imperative and essential part of our meeting together that prayer is incorporated.
The next section I want to zoom in on is the use of the word 'men'. Paul is assuming that it should be the men within the church that lead prayers. This is a point that is contended amongst the modern church. Many people stand by the doctrine that it should only be men that take the pulpit or leadership within church, whereas others believe that some of the scriptures interpreted in this way were because of the cultural status of women at that time. Personally, when I see the way Jesus treated women in the New Testament and how they held positions of authority in His life, it leads me to believe that there must be an equality of gender within church life. I've met too many women who are amazing leaders to believe that they are not called to leadership or ministry in some way.
The idea of 'lifting up holy hands' also held cultural significance as this was how many of the people of the time worshipped. It also signifies that 'holy hands' are set apart for God and not given over to evil. People often hold their hands up in worship to signify an openness to God and to show an outward physical expression of worship. Part of the significance of this is that Paul is calling the people to life their hands in a public expression to God.
Finally, the last part of this verse 'without anger or disputing' is a very blunt reminder that we must examine our hearts before coming before God. It is displeasing to God is we have anger and strife within the church and it also gets in the way of prayer. For this reason Jesus actually teaches that we should interrupt our prayers, if necessary, to make peace with others.
Matthew 5:23-24 (NIV)
23 “Therefore, if you are offering your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother or sister has something against you,24 leave your gift there in front of the altar. First go and be reconciled to them; then come and offer your gift.
When we prayer with anger in our hearts we can do more harm than good, especially in a public arena. So it is important that we put these things right before taking up a position of leading public prayer. Our relationship with God may not depend on those around us, but as human beings our emotions affect our actions and it often easy to see when someone is harbouring anger or bitterness.
Adam Clarke describes this practice in this way:
"Having no vindictive feeling against any person; harbouring no unforgiving spirit, while they are imploring pardon for their own offences.''
- Adam Clarke 1836
I hope you've learned something new from the notes this week and I would love to know what you think about this verse in the comments section.
I pray that this scripture might bless you and enhance both your understanding of God's word and your relationship with Him. | https://www.ebc-netherton.com/post/1-timothy-2-8 |
How it all began in Stratford-upon-Avon… This English town is famous for the birthplace of William Shakespeare (1564—1616), one of the greatest writers in the world. He founded the Theatre in England.
It was the 16th century. When William was a young man, there were no theatres in England. Groups of actors travelled from town to town and played in different places, usually out-of-doors. Sometimes actors came to Stratford. Young William went to see all their shows and liked them very much. He wanted to become an actor. Sometimes he wrote little plays himself and staged them with his friends.
William Shakespeare
The Contents:
- The Short Biography with Questions
- Plays by Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet
- Sonnets by Shakespeare
- О жанре сонета
1. The Biography of Shakespeare (in short, quiz)
William Shakespeare is the most well-known English writer as well as a poet and a dramatist. But how much do you know about him? Read the short biography of Shakespeare and answer the questions.
* * *
Questions about Shakespeare’s Life:
2. Plays by Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet
Shakespeare’s greatness reveals in his plays, which are world-famous. Some of them have much in common, some are united with the same theme. Below you will find the list of his comedies and tragedies and the plot of his most loved play «Romeo and Juliet».
The Most Famous Plays by William Shakespeare
1.The Great (or Middle) Comedies (1596-1602):
- Much Ado about Nothing (Italian theme)
- The Merchant of Venice (Italian theme)
- The Twelfth Night (Italian theme)
- As you like it (an English tale)
- A Midsummer Night’s Dream
2.The Great Tragedies:
- Julius Caesar (1599, a Roman theme)
- Hamlet
- Othello
- King Lear
- Macbeth
- Antony and Cleopatra (a Roman theme)
- Romeo and Juliet
3.The Dark Comedies:
- All is well that ends well
- Measure for measure
- Troilus and Cressida
4.The Late Plays (1608-1612):
- The Tempest
- Henry the VIII
* * *
The Plot of Romeo and Juliet (in short)
Romeo and Juliet is the most complex of all Shakespeare’s early plays. It is much about hatred as love. It is not only the death of lovers that conclude the play but also the public revelation of what has happened. Besides, the innocence of the lovers is contrasted to the sexual affairs of that time.
The play «Romeo and Juliet» was first published in 1597. It tells us about tragic love of the two lovers Romeo and Juliet. These characters are world-known and have been depicted in literature, music, dance and theatre. The names of the Montagues and the Capulets, who are the families of the young lovers, are well-known too.
The plot of the tragedy was based on a long narrative poem «The Tragical Historye Of Romeus and Juliet (1562) composed by the English poet Arthur Broke. In his turn he had based his poem on a French translation of an Itallian tale.
- Friar — монах
- revenge — месть
- banish — изгнать
- Count — граф
- potion — зелье
- vault — склеп
- feud — кровная вражда
The scene of the play is set in Verona, an Italian town in the middle of summer. Romeo and Juliet meet at a masked ball of the Capulets and instantly fall in love with each other. The two noble families are enemies and they have to marry secretly with the help of a Friar Laurence.
At the same time there is a quarrel between Romeo’s friend Mercutio and Tybalt, and a Capulet, the Mercutio being killed. Romeo takes revenge and kills Tybalt in a fight. Then he is banished to Matua.
Juliet’s father, not knowing about his daughter’s marriage, insists on her marrying Count Paris, and she turns to Friar for help. He gives her a potion that will make her appear to be dead. According to his plan Romeo must resque her from a vault, but the messenger is late and Romeo on hearing on Juliet apparent death returns to Verona in grief. He kills Count Paris and finds his Juliet in the family vault. Not knowing that she is only sleeping he gives her a last kiss and takes a poison. The last kiss awakens Juliet, but when she sees dead Romeo, she kills herself.
The both families grieve and decide to end the feud.
* * *
3. Sonnets by Shakespeare
William Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets. These are verses about love. Below you will find three sonnets by Shakespeare and their translations into Russian by S.Y. Marshak.
В. Шекспир. Сонет 27. Sonnet 27.
The dear repose for limbs with travel tired;
But then begins a journey in my head
To work my mind, when body’s work’s expired.
For then my thoughts from far where I abide-
Intend a zealous pilgrimage to thee,
And keep my drooping eyelids open wide,
Looking on darkness which the blind do see:
Save that my soul’s imaginary sight
Presents thy shadow to my sightless view,
Which, like a jewel hung in ghastly night,
Makes black night beauteous, and her old face new.
Lo! thus, by day my limbs, by night my mind,
For thee, and for myself, no quiet find.
* * *
Вильям Шекспир. Сонет 48. Sonnet 48.
How careful was I when I took my way,
Each trifle under truest bars to thrust,
That to my use it might unused stay
From hands of falsehood, in sure wards of trust!
But thou, to whom my jewels trifles are,
Most worthy comfort, now my greatest grief,
Thou best of dearest, and mine only care,
Art left the prey of every vulgar thief.
Thee have I not lock’d up in any chest,
Save where thou art not, though I feel thou art,
Within the gentle closure of my breast,
From whence at pleasure thou mayst come and part;
And even thence thou wilt be stolen I fear,
* * *
Вильям Шекспир. Сонет 48. Sonnet 91.
Some glory in their birth, some in their skill,
Some in their wealth, some in their body’s force,
Some in their garments though new-fangled ill;
Some in their hawks and hounds, some in their horse;
And every humour hath his adjunct pleasure,
Wherein it finds a joy above the rest:
But these particulars are not my measure,
All these I better in one general best.
Thy love is better than high birth to me,
Richer than wealth, prouder than garments’ cost,
Of more delight than hawks and horses be;
And having thee, of all men’s pride I boast:
Wretched in this alone, that thou mayst take
All this away, and me most wretched make.
4. О жанре сонета
Дорогие друзья! Эти короткие стихотворения написаны три с лишним века назад, но живут до сих пор. Автор написал их от первого лица, в них его живая душа, которая страдает и тоскует, ждет и радуется. Шекспир не является родоначальником этого лирического жанра, хотя многие связывают жанр сонета с именем Шекспира.
История сонета началась в Италии в XIII веке, но имя его создателя, адвоката и поэта Якопо да Лентини, вам скорее всего ни о чем не говорит. Однако вам, наверное, известны сонеты итальянского поэта Франческо Петрарки (16 век).
Жанр «английского сонета» создал малоизвестный поет Г. Сарри, а прославил эту лирическую форму Вильям Шекспир.
Тема сонета: ЛЮБОВЬ, и все связанные с ней чувства: тоска, ожидание, радость, страдание, ревность.
Размер английского сонета — пятистопный ямб (строки рифмуются: ab ab dd)
Композиция сонета следующая:
- первое четверостишие определяет тему сонета,
- второе содержит его развитие,
- третье подводит к развязке темы.
- заключительное выражает итог (или противопоставление).
При этом автор в конце как бы подводит итог, строки звучат тише, не так выразительно, напряжение чувств спадает.
Это самое основное, что нужно запомнить о жанре — сонеты. Вы прочитали три сонета Шекспира на английском языке и в переводе Маршака.
* * *
Заканчиваем этот краткий обзор творчества английского драматурга Вильяма Шекспира, из которого вы узнали краткую биографию Шекспира на английском языке (The short biography of Shakespeare), полный список его пьес (The list of plays by Shakespeare), краткое содержание его самой известной трагедии «Ромео и Джульетта» (The plot of Romeo and Juliet»), а также познакомились с жанром сонета. Далее мы продолжаем изучать творчество Шекспира, оставайтесь с нами! | https://englishstory.ru/the-biography-of-shakespeare-in-short-easy-reading-plays-and-sonnets-by-shakespeare.html |
The Métis Association of Alberta was founded in 1928 to represent the interest and concerns of the Métis people of Alberta. Its primary objective was to secure an autonomous land base for the Métis people. Other objectives included obtaining improved education, health, and social and economic conditions. Joseph Dion, Jim Brady, Malcolm Norris, Felix Callihoo and Peter Tompkins provided leadership.
After intensive lobbying by Métis leaders and others, the Ewing Commission, composed of Métis leaders and representatives of the government, was to, “Make inquiry into the condition of the Half Breed population of Alberta, keeping particularly in mind the health, education, relief and welfare of such population” (Dobbin, 1981).
With autonomy being their most important goal, the Métis Association of Alberta leaders wanted a cooperative venture with the Alberta government. The Ewing Commission, however, clearly did not believe the Métis people were capable, stating, “It is perfectly true that these people are like children, helpless and irresponsible” (Dobbin, 1981). Following the recommendations of the Ewing Commission Report 1936, the Province enacted the Métis Betterment Act for the establishment of the Métis Settlements.
Cultural Team
|Cultural Team, L-R: Beatrice Demetrius, Bailey Oster, Marilyn Lizee, MNA President Audrey Poitras, Norma Spicer, Juanita Marois, Cordene Gerlat. Missing: Terry Boucher.|
Who we are: The MNA cultural team is a group of volunteers from the MNA provincial office. The team formed in October 2011 in recognition of the importance of sharing and promoting the unique history and culture of Métis people, families and communities. By using historical materials from the Genealogical Research Centre (GRC) we work to ensure historical Métis events, traditions and cultural practices are accurately recorded in standardized format.
Our Goal: The team shares a common vision of developing Métis cultural presentations and informational packages highlighting the uniqueness of Métis culture, history, and heroes. Presentations and informational packages will be based on a consistent format and referenced historical material from the Genealogical Research Centre.
Our Objectives: We will continually work to research and reference historical and cultural material, develop and maintain resources to be held in the GRC, and work to engage MNA Members to contribute personal stories, photos and artifacts to add to our collection.
Importantly, the teams wants to share and promote Métis cultural and heritage to external stakeholders, including federal, provincial and municipal governments, schools, and other partners.
For more information about Métis culture, please contact: | http://albertametis.com/culture/ |
Music is something I take with me everywhere that it’s even quasi-appropriate. Whether I’m cooking, cleaning, working, running, in class, driving, in the grocery store or in the shower, the chances of me listening to something while I’m doing it are quite high.
I really do like a lot of different genres and try to check out a lot of music throughout each day. But at this point, Emmet Cohen’s weekly Monday night streams make up the vast majority of my musical diet.
Cohen (piano) and his bandmates Russell Hall (bass) and Kyle Poole (drums) are now over 40 weeks into one of the most important jazz programs, in my opinion, in the history of the music.
While performers across all genres have struggled during the pandemic, jazz is fringe music that is distinctly collaborative and community-oriented, posing greater challenges to musicians. While some clubs — places where musicians can tell their story every night and get paid for it — remain open, the likelihood of them being able to pay as many musicians as well as they could before is low.
As with most other art forms, the transition to digital content for jazz was — and still is — tough. To me, the experience of being in a jazz club is quite difficult to recreate and very central to the experience. But Cohen, Hall and Poole are showing that it’s not impossible.
Serendipitously, the trio live together in Harlem, affording them a unique opportunity to safely continue creating music even during the most extreme lockdown restrictions. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, they’ve been streaming gigs from their living room free of charge on YouTube.
In their own right, each of the three are stand-outs in the jazz scene in New York City and demonstrate a mastery of their instruments and the genre that I had no idea still existed — especially at such a young age. Though the pandemic limits us in many conventional ways, these musicians are granting people access to music that would rarely make it out of the best clubs in New York otherwise.
Throughout the night they cycle between jazz standards, original tunes and a steady stream of phenomenal guest artists that come to join the band. More than any other virtual event I’ve attended, they manage to preserve a sense of originality and vibrancy that is honestly uplifting. It’s the closest experience I’ve had to attending live music by far and unlike live music, you can access nearly all of their previous gigs online at any time.
For me, their music has been the one and only highlight of the pandemic and their gigs are something I attend beyond religiously. Each night could be sold as a record and many of them, while virtual, are the best jazz gigs I’ve ever seen. Even more than the music, the three radiate a sense of positivity and unity that reminds me of what the world was like before masks. Every Monday night, the gods are smiling — I’m sure of it. Bravo! | https://gmufourthestate.com/2021/02/05/add-to-queue-3/ |
People living in and around Norwich reported hearing a very loud noise over the city on Wednesday.
The noise was heard in Taverham, Hellesdon and other suburbs of the city shortly before midday.
Scores of people immediately took to social media to discuss it, with some reporting large vibrations being felt along with the noise.
Emma Lewis-Garland, from south Norwich, said: "Doors and windows shook and the neighbours heard it too. Very loud, weird explosion noise."
Ian Goodson, who lives in Taverham, said the noise sounded like "a sonic boom or earthquake".
"It was a large vibration, and dull bang with all the windows shaking in the house", he added.
Meanwhile, other people reported hearing the noise in Costessey, at the University of East Anglia and in Wymondham.
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Another Norwich person said she "thought a car had hit something", while another added: "It sounded like my roof was coming off".
Many commenters online said they thought it was a sonic boom, while a spokesperson for Norfolk Police added that the force also believed this to be the case
The RAF later confirmed that the noise was caused accidentally by one of its jets.
A spokesperson said: "The sonic boom heard in East Anglia was inadvertently caused by a RAF Hawk aircraft completing a high speed dive as part of an air test schedule.
"Any inconvenience caused to local residents is regretted."
What is a sonic boom?
Sonic booms are caused whenever an object, such as a jet plane, travels through the air faster than the speed of sound.
The huge amount of sound energy generated means the phenomenon can often sound like a thunder clap or an explosion to those in the vicinity.
These sonic booms from jet aircraft can be very loud and, in some extreme scenarios, have been known to cause damage to buildings and break windows.
This is why those flying aircraft with supersonic capability, such as Hawk and Typhoon jets, are only ever allowed to break the sound barrier in exceptional circumstances.
They don't happen often, but there have been examples in Norfolk before, such as one in 2017 when RAF Typhoons were scrambled to help a Ryanair passenger plane. | https://www.wymondhamandattleboroughmercury.co.uk/news/norwich-and-wymondham-residents-hear-loud-bang-7076120 |
One in five emergency room visits in rural Queensland are for chronic illness
One in five people visit emergency rooms for chronic illness in regional Queensland, which was likely because of a lack of community healthcare services, a study has found.
University of South Australia researchers who had been looking into the prevalence of chronic illness in regional Queensland checked data from a public hospital in far north Queensland to better understand what brought people into the emergency department.
The data was gathered over two years and included more than 95,000 presentations and more than 50,000 cases.
Researchers found chronic conditions accounted for 20.2 per cent of all emergency presentations, which lead author and University of South Australia senior research fellow Dr Linton Harriss said could have been addressed within community healthcare services.
"The top one (in the chronic illness presentations) was mental health categories, so you are looking at substance use, intentional self-harm, anxiety, they're the main three," he said.
"The second-biggest category was for circulatory disorders, people with heart condition, either had a heart attack in past or have had strokes.
"Many of those conditions can actually be treated in the community by GPs but the poor access to primary healthcare services in remote areas mean people go to the emergency department instead."
Dr Harriss said the proportion of total emergency department presentations for mental health and circulation disorders was 50 per cent higher as a proportion compared with other public hospitals in Australia.
"The burden of mental illness and circulatory disorders in this city is above the national average," he said.
"Its shocking but it is not brand new, we know this is occurring. In regional and remote areas the population is doing it tough, the health services are doing it tough and that is generally because it is poor access to community services."
The study found people with chronic conditions were more likely to arrive by ambulance and have a longer stay, which choked the limited staff available for immediate emergency presentations.
"In regional and remote areas, GPs are thin on the ground or else they have reduced hours, so people can't access them when they need to, so they go to the emergency department because they know it is open," Dr Harriss said.
"It becomes habitual – once people are on file at the hospital and they have had success at getting treated at the hospital, they will keep going back there.
"That puts pressure on the staff for others experiencing other conditions that require emergency department care."
The Indigenous population in the regional city were doing it "extra tough", Dr Harriss said.
"They were two times more likely to present to the emergency department than the non-Indigenous population," he said.
"We found Indigenous people were sicker when they got to hospital than non-Indigenous people, they were more likely to arrive in an ambulance.
"The consequence is they are arriving to emergency more ill than non-Indigenous people - that could have been prevented by developing infrastructure in the community for those people."
Dr Harriss said he hoped the study would shine a spotlight on the dire need for better primary healthcare services, like GPs.
"We know that as you move north in Australia or away from major cities and go into regional or remote areas, there is a great divide that develops in relation to healthcare services," he said.
"The further you move north, the less money gets allocated, you have smaller populations, it is also harder for people to live in rural and remote areas, access is difficult, seeking out and keeping jobs is difficult, those people who are living in those areas have a higher risk factor.
"When less money is pumped into providing healthcare for those people, the end result is that people use their local hospital for their everyday healthcare needs."
The study was published in the Australian Journal of Rural Health. | https://www.watoday.com.au/national/queensland/one-in-five-emergency-room-visits-in-rural-queensland-are-for-chronic-illness-20160906-gr9sw4.html |
There are many unanswered questions about the coronavirus impacts in the United States, some of which center around how schools will reopen for the fall term. K-12 school districts in many areas are scheduled to resume classes in a matter of weeks. However, what the learning environment will look like has yet to be determined in many cases. With that said, there are a lot of concerns about how schools might implement distance learning on a large scale.
One concern that parents, teachers, administrators and technology leaders face is how to protect students’ personally identifiable information (PII) in an online environment. Child identity theft is a serious problem and educational institutions have been a target for hacking due to the vast amount of personal student data their servers store. A child’s identity credentials are seen as extremely valuable to identity thieves, primarily because of the long period of time where their use by the thieves can go undetected.
Parents are considering the option of continuing to keep their students distance learning, but internet safety tips for kids using online platforms will become even more important as more students (especially K-12) utilize digital education for a longer period of time. However, with so many different online platforms being used by schools of different sizes and needs, there could still be an increased risk of student data being exposed or stolen in a data compromise and then used to create synthetic identities or sold for marketing purposes.
In one example from 2019, an online education provider in the U.S. suffered an accidental overexposure when a database of possibly more than 19,000 students’ information was left unsecured. Anyone with an internet connection was able to see the data for more than a week before it was taken down and password protected. It is still not known if anyone accessed the information while it was exposed.
As the new school year takes shape, it will be vital that administrators and IT professionals put safeguards in place to prevent unauthorized access to student records, employee files and other sensitive materials. Understanding the laws that are already in place is important in helping schools avoid costly mistakes. In California, the state’s privacy and cybersecurity law (CCPA) requires businesses and organizations to safeguard consumer data against data breaches and accidental events. Companies are also required to obtain parents’ authorization when collecting data on any child under 13 years of age, as well as have permission from the parents and student if the child is between 13 and 16 years old. The U.S. government’s Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) also gives parents some control over what personal information companies can collect on their children under the age of 13.
The next step may be in limiting the type of information that schools gather, such as Social Security numbers or health insurance and Medicaid identification numbers. Another important child privacy step will be ensuring that all personnel who have access to stored data know how to secure it. As some educators switch to wearing multiple hats this fall, they must be well-trained on how to use the platforms their school systems have adopted.
For parents, there are many internet safety tips for kids they can teach their students when it comes to online security:
- Parents should be mindful of what websites their kids visit and teach them about what types of information are okay to enter online
- Parents are encouraged to help their kids be aware of the dangers of clicking links or downloading files, as these can contain viruses and malware
- Parents should make sure all of their kids’ online interactions occur with a known and trusted individual to lessen the opportunity for social engineering
- Parents can enact the strictest privacy control settings available on both their child’s computer, mobile devices and browsers they use
Anyone with questions about child identity theft, distance learning security or internet safety tips for kids can live-chat with an Identity Theft Resource Center expert advisor. They can also call toll-free at 888.400.5530. | https://www.idtheftcenter.org/distance-learning-stresses-the-importance-of-child-privacy-and-internet-safety-tips-for-kids/ |
|Visit the Refuge's Web Site:
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http://www.fws.gov/refuge/kofa/
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Continued . . . Numerous animal species can be found in the vast desert environment of Kofa National Wildlife Refuge. Scanning the horizon, the desert can appear devoid of animal life. Yet upon closer inspection, it reveals burrows among bushes, rocks and even on the open plains -- homes to badgers, foxes, ground squirrels, pocket mice, and kangaroo rats.
Most desert mammals, especially the smaller ones, have adapted to survive with little water and receive needed moisture from plant material. Water conservation is an absolute necessity to mammals like the ringtail and mountain lion. Larger animals like desert bighorn sheep and mule deer cope with extreme temperatures during the day by staying within mountain caves and, in the case of the mule deer, finding respite under desert trees and overhanging banks. Bats, the only true flying mammals, find caves, crevices and mines ideal places to roost and are rarely seen in the daylight.
Kofa National Wildlife Refuge supports numerous amphibians and reptiles. The elusive and venomous Gila monster is the largest land lizard native to the United States and might be spotted while driving or hiking on a cool morning on the refuge. The western diamondback rattlesnake, chuckwalla, desert horned lizard, desert iguana, and the red-spotted toad are also common refuge residents. | https://www.fws.gov/Refuges/profiles/WildHabitat.cfm?ID=22570 |
Why Hasbro blames Toys 'R' Us for upcoming layoffs
In this Tuesday, Sept. 19, 2017, photo, a pedestrian walks near a sign outside of a Toys R Us and Babies R Us store, in Elizabeth, N.J. Toys R Us, squeezed by Amazon.com and huge chains like Walmart, will close 180 stores, or about 20 percent of its U.S. locations, within months, the company announced Wednesday, Jan. 24, 2018.
SALT LAKE CITY — Hasbro is blaming Toys R Us for an upcoming round of layoffs.
What’s happening: The toy company Hasbro announced Monday it will lay off employees due to a drop in sales, CBS News reports.
The company’s revenue fell to $1.5 billion in the third quarter of 2018. That’s down from $1.7 billion last year.
Sales tanked 12 percent.
CEO Brian Goldner said the end of Toys R Us might be to blame.
"Our third-quarter results reflect the loss of Toys R Us revenues in the U.S., Europe and Asia-Pacific," he said.
How many?: It’s unclear how many people will lose their jobs. Hasbro has about 5,400 employees worldwide. Half of them work in the U.S.
The toy company closed its doors in June after a bankruptcy liquidation. But that might not be the end of the road for Geoffrey the Giraffe and his store full of toys — the owners want to bring the Toys R Us and Babies R Us brands back into the mainstream, according to The Wall Street Journal.
Toys R Us planned to auction off the rights to its brand name, and there have already been a number of interested parties, according to CNN Money. However, the owners canceled the auction, saying they are considering "a new, operating Toys R Us and Babies R Us branding company,” according to a company filing. | |
Dr Kelly-Ann Allen, PhD is an educational and developmental psychologist, senior lecturer at Monash University and senior honorary fellow of the University of Melbourne . With more than ten years’ experience as a school psychologist, she currently combines her academic research interests in the area of belonging with her knowledge as a practitioner to collaborate with colleagues in the U.S., U.K., Malaysia, Iran, and Turkey.
Kelly-Ann is a fellow of the College of Educational and Developmental Psychologists, where she is also Treasurer for the National Committee. She is a committee member for the American Psychological Society, Division 15 (Education Psychology) and Associate Editor for three journals: the Australian Journal of Psychology (Wiley), The Educational and Developmental Psychologist (Cambridge University Press) and the Australian Community Psychologist. Kelly-Ann also serves on several editorial boards, including The British Psychological Society’s, Child and Educational Psychologist and Social Health and Behaviour.
Kelly-Ann is a board director for both The Homeless Project Ltd and Early Childhood Intervention Australia (ECIA) (Victoria, Tasmania), a peak body for early childhood intervention in Australia. Her activities focused on community engagement have won awards including the University of Melbourne's Peter McPhee Award for student engagement and the Leader's in Community Award.
Kelly-Ann’s interest in belonging has led her to author and edit three books: School Belonging in Adolescents: Theory, research, and practice (Springer), Pathways to Belonging: Contemporary research in school belonging (Brill), and Boosting School Belonging in Adolescents: Interventions for teachers and mental health professionals. (Routledge). She has also contributed to over eighty academic and non-academic publications, presented at international and national conferences and is regularly called upon for media interactions and invited lecturers in the area of belonging. | https://www.drkellyallen.com/about |
Our directory contains various online courses in the area of Social Sciences. The video courses cover many different topics. Search via the filters or with the text search. Or just browse the available courses shown below! ...read more
This online course presents basic concepts from statistics, probability, scientific methodology, cognitive psychology and cost-benefit theory and shows how they can be applied...
This online course guides into a deeper exploration of online identity, social media communities and their users.
This online course teaches about today’s urban challenges focusing on developing countries, referred to as the global south. The course explores pathways that are going beyond...
This MOOC (online course) provides an introduction to the field of gender, sexuality, and women's studies, and to LGBTQIA identities.
This online course gives an introduction to anthropology, and shows how anthropology studies societies and cultures.
This online course teaches writing for blogs, articles, essays and business purposes. The lecturer has written and edited for the Wall Street Journal, Economist, Financial Times...
This online course gives an introduction to complexity and explores the unifying patterns that lie at the core of all complex problems.
This online course explores the sustainable development goals (SDGs) included in the United Nation's Agenda 2030.
This course will guide participants through the basic elements of professional journalism and the news values and ethics of covering real-world issues and events. The overview...
This course teaches students how to take control of information overload and make media serve them better. They need to be active users of media, as readers, listeners, viewers...
This course will explore greening the economy on four levels – individual, business, city, and nation. It will look at the relationships between these levels and give many...
This online course (MOOC) teaches how to both design randomized evaluations and implement them in the field to measure the impact of social programs.
This online course covers scripts and schemas, the cognitive structures in which social expectations are embedded, and their relationship with social norms.
This online course introduces the academic approach of Sustainability.It explores how today’s human societies can endure in the face of global change, ecosystem degradation and...
This online course teacheshow to design, develop, research, and execute a writing project from inception to completion.
This course can prepare anyone to become a powerful advocate for the values and future of libraries and librarianship. Any student can be informed, strategic, passionate, and...
Participants of this course will learn the process, planning, requirements of how journalists develop their news reports. There are many ways to report news reports, and...
This course provides an overview of the issue of postharvest loss of grains by exploring essential physical, technical, and social dimensions of postharvest supply chains and...
This course will cover the steps used in weighting sample surveys, including methods for adjusting for nonresponse and using data external to the survey for calibration. Among...
Are you interested in societal connections and systems and are you toying with the idea of taking an online course in Social Sciences? The choice is great and there are many topics available. You will find more than 100 e-learning courses in our directory. The online courses cover many topics and disciplines within Social Sciences such as Sociology, Communication Science and aspects of globalisation and reflect the wide diversity of the subject.
Social Sciences and its Subject Areas
“Social Sciences” is an umbrella term for various subject areas. Many different disciplines such as Sociology, Anthropology or Ethnology are covered by it. Communications Science or Journalism can also be described as sub-divisions of social sciences.
Social sciences are concerned with societies and living together in communities, with a focus on systems and institutions and the interactions between the various protagonists. Social scientists are interested in a number of topics which affect society and community life, including, of course, social change and complex connections. Social inequality is traditionally an important topic in social sciences.
In times of societal challenges like demographic change, migration, new technologies, and an ever-widening divide between rich and poor, the subject of social science offers lots of opportunities for further education and stimulates you to tackle current issues.
There are already high-quality online courses in some of these topics in our directory.
Browse all the available courses now! | https://www.edukatico.org/en/online-courses/social-sciences?page=4 |
This article is part of the Leaving no woman, no child and no adolescent behind collection published by The BMJ and proposed by Countdown to 2030 for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health and the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH) hosted by the World Health Organization.
The millennium development goals sought to create a global movement to achieve targets in key areas of health and development. The problem is, we failed to reach most of them.1 Among those missed were important health related targets: reductions in undernutrition, mortality in children under 5, maternal mortality, and incidence of HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis as well as improvements in reproductive health. Inequalities between women and men and uneven progress between wealthy and poor populations largely account for the failure.
The sustainable development goals (SDGs) provide a second opportunity to improve health outcomes around the globe.2 If current trends persist, however, we will miss the mark again. For example, although we have achieved progress in reducing under 5, neonatal, and maternal mortality in the past two decades, in recent years maternal mortality has been stagnant in many high burden countries and neonatal mortality has declined at a slower pace.3 4
This collection from The BMJ and BMJ Global Health shows the improvements we have made in expanding the coverage of key interventions in sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and highlights our ongoing challenges. For example, progress has slowed in immunisation and the treatment of childhood illnesses such as pneumonia and diarrhoea, and little progress has been made on curbing gender based violence. An overall lack of data is a further barrier, inhibiting our ability to make evidence based investments in healthcare systems.
Although delivery of these key health interventions is largely based on improving primary healthcare services, overall we are still far behind our goal of achieving universal health coverage (UHC).5 This means that we are missing opportunities for delivering an integrated package of prevention, care, and treatment and further advancing progress. The question is, why?
Political commitments have been made, most recently at the 2019 United Nations General Assembly, when all 193 UN member states approved the political declaration on UHC. In November, the Nairobi summit marking 25 years since the landmark Cairo International Conference on Population and Development galvanised commitments from member states and other stakeholders to achieve universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights as part of UHC. A few weeks later, at the Inter-Parliamentary Union assembly in Belgrade, legislators from 140 countries committed to harnessing the power of parliaments to make UHC a reality. These commitments follow a long list of high level political declarations made in recent years for improving primary healthcare, particularly for women, children, and adolescents.
Yet progress in translating them to action on the ground has been slow. The reasons are many: insufficient national leadership and funding; not enough emphasis on primary healthcare and building a strong referral system to upper levels of care; and not nearly enough resources devoted to providing such essential building blocks as infrastructure (especially basic water and sanitation in health facilities), sufficiently trained and paid healthcare workers, and the adequate delivery of essential medicines and supplies. Finally, we have made insufficient use of data to monitor implementation, meaning that we may be putting our efforts and money into activities that have little or no impact because they are not delivered with a high level of quality and consistency.
With the Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Wellbeing for All,6 we have a unique opportunity to accelerate progress on the SDGs and tackle many of the critical challenges that are identified in this collection. Under this new approach, 12 multilateral agencies that channel one third of development assistance for health will strengthen their collaboration to support countries to accelerate progress in key areas such as primary healthcare, sustainable finance, determinants of health, data and digital health, innovation, communities, humanitarian contexts, and gender equality. The agencies will also align their operational and financial policies and jointly account for progress.
The SDG action plan builds on existing collaborative approaches such as the H6 partnership,7 which brings together five health related UN agencies and the World Bank Group to provide technical support to countries in their efforts to improve the survival, health, and wellbeing of every woman, newborn, child, and adolescent. It also supports countries in mobilising additional domestic and other resources for health.
A major part of the solution is to continue our work to expand primary healthcare at the community level, to advocate for and accelerate the provision of information about the efficacy and safety of vaccines, and to expand investments into reducing preventable diseases. Leveraging the full strength and country presence of its partner organisations, the H6 is helping to accelerate progress through initiatives such as the Every Woman Every Child movement to support primary healthcare in countries that are lagging behind. This will be done by ensuring that UHC packages include comprehensive and integrated services for women, children, and adolescents through policy dialogue at regional and country level, supporting community level involvement, and taking multisectoral approaches. Finally, coordinated action to improve quality of care is being tested in 10 priority countries.8
Many coordinated processes have already been put in place to improve measurement. Expert groups have been set up in maternal and newborn health,9 child health, and adolescent health10 to improve harmonisation of measurement and provide coordinated guidance and tools to countries to strengthen capacities in monitoring. In particular, tools and training for subnational and facility level analysis of routine reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health data using health management information systems are now available and being used.11 Other activities to improve measurement of quality of care and effective coverage include the development of core quality of care indicators for maternal, newborn, and child health and setting up mechanisms to collect and analyse and use those data at subnational and facility level.
The articles in this collection provide some hopeful clues to where future efforts should be focused. For example, although progress has been uneven, the fastest improvements in coverage for sexual and reproductive health, maternal and newborn health, and child and adolescent health have been among the poorest populations. This shows that it is possible to reach the most vulnerable and make a substantial impact. Rights based approaches would further accelerate progress.
However, just as with the millennium development goals, progress has been uneven when you look at income inequality, rural-urban divides, and marginalised and vulnerable populations, including millions of adolescent girls, individuals with disabilities, forcibly displaced people, and children and young people disadvantaged by poverty, exclusion, and lack of available healthcare services in their communities.
These findings should serve as a wake-up call to the global health community. If we do not act to address these issues we will fall short of our commitment to reach the most vulnerable populations with effective, sustainable solutions by 2030. The struggle for health is a struggle against inequality, a struggle against a world in which people die or face serious health consequences as a result of not being able to access health services simply because they are poor or from marginalised groups. We must act together, learn from the mistakes of the past, and coordinate our efforts and resources if we are to achieve health for all.
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director general, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Henrietta Fore, executive director, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, USA
Natalia Kanem, executive director, United Nations Population Fund, New York, USA
Winnie Byanyima, executive director, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, Geneva, Switzerland
Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, executive director, UN Women, New York, USA
Annette Dixon, vice president for human development, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
This article was drafted with the help of Theresa Diaz and Anshu Banerjee from the World Health Organization, Jennifer Requejo from Unicef, and Jean Pierre Monet from United Nations Population Fund.
1 United Nations. The millennium development goals report 2015. 2015. un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf
2 United Nations General Assembly. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. UN, 2015.
3 United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Levels and trends in child mortality: report 2019. 2019. https://www.unicef.org/reports/levels-and-trends-child-mortality-report-2019
4 World Health Organization. Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. WHO, 2019.
5 WHO. Primary health care on the road to universal health coverage. 2019 monitoring report. 2019. https://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/report/uhc_report_2019.pdf?ua=1
6 WHO. Stronger collaboration, better health: global action plan for healthy lives and wellbeing for all. World Health Organization, 2019.
7 UNFPA. H6 Partnership. https://www.unfpa.org/h6
8 WHO. Quality, equity, dignity: the network to improve quality of care for maternal, newborn and child health—strategic objectives. World Health Organization, 2018. | https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/01/27/wake-up-call-10-years-remaining-to-address-inequalities-on-right-to-health-for-all/ |
The cycle of violence was one I knew of long before I found out it had a name. Fear, religion, shame, guilt, etc., all played a role.
Archeology and carbon dating
Full Author Profile Workers spotted the rare Pictish carving during a massive roadworks project.
If there’s anything likely to bring roadworks to an abrupt halt, it’s the appearance of a semi-naked man holding a weapon in each…
This question is sharpened in light of the fact that the uncertainty in the usual radiocarbon readings (plus or minus 25 years or so) may be as large as the difference in dates in the debate. Measuring the remaining carbon-14 content in “long-term” organic samples, such as wood, will provide the date of growth of the tree, rather than the date of the archaeological stratum in which the sample was found.
Carbon dating determines the age of archaeological objects, or how long ago a creature died, by measuring the amount of Carbon -14 remaining inside.
The method is based on the theory that every living organism contains a small but constant proportion of this radioactive carbon isotope.
Rosanna is one of Dig Ventures' intrepid Community Archaeologists.
She's busy turning Barrowed Time (our dig at Morecambe's Bronze Age burial mound) into a real seaside adventure, and getting the Pop-Up Museum on the Prom ready for you to visit!
When the organism dies the C-14 is no longer replaced and that which remains decays at a constant rate.
One thought on “archeology and carbon dating”
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Nowadays IRC chat rooms are most popular chat rooms in Gup Shup Corner. | http://vsebooks.ru/archeology-and-carbon-dating-15391.html |
Welcome!
The Military Student Center (MSC) here at Maryville College serves to be a welcoming environment to all students with military ties, whether a current member of the Armed Forces, a veteran, or a dependent, to help them in any way possible to succeed. Our space, located on the second floor of Bartlett hall, offers space for veterans, dependents, retirees, national guard, reserve, and active duty members to study and do homework, relax and hang out on our sofas, or enjoy a meal using our kitchen and dining area. Information is provided to all students interested in pursuing a military career after graduation as well as bringing awareness to the campus as a whole of our military presence. All students are welcome in the MSC!
Mission Statement
Preamble
The services of this center are designed to assist veterans of all branches and services and other service-related students, including military dependents, active duty members, members of the Reserve and National Guard, and others whose lives have been touched by the Armed Services of the United States.
Read the full Mission Statement
Mission
The mission of the Military Student Center is to provide veterans and military students a local support network encompassing the following mandates:
To assist in the active recruitment of veterans, military, and dependent applicants, including the preparation of informational brochures, Internet sites, and fliers; support of national and local initiatives to encourage enrollment; briefings and campus tours for all veteran, military, and dependent prospective candidates.
To assist in the smooth transition of such students once they have registered, including the assignment of a mentor/sponsor to assist in their transition to college life; briefings to new students given during orientation; the preparation and maintenance of an SOP regarding VA and associated administrative paperwork; advice and assistance in registration and course selection.
To create a culture of trust and support that guarantees the well-being and success of veterans, military, and dependent students, including active involvement in the adoption and implementation of policies that affect veterans; the development of a system of notification among faculty advisors and counselors to ensure all veterans receive academic, career, and financial advice as needed and in a timely fashion.
To provide assistance for veterans, military, and dependents in career planning and post-graduation concerns, including career counseling, assistance with graduate school and job applications, and the construction of personal portfolios and résumés.
To coordinate and centralize campus efforts for all veterans, including active encouragement of activities related to the MC Student Veterans Association; the creation of administrative, academic study, and recreational space for veterans, providing a hub for veteran related activities; a calendar of service-related days of recognition and celebration.
To collaborate with local communities and organizations, including the coordination of services that may be available for veterans; the administration of a liaison program for student veterans to participate in local programs as interns and ambassadors of student military and veteran life.
To assist in the establishment of administrative support systems, including a uniform set of data tools for the collection and tracking of information regarding student veterans, including demographics, retention, and degree completion; the maintenance of an MSC Tartan page that will act as a virtual bulletin board for veterans, military, and dependent students; the establishment of a networking system for veteran and military alumni.
To provide comprehensive professional development for faculty and staff on issues and challenges unique to veterans and the armed services, including an annual briefing on the state of military and veterans affairs on campus; a program of guest speakers on military topics; participation on special committees and boards as required by the Dean of Students.
To provide advice and liaison to students and faculty involved with the educational initiative at McGhee Tyson Air Base; to assist in the scheduling of courses and in the administration required for the offering of such courses; to act as a point of contact for military students taking classes at the base. | https://www.maryvillecollege.edu/campus-life/student-services/veterans/support/veteran-resource-center/ |
Growing Together at Chiswick House
Working in partnership with our local community groups and schools, ‘Growing Together at Chiswick House’, is our exciting new community engagement programme.
Our inclusive programme of activities aims to support access to the House and Gardens and encourages groups to come together to learn about nature, gain skills, grow plants, build confidence and inspire wellbeing. All set in our beautiful safe spaces and delivered through a variety of gardening and creative activities.
Inspiring wellbeing through nature
Mostly taking place in our spacious Kitchen Garden, our programme aims to promote wellbeing through nature, gardening and other creative activities. Inspired by the Five Ways to Wellbeing Framework, the programme is collaborative to meet the needs and interests of our community organisations and schools. The programme is led by our highly experienced and DBS-checked Community Participation Manager, Kitchen Gardener, Kitchen Gardener Apprentice and local arts and culture providers to provide an enriching, safe and enjoyable experience.
Working in partnership
Please let us know how we can best work with you and any ideas you may have for collaborative projects. We want our programmes to remain relevant to our community’s needs and are keen to develop partnership projects that can enhance and enrich existing services to support the local community.
We welcome discussions about potential projects with community groups, schools, creative and cultural organisations, artists and researchers. Particularly if these engage with underrepresented groups and link to gardening, nature, food production and local history and culture.
Current collaborative partners include Hounslow Seniors Trust, Border Crossings and The Wild Minds Project.
Get in touch
We want to hear from local community groups and schools in Hounslow and West London. We’re particularly keen to develop partnerships with local health and social care organisations, especially those who support vulnerable, at risk or isolated individuals with limited access to engaging with heritage organisations.
If you would like to find out more about our Growing Together at Chiswick House Community Programme please email us at [email protected]
Funders
Our work is made possible by the generous support of the following funders: | https://chiswickhouseandgardens.org.uk/community-schools/ |
HCM City hopes investment in infrastructure will foster economic growth
HCM City authorities have identified urban infrastructure development as the key factor in meeting the city’s economic targets in 2020-25.
|HCM City’s metro line No 1 being built between Ben Thanh Market in District 1 and Suoi Tien Tourist Park in District 9. — VNS Photo Van Chau|
The city has set 24 targets for the next five years including average annual economic growth of 8.5 per cent.
It also strives to be among the top five localities in the country on the provincial governance and public administration performance index (PAPI), provincial competitiveness index (PCI) and public administrative reform (PAR) index.
Tran Hoang Ngan, director of the HCM City Development Research Institute, said the biggest "bottleneck" that constrains the growth of the city is inadequate infrastructure, so a breakthrough infrastructure programme is required.
At a recent workshop held by the HCM City Development Research Institute on investment in new residential areas, experts said insufficient infrastructure due to rapid urban development had caused construction delays and other problems.
Project planning expert Pham Tran Hai said problems associated with the development of new residential areas were mainly caused by the lack of harmony between various components in urban development plans, lack of clearly defined roles for involved parties and poor construction planning management.
To meet the targets, the city should effectively mobilise all resources to properly develop urban infrastructure, he added.
Ngan said the solution is to promote the renovation of dormitories and at the same time attract investment in building new urban areas such as Thu Thiem, South, Northwestern, Binh Quoi-Thanh Da, and Can Gio.
To reduce congestion and traffic accidents, the city needs to optimise mobilisation of resources, solicit investment in key transport works, efficiently exploit waterways, build rail routes to the west, build belt roads, and reduce the use of private vehicles, he said.
Architect and urban planning expert Ngo Viet Nam Son said regional connectivity in infrastructure would help reduce traffic congestion, ensure traffic safety, enable people to move to the suburbs to alleviate stresses on the inner urban areas, and foster economic development in other provinces and cities as they link up with HCM City. — VNS
HCM City to foster ICT development
Ho Chi Minh City will continue to promote the development of information and communications technology (ICT) to develop into an innovative smart city and improve living conditions, authorities have said.
HCM City calls for WB’s support to build int’l financial centre
A leader of Ho Chi Minh City on January 17 expressed his hope that the World Bank (WB) will assist Vietnam’s southern economic hub to build an international financial centre.
Smart cities moving from concept to reality
Smart city initiatives are already making their presence felt and proving the wisdom of such endeavors. | https://m.vietnamnet.vn/en/business/hcm-city-hopes-investment-in-infrastructure-will-foster-economic-growth-615206.html |
Governance, risk, and compliance (GRC) programs give organizations the confidence to take the business risks that drive innovation and competitive advantage. Yet too many organizations lack...
Search Results
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Report Research Overview: Security Awareness, Behavior, And Culture
A CISO's Guide To Research About The People Side Of SecurityOctober 30, 2019 | Jinan Budge
The people element of security has long sat on the back burner as security and risk (S&R) pros buy product after product without first solving fundamental problems. People and culture are central...
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Report Predictions 2020: CybersecurityOctober 30, 2019 | Jeff Pollard, Andras Cser, Heidi Shey
Governments, enterprises, and, unfortunately, attackers, all end the second decade of the 21st century in a better place than the one in which they began it. Like any escalating conflict that...
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Report Establish The People And Culture Foundation For Cybersecurity And Privacy Excellence
Beginner Level: People Practices For Cybersecurity And PrivacyOctober 3, 2019 | Jinan Budge, Claire O'Malley
If you're just starting your journey to cybersecurity and privacy maturity, you're not alone. If CIOs, chief information security officers (CISOs), and chief privacy officers (CPOs) establish...
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Report Elevate Your Cybersecurity And Privacy People And Culture Practices With Metrics
Intermediate Level: People Practices For Cybersecurity And PrivacyOctober 3, 2019 | Jinan Budge, Claire O'Malley
Firms in the intermediate phase of the journey to cybersecurity and privacy maturity begin to measure everything. With the right metrics in place in areas such policy effectiveness and employee...
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Report Forrester's Global Map Of Privacy Rights And Regulations, 2019
Landscape: The Data Security And Privacy PlaybookJune 24, 2019 | Enza Iannopollo, Heidi Shey, Jinan Budge
S&R pros rate compliance with global privacy regulations a top challenge. To help, we created an interactive global map of privacy rights and regulations, which explains the data protection...
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Report Harden Your Human Firewall
Engagement And Communication Tactics That Strengthen Security CultureMarch 25, 2019 | Jinan Budge, Claire O'Malley
Building a strong security culture is no easy task. It requires strategy, vision, people, and the right attitude to change behavior and set a cultural shift in motion. This report highlights some...
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Report Top Recommendations For Your Security Program, 2019
Landscape: The S&R Practice PlaybookMarch 25, 2019 | Paul McKay, Jeff Pollard, Jinan Budge
Each year, Forrester outlines the most important recommendations for your security strategy for the coming 12 months. We base these recommendations on thousands of client inquiries and...
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Report Now Tech: Security Awareness And Training Solutions, Q1 2019
Forrester's Overview Of 20 Security Awareness And Training Solution ProvidersJanuary 23, 2019 | Jinan Budge, Claire O'Malley
You can use security awareness and training solutions to build the ever-important human firewall, prepare your workforce for recognizing and responding to phishing attacks, and rebrand security as...
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Report Transform Your Cybersecurity Capability
How To Stay Ahead Of Rapidly Evolving Business, Technology, And Threat LandscapesAugust 2, 2018 | Jinan Budge
As businesses become more digitized and interconnected, the impact cyberattacks have on brand value, customer trust, and physical safety increases. Yet many firms still underinvest in security,...
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Report Planning For Failure: How To Survive A Breach
Organization: The Zero Trust Security PlaybookJuly 6, 2018 | Josh Zelonis, Paul McKay, Jinan Budge
Cybercriminals are using more-sophisticated attacks to steal valuable intellectual property and the personal data of your customers, partners, and employees. Their motivations run the gamut from... | https://www.forrester.com/search?searchOption=10001&N=10001+20347+52636&sort=3 |
Why does Imperial need a strategy for equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI)?
The short answer is: because we want to ensure our future success as a university.
We want to tap into pools of talent that have been neglected for too long, and to increase the quality, relevance and world-changing impact of our research and education. We believe that the health and well-being of the organisation and the people who work and study here will be enhanced by developing a culture that values everyone.
Our strategy brings a new focus and coherence to our current efforts to promote equality, diversity and inclusion at Imperial. It expresses our desire to be more proactive, and more courageous in our efforts to be truly inclusive, by supporting individuals and by reforming structures and practices that maintain inequality and discrimination. It explains why we aim to position EDI at the centre of everything that we do and outlines our priorities and the practical steps that we will take to achieve our aims.
Our aims can be summarised as follows:
- We will integrate equality, diversity and inclusion into all management processes
- We will integrate equality, diversity and inclusion into the student experience
- We will take positive action to improve the opportunities and experiences of under- represented groups, especially women, and Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic, LGBTQ+ and disabled staff and students
- We will reduce the incidence of bullying and harassment
- We will gather and publish data to monitor our progress
- We will collaborate internally and externally to develop good practice
- We will communicate and be open to dialogue and challenge on our work on equality, diversity and inclusion
To succeed, it is vital that the responsibility for promoting equality, diversity and inclusion is shared by everyone in our community. EDI is not an optional extra, or a job that falls only to managers or to committees. Our strategy is therefore also a call to arms, to everyone at Imperial – staff and students – who believes that the dignity and individuality of every other person here should be respected and cherished.
We are resolved to be clear-sighted about the challenges ahead. We know that we operate in a society that is distorted by deep structural inequities, but we will not use this as an excuse for failure or inaction. Wherever possible we will seek to fulfil our mission as a university to be an agent of positive influence and change. We will sometimes find ourselves facing difficult choices because our resources are finite and we cannot immediately do everything that our aspirations demand. At such times, we will return to the principles articulated in this strategy as the starting point for discussions of how to do better. | https://www.imperial.ac.uk/equality/governance/strategy/executive-summary/ |
Outdoor pig production systems relying on local pig breeds may cope with environmental and socio-economic challenges. They produce high quality products with added economic value and rely mainly on local feed resources. Within the European TREASURE project, we conducted the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the Noir de Bigorre (NDB) pig production systems located in South West of France. The environmental impacts were calculated at farm gate and expressed per kg live pig and per ha land use. From surveys on 25 farms of the NDB chain and data collected by the chain, we estimated the flows and average live weights of animals produced as well as the average quantities of feeds distributed to the animals. Formulas of the complete feeds were collected from manufacturers. Climate Change (CC), Acidification (AC), Eutrophication (EU), Cumulative Energy Demand and Land Occupation impacts per kg of pig were in the range of the impacts of traditional systems previously studied. CC impact per kg pig was higher than in intensive systems due to the higher amount of feed needed to reach slaughter weight. AC and EU impacts per ha of land were relatively low. NDB pig farming systems exhibit LCA impacts typical of extensive and outdoor systems. Further studies within the European project TREASURE will also give insights on the economic and societal dimensions of sustainability of these systems.
Archivos de Zootecnia: 67, Supl. 1 pp. 21-25. | https://zenodo.org/record/1207088 |
he Indian Youth Climate Network (IYCN) is a network uniting Indian youth and youth oriented organisations who are concerned about climate change & environment issues. IYCN works to generate awareness about and establish consensus on what role India should play in the global debate of climate change, and how it should address its domestic issues.
IYCN has active members in 16 states of the country and has partner networks/ organisations in other states of India. Registered in July 2009, IYCN has approximately 200 coordinators and volunteers with outreach to thousands of youth in colleges, schools, corporations and institutions in India.
IYCN works at three levels:
As a network of individuals enabling people to come together and work at a grassroots level, to form friendships and support each other. As a coalition of partner and supporter groups who leverage off a national network of young people passionate about the environment and development. As an organisation that runs its own programs/ projects as well as participates in & supports programs/ campaigns of other organisations. Using the platforms of awareness campaigns, policy advocacy and result-oriented projects, IYCN organizes following activities:
Youth summits on environment issues & climate change Campaigns for clean energy and water Waste management & awareness projects Workshops on environment issues & climate change Policy tracking and delegation to UN conferences on climate change The Indian Youth Climate Network is a registered society under Section XI of the Societies Registration Act of 1860. | https://www.idealist.org/es/ong/692ef0e648ee4d1aa319c8b4b8ad9fd3-iycn-new-delhi |
Students at secondary school are expected to write various texts in English. This might range from words to learn; notes about grammar, or sentences such as answers to comprehension questions; to longer texts, such as compositions, stories, letters, reports, applications and so on. These types of texts should require students to communicate through writing using their own ideas and language. However, often what students write is copied from the textbook or blackboard, or they reproduce dictated or memorised answers. Most students do not compose texts themselves.
While this copying and memorising may help some students in exams, it doesn’t help them to develop the skills they need in order to write in English independently for real-life purposes. This is a skill that will be useful for their future personal and professional lives.an opportunity to think critically and imaginatively. Students will develop the skills and confidence to write independently if they get lots of opportunities to talk about their ideas and practise speaking and writing about them. It is not enough for them to see – and copy – examples of ‘good’ language. It is also through trying to express themselves that students become better writers.
This unit explores two strategies that you can use to help your students move from copying and memorising to composing their own texts:
- Facilitating student talk on the chosen topic. By talking to each other and you, students share and develop their ideas. This also allows them to practise and experiment with the language to express their ideas in writing.
- Teaching students writing independently involves giving them access to language that they can model their writing on.
When students are writing independently, they will make mistakes. This is a normal part of language learning. By noticing and recording the mistakes, you can direct student learning more effectively through your use of positive and encouraging feedback. | https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=57366 |
History story:
After the domestic events, the Abbott family now faces the horrors of the outside world. Forced into the unknown, they realize that sound-hunting creatures aren’t the only dangers lurking beyond the sand track.
Notes: I took out the Chinese camera, balanced the colors to make it look more natural, removed the noise, filtered the brightness/contrast to make it white in some scenes, adjusted the gamma around the edges of the image balanced to add light, sharpens The image
General
First and last name:
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Duration: 1 hour 27 min
Total bit rate: 1,806 kbps
Subtitles: All Chinese + English Sign Language.
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Interleaving duration: 24 ms (video frame)
Screenshots: | https://potent6.co.uk/2021/07/16/a-quiet-place-part-ii-2021-license-free-movie-download-torrent/ |
A lot of people could have seen a cookery present featuring one of many many celeb chefs and thought that they might just do nearly as good a job with the suitable tools. Lots of us are taking inspiration from these shows and a recent inflow of many international cuisines and taking a better interest within the kitchen.
9. Chives – From the alium or onion family, often called Alium schoenoprasum. A hardy perennial with clumps of cylindrical leaves growing from tiny bulbs. These leaves do not stand chilly winters. it has a much milder flavour than the remainder of it is onion family and is used generally as a garnish.
She is nearly thirteen years old. She has a dream.
Then, I bought on the web and I discovered precisely what I used to be looking for. I even found an article about these foods that apparently solely made their look within the neighborhood where I lived. The article advised how they disappeared shortly after I moved from that state. My descriptions did not do them justice.
10. Marjoram – Part of the oregano household. The variety used extra for culinary purposes is Origanum marjorana or Candy marjoram. Again it requires a effectively-drained soil and full sun. It’s best propagated from seed sown after the hazard of frost. It has probably the most delicate flavour of all of the marjorams and is especially utilized in pasta sauces and pizza toppings.
The leaves complement fish, cream cheese and cucumber.
Are you utterly stuck at looking for ACTUAL culinary arts data? There are three strategies you possibly can use. They’re as follows: researching trade schools, wanting into publications that discuss college and at last utilizing virtual Internet tours. The sections under will describe these strategies in larger element.
There are different ways on find out how to use culinary herbs, but it surely all begins with a harvest. Any herb-growers swear by harvesting culinary herbs during morning, right after the dew has dried and before it will get hot. Throughout this time, their flavors and oils are at their peak. When harvesting herbs, you’ll want to pick leaves that are healthy and vibrant looking, and watch out not to bruise or injure the leaves. Taste and aroma deteriorate shortly when the leaves are broken. Store or protect your them on the identical day they were harvested.
Conclusion
She described what her restaurant/pastry shop could be like. It’s a small perennial plant native to Europe and Asia, however has been adopted the World over. Thyme is among the most well-known culinary herbs and is often grown in herb gardens. Herbal cures aren’t this plants solely claim to fame, though. it’s a culinary herb as well, though not a typical one. | https://www.5ivetacos.com/whats-really-happening-with-five-taco-culinary-restaurant-food-recipes.html |
The Upper School 1 curriculum is an integrated science course that allows students to study a variety of scientific concepts and their applications in the real world. Students gain an understanding in the life sciences, physical sciences, and environmental sciences at a macroscopic level through discussion, debate, and design-thinking. Systems and System Models is one of the cross-cutting concepts emphasized within each of these sciences. Students will learn the importance of the interactions between parts of systems that work together to function as a whole. Students will engage in a scientific debate in addition to laboratory and problem-based activities to develop their researching, evaluation, literacy and communication skills. Through meaningful, inquiry-based learning opportunities, students will experience both the scientific and engineering design processes.
Know, use, and interpret scientific explanations of the natural world.
Generate and evaluate scientific evidence and explanations.
Understand the nature and development of scientific knowledge.
Participate productively in scientific practices and discourse.
Students construct and test hypotheses.
Collect, evaluate, and employ information from multiple primary and secondary sources.
Apply findings in oral, written, and visual presentations.
Students develop research skills through the use of print and electronic sources and create effective basic research bibliographies in concert with our research specialist.
Students synthesize complex ideas, in written, discussion, visual, graphic and oral presentations, to present balanced information with clarity, conciseness, and thorough presentation skills.
The Nature of Science: How do scientists gather and share information?
From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes.
Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics.
Unity and Diversity of Life: How does the transfer of matter and energy through biological communities support diversity of living things?
Energy: Transfer of Energy, Kinetic and Potential Energy, and Heat Flow.
Environmental Science: Natural Resource Conservation, Pollution, and Human Impact. | https://mirman.org/programs/upper-school/1/science-1 |
Refreshing your home with a fresh coat of paint will go a long way to updating your space but before you start painting there are some crucial prep steps that need to be taken.
Prep Work
Surface dirt can cause poor adhesion. Wash surfaces with light detergent and rinse well to avoid leaving residue. Pen, crayon and water stains should be removed as much as possible with liquid detergent and then wiped with clean water. Tougher marks can be spot primed with Benjamin Moore Fresh Start, QD-30, interior and exterior sealer. This will help to prevent the stains from bleeding through.
Sand glossy surfaces with fine sandpaper, vacuum dust and wipe with a tack cloth.
Examine floor, wall, and ceiling surfaces for nail holes, cracks and other surface imperfections. Use a putty knife to rake out any loose particles.
Firmly press spackling compound into crevices with a putty knife and smooth until the compound is flush with the surface. Because patching compound shrinks when it dries, it is often necessary to apply the compound a second time after the first coat has dried. Light sanding is required.
Painting, Step by Step
Start with the ceiling first and then paint the walls.
Beginning at the corner of the room, use a 50 or 60 mm trim brush to “cut in”, applying a 8 cm strip of coating along the perimeter where the wall and the ceiling meet.
Cut in a section at a time, alternating between cutting in and painting the ceiling to maintain a wet edge and prevent a visible line. Use a roller to quickly and easily paint a room line between the cut-in area and the rest of the ceiling.
Before you begin painting the ceiling, remove excess paint on the roller by slowly rolling it back and forth over the ridges of the paint tray.
Start painting near the corner of the room, blending the coating into the ceiling line painted previously. Paint across the width of ceiling, rather than the length, and make sure to roll in a motion across your body, rather than along your body, to avoid straining your neck and back.
Once your ceiling is dry, return to the spot where you began painting. Use a trim brush to carefully cut in along the wall-ceiling line. Extend out two to three inches from windows, doors, and mouldings. Once you’ve cut in around an entire wall area, use a roller to fill in the field.
For efficiency, start in the corner of a wall and roll on a three by three foot W pattern, then fill it in without lifting the roller. Continue in sections until you’re finished.
Once the walls are completely dry, place painter’s tape where the trim meets the wall. Paint the mouldings, baseboard and the door and window frames with a two-inch angled brush. When painting your trim, paint the tops of the doors and windows first and work your way down so that you can remove any runs as you go.
Paint your baseboards last.
For additional info, paint and supplies, visit The Decorators Choice, 1495A Innes Road,
(613)736-8212. | https://ottawaathome.ca/sponsored_article.php?articleID=228 |
What did Ibn Al-Haytham achieve?
What did Ibn Al-Haytham achieve?
Ibn al-Haytham, Latinized as Alhazen, in full, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham, (born c. 965, Basra, Iraq—died c. 1040, Cairo, Egypt), mathematician and astronomer who made significant contributions to the principles of optics and the use of scientific experiments.
What were Ibn Al-Haytham’s contributions to the Islamic Golden Age?
1040) was a Muslim Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age. Referred to as “the father of modern optics”, he made significant contributions to the principles of optics and visual perception in particular.
Who did Al-Haytham influence?
Johannes Kepler
René DescartesAl-KhaziniQutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Ibn al-Haytham/Influenced
Latin translations of some of his works are known to have influenced important Medieval and European Renaissance thinkers like Roger Bacon, René Descartes and Christian Huygens, who knew him as “Alhazen”. [IYL2015 Call to action] The crater Alhazen on the Moon is named in his honour, as is the asteroid 59239 Alhazen.
Why is Ibn Al-Haytham important?
Ibn al-Haytham was born in the year 965 in Basra, and died in about 1040 in Cairo. He was one of the earliest scientists to study the characteristics of light and the mechanism/process of vision. Ibn al-Haytham made significant advances in optics, mathematics and astronomy.
Who was the first true scientist?
There is no doubt in my mind, however, that Ibn al-Haytham arrived there first. In fact, with his emphasis on experimental data and reproducibility of results, he is often referred to as the “world’s first true scientist”.
Was alhazen originally from Egypt?
Ibn al-Haytham is sometimes called al-Basri, meaning from the city of Basra in Iraq, and sometimes called al-Misri, meaning that he came from Egypt. He is often known as Alhazen which is the Latinised version of his first name “al-Hasan”.
What are the two most notable works in Medicine of Ibn Sina?
Avicenna’s most influential works were Kitāb al-shifāʾ (Book of the Cure, or The Cure), an encyclopaedic exposition of logic, physics, mathematics, and metaphysics, and Al-Qānūn fī al-ṭibb (The Canon of Medicine), one of the most important texts in the history of medicine.
What is alhazen known for?
Abu Ali al-Hasan (Alhazen) (965-1039 AD) was a Muslim mathematician and astronomer born in Basra. He made numerous discoveries in optics, astronomy, and mathematics, and wrote commentaries on Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Euclid. He also wrote on methods of discovery.
Why was Ibn al Haytham so important to science?
Ibn al-Haytham stands out in this long list as the leading figure in both the science of light and science of vision because his work depended so heavily on experimentally-based demonstrations. His work was important for two reasons: Ibn al-Haytham showed that a person saw an object by something entering the eye rather than leaving the eye.
When is the 1000th anniversary of Ibn al Haytham?
The year 2015 marks the 1000th anniversary since the appearance of the remarkable seven volume treatise on optics Kitab al-Manazir written by the Arab scientist Ibn al-Haytham.
Why was Ibn al-Haytham called the second Ptolemy?
Ibn al-Haytham is sometimes given the byname al-Baṣrī after his birthplace, or al-Miṣrī (“of Egypt”). Al-Haytham was dubbed the “Second Ptolemy ” by Abu’l-Hasan Bayhaqi and “The Physicist” by John Peckham.
Why was Ibn al Haytham put under house arrest?
Ibn al-Haytham was placed under what amounted to house arrest, far from the lively discourses and debates to which he was accustomed. Yet it just as life was at its bleakest moment, Ibn al-Haytham might have made the dazzling discovery for which he is best remembered. | https://farfromhomemovie.com/what-did-ibn-al-haytham-achieve/ |
Reports that the internationally agreed technique used to estimate levels of a potent greenhouse gas may be greatly underestimating emissions according to researchers in Great Britain. Pollution of the agricultural soil; Identification of the single biggest nitrous oxide source; Factors that...
- UK greenhouse gas emissions underestimated. // ENDS (Environmental Data Services);Jan2011, Issue 432, p14
The article reveals that British emissions of nitrous oxide could be three-times higher than the level reported in official greenhouse gas statistics while emissions of methane could also be underestimated by about 50 percent. According to an ENDS Report, farming is responsible for majority of...
- Impacts of future Indian greenhouse gas emission scenarios on projected climate change parameters deduced from MAGICC model. Sharma, Mukti; Sharma, Chhemendra; Qaiyum, Abdul // Climatic Change;Mar2012, Vol. 111 Issue 2, p425
The MAGICC ( Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse gas Induced Climate Change) model simulation has been carried out for the 2000-2100 period to investigate the impacts of future Indian greenhouse gas emission scenarios on the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous...
- Annual emissions of CH4 and N2O, and ecosystem respiration, from eight organic soils in Western Denmark managed by agriculture. Petersen, S. O.; Hoffmann, C. C.; Schäfer, C.-M.; Blicher-Mathiesen, G.; Elsgaard, L.; Kristensen, K.; Larsen, S. E.; Torp, S. B.; Greve, M. H. // Biogeosciences Discussions;2011, Vol. 8 Issue 5, p10017
The use of organic soils by agriculture involves drainage and tillage, and the resulting increase in C and N turnover can significantly affect their greenhouse gas balance. This study estimated annual fluxes of CH4 and N2O, and ecosystem respiration (Reco), from eight organic soils managed by...
- Smog trailing ships at sea. // Ecos;Sep2012, Issue 175, p1
The article reports on the generation of nitrogen oxide emissions by ship engine exhaust emissions in Australia.
- Transition metals cobaltites spinel for depollution of NOx emissions using SCR technology. Yadav, Deepak; Kavaiya, Ashish R.; Mohan, Devendra; Prasad, Ram // Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering;Jun2018, Vol. 96 Issue 6, p1345
Abstract: The catalytic performances of various transition metal (M = Cu, Mn, and Ni) cobaltites prepared by the nanocasting method were investigated for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO under lean burn conditions. KITâ€6 was used as a hard template in the...
- EPA moves toward regulating carbon. // Commercial Carrier Journal;May2009, Vol. 166 Issue 5, p16
This article reports on the issuance of a proposed finding on the impact of emissions of greenhouse gases by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in April 2009. The finding stated that emissions of six specific greenhouse gases contribute to air pollution that may endanger public...
- Cap-and-Trade Floated for GHG Emissions. Blankinship, Steve // Power Engineering;Nov2007, Vol. 111 Issue 11, p38
The article focuses on a white paper released by the U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the country. Based on the conclusion of the white paper, the country must reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by between 60 percent to 80 percent by 2050....
- Not just NOx. Honeywill, Tristan // Automotive Engineer;Jun2007, Vol. 32 Issue 6, p39
The article expects the European Commission (EC) to propose revisions to its Clean Air for Europe program, an initiative linked to the National Emissions Ceilings (NEC) directive of 2001. The EC is likely to single out nitrogen oxide as the issue to tackle with most consideration given the... | http://pdc-connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/18861978/interactive-comment-on-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-indian-rice-fields-calibration-upscaling-using-dndc-model-by-h-pathak-al |
Judge rules surgery is in the best interests of a woman with ovarian cancer
A judge has ruled in the case of a schizophrenic cancer patient that she must undergo surgery against her will as she did not have the mental capacity to make a decision about her treatment.
The woman who I will refer to as ‘P’ had paranoid schizophrenia. She was in her 30s when she received a diagnosis of ovarian cancer. P was admitted to hospital for a hysterectomy and she refused surgical treatment. P’s refusals of treatment lead the Trust responsible for her care to make an application to the Court of Protection.
The Court of Protection, amongst other matters, considers health and welfare issues relating to vulnerable people who may not have the mental capacity to make decisions in relation to their treatment.
The judge was required to make two decisions:
- Whether P had the mental capacity to consent to or refuse medical treatment for ovarian cancer
- Is it in her best interests to undergo medical treatment?
The judge ruled that P lacked capacity to make decisions in relation to her treatment and also it would be in her best interests to have a hysterectomy.
If P were to undergo the surgery, she would not be able to have children. However, if she did not have the surgery, doctors involved in her treatment said that P would cease to be a candidate for surgery within weeks and would more than likely die before the end of the year. Although P’s prognosis if she did have the surgery was uncertain, P had a chance of being cured and at least achieving a survival period of between three and five years.
The Judge was satisfied that P’s paranoid schizophrenia constitutes a disturbance in the functioning or the mind or brain. That disturbance was severe. In the circumstances, by reference to the test set out in the Mental Capacity Act 2005, the Judge said that they were satisfied on the evidence before the court that P lacks the capacity to consent or refuse medical treatment, specifically the hysterectomy.
The Judge considered whether there was a prospect of P recovering capacity to take the relevant decisions. The Judge stated:
The evidence of the doctor, and in particular the evidence regarding the duration and severity of P’s condition, her lack of insight into her illness, her erratic compliance with and poor response to anti-psychotic medication, her failure to engage with services when unwell, her recent relapse, the impact on her mental health of the previous attempt to perform the surgery and the acute manner in which her condition impacts on her thinking regarding the surgery, suggest strongly that P is unlikely, even with further treatment for her paranoid schizophrenia, to regain capacity to decide whether to consent to or refuse the treatment in question within the narrow timescale in which that surgery must be performed in order for it to benefit P and hence within the timescale of making the decision in question.
The Judge was satisfied that it was in P’s best interests to undergo the surgery recommended. The Judge stated:
The proposed treatment offers the chance of a significantly prolonged life-span and, perhaps, a cure and is consistent with preserving the sanctity of P’s life by administering life-sustaining treatment where responsible medical opinion is of the view that such treatment is in P’s best interests. Whilst P will lose the ability to have children, her likely prognosis without treatment precludes that in any event, in that without surgery the likelihood is that death will occur in a timescale much shorter than that required to carry a baby to term.
The Judge was satisfied that the chance of continued life outweighs the permanent loss of fertility.
Coffin Mew’s Court of Protection team can assist with applications to the Court of Protection if a person lacks capacity to make decisions in relation to health and welfare or financial matters. | https://coffinmew.co.uk/judge-rules-surgery-best-interests-woman-ovarian-cancer/ |
The two countries share historical and cultural similarities, with early European settlers (especially from Britain) coming in waves and taking over indigenous lands, while gradually developing their own distinctive cultures.
They differ greatly in geography, however, as Australia’s much more northerly location (closer to the equator) results in a much hotter climate overall, with much of the interior a desert region, especially in the west. It is by far the largest and most populous country in the region.
Smaller New Zealand is both more temperate overall and has considerably more altitude variation, ranging from coast to snow-capped mountains of over 12,000 ft (3,600m). Technically part of Polynesia as the indigenous Maori are Polynesian and providing the major air hub to the rest of Polynesia.
Australia, the world's sixth-largest country by total area, comprises the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for at least 40,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century. Australia is famous for its natural wonders and wide open spaces, its beaches, deserts, "the bush", and "the Outback.” Australia is highly urbanised with most of the population heavily concentrated along the eastern and south-eastern coasts. Most of the inland areas of the country are semi-arid.
New Zealand comprises two main islands – the North Island (Te Ika-a-Māui) and the South Island (Te Waipounamu) – as well as numerous smaller islands. Because of its remoteness, New Zealand was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand often adds an adventure twist to nature: it's the original home of jet-boating through shallow gorges, and bungy jumping off anything high enough to give a thrill. | http://www.planetplanner.com/location/australia-new-zealand/ |
Small hostel located in the inner part of Istria, in Roc Glagolitic town. Hostel has 10 beds + 2 extra arranged in 2 double and 2 triple rooms, common living room with kitchenette, male and female bathroom. Price per night is HRK 100.00 per bed to one but the price for multiple nights is HRK 80.00 per person. Hostel is open all year round. In the same building there is a grocery store, cafe, and a green spot for barbecuing and relaxing. Only 200 meters away is the restaurant - "Ročka konoba". Hostel is due to its natural environment primarily designed for all nature lovers, walkers, hikers, bikers, climbers, paragliders, as well as an environment full of rich cultural and historical sights and events for people looking for something calmer vacation offers plenty of options.
Hostel has 4 rooms, two triple and one double, with the possibility of using two extra beds. The kitchen is in the large common room, there is also a sofa plus two chairs for daily rest. Toilet / bathrooms are two, male and female, with a washing machine. The courtyard of the hostel is equipped with a park grill, gas and coal. | https://www.explore-istria.com/hostel-roc/10295 |
Review of Richardson's "Nietzsche's Values"
DOI:https://doi.org/10.33182/agon.v15i3.1913
Keywords:Richardson, Nietzsche's Values
Abstract
This article examines John Richardson’s Nietzsche’s Values. Richardson’s book is systematic in the very best sense. He patiently works through the apparently contrary claims that Nietzsche makes about each topic pertaining to values. In each chapter, Richardson shows that these apparently contrary claims are not only reconcilable, but are interlocking: they support one another, constituting an impressively unified analysis of the human condition. By the end of the book, Richardson produces a comprehensive analysis of Nietzsche’s thought on values, will to power, life, consciousness, agency, freedom, culture, and religion. While the book is impressive, I critique Richardson’s treatment of four points. Section One argues that the form of internalism that Richardson attributes to Nietzsche is somewhat underspecified. Section Two asks whether Richardson’s version of internalism can account for the immense distance between what we do value and what we should value. There, I also raise some questions Richardson’s interpretation of will to power. Section Three suggests that Richardson’s reading of Nietzsche’s ethics is much closer to constitutivism than he acknowledges, and that fully endorsing constitutivism would resolve some of the problems that Richardson’s account otherwise faces. Section Four argues that Richardson’s distinction between animal drives and socially induced drives is problematic.
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All rights reserved. | https://journals.tplondon.com/agonist/article/view/1913 |
Freedom is the right, or the capacity, of self-determination, as an expression of the individual will.
Traditionally philosophers have distinguished two senses of the word "freedom". The most common use is "negative" and is defined as the absence of constraint. Thus for Hobbes, one is free when the law is silent on a subject. But "freedom" is also used in another "positive" sense, where freedom is defined as the ability to transcend the social and cultural restraints which limit the potential of the individual for self-actualization. This latter sense is common to the romantic and individualistic philosophy of 19th century Germany.
Another common distinction made between kinds of freedom is the difference between "freedom from" social and political ills (which is really more accurately described as safety or security), and "freedom to" do what one wants (for which the term "liberty" is more precise).
Political freedom is usually connected to thoughts of human rights and is often defined in terms of a lack of excessive government interference in peoples' day-to-day lives.
In most democratic societies, key freedoms legally established by the government include:
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom of religion (or belief)
- Freedom of association
- Freedom of movement (or travel)
- Freedom from discrimination
The concept of what constitutes true "freedom" is often disputed by different groups on the political spectrum. For example, while capitalist societies would place a high value on freedom from government interference in the economy, Marxists, would criticize this kind of thought as placing too much influence on the needs of the individual, while ignoring the goal of complete social equality.
Environmentalists such as the Greens often argue that political freedoms should include some social constraint on use of ecosystems. There is no such thing, for instance, as "freedom to pollute" or "freedom to deforest" given the downstream consequences. The popularity of SUVs, golf and urban sprawl show that ideals of freedom and ecological conservation can clash.
This leads at times to serious confrontations, e.g. the Earth Liberation Front's arson of homes enroaching on the desert, and clashes of values reflected in advertising campaigns, e.g. that of PETA regarding fur.
In jurisprudence, freedom is the right of autonomously determining one's own actions; generally it is granted in those fields in which the subject has no obligations to fulfil or laws to obey, according to the interpretation that the hypothetical natural unlimited freedom is limited by the law for some matters.
See also
free,
freedom of religion,
freedom of speech, | https://www.infomutt.com/f/fr/freedom__political_.html |
The language around substance use issues can help or hinder recovery.
That’s the message of this year’s National Addictions Awareness Week (NAAW), an annual campaign from November 12 to 18 led by Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. This year’s NAAW theme is Words Matter, drawing attention to how the use of stigmatizing language can perpetuate false and harmful myths around substance use, and act as a barrier to recovery.
To help combat stigma, CMHA encourages the public to STOP and consider whether language used:
- Stereotypes people with substance use issues?
- Trivializes people with substance use issues?
- Offends people with substance use concerns?
- Patronizes people with substance use issues by treating them as if they were not as good as other people?
NAAW is an opportunity for Canadians to learn more about substance misuse, prevention, and treatment. In Canada, it is estimated that approximately 21 per cent of the population (roughly six million people) will meet the criteria for addiction in their lifetime. | https://cmhaniagara.ca/campaign/naaw2017/ |
Lying awake at night frustrated because you can’t get to sleep? Fall asleep at a reasonable hour only to wake up around the same time every night? You share this same experience with thousands of others, and your physiology is to blame.
Here are 3 things people with insomnia tend to have in common
- Neurological Dysfunction
- Chronic Stress
- Digestive problems
Neurological Dysfunction
There are multiple neurological parts of the brain involved in insomnia and sleep problems and we are going to talk about the brainstem, the limbic system, and autonomics.
The brainstem and limbic system house all of the neurons that receive information about our environment. These areas determine if we are encountering a friend or a foe, meaning it tells us if we can “Rest and Digest” or if it’s a “Fight or Flight” scenario.
- Parasympathetic = Rest and Digest
- Sympathetic = Fight or Flight
The upper part of the brainstem is called the Midbrain (Mesencephalon). Located in this part of the brain is a pathway called the Reticular Activating System (RAS from now on). In essence, the RAS activates our WAKE pathway, which inhibits our SLEEP pathway. It also shuts down digestion, but more on that later. This is our Fight or Flight pathway.
When you have sleep problems, there’s always an issue with this RAS being OVERactive. This part of the brain projects dopamine into the frontal lobe and basal ganglia, causing wind up, which ultimately results in too many thoughts, not being able to shut off your mind, poor focus/attention, worrying and stressing about things when you don’t need to, anger and behavior changes, and ultimately poor sleep patterns.
The RAS is also part of the brain that regulates your Fight or Flight and Rest and Digest systems as mentioned above. These are push-pull systems which means they only work when the other isn’t, meaning if the Sympathetic system is active, or your brain perceives a stressful or dangerous situation, then it’s going to turn ON the Fight or Flight system, which turns OFF the Rest and Digest system. So, if you’re chronically stressed, worrying, have chronic infections, multiple concussions or your RAS is overactive, then you will constantly be in a Fight or Flight situation, which is bad for your body. This pathway will release Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (Adrenaline), Cortisol (stress hormone), Cytokines (inflammation), and will decrease the parasympathetic tone of your system (decrease you resting and digesting capabilities).
Natural options to decreasing this pathway
- Gargling
-
Eye movements and vestibular therapy specific to neurological exam findings
-
Magnesium L-Threonate supplementation
-
GABA supplementation
-
L-Theanine supplementation
These products can be found on our online store (Optimag Neuro, RelaxMax). To check out Xymogen’s health products visit ACNC’s Online Supplement Store
Stress and Cortisol (and Melatonin)
The problem with the nervous system being out of balance and in sympathetic dominance, is that all these releasing hormones are all creating downstream effects. Adrenaline will make you feel like you’re always running from a lion, your heart will pump like crazy, increase your sweating, and increase blood pressure. Cortisol is your circadian rhythm, which is inverse to melatonin (your sleep neurotransmitter). If your cortisol is elevated (during acute and chronic stress) it will constantly be decreasing your melatonin which is your sleep neurotransmitter. So it’s very difficult to be stressed and sleep at the same time.
Neurologically speaking, when you stress out, have a chronic infection, or have a stressful situation occur, your RAS kicks in and all the things above begin to happen. You turn on your sympathetic switch, adrenaline, cortisol and inflammation kicks up, and it decreases blood flow to your digestive system (and brain).
When there’s decrease blood flow to your digestive system, you will decrease your digestive enzymes (poor vagus nerve function), your motility and bowel movements (poor vagus nerve function), your ability to protect yourself from pathogens in food by decreasing your HCL in the stomach, and your own good bacteria will suffer (dysbiosis), and this will result in massive inflammation. The inflammation that occurs from sympathetic dominance goes everywhere. It goes to muscles, joints, gut, and brain, and the result of this systemic inflammation is often one of the contributors to insomnia.
Natural products to help support a healthy cortisol and inflammatory pathway
- Rolera
- Sensoril (ashwaganda)
- N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC)
- S-Acetyl Glutathione
- Turmeric and Resveratrol
- L-Theanine supplementation
These products can be found on our online store (Cortisolve, Adrenaliv, NAC, Curcuplex 95, Resveratin, S-Acetyl Glutathione). To check out Xymogen’s health products visit ACNC’s Online Supplement Store
Digestive Problems and Systemic Inflammation
If you’re in sympathetic dominance, chronically stressed, or your RAS is OVERfiring, you will be decreasing your vagal nerve tone. The vagus nerve is located in the lower brainstem and activates/regulates all systems in the thorax and is synonymous with the Rest and Digest system. The vagus nerve innervates the stomach, liver, small and large intestine and is responsible for secretion of HCL, digestive enzymes, bile to breakdown fats, liver activity to detoxify your body, and promotes blood flow to the gut and brain.
A poor functioning vagal system ultimately leads to increased systemic inflammation, resulting in TNF-a, Nf-kB, INF-g and other interlukens like IL-6 and TH-17 responses. All of these inflammatory factors inhibit neurological health, sensitize the midbrain (where the RAS lives), breakdown the gut and cause leaky gut (read more on leaky gut here).
The vagus nerve has inputs from the vestibular system, the cerebellum, the frontal lobe, cranial nerves and the limbic system. In order to effectively activate the vagus system from the root cause of dysfunction, a neurological examination is highly recommended looking at all of these areas discussed and activating each area as indicated. | https://www.azchironeuro.com/natural-remedies-improve-insomnia |
All information products included in https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics are provided "as is" for informational purposes only. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) does not provide any warranties of any kind regarding any information contained within. DHS does not endorse any commercial product or service, referenced in this product or otherwise. Further dissemination of this product is governed by the Traffic Light Protocol (TLP) marking in the header. For more information about TLP, see https://us-cert.cisa.gov/tlp/.
CVSS v3 9.8
ATTENTION: Remotely exploitable/low skill level to exploit
Vendor: Geutebrück
Equipment: IP Cameras
Vulnerabilities: Authentication Bypass and Improper Neutralization of Special Elements
AFFECTED PRODUCTS
The following Geutebrück G-Cam IP camera version is affected:
- G-Cam/EFD-2250 Version 1.11.0.12
IMPACT
Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could allow the attacker to bypass authentication and obtain remote anonymous access to the device; these vulnerabilities may allow remote code execution.
MITIGATION
Geutebrück recommends customers download and update with the newest patch from this location by registering for a new web club account or logging into an existing account.
http://www.geutebrueck.com/en_EN/login.html
NCCIC/ICS-CERT recommends that users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of these vulnerabilities. Specifically, users should:
- Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, and ensure that they are not accessible from the Internet.
- Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls, and isolate them from the business network.
- When remote access is required, use secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing that VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most current version available. Also recognize that VPN is only as secure as the connected devices.
ICS-CERT reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.
ICS-CERT also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS-CERT web page. Several recommended practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.
Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available in the ICS‑CERT Technical Information Paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies, that is available for download from the ICS-CERT web site.
Organizations observing any suspected malicious activity should follow their established internal procedures and report their findings to ICS-CERT for tracking and correlation against other incidents.
No known public exploits specifically target these vulnerabilities.
VULNERABILITY OVERVIEW
An authentication bypass vulnerability has been identified. The existing file system architecture could allow attackers to bypass the access control that may allow remote code execution.
CVE-2017-5174 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 9.8 has been assigned; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
An improper neutralization of special elements vulnerability has been identified. If special elements are not properly neutralized, an attacker can call multiple parameters that can allow access to the root level operating system which could allow remote code execution.
CVE-2017-5173 has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 9.8 has been assigned; the CVSS vector string is (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
RESEARCHER
Florent Montel and Frédéric Cikala discovered the authentication bypass vulnerability, and Davy Douhine of RandoriSec discovered the improper access control vulnerability.
BACKGROUND
Critical Infrastructure Sectors: Commercial Facilities, Energy, Healthcare and Public Health
Countries/Areas Deployed: Europe, United States, Australia
Company Headquarters Location: Windhagen, Germany
Contact Information
For any questions related to this report, please contact the CISA at:
Email: [email protected]
Toll Free: 1-888-282-0870
For industrial control systems cybersecurity information: https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics
or incident reporting: https://us-cert.cisa.gov/report
CISA continuously strives to improve its products and services. You can help by choosing one of the links below to provide feedback about this product.
This product is provided subject to this Notification and this Privacy & Use policy.
Please share your thoughts.
We recently updated our anonymous product survey; we'd welcome your feedback. | https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics/advisories/ICSA-17-045-02 |
Hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), HIF hydroxylases and oxygen sensing.
Webb JD., Coleman ML., Pugh CW.
This article outlines the need for a homeostatic response to alterations in cellular oxygenation. It describes work on erythropoietin control that led to the discovery of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1) and the parallel recognition that this system was responsive to a widespread oxygen-sensing mechanism. Subsequently, multiple HIF isoforms have been shown to have overlapping but non-redundant functions, controlling expression of genes involved in diverse processes such as angiogenesis, vascular tone, metal transport, glycolysis, mitochondrial function, cell growth and survival. The major role of prolyl and asparaginyl hydroxylation in regulating HIFs is described, as well as the identification of PHD1-3 and FIH as the oxygen-sensing enzymes responsible for these hydroxylations. Current understanding of other processes that modulate overall HIF activity, including influences from other signalling mechanisms such as kinases and nitric oxide levels, and the existence of a variety of feedback loops are outlined. The effects of some mutations in this pathway are documented as is knowledge of other substrates for these enzymes. The importance of PHD1-3 and FIH, and the large family of 2-oxoglutarate and iron(II)-dependent dioxygenases of which they are a part, in biology and medicine are discussed. | https://www.cardioscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/34889 |
Affordable Access
The environmental impact of deep seabed mining /
Authors
Osaretin Ernest Izedonmwen
Publisher
McGill University
Publication Date
Jan 01, 1989
Keywords
Law.
Engineering
Mining.
Environmental Sciences.
Disciplines
Ecology
Geography
Law
Political Science
Abstract
The deep seabed until the late sixties was a largely unknown part of the sea and represented nothing more than an academic curiosity. With technology making hitherto hidden depths of the ocean accessible for exploitation, it became known in the late sixties that the deep seabed contained precious minerals. In a world used to shrinking resources, this shot the deep seabed into the centre stage of world politics, becoming perhaps the most controversial issue in any United Nations Conference. The controversy centered around the legal status of the deep seabed. This work contends that there is not in place any viable international legal regime for supervising and regulating resource development in the deep seabed outside national jurisdiction; that whatever regulations there are, are geared towards facilitating exploitation of the area; that such lacunae would be at an environmental cost that could negate whatever short-term benefits are derivable therefrom.
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| |
- President-elect Joe Biden Introduces His "American Rescue Plan"
- Political Polarization Intensifies with Another Impeachment Along Party Lines
- Metal Demand Has a Bright Future in 2021 and Beyond
- What Happened to That US-China Trade Dispute?
- Civil Unrest, A Rising Threat to the 2021 Economy
- What's in the $900 Billion Relief Plan?
- February
- Long Term Employment Shifts Caused by the Pandemic
- Earnings Provide Positive Surprise Despite Pandemic
- Renewable Energy Under Fire in Texas
- Yellen Aims for Full Employment
- Minimum Wage Research in the Spotlight as a Hike Looks Inevitable
- Non-Residential Construction Soft in the Pandemic Economy
- March
- Views on Interest Rates and the Move in Treasury Yields
- Inflation Indicators Healthy but Still on the Rise
- Risky Assets Sell-off Despite Optimistic Economic Outlook
- The Latest on Vaccinations and What it Means for Growth
- April
- May
- Highlights of the Fed's "Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2020" Report
- Relative Factors and Forward Change in Federal Funds Rate
- Can Wage Growth Keep Up With Inflation?
- June
- July
- August
- With That, We Carry On
- Supply Pressures Looking to Peak
- Cars are Still Expensive, Workers are Still Needed
- Recovery Continues, but Delta Looms
- September
- Fed Eyes Tapering While China Sees a Setback
- Review the Fed Previews
- No Tapering Yet
- Labor Day on Labor Day
- October
- Delayed or Disappearing Growth?
- Supply and Demand Mismatch will be Evident during the Holiday Shopping Season
- Workers Find Leverage in a Tight Labor Market
- Cautiously Optimistic
- Sour Expectations Take Down the Market
- November
- Q3 Earnings Were Surprisingly Good
- Inflation Weights on Bonds and Consumer Sentiment
- FOMC Tapers While Trade and Employment Flash Mixed Signals
- December
- 2022
- January
- Inflation is Getting Broader, Not Cooler
- Unemployment Insurance During the Pandemic
- A Year of Normalization
- What Will GDP Growth Look Like in 2022? | https://www.mtsinsights.com/org?name=LPL%20Research |
The Changing Distribution of World Population
NEW YORK, Dec 6 2019 (IPS) - In addition to its unprecedented rapid rate of demographic growth during the past 75 years, world population’s distribution across the planet has changed significantly over the past seven decades. The momentous global changes in humanity’s geographic distribution pose serious social, economic, political and environmental challenges and disquieting implications for the future.
The proportion of world population living in more developed regions is half its 1950 level, 16 versus 32 percent, and is expected to decline further to 13 percent by 2050. This transition is the result of substantial differences in the rates of population growth among the major regions of the world.
The relative demographic standing of Europe’s population has changed substantially during the recent past, falling from 22 percent of world population in 1950 to 10 percent today and projected to decline further to 7 percent by midcentury. In the opposite direction, Africa’s population has nearly doubled its share of world population during this period, increasing from 9 percent in 1950 to 17 percent in 2020.
As the sizable differences in the demographic growth rates of those two continents are expected to persist well into the future, Africa’s population is expected to be more than triple the size of Europe’s population by midcentury. And by the close of the 21st century, Africa’s population is projected to be nearly seven times as large as Europe’s population, 4.3 billion versus 0.63 billion, respectively.
Differing rates of demographic growth have also resulted in significant changes in the ranking of countries by population size. Among the top ten largest populations, for example, the number of more developed countries has decreased from six in 1950 to two today and is expected to decline to one country, the United States, by 2050 (Table 1).
Source: United Nations.
Again, African countries, which were not among the top ten largest populations in 1950, have experienced the most relative gains in demographic ranking during the recent past. Consequently, by 2050 three African countries, Nigeria, Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, are expected to be among the world’s top ten largest populations.
Another momentous change in the distribution of the world’s population is its rural/urban composition. During the past seven decades a literal revolution in urban living has occurred worldwide. The proportion of world population residing in urban areas has increased from a minority of 30 percent in 1950 to a majority of 56 percent today and is expected to increase further to nearly 70 percent by 2050 (Figure 1).
Source: United Nations.
While the growth of the urban population has occurred worldwide, it has been more substantial for less developed regions. The proportion of the populations residing in urban centers in less developed regions has nearly tripled, jumping from 18 percent in 1950 to 52 percent today.
The far-reaching urban transition continues to be well underway. By midcentury two-thirds of the population of less developed regions, some 5.8 billion inhabitants, is expected to be living in urban centers.
In addition to increased levels of urbanization, the population sizes of urban agglomerations have increased significantly over the past 70 years. In 1950 there was a single city megacity, New York, with a population of 10 million or more inhabitants. Today there are 33 megacities and that number is projected to increase to 43 by 2030.
Some of the most rapid population growth of megacities during the past few decades occurred in Africa and Asia. Since 1990, the populations of no less than ten megacities, including Delhi, Shanghai, Dhaka, Lahore and Lagos, have tripled in size (Figure 2).
Source: United Nations.
Rapid population growth is expected to continue over the coming decade for many of the megacities in less developed regions. The population of Kinshasa, for example, which grew from 3.8 million in 1990 to 13.2 million in 2018, is projected to reach 22 million by 2030, making it the world’s tenth largest megacity at that time.
It is widely recognized that urbanization offers a large variety of social, economic and cultural benefits, opportunities and freedoms. In addition to employment and career development, urban residents have ready access to education, health care, social services, cultural institutions, recreation and government agencies.
It is also acknowledged, however, that urbanization places stresses on social services, infrastructure and the physical environment that can make urban living difficult, especially for low income groups. This is particularly evident in the cities of less developed regions.
The increasing proportions the world’s population residing in the rapidly growing urban centers of less developed countries pose serious developmental challenges for local and national governments. The basic needs of daily living for those growing urban populations, including food, water, housing, electricity, employment, education, health care, transportation, security, telecommunications, sanitation and waste management, are not meeting increased demands and desired goals.
The development and improvement of urban living is among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030. Goal 11 of the SDGs aims to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, including emphasis on housing, health, energy, public transportation, environment, cultural heritage, employment and business opportunities.
While some developmental progress has been achieved in a number of cities in the recent past, governments are by and large falling behind in their efforts and commitments to the SDGs. The lack of progress is most evident among cities in less developed countries, which have experienced rapid demographic growth.
In brief, increasing proportions of a growing world population are located in less developed regions with rising concentrations living in their urban centers. By 2030 about 4 billion people, or about half of the world’s population, will be living in the cities of less developed regions.
Government authorities of those cities in cooperation with national leaders need to take urgent action now, including formulating appropriate polices, undertaking comprehensive planning and establishing effective programs. To do otherwise not only greatly handicaps the achievement of desired development goals, but it also undermines the provision of essential basic services and fundamental infrastructure required by the world’s growing urban populations in less developed regions.
*Joseph Chamie, a former director of the United Nations Population Division, is currently an independent consulting demographer. | |
juicy cinnamon apple filling.
Prep Time:
20
mins
Cook Time:
20
mins
Total :
40
mins
Serving size:
8
Ingredients
4
large apples
,
(roughly 1.5 lbs or 700g)
2/3
cup
(
140
g
)
granulated sugar
1
tablespoon
cornstarch
1
teaspoon
lemon zest
1
teaspoon
ground cinnamon
2
sheets puff pastry
1
egg
,
beaten
2
tablespoons
Turbinado or Demerara sugar
Instructions
Line 2 baking sheets
with parchment paper and set aside.
Preheat oven to 395°F (200°C).
Peel and coarsely grate the apples
(I use a box grater). Transfer shredded apples to a sieve placed over a bowl, sprinkle with a tablespoon of sugar and let sit like that. Combine the rest of sugar, cornstarch, lemon zest and cinnamon in a medium bowl, set aside.
Flour your work surface,
roll out your first sheet of puff pastry
on top. Sprinkle it with flour, making sure you have no wet patches as this makes it easier to handle. Cut pastry into 4 equal strips then transfer them to the baking sheet. Brush the edges with a beaten egg.
Take the apples and fold them into the sugar mixture, mix until all apples are covered. Place about 2 spoonfuls of this onto the top portion of each pastry strip, leaving a border on each side. I
f any juices flood the pastry, that's okay.
Cover the top with the bottom part of the pastry, seal the edges with a fork, brush each pie with egg, sprinkle with some turbinado sugar. Place in the center of the oven and
bake for about 15 minutes
until the pastry is puffy and golden brown in color. Remove from oven and let cool to room temperature before serving.
As the first batch bakes, repeat the process with the second
sheet of pastry. Keep uneaten pies covered either at room temperature or in the refrigerator. You can also f
reeze them for up to 2 months.
Notes
Pay attention to apple varieties you use. I like to use a mix of juicy sweet apples. My favorite varieties are Golden delicious and Gala apples. In contrast, Granny Smith apples aren’t the best choice for this recipe, save those for a big pie.
I like to use fresh, already rolled sheets of puff pastry that I get at my store. You can use frozen too, but allow to completely thaw before baking.
Puff pastry sheets come in different sizes so you can adjust the number of pies you want to make. The weight of 2 sheets is usually around 17-18 oz (500g). One sheet, on average, makes 4 hand pies.
Calories per serving:
315
kcal
Course:
Dessert
Cuisine:
American
Keyword:
easy, quick apple pie
Author: | https://www.sugarsalted.com/wprm_print/recipe/9303 |
Q:
ANTLR4 listener for CSV grammar causes OutOfMemoryError for big files
I'm having a relativley simple ANTLR4 grammar for csv files that may contain a header line and then only dataline that are seperated with spaces.
The values are as follow Double Double Int String Date Time where Date is in yyyy-mm-dd format and Time is in hh:mm:ss.xxx format.
This resulted in the following grammar:
grammar CSVData;
start : (headerline | dataline) (NL dataline)* ;
headerline : STRING (' ' STRING)* ;
dataline : FLOAT ' ' FLOAT ' ' INT ' ' STRING ' ' DAY ' ' TIME ; //lat lon floor hid day time
NL : '\r'? '\n' ;
DAY : INT '-' INT '-' INT ; //yyyy-mm-dd
TIME : INT ':' INT ':' INT '.' INT ; //hh:mm:ss.xxx
INT : DIGIT+ ;
FLOAT : '-'? DIGIT* '.' DIGIT+ ;
STRING : LETTER (LETTER | DIGIT | SPECIALCHAR)* | (DIGIT | SPECIALCHAR)+ LETTER (LETTER | DIGIT | SPECIALCHAR)* ;
fragment LETTER : [A-Za-z] ;
fragment DIGIT : [0-9] ;
fragment SPECIALCHAR: [_:] ;
In my Java application I use a listener that extends CSVDataBaseListener and only overwrites the enterDataline(CSVDataParser.DatalineContext ctx) method. There I simply fetch the tokens and create one object for every line.
When loading a file of 10 MB this all works as intended. But when I try to load a file of 110 MB size my application will cause an OutOfMemoryError: GC overhead limit exceeded.
Im running my application with 1 GB of RAM and the filesize shouldn't be a problem in my opinion.
I also tried writing a parser simply in Java itself that uses String.split(" "). This parser works as intended, also for the 110 MB input file.
To get an estimation of the size of the objects I created I simply serialized my objects as suggested in this answer. The resulting size for the 110 MB input file was 86,513,392 Bytes, which is far away from consuming the 1 GB RAM.
So I'd like to know why ANTLR needs so much RAM for such a simple grammar. Is there any way to make my grammar better, so ANTLR is using less memory?
EDIT
I made some deeper memory analysis by loading a file with 1 million lines (approx. 77 MB on disk). For every single line my grammar finds 12 tokens (the six values per line plus five spaces and one new line). This can be stripped down to six tokens per line if the grammar ignores whitespace, but that's still a lot worse than writing a parser by yourself.
For 1 million input lines the memory dumps had the following size:
My grammar above: 1,926 MB
The grammar finding six tokens per line: 1,591 MB
My self-written parser: 415 MB
So having less tokens also results in less memory being used, but still for simple grammars, I'd recommend writing an own parser, because it's not that hard anyway plus you can save a lot of memory usage from the ANTLR overhead.
A:
According to your grammar, I'm going to assume that your input uses ASCII characters. If you store the file on disk as UTF-8, then simply loading the file into the ANTLRInputStream, which uses UTF-16, will consume 220MB. In addition to that you'll have overhead of approximately 48 bytes per CommonToken (last I checked), along with overhead from the DFA cache and the ParserRuleContext instances.
The only way to get an accurate picture of the memory used by a Java application is through a profiler, and in 64-bit mode not all profilers properly account for Compressed OOP object storage (YourKit does though). The first thing to try is simply increasing the allowed heap size. Once you know the specific data structure(s) using the memory, you can target that area for reduction.
| |
TEHRAN, Jun. 01 (MNA) – Tehran Provisional Friday Prayers Leader Hojjatoleslam Seyed Mohammad Hassan Aboutorabifard called on government officials to take more logical steps in line with solving problems facing most people of the country.
-
British political analyst:
Late Imam Khomeini discloses depth of corruption of arrogant powers
TEHRAN, Jun. 01 (MNA) – Rodney Shakespeare, a British political analyst, said that the late Imam Khomeini (RA) disclosed the depth of corruption of authoritative powers in the world.
-
IRGC foils domestic, foreign plots since 1979: statement
TEHRAN, Apr. 18 (MNA) – The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran issued a statement on Wednesday marking the anniversary of the founding of the IRGC in 1979.
-
Army guarantee for defensive power, deterrent might of Iran: statement
TEHRAN, Apr. 17 (MNA) – The Iranian army has guaranteed the defensive capability and deterrent power of the Islamic Republic of Iran, reads a statement issued by Iranian Ministry of Defense and Logistical Support on Tuesday.
-
Truth victory against falsehood God's certain promise: Leader
TEHRAN, Mar. 15 (MNA) – Receiving members of the Assembly of Experts, Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei on Thursday asserted that the victory of truth against falsehood is God's certain promise.
-
Palestine amb. to Iran hails Iran’s role in supporting Islamic resistance
TEHRAN, Mar. 02 (MNA) – In a message to 16th congress of Iran’s Democracy Party, the Palestinian ambassador to Iran Salah Al-Zawawi praised the sacrifices made by Iran to help the Islamic resistance movement.
-
Qatari authorities to visit Iran’s southern ports
TEHRAN, Feb. 25 (MNA) – Head of Iran’s Ports and Maritime Organization (PMO) told reporters that Qatari officials will soon be visiting southern Iranian ports.
-
Leader appoints new Imam for Tehran Friday Prayers
TEHRAN, Feb. 13 (MNA) – Issuing a decree on Tuesday, Iranian Leader Ayatollah Khamenei appointed Seyed Mohammad Hassan Aboutorabifard as the interim leader (Imam) of Tehran Friday Prayers.
-
Ex-MoD: Revolution inspired anti-colonialists
TEHRAN, Feb. 11 (MNA) – Iran’s former defense minister believes that the Islamic Revolution in Iran has inspired many anti-colonial states worldwide.
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Ammar Hakim stresses Iran’s role in Iraq reconstruction
TEHRAN, Feb. 10 (MNA) – Head of the National Wisdom Movement of Iraq Ammar Hakim says Iran is the most reliable supporter of Iraq in political and security fields, stressing that it must take part in Iraq reconstruction.
-
MoD calls on nation for massive turnout to Feb. 11 rallies
TEHRAN, Feb. 9 (MNA) – On the occasion of victory anniversary of the Islamic Revolution, the Ministry of Defense (MoD) issued statement and called on Iranian nation to take part in massive turnout of Feb. 11 rallies.
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Enemies still seeking revenge on Iranian people
TEHRAN, Feb. 05 (MNA) – Iranian President Hassan Rouhani said on Monday that enemies are still seeking revenge against Iranian people.
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Up close and personal: Prof. Zonis gets into Shah's mindset, analyzes reasons for his downfall
TEHRAN, Feb. 04 (MNA) – Commenting on the reasons of Shah’s failure, author of the “Majestic Failure “Prof. Zonis says his grandiosity, his Persepolis celebration, his apparent disdain for the Iranian people, the absurd pretensions of monarchy, the inequality, the corruption of the court, the abuse of human rights all contributed to his failure.
-
By: Mohammad Moheimany
Commemoration of anniv. of Imam Khomeini's return from exile
TEHRAN, Feb.1 (MNA) – The ceremony in commemoration of the return of Imam Khomeini from exile in Paris in 1979 was held this morning at the mausoleum of Ayatollah Khomeini, south of Tehran, with a speech by Seyyed Ali Khomeini, his grandson.
-
By: Mohammad Mohsenifar
Armed Forces motorcyclists mark Islamic Revolution anniv.
TEHRAN, Feb.1 (MNA) – Armed Forces motorcyclists, in celebration of the 39th anniversary of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, marched the distance from Mehrabad Airport to the mausoleum of Ayatollah Khomeini on Thursday.
-
Iran marks 39th anniv. of Islamic Revolution victory
TEHRAN, Feb.1 (MNA) – Millions of Iranians are holding nationwide rallies Thu. to celebrate the 39th anniversary of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, marking the overthrow of the US-backed Pahlavi dynasty.
-
Pres. Rouhani:
Democratic establishment formed by nation's sacrifice, Imam's help
TEHRAN, Jan. 31 (MNA) – Visiting the Mausoleum of Imam Khomeini on the anniversary of the days before the victory of the 1979 Revolution, President Rouhani hailed the rule of people over people in Iran.
-
MoD makes resolution to boost defense might
TEHRAN, Dec. 26 (MNA) – Iranian Defense Minister Brigadier General Amir Hatami vowed on Tuesday that the military might of the country will be developed regardless of pressures posed by US.
-
Iran haven of security in region: Rezaei
TEHRAN, Dec. 19 (MNA) – Secretary of the Expediency Council and former IRGC commander Mohsen Rezaei told the visiting Vice-Minister of the International Department of the Central Committee of the CPC, Li Jun, that Iran is the safest country of the region.
-
Leader’s top Aide, Velayati:
‘Islamic world’s priority; unity against divisive plots’
TEHRAN, Dec. 02 (MNA) – An Iranian politician marked the second anniversary of Iranian Leader’s letter to European youth saying that the truth seekers are after truth which would bring them peace and tranquility.
-
By: Mehdi Bakhshi
Imam Khomeini’s House in Najaf
TEHRAN, Nov. 06 (MNA) – The house in which founder of Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini resided for more than 13 years in exile has turned into a much-visited site by Arbaeen pilgrims. Imam Khomeini stayed in the house from October 1965 until 1978, when he was expelled by Saddam Hussein and left for Neauphle-le-Château, suburb of Paris, France.
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Ayat. Khamenei hails Mostafa Khomeini’s personality
TEHRAN, Oct. 22 (MNA) – Meeting with the organizers of Mostafa Khomeini Congress, Leader of Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Khamenei hailed the positive merits of the late figure’s character.
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Leader receives organizers of Mostafa Khomeini Congress
TEHRAN, Oct. 22 (MNA) – Iranian Leader, Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei, received, early on Sun. the organizers and staff of the Congress to Honor the Knowledge, the revolutionary contribution, and the Rank of Ayatollah Seyyed Mostafa Khomeini in Tehran. Seyyed Mostafa Khomeini, the eldest son of the late Imam Khomeini, suspiciously passed away in 1977 in Iraqi city of Najaf. Many surmise that his death was conspired by the intelligence service of Iranian monarch regime of Pahlavi.
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By: Shahabeddin Ghayyoumi
IPAS 2017 held in Tehran
TEHRAN, Oct. 17 (MNA) – The 16th International Exhibition on Police, Safety and Security Equipment (IPAS) was held Mon. in Mausoleum of Imam Khomeini.
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Cleric urges officials to stand against US bullyism
TEHRAN, Oct. 13 (MNA) – The interim leader of Tehran Friday prayers referred to numerous cases of US plots against Iran in the past 38 years and urged officials to confront US coercion.
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Zarif condoles demise of former Iranian FM
TEHRAN, Aug. 28 (MNA) – Foreign Minister Zarif has issued a message of condolence on death of Ebrahim Yazdi who once served as foreign minister of Iran.
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By: Mohammadreza Abbasi
Army chief renews allegiance with Imam Khomeini
TEHRAN, Aug. 27 (MNA) – Abdolrahim Mousavi, Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, renewed allegiance with the ideals of Imam Khomeini on Sunday.
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Pres. Rouhani:
Imam Khomeini taught us boldness against foreign threats
TEHRAN, Aug. 27 (MNA) – President Hassan Rouhani said Iranians do not fear any foreign threats and conspiracies because Imam Khomeini has taught the nation not to fear aliens.
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By: Majid Haghdoust
Judiciary head, staff pay tribute to Imam Khomeini
TEHRAN, Jun. 25 (MNA) – Head of the Judiciary Ayatollah Sadegh Amoli Larijani and high-ranking officials of the power branch paid tribute and renewed allegiance to late Imam Khomeini on Saturday on the occasion of Judiciary Week. | https://en.mehrnews.com/page/archive.xhtml?mn=2&wide=0&dy=19&ms=0&pi=2&yr=2019&kw=Imam+Khomeini |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention generally relates to lamp driver circuits for controlling power supplied to a lamp from a power supply subject to voltage variations and, more particularly, to a lamp driver circuit which senses the current through, and the voltage applied to the lamp to control the power supplied to the lamp, and which pulse-width modulates the power supplied to the lamp when the voltage of the power supply rises above a nominal level.
Current sensing circuits are known to the power supply art. Such circuits generally limit the maximum current which the power supply will deliver under potentially destructive conditions to avoid failure of the power supply. A typical example is to limit the power supply output current when a short circuit is imposed across the output of the power supply. Similarly, various kinds of over-voltage protection circuits exist.
However, in vehicular applications, the battery voltage from which many lamps are operated can vary over significant ranges for a number of reasons. One such reason is that the alternator output current available at low idle speeds is limited. Another reason is that vehicular power systems are typically temperature compensated to regulate the battery voltage at different levels depending upon the ambient temperature. It is also well known that voltage regulator failure can result in an abnormally high voltage level in some vehicular systems. In some vehicular applications, especially in heavier trucks, there is a need to operate from a 24 volt DC system, instead of from the more prevalent 12 volt DC system.
It is also well known that incandescent lamps commonly used in vehicles have a relatively narrow operating voltage range. As a example, a lamp rated at 12 volts will experience burn-out of the filament, or unacceptably short operating life, if such a lamp is operated in a 24 volt system. Conversely, a lamp rated at 24 volts will typically produce an unacceptably low level of illumination if operated in a 12 volt system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Is is therefore a principal object of this invention to control the amount of power supplied to a lamp from a power source which may vary over a range of voltages, or to permit a lamp of a fixed voltage rating to operate in different voltage systems.
It is another object of the present invention to cause periodic switching of the power supplied to the lamp, in a pulse-width mode, when the power supply voltage is above a first predetermined level so as to supply substantially constant power to the lamp, independent of voltage variations above the predetermined voltage level.
It is yet another object of the present invention to cease to deliver power to the lamp when the power supply voltage rises to a second predetermined level which exceeds the first predetermined voltage level.
Briefly, the present invention provides a lamp driver circuit for controlling power supplied from a power supply to a lamp, typically an incandescent lamp, in an environment in which the power supply experiences fluctuations in its output voltage. A semiconductor switch is disposed in series with the lamp between the power supply and ground. Current sensing means limits the amount of in-rush current that the lamp filament receives upon turn on. The current sensing means determines whether the power supply voltage is above or below a first predetermined voltage level. If the power supply voltage is below the first predetermined voltage level, a driving means responds to the sensing means to render the semiconductive switch substantially fully conductive to continuously supply the power supply voltage to the lamp. However, if the power supply voltage rises above the first predetermined voltage level, the driving means causes periodic switching, in a pulse-width modulated mode, of the semiconductive switch between cut-off and substantially fully conductive conditions to control the amount of power supplied to the lamp. If the voltage of the power supply rises above a safe operating level, even under the pulse-width modulated condition, the driver circuit causes the semiconductive switch to cease delivering power to the lamp. For example, in a vehicular system, the first predetermined voltage level could be 14 volts and the second predetermined voltage level could be 36 volts. Under these conditions, the lamp driver circuit continuously supplies current to the lamp if the power supply voltage remains below 14 volts. If the power supply voltage is in the range of 14 to 36 volts, the driver circuit is then in the pulse-width modulating mode so as to deliver substantially constant power to the lamp. If the power supply voltage rises above 36 volts, the lamp driver circuit ceases to deliver power to the lamp.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The drawing FIGURE is a schematic diagram of the lamp driver circuit of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
With reference to the drawing FIGURE, there is shown a lamp driver circuit, generally designated 10, for supplying and controlling power delivered to a lamp 11 from a power supply V.sub.BATT. The lamp 11 is typically an incandescent lamp which is selected to have a nominal voltage rating for operation from a power source having a compatible voltage level. However, as noted above, the battery voltage in vehicular applications can vary over temperature, operating conditions, or failure of any portion of the charging system. Additionally, in some vehicular applications, the lamp 11 may have to operate from a nominal 24 volt system, instead of from a nominal 12 volt system. A semiconductive switch 12 is disposed in series between lamp 11 and ground through a current sensing resistor 13. In this instance, switch 12 is a field effect transistor (FET), with the drain terminal 14 of the FET connected to one end of the filament of the lamp 11 and the source terminal 15 of the FET connected to one lead of resistor 13. The other lead of resistor 13 is connected to ground. The value of resistor 13 is selected depending upon the desired nominal current through lamp 11. For example, it maybe desired to select the value of resistor 13 to develop a voltage level of about 0.8 volts across resistor 13 when lamp 11 is at its rated current level.
The gate terminal 16 of FET 12 is controlled by a driving means in the form of a comparator 20. Comparator 20 is of the type having differential input terminals including an inverting terminal 17 and a non- inverting terminal 18. An output terminal 19 of comparator 20 is directly connected to gate terminal 16 of FET 12.
Inverting terminal 17 of comparator 20 is connected to a node 21. Node 21 has a signal which includes both current sensing information and voltage feedback information. A resistor 22 is connected between node 21 and to a node 23 between the source terminal 15 of FET 12 and resistor 13. A capacitor 24 is between node 21 and ground. A voltage feedback resistor 25 is connected between node 21 and a node 26, situated between the drain terminal 14 of FET 12 and one end of the filament of lamp 11. A voltage feedback signal is developed at node 21 by virtue of the voltage divider action of resistors 25, 22 and 13, connected in series between lamp 11 and ground. Capacitor 24 filters the voltage feedback information developed by resistor 22 and the current sense information developed by resistor 13.
The non-inverting terminal 18 of comparator 20 is connected to a resistive divider consisting of a string of resistors 28, 29 and 30 connected in series between a supply voltage V.sub.cc and ground. Supply V.sub.cc is typically about 5 volts and may be an independent voltage source, or may be developed separately, as from a Zener diode. Non- inverting input 18 of comparator 20 is connected directly to the junction between resistors 29 and 30. An on/off control of the lamp driver circuit 10 may be provided at the junction of resistors 28 and 29. When the signal at the on/off control terminal 31 is in an open condition, the lamp driver circuit 10 is enabled. If terminal 31 is referenced to ground or another suitable low voltage level, the lamp driver circuit 10 will be disabled. That is, FET 12 is cutoff and no current is conducted through the lamp 11.
A pull up resistor 32 is connected between the output 19 of comparator 20 and another voltage source V.sub.GB. V.sub.GB is typically about 15 volts. The output 19 of comparator 20 typically sinks current from resistor 32 to create a low voltage level at the gate terminal 16 of FET 12. Under such circumstances, FET 12 is in a cutoff or non- conductive condition. When comparator 20 ceases to sink current, resistor 32 pulls up the output voltage to a high level on the gate terminal 16 of FET 12, which causes the FET to become substantially fully conductive to sink current from supply voltage V.sub.BATT through lamp 11, through FET 12 and through resistor 13 to illuminate lamp 11. A resistor 33 is connected between output 19 of comparator 20 and non- inverting input 18 of comparator 20 to provide a hysteresis which will result in a pulse- width modulated operation of lamp driver circuit 10 as further described below. Representative values of the components of the lamp driver circuit 10 are as follows:
______________________________________
FET 12 = MTD10NO5E Resistor 25 = 470K
Resistor 13 = 16 Resistor 28 = 3.6K
Comparator 20 = LM2901
Resistor 29 = 3.9K
Resistor 22 = 10K Resistor 30 = 1K
Capacitor 24 = 0.1 MFD
Resistor 32 = 47K
Resistor 33 = 470K
______________________________________
The lamp driver circuit 10 operates as follows. When the voltage supply V.sub.BATT is below about 14 volts DC, the driver circuit 10 will operate to continuously sink current from lamp 11 to ground. During this mode, the bias established at the non-inverting input 18 of comparator 20 by the resistor divider 28, 29 and 30, is greater than that established at the inverting input 17. The bias at inverting input 17 is established by lamp current being conducted through FET 12 to establish a bias across current sensing resistor 13. During this mode of operation, the drain terminal 14 of FET 12 is at a continuously low potential, so that voltage feedback resistor 25 provides virtually no voltage feedback signal across resistor 22. The current feedback and voltage feedback signals are summed at node 21 and directly presented to terminal 17 of comparator 20. Thus, the output terminal 19 of operational comparator 20 is at a high level, permitting resistor 32 to pull up the voltage on gate terminal 16 of FET 12 to thereby keep FET 12 in a continuously conductive mode.
When the voltage supply VBATT is at a voltage range of about 14 to 36 volts DC, increased lamp current through lamp 11 will establish a higher potential across current sensing resistor 13. The sum of the signals at node 21 and, hence, at inverting input 17 of comparator 20 will begin to exceed the potential established at non-inverting input 18. At this point, comparator 20 will switch its output at terminal 19 to a low level, thereby pulling down the potential on gate 16 of FET 12 to cause FET 12 to cease conduction and to go into its cutoff mode. As soon as FET 12 switches to its cutoff mode, current through current sensing resistor 13 drops substantially to nearly zero. At the same time as the potential on drain 14 of FET 12 rises, voltage feedback resistor 25 attempts to establish a voltage feedback signal across resistor 22. However, the potential at node 21 does not change immediately due to the presence of capacitor 24. Capacitor 24 begins to discharge toward a lower potential through resistors 22 and 13. The discharge will continue until the potential at input 17 of comparator 20 is once again lower than the potential on input terminal 18. At this point, the comparator will again switch its output 19 to a high level to cause conduction in FET 12.
This periodic switching cycle will continue so long as the power supply voltage remains in this range of voltage levels. The amount of hysteresis between the switching levels, as seen at node 21, is substantially dependent upon the value of feedback resistor 33 across the output 19 and non-inverting input 18 of the comparator 20. For the component values selected, as disclosed above, the hysteresis will be about 0.4 volts. The time in which FET 12 is in a conductive or ON mode can be approximated by the following equation: ##EQU1## where 0.4 V is the amount of hysteresis, I.sub.LAMP is the lamp current, V.sub.LO is the potential at the low end of the hysteresis band, R22 is the resistive value of resistor 22 and C24 is the capacitive value of capacitor 24. In this instance, V.sub.LO is 0.8 volts.
The potential at node 21 across capacitor 24 will ramp up during the ON time and will eventually exceed the potential at the non- inverting input 18 of comparator 20; V.sub.HI =1.2 volts. Comparator 20 will then cause FET 12 to switch to cutoff. The time that it takes capacitor 24 to charge to V.sub.HI is inversely proportional to the voltage across sense resistor 13. The higher the current through resistor 13, the shorter the FET 12 will be conductive. The time in which FET 12 is non-conductive or in its OFF mode can be approximated by the equation: ##EQU2## where V.sub. HI is the potential at the high end of the hysteresis band and K is the voltage feedback ratio. In this instance, V. sub.HI =V.sub.LO +0.4 volts=1. 2 volts and ##EQU3##
During the OFF time, the potential across capacitor 24 begins to discharge through resistors 22 and 13 toward the lower comparator threshold level V.sub.LO. However, resistor 25 provides voltage feedback which is proportional to the battery voltage V.sub.BATT. Thus, the higher that V.sub.BATT rises, the longer that it will take for capacitor 24 to discharge to the lower comparator threshold V.sub.LO.
Thus, it can be shown that as the battery voltage increases, the ON time is shortened and the OFF time is lengthened. This results in a duty cycle which is inversely proportional to the square of the battery voltage. Of course, without the switching action of lamp driver circuit 10, the power delivered to lamp 11 is proportional to the square of the battery voltage. If the battery voltage were to double, the instantaneous power in lamp 11 would quadruple. Lamp driver circuit 10 compensates for the increased battery voltage by pulse-width modulating at a duty cycle of approximately 1/4. Driver circuit 10 permits a 12 volt rated lamp to be used in a 24 volt system, and the brightness or illumination of the bulb remains substantially constant despite the increased or varying battery voltage. Thus, a 12 volt rated bulb can be used in either 12 volt DC or 24 volt DC system with the present invention.
When the power supply voltage V.sub.BATT exceeds about 36 volts DC, voltage feedback provided by resistors 25 and 22 will keep the potential at node 21 (and therefore at inverting input 17 of comparator 20) at a sufficiently high potential that the output 19 of comparator 20 will continuously remain in a low output condition to keep the FET 12 in a non- conductive condition. Under these circumstances, no current is conducted through lamp 11 and no power is therefore delivered to the lamp.
Driver circuit 10 is quite efficient because FET 12 is fully conductive when V.sub.BATT is less than 14 volts, and FET 12 switches between full conduction and cutoff when V.sub.BATT is in the range of 14 to 36 volts. Very little power is therefore lost or dissipated in FET 12.
Due to the presence of current sensing resistor 13, the driver circuit 10 will also limit in-rush current to lamp 11 when the circuit is first turned on. It is of course known that substantial in-rush current is a major source of lamp filament failure.
It will now be appreciated that the lamp driver circuit 10 may have additional applications, such as in controlling the power delivered to electrical heater filaments.
While an embodiment of the invention has been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects, and, therefore, the aim of the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. | |
Although Palestinians and Israelis inhabit the same physical terrain, the unequal effects of climate change can be seen in stark relief in Palestine — a disfigured, disjointed, segregated and stratified territory, in which Israel both directly and indirectly sets the rules.
The Israeli occupation— now in its fifty-third year — not only prevents Palestinians from accessing basic resources for climate change adaptation, but also from pursuing longer-term measures. Israel’s own environmental policy can be described as Janus-faced. One of its faces promotes environmental reform and technological development. The other deprives Palestinians of their land, water, and other natural resources. And it has managed to maintain this Janus-faced approach despite wide-ranging international condemnation.
This piece examines the divergent impact of climate change on Palestine-Israel, particularly in the OPT. It argues that the Israeli occupation drastically increases Palestinian vulnerability to the effects of climate change through the appropriation of land and natural resources, as well as restrictions on movement of people, goods and capital. It calls for robust local and international efforts to end the occupation and to hold Israel accountable under the law: minimum standards for any international Green New Deal.
Climate change is expected to impact both Palestine and Israel in two key ways in the coming years: decreased precipitation, with an anticipated annual reduction of up to 30% in the eastern Mediterranean region; and increased temperatures, given a predicted increase between between 2.2 and 5.1°C. The latter is likely to lead to highly disruptive, if not catastrophic, changes to the region’s climate, including increased desertification.
The combination of decreased rainfall and rising temperatures will result in a higher demand for water (an already overexploited resource) that will be in increasingly short supply and could lead to water insecurity. Agriculture, which has always been a cornerstone of the Palestinian economy, will suffer greatly as a result.
However, Palestine’s fragmented political landscape poses some of the greatest challenges to coping with climate change. Three different entities govern the territory between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea: the Israeli government directly presides over the modern state of Israel as well as the occupied and illegally annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, and — de facto— the occupied Area C, including the fertile Jordan Valley in the West Bank; the Palestinian Authority oversees Areas A and B in the West Bank largely in name, suffering frequent Israeli military incursions; and Hamas controls the Gaza Strip, which has been under Israeli siege for 12 years.
This differentiated political and social reality divorces the OPT from its wider political and geographic context. Palestine’s vulnerability should be understood in the context of more than seven decades of Palestinian displacement, dispossession, and oppression. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were made refugees in 1947-48 when Israel was created and are still heavily reliant on aid from the United Nations Relief and Works Agency and other humanitarian organizations; most of these vulnerable communities are beyond the purview of the Palestinian Authority in the OPT.
Nonetheless, the single greatest non-environmental risk facing Palestinians in the OPT is the Israeli occupation, to the extent that the United National Development Programme (UNDP) considers it an environmental “risk” in its own right. Among other factors, restrictions on the free movement of people and goods, the Separation Wall, land grabs, settlement expansion and settler violence, and poor PA governance all threaten Palestinian water and food security and consequently increase climate change vulnerability.
The OPT is subject to the international law of belligerent occupation. Israel, as the occupying power, is legally responsible to meet the needs of the occupied population which, according to theHague Convention, includes the guardianship of natural resources. Additionally, theFourth Geneva Convention prohibits the arbitrary destruction and appropriation of property and the destruction, removal, and disablement of civilian objects indispensable to the civilian population, including agricultural areas, drinking water installations, and irrigation works.
The UNDP cites the ongoing corrosive impact of the Israeli occupation on Palestinian water and agricultural infrastructure as “prima facie breaches of international humanitarian law, requiring independent investigation by the international community.” However, the international community has seldom held Israel to account for these breaches of international law and, under the current Trump Administration in the United States, has emboldened Israeli violations.
Climate change will affect most sectors of the OPT’s economy, but one of its greatest casualties will be water availability and quality — with deadly results, particularly in Gaza.
Water is not an apolitical resource. The occupation strains water resources and affects areas from health to industry. Palestinians’ main source of drinking water is stored groundwater, and Palestinians rely heavily on aquifers. The western, northeastern, and eastern aquifers are in the West Bank, while in Gaza, the only source of water is the coastal aquifer, which has been subject to over-extraction and pollution in recent years. This is in addition to rising sea levels and the intrusion of seawater, given that Gaza lies on the Mediterranean coast.
Israel has created a complicated bureaucracy of licensing, permits, and access rights designed to control and selectively curtail Palestinians’ access to groundwater. It does this under powers granted by the 1995 Oslo II Accord – initially intended as a five-year arrangement, and still in place 25 years later – which granted Israel temporary control over approximately 80% of water reserves in the West Bank. The PA, citing the inequities written into the Oslo Accords, is seeking water rights over mountain aquifers.
Israel exacts control over water through the Joint Water Committee (JWC), which prohibits any water-related decision without Israeli approval. Surface water (from rivers, streams, creeks, lakes, and reservoirs) comes from the Jordan Valley, the Dead Sea, and the Jordan River, which the JWC prohibits Palestinians from accessing and whose discharge is estimated to decrease significantly over the coming years. Palestinians are also riparians of the Jordan River, affording them water rights. However, since Israel has full control of the headwaters of the Jordan River, Palestinians have no access. The JWC has also denied permits to Palestinians seeking to capture runoff water in dams.
Meanwhile, there are only a few wastewater treatment facilities in the West Bank and hardly any of the treated water is reused in agriculture. Developing new water access or repairing infrastructure is extremely difficult: Israel grants few permits and demolishes buildings and wells made without them.
In addition to preventing enough clean water from entering the Gaza Strip, Israel actively hinders any attempt to build or maintain water infrastructure, such as reservoirs, by restricting imports of fundamental building materials. The results are deadly: 90-95% of the water in Gaza is contaminated and unfit for drinking or irrigation. Contaminated water accounts for more than 26% of all reported diseases in Gaza and is a leading cause of child mortality, at more than12%of child deaths.
The upshot of these measures is significant. The Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ) estimates that only 50.9% of households in the West Bank have access to water on a daily basis. In Gaza, only 30% of households receive a daily water supply. Combined, this means that the OPT has some of the lowest per capita water availability in the world, at 72 liters per capita per day in the West Bank and 96 liters in Gaza, both less than the 100-liter minimum recommended by the World Health Organization. Palestinians not connected to a water grid – such as communities located in Israeli-controlled Area C – often live on just 10-20 liters per capita per day for all uses.
In stark contrast, as of 2013, Israel’s 600,000 illegal settlers collectively used six times more water than the three million Palestinians in the West Bank for domestic use (and amenities like swimming pools and lawns).Additionally, the destructive actions of settlers, who frequently destroy Palestinian property and infrastructure, further intensify Palestinian vulnerability.
A range of adaptation options for the OPT are possible, including flood contingency plans, protection of coastal sand dunes in Gaza, and rehabilitation of wells and other water sources. Yet none of these options will have an impact while the occupation continues. The reallocation of water rights from Israelis to Palestinians is an essential first step, as is ending the siege on Gaza to allow clean water and construction materials for wastewater treatment plants and desalination plants to be imported.
As for agriculture, it is a bedrock of Palestinian society.About 60% of the West Bank population live in 500 rural villages, which are less connected to centralized infrastructure and more dependent on the surrounding area for economic productivity.Economically, agriculture accounts for 11.5% of employment and 21% of all exports.
Olives and their derivatives in food, soap, fuel, and crafts are a staple in Palestinian homes: As of 2010, olive groves comprise 85.3% of all trees in the OPT, and the olive sector contributes 15% of total agricultural income. Culturally, agriculture holds deep symbolism in Palestinian identity, with the farmer and the olive tree representing Palestinians’ rootedness to the land.
Changing rainfall patterns due to climate change pose great risk to the OPT’s agricultural productivity. About 85%of Palestinian agriculture is watered by rain, and approximately half of the water extracted from groundwater wells is used for agriculture. Increased droughts and desertification will thus directly affect the productivity of crops and livestock, while shorter growing seasons and increased water requirements will lead to higher food prices.
These effects are particularly dangerous as there is already widespread food insecurity across the OPT. In 2014, approximately 26% of households were considered either “severely or marginally” food insecure, rising to 46%in Gaza. In Gaza, rising sea levels and saltwater intrusion will harm low-lying coastal agriculture, which makes up 31% of Gaza’s total agricultural production, and will threaten food security in the already vulnerable enclave. Farmers and herders across the OPT will also see their incomes and profits decline, threatening their agrarian way of life and increasing the likelihood of falling into debt and structural poverty.
The occupation damages Palestinian agriculture through land theft and population control. Israel’s expanding settlements and settler-only roads are deliberately built in key strategic locations, including on arable lands in Area C. Israeli restrictions on movement and controlled access to grazing land are further causes of the OPT’s relatively low overall yield.
Along with over 400 checkpoints or roadblocks in the West Bank, a complicated permit system, and the Apartheid Wall, Palestinian farmers not only have less land available for agriculture, but are also denied access to tend to it.
In Gaza, 20% of arable land is restricted from use because it falls within the Israeli-enforced security buffer zone near the border fence with Israel. In many cases, farmers and herders are obliged to buy water from more distant places, incurring higher transportation costs and wasting valuable time. Additionally, Palestinians have limited access to international markets, modern equipment, and fertilizers. A 2009 World Bank report found that if Israeli restrictions were removed and Palestinian access to water were increased, the agricultural sector’s contribution to the OPT’s GDP would expand by as much as 10% and create about 110,000 new jobs.
There are various adaptation options available to limit the effects of climate change on agriculture. In the West Bank, these include better water-efficiency and land-use planning. In Gaza, water-efficiency and community-level support and training would help offset the impact of overexploitation of limited resources exacerbated by climate change. Yet without an end to the occupation and blockade, adaptive strategies will have a very limited impact.
The restrictions imposed by the occupation are the single greatest challenge Palestinians face — both economically (including lack of free movement of goods and people) and politically (absence of Palestinian self-determination and sovereignty) — destabilizing a population that is already vulnerable to environmental breakdown.
The clearest path to resilience is through political accountability: calling for an immediate end to the occupation and the lifting of the siege in Gaza. The extremist position of the Israeli government (and many of Israel’s allies across the world) makes these suggestions highly unrealistic in the short term, particularly because the occupation is a financially profitable enterprise that allows Israel to dominate the OPT’s natural resources while destroying or preventing the construction of necessary Palestinian infrastructure.
International organization, then — and the coalition that is forming across this very Progressive International — will be essential to end the occupation. Internationally, governments must exert pressure on Israel to adhere to the UN resolutions and international law frameworks which it has consistently flouted. Civil society must do more to incorporate Palestinian liberation within the framework of climate justice and environmental reform.
Climate change is a global threat of catastrophic proportions, but its impact will vary according to communities’ power to implement protection and adaptation measures. With the possibility of impending annexation of some, most or all of the OPT, Palestinians’ control over their resources appears even less likely.
For Palestinians — who will commemorate seventy-two years of the loss of their homeland this month — climate change is not an equalizing phenomenon, but a product of their condition as an occupied people.
Photo: MissyKel
This essay was adapted from an Al-Shabaka's Policy Brief. Read the original here.
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1. Technical Field
The present invention is directed to a system and method for automatic translation of broadcast messages in a wireless communication network. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a mechanism for determining which wireless communication devices are in an area of interest where a message is to be broadcast and transmitting the message to the wireless communication devices in a language the is most likely to be understandable by the user of the wireless communication device.
2. Description of Related Art
The ability to travel large distances has allowed people of varying backgrounds, cultures, countries and the like, to visit areas that were previously inaccessible. Thus, it is very common to find people who speak different languages present in the same country either as tourists or as residents.
Traveling to foreign countries, such as on a vacation, for the most part is intended to be an enjoyable experience. Travelers are typically not expecting to be exposed to emergency conditions and are not on the lookout for emergency warnings when traveling abroad. Furthermore, lack of access to understandable emergency warning devices in a timely manner may result in casualties to foreign travelers.
For example, a traveler in an automobile may not be aware that they have just entered an area that is under a tornado watch. This may be due to the fact that the traveler does not have access to a device that is capable of outputting such a warning message. More likely, however, the traveler may not be aware of the imminent danger because the traveler is unable to understand warning messages that are broadcast because the traveler does not speak the language of the country he or she is visiting.
Therefore, there is a need for a system and method for automatically translating broadcast messages, such as warning messages. Moreover, there is a need for a system and method to transmit broadcast messages to people using communication devices that are typically used by such individuals and are readily available to them.
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Duties: Associate Director, Custom Programs, in the Program Design and Management Team collaborates with faculty and clients in designing, developing, and delivering high-quality customized executive education programs as measured by participant evaluations, client feedback, and external rankings. The Associate Director, along with the Senior Director, is responsible for the program P&L thereby assuming responsibility for program profitability. Since this is an entry-level position in the Program Design and Management Team, the Associate Director's portfolio will primarily consist of existing clients and programs. When the Associate Director is assigned to designing and delivering new programs, he/she will work closely with the Senior Director to achieve the desired objectives.
The Associate Director is accountable for understanding and assessing client needs, ensuring a high quality of instruction that delivers on those needs, responding to client questions and concerns, and resolving problems to the satisfaction of the client. Immediately after a program concludes, he/she is expected to determine client satisfaction and solicit suggestions, if any, for improving the program. He/she is also responsible and accountable for overseeing a consistent approach to post-program follow up, outcome measurement, and reporting.
The Associate Director is responsible for client retention and satisfaction. The Associate Director will work with the Senior Director to ensure strengthening and enhancing client relationships resulting in multi-year engagements and higher value engagements. Once business is sold/retained, he/she will work collaboratively with clients and Wharton faculty to develop robust solutions, design customized curricula that enhances the learning experience of the executive education audience, identify program faculty, and incorporate appropriate post-program follow-up initiatives to ensure program satisfaction and assess outcomes such as but not limited to participants' success in application of program tools/knowledge.
The Associate Director manages a high volume of programs in an assigned portfolio, and ensures learning objectives are met. To accomplish this, the Associate Director will understand the client's needs, be thoroughly knowledgeable about the faculty and resources available to Wharton Executive Education, and design and deliver unique, targeted, impactful solutions to accomplish agreed upon client objectives. This includes developing relationships with faculty and cultivating new Wharton/Penn faculty, new instructors, and senior executives when needed) for Executive Education programs.
This position requires matrix oversight of each program's Delivery Team with the expectation that each program is delivered with consistent program performance standards and seamless delivery.
The Associate Director must have the demonstrated ability and willingness to work with ease across cultures and geographies and be willing to travel as needed.
Qualifications: Bachelor's degree and 5-7 years' experience required or equivalent combination of education and experience. Master's degree in a related field highly preferred. Experience in designing educational solutions preferably in a high-end solutions environment or higher education, academic environment. Experience in consultative selling and adult learning theory and practices highly desirable. Relevant experience and deep knowledge of financial services or at least one corporate sector such healthcare, manufacturing, energy, technology or consumer products.
MAIN TASKS:
*Maintain Wharton as a leader of innovative and financially successful executive education programs through a proven track record of designing innovative educational program solutions for senior leaders in global companies and suggesting improvements to programs and processes.
*Collaborate with clients to evaluate their learning needs.
- Proven success in completing needs assessments to identify specific business and/or organizational issues and challenges to be addressed, and design a solution to be presented in an educational format.
- Ability to analyze and understand international and domestic business trends and the concerns of executives.
- Demonstrate innovative approaches to educational and management problems, including electronic media.
*Work independently and effectively to design, manage, and deliver a high volume of programs in assigned portfolio that provides sophisticated educational solutions to business challenges of executives and corporations over time.
*Collaborate with Vice Dean, Executive Director, Senior Director and usiness Development Team in support of developing proposals and RFPs.
EXPECTED SKILLS AND BEHAVIORS:
*Willingness to develop an in-depth understanding of Wharton and external faculty areas of expertise.
*Experienced, skilled, highly effective professional and leader to represent WEE in client-facing settings and through written communications.
*Action-oriented, results-driven approach, Self-starter and proven ability to work autonomously as well as collaboratively as a member of a program/project team in a fast-paced, results-driven environment.
*Strategic-thinking partner with demonstrated personal strengths that contribute to building a strong, dynamic and unified organization.
*Financial acumen P&L experience. Responsible for assuring positive contribution to the profitability of the department through cost management.
*Experience utilizing business development, sales, and CRM systems (preferably Salesforce). Strong understanding of metrics and dashboards.
*Ability to negotiate complex and difficult environments.
*Ability and willingness to travel internationally and domestically.
*Ability and willingness to work non-traditional hours to include early mornings, late evenings, and weekends as needed.
Reference Number: 07-29340
Salary Grade: 028
Employment Type: Exempt
Org: Executive Education
Special Requirements: Background check required after a conditional job offer is made. Consideration of the background check will be tailored to the requirements of the job. | https://careers.insidehighered.com/job/1572396/associate-director-custom-programs/ |
I called this dish as Baghdadi Maqluba, it is different in taste, flavor, and technique from the original dish of Maqluba. Maqluba is a traditional Palestinian dish, also it is cooked throughout the Middle East with slightly different in taste and flavor depending on which country is served. The main ingredients in many of these dishes are meat and rice. The Maqluba is served with meat, rice, potatoes, cauliflower, and eggplant. The meat, rice and the vegetable organized neatly inside the pot, after the Maqluba is fully cooked, the pot will be flipped upside down and by carefully and slowly removing the pot the whole ingredient will stay in perfect stacks and forms a perfect round circle as a cake like. I have taken this original recipe and upgraded to sharp-tasting and intense aroma flavor. I have added more spices, herbs, and vegetable to bring out more flavor and made it more enticing and enjoyable to eat. I have cooked Baghdadi Makluba many times for my family, friends, in many gatherings and occasions. It was loved repeatedly, and I was asked for the recipes numerous times. I decided to reveal my secret recipe of the Baghdadi Makluba to have others to enjoy it as much as my family and friends did. What so wonderful about Baghdadi Makluba is all the goodness in one pot if you have a gathering that is all you need to make one big pot of Baghdadi Makluba, salad, and yogurt sauce as a side dish. It is a wonderful meal to eat as a family or having a large gathering. Baghdadi Makluba has a huge aroma, as soon you flipped the pot the aroma of the food comes out the smell of the basmati rice is so heavenly, the chicken is so tender and melt in your mouth, also the layers of vegetables beautifully organized on top of each other and they all individual spiced and salted perfectly. As I have been told about my Baghdadi Makluba dish many times that as soon they take the first bite a burst of flavors hit their palate instantly. The Makluba can be cooked in many different ways and you can add your favorite vegetables and your favorite meats to the recipe. If you have any question about this recipe please Email me and will be happy to answer any questions. The Email box at the home page. Enjoy. | https://www.baghdadcuisine.com/post/2018/12/10/baghdadi-makluba-arabic-upside-down-chicken-and-rice-meal |
Peter Maddison is awarded the 2016 National President’s Prize in recognition of his significant service to architecture outside practice.
Maddison graduated from RMIT with a Bachelor of Architecture in 1982 and subsequently worked with Peter Crone and Associates, Morris and Pirrotta and Cocks Carmichael before becoming a partner in McIntyre Partnership. During these years, Maddison was surrounded by a group of generous architects who operated under the principle of giving at least as much to the profession as one could expect to gain from it.
This formative period provided Maddison with an important and valuable apprenticeship and in 1989 he established Peter Maddison Architects, which evolved into Maddison Architects in 1993. Maddison Architects has enjoyed widely recognized success over almost three decades, and during this time Maddison has demonstrated a consistent commitment to supporting the profession outside practice.
Maddison has supported the Australian Institute of Architects generously and consistently over the past twenty years. Notable contributions have included participation in multiple awards juries, six years on the Victorian Awards Taskforce, chairing the Victorian Awards Juries in 2008, five years supporting the Small Practice Forum, authoring the current Client/Architect Agreement with the CAA Taskforce, four years’ active service as a Senior Councillor and six years’ service on the Victorian Honours Committee.
In 2009, Maddison was selected as the architect host of Grand Designs Australia after a nationwide talent search. His initial commitment was for a single season of ten episodes. Seven years later, the show has achieved incredible success and he is now arguably Australia’s most recognizable architect. Currently filming a seventh season, Maddison continues to document the impact of architecture on the lives of the people who embrace it in an honest and accessible way. He is not shy about questioning the merits of the projects that he visits, yet at the same time he has demonstrated a fantastic ability to promote the inherent value and appeal of architecture through very clear observations that can be easily interpreted by the general public. Maddison has played a large part in ensuring that architecture is at the front line of Australia’s increasing appetite for design and Grand Designs Australia now reaches an average 4.5 million Australian viewers annually. The show has also enjoyed international success and has been aired on prime-time TV and free-to-air TV in eleven countries throughout Asia.
Education has also been an important interest for Maddison, who recently authored the Grand Designs Australia Handbook – a reference book covering all aspects of architecture and building associated with residential design. He has supported the education of young architects through active participation at numerous schools of architecture, providing guest lectures and design critiques. In 2014, RMIT awarded Maddison a Doctor of Design Honoris Causa in recognition of his signification achievements and contributions to architecture in Australia.
Maddison’s inherent generosity extends to the community through his ongoing support of Kids Under Cover and ambassadorial roles with Open House Melbourne and Architects Without Frontiers. He enjoys a wonderful marriage to Andrea and an incredible relationship with his children Finn, Woody and Ruby. Among the many distractions, Maddison still manages to find the time to successfully practise architecture with the support of his team at Maddison Architects in South Melbourne. Maddison will always give far more to our profession than he would ever expect to receive and he is a deserved winner of the 2016 President’s Prize. He is a regular at the Icebergers at the Brighton Baths in Melbourne … Perhaps there is something in the water. | https://architectureau.com/articles/2016-aaa-awards-national-presidents-prize/ |
A new Federal Trade Commission staff report filed Thursday points the finger at six of the largest internet service providers in the US, calling each out for amassing troves of personal data from their customers and failing to offer meaningful disclosures or options to control the collection of that data.
The six ISPs in question -- Verizon, T-Mobile, Comcast Xfinity, Charter Spectrum, AT&T and Google Fiber -- account for roughly 98% of the mobile internet market in the US, notes the report. With each, the FTC "identified several troubling data collection practices," including cases in which the ISP had combined user data including browsing history and app usage across product lines in order to serve them targeted ads; had grouped users according to sensitive identifiers like race or sexual orientation; and had shared the consumer's real-time location data with third parties.
"These companies have evolved into technology giants who offer not just internet services but also provide a range of other services including voice, content, smart devices, advertising, and analytics -- which has increased the volume of information they are capable of collecting about their customers," the FTC said in a press release.
The report goes on to note that while the companies in question claim to offer consumers choices and controls over how their data is gathered and used, many of them make it difficult to take advantage of those options, while some nudge consumers to share even more of their data.
The report also takes issue with ISP data retention practices, given that many of the companies say they retain user data as long as is necessary for "business practices" without offering clear or standardized definitions of what constitutes a business practice.
FTC: 'In practice users were thwarted'
In a separate statement, FTC Chair Lina Khan noted that the findings highlight shortcomings with the notice-and-consent framework for user privacy, especially in markets where consumers have limited ISP options to choose from.
"The report found that even in instances where internet service providers purported to offer customers some choice with respect to how their data was collected or used, in practice users were thwarted by design decisions that made it complicated, difficult, or near-impossible to actually escape persistent surveillance," said Khan. "A new paradigm that moves beyond procedural requirements and instead considers substantive limits increasingly seems worth considering."
Khan goes on to note that the report's findings, particularly with respect to the increasingly vertical nature of these companies -- many also offer streaming services, smart home integrations and other complementary offerings -- could be something worth taking into account as the FTC mulls potential mergers between media titans.
"The ways in which expansion across markets enables firms to combine highly sensitive -- and, often, highly valuable -- commercial data underscores the need for us to consider in our merger review process how certain deals may enable degradation of user privacy," Khan said.
When asked for comment, spokespersons for AT&T and Verizon referred CNET to the CTIA, a trade association for the wireless industry.
"Consumers' online safety and privacy is a top priority for the wireless industry, and federal legislation that uniformly protects users across all platforms is the best way forward," a CTIA statement reads. "We are looking forward to continuing to work with the FTC, lawmakers and companies across the ecosystem to ensure consumers are protected."
T-Mobile echoed that industry call for federal legislation that creates uniform standards for privacy and data security.
"T-Mobile shares the FTC's focus on consumer privacy and building trust, and we also support federal legislation that would create one uniform standard for all online companies," a spokesperson for T-Mobile said.
A spokesperson for Comcast declined to comment. Google and Charter didn't immediately respond to a request for comment. | https://www.cnet.com/home/internet/ftc-calls-out-internet-providers-for-amassing-user-browsing-data/#ftag=CAD590a51e |
The BTC Consortium negotiated several legal agreements with each of the three countries through which its Caspian oil pipeline crosses.
An international agreement was signed between Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia on 18 November 1999 (the Intergovernmental Agreement, IGA). This commits the three states to co-operate and co-ordinate to establish a uniform set of standards for the construction and operation of the pipeline. The Agreement stipulates that the minimum standards should be "international standards and practices within the petroleum industry" as applied within EU member states. It is binding international law on the three countries.
Three separate private law contracts were signed between the BTC Consortium and the government of each country (the Host Government Agreement, HGA): Azerbaijan (17 October 2000), Georgia (28 April 2000) and Turkey (19 October 2000). The Agreements define the capital and resources that each signatory is to provide to the project, the timetable by which it would be developed and the standards that it must meet.
In addition, a Lump Sum Turnkey Agreement was signed on 19 October 2000 between the BTC consortium and BOTAS, the Turkish state pipeline company, to build and operate the pipeline in Turkey.
The HGAs prevail over national law (aside from each country's Constitution), which means in effect that the BTC consortium is exempt from any domestic obligations that conflict with the terms of the Agreements. The governments have effectively abrogated their executive and legislative powers to protect their citizens from potential environmental damage and associated health and safety hazards or to improve the regulatory regime.
Under the HGAs, the national governments have also effectively granted the consortium exemption from the financial impacts of any new environmental, social or any other laws affecting the pipeline that they may introduce in the subsequent 40 years, the lifetime of the Host Government Agreements. They have also undertaken to compensate the BTC Consortium if new taxes or health or safety or environment laws adversely affect the finances of the project. (These exemptions and compensation provisions are called stabilisation clauses.)
Once the BTC project is underway, only the BTC consortium has the power to terminate the HGA (except in extraordinary circumstances). The national governments cannot therefore regulate or ensure oversight of the construction or operation of the pipeline. Any future national government would not be able to invoke its executive powers to amend the Agreement so as to afford its citizens greater protection.
In response to these issues and concerns, all raised by civil society groups, particularly the implications of the HGAs for the each country's ability to protect and respect its citizens human rights, two other agreements were subsequently signed in 2003 and incorporated into the legal regime for the pipeline, according to BTC Co.
On 16 May 2003, BTC Co and the three host governments issued a Joint Statement, which (among other commitments) binds the Consortium to observing the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 1and the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights.2
And on 22 September 2003, BTC Co issued a Human Rights Undertaking, in which the Consortium undertook not to assert its rights under the project agreements in circumstances where doing so would be inconsistent with the three host government's duty to protect human rights. The Undertaking is legally binding on BTC Co only. The host governments would be able to cite it if BP were to challenge them under the stabilisation clauses.
Although the OECD Guidelines themselves are voluntary, Lord Sainsbury, then Under Secretary for Trade and Industry, confirmed in a statement to the UK Parliament on 12 January 2005 that these additional agreements are legally-binding on the company: "BTC Co is contractually committed to complying with the guidelines".
BTC Co. also signed security protocols with the governments of Azerbaijan and Georgia.
(For more details, see Implications of the Host Government Agreement between Turkey and the BTC Consortium. See also Baku campaign website.)
1 The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises provide recommendations for "good corporate behaviour" in the areas of employment and industrial relations; environment; combating bribery; consumer interests; competition; and taxation. Multinational enterprises operating in or from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member states are expected to adhere to them.
2The Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights is an international code of conduct for multinationals operating in the energy sector. | http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/resource/btc-legal-agreements |
Visitors to my garden this time of year are often astonished to see me lopping the tops off some of my trees.
No, I’m not the Henry VIII of horticulture, chopping the head off any tree that no longer meets my fancy. OK, I am actually lopping the head off any tree that doesn’t meet my fancy.
I part ways with Ol’ Henry, though, because first, lopping the head off a tree does not kill it, and second, I graft on a new head. A few years after this seemingly brutal operation, the tree looks as chipper as ever. And it has a head that I like better — or else off it comes again.
I do this type of grafting, called topworking, mostly on my apple trees, but it could be applied to many other kinds of fruit or ornamental trees.
For instance, if you don’t like the growth habit of your red maple or the leaf shape of your Japanese maple, you can just lop back the head and change it. Same goes for the flower colour of a crab apple or flowering cherry.
Each time I lop back one of my apple trees, I can make that tree into any one of the more than 5,000 other varieties of apple.
Mostly, you can only graft the same kinds of plants together — any variety of apple on an apple trunk, cherry on cherry, maple on maple, etc.
GATHER YOUR STEMS
Before you can topwork any tree, you have to have stems, called scions, of the variety to which you want to change the plant. You might get scions from a neighbour’s or friend’s tree that you have admired. I often get scions for grafting mailed to me from enthusiasts elsewhere across our fruited plain, or from government institutions.
Healthy portions of last year’s growth, each cut into pieces a foot or so long, are ideal to become scions. They can be collected anytime in winter or early spring, as long as stems are showing no signs of growth and temperatures are above freezing.
Once you have scions in hand, put them in the refrigerator. Wrap them well in plastic, perhaps with a damp cloth to keep them plump with moisture.
A FEW CUTS AND YOU’RE FINISHED
The ideal time for topworking is when buds on the trunk are just beginning to grow; the scions are still under refrigeration in their winter sleep. This way, the scion will have time to knit to the lopped-back trunk and hook up its plumbing before its buds expand into thirsty new shoots.
The actual grafting operation is simple, and there are a few ways to go about it. The method I’ll describe is the cleft graft, practised by gardeners for thousands of years and best done on trunks 2.5 to 10 centimetres across.
Wedge grafting and bark grafting are among other methods of topworking, described in such books as The Grafter’s Handbook by R.J. Garner (Sterling Publishing, 1993) and Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices by H. Hartmann, D. Kester, F. Davies and R. Geneve (Prentice-Hall, 2010), and are useful with trunks even 30 centimetres across.
After lopping off the tree’s head and squaring off the top of the trunk with a clean saw cut, begin the cleft graft by hammering the blade of a heavy knife right down into the stub to form a five or 7.5-centimetre split. Remove the blade and let the split close up.
Next, cut two scions to fit into the split in the trunk. Do this by slicing wood from the bottom five to 7.5 centimetres on either side of each scion, making that bottom portion wedge-shaped in cross section, but slightly asymmetrical. (You “plant” more than one scion into the trunk when topworking as insurance against failure; a couple of years later you prune to leave only the one that made the best growth.)
Now, force a screwdriver into the middle of the slit in the trunk to open it up, and slide each scion into each of the outer edges of waiting gap. The better the alignment of the line between the bark and wood on each scion with this same line on the trunk, the better the healing, because the layer just beneath the bark is the source of all new cells at the graft.
Once scions are snuggled in place and aligned, remove the screwdriver to let the split close up and firmly hug the two scions.
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DRYING IS YOUR ENEMY
If your timing is right, and trunk and scions are in good contact, the only remaining threat to success is from the cut ends drying out. Avoid this by thoroughly coating all cut surfaces, including the tips of the scions, with some sort of pruning paint or grafting wax. My favourite is a gooey black stuff called “Treekote.”
Check the graft a day after the operation to make sure all surfaces are still thoroughly sealed. Then stand back, because with an established root system it’s possible to get a metre or more of growth from a scion in one season!
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Contents
- Efficient Rooting System for Apple “M.9” Rootstock Using Rice Seed Coat and Smocked Rice Seed Coat
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Materials and Methods
- 3. Results and Discussion
- 4. Conclusions
- Conflict of Interests
- Acknowledgments
- Root Stock
- Rootstock Information – Why Do We Use Rootstock For Trees
- Rootstock Information
- Why Do We Use Rootstock for Trees?
- Rootstocks explained
- Cooperative Extension: Tree Fruits
- Rootstocks and Dwarf Fruit Trees
Efficient Rooting System for Apple “M.9” Rootstock Using Rice Seed Coat and Smocked Rice Seed Coat
Abstract
“M.9” rootstock is considered as one of the most useful apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) rootstocks; it produces dwarfing trees efficiently. As “M.9” rootstock shows a poor, brittle, and shallow roots system, we grafted “M.9” rootstocks onto “Marubakaidou” (M. prunifolia Borkh. var. ringo Asami Mo 84-A). We then propagated them by mound layering to establish a high-density root system. It was found that covering the roots with rice seed coat (RSC), RSC + smoked rice seed coat (SRSC), and vermiculite during mound layering was effective for the initiation of rooting. Utilizing RSC and SRSC seemed especially effective for producing “M.9” roots efficiently.
1. Introduction
Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is the second most significant cultivated fruit tree (80.82 million metric tons were produced in 2013) worldwide after banana . Rootstocks of apple trees are usually used to propagate apple cultivars, and clonal rootstock is propagated by asexual or vegetative propagation, such as cutting and tissue culture . There are two series of clonal apple rootstocks: East Malling (EM) and Malling Merton (MM), both of which are virus-free and possess size-controlling characteristics . The clonal apple rootstocks consist of three distinct types based on the tree sizes of scions (cultivars): dwarf-type “M.27,” “M.9,” and “M.26”; semidwarf-type “MM.106,” “MM.104,” “M.7,” “M.4,” and “M.2”; and no dwarf-type “MM.111,” “MM.109,” and “M.10” .
In this study, we focused on “M.9” rootstocks because apple growers desire dwarf apple trees with high quality fruits that can be reaped easily and safely, especially at harvest time . However, the “M.9” rootstock has a problem with poor, shallow, and fragile root production. Although the rooting of “M.9/29” was improved greatly by its transformation with the rolB gene from Agrobacterium rhizogenes , the transgenic apple seems to difficultly obtain government permission or public understanding, especially in Japan. On the other hand, layering is the method used for root propagation in which a portion of stem or limb grows roots while still attached to the mother plant, and it is the useful propagation method for the clonal rootstock of “M.9” . For obtaining the “M.9” roots more efficiently, we investigated the effectiveness of rice seed coat (RSC), smoked rice seed coat (SRSC), and vermiculite for the “M.9” root production.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant and Covering Material
The experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014. The rootstocks “M.9” Nagano (ACLSV-free) and “Marubakaidou” (M. prunifolia Borkh. var. ringo Asami Mo 84-A) from Nagano Fruit Experimental Station were used as scions and stocks, respectively. Both scions and stocks were selected from one-year-old branches.
Rice seed coat (RSC) and smoked rice seed coat (SRSC) were obtained from the Experimental Farm of TOGO field in Nagoya University and Kinahta Mizunami Shop in Mizunami City, Gifu, Japan. The vermiculite was obtained from Asian Seed Co., Ltd., Japan.
2.2. Grafting and Layering of “M.9” Rootstock
Bark grafting for “M.9” Nagano scions and “Marubakaidou” stocks was conducted in March at Nagano Experimental Station. They were planted in ten columns and seven rows with 50 cm and 100 cm spaces between plants and rows, respectively, at the experimental field in Nagoya University.
For mound layering, the grafted “M.9” Nagano rootstocks (5 and 65 in 2013 and 2014, resp.) were covered with RSC (two and 15 in 2013 and 2014, resp.), SRSC (two and 10 in 2013 and 2014, resp.), 50% × 50% mix of RSC and SRSC (R + S) (10 in 2014), vermiculite (10 in 2014), and soil and with no cover (control) (one and 10 in 2013 and 2014, resp.), when their height exceeded 3 cm. A week after the covering, all of the rootstocks including control were covered by soil, especially when their height exceeded 10 cm, and covering with soil extended until they were 30 cm tall.
2.3. Digging and Measurement of “M.9” Rootstock
Digging out one or two of each of the grafted “M.9” rootstocks was carried out on the 22nd of June, August, and October 2014 and backfilled. Finally, all the grafted “M.9” rootstocks were dug out on the first of December, 2014. After digging them out we measured the number, length, diameter, and the fresh and dry weight of the roots, which appeared from the covering material layer.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Root Initiation of “M.9” Nagano
We collected “M.9” Nagano and “Marubakaidou” rootstocks at Nagano and then grafted “M.9” Nagano as scions on the next day at Nagoya University in 2013, but all the grafted “M.9” rootstocks died after being covered with RSC, SRSC, or soil (results not shown). The rootstocks seemed to have lost their freshness and the amount of their callus, which plays a critical role in graft union before grafting. As the timing of grafting seemed to be important, we collected both rootstocks and grafted them on the same day in Nagano in 2014. All grafted “M.9” rootstocks grew well except for three rootstocks covered by SRSC. SRSC seemed to have strong water-leaching ability; therefore, those rootstocks might have died from being dried out. To solve the problem, we changed the watering schedule from once to twice per 24 hours.
Newly generated roots were obtained on the 22nd of June at rootstock sites covered with RSC, R + S (RSC + SRSC), and vermiculite; however, no roots were induced with SRSC, soil, or control (Figure 1). The greatest number of roots was produced by R + S. Generally, development and growth of roots were strongly affected by soil texture, moisture, fertility, and aeration . As soil and control (covered by soil one week after) conditions are heavy compared to RSC, RSC + SRSC, and vermiculite conditions, the “M.9” rootstocks covered by soil seemed to damage healthy buds before root initiation. RSC, RSC + SRSC, and vermiculite affected the bud stem colors of “M.9” rootstocks and changed them to yellow or yellowish, which might induce root initiation early. In case of SRSC, the water supply seemed to cause a depression of the SRSC layer when covered by soil. Therefore, roots were not observed in June; however, the roots of the same degree as RSC, RSC + SRSC, and vermiculite were produced on the 22nd of August and October (results not shown). Although the initiation of rooting was delayed at RSC covering, rooting efficiency including root numbers and weight seemed to be recovered from its fertilizer effect. Similar timing of “M.9” root growth initiation has been reported by Psarras et al. .
Figure 1 “M.9” roots produced after one-month treatment of rice seed coat (RSC), smoked rice seed coat (SRSC), combined 50% RSC and 50% SRSC (R + S), vermiculite (Verm.), soil (Soil), and no soil (Cont.).
3.2. Root Generation of “M.9” Nagano
Generalized root numbers were significantly higher in RSC (/plant) and SRSC (/plant) than in control (/plant) on the first of December (Figure 2(a)). The number of roots was also higher in R + S, vermiculite, and soil than in control but not significantly (Figure 2(a)). Tamai et al. reported that “M.9” Nagano rootstock that produced roots by mound layering lost the colors of young shoots (etiolating) and that the average root numbers per shoot were about 10 when harvested from 3- to 5-year-old stool bed. The average root numbers increased twice by utilizing RSC and SRSC (Figure 2(a)). The combination of etiolation and banding shading increased rooting significantly; in fact, “M.7” and “MM.106” clonal rootstocks produced significantly higher roots under dark treatments than those that were treated by persistent light . Higher root numbers from RSC and SRSC covering than from those of other materials might have been caused by the effective etiolation of buds by shading (Figure 2(a)).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c) Figure 2 Number (a), dry (b) and fresh weight (c) of “M.9” roots per plant which appeared after 6-month treatment with rice seed coat (RSC), smoked rice seed coat (SRSC), combined 50% RSC and 50% SRSC (R + S), vermiculite (Verm.), soil (Soil), and no soil (Cont.). Values represent the means ± SE of 4 or 7 plants, and those with different letters differed significantly at by one-way anova followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test.
Regarding fresh and dry weight of roots, SRSC and R + S brought about heavier weight than those of the control (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)). Concerning root length and diameter, however, we could not detect any significant differences among the treatment materials (results not shown). Before use, SRSC was changed from nonorganic (RSC) to organic material (ash), which had dark colors and contained more fertilizer. Therefore, SRSC and R + S containing ash and a half of SRSC ash, respectively, brought about heavier root fresh and dry weights than the control (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)). Vermiculite contains no fertilizer, and it seemed to therefore produce poor roots among the treated materials (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)).
4. Conclusions
We have compared the effectiveness of RSC, SRSC, vermiculite, and soil against root proliferation of “M.9” apple rootstock. Although SRSC did not cause early root initiation, the final root numbers and fresh and dry weight of roots treated with it were the greatest among the materials. It was suggested that SRSC was the most suitable material for “M.9” apple root propagation by mound layering, but as SRSC needs watering twice a day R + S could be used alternately. As the weights of RSC and SRSC are far lighter than that of soil, these materials should be used instead of soil for the reduction of labor.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are indebted to Dr. T. Tsuge for supplying the rice seed coat. They also wish to thank Dr. R. Nakajima for his technical assistance. This research was carried out under the Project for the Promotion and Enhancement of the Afghan Capacity for Effective Development (PEACE).
Root Stock
The term rootstock originates from the world of grape growing, in which the rootstock of one vine would be paired with another grape varietal to overcome specific conditions that would otherwise prevent that varietal from being grown in that specific area.
Of course, grapes are only one example of rootstock and grafting. The process can be used with any number of plants, including annuals, perennials, trees, and more. It has become particularly popular with fruit tree growers, but is also practiced by gardeners striving to maximize their per-foot garden yield.
Rootstock is chosen for any number of reasons. One might be the age and development of the stock in question. For instance, an old, established grape vine has very deep roots that supply the entire vine with adequate moisture even in dry years when young vines would die. Grafting another vine onto existing rootstock in this situation would allow a younger vine to thrive.
Rootstock can be chosen for its resistance to pests and diseases, as well. For instance, one variety of grape vine might be resistant to particular types of fungi, mold or nematodes in a specific geographic area, but the grower might prefer a different grape varietal. Grafting allows the desired varietal to be grown in that area without worrying about susceptibility to pests or diseases.
Rootstock Information – Why Do We Use Rootstock For Trees
When you have children, providing a good variety of healthy snacks is always a challenge, especially when the price of produce increases all the time. The logical choice for many families is growing their own fruits and vegetables. This seems easy and straightforward enough: plant seeds, grow food, right?
However, once you start reading up on growing fruit trees, you’ll discover many fruit trees planted by seed can take three to eight years to start producing fruit. In eight years, the kids may be off to college or starting families of their own. For this reason, many gardeners choose to purchase immediately fruiting trees that are grafted on already established rootstock. What is rootstock? Continue reading to learn about rootstock plants.
Rootstock Information
Rootstock is the base and root portion of grafted plants. A scion, the flowering and/or fruiting part of the plant, is grafted onto rootstock for a variety of reasons. The scion and rootstock must be of closely related plant species in order for the graft to work. For example, in fruit trees, pitted fruit like cherry and plum can be rootstock and scion for each other, but an apple tree cannot be used as rootstock for a plum scion and vice versa.
Rootstock plants are selected not only for their close relation to the desired plant, but also for the attributes it will give to the desired plant. In the world of grafting, there are many more scion varieties available than rootstock varieties. Rootstock varieties may come from naturally growing trees, unique naturally occurring plant mutations or be genetically bred for the purpose of being rootstock.
When a successful rootstock plant is identified, it is then propagated asexually to create exact clones of it for use as future rootstock.
Why Do We Use Rootstock for Trees?
Grafting onto rootstock that is already established allows young fruit trees to bear fruit earlier. Rootstock plants also determine the tree and root system size, fruit yield efficiency, longevity of the plant, resistance to pests and disease, cold hardiness and the tree’s ability to adapt to soil types.
Common types of fruit are grafted to dwarf fruit tree rootstock to create dwarf or semi-dwarf varieties which are easier for homeowners to grow in small plots, and also allow orchard growers to grow more trees per acre, therefore, producing more fruit per acre.
Some cold tender fruit tree varieties are also made into varieties that can withstand more cold by grafting them on to hardier rootstock. Another benefit of grafting onto rootstock is that fruit trees that require a pollinator can actually be grafted onto the same rootstock as their required pollinator.
While the importance of rootstock plants is mostly stressed in fruit crops, other plants are grafted onto rootstock to create specialty or ornamental trees. For example, a knockout rose shrub in tree form is not a naturally occurring tree or the result of pruning and training. It is created by grafting a shrub onto related rootstock. Even common trees such as maples are grafted onto specific maple rootstock plants to make better quality maple trees.
Rootstocks explained
by Nik Magnus | © 2009 | www.woodbridgefruittrees.com.au
Rootstock before grafting
A rootstock is an simply a variety selected especially for it’s disease resistance, health and vigour. These characteristics are passed onto the whole tree once the desired variety is grafted on top.Rootstocks are usually grown in stool beds where they are layered down and the vertical shoots harvested along with a few roots at their base. Because they are propagated this way, they are genetically identical to each other and the result entirely predictable. They themselves don’t produce fruit of any quality, but when grafted with a good scion wood (a piece cut from another tree of a known variety) it acts as a supporting stem and root system for that variety to grow. The final tree size is influenced by the dwarfing nature of the rootstock and the vigour of each individual variety.
Anatomy of a graftling
Modern apple growers have the East Malling Research Station to thank for the rootstocks we use today. Bred primarily to increase the resistance to woolly aphid (see seperate article) it produced a spectrum of extra dwarfing, dwarfing and semi dwarfing rootstocks. The common apple rootstocks known today include M9, M27, M26, MM106 and MM111.
Other fruit trees have their dedicated rootstocks.
By grafting the scion onto the rootstock, we keep the variety identical to the parent tree, but allow the properties of the rootstock to come through – like growth habit, disease resistance and water requirement / drought tolerance.
Rootstock size chart
Cooperative Extension: Tree Fruits
Rootstocks and Dwarf Fruit Trees
Full-sized (top) and semi-dwarf (lower) Cortland apple trees.
Fruit trees vary in how large they become when fully grown. Apples, pears, and cherries can range in size from large standard types to dwarf types that are not much bigger than shrubs. Since they remain small even when fully grown, dwarf fruit trees are an option for small yards, or where many different varieties will be planted in a small area. Dwarf types are widely available for most varieties of apple and sweet cherry, but not for pear. Dwarf types do not yet exist for peach, plum or apricot.
The dwarfing trait does not occur in the variety, but in the rootstock to which it is grafted. This means that popular varieties such as Northern Spy can be grown as a dwarf or as a full sized apple tree depending on the type of rootstock.
Fruit trees are grafted to rootstocks rather than being grown from seed. This is because they are not “true-to-type” when grown from seed. Seeds from a McIntosh tree will not grow into another McIntosh tree, but will be a unique variety. This is true of seeds from other fruit trees, as well. In order to propagate trees of a particular variety, one must start with cuttings or buds of that same variety. The McIntosh variety originated over 200 years ago from tree that was grown from a seed. Since then, all other McIntosh trees have been derived from that original tree.
Rootstocks serve as the root system of the tree. Prior to grafting, they start out as complete trees with a root system and a single stem. Bud grafting is usually done in summer when leaf buds on new shoots can be sliced off the stem and inserted under the bark of the rootstock. The grafted bud joins to the rootstock over the next several weeks. After the graft heals, the rootstock is pruned at a point just above the bud. The following spring, the grafted bud will sprout and grow into a new shoot that eventually becomes the fruit-bearing portion of the tree.
There are many different varieties of apple and cherry rootstocks, and they vary in how much dwarfing they induce in the grafted variety. Some are highly dwarfing whereas, some are semi-dwarfing.
In addition to tree size, apple rootstocks affect the age at which they begin to bear fruit. In general, dwarf fruit trees begin to bear two to three years after planting. Semi-dwarf apple trees and most pear trees begin to bear fruit four to five years after planting. Standard apple trees can take as much as seven to ten years to reach an age when they bear fruit. Regardless of the rootstock, peach, plum and cherry trees begin to bear fruit at an age of three to four years.
Dwarf apple and pear trees have weak roots and will not support themselves once they bear fruit. They should be held upright with a stake or trellis so that the roots do not break and for the tree to remain upright. Semi-dwarf trees do not need staking. | https://karolinfelix.com/what-is-a-rootstock/ |
The other week I was lucky enough to attend an informative Power Lunch, hosted by the Law Library of Congress and presented by one of our legal analysts, Dr. Wendy Zeldin. Dr. Zeldin (who has a very impressive list of credentials, including a Masters and PhD degree from Harvard University) discussed the Norwegian Criminal Justice system and the massacre that occurred there on July 22, 2011. Dr. Zeldin, who is a co-editor of the Law Library’s flagship publication the Global Legal Monitor, based her presentation on a Current Legal Topic report that is available on our website.
Dr. Zeldin started by stating that the suspect in the massacre, Anders Breivik, confessed to the crimes and that the judge ordered a closed hearing where he sentenced him to eight weeks in jail, with four of these weeks to be spent in solitary confinement. Dr. Zeldin noted that the courts in Norway have a number of avenues for prosecuting the suspect in the massacre, including terrorism provisions of the penal law and the recently enacted provision on crimes against humanity. Dr. Zeldin described these criminal law articles, which are discussed in detail in her report, and noted that an important comparative point between the Scandinavian criminal justice systems and those in the majority of European jurisdictions is that the focus in Norway is restorative justice rather than punitive punishment. This is reflected in part by the relatively short prison sentences that are available. The maximum term of imprisonment is 21 years, with the sole exceptions being the recently enacted crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes provisions. There were new terrorism provisions adopted at the same time but not yet in force also allow for harsher punishment. These offenses permit imprisonment for up to 30 years.
Dr. Zeldin noted that although Norway has relatively limited sentences compared to those in other jurisdictions, they do have a system of preventive detention. This applies where an individual who has been convicted of a crime is still considered to be at a high risk of reoffending may be kept in jail for additional periods of up to 5 years at a time after their original sentence is over.
Dr. Zeldin then spoke about the ramifications in Norway of the bombings, noting that the immediate aftermath saw calls for a security review of Norway’s already stringent gun laws. Other areas of review under consideration are the sentencing system and the criminal laws. As noted above, one emphasis of the presentation was the restorative justice aspect of Norway’s criminal system. Dr. Zeldin presented some pictures of a recently constructed prison that were reminiscent of my university’s student housing (I promise I really did go to a university and did not complete my education behind bars anywhere).
Whilst my first instinct was that it did not seem very prison like, Dr. Zeldin presented some statistics that indicate the approach that Norway has taken is extremely effective at not only rehabilitating offenders and preventing reoffending, but also at deterring criminal behavior. The prison population is 73 prisoners per 100,000 of the population, whereas in the U.S. it is 763 per 100,000 of the population. The recidivism rate in Norway is also relatively low – 20% in Norway, compared with 52% in the U.S. The contrast in these figures is quite striking, and despite the initial shock at what seems to be the near luxury of the most recently built prison, the statistics show that the Norwegian approach is relatively effective. However, we do need to bear in mind that, unlike the U.S., Norway is a small country, with a fairly homogeneous population. | https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2011/09/terror-trial-and-justice-in-norway/ |
It’s been more than three years since the first post about hanbok was posted on this blog. Time does fly very fast nowadays, huh? After doing the introductory post, I also made several short posts focusing on the court attires and ornaments used during Joseon Dynasty. In fact, this was supposed to be the the third installment to the Joseon’s Court Attire posts, but I decided to change it into the second part of the main post, that was the Traditional Korean Clothing: Kdrama Style. Thanks to the world wide web and the never ending interest in hanbok, I have found more details about traditional Korean clothing and I feel that it should be shared with fellow enthusiasts about hanbok, especially those featured in the dramas. I still love to spot the ornaments and the attires worn by the cast, so for those who are in the same boat as me, this detailed post focusing on the court attires might be for you!
Joseon Dynasty was a nation that adapted Neo-Confucianism as the state ideology, embedding every single aspect of life with the philosophy. Attires were not excluded, as different occasions called for different attires. According to the Book of Five Rites of the Nation, gukjo oryeui (국조오례의), there were five ceremonies or orye (오례) which were considered the main occasions for the country, namely gilrye (길례) – ancestral and sacrificial rites that were considered auspicious; gunrye (군례) – military rites; binrye (빈례) – welcoming rites for foreign envoys; garye (가례) – celebratory rites such as wedding and coming-of-age ceremonies; and hyungrye (흉례) – mourning rites which were considered inauspicious.
Each of these ceremonies had its own kind of attire, such as jebok, jobok, sangbok, and other types of attires that were later introduced into the dynasty. Of course, there were differences between the outfits worn by the king and his subjects, because the former was considered the highest ranking person in the entire country. It was not surprising that the attires for the kings were given close attention and special offices were set up to oversee the production of those attires.
Jebok (제복)
Jebok was a type of full ceremonial robe worn by the king and the government officials during the ancestral rites at the Jongmyo shrine. There were several differences between jebok for the king and the officials but for the start, the name was different: the robe for the king was called myeonbok, while the ministers’ robe was only known as jebok. The attire took the names from the crown worn together with the respective attire: myeonbok was worn with myeonryugwan as jebok was worn with jegwan. Another striking different which set myeonbok apart from the ordinary jebok was the symbols on the robe. Jebok was mostly worn by the ministers during sacrificial and ancestral rites while the king would wear myeonbok during various ceremonies, such as sacrificial rituals including prayers for rain, coronation, weddings, New Year celebrations, and first day of winter.
Although the kings of Joseon Dynasty were the highest ranking person in the country, they were considered lower than the Chinese Dynasties’ emperors, befitting Joseon’s status as a tributary state under Ming and later Qing. Chinese Emperors wore the robe with twelve symbols or sibijangbok (십이장복) , kings and imperial crown prince wore the robe with nine symbols or gujangbok (구장복), and royal crown prince wore the robe with seven symbols or chiljangbok (칠장복). Gujangbok was used as a ceremonial robe by the kings after King Uijong of Goryeo Dynasty was bestowed the attire by the emperor of Jin Dynasty and the usage of the attire continued during Joseon Dynasty.
The twelve symbols used on the sibijangbok symbolized the virtues of the Emperor and they were: sun or il (일), moon or wol (월), constellation of stars or seongsin (성신), mountains or san (산), dragons or yong (용), bronze sacrificial cups or jongyi (종이), pheasants or hwachung (화충), grains or jo (조), fire or hwa (화), axe or bo (보), the bul (불) symbols, and water weed or bunmi (분미). The nine symbols used for the gujangbok were: dragons (symbolizing the king’s power), mountains (king’s authority), pheasants (multiple talents and splendour), fire (brilliance in governing the subjects and bright future), bronze sacrificial cups (a pair of cups used during ancestral rites with tiger representing courage and monkey symbolizing wisdom. The cups themselves symbolized filial piety to the ancestors), water weed (flexibility), grains (citizens), axes (authority to make decision), and bul (authority to judge). The symbols on the gujangbok were embroidered at specific places on the whole attire.
|Symbols/Wearer(s)||Emperor||King||Crown Prince
||Grand Heir|
|Sun||✓ (T)||✘||✘||✘|
|Moon||✓ (T)||✘||✘||✘|
|Stars||✓ (T)
||✘||✘||✘|
|Dragons||✓ (T)
||✓ (T)||✘||✘|
|Mountains||✓ (T)
||✓ (T)||✘||✘|
|Pheasants||✓ (T)
||✓ (T)||✓||✘|
|Fire||✓ (B)
||✓ (T)||✓||✘|
|Bronze Cups||✓ (B)
||✓ (T)||✓||✓|
|Water Weed||✓ (B)
||✓ (B)||✓||✓|
|Grains||✓ (B)
||✓ (B)||✓||✓|
|Axe||✓ (B)
||✓ (B)||✓||✓|
|Bul symbol||✓ (B)
||✓ (B)||✓||✓|
*Legend: T = Top, B = Bottom. Table credit to King’s Costume, Corealisme (2009).
The ceremonial attire was made up of several components: gwan, ui, sang, hyeokdae, daedae, jungdan, pae, su, pyeseul, hol, bangsim-gokryeong, mal, and seok.
The King’s Myeonbok
- Gwan (관), the crown which was also known as myeonryugwan (면류관) had the number of strings hung from it according to the rank of the wearer: 12 for the emperor, 9 for the king and the imperial crown prince, and 8 for the royal crown prince. The name for which it was referred to depended on the number of strings, such as sibiryumyeon (십이류면) for the emperor’s gwan and guryumyeon (구류면) for the king’s gwan. Colourful jade beads were hung on the strings and for the king, five different colours were used: red, white, blue, yellow, and green.
- Ui (의) was the bluish black robe worn on top, also known as gonbok (곤복), gonui (곤의), myeonui (면의), or hyeonui (현의). The collar, dongjeong (동정) was white while the coat string, goreum (고름) was dark grey in colour. The symbols for the top part of the attire was embroidered on ui and they included the oval-shaped golden dragons on both shoulders, with red yarns used to adorn the fins; the back hems of the sleeves with several symbols: red fire (3), bronze sacrificial cups (3) embroidered in green , and pheasants (3) in red, green, and dark blue; and green mountains on the back of the robe.
- Sang (상) was a red garment like a skirt with white strings on the waist part. It was worn underneath ui and on top of jungdan with embroidery of the four symbols for the bottom part of the whole attire on it: grains, water weed, axes, and bul symbol.
- Hyeokdae (혁대) was the hard ornamental waist belt made from horn, metals, and jade. It was also called okdae (옥대).
- Daedae (대) was the white sash forming the shape ㅠ worn around the waist and where husu, paeok, and pyeseul would be attached to.
- Jungdan (중단), the white inner coat with blue sleeve hems, was embroidered with golden patterns of eleven bul symbols on the collar. This coat was also worn under various ceremonial robes by the king, the queen, and the officials. Jungchimak (중치막) was a white coat worn on top of the jeogori and baji under jungdan. It was a type long coat or po (포).
- Pae (패) or paeok (패옥) was jade ornaments also known as okpae (옥패) hung from the sash on both sides of the wearer. It was made from knitted cloth with tasseled rear mangsu (망수) and plates of jade hung on the cloth. The sounds made from the clinking plates symbolized the authority of the king. It was also worn together with other ceremonial clothes such as queen’s jeokui and the official’s sangbok.
- Su (수), also known as husu (후수), was an ornamental drape tied to rear part of the wearer. Usually attached to daedae, it consisted of red, white, yellow, blue, and green clothes. There were variations of husu‘s decorations: there were jade loops hung from knots and also tasseled fabrics embroidered with multicoloured threads.
- Pyeseul (폐슬), the ceremonial knee pad worn on top of the ui. It was made from red silk with black hems and cloth loops were attached to it for daedae. The four symbols on the bottom: grains, water weed, axes, and bul, were also embroidered on it.
- Hol (홀) or gyu (규), a slab made from jade to be held by the wearer like a scepter. Also known as okgyu (옥규), the name differed depending on the type of jade used to make it: baek-okgyu (백옥규) for white jade and cheong-okgyu (청옥규) for green jade. The top was made to represent a mountain and the bottom part, hyeopgyudae (협규대), was wrapped with red silk as the part where the king would hold the slab.
- Bangsim-gokryeong (방심곡령), a piece of clothing made from white fabric with two parts: a round shaped neck band, bangsim, and a square silk with square hole, gokryeong. It was worn around the neck and it was also worn by the officials with their sangbok.
- Mal (말), a pair of red socks made from silk. Although the ordinary socks for the commoners did not have any strings, mal for the king had strings on the back to be tied.
- Seok (석) was the red shoes with white silk linings inside them. There were different decorations used for the shoes, including yellow tassels and fire-shaped soles on the front.
The Official’s Jebok
- Gwan – Jegwan (제관), a black crown except for the gold hairpin and decoration on the front was the crown worn by the officials with jebok. The number of strips on the crown was according to the rank: five for 1st rank, four for 2nd, three for 3rd, two for 4th, 5th, and 6th, and one for 7th, 8th, and 9th ranks.
- Ui – The top was either cheongchoui (청초의) or cheongraui (청라의), both plain dark blue robes with no symbols embroidered on it.
- Sang – A red skirt, jeokchosang (적초상), with black hems.
- Hyeokdae – The material of the ornamental waist belt depended on the rank of the wearer: seodae (서대) [made from rhinoceros horn] for 1st rank; sapgeumdae (삽금대) [made from shards of gold] for 2nd senior; sogeumdae (소금대) [with gold motifs] for 2nd junior; sapeundae (삽은대) [made from shards of silver] for 3rd senior; soeundae (소은대) [with silver motifs] for 3rd junior and 4th ranks; and heukgakdae (흑각대) [made from buffalo’s horn] for 5th to 9th ranks.
- Daedae – The white cloth waist belt.
- Jungdan – A plain white undercoat. White dopo and daechangui were also used as jungdan during the late Joseon Dynasty.
- Pae – The jade used to make it varied according to the rank: bluish jade or beoncheongok (번청옥) for 1st to 3rd rank officials and white jade or beonbaekok (번백옥) for the officers of 4th to 9th ranks.
- Su – It also differed according to the rank. Crown Prince and officials of the 1st to 2nd ranks would wear husu with yellow, green, purple, and red threads woven into cranes and two gold rings hung from it; the 3rd rank officers with yellow, green, purple, and red banjomun (반조문~reflection pattern) and two silver rings; the 4th-6th ranks with yellow, green, and red yeonjakmunsu (연작문수~shrike, a small bird) followed by two silver rings for 4th rank and two copper rings for 5th-6th; and the rest would have yellow and green gyejikmun (계직문~ goosander, a type of bird) with two copper rings on their husu. In the 17th century patterns were either of nosa or crane motifs while in 18th century, only cranes were woven into husu.
- Pyeseul – A rectangle-shaped red ceremonial knee pad hung from the waist. towards the end of the dynasty, a different type of knee pad known as pyehyung (폐흉) was attached to the chest part of the top.
- Hol – The scepter. Officials of the 1st to 4th ranks used hol made from ivory while the rest (5th and lower) used wood scepters. During Sukjong’s reign, all officials used wood scepters but Jeongjo later changed it into white bok hol.
- Mal – White socks were worn together with jebok.
- Yi – A type of low cut shoes black in colour, heukpihye (흑피혜), was reserved for jebok.
Jobok (조복)
Jobok was the formal attire for the kings and the government officials. It was characterized by a red coat and different types of headdress, depending of the rank of the wearer. Jobok was made up of several components just like jebok, but since it was reserved for smaller occasions such as officiating ceremonies, the were less details on jobok, for instance the absence of symbols of virtues on the attire.
Gangsapo (강사포) was the ceremonial red coat worn by the king and the crown prince. It had wide sleeves and resembled dopo with its length. It was worn on top of the skirt of sang. The ceremonial skirt sang was similar to that of myeonbok, but without the embroidery of the symbols. Jungdan for jobok had red edges instead of blue on the collar with the gold embroidered bul and sleeve hems. Pyeseul for jobok was made up of red silk entirely without embroidery, but it had braids made up of knotted threads on it. Hyeokdae, daedae, pae, su, and hol were identical to jebok, but the socks or mal were slightly different as the king would wear white for this formal attire. The shoes worn was a type of high cut shoes or boots known as hwa (화) and the king would wear mokhwa (목화) with red cloth edgings. The crown or gwan depended on the rank of the wearer and the king would use wonyugwan (원유관), while tongcheongwan (통천관) was reserved for the emperor. When wonyugwan was worn with the attire, it would be called wonyugwanbok (원유관복) and for tongcheongwan it was known as tongcheongwanbok (통천관복).
As for the officials’ jobok, they would wear either jeokchoui (적초의) or jeokraui (적라의), both red coats with black fabric lining the hems of the coat as the top or ui. Other articles such as sang, pyeseul, hyeokdae, daedae, pae, su, hol, and mal were the same as those of jebok, except for a few. Jungdan used with the jobok by the officials were white and later, different colours and coats were used in place of the white jungdan, such as jade coloured dopo and daechangui and blue jungdan. The shoes or yi were originally low cut shoes but during Jungjong’s reign, they were replaced with black boots or heukhwa (흑화). The crown or gwan worn together with this attire would be a golden crown called geumgwan (금관). It was also known as yanggwan (양관), with the strips on the top denoting the rank of the wearer, just like jegwan.
Sangbok (상복)
In the dramas, the king would be often seen wearing sangbok (상복) or his ordinary business attire, since it was also his daily wear. Sangbok was a generic term for ceremonial costume with round collars. The components of the attire depended of the rank of the wearer: the king would wear ikseongwanbok while the officials would wear their gongbok when they were inside the palace.
On top of the inner coat or juui (주의), the king would wear his dragon robe known as gonryongpo (곤룡포). The colour, and thus the specific names of the robe, depended on the wearer’s rank, such as red dragon robe hongryongpo (홍룡포) for the king and black dragon robe heukryongpo (흑룡포) for the crown prince. The red gonryongpo was reserved only for the king while the crown prince in dramas are depicted to wear dark blue dragon robe. The crown for this robe was ikseongwan (익선관), a black crown with a pair of wings pointing upwards known as yanggak (양각). The colour of ikseongwan depended on the king as there were other variation of colours, such as red and maroon. The wings pointed upwards, symbolizing the high position that the king had while the flaps on an official’s hat samo pointed downwards, depicting their humble position to serve the king. The king would wear the boots or mokhwa with his dragon robe.
Another important point of the attire was the circle dragon insignia, yongbo (용보) (or simply bo), worn on both shoulders, on the chest, and on the back of the wearer. Yongbo consisted of a dragon embroidered in a circle and the number toes for the dragon depended on the rank: four toes for the king and three toes for the crown prince. This was the rules during Sejong’s reign but Yeongjo then changed it – five-toed dragon emblem, ohjoryongbo (오조령보) for the king; four toes, sajoryongbo (사조령보) for the crown prince; and three toes, samjoryongbo (삼조령보), for the grand heir (grandson of the king). The same rule was applied for their respective consorts. A jade belt, okdae (옥대), was worn together with the attire.
The officials would wear dalryeongpo (단령포) or simply dalryeong, a ceremonial overcoat with their rank badges or hyungbae (흉배) on the front and back, as their gongbok. The colours of the overcoat and the rank badges depicted the ranks of the wearers: purple was for the royal family members such as the princes and princes consort, red for tofficers of the first to third senior rank, blue for those of third junior to sixth junior rank, and green for seventh to ninth rank officials. Samo (사모), a black hat with flaps and okdae, the belt, was worn with the overcoat. Heukhwa, the black boots, were the footwear used to complete the attire. On his wedding day, a groom from the ordinary family was permitted to wear blue dalryeongpo with single crane badge, even if he did no hold a post in the government.
The rank badges were adapted from the Chinese Dynasties and featured the heavenly creatures. The creatures changed throughout Joseon Dynasty. The royal family would use the emblems known as bo, for instance yongbo or the dragon insignia.
The rank badges were first introduced to Joseon during Danjong’s reign, but the arrangement changed throughout the dynasty:
|Rank||Rank badge|
|Danjong’s reign|
|Grand Prince, daegun (대군) – legitimate sons of the king||A Kirin (기린)|
|Commander of the Palace Guards, dotongsa (도통사)||A lion, saja (사자)|
|Jegun (제군) – illegitimate sons of the king||A Baektaek, (백택) – like a lion|
|Civil officials of the 1st rank||A pair of peacocks, gongjak (공작)|
|Civil officials of the 2nd rank||A pair of wild geese and clouds, unan (운안)|
|Civil officials of the 3rd rank||A pair of silver pheasants, baekhan (백한)|
|Military officials of the 1st & 2nd rank||A pair of tiger-leopard, hopyo (호표)|
|Military officials of the 3rd rank||A bear-leopard, ungpyo (웅표)|
|Inspector General, daesaheon (대사헌)||A haechi (해치) – or haetae|
|Yeongjo’s reign|
|Civil officials of the 1st to 3rd rank||A pair of cranes and clouds, unhak (운학)|
|Civil officials of the 3rd to 9th rank||A pair of silver pheasants, baekhan (백한)|
|Military officials of the 1st to 3rd rank||A pair of tiger-leopard, hopyo (호표)|
|Military officials of the 3rd to 9th rank||A bear, ungbi (웅비)|
|Gojong’s reign|
|Civil officials of the 1st to 3rd rank||A pair of cranes, ssanghak (쌍학)|
|Civil officials of the 3rd to 9th rank||A crane, danhak (단학)|
|Military officials of the 1st to 3rd rank||A pair of hopyo, ssangpyo (쌍표)|
|Military officials of the 3rd to 9th rank||A hopyo, danpyo (단표)|
Yungbok (융복) and Gugunbok (구군복)
When the king or the officials had to leave the palace for official trips such as visiting the tombs and for wartime travels, they would be wearing an attire known as yungbok (융복). It was also worn by the government officials when they made trips to the neighbouring countries as envoys. The main component of yungbok was cheollik (철릭), the topcoat with pleated lower part to make way for easier movement.
The king would wear red, the crown prince blue, the higher officials or dangsanggwan (당사관) dark blue, and lower officials danghagwan (당하관) bluish black. The attire was paired with a type of waist belt with tasseled ends known as gwangdahoe (광다회). Heukrip (흑립), a black hat, and the boots hwa were also worn together with yungbok.
There was also military uniform being used, known as gugunbok (구군복). Dongdari (동달이), the inner garment, had different colour of fabric attached as the sleeves. The main part would usually made from yellow silk while the sleeves were red. On top of of dongdari, jeonbok (전복), a long outer sleeveless military robe with slits on both sides and the back for easy movement, was worn. Instead of the usual strings used to secure the flaps and openings of the garments, gugunbok‘s garments made use of the knot buttons to secure them, as there would be a lot of movements and the knot buttons would ensure the clothes to be tight at all time. Jeonbok had the knot buttons on the front. For the king and the crown prince, yongbo would be sewn on the jeonbok just like on the gonryongpo. Gwangdae (광대), the waist belt, also had knot buttons. It was made of silk with various embroideries. The ordinary military uniform worn by the military officials would only use a basic jeondae, which is basically gwangdae minus the embroidered detail.
A long blue cloth belt known as jeondae (전대) was tied on top of gwangdae. It had pointed ends and the ends would be visible on the front after being tied. The boots hwa were worn together with this outfit. Jeonrip (전립) was the headgear paired with the military uniform. Also known as morip (모립), it was a wide brimmed black hat with a hemisphere top. For the royalties, the hat would be adorned with peacock feathers, tassels, dragon jade disc on the front, and hat strings made from precious stones, paeyeong (패영). The military officials would have their jeonrip decorated according to their ranks.
Pyeongsangbok (평상복)
For an unofficial trip outside the palace, the king would be wearing the same outfit which the noblemen wore daily. The attire, known as pyeongsangbok, consisted of several articles: juui, dopo, dopokkeun, sangtugwan, heukrip, mal, and hye. Dopo (도포) was the long overcoat worn over the inner coat juui. It was characterized by the wide sleeves and split lower back. It had the coat strings just like jeogori. Aside from the ordinary dopo, the noblemen also wore various types of overcoats, for instance jungchimak, changui, and durumagi. Jungchimak (중치막) has wide sleeves just like a dopo, but it did not have the back slits. Changui (창의), on the other hand, only had the back slits and they were two types of changui: daechangui with wide sleeves and sochangui with narrow sleeves. Durumagi (두루마기) was made without slits and had narrow sleeves, even narrower than changui.
Towards the late Joseon Dynasty, noblemen wore a sleeveless topcoat on dopo known as dapho (답호). It had the coat strings and overlapped panels with collar. Another type of sleeveless topcoat was kwaeja (쾌자) but unlike dapho, it did not have overlapping panels and the collar; instead, it looked like a jeonbok with the knot buttons on the front to fasten it. Kwaeja originated from banbi, a sleeveless coat from Goryeo Dynasty and also inspired by the military coat jeonbok. There was another type of topcoat, bangryeongui (방령의) which was sleeveless with rectangular collar. It was from Ming Dynasty and the topcoat was popular during the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty, but the usage declined after the Imjin War.
A string known as dopokkeun (도포끈) was worn on the dopo, tied around a position higher than the wearer’s waist. It was made of a colourful cord with tasseled ends. Dopokkeun was also known as sejodae (세조대) when it was worn with changui (창의), an overcoat with slightly narrower sleeves compared to dopo. Heukrip was worn with the attire and for the high-ranking people such as the officials and the royalty, the decorations slightly differed. The jade ornament placed on top of the hat, okrojeongja (옥로정자), was reserved for the royal family and the ministers. They would also wear gatkkeun (갓끈), a hat string made from gemstones. White mal would be worn and the footwear would be a leather low-cut shoes commonly called hye(혜).
Daeryebok (대례복) & Soryebok (소례복)
Due to the increasing number of national ceremonies, Gojong introduced the new categories in 1895: daeryebok (대례복), soryebok (소례복), and sangbok (상복). Daeryebok was the attire for the major ceremonies, daerye (대례) while soryebok was reserved for minor ceremonies, sorye (소례). The king and the crown prince’s daeryebok was myeonbok; the officials jebok and jebok; while the queens and the crown princess would be wearing jeokui. Soryebok was as following: jobok for the king and the crown prince, gongbok for the officials, and wonsam and dangui for the queen and crown princesses. The government officer’s soryebok was later changed to black dalryeong or heukdalryeong (흑단령), worn together with samo and mokhwa.
Jeokui (적의)
The queen’s daeryebok was jeokui. Nowadays, the term is used to refer to the attire used during Gojong’s reign when Korea was declared as an empire. Jeokui went through so many changes throughout the dysnasty. The attire originated from Ming Dynasty and it was adapted by Goryeo Dynasty as the nation’s ceremonial attire of the queen after King Gongmin received the attire from Ming. The attire was blue in colour with embroidery of and worn with a crown, chilhwiyibonggwan (칠휘이봉관). The crown’s name was taken from the ornaments used to adorn the crown: seven pheasants and two balsam flowers, with other types of flower hairpins. The crown resembled the phoenix crown used in Ming.
After Joseon was established, the attire was changed into daesam (대삼), a red robe worn with an elaborate crown chiljeokgwan (칠적관). Daesam was made from red silk without any pattern or embroidery on it, worn with a blue vest known as sagyuoja (사규오자) with embroidery of gold phoenixes. A sash, hapi (하피), made from blue fabric and embroidered with gold pheonixes and flowers, was put on both shoulders. Just like myeonbok, hyeokdae, daedae, paeok, su, mal, and seok were also worn together with the attire.
During Injo’s reign, the attire was again changed after the fall of Ming, this time to a red robe known as chijeokui (치적의). The robe had embroidery of small circles on the hems of the sleeves and on the back flap known as ojowonryongbo (오조원룡보). Red chijeokui was for the queen, purple for the queen dowager, and blue-black for the princesses consort. The dragon insignia were also worn on the shoulders, front, and back of chijeokui. Instead of jungdan, a red under coat, byeolui (별의) was worn under chijeokui. For the inner coat, another red jacket, naeui (내의) was used. The skirt or sang was made from blue silk and the patterns sewn on it depended on the wearer: the queen would have the dragon while the consorts of the successor would have phoenix on their skirts. It did not have much difference with seuran chima, which would come into usage later. Black hapi with patterns of gold cranes and pheasants, red pyeseul, red daedae, hyeokdae, su, and paeok were among the components of chijeokui but there were slight difference for the socks and the shoes: the queen would wear red shoes and socks while the consorts would wear black socks and shoes. The scepter gyu was also according to the rank: white jade for the queen and bluish jade for the consorts.
Jeokui was transformed into the blue robe again during Gojong’s reign, right after he declared Korea as an empire. The robe was made from azure blue silk and embroidered with 148 pairs of pheasants and flowers. Red silk was attached to the hems of the sleeves and the ends of the robe, with gold dragons were embroidered on it. This was the design for the empress. As for the imperial crown princess, the jeokui would have 138 pairs of pheasants and flowers, with gold phoenix decorating the red silk. Pyeseul for the empress would have four pairs of flower embroidered alternating with three pairs of pheasants on the blue silk and dragons on the red silk attached around the rectangle knee pad, while the crown princess would have three pairs of flowers alternated with the embroidery of two pairs of pheasants and phoenix on the red part for her knee pad.
Jungdan was used with jeokui but the colour was different; it was jade-coloured under coat with red hems, with 13 gold patterns of bul. The crown princess’ jungdan would only have 11 bul patterns. Yongbo, hyeokdae, daedae, su, gyu, blue mal and seok were worn and the difference between the empress and the crown princess’ attires were the dragons and the phoenixes used to decorate the articles. There were different types of skirts or sang worn underneath the robe: jeonhaeng chima (전행치마), a skirt split into three parts; and mujigi chima (무지기치마), a multilayer skirts with different colours of daeran chima attached together. Daesu were worn together with both chijeokui and jeokui.
Hwalot (활옷)
Another type of daeryebok for the ladies of the royal house was hwalot, an exquisite red robe. It was one of the attires worn by the Joseon princesses during their wedding ceremonies. Embroidered with flowers like peonies, it was worn on top of a yellow samhuijang jeogori and seuran chima, with a long yongjam and the two daenggi: ap daenggi and doturak daenggi. Hwagwan was the crown used with hwalot. The attire was later used by the commoners to be worn on their wedding day, but the cost was so high that in reality, only yangban was able to afford it. When worn by the commoners, a long red chima was worn with hwalot.
Wonsam (원삼)
Originated from the Ming Dynasty’s jangsam, wonsam was used as soryebok by the queens and the princesses consort, while the court ladies, the wives of the government officials, the consorts of the princes, and the concubines would wear it as their daeryebok. The colours were yellow for the empress (hwangwonsam – 황원삼), red for the queen (hongwonsam – 홍원삼), purple for the other consorts of the king (jajeokwonsam – 자적원삼), dark green for the princesses and the wives (chorokwonsam -초록원삼), and light green for others (nokwonsam – 녹원삼).
For the royal ladies’ usage, wonsam would have the gold patterns on it. The queen and the princesses consort would use a rectangular insignia with a pair of phoenixes or bonghwangbangbo (봉황방보) on their ceremonial dress. During a ceremony inside the palace, keun meori would be the hairstyle for wonsam, but after Yeongjo’s reign, hwagwan was used as the crown. Wonsam was permitted to be used as a bride’s dress by the commoners but only plain nokwonsam could be worn, together with jokduri. Wonsam would be paired with seuran chima or daeran chima for the royalties while the commoners would wear a red chima.
Dangui (당의)
Dangui was probably the most common attire which could be seen worn by the royal ladies in sageuk. It was an attire for soryebok worn by the noble ladies while the female members of the royal family would wear it as their daily attire or pyeongsangbok. Also known as dangjeogori, dangjeoksam or danghansam, it came to be used during Gwanghaegun’s reign, where the noble ladies started to wear it before the royal ladies adapted the attire for their daily use. It had longer back and front curvy flaps. There were variety of colours for dangui but light green, purple, yellow, white, and dark green were the usual pick, with light green being the most popular choice. The hems of the sleeves would be attached to white silk.
The types of dangui depended on the seasons and festivities. During the cold winter, layered dangui or kyeopdangui (겹당의) made from silk were used while in summer, unlined dangui or hotdangui (홑당의), made from a type of thin silk known as sa, would be worn. White-coloured dangui or hwinsaekdangui (흰색당의) would be worn by the queen the night before Dano festival day in the fifth month and the rest of the country would follow suit on the next day, wearing white top.
The difference between the royal ladies and the noblewomen’s dangui were the rank badges and the gold foil, geumbak on the topcoat. Queens and princesses would have their dangui stamped with various patterns: flowers and bats motifs; Hanja characters for longevity or su (수), fortune or bok (복), and happiness or hui (희); and other types of drawings. The queen would also have the phoenix patterns on her topcoat. The rank badges were according to the spouses’ ranks and the princesses would not wear any rank badge most of the time. Dangui would be paired with seuran chima (스란치마) – a long skirt with single band of gold foil – or daeran chima (대란치마) – a long skirt with two large bands of gold foil – for the royal ladies. The hairdo for dangui was eoyeo meori but after Yeongjo’s ban on the wig in 1752, jokduri was used instead of gache.
When a woman wore a dangui or even an ordinary jeogori, a long, wide string could be seen hanging in front of the skirt. Hyangdae (향대) was the string, hung from the inner coat string of the topcoat. Also known as nunmul georum (눈 물거름), it was long and often white in colour. In the past, the new brides would use the string to wipe their tears on their way to their in-laws’ house, hence the alias it had. In the dramas, the norigae and the perfume pendant would be hung on top of the string. The string itself could be embroidered with flowers. The information about it was so scarce that I spent about four years searching for the name before discovering it.
Aengsam (앵삼) and nansam (난삼)
When a candidate had passed the national exam, he would be wearing a special attire known as aengsam during the officiating ceremony, where they would receive the certificate or hongpae (홍패). It could be regarded as a scholar’s attire since it would be worn by students. Another type of the attire was nansam and the difference between these two was the colour: aengsam was green whereas nansam was ivory. They had round collars and attached to black fabrics on the ends of the clothes. Both were worn together with gakdae, mokhwa, and a type of flower hat known as bokdu (복두) or eosahwa (어사화). | https://thetalkingcupboard.com/2014/09/29/traditional-korean-clothing-part-2/ |
Hong Kong cinema back in the spotlight
But casual moviegoers might recognize it as well, even if the title seems unfamiliar at first.
The Hollywood blockbuster “The Departed” - an Oscar-winning 2006 film directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon and Jack Nicholson - was a remake of the Hong Kong hit.
Infernal Affairs features its own star-studded cast including Andy Lau Tak-Wah, Tony Leung Chiu-Wai and Anthony Wong Chau-Sang. It received critical acclaim for its original plot and a distinctive storytelling style, which observers say helped revive international interest in Hong Kong cinema after a prolonged slump.
Due to its critical and commercial success, Infernal Affairs was followed by a prequel, “Infernal Affairs II,” and a sequel, “Infernal Affairs III,” both released in 2003.
Director Alan Mak and writer Felix Chong were in town this week to participate in the ongoing Chungmuro International Film Festival in Seoul. Their latest co-production, “Overheard,” was selected to compete in the Chungmuro Opus part of the festival.
The JoongAng Daily sat down Tuesday with the two to chat about Infernal Affairs, the film industry in Hong Kong and their latest movie.
Q. Infernal Affairs was received very well by both Korean and overseas audiences. Do you think it helped revive Hong Kong cinema?
Mak: First of all I’d like to thank Korean viewers for their positive response to the film. I would call it a “transition” rather than a “revival” in Hong Kong cinema that Infernal Affairs has brought about. While the Hong Kong action-crime movies of the past used hundreds of bullets in their scenes, Infernal Affairs adopted a gripping story instead. To put it simply, all those bullets reside in the story itself.
What is the most important part of film-making?
Mak: What I consider the most is the film’s storytelling style, no matter the genre. People in Hong Kong are very realistic and efficiency-driven and I think such characteristics are naturally reflected in my films.
Despite the fact that the Infernal Affairs series is a hit, Hong Kong cinema still hasn’t reached the full glory of its past.
Mak: We are now facing fierce competition in the movie industry. I think Hong Kong cinema needs to change to cater to a wider audience in the mainland and overseas.
Our 2008 work “Lady Cop & Papa Crook” was an outcome of an effort to adapt ourselves more to the Chinese movie market and win favor with the Chinese audience. However, we have returned to the Hong Kong-style in our latest film, Overheard, and I think it is the way for us to go - adapt ourselves to new markets while keeping our style.
Chong: In the globalization era, there is a wide choice of movies the audiences can relish, leading to a limited market share for each film and filmmaker. In these circumstances, I think it is important for a movie to deal with universal values in order to resonate everywhere.
What do you think of the Korean movie market?
Mak: It is amazing to hear that a single movie attracts millions of viewers in Korea while the average number of viewers for a Hong Kong movie is around 200,000. I think the Korean movie market has great potential and the audience’s role is critical for Korean cinema’s further growth.
Are there any Korean directors who catch your attention?
Both: We like Bong Joon-ho. He tells universal stories and his style is superb. He understands cinema very well.
Chong: The other notable director is Hur Jin-ho. His 2001 film “One Fine Spring Day” was such a beautiful movie that I saw it several times.
Tell us about your latest film, Overheard.
Chong: It is a story underlining the tendency that people in modern society have to unconsciously and habitually make mistakes in their daily lives.
Because Overheard is currently a box-office hit in Hong Kong, mainland China and Singapore, plans for a sequel to the film are now under discussion, the directors said. It has not yet been determined whether Overheard will be released in Korea, but it is a good possibility, they added.
Regardless, Korean audiences will have a chance to watch the movie on Sunday as part of the Chungmuro festival. The event, featuring 214 films from about 40 countries, runs through Tuesday. For more information, visit www.chiffs.kr. | https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2009/08/27/etc/Hong-Kong-cinema-back-in-the-spotlight/2909325.html |
Ice recrystallization is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature[@b1][@b2][@b3][@b4], with consequences for our daily lives, including the survival of living organisms[@b5][@b6][@b7][@b8][@b9] in subzero environments, food storage[@b10], glacial flow in cold climates (such as Antarctica and Greenland)[@b11], sea current changes[@b12] and decreases in ozone concentration[@b13] in the stratosphere. Ice recrystallization occurs mainly through the process of Ostwald ripening[@b14]. In this process, large ice crystals grow at the expense of small ones, which results in an increase in the mean crystal size and a decrease in the total number of crystals. Impurities are often included during ice recrystallization[@b15][@b16][@b17]. For example, it has been suggested that recrystallization of sea ice led to the formation of prebiotic materials, which may have important implications for the emergence of life[@b18]. Therefore, studying the effects of impurities on ice recrystallization is highly desirable[@b19][@b20], particularly ion-specific effects on ice recrystallization. For example, does the ability of ice crystals to incorporate ions vary for different types of ions? Can ions significantly influence the size of ice grains after recrystallization?
Ion specificity, also known as the Hofmeister effect, was first discovered by Franz Hofmeister in 1888 (ref. [@b21]). This effect refers to the intriguing phenomenon wherein different types of ions can have profoundly different effects on the stability of proteins. Subsequently, additional evidence for ion-specific effects on other physico-chemical properties and processes have been revealed, such as effects on surface tension, protein folding, protein crystallization, enzymatic activity and colloidal assembly[@b22][@b23][@b24][@b25][@b26][@b27]. Most recently, an ion-specific effect on heterogeneous ice nucleation has been reported[@b28]. However, to our knowledge, the effect of ion specificity on ice recrystallization has not been studied.
Herein, we report both experimental and theoretical evidence of ion specificity in regulating ice recrystallization. We find that the size of ice grains after recrystallization can be regulated by more than one order of magnitude by simply changing the type or concentration of ions in the aqueous solution at the initial stage. This phenomenon can be understood on the molecular level through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Specifically, our simulation demonstrates that the ability of ice crystals to incorporate ions and the stability of the liquid layer between crystal domains both exhibit an ion-specific effect. More remarkably, we show that ion-specific recrystallized ice crystals can be exploited as a template-based approach for the facile fabrication of various 2D and 3D porous materials, and the pore size can be controlled simply by regulating the ice grain size via changes in the type and concentration of ions. As an alternative to conventional ice templates created via a directional ice growth process, this method provides a different approach to fabricating porous materials[@b29][@b30][@b31][@b32][@b33].
Results
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Effect of ions on ice recrystallization
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We quantitatively evaluated the ability of various ions to regulate ice recrystallization with the 'splat-cooling\' assay[@b34] ([Supplementary Fig. 1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Briefly, aqueous solutions of different ions were rapidly frozen (at quenching temperatures ranging from −30 to −90 °C) on a flat solid substrate to form polycrystalline ice crystals, and then the ice crystals were annealed at a higher temperature (for example, −6 °C). During the annealing process, the mean size of the ice grains increases while the total number of ice grains decreases ([Supplementary Fig. 2](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). [Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"} shows typical annealed ice grains obtained from pure water and three types of salt solutions (0.01 [M]{.smallcaps} NaF, NaBr and NaI). The mean grain size of the ice crystals obtained from pure water is 158.3±11.2 μm ([Fig. 1a](#f1){ref-type="fig"}) and is much larger than that obtained from the NaF solution (34.2±4.7 μm; [Fig. 1b](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). In stark contrast, the mean grain size of ice crystals obtained from the NaI solution is 228.7±20.1 μm and is much larger than that obtained from pure water. Interestingly, the mean grain size of ice crystals obtained from the NaBr solution (165.8±12.5 μm) is comparable to that obtained from pure water. Clearly, the mean size of ice crystals can be regulated to be either much smaller than, comparable to or much larger than that obtained from pure water, simply by changing the anions in the initial solution.
To confirm the ion-specific effect on ice recrystallization, several more ions were studied ([Fig. 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). The mean grain size of ice crystals obtained from salt solutions with various anions but the same Na^+^ cation follows the sequence: . Note that the ice grains produced from the salt solutions are much smaller than those obtained from pure water, whereas the ice grains produced from are much larger than those obtained from pure water. The ice crystal grain size from salt solutions of different cations but with the same Cl^−^ anion follows the sequence ([Fig. 2b](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). As shown in [Fig. 2b](#f2){ref-type="fig"}, the ice crystal grains obtained from solutions are smaller than those obtained from pure water, and the ice crystal grains obtained from Na^+^, Gua^+^, K^+^ and Cs^+^ solutions are larger than those obtained from pure water. Note that the ability of anions to modify ice recrystallization is greater than that of cations, which is consistent with other ion specificities[@b35]. Therefore, our work demonstrates evidence of the Hofmeister effect on ice recrystallization.
Various factors that can affect ice recrystallization
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To gain insight into the ice recrystallization process, the size evolution of the ice crystals as a function of the annealing time was analysed ([Supplementary Figs 3 and 4](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), as shown in [Fig. 3a](#f3){ref-type="fig"}. For the ice crystals obtained from three aqueous solutions and from pure water, all the ice grains experience an initial growth at the expense of small ice crystals and then level off after ∼45 min. Note that both the initial growth rate and the mean grain size after 45 min increase in the sequence of NaF\<pure water\<NaBr\<NaI ([Fig. 3a](#f3){ref-type="fig"}).
There are two ways to influence the ice recrystallization process with ions: through nucleation and through ice growth[@b34][@b36]. To determine which process is more important, the effects of the quench and annealing temperatures on the mean size of the ice grains from different salt solutions (0.01 M) and pure water were investigated, as shown in [Fig. 3b,c](#f3){ref-type="fig"}. Our experiments show that the quenching temperature only slightly affects the mean grain size, which implies that the nucleation process plays a small role in the mean grain size at this ion concentration, and the nucleation process is mainly dictated by the quenching temperature. By contrast, the annealing temperature plays a key role in dictating the mean size at this ion concentration, which indicates a pronounced effect of the crystal growth process in ice recrystallization ([Supplementary Tables 1--5](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
We further studied the effect of the salt concentration on the ion specificity in regulating ice recrystallization ([Fig. 3d](#f3){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Fig. 5](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). When the salt concentration increases stepwise from 10^−6^ to 10^−1^ M, the mean grain size of recrystallized ice crystals follows the sequence of F^−^\<Br^−^\<I^−^. Moreover, the grain size first increases and then decreases for all ice crystals obtained from NaF, NaBr and NaI solutions. The mean grain size of ice crystals from NaF, NaBr and NaI solutions peaks at salt concentrations of 10^−5^ M, 10^−4^ M and 10^−3^ M, respectively, and the corresponding values of the grain size are 138.9±18.2 μm, 238.2±22.6 μm and 277.5±30.9 μm. The same sequence is observed in the effects of the quench temperature and the annealing time and temperature ([Supplementary Fig. 3a--c](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, respectively). Note that previous studies of the evolution of the freezing potential[@b37][@b38] as ice crystals grow in aqueous salt solutions have revealed the same trend as that of the effect of the salt concentration on ice recrystallization. Namely, both exhibit a trend wherein the effect is to first increase and then decrease, which suggests that the regulation of ice recrystallization by ions in our experiments may be due to different amounts of ions in the ice crystals.
Mechanistic investigation of ice recrystallization
--------------------------------------------------
Questions arise as to (1) why all the ions lead to this generic trend, namely, a maximum in the mean size versus ion concentration curve ([Fig. 3d](#f3){ref-type="fig"}) and (2) why the critical ionic concentration (corresponding to the maximum in [Fig. 3d](#f3){ref-type="fig"}) follows the sequence of F^−^\<Br^−^\<I^−^? Previous studies have indicated that the ions generally suppress ice nucleation[@b39]. In other words, due to the added ions, the likelihood of nucleus formation in aqueous solutions tends to decrease in comparison to that in pure water. Moreover, at extremely low-salt concentrations, the ions affect ice nucleation more strongly than ice growth. As a result, the mean grain size of ice crystals should increase if ice formation occurs at very low-salt concentrations, regardless of the type of ions. Note that this conclusion is consistent with a previous study of the ion-specific effect on heterogeneous ice nucleation[@b28]. In that study, the experiments showed that the ion-specific effect on ice nucleation followed the sequence F^−^\>Br^−^\>I^−^. In other words, among the three anions, F^−^ leads to the largest decrease in the incipient temperature of ice formation. As a result, the critical ionic concentration is expected to follow the sequence F^−^\<Br^−^\<I^−^, because the lowest concentration of F^−^ is required to suppress ice nucleation. By contrast, at a relatively high-salt concentration, ice growth is expected to be seriously affected regardless of the type of ion. Therefore, an increase in the ion concentration should lead to a decrease in the grain size.
To gain more insight into the mechanism underlying the ion-specific effect on ice recrystallization, classical MD simulations were performed (see Methods section for details). Snapshots of the systems with F^−^([Supplementary Fig. 6](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), Br^−^ and I^−^ anions at different simulation times are shown in [Fig. 4a--c](#f4){ref-type="fig"}, respectively. The results clearly indicate that F^−^, Br^−^ and I^−^ anions can be incorporated into the ice crystal. As shown in [Fig. 4a](#f4){ref-type="fig"} and [Supplementary Movie 1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, the addition of ions induced vicinal ice melting at an early stage (1.2 ns), whereas at a later equilibrium stage (100 ns), all F^−^ ions remain in the liquid water phase (with 154±21 water molecules). This result is in stark contrast to the situation for Br^−^ and I^−^ ions, as shown in [Fig. 4b,c](#f4){ref-type="fig"} and [Supplementary Movies 2 and 3](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Only one ion was left in the liquid water phase (with 114±12 water molecules for Br^−^ and 87±19 water molecules for I^−^ in liquid phase, respectively) and the other two ions were dissolved in the ice phase at the later equilibrium stage (100 ns). Similar phenomena are also observed at the lower temperature ([Supplementary Fig. 7](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). All these results indicate that (1) F^−^ is the least likely to be incorporated into the ice phase; and (2) the thickness of the remaining vicinal liquid water layer follows the trend F^−^\>Br^−^\>I^−^. Both conclusions provide an explanation as to why the mean grain size after equilibration follows the sequence F^−^\<Br^−^\<I^−^. Because the F^−^ ions tend to remain in the vicinal liquid water layer during ice growth, further ice crystal growth is blocked, which yields smaller ice grains than grains obtained with Br^−^ or I^−^ ions. Note that the same qualitative conclusions can be drawn from independent test simulations with the conventional Nosé--Hoover thermostat ([Supplementary Fig. 8](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
To quantitatively evaluate the tendency of halide ions to be incorporated into an ice crystal, we performed another series of test MD simulations to compute the average interaction energy of an ion with the surrounding water molecules in the bulk ice (*E*~X-ice~) (calculation values are marked by the height of red bars in [Fig. 4d](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). For comparison, the interaction energy of a water molecule in bulk ice is also computed. Our simulation shows that this energy is ∼1.69±0.10 eV, which is approximately four times that of the typical hydrogen-bonding energy in bulk ice. However, the interaction energy of an ion with the surrounding water molecules in the bulk ice is much greater, and their magnitudes follow the sequence F^−^\>Br^−^\>I^−^. The largest difference in the required energy between F^−^ and a water molecule in the bulk ice indicates the highest degrees of disruption to the local ice structure near the F^−^ ions, or the lowest tendency of F^−^ to be incorporated into the ice crystal. We further quantified the degrees of disruption to the local ice structure due to the ions by computing the radial distribution functions (RDF) of O atoms in pure bulk ice and the O atoms surrounding the halide ions ([Fig. 4e](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). The first peak appears at a distance of 2.78 Å, regardless of the presence or absence of ions. The second peak at a distance of ∼3.46 Å, however, is entirely due to the presence of F^−^, whereas the second peak at a distance of ∼4.51 Å is observed for the pure ice or in the presence of Br^−^ and I^−^. These results offer a molecular-level explanation for why F^−^ is the least likely ion to be incorporated into the ice crystals. This conclusion can be further supported by the potential energy increase in the pure ice crystal due to the presence of the embedded ions (the values of energy increase are marked by the height of cyan bars in [Fig. 4d](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). With the addition of ions, the net potential energy of the bulk ice (excluding the central water molecule or the ion) is increased, and this energy increase follows the sequence F^−^\>Br^−^\>I^−^, which indicates that the tendency of the halide ions to be incorporated into the ice slab follows the sequence F^−^\<Br^−^\<I^−^. Therefore, a molecular-level mechanism of ion-specificity in ice recrystallization is provided.
Facile synthesis of 2D and 3D porous materials
----------------------------------------------
As shown above, the size of recrystallized ice grains can be easily regulated by changing the ions or ion concentration in the initial aqueous solution, and the variation in the size of the ice grains can be more than one order of magnitude. Another important feature of recrystallized ice crystals is that most of the impurities are excluded from the ice grain and left at the grain boundaries after recrystallization[@b40][@b41]. Therefore, we can take advantage of these features and utilize the recrystallized ice grains as templates to fabricate various 2D and 3D porous materials with different pore sizes. [Figure 5a](#f5){ref-type="fig"} shows a series of 2D collagen meshes with variable pore sizes, which demonstrates that the pore size can be tuned by either changing the type or concentration of ions, whereas [Fig. 5b](#f5){ref-type="fig"} displays that 2D and 3D porous materials can be fabricated ([Fig. 5b](#f5){ref-type="fig"}) in view of their potential applications[@b42][@b43]. The porous materials[@b44][@b45][@b46] can be fabricated by first recrystallizing aqueous salt solutions with various materials, such as inorganic materials, biopolymers, quantum dots, metallic particles and polymer colloids ([Supplementary Figs 9--14](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), and then dried under vacuum. As exhibited in [Fig. 5c](#f5){ref-type="fig"}, the same general method can be used to prepare porous materials from a wide range of constituents and for various applications. For example, pore size plays a key role in bioengineering applications, such as cell attachment[@b47], cell culturing[@b48][@b49] and cell separation.
Discussion
==========
In summary, we have shown clear evidence that ions can significantly affect ice recrystallization, but the degree of influence differs dramatically, depending on the type of ion. Remarkably, we find that these ions could be ranked as a Hofmeister series based on their ability to tune the ice recrystallization. MD simulation results indicate that, during the ice recrystallization, relatively high charge density ions such as F^−^ prefer to stay at the ice-water interface and thus inhibit ice growth. By contrast, ions of relatively low charge density, such as I^−^, are more likely to be incorporated into ice crystals and thus inhibit ice growth to a lesser extent. Most importantly, we found that when the ice crystals were used as templates for fabricating 2D and 3D porous materials, the pore size can be easily tuned by regulating the mean grain size with different ions or ion concentrations. The generic approach of using recrystallization to regulate ice templates provides a way to fabricate 2D and 3D structures based on a wide variety of materials, from small molecules to nanoparticles.
Methods
=======
Ice recrystallization assay
---------------------------
All salts were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. And the water used for preparing the electrolytes solutions was Milli-Q (18.2 MΩ) water. Ice recrystallization was performed via the splat-cooling method as described previously[@b34][@b50] (also see [Supplementary Methods](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The experimental apparatus was composed of a Nikon polarized optical microscope (LV100ND, Japan) equipped with a digital camera (Nikon Y-TV55, Japan) and a Linkman (C194) cooling stage shown in [Supplementary Fig. 1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. The experimental procedure is described as follows: a 20 μl droplet of electrolyte solution was dropped onto the cover glass precooled to −60 °C from a height of 1.5 m forming a piece of polycrystalline ice. The temperature was increased to −6 °C at a rate of 25 °C min^−1^, and then the samples were annealed at this temperature for 45 min. Thereafter, the ice was imaged randomly. For every sample, five experimental runs were performed. To plot each figure, the size of the largest 10 grains was measured using Nano-Measure 1.2. Among these 50 data, 30 corresponding to the largest grains were chosen to calculate the mean size. One way ANOVA and 2^2^ factorial design was used to analyse the mean size results ([Supplementary Tables 1--6](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Synthesis of 2D and 3D porous materials
---------------------------------------
Collagen (from bovine Achilles tendon, hydrolysis product, 1000 Dalton) was purchased from J&K Chemicals. Aqueous salt solutions of various materials (0.01 M NaF, NaBr and NaI) were splat-frozen and annealed at −6 °C for 45 min. Then, the samples were freeze-dried using a freeze dryer (FD-1A-50) to obtain the 2D and 3D materials. To obtain the 2D porous collagen, the polycrystalline ice needs to be as thin as possible. Hence we set the splat-freezing height at 1.8 m to form a polycrystalline ice layer \<10 μm (ref. [@b51]). After annealing at −6 °C for 45 min, only one layer of polycrystalline ice is formed. When preparing 3D structures, the splat-freezing height was set at 1 m, and after one droplet was splat-frozen, another droplet was splat-frozen on the top of the previous one. The splat-freezing process was repeated many times as needed to form multi-layered polycrystalline ice. Then multi-layered polycrystalline ice was annealed at −6 °C for 45 min. After sublimation of ice crystals, the 3D interconnected network was retained. The 1 wt% collagen solution was utilized to obtain 2D one-layer meshes and 5 wt% collagen solution was used to make 3D interconnected network.
Molecular dynamics simulations
------------------------------
The MD simulation system consisted of 1280 water molecules, 3 Na^+^ ions and 3 anions (F^−^, Br^−^ or I^−^). The initial configuration was prepared by bringing together an ice slab of 958 water molecules (per supercell) with two separate liquid slabs, each having 164 water molecules (per supercell). All three slabs were separately equilibrated at −13 °C for 1 ns. Next, the two liquid slabs were placed in contact with the left and right surfaces of the ice slab (the surface normal is in the *z*-direction) ([Supplementary Fig. 6](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), within a larger simulation box with a length of 10 nm in the *z*-axis and a lateral area of 2.72 × 2.35 nm^2^. The system was then equilibrated for 1 ns. Last, three water molecules in the left liquid water slab were replaced with Br^−^ anions, and three water molecules in the right liquid water slab were replaced with Na^+^ cations. The entire system was then equilibrated for ∼1 ns. Thus, the whole system was effectively a quasi-two-dimensional hybrid slab. Periodic boundary conditions were applied in the *x* and *y* directions.
The MD simulations for the two-phase systems illustrated above were carried out using the LAMMPS[@b52] software. The TIP4P/ICE water model was adopted. The interaction parameters for ions were taken from the OPLS force field. The LINCS algorithm[@b53] was employed to treat the constraints in the model. The van der Waals forces were truncated at 10 Å. When the long-range dispersion correction was applied, the relative root-mean-square error in force was found to be \<10^−4^. The particle-mesh Ewald method[@b54] was used to treat long-range Coulomb interactions. The particle-mesh Ewald parameters were chosen such that the relative error in force was comparable to that of the Lennard--Jones interactions (\<5 × 10^−4^). Specifically, the real space cut-off distance was 10 Å. The charge grid spacing was 1 Å, and the fourth order B-splines were used for interpolation. The leap-frog Verlet integration algorithm with a time step of 1 fs was used for the MD simulation. To rule out the latent-heat-dissipation effects, the hybrid microcanonical-canonical ensemble is employed[@b55]. As shown in [Supplementary Fig. 16](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, the molecules whose centres of mass lie in a half region of the simulation box (z\<5 nm), away from the interface, are subjected to *NVT* dynamics (*T*=−13 °C), while the molecules lie in the other half region of the simulation box (z\>5 nm) are subjected to *NVE* dynamics (the half region including the solid/liquid interface)[@b55]. In our *NVE/T* MD simulations, the temperature control was implemented by separated Nose-Hoover four-element chain thermostats for each molecule with all four time constants equal to 1 ps (refs [@b56], [@b57], [@b58], [@b59]).
Interaction energy calculation
------------------------------
In addition, independent test MD simulations (all 1 ns) were carried out to compute average interaction energy of an ion with the surrounding water molecules in the bulk ice *E*~X-ice~ ([Fig. 4d,e](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). For these test MD simulations, the system consists of 430 water molecules (representing bulk ice phase), 1 Na^+^ and 1 anion (F^−^, Br^−^ or I^−^). The initial configuration was prepared by replacing two tagged water molecules in ice with 1 Na^+^ and 1 anion. These test MD simulations were performed at a constant pressure and temperature (*NPT*) ensemble with using the conventional Nosé--Hoover thermostat (−13 °C). The last 100 ps data (50 configurations) were collected for the averaged potential-energy calculations. Another series of test MD simulations using the same system size were performed with slightly different Lennard--Jones energy (*ɛ*) and particle-size (*σ*) parameters of the anions ([Supplementary Fig. 15](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The Gromacs software was utilized for these test MD simulations.
Data availability
-----------------
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding authors (J.W or X.C.Z.).
Additional information
======================
**How to cite this article:** Wu, S. *et al*. Ion-specific ice recrystallization provides a facile approach for the fabrication of porous materials. *Nat. Commun.* **8**, 15154 doi: 10.1038/ncomms15154 (2017).
**Publisher\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Material {#S1}
======================
###### Supplementary Information
Supplementary Figures, Supplementary Tables, Supplementary Methods and Supplementary References
###### Supplementary Movie 1
Molecular dynamics simulation (100 ns) for a liquid-ice interfacial system with three ions initially located in the liquid water thin film in contact with bulk ice I.
###### Supplementary Movie 2
Molecular dynamics simulation (100 ns) for a liquid-ice interfacial system with three ions initially located in the liquid water thin film in contact with bulk ice I.
###### Supplementary Movie 3
Molecular dynamics simulation (100 ns) for a liquid-ice interfacial system with three ions initially located in the liquid water thin film in contact with bulk ice I.
We are grateful for the financial support from the 973 Program (2013CB933800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51436004 and 21421061), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant XDA09020000), the US National Science Foundation (CHE-1500217, CBET-1512164), as well as a fund from Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science & Engineering for summer visiting scholar. The computational work is done at the University of Nebraska Holland Computing Center.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
**Author contributions** J.W. initiated the idea of investigating the effect of ions on ice recrystallization and supervised the experiments. X.C.Z. and J.S.F. supervised the MD simulation. S.W. and H.X. carried out the experiments. C.Z. carried out the MD simulation. S.W., C.Z., X.C.Z. and J.W. wrote the manuscript. S.W. and C.Z. contributed equally. All authors analysed and discussed the results.
{#f1}
{#f2}
{#f3}
{#f4}
{#f5}
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Gene diversity studies in okra.
Abstract
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench), is an important vegetable crop with limited studies on genomics. It is considered as an essential constituent for balanced food due to its dietary fibers, amino-acid and vitamins. It is most widely cultivated for its pods throughout Asia and Africa. Most of the okra cultivation is done exclusively in the developing countries of Asia and Africa with very poor productivity. India ranks first in the world with a production of 6.3 million MT (72% of the total world production). Cultivated okra is mostly susceptible to a large number of begomoviruses. Yellow vein mosaic disease (YVMD) caused by Yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) of genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) results in the serious losses in okra cultivation. Symptoms of YVMD are chlorosis and yellowing of veins and veinlets at various levels, small size leaves, lesser and smaller fruits, and stunting growth. The loss in yield, due to YVMD in okra was found ranging from 30 to 100% depending on the age of the plant at the time of infection. Exploitation of biotechnological tools in okra improvement programmes is often restricted, due to the non availability of abundant polymorphic molecular markers and defined genetic maps. Moreover, okra genome is allopolyploid in nature and possess a large number of chromosomes (2n = 56–196) which makes it more complicated. Genomics tools like RNA- seq. for transcriptome analysis has emerged as a powerful tool to identify novel transcript/gene sequences in non-model plants like okra.
Keywords
- Improvement
- NGS
- transcriptome
- YVMV
- bhindi
- marker
- orphan crop
1. Introduction
Okra (
Tender pods of okra are used as delicious vegetable. To a limited extent, it is used in canned, dehydrated and frozen form. It removes constipation when 2-3 fresh pods are eaten regularly. It is often included in weight loss diet as it is both fat and cholesterol free and rich in fibre. It is rich source of protein, calcium, potassium and iodine. Fresh pod contains around 88% water, 0.1% fat, 8% carbohydrate, 1.8% protein and 0.9% fibre. Okra mucilage has potential for use as food, non-food products and medicine. Dried stems and roots of okra are used for cleaning sugarcane juice from which molasses is prepared. The dry seeds are rich source of oil (18-20%) and crude protein (20-23%). Edible oil of okra has pleasant taste and odour and it is high in unsaturated fats such as oleic and linoleic acid. Its ripe, roasted seeds are also used as coffee additive or substitute after grinding. It has a vast potential as one of the foreign exchange earning crops and accounts for about 60% of the export of fresh vegetables excluding potato, onion and garlic. Fresh okra is exported to Middle East, U.K., Western Europe, Singapore and USA. Frozen okra is also exported to U.K. cultivated okra,
Genomic resources are practically absent in
2. Begomoviruses infecting okra
There are at least 27 begomoviruses which infects okra; of which, two viruses i.e. Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) and Okra Enation Leaf Curl Virus (OELCV) most severely affect quality of pod and lowers production by reducing yield . The diseases of begomoviruses are mainly transmitted by insect vector whitefly (
The yellow vein mosaic disease of okra (YVMD) caused by Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV) was first reported in 1924 from the erstwhile Bombay Presidency . The begomoviruses native to the New World have only bipartite genomes (having DNA-A and DNA-B components) whereas, of Old World are mostly monopartite (have DNA-A homolog and lacks DNA-B). In India, bhendi-infecting monopartite begomoviruses were mostly associated along with a specific betasatellite, Bhendi yellow vein betasatellite (BYVB). These BYVBs have been reported to be pathogenicity determinant and found responsible for the characteristic yellow vein mosaic symptoms. Minimum16 types of begomoviruses and 4 types of beta satellites are found associated with the YVMD in different combinations . Begomoviruses isolated from okra throughout the world are of monopartite nature . However, tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), which is a bipartite begomovirus and bhendi yellow vein Delhi virus (BYVDeV) also a bipartite species were characterized from okra .
The typical symptom of YVMD is yellowing of veins with in green leaf and if infection becomes severe infected leaves turn completely yellowish. In case of early infection of YVMV there is significant reduction i.e. up to 94 to 100% in terms of yield . Occurrence of infection after 50–65 days of germination reduces the damage and loss by 49–84% . Moreover, the popular varieties of okra in India have become susceptible to YVMV , new biotypes of whitefly vectors have surfaced and vectors have become partly resistant to the insecticides . All these factors lead to decrease in overall production of okra in India. Therefore, advance biotechnological and genomic tools like RNA interference (RNAi), genome editing and sequencing along with conventional methods like transfer of resistance from wild sources are required to enhance production of okra under YVMD condition.
3. Okra Enation Leaf Curl Virus
Okra Enation Leaf Curl Virus Disease (OELCD) was first identified from Bangalore during the early 1980s in India; OELCD can reduces yield up to 80– 90% in okra . The typical symptoms of OELCD are curling in leaves, thick veins, and reduced leaf surface area. In addition, the disease bearing plants become severely stunted along with small and malformed fruits which make them unsuitable for consumers. This disease is going to be the future menace of okra cultivation and needs a strategic breeding program to evolve resistance against OELCV .
4. Molecular marker development and gene diversity studies in okra
Isolation of purified DNA is challenging in okra due to the presence of large amounts of mucilaginous acidic polysaccharides like polygalacturonic acid and polyphenols which reduces yield as well as purity of DNA . Presence of impurities in the DNA hinder the downstream processing of DNA like PCR, digestion with restriction enzymes and labelling of DNA segment . Molecular markers has emerged as a potential system for evaluation of genetic variations and associations at inter and intra species level [18, 19]. Most commonly used markers for genetic studies and marker assisted breeding programme are Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) . However, okra lacks information on molecular markers .
There are only few studies where markers were used to assess the genetic diversity in okra using general DNA markers [22, 23]. Gene diversity studies reported in okra is listed in Table 1. RAPD was initially used in genetic diversity studies between different accessions of okra [23, 26, 27, 32]. Sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) have also been used in okra for diversity analysis studies. SSR markers are an important marker tool in the application of plant genetics and breeding because of their high reproducibility, multiallelic nature, codominant inheritance and good genome coverage . To develop the microsatellite markers in okra, Ravishankar et al. has performed sequencing of genomic DNA employing Roche 454 Titanium pyrosequencing. A total of 979,806 bp data was generated and 61,722 reads were attained. Out of 3735 contigs obtained from assembled reads, a total of 2708 contigs had microsatellites. Finally 402 microsatellites were used for selection of 50 SSR primers for amplification in okra. This is the first report on the development of genomic SSR markers in okra using next-generation sequencing technology.
|Species||No. of accessions/genotypes||Type of markers||No. of primers||PIC||Reference|
|48||ISSRS||—||54.55%|||
|24||ISSRS||22||0.531929|||
|66||(iPBS)-retrotransposons and SSRs||83 iPBS, 9 SSRs||0.66 iPBS|
0.62 SSRs
||
|93||RAPD||13||—|||
|39||RAPD||31||—|||
|50||AFLP||33||12|||
|22||AFLP||8||0.26|||
|23||SRAP||39||—|||
|65||SSR||19||0.49|||
|24||SSR||18||0.53|||
|96||SSR||40||0.52|||
5. Next generation sequencing (NGS) and transcriptomics studies in okra
The next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has transformed the field of molecular breeding, particularly in the identification and development of SSR markers. The advantage of NGS techniques are cost efficiency and large number of SSR can be identified in shorter time . There is limited literature available in okra related to studies using genomic approaches. Transcriptome analysis has appeared as a potential approach to identify the transcript/gene sequences in the crops like okra where limited or no genome sequence information is available. The first study on transcriptome assembly in okra was reported by . Both leaf and pod tissues of okra were taken for RNA sequencing and short read assembly SRA accession no. SRX206126. They have identified more than 150,000 unigenes and 935 SSRs from unigenes (Table 2). These SSRs were used to study genetic diversity in diverse okra germplasm by many workers and found informative for classification and understanding of okra germplasm. Ravishankar et al. first reported development of genomic SSR markers in okra using Roche 454 Titanium pyrosequencing technology. A total of 61,722 reads were generated from 979,806 bp data. These reads were assembled into 3735 contigs of which 2708 had microsatellites. Primers were designed for 402 microsatellites, from which 50 randomly selected SSR primers were standardized for amplification of okra DNA.
|Okra Species||Plant organ||Objective of study||Sequencing platform||Raw reads (M)||Final assembly||Marker discovery||N50||NCBI accession||Reference|
|(||leaf and pod||Transcriptome assembly||Illumina HiSeq™ 2000||26,324,557 263||150,000 unigenes||935 SSRs||321 bp||SRX206126|||
|Roots, stems, and leaves||Transcriptome assembly||Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform||716,330,252|
716
|293,971|
unigenes
|—||1885 bp||SRP130180|||
|Leaves||Transcriptome assembly||Illumina NextSeq 500||206.3 million||66,382 unigenes||9,578 SSRs||1,408 bp||SRX2995608, SRX2995609, SRX2995611, and SRX2995612|||
|Leaves||Genome assembly||Roche 454 GS FLX Titanium||61,722||3735 contigs||402 SSRs markers||—|||
|Leaves||miRNA identification||Illumina and Ion torrent||207,285,863||845 novel miRNAs||PRJNA352593|||
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory RNAs which plays a crucial role in regulating gene expressions at post-transcriptional levels in disease conditions. Vimala Kumar et al. applied next generation sequencing approach for global profiling to characterize the miRNAs and their associated pre-miRNAs. Data analysis using miRPlant revealed 128 known and 845 novel miRNA candidates. They identified 57 known miRNAs of 15 families and 18 novel miRNAs. A total of 845 novel candidates were predicted when using cotton as a reference genome which is closely related to
6. Proteomic studies in okra
Proteomics analysis is a tool to facilitate the study of global protein expression, and to provide a wealth of information on the role of individual proteins in specific biological processes. Due to the complex allopolyploid genome of okra little attention has been paid to the genetic improvement of this crop until recently. Soil salinity is one of the main abiotic stresses limiting plant growth and agricultural productivity. Understanding the mechanisms that protect plants from salt stress will help in the development of salt-stress-tolerant crop. Using TMT-based proteomic technique in 2019, Zhan and associates analyzed the differentially expressed proteins between the NaCl-treated seedlings and control. They have identified a total of 7179 proteins, there were 317 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), of which 165 proteins were upregulated and 152 proteins downregulated in the presence of NaCl.
7. Discussion
The molecular markers can be effectively used to enhance okra breeding programme through marker-assisted selection (MAS). Marker assisted breeding allows selection of desired trait at early stage which leads to accelerated development of improved varieties. Although, molecular markers have been broadly employed for DNA fingerprinting, gene mapping and gene tagging, seed purity testing and to know the molecular basis of heterosis in various crops, but in okra its use is still limited, therefore, it is the need of hour to use these approaches to accelerate the okra breeding programme at faster pace. The genomics and bioinformatics should also be well integrated into the programme for effective application of markers to okra breeding. A comparative genomics approach of other crop should also be applied for breeding programmes of those crops where the genome information is not available. Development of cost-effective genotyping technologies should always be the integral part of any improvement programme. There is need to use SSR and SNP based genotyping technologies as well as advanced technologies such as next generation sequencing.
Resilient resistance to begomoviruses like Yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) poses a serious challenge to both breeders and pathologists as these viruses are highly diverse, and constantly generate new forms via recombination. Biotechnological tools to generate resistant cultivar against Yellow vein mosaic disease (YVMD) are limited due to the lack of informative polymorphic markers, genetic maps and genome sequence information. Therefore, use of novel molecular and genomic tools will help in the accomplishing resistance against YVMV in okra. Identification of markers linked to the YVMV resistance gene/s and its pyramiding for combining multiple disease resistance genes in various backgrounds will help in okra crop improvement. In addition, genomic tools will help in elucidating the metabolic pathway governing disease resistance.
8. Conclusion
Okra is considered as a non model crop with a complex genome. Genomic studies like genome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing will help in identification of genes/transcripts for important agronomic traits like disease resistance in okra. Tools like RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing can be employed for imparting resistance as well as functional characterization of genes. Identification of genes/transcripts and markers linked to the resistance genes will help in breeding for resistance varieties. Also, there is requirement to bred durable/stable resistance against multiple diseases. ELCV is emerging as new havoc for okra along with YVMV which may be more difficult for production of okra in future. Therefore, gene pyramiding for combating multiple disease resistance genes in various genetic backgrounds should be done. There is also need to breed varieties/hybrids tolerant to abiotic stresses like cold, moisture and salt stress in the changing climatic scenario. | https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76826 |
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The maximum voucher amount allowed is $4,200, not to exceed the private school’s actual tuition and fees. This maximum amount is reserved for students from families earning at or below the federal free and reduced-price lunch (FRL) program ($47,648 in 2019–20). Families earning above this threshold up to 133 percent of FRL ($63,358 for a family of four in 2019–20) may qualify for vouchers worth up to 90 percent of tuition. The vouchers may be used for tuition, transportation, equipment or any other items required by qualifying private schools. Total funding increased to $64.8 million for 2019–20.
Students are eligible to receive vouchers if their household income does not exceed 133 percent of FRL ($63,358 for a family of four in 2019–20). Students must also have attended a public school during the previous semester. Kindergartners, first graders, foster children, dependents of full-time active military members and children that have been adopted in the past year qualify for vouchers without having to attend a public school.
Like many other voucher programs around the nation, North Carolina’s income-based program could improve per-student funding and eligibility. The scholarship cap of $4,200 per student per year is significant, yet could be improved to more closely align with funding levels the child would have received to attend a public school. Private schools that decide to accept Opportunity Scholarship students face regulations as well, including a requirement to report nationally standardized test performance to the government if they enroll 25 or more scholarship students. It is good that North Carolina allows private schools to choose among nationally norm-referenced tests; however, the state should remove the government reporting requirement and instead require results be reported to parents to maximize administrative flexibility for private schools.
School Requirements:
N.C. Rev. Stat. §§ 115C-562.1 through 562.8
On July 23, 2015, the North Carolina Supreme Court upheld all aspects of the state’s voucher for children of low-income households, the Opportunity Scholarship Program, as constitutional. The lower court decision in Hart v State, No. 13 CVS 16771 (August 28, 2014), was overturned. Hart v. State, 774 S.E.2d 281 (N.C. 2015); Richardson v. State, 774 S.E.2d 304 (2015)
Receive Educational Choice Updates Straight to Your Inbox. | https://www.edchoice.org/school-choice/programs/north-carolina-opportunity-scholarships/ |
Manage our operations with diligence and with the awareness that our goal is to protect human health, safety, and the environment and prevent pollution, by employing best control mechanisms, procedures and processes that are proven technologically sound.
Comply with relevant HSE legislation and provide self-monitoring to ensure compliance.
Publish the HSE Policy internally, by communication to all employees and posting the document on notice boards, and externally to all interested parties on request.
Train our employees to apply best HSE practice and permit them to stop any type of job at any stage of operations that may have hazardous impact on human health, safety and the environment.
The company is committed to environmental protection and the prevention of accidental loss of resources and assets that affect our employees and the company’s profitability by focusing on our primary environmental concerns, which consist of the appropriate use of natural resources, management of waste, land contamination, material storage, water discharges and emissions to air.
The company is committed to occupational health & safety protection for all employees and contractors who enter the Smith International Gulf Services facility by ensuring that all personnel are competent and capable in conducting safe and correct operational practices and are able to immediately stop and take timely corrective and preventive action when potentially unsafe or harmful conditions are identified.
Foster openness, dialogue, enhanced communication and discussion with employees, tenants, suppliers, contractors and all interested parties regarding our HSE performance and objectives & targets.
Measure HSE performance by conducting regular inspections, audits and assessments of compliance with the HSE Policy, relevant legislation and requirements of the company. | http://sigsme.com/en/contents/view/hse.html |
Humans are social beings with complex needs. Every single person on the planet has commitments and desires outside of their work and to me, it’s about finding the right balance between all these things.
I’ve had a fortunate experience with CGI, because they really promote the right work-life balance for members. I’ve had a very smooth, stress-free pregnancy, for example, largely because of CGI’s work environment.
I’ve also never had to postpone any healthcare appointments, or worry about one taking longer than expected, because my team, and the company, have been super supportive throughout this entire journey.
Getting it right
At CGI, I’ve always felt able to focus on my career progress at the same time as attending to and enjoying the rest of my life. The flexibility we’re given is the biggest contributor to that. Wherever possible we are offered flexible working hours and have a hybrid working model, striking the balance between working from home, supporting our clients onsite and connecting with our colleagues in the office.
I’ve seen people who lack that kind of flexibility at work start to fall behind on other things, which leads to frustration and a stressed mindset. In the long run, the negative effect on your mental health is powerful – and the truth is, when your mind’s not healthy, you’re probably not delivering the quality of work you could be producing either.
The other major positive about CGI’s work environment is that there is absolutely no micromanagement. This embeds a sense of responsibility and accountability, which has always helped me to be more productive.
In the past, before joining CGI, I did have experiences of being heavily micromanaged. It was to the extent that I could no longer produce quality work as I would be so stressed out at every step of the way and doubt every piece of work I did. Of course, that eventually started shattering my self-confidence and did no good for neither myself nor the company!
Staying mentally healthy is key
I’m happy to say that I’ve felt supported in my mental health the whole time I’ve been with CGI. Thanks to this, I’ve been able to produce consistently good work, even during the toughest times during my pregnancy!
CGI has a strong focus on supporting members with their mental health and is working hard to create a culture where there is no stigma around mental health. We have access to local mental health first aiders and throughout the year there are regular webinars and workshops on various topics such as work-life balance, mindfulness and even getting a good night's sleep, to help promote good mental wellbeing.
When a proper work-life balance is achieved, employee satisfaction, productivity and mental health all follow. Happy employees mean good results for the company, so ultimately everybody wins. That’s the big picture every organisation should be looking at!
Join us at CGI! For career opportunities, keep an eye on our careers page. | https://www.cgi.com/au/en-au/article/careers/want-happy-employees-a-balanced-life-all-they-need |
Franklin Templeton launches long-short credit fund
Franklin Templeton has soft-launched the Franklin Templeton FTIF Franklin K2 Long Short Credit Fund2, a sub-fund of the Luxembourg-registered Franklin Templeton Investment Funds (FTIF) SICAV range.
It follows the launch of the Franklin Templeton K2 Global Macro Opportunities Fund last month, the new long-short credit fund is the third liquid alternatives offering of the group’s FTIF range.
The new fund seeks to offer total return through a combination of current income, capital preservation and capital appreciation, while providing daily liquidity and a flat management fee.
As a multi-manager fund, it will be sub-advised by hedged fixed income managers, selected by the fund’s investment management team, consisting of David Saunders, founding managing director, Rob Christian, senior managing director, Jeff Schmidt, managing director of portfolio construction and Charmaine Chin, managing director at K2 Advisors, | https://www.internationalinvestment.net/internationalinvestment/news/3717006/franklin-templeton-launches-short-credit-fund |
SEEFAR has urged journalists to focus on reporting more human-interest stories on migration to in order to improve public understanding of migration realities.
The call was made by the Coordinator of The Migrant Project Nigeria, Clare Henshaw, on Monday while receiving members of the Journalists International Forum for Migration (JIFORM) in Lagos.
“We believe that the media plays a pivotal role in shaping beliefs and influencing decisions; hence, we seek avenues to collaborate and empower media practitioners through training and resources to help them produce more human-angle stories on migration which more people can relate with,” said Henshaw.
Henshaw added that the Migrant Project uses an integrated communications approach to provide information on the realities, risks and alternatives to irregular migration whilst debunking myths around undocumented migration.
Speaking about JIFORM’s visit, President Ajibola Abayomi said the courtesy call was to solicit support for its International Migration Conference billed to hold on 25 – 29 November 2019 in Abuja, Nigeria.
He said the conference would bring together thought leaders, policymakers, government agencies, local and international non-governmental organisations and other stakeholders to forge a common front towards resolving irregular migration and human trafficking challenges in Nigeria.
In her response to the forum’s request for conference support, Clare appreciated the forum for taking the initiative on the conference and also inviting SEEFAR to be a part of the event.
She noted that the enterprise was reviewing the request for support and will communicate its position to the group in due time.
According to her, the campaign has in the last one year counselled thousands of potential migrants and returnees of which 2,000 of them have been successfully connected to various skill empowerment programmes or employment both in Lagos and Edo states.
JIFORM, an international platform with over 140 migration-oriented journalists was represented by its President, Ajibola Abayomi; Sunday Aikulola, The Guardian Newspaper; Innocent Duru, The Nation Newspapers; Bukola Adetiloye, News Agency of Nigeria (NAN); Yemi Izuora, Oriental News Nigeria; Precious Eze, Blogger and Austin Nwadinamou, Publisher of the Primetimes Reporter. | https://www.newstalkafrica.com/seefar-calls-for-human-interest-reporting-on-african-migrants/ |
To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the impact of an active lifestyle on hemodynamic, HRV and oxidative stress parameters in offspring of hypertensive parents. Three important findings emerged from the present study. First, the offspring of hypertensive parents showed higher levels of DBP, cardiac sympathetic modulation and systemic reactive oxygen species. Secondly, the higher levels of the cardiac sympathetic modulation were correlated with systemic levels of hydrogen peroxide, lipoperoxidation and DBP. Finally, the major finding of this investigation lies in the fact that an active lifestyle seems to prevent early hemodynamic and HRV dysfunctions, along with oxidative stress in offspring of hypertensive parents.
Most studies on offspring of hypertensives have focused on the autonomic nervous system as a major contributor to the onset of hypertension11,12. In order to determine the direct effects of both family history and an active lifestyle on the autonomic nervous system, we selected 127 participants with or without family history of hypertension. For the assessment of the autonomic nervous system we used HRV, an effective tool to obtain reliable indices for overall sympathetic nerve activity and baroreceptor function10. Several studies have demonstrated that offspring of hypertensives had higher sympathetic activity6 as well as higher rest cardiac sympathetic modulation13. However, these autonomic dysfunctions are not necessarily accompanied by clinical symptoms, such as increased BP, as previously described13,14. Therefore, the detection of the early autonomic modulation dysfunction, before any clinical manifestation occurs, may have an important role in preventing the onset of hypertension.
In the present study, we also corroborated previously published data showing that offspring of hypertensive parents had autonomic dysfunction6,13,14, as demonstrated by higher sympathetic and lower parasympathetic modulation (LF nu and HF nu), thus reflecting in the LF/HF ratio. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches have been studied for the treatment of autonomic dysfunction, prevention of end-target organ damage and the onset of hypertension15. Among non-pharmacological strategies, physical activity and/or exercise training has been found to be an effective tool in preventing hypertension26.
In our study, the active lifestyle group of offspring of hypertensives presented normalized cardiac autonomic modulation, probably associated with reduced resting HR. These results concur with previous studies involving patients with established hypertension, indicating that an active lifestyle minimizes physiological stress and autonomic alterations27,28. Taken together, our findings indicate that activity lifestyle attenuates/prevents the impact of family history on one of the most important and studied factors, i.e., sympathetic modulation, associated with hypertension development.
It should be noted that despite the unfavorable changes in HRV associated with family history of hypertension, hemodynamic values remained within the normal range. However, the sedentary offspring of hypertensive parents showed increased DBP. The physiological mechanisms underlying this increase might be explained by the increase in fat mass and cardiac sympathetic modulation observed in this group. Indeed, changes in the autonomic nervous system over the cardiovascular system tend to occur prior to the increase in BP29. We observed a positive correlation between LF/HF ratio and fat mass associated with DBP, indicating that subjects with higher fat mass and cardiac sympathetic modulation presented higher DBP. It is worth mentioning that fat mass has been associated with higher sympathetic tonus and development of hypertension30. Additionally, Hesse et al.31 have demonstrated that baroreflex sensitivity was inversely correlated with the mean BP evaluated over 24 h and positively associated with HRV. Our results corroborate with these findings, demonstrating that the S-OH group had higher levels of DBP and HRV dysfunction parameters, which occurred in an inverse manner in the physically active groups.
Oxidative stress has been found to play an important role in the development of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases9,10. Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance due to excess reactive oxygen species or oxidants over the ability of the cell to build an effective antioxidant response23. Hydrogen peroxide is an important ROS in redox signaling22. In this sense, although we did observe unchanged systemic levels of markers of oxidative damage, evaluated by lipoperoxidation and protein oxidation, higher levels of systemic hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion were found in sedentary offspring of hypertensives, suggesting early redox imbalance associated with familial history of hypertension. It should be emphasized that previous studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between cardiac and vascular sympathetic modulation and oxidative stress in experimental model11,12. In the present study, we found a positive correlation between LF/HF ratio and hydrogen peroxide and lipoperoxidation, which suggests that increased sympathetic modulation affects oxidative stress profile.
We should like to highlight that only 7 days of fructose overload (10% in drinking water) induced impairment of autonomic control of circulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), which is the experimental model more closely related to the essential hypertension, thus showing a strong genetic predisposition to hypertension. Moreover, autonomic changes were followed by unfavorable systemic changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers (15–60 days), leading to a later exacerbated increase in BP (only in 60 days) in this model2,8. In fact, several studies have associated the autonomic dysfunction on end organ damage with hypertension15,32. In this sense, one of the mechanisms thought to be involved in end organ damage is oxidative stress33. Therefore, we postulate that the early sympathetic activation in sedentary subjects with family history of hypertension may increase reactive oxygen species, leading to progressive end organ damage and increased BP. Moreover, our data support the hypothesis that an active lifestyle may blunt sympathetic overactivity, body fat accumulation and reactive oxygen species production in offspring of hypertensives, preventing organ damage and BP changes.
Some limitations of the present study need to be addressed to. The first one lies in the use of questionnaires alone to assess the role of family history in hypertension; more extensive information regarding the BP values of parents (normotensive or hypertensive) would be desirable34. Secondly, gender limitation may be an issue, since only men have been tested in this trial. Previous studies have shown that women during reproductive life had higher HF band and lower LF band than men35, and sedentary lifestyle induces impairment in cardiac autonomic modulation in women36. Thus, further studies are needed to determine to what extent gender affects HRV in the offspring of hypertensives. Thirdly, we used an auscultation method for assessing the BP, which is a rather limited procedure when compared to other more comprehensive methods. However, all safeguards have been met ensure the reliability of the final results recorded.
In conclusion, our results lend strong support to the presence of early autonomic dysfunction in offspring of hypertensive parents, which was associated with a systemic increase in reactive oxygen species and blood pressure. However, our most important finding lies in the attenuation of such disorders in physically active offspring of hypertensives, emphasizing the importance of a physically active lifestyle in preventing early dysfunctions potentially associated with the onset of hypertension. | http://www.wallnen.com/impact-of-an-active-lifestyle-on-heart-rate-variability-and-oxidative-stress-markers-in-offspring-of-hypertensives.html |
Our mission is to develop and promote the sport of volleyball. We are committed to teaching and training young athletes and educating coaches to teach the game of volleyball. We want our athletes to improve, develop a strong work ethic, and develop a passion for the game.
Our Primary Goal
Renaissance thrives on training athletes from the entry level player to the elite athlete. We want them to be able to compete at the highest level possible, whether it is working to make their middle school volleyball team, become a HS All-American, or to be a collegiate national champion.
Why We Succeed
These keys have driven our success: | https://www.renaissancevolleyball.com/ |
Beatrice Allen, an International Olympic Committee member said women are critical stakeholders in the development of sports, just as sports is critical to society’s development. Women’s involvement in sports, she said helps to overcome the prejudices that often contribute to social vulnerabilities of women and girls generally, and have the power to impact on the contemporary social concept of women in our society.
Sports can empower girls, giving them confidence, teamwork and leadership skills, which they carry with them for the rest of their lives as mothers and responsible members of the family and society, Allen, the first vice president of The Gambia National Olympic Committee said.
The leadership experience gained at a young age through sports can stimulate our young Gambian women to strive for leadership positions as they grow and become adults. I would therefore implore on you to recognise and appreciate the role of women and girls in sports, for the good of the society.
Ms. Allen, who is a member of the IOC Women in Sports Commission, as well a member of the 2016 Rio de Janeiro summer Olympic Games coordinating committee, was speaking on the role of women in sports at the launching of The Gambia Football Federation and FIFA Live Your Goals concept at a local hotel in Kololi at the weekend. The concept seeks to develop women footballers at the grassroots.
She said one of the missions of the IOC is to encourage and support the promotion of women in sports, at all levels and in all structures, with a view to implementing the principle of equality of men and women. She added that women and girls’ position in society and in the sports world in general depends mainly on the social, political, economic and cultural context in which they live.
However, in line with the ideals of the International Olympic Committee, the role of women within the Olympic Movement and the world of sports is an important element of the missions of the IOC. Sport is of great value to people and knows no boundary. It gives form and substance to our lives by enhancing both academic ability and professionalism, increasing self-esteem, and encouraging healthy lifestyles.
Personally, she said, she has taken women’s participation in sports very seriously, and has used various tools and mechanisms to sensitise Gambians about women, sports and development. She added that at the level of the GNOC, a lot of initiatives have been launched, one of which is the introduction of a women’s sports festival as a mechanism for public awareness and appreciation of women’s involvement in sport related activities.
She recalled that in 2011, the GNOC organised a women’s Sports Festival on the theme, Promoting women and girls in football, in collaboration with The Gambia Football Federation. This Festival, she added, has mobilised women footballers from all the administrative regions and football clubs for a week. In addition to that, a one-day seminar was held to discuss and come up with solutions on the challenges women and girls face in football, which she said created the best platform for women’s football, and also served as a catalyst in the development and promotion of women’s football, and set the pace for talent identification.
This event resulted in the ability of the [GFF] in the identification of talent and selection of the national women’s team that participated in the FIFA Women’s World Cup competition in Azerbaijan. Even though the result of the competition was not favourable, the important aspect was that the team members were exposed to international standards, and their self-esteem uplifted.
Ms Allen added: As we engage ourselves in this very important exhibition of the FIFA Live Your Goals campaign, I am proud to say that the 2011 festival has yielded fruit for the GFF and made an impact on its policy-reorientation. This is manifested in the GFF strategic development plan on women’s football development, which seeks to ensure women occupy administrative and technical positions of all aspects of football.
Speaking further, she said one of the fundamental pillars of Olympics is sustainable human development, achievable through the Olympic sporting programmes, in terms of environmental conservation, promoting women in sports and development, promoting grassroots sports, and promoting the values of fair play. This, she added, make sport an important factor for socio-economic growth. Sports she went on, is an activity which offers the individual the opportunity of self-knowledge, self-expression and fulfillment, personal achievement, demonstration of ability, social interaction, enjoyment, good health and a feeling of personal wellbeing.
The GNOC first vice president took the opportunity to congratulate the GFF for launching the FIFA Live Your Goals concept here in The Gambia, and wished them the very best in their strive for excellence.
She explained that in the gender discourse, different concepts about women’s development and women’s empowerment are used, adding that in the sporting world and Olympic Movement, some countries press on equality, and some press on equity, while some use both equality and equity.
I am here to tell you that in the context of Africa and in particular The Gambia, we can start from equity. This is because equity is about the quality of being fair or being impartial. It’s about fair mindedness, being just and instilling a thorough process that is objective, based on justice and integrity, Allen, a women activist added.
She opined that the difference between men and women is not merely a matter of biology, but also a matter of gender differentiation, and how males and females think and feel differently. For the woman, she added, surrender is one key ingredient to her feminine behaviour. She said a woman has the power to surrender her independence, her will and her destiny to her family and in her marriage and as a mother, continues to surrender her life for the life of her child. This, she said, is not only a productive role, but also a reproductive role.
Therefore, when we engage women in the development process, especially in sports, these roles of women must be part of the thought process, in order to avoid frustrations and lack of interest on the side of women. | https://azerbaijannewsgazette.com/ioc-member-on-role-of-women-in-sports-development-daily-observer-gambia/ |
About Post Graduate Diploma (PGD) Programs
Post Graduate Diploma programs are a mix of case based and activity based programs, taught by a mix of Industry Practitioners and IBA Faculty at the IBA Center for Executive Education. The following PGD programs are offered during weekends to cater the needs of the working professionals:
- Project Management
- Supply Chain Management
- Human Resource Management
- Healthcare Management
- Business Administration (only offered Client Specific)
Each PGD is spread over a span of 1 year, which includes 3 semesters, 4 courses per semester with 36 credit hours, a live project and practicum.
The curriculum is designed based on several years of research through various stakeholder surveys and focus groups. Each program is focused towards its area and includes the practical activities, real life learning, simulations, guest speaker sessions, LMS & web conference from the leading academic institution for executive education, industry trips and action learning projects while encouraging critical thinking and practical application of knowledge.
Each program is relevant and applicable as in local environments. Increase scope of employability of the participants in local or global scenario.
The adaption of latest pedagogy in each PGD will provide students with best combination of local scenarios and International best practices.
The studies will also be augmented by online learning facility through learning Management System.
Eligibility Criteria
- 16 years education with three years' post qualification work experience or
- 14 years education with six years' post qualification work experience
In any subject from HEC recognized university
Learning Outcomes
- Students will be able to equip with a wide range of global business concepts, allowing them to achieve in-depth understanding of the fast developing field.
- Students will learn procedures, concepts and theories associated to practical issues in modern organizations to become a responsible manager.
- Students will also learn to manage change within an organization and will be able to demonstrate the best ways to manage teams and workplace.
- Bridging the competency gap and to enhance the professionalism of those involved in the industry
- Combination of academic theory with practice
- Equip them to run respective functions efficiently in local and global environment. | https://cee.iba.edu.pk/AboutPgd.php |
Human resources assignment essay: Cultural dimensions and frameworks of Hofstede model
Geert Hofstede has proposed five cultural dimensions. These dimensions set a generalized framework triggering the more evident and prominent facts of cultural relativity. The dimensions briefed by Hofstede illustrate the effect of a society or business’ culture on its members’ values and moreover how these values link to behavior. He initially made research on more than 35 countries and then extended it to around 55 countries and more than 2 different regions (IBM 2012). He identified and analyzed that there are systematic differences in different national cultures based on four key dimensions of culture. These dimensions are power distance, individualism/collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity and long term orientation. Last aspect of Hofstede model was added in order to cover the cultural values which are not discussed in original standard.
Furthermore, power distance index refers to the degree to which less potent members or employees of the organization accept and anticipate that power is distributed unevenly. Cultures endorsing low power distance accept power relations which are more democratic and advice-giving. Similarly, another dimension presented by Hofstede is about individualism and collectivism. According to Hofstede, individualism refers to the extent to which individuals are incorporated into groups. Therefore in such organizations, stress is mainly put on personal accomplishments and rights of an individual (Hofstede, 2005). On the other hand he differentiated collectivism by describing that focus is made on groups rather than an individual. Likewise, uncertainty avoidance index was clarified him by the definition that it refers to the society or organization’s tolerance for vagueness and uncertainty. It was noticed by him that people those who are in cultures with high uncertainty avoidance hold a tendency to be more emotional rather than less uncertainty avoidance. Next, masculinity and femininity dimensions were discussed in relation to the emotional roles’ distribution between the genders. Finally, last dimension demonstrated by Hofstede described the time horizons of organizations in long and short terms (Hofstede, 1984).
Subsequently, this paper has analyzed Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions for parent and host countries of IBM which is an American multinational company. Its parent company is America and Host Company is China. IBM is a technology and consulting organization with headquarters in New York (Payne, 2010). The company manufactures software and hardware of computer and also offers hosting, consulting and infrastructure related services in areas mainly ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. There are a number of cultural differences in both parent and host countries of IBM. In addition, research dictates that western culture is followed in American countries and China follows its tradition culture in doing business (Glassdoor, 2009). Hofstede model can be applied to make most of both countries’ cultural differences. In America, IBM faces only 24% organizational challenges due to its widening opportunities for business with other partners. On the basis of personality test of Hofstede for both these countries, it can be said that power distance in china is high as compared to America. Similarly, China focus on collectivism aspect within its organization and IBM in America has a tendency to focus on personal achievements and rights of the individuals in the company. Moreover, the number of feminine in China is high in comparison to America. In sum, uncertainty avoidance is high in China and low in America. Lastly China seeks long term orientation of its business and America seeks short term orientation on the other hand (Barboza, & Stone, 2010).
Consequently, Hofstede’s model can be used to develop effective HR policies in both China and America. Powers is considered as a basic fact within the organizations that may affect it as a whole. Therefore, to develop an effective environment around the business, IBM should lessen the power distance up to an extent in America, so that power can be distributed effectively and equally among the staff. In this context, subordinates should also be consulted equally because it will help reducing the amount of corruption cases, scandals and political framework of the organization. Uncertainty avoidance in organizations may cause to continuous threat that would create a problem for the organization (Hilton, 2012). Therefore, IBM should include the levels and degrees for tolerance of uncertainty avoidance. According to Chinese culture, IBM can make clear and transparent policies for employees on account of not working properly and avoiding uncertainty continuously. In addition it would lower the stress, emotionality, anxiety and neuroticism. A structure should be prepared to take action against the employees those who are deviant, incompetent and are threat to the company. On the other hand, American based IBM has low stress, anxiety and self-control and ease at workplace as they have low uncertainty avoidance within their premises. To make it more effective for their organization, there should be reward system for the employees who have high scores on their subjective health and well-being (IBM 2011).
Furthermore, Chinese workers in IBM focus on the achievement of collective group rather than an individual. They are taught to work in a group therefore they have no right to privacy and appraisal. In this context, Hofstede model is applicable because HR management can introduce individualism at their workplace as it would give more productive results to the organization. Individuals will start understanding their personal potential and capabilities in contributing to the organization and increasing its efficiency (Macanufo, 2010). Similarly, IBM can make its little focus on group working as it will help out in maintain the harmony for the organization. There would be less stress on an individual where work has to be done in a group or a team. From business point of view, it is understood that men have that capability, competency and skills to give effective results as compared to women. This create a difference between the values of men and women form both society and organizations’ perspective. China has high femininity because it gives same modest, caring values to the women as to men (Lather, Jain & Shukla, 2010).
On the other hand, America has high masculinity factor in its culture because they seek men as most assertive and competitive asset for the company. The model of Hofstede presents the clear difference between masculinity and femininity that can be used by IBM to implement it in both the countries to make its HR policies more effective and successful. Therefore, IBM should create a policy including the number of female and male workers in the organization resting upon the percentage of requirement. In china, it has balance between the roles and values of men and women at workplace (Axelrod & Johnson, 2005). Finally, Americans look for short time horizons that can cause slow economic growth and opportunities in the organization. The difference illustrated by Hofstede can be taken by IBM to seek high level of opportunities and competitive advantages. America should include guidelines in their HR policy that will set an agenda for their long term perspective and time horizons of business activities. Similarly, China should also focus on short term horizons of its some business activities which require quick development and response from the client. This will in turn make China more adaptive to the circumstances and dynamic in this modern business world (Hofstede, 2011).
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Three key documents were endorsed by SPREP Member countries and territories during the second day of the 30th Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme Meeting of Officials.
The documents were presented to the Members and observers by SPREP technical experts who had worked in collaboration with Member countries and partners to develop and approve the final versions of the documents.
The Pacific Islands Framework for Nature Conservation and Protected Areas 2021-2025 is the principal regional document for environmental conservation in the Pacific. Its purpose is to provide broad strategic guidance for nature conservation planning, prioritisation, and implementation in the Pacific region, and reflects the urgent need for transformative action in response to the multiple accelerating threats that are faced by nature and people in the Pacific.
The Framework has been reviewed, discussed and endorsed by the participants of the 10th Pacific Islands Conference on Nature Conservation and Protected Areas which convened virtually in November 2020. It identified key regional priorities for action that are needed to make progress towards the 30-year Vision, Mission and Goals for conservation that were adopted by Pacific leaders at the 7th Conference held in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. These regional priorities are presented in the Framework in the form of six Strategic Objectives.
The Strategic Objectives and Action Tracks were endorsed during the High-Level session of the Conference, with commitments to action by Pacific islands countries articulated through the Vemoore Declaration, which also forms part of the Framework.
The Framework also provides on Overview of Best Practices as guidance for work undertaken within each Action Track. It includes notes on the various responsibilities of stakeholders in its implementation, on governance arrangements, and on monitoring and reporting of regional progress.
The Pacific Coral Reef Action Plan 2021-2030 was also presented for endorsement by SPREP Members, and seeking their commitment to implement in a cross-sectoral and collaborative way as a matter of urgency to the region.
The Pacific is home to approximately 25 percent of the world’s corals. Coral reefs are arguably the most important ecosystem for the livelihoods and sustainable existence of Pacific island communities but they are under increasing pressure from climate change, water quality, ocean acidification and harvesting pressures.
The regional Pacific Coral Reef Action Plan identifies the major threats to coral reefs and associated ecosystems across the Pacific, identifies impediments to successful coral reef action, and identifies eight strategic action areas for which regional actions can provide economies of scale or other benefits to Member countries.
The Plan has been developed in consultation with Member countries and territories, Council of Regional Organisations of the Pacific (CROP) agencies, civil society, and the scientific community.
The final document which was presented to Members for approval was the first regional State of Environment and Conservation (SOEC) report. The report was adopted by the participants of the 10th Pacific Nature Conservation.
The report reflects an indicator-based reporting process for 31 conservation and environment indicators and was developed to inform planning and decision-making actions addressing environmental issues prioritised by SPREP Members.
It provides key information for the development of regional policies and gives guidance to the Pacific 2050 Strategy and other regional frameworks. It also supports SPREP Member countries and partners on periodic monitoring and reporting to international and regional Multilateral Environment Agreements, the Sustainable Development Goals, and can also be used to address today’s environment challenges.
SPREP Director General, Kosi Latu says, “This is a great achievement for not only the Secretariat and its Members but for the Pacific environment. I would like to congratulate all who were involved in these documents – from the developing stage to the approvals and finally the endorsements. These will go a long way in ensuring that our Pacific island countries are better equipped and able to foster a resilient Pacific environment for today and the future. | https://pina.com.fj/2021/09/09/sprep-members-endorse-key-documents-on-conservation-and-the-state-of-the-pacific-environment/ |
Health Care Essay Conclusion
The writer should choose and analyze his or her primary sources given that the thesis is factual.The first draft of the thesis about health insurance will help the author to develop other ideas missed out at the beginning logically, clearly and concise.The first draft should be revised to correct grammatical mistakes which might have committed.No reader wants to go through a thesis with errors and mistakes. In fact, an author undertaking an assignment on health insurance thesis should always remember that a well-written thesis about health insurance reflects well thought-out ideas which also reflect on the intelligence, commitment, and enthusiasm of the author.It suffices to say that a health insurance thesis, just like any other thesis, should present the writer's argument about issues on Medicare cover based on evidence.The thesis should be organized into three parts; the introductory paragraph - which is a brief and in an interesting manner introduces the audience to the topic; the body paragraph - which contains detailed statements about health insurance supported by evidence; and the conclusion on the thesis about health insurance which summarizes it and leaves the reader with a strong impression.It should be placed at the end of the introductory paragraph.As already noted above, critical to writing a thesis statement about health insurance is the understanding of what health coverage is and the issues to be discussed in thereafter.
A good thesis statement on health insurance should have the following qualities; A health insurance thesis introduction should be interesting to one reading and should explain briefly the topic and how the author's ideas will be developed in the body paragraph containing statements about health insurance backed up by facts and evidence. Body paragraph of a thesis statement for health insurance is mostly the detailed part of the thesis.
It gives the thesis coherence and purpose and also is a prediction about the expected outcomes of relationships between two or more variables.
The hypothesis can either be in a null or alternative form.
Clarity about the topic helps the readers to arouse their interest and quickly identify with the study.
The title of the thesis on health insurance should be stated in a simple and clear language.
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Students achieve a thorough understanding of globalization through a course of study that combines study abroad and language skills with a broad-based educational background.
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Some, for instance, may find their time in the military to be of utmost importance to them, while others sometimes find that their experience as a parent was the most rewarding one they have had. | https://www.migha.ru/health-care-essay-conclusion-7088.html |
• Prepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you explore basic concepts of human interaction from a psychology perspective. In your examination, describe at least two examples of how human behavior changes based on social situations. In your description be sure to address the following:
o Describe the specific behaviors.
o Describe the context in which the behaviors occurred.
o Analyze precursors and consequences of the behaviors in terms of social psychology concepts.
o Identify any associated phenomenon with your selected behaviors, such as social facilitation, social loafing, or groupthink.
o Determine if the exhibited behaviors necessitate therapeutic intervention.
• Use a minimum of three sources from the University of Phoenix Library and be prepared to discuss your paper in class.
• Format your paper according to APA standards. | https://creativemanagementnyc.com/psy-300-uop-tutorial-uophelp/ |
Hungary is known as a landlocked region in Central Europe, bordered by Danube River. Its capital, Budapest, is normally studded with architectural ancient monuments from the two past and present. Some of the city’s main places include Buda’s medieval Castle Hill, Andrássy Avenue, and Chain Bridge. The city also has a rich European and Both roman influence, which include thermal bath at Lake Hévz.
Hungary is a beautiful region, and the capital city, Budapest, is a popular destination for travelers. While it can generally secure to visit, you should follow regional regulations and precautions. For instance, you should check US State Office travel advisories and buy travel insurance if you’re traveling to a foreign country.
Major charge cards are widely accepted in Hungary, which include Visa and MasterCard. However , be aware that many small businesses do not accept credit cards or have the very least purchase need. Although there are lots of ATMs in Budapest, you will see few in rural areas. If you have to take away money, you might desire to consider using a credit greeting card or traveler’s check.
The country is home to many interesting places, such as the capital city Budapest, which is one of the world’s best cities. The country also features several Community Heritage Sites and UNESCO https://www.adamfergusonphoto.com/hungarian-women/ Biosphere reserves. In addition , it has the largest all-natural grassland in Europe and the second greatest thermal lake in the world.
Hungarian food is famous for their spicy flavor. Most food are hot and spicy, but not attractive. Hungarians typically use lard or deep-frying to make these people tasty. One of many nation’s nationwide seasonings, paprika, is employed to season a large number of dishes. Porkolt is called goulash by the Hungarians. Additionally, they call it gulyas, a brighter colors are recommended version of paprika soup.
Budapest is an excellent city to visit if you want to appreciate the country’s way of life. The city provides a diverse history, with ancient castles and spas. Budapest is also an exilerating place to have the hip nightlife. The capital is normally undergoing swift redevelopment, and the town is becoming more tourist-friendly. Nevertheless , be prepared to find out some records of a https://sarahscoop.com/150-of-the-best-cute-pick-up-lines-for-tinder/ bloody previous. Tourists could also be interested in the beautiful countryside, where rivers move and birdwatching is popular. | http://skrhotel.com/a-hungarian-travel-guide/ |
Role of Foot Abduction and Heel Angle in Equinus Correction in Idiopathic Clubfoot: A Pilot Study.
Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine whether foot abduction and heel angles have any influence on resultant equinus correction and whether hindfoot dorsiflexion can be predicted based on these parameters.Material and Methods Twenty-four children with 39 unintervened idiopathic clubfeet who completed Ponseti's casting and percutaneous Achilles tenotomy with satisfactory equinus correction (≥15°) were included. Measurements included foot abduction and heel angle at the beginning of cast treatment, pre-tenotomy, and post-tenotomy along with post-tenotomy hindfoot dorsiflexion. Statistical relationships were calculated using Pearson's coefficients.Results The changes in heel angle correlated better with post-tenotomy dorsiflexion achieved than changes in foot abduction. Pre-tenotomy foot abduction or heel angle did not have any statistically significant correlation with post-tenotomy dorsiflexion. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between post-tenotomy foot abduction and post-tenotomy dorsiflexion.Conclusions Changes in foot abduction and heel angle (from initial casting to pre-tenotomy measurement) statistically correlated to post-tenotomy hindfoot dorsiflexion achieved. Absolute degree measurements of pre-tenotomy abduction or heel valgus did not correlate with the post-tenotomy hindfoot dorsiflexion achieved. There was also significant correlation between post-tenotomy abduction and post-tenotomy hindfoot dorsiflexion. Correlation between post-tenotomy heel valgus and post-tenotomy hindfoot dorsiflexion was weak. Prognostic, Level II: Prospective study.
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Help us better serve your child by completing our Student Dietary Conerns form. You will have an oppurtunity to note any dietary concerns or allergies. You may also include any specific emotional or behavioral concerns that you would like our staff to be aware of. All information is voluntary but dietary concerns are required for meal prep and planning. We will also work with your church leaders to ensure we are equipped to work with, serve and care for your child while they are with us at JP.
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
http://hdl.handle.net/1822/54798
|Title:||The pathogenicity of Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma|
|Author(s):||Monteiro, Madalena Nunes|
|Advisor(s):||Odum, Niels|
Paiva, Sandra
|Issue date:||2017|
|Abstract(s):||Lymphoma is the most common blood cancer. The incidence of Cutaneous T Cell
Lymphoma (CTCL) has been increasing and, in 2016, affected 6.4 per million persons. Symptoms
can include dry skin, itching, a red rash, and enlarged lymph nodes. The cutaneous burden of
CTCL rapidly decreases quality of life for patients. Therefore, a need for research directed at the
cutaneous symptoms and skin involvement arises. Thus, the major aim of this project was to shed
light on the effect of malignant T cells on keratinocytes, which can induce changes on the structure
and function of the epidermis. This project was divided into three segments which allowed to
associate modification of epidermis’ components to disease morbidity and other CTCL
complications: i) identification of genes related to skin barrier function whose expression responds
to malignant T cells; ii) identification of signalling pathways in malignant T cells that lead to the
modulation of keratinocyte gene expression; and iii) identification of signal transduction pathways
in keratinocytes responsible for the alteration in gene expression. In this thesis it is provided novel
evidence that malignant T cells are able to modulate keratinocyte gene and protein expression,
which takes the form of down- regulation of KRT1, KRT10, DSC1, DSG1, and FLG, whose proteins
are all important for the maintenance of a normally functioning epidermal barrier. In contrast, no
expression modulation was seen for KRT5, KRT14, DSC3, and DSG3. This difference hints to a
possible inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation by malignant T cells. Regarding pathway activity
in malignant T cells, the JNK pathway seems to be responsible for the effects seen on KRT1,
KRT10, and FLG. Other pathways, p38, JAK3, and ERK, also appear to have a role in the downregulation
of KRT1, DSC1, and FLG, respectively. In keratinocytes, the JAK3 pathway seems to
play a major role in the down- regulation of KRT1, KRT10, DSC1, and FLG. In accordance, JAK3
substrates, STAT3 and STAT6, become phosphorylated in response to malignant T cell
supernatant, suggesting that FLG expression is modulated by the JAK3/STAT3 pathway. Taken
together, this thesis identified the mechanism by which CTCL T cells induce barrier disruption in
the epidermis, which could help explain the symptoms reported by the patients. Furthermore, it
identified new putative targets for treatment of the cutaneous burden of CTCL with the prospect to
increase quality of life and decrease complications related to bacterial infections often seen in CTCL
patients.|
Linfoma é o tipo mais comum de cancro sanguíneo. A incidência de Linfoma Cutâneo de Células T (CTCL) tem vindo a aumentar e, em 2016, afetava 6,4 pessoas por milhão. Os sintomas podem incluir pele seca, comichão, erupções cutâneas vermelhas, e nódulos linfáticos dilatados, sendo que estes sintomas diminuem a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Assim, surge a necessidade de investigar o envolvimento da pele neste tipo de linfoma. Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste projeto passou pela descoberta do efeito das células T malignas nos queratinócitos, que pode subsequentemente induzir alterações na estrutura e função da epiderme. Para atingir este objetivo, o projeto foi dividido em três tarefas que permitiram a associação da modificação de componentes da epiderme à morbilidade da doença e outras complicações: i) identificação de genes relacionados com a função de barreira da pele cuja expressão reage a células T malignas; ii) identificação de vias de sinalização nas células T malignas que levam à modulação de expressão génica nos queratinócitos; e iii) identificação de vias de transdução de sinal nos queratinócitos responsáveis pela alteração da expressão de genes. Nesta tese são apresentadas novas evidências de que as células T malignas são capazes de modular a expressão de genes e proteínas nos queratinócitos, causando especificamente a diminuição da expressão de KRT1, KRT10, DSC1, DSG1, e FLG, cujas proteínas são importantes para a manutenção de uma barreira epidermal funcional. Em contraste, não foi observada qualquer modulação da expressão de KRT5, KRT14, DSC3, e DSG3. Esta diferença indica uma possível inibição da diferenciação dos queratinócitos pelas células T malignas. A respeito da atividade de vias de sinalização nas células T malignas, a via JNK parece ser responsável pelos efeitos na expressão de KRT1, KRT10, e FLG. Outras vias, como p38, JAK3, e ERK, também parecem ter um papel na diminuição da expressão de KRT1, DSC1, e FLG, respetivamente. Nos queratinócitos, a via JAK3 parece ter um papel importante na diminuição da expressão de KRT1, KRT10, DSC1, e FLG. Em concordância, os substratos de JAK3, STAT3 e STAT6, são fosforilados em resposta a sobrenadante de células T malignas, sugerindo que a expressão de FLG é modulada pela via JAK3/STAT3. Em suma, esta tese identificou o mecanismo pelo qual as células T malignas de CTCL induzem disrupção da barreira da epiderme, que poderá explicar os sintomas reportados pelos pacientes. Identificaram-se, ainda, novos alvos putativos para o tratamento do envolvimento cutâneo do CTCL com a perspetiva de aumentar a qualidade de vida e diminuir as complicações relacionadas com infeções bacterianas, frequentemente observadas em pacientes com CTCL.
|Type:||Master thesis|
|Description:||Dissertação de mestrado em Bioquímica Aplicada|
|URI:||http://hdl.handle.net/1822/54798|
|Access:||Restricted access (UMinho)|
|Appears in Collections:||BUM - Dissertações de Mestrado|
CDQuim - Dissertações de Mestrado
Files in This Item: | http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/54798 |
There is an acute subtlety here that must be tended to, for if the tempo of even a sentence is misunderstood as Nietzsche stresses, a sentence itself is misunderstood. And if even syllables are rhythmically decisive and affect a work’s symmetry, as series of vowels and diphthongs color and recolor each other, how can we ignore the intricate structure of Nietzsche’s works? Further, if as he confessed to Rohde that his “style is a dance; a play of symmetries of all kinds and an overleaping and mocking of these symmetries” (writing in Stücken as that mockery?) which even “goes as far as the choice of vowels” (KSB July 13, 1883), ignoring the structure of his work is truly negligible. As he laments in Beyond Good and Evil, when “the most pronounced contrasts in style are not heard […] the most refined artistry is wasted, as if on deaf people” (§246). Let us not confuse our inability to hear with the clear mastery of Nietzsche’s style. Those who lack a sense for, or knowledge of, music, will then simply not hear such artistry at all. Too often, our own limitations are imposed upon thinkers whose vision is beyond our grasp, but to a composer of genius such as Mahler, that artistry was clearly evident. As Julian Johnson notes, “In a conversation with Bernard Scharlitt in 1906, Mahler is reported to have claimed about Nietzsche: ‘His Zarathustra originated in the spirit of music; indeed it is almost symphonically conceived.’ Sherzinger links this comment, a year after the completion of the Seventh Symphony, to a structural parallel between the Finale of the Seventh Symphony and a passage in Nietzsche’s Also sprach Zarathustra. In the chapter titled ‘The Seven Seals’ Nietzsche evokes the idea of ‘the eternal return’ by reference to the form of a rondo; the rondo Finale of the Seventh has, interestingly, seven ritornello returns.” And in Nietzsche and Music, Liebert observes that the order which pervades Nietzsche’s work is thoroughly informed by his understanding and knowledge of music: “Apparently discontinuous and even disparate, and throwing off the reader used to things laid out in chapters and paragraphs stitched together by the cadences of a linear causality, Nietzsche’s work in fact obeys a principle of organization and coherence that is thematic in nature. It implies a musical attentiveness comparable to the one required by Wagner’s works […].” We must bear this in mind when Nietzsche continually asks us if we have heard him correctly. In repeatedly petitioning our ears, he may be compelling us to h e a r not only the oral or synaesthetic dimension of his texts, but how they are musically arranged, to l i s t e n to the thematic structure of each work. If the very notion of causality is problematized by Nietzsche, clearly, he would not obey laws of causality in the composition of his books — his philosophical principles are embedded in the very form of how that philosophy is expressed. It is like Michelangelo’s thought shaping the contour and arc of his sculptures. Babich argues that “a specifically musical temperament” is actually “required just to follow (read) Nietzsche in his textual ventures. Without a musical reading, Nietzsche offers only contradictions and logical infelicities […].” It is through tending to the musical sense of an aphorism she says that one “keeps both its subject matter and its development as parts of a whole. Thus positions, statements at variance with one another are not simply contradictions but contrapuntal […].” It is illuminating to think of larger overarching structures, too, such as the structure of a symphony, if not even of Wagner’s operas, which may have been structural models for Nietzsche’s works, or of architectural works such as the Mole Antonelliana, when considering the design of his books, for just as his use of words and even of seemingly innocuous syntactical devices such as dashes and ellipses is geometrically precise, so too is the architectural form of his books. If Nietzsche informs us that we must be familiar with every one of his books in order to understand each individual book, and if each one of them spiders out of itself and into the others, stretching both backwards and forwards, anticipating, predicting, and even preceding or containing future works, each book also stands on its own as a perfected single entity and must be considered on its own terms, which is to say that each book has a structure and design that must be analyzed. How is it to be entered, exited, and experienced as a wholly conceived structure? What is the experience that is being conveyed? | http://agonist.nietzschecircle.com/wp/dionysian-logos-by-rainer-j-hanshe/4/ |
Note from Wes: I’m experimenting with headers in this message. Feel free to tell me what you think!
Humanity continues to make great strides along your ongoing ascension process, and we like many others will continue to remind you of this progress so that you can receive the necessary motivation and support you require along difficult ventures such as this one.
The Earthly ventures you have all made have been noble indeed, and you have helped raise the overall consciousness level to unprecedented proportions as you worked diligently from your corners of perception on anchoring the natural Creator Light you have always felt within, that so many of you are finally beginning to awaken to your ability to access.
The hidden-away abilities humanity has always carried within will be fully understood and known for what they are as souls all across your world who have found an awakening to the latent multidimensional abilities they hold within, work to enlighten the rest of the souls around them and help them to understand these abilities for themselves.
Increased Metaphysical Perceptions
The heightened and intensified abilities we speak of that you will begin to find yourselves able to access are those of telepathy, an increased inner perception and a strengthened ability to perceive of future events and receive impressions about such events, among so many other things. These abilities are and have always been yours to unlock and understand, and we implore each of you who are reading this communication to understand that you are much more powerful beings than you have been led to accept.
Your power goes beyond any description that we could give, and this is why we ask you to realize such power so that you can begin using it for good rather than continuing to Create unneeded events in your Lives that manifest as a result of your unawareness of your strong and natural Creation abilities.
The Creations so many of you have manifested for yourselves have been out of balance because you have not understood the power behind your voices, words and actions, and what you have allowed to be Created upon the surface of your Earth has reflected this on a massive, widespread level.
Unawareness Feeding Density
The density and pollution manifested and fed on dearest Gaia at present is being fed partially because the unawareness of the human collective who is indeed beginning to wake up to it, has allowed for it and while we do understand that many of you recognize and do not accept the way your world runs and has continued to run for so very long; the general collective vibrations have determined what is manifested and unfortunately, density and lower dimensionality have been the rule of the day on the Earth to the extent that Creations on the surface of your Earth are reflected by what has been put out on a massive level.
We do not exaggerate the number you who are on the Earth to anchor and bring forth genuine, positive and Lighted change, but even your number has not previously been a match for the number of unaware humans feeding and perpetuating density upon the surface of your world.
You are great in number and you have come here to assist in a planned evolution that is commencing according to plan perfectly, and the Light you have been able to anchor has been grand indeed and while the collective vibrations have for so very long been geared toward the negative, the power your little heroic group has been able to utilize is seeing the energetic influence continually shifted toward that of the Light.
In small numbers, you have truly been able to accomplish this grand feat and while so much of the rest of your world remains unaware and continues to employ the barriers and limitations of their fading physical experience, we hope you can trust when we say that the Light you are increasingly feeling within you is growing not just in yourselves in terms of your abilities to pick up on it an decode it, but on the world stage as well.
Growing Into Your Roles
More and more, your small collective of conscious Lightworkers and starseeds is growing as so many others begin to realize and grow into the roles they have planned out for themselves.
Everywhere, all across your beautiful blue world souls are being activated for their greater missions and as you can see, so many souls have already been activated so we hope that you can understand when we say how truly influential the Light has become. The Light has moved back into a strong position of influence upon your world and again, this has been because of the actions of you the awakening Lightworker public, and the positivity you can find and spread within yourselves at present is crucial to be manifested and fed if you wish to build upon the wonderful foundation that has already been established.
Gaia’s grid of Light is flourishing more than ever with the beautiful Source energies you are, at times, unknowingly pumping into Her core for Her and your entire collective consciousness to benefit from. Gaia previously experienced difficulty in relation to Her grid of Light, as the seemingly-favored grid of darkness was being fed by so many unaware souls as they have been taught to believe in and feed negativity and density for so very long.
Now, not only is dearest Gaia’s grid of Light rebuilt and strengthened more than it ever was; the grid of darkness that has been fed and employed for so long is no longer established in the manner it once was.
Darkness is Fading
Rather, as has been spoken of by other sources, every negative action, thought, intention and emotion given out by your collective is being fed into a hologram wherein it is all transmuted and turned to Lighted energies that will further restore Gaia’s grid of Light. And so you see, your lower dimensional Earth experience is quite literally fading in every moment.
In your sleep realms and in realms beyond your conscious understanding, you have helped to bring this about and the bringing-down of the gird of darkness and the establishing of the temporary hologram that humanity is feeding all of their density into, is acting in accordance with the ongoing “containment” process of the cabal heads, which is assuring that they are unable to Create disastrous or devastating things.
Their perspectives are also worked with in their sleep realms, and we along with many others are working with these individuals to bring the Light back more fully into their conscious perspective and to (build upon) the spark within that nobody can lose.
We are working on helping to change the perspectives of the cabal heads on your world because energetically, these individuals have held much power and influence as primary enforcers of the negativity holding Gaia’s surface and each of you back.
Instated Negativity
These souls, while remaining behind the scenes in a physical or political sense on your world, have themselves been instruments or “puppets” if you wish to use that terminology, for lower astral beings to fashion and keep humanity feeding darkness, density and extreme negativity.
Warfare, poverty, depression and instated religious and racial tension have all been purposely manifested in an attempt to feed negativity on a massive level into a grid of darkness that would strengthen the cabal heads and the lower astral beings who were in charge of it. Now, those very beings are finding their lower dimensional spaces of extreme density and negativity transmuted, and the grid of darkness they had worked so hard to establish and keep fed has now been replaced with something much, much better.
If you dare to look around you at your fellow awakening collective, you will see that nearly everybody is flourishing with their own projects and agendas in relation to restoring your Earth and building something that is in the best interests of every soul. So many awakening souls have been able to find their roles and purposes for being on your dear Earth and are working accordingly, and you too can discover the specific piece of the puzzle you have come to the Earth to diligently fill, and begin to get active just as so many souls are.
Of course, it is not in the script of every soul on your Earth to initially get active in the manner that so many are, but no soul will go unutilized in restoring your world and the actions of every single person on Earth will be needed and appreciated. This will be because of the sheer size of the task at hand, and if you can begin to organize yourselves into groups now and work on various different facets as a collective on the immediate aspects of your world needing addressed and repaired, than you will strengthen this overall movement indeed.
The overall New Age movement as seen from the perspective of the higher dimensions, has been instated as a means to open humanity up to realms and perceptions beyond (what you experience consciously), and as well to help you work toward getting motivated and helping your Earth become the ascended Eden you are growing toward.
No cycle of evolution can go unrealized, and the awareness that is always spread on any given lower dimensional world will always help initiate an evolution; be it on a collective or individual level.
Indeed, collective ascensions do not happen very often and what is happening on the Earth is quite unique, which makes your jobs and missions that much more crucial to be completed. Of course, we do not wish to put you dear souls under any pressure but at the same time, the importance of addressing and beginning some of the most difficult work is stronger than ever as so very many aspects of your world continue not to reflect the sovereign future you are heading into, nor the sovereign society you are becoming.
Turning Away from the Fading Darkness
Indeed, there is much that could be said concerning the continual feeding and manifestation of density on your world, but we wish for you dear souls to turn your attention away from anything that could put you in a state of disillusionment or negativity for while there is so much for you to know and be exposed to in the avenues of corruption, conspiracy and tyranny, there is so much more for you to learn in the way of harmony, spirituality and collective unity and we so very dearly wish for you to focus yourselves upon the latter aspects; again, while understanding the need for exposure of what has been done on your world.
As the ongoing negativity of much of humanity is now being fed into a disintegrating illusory reality, we wish to stress that this does not mean you will not experience karmic repercussions for the actions or intentions you give out.
Indeed you will, and you will find that as the karmic contracts of each of you are now drawing to a close as you find yourselves exiting the lower dimensions and everything that has helped to keep the lower dimensional experience in place, every reaction you garner for yourselves that comes in the form of a manifestation in your personal Lives will be more intense than the last, and this means that if you manifest negativity for yourselves to experience, you may experience it in a much more intensified manner than you previously did or otherwise would.
Be Easy
For this and plenty of other reasons, we ask you all to be gentle with yourselves and those around you in these times. There is so very much happening to your evolving minds, bodies and spirits at this time and much of it can indeed be disconcerting, but we ask you to let yourselves and others float through your experience of ascension with the ease and joy you all deserve to float through it with.
While much is happening within you at present, there is also much positivity for you to feel and experience and those of you who make the effort to attune to your personal etheric realms and make travels within such realms, are beginning to notice the ease and clarity in which their impressions are coming to you.
You are noticing and picking up on your inner-held realities which you can Create within effortlessly, and along with this will come a completely new way of interacting with your inner realms than many of you have thus far.
What we mean by this is that upon realizing and gaining a very clear access to your personal etheric planes of Creation, you will understand the need to begin working upon such planes to help them match the levels of consciousness you are feeling within yourselves. As the chakras of so many of you have been blocked up for a plethora of past Lives before the ones in which you began to find an awakening, your personal-held etheric planes have reflected that and you are now tasked with repairing any density manifested or fed in such realities, just as many of you are tasked with clearing the third dimensional dross away from the collective energies.
Affecting the Collective & Repairing Your Inner Realms
As has been said for some time now, everything you are doing affects the collective and forms an imprint upon the collective energies that determines what is to be manifested next on the world stage, and the actions, intentions and energies of each of you are fed into your collective consciousness in a manner that Creates based on the general vibrations being given out in any and every moment.
This is why the positivity that is essential for you to feel at this time can be felt and radiated on a massive level, and the positivity of just one of you can be felt and picked up on by every soul within your beautiful collective consciousness.
Of course, not every soul will yet be able to attune to and radiate the positivity and the Light that so many of you have to give but in time, every soul will open up to this Light and to their own inner-held etheric planes which they too will realize are in need of repair.
The sooner you can repair your inner realms and surface the emotions and feelings so many Earth souls have allowed to remain under their surface, the sooner the Earth can reflect these actions and individually, you are all going about your surfacing processes at different intervals and in your own ways.
Some of you are surfacing things about your childhood or about past Lives that you are seeing-off as you transmute the negativity behind such things. Others are working to see-off outdated mindsets or ways of being and Living that trace back to the paradigm that was instilled within them since childhood and gradually, every soul is finding a generally lightened perspective in every moment even if their actions or emotions do not always reflect this.
Truly it is so, and each of you can feed your personal positivity into the collective energies so that those experiencing and undergoing surfacing processes can be aided tremendously and go about their surfacing in an easier manner.
If you remain constricted and employ the resulting negativity, you will not find yourselves opened up to your inner-realms and will only find yourselves met with a continual wall of the very negativity and constriction you would be feeling. If allowing stress and frustration to fall by the wayside and if truly seeing and feeling that everything is ok in every moment, the flow of energies of the higher realms will be able to come through you marvelously and you will unlock new perspectives and understandings that will far exceed what you have understood for so very long.
We wish for you dear souls to understand when we say that your Earth is truly now yours for the Creating.
What has been a fixed lower dimensional reality for so long is no longer, and you are able to Create an entirely new place and support an entirely new collective frame of mind by supporting such a frame of mind within yourselves. Again, every soul will gradually find their inner-realms and in doing so, will realize that positivity and Light are and have always been essential; not only for a higher dimensional experience, but for a happy and satisfying lower dimensional experience.
Evolving Souls are Flourishing
There are plenty of souls on your world who do not see their experience as lower dimensional, dull or limiting in any way. There are souls on your world at present who are quite well off, and we do not refer to your evolved Galactic brethren existing within your Earth and underneath your surface in their bases.
We speak of evolving souls on your world who find and feel positivity, happiness and wholeness in every single moment.
We speak of souls who have found their role in Life, even if it is one that does not require actively working to motivate others to repair the Earth, and they are enjoying the roles they have come to the Earth to play while doing and finding things personal to them that garner and feed the wholeness and happiness that is seeing their experience so enjoyable.
Yes, every soul experiences and feeds negativity or density at some point or another during their Earth experience; it is a necessary part of the lower dimensions but what has been neglected to be noticed or pointed out is that there are some souls already Living a full and pure higher dimensional existence or at the very least, an unfolding higher dimensional experience that they are feeding and garnering for themselves increasingly, with each day they enjoy upon your dear Earth.
They may not yet perceive of the glittering vibrations of the fifth dimension but make no mistake, they are Living an ascended lifestyle as they have found and employed a sheer enjoyment of Life and the reality around them that is so strong, that nothing can bring them or their perspectives down.
When each of you can tap into and really find this happiness, this wholeness in every moment; you will know even more than you already do that you have made it. Indeed, we can feel in the minds and hearts of so many of you who are beginning to access the very perspective we just outlined, that negativity and density often creep up and make it difficult for you to maintain the never-ending positivity that will see you onward to the higher realms, and we say that for many of you, this continual meeting with energies and events is related to your aforementioned surfacing processes.
We again reiterate the importance of being easy with yourselves during these times, and if you could find a neutral perspective at the very least when negativity or depletion creep up and seem to rule your perspectives, you will actually be able to meet back up with positivity as you understand that you are experiencing not only your own personal density, but that of the entire collective.
The Personal Cost of Transmuting Density
Indeed, so many of you have come to the Earth to take on and transmute the collective negative, dense and twisted-up energies to extents that your own emotional states can be affected, sometimes harshly. We wish for you to know that this all proceeds according to plan and while some of you tend to feel as if you are being given too much to handle; you are never given more than you know and can feel subconsciously that you can take on and we wish to remind you not only of your choice to inhabit the lower dimensions and play the roles you are playing gracefully and diligently at this time, but of your excitement in doing so.
Oh, dearest children, you were absolutely overjoyed to assist the Earth and help Her collective find the higher states of consciousness you were enjoying when making the decision to incarnate upon the Earth, and while you did have a grasp of how difficult your experience would be, you also knew and convinced many of us in these realms that you would be able to anchor and shine your Creator Light upon this Earth and we are always proud to proclaim that you were absolutely right.
You were able to do it, and you have done it. Congratulate yourselves, dearest souls, for you have brought about the Light on the surface of the Earth and anchored it in exponential ways that are seeing the aforementioned influence of the Light increase to the needed levels.
The Light quotient upon your planet is stronger than ever because of your actions, as the Light you have brought through even just by existing upon your Earth has garnered far more positive consequences than you would imagine or even accept. Indeed, there are quite a few truths we have withheld because we don’t (yet) feel as if you would be ready to believe them; as the necessary sharpened sense of discernment you as a collective have developed could likely dismiss such truths because of the “too good to be true” mindset that has been employed and fed in so many for so very long.
The Unique Beliefs of Everybody
There are souls on your world who do not choose to believe in the legitimacy of our communications, because they don’t see it as palpable that an ascended group of beings, some of whom have incarnated upon your Earth and spread the Light ourselves, would actively communicate with or through humanity, nor do they believe that humans would be able to pick up on impressions of higher dimensional beings or of any being existing outside of your physical reality, which you’ve been taught is the only prevalent reality where consciousness can be experienced.
The core belief surrounding the disbelief of the validity of so much that is discussed and understood by the awakening collective, is that you are limited or finite human beings and as your entire world will discover and as so many of you have already discovered, to the extent that this may sound repetitive when we say it; this is simply not so.
When it is discovered just how much you are able to do and find within yourselves, the mindset of the higher realms being a joke or something not based in reality will be changed as it is understood that they are very real and have been accessed by a plethora of souls throughout your Earthly history. Indeed, individual awakenings and ascensions have been occurring on your world for every bit of your history, and souls all across your world are evolving every single day.
Spiritual Enlightenment Breeds Physical Evolution
Evolution is a natural and ongoing process and while the mindset has been bred in some that evolution can only be physical or can only be associated with rigid beliefs in physicality and in nothing else, we say that the physical evolution you are experiencing is a component of the ongoing spiritual evolution of each of you.
What you experience physically during your evolution comes as a result of the evolution of spirit or rather, your greater awakening into a deeper understanding of who you are. Your physical bodies are upgrading along with the metaphysical realms and perceptions you’re unlocking for yourselves, and the resulting experiences you will find are purer and more enjoyable than the experiences you’ve had in your dense physical body and in your dense physical reality.
As we make our final impressions for this communication, we say that your greater Light is recognized and seen in the higher dimensions and as you increasingly open up to the mechanics and perspectives driving the higher dimensions you are entering at this time, you find that every last bit of negativity you experience seems to dissolve away much more quickly than it once did.
This is a result of the aforementioned establishment of the illusory hologram of disintegrating darkness and density and again, this entire ascension event could not have been possible were it not for each one of you absorbing this message.
You are thanked, Loved and respected endlessly for your valor and strength.
Thank you to the Ascended Masters. | https://www.ashtarcommandcrew.net/profiles/blogs/the-ascended-masters-your-power-goes-beyond-any-description-we?context=tag-goes |
The Canadian government has used Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the removal of Russian natural gas exports to justify increasing natural gas production in Canada. Much of the necessary infrastructure for producing and transporting this liquefied natural gas (LNG) would, however, take years to develop, locking Canada into an emissions pathway that is incompatible with the 1.5 C climate target.
How policy-makers talk about energy production hints at governments’ plans for our transition from carbon-based energy sources like oil, coal and natural gas to renewables like wind, solar and geothermal. Stakeholders on both sides of the energy transition — fossil fuel companies and climate activists — are now eagerly competing to make them use their preferred language.
Lately, the fossil fuel industry has begun referring to natural gas as a “bridge fuel” or an essential part of a low-carbon energy transition. Climate researchers stress that natural gas bridges can often lead to nowhere. Reliance on natural gas can lock countries into fossil fuels, crowd out low-carbon technologies and risk stranding assets — assets like coal mines and hydrocarbon reserves that drop in value as a result of energy transitions.
Our research finds that this bridge narrative is growing in Canada and making inroads in climate policy, and fossil fuel companies are winning the battle on how we talk about natural gas expansion.
Bridge fuel narratives
There are at least two main bridge fuel narratives or frames in Canada — each one tied to a particular regional economic and political reality as well as where each region is located along its unique decarbonization pathway.
First, the conventional bridge fuel frame emerging from Alberta acknowledges that natural gas electricity production contributes to greenhouse gas emissions but positions it as a lower-carbon alternative to coal. The Alberta government opposes a managed transition away from oil and gas and instead focuses on trying to reduce emissions released during the production and transmission of natural gas.
Second, the bridge fuel narrative in British Columbia focuses on the argument that expanding LNG production and exports could reduce emissions overseas — what we refer to as the “global bridge narrative.” The global bridge frame positions the province’s LNG industry as a way for other countries like China to reduce their reliance on coal.
The life-cycle of methane emissions — the emissions from production to consumption — from natural gas could actually result in higher life-cycle emissions overall. This framing also overlooks the significant underestimation of methane emissions from LNG production in Canada (and sidesteps B.C.’s position as the leading exporter of Canadian coal).
But the global bridge narrative has been incredibly durable in B.C., so much so that the Canadian LNG Alliance contends that the fossil gas industry can even contribute to meeting B.C.’s climate targets.
However, increased production will instead add emissions not accounted for in B.C.’s climate policy.
Uncertain position of natural gas in regional climate plans
On the other side of the country, the natural gas narrative is more muted.
Despite Newfoundland and Labrador’s continuing offshore oil and gas production and New Brunswick’s petroleum refining industry, the Atlantic provinces are less confident about the transition benefits of natural gas. Instead, they are focusing on switching home heating from oil and diesel fuel to alternative methods such as heat pumps, although natural gas has emerged as a potential replacement for coal-fired electricity.
Other provinces like Manitoba that are less reliant on natural gas are also planning to navigate the energy transition without a natural gas bridge, while Ontario’s bridge narrative positions natural gas mainly as an energy source for transportation and home heating.
The uncertain position of natural gas in regional climate plans affects the speed of future decarbonization in Canada and beyond.
Though oil and gas industry associations are powerful actors, their economic interests are not always aligned with one another. And we are seeing evidence of diverging interests in the oil and gas industry in Canada. For example, the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers is yet to embrace the bridge fuel frame, doubling down on the idea of natural gas as Canada’s “destination fuel.”
Meanwhile, other industry associations like the Canadian Gas Association are more open to a wider range of transportation and heating fuels, not just natural gas. Anti-fossil fuel advocates can leverage these tensions to challenge the idea of natural gas as a bridge or destination fuel.
Climate delay
While traditional climate denialism has fallen out of political favour in Canada, our research finds that climate delay is alive and well in policy discussions.
Climate delay acknowledges that climate action is necessary but obstructs rapid change, justifying minimal action. Our research finds that bridge narratives reinforce climate delay by reassuring citizens that decarbonization will happen in the future while entrenching support for ongoing natural gas production today.
For many provinces, natural gas expansion provides an alluring solution to the pain of transitioning away from petroleum, one which says that we can scale up oil and gas production and decarbonize our electricity, transportation and housing sectors without any losses.
However, decarbonization will have real costs for oil producing provinces and successful policy-making needs to address these impacts up front. Talking about real costs also means establishing credible commitments regarding the anticipated pace of energy transitions.
Bridge fuel narratives distract us from considering how long our decarbonization journey will take. An honest conversation about our energy future must include proven non-emitting technologies, such as scaling up wind, solar and geothermal production and building inter-provincial transmission lines rather than locking in our dependency on natural gas.
Amy Janzwood receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC).
Heather Millar has received prior funding for her research from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), the Harrison McCain Foundation and the University of New Brunswick Research Fund. | https://www.nsnews.com/highlights/opinion-a-bridge-to-nowhere-natural-gas-will-not-lead-canada-to-a-sustainable-energy-future-6308159 |
Soil microbial communities influence seedling growth of a rare conifer independent of plant-soil feedback.
Plant-soil feedback, the reciprocal relationship between a plant and its associated microbial communities, has been proposed to be an important driver of plant populations and community dynamics. While rarely considered, understanding how plant-soil feedback contributes to plant rarity may have implications for conservation and management of rare species. Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis) is a critically endangered species, of which fewer than 100 trees are known to exist in the wild. Seedling survival within the first year after germination and subsequent recruitment of Wollemi pine is limited in the wild. We used a plant-soil feedback approach to investigate the functional effect of species-specific differences previously observed in the microbial communities underneath adult Wollemi pine and a neighboring species, coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum), and also whether additional variation in microbial communities in the wild could impact seedling growth. There was no evidence for seedling growth being affected by tree species associated with soil inocula, suggesting that plant-soil feedbacks are not limiting recruitment in the natural population. However, there was evidence of fungal, but not bacterial, community variation impacting seedling growth independently of plant-soil feedbacks. Chemical (pH) and physical (porosity) soil characteristics were identified as potential drivers of the functional outcomes of these fungal communities. The empirical approach described here may provide opportunities to identify the importance of soil microbes to conservation efforts targeting other rare plant species and is also relevant to understanding the importance of soil microbes and plant-soil feedbacks for plant community dynamics more broadly.
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“The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and The British Society of Urogynaecology welcome The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence’s updated draft guidance on the management of stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.
“We particularly welcome the emphasis on providing women with the support and information they need about all treatment options. This is to ensure they can make informed decisions about the best treatment for their individual circumstances.
“It is very important that women explore the range of non-surgical treatments, such as lifestyle interventions, physical therapies and medications, before considering surgical treatments. It is also crucial that women who need surgical procedures for these oftendistressing and debilitating conditions have access to these treatments.
“The RCOG and BSUG are dedicated to ensuring the safety of non-surgical and surgical treatments for women. We remain committed to working with others to meet the conditions set out by the Independent Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Review.”
The RCOG and BSUG are working on a shared decision tool to ensure women are fully informed and explore their non-surgical and surgical treatment options for the management of stress urinary incontinence. | https://bsug.org.uk/news-details/-rcogbsug-joint-statement-on-draft-nice-guidance-on-urinary-incontinence-and-pelvic-organ-prolapse/77/0/0 |
Who was the first French feminist?
[The unfortunate pregnancy of the first French feminist, Olympe de Gouges] Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet. 1989 Jan;84(1):63-6.
What is French feminism focused on?
It focuses on the question of separatism and on changing relations between theory and practice, asking how feminists can act for change and form effective coalitions with other movements. It argues that feminism is plural and often fragmented and diffuse.
When did feminism begin in France?
French feminism first arose in the revolutionary movement of 1789, as an intellectual protest against women’s exclusion from the principles of the revolution, pretended to be universal.
What started feminism?
The wave formally began at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 when three hundred men and women rallied to the cause of equality for women. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (d. 1902) drafted the Seneca Falls Declaration outlining the new movement’s ideology and political strategies.
Is feminism masculine or feminine in French?
After hours trying to figure out why féminisme (feminism) is masculine and masculinité (masculinity) is feminine, you’ve come to the most logical conclusion: the gender of French nouns was randomly chosen by a bunch of sadistic linguists. Actually, this is somewhat correct, as we’ll see a little later in this article!
What are three differences between French feminism and Anglo American feminism?
While Anglo-American feminism had grown out of socialist politics, the French feminism developed out of a philosophical tradition. … While being anti-essentialist, the French feminists radically claimed that all western languages are utterly and irredeemably male-engendered, male-constituted and male-dominated.
What did Simone de Beauvoir do for feminism?
In 1970, Beauvoir helped launch the French Women’s Liberation Movement in signing the Manifesto of the 343 for abortion rights and in 1973, she instituted a feminist section in Les Temps Modernes. | https://twofeministsblog.com/womens-rights/how-did-feminism-start-in-france.html |
This paper discusses the challenges faced in route planning and how existing algorithms are largely insufficient. It also discusses how the use of a hybrid heuristic method derived from the combination of straight line heuristics and real road distance metrics presents the best solution to solving the challenge of planning efficient routes at high speed for last-mile deliveries today.
80 GHz radar vs. Ultrasonic Level Measurement Comparison
- White Paper
When it comes to non-contact continuous level measurement, radar and ultrasonic are two of the most common technologies used. This paper will compare and contrast 80 GHz radar sensors with ultrasonic transmitters for liquid and solid level measurements.
What is the Difference Between Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) and Pulsed Wave or Pulsed
- White Paper
The two types of non-contact level radar, Pulse Level Radar and Frequency Module Continuous Wave (FMCW) Level Radar have been widely used throughout the process industry.
Improving the Efficiency and Reliability of Water Systems with Variable Speed Pumps and Pressure Sen
- White Paper
Distributing water on a large scale has been a challenge that the world has tackled for decades. It is a particular challenge in high-rise buildings, and with a trend for designers to build up in urban areas, rather than out, it is a challenge that has become a new focus for design engineers.
How Robots Change The World: What automation really means for jobs and productivity
- White Paper
The robotics revolution is rapidly accelerating, as fast-paced technological advances in automation, engineering, energy storage, artificial intelligence, and machine learning converge. The result will transform the capabilities of robots and their ability to take over tasks once carried out by humans.
Direct Drive Linear Motors: Overview and Selection Process
- White Paper
To help make the process of selecting linear motors simpler, we’ll start by explaining the mechanics of a direct drive linear motor and contrast it with a more traditional indirect drive system.
A Case for IIoT’s Future in Supply Chain Management
- White Paper
This paper will explore how one construction materials hauling company used level measurement sensors and IIoT networks to better manage their operation.
Open Industry 4.0 Alliance Technical Solution Design Principles
- White Paper
This white paper is focused on helping readers understand in detail the Open Industry 4.0 solution reference architecture framework for interoperability. It provides a dive deep into key design principles of its members defined and supported end to end solutions
How Will the PLC Market be Impacted by the Manufacturing Slowdown?
- White Paper
With the manufacturing sector facing a bleak outlook in 2019, we thought it prudent to share our projections for the growth and development of the programmable logic controller (PLCs) market in key countries and industries, calling out specific bright spots and those set to suffer more deeply.
Mobile Safety in Hazardous Areas
- White Paper
Mobile devices can solve many challenges in hazardous industrial environments. But a device that lacks the proper protection could seriously compromise the safety of your plant and personnel. | https://www.automation.com/en-us/resources-list-pages/white-papers?listPage=2 |
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